Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
573130f305b4da19006bce70	What was the three Han Bannermen position called?	viceroys	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Qing showed that the Manchus valued military skills in propaganda targeted towards the Ming military to get them to defect to the Qing, since the Ming civilian political system discriminated against the military. The three Liaodong Han Bannermen officers who played a massive role in the conques...
5731320c497a881900248c41	Who made Beijing his capital?	Dorgon	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nFirst, the Manchus had entered \"China proper\" because Dorgon responded decisively to Wu Sangui's appeal. Then, after capturing Beijing, instead of sacking the city as the rebels had done, Dorgon insisted, over the protests of other Manchu princes, on making it the dynastic capital and reappointin...
5731320c497a881900248c42	Whose capital was Beijing before the Manchu's?	Ming	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nFirst, the Manchus had entered \"China proper\" because Dorgon responded decisively to Wu Sangui's appeal. Then, after capturing Beijing, instead of sacking the city as the rebels had done, Dorgon insisted, over the protests of other Manchu princes, on making it the dynastic capital and reappointin...
5731320c497a881900248c43	Why did Dorgon keep Beijing as his capital?	stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nFirst, the Manchus had entered \"China proper\" because Dorgon responded decisively to Wu Sangui's appeal. Then, after capturing Beijing, instead of sacking the city as the rebels had done, Dorgon insisted, over the protests of other Manchu princes, on making it the dynastic capital and reappointin...
573132e2a5e9cc1400cdbcd3	What did Dorgon declare in July of 1645?	the "haircutting order")	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nDorgon's controversial July 1645 edict (the \"haircutting order\") forced adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into the queue hairstyle which was worn by Manchu men, on pain of death. The popular description of the order was: \"To keep the hair, you lo...
573132e2a5e9cc1400cdbcd4	What was the peoples description of the haircutting order?	"To keep the hair, you lose the head; To keep your head, you cut the hair."	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nDorgon's controversial July 1645 edict (the \"haircutting order\") forced adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into the queue hairstyle which was worn by Manchu men, on pain of death. The popular description of the order was: \"To keep the hair, you lo...
573132e2a5e9cc1400cdbcd5	How did the Ming's typically wear their hair>	top-knot	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nDorgon's controversial July 1645 edict (the \"haircutting order\") forced adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into the queue hairstyle which was worn by Manchu men, on pain of death. The popular description of the order was: \"To keep the hair, you lo...
573132e2a5e9cc1400cdbcd6	What city was massacred for not wearing the proper haircut?	Jiading	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nDorgon's controversial July 1645 edict (the \"haircutting order\") forced adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into the queue hairstyle which was worn by Manchu men, on pain of death. The popular description of the order was: \"To keep the hair, you lo...
5731338e05b4da19006bcea6	Who was a threat to Shunzhi's throne?	Dorgon	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nAlthough his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had through the years centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was extraordinarily bestowed the posthumous title of Emperor Yi (Chinese: 義皇帝), the only ins...
5731338e05b4da19006bcea7	What was Dorgon known as after death?	Emperor Yi	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nAlthough his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had through the years centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was extraordinarily bestowed the posthumous title of Emperor Yi (Chinese: 義皇帝), the only ins...
5731338e05b4da19006bcea8	Who was Shunzhi's oldest brother?	Hooge	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nAlthough his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had through the years centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was extraordinarily bestowed the posthumous title of Emperor Yi (Chinese: 義皇帝), the only ins...
5731338e05b4da19006bcea9	When did Shunzhi's death?	1661	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nAlthough his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had through the years centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was extraordinarily bestowed the posthumous title of Emperor Yi (Chinese: 義皇帝), the only ins...
5731338e05b4da19006bceaa	How old was Shunzhi at his death?	twenty-four	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nAlthough his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had through the years centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was extraordinarily bestowed the posthumous title of Emperor Yi (Chinese: 義皇帝), the only ins...
57313458497a881900248c47	Who did the Manchus send to battle Koxinga's troops?	Han Bannermen	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Manchus sent Han Bannermen to fight against Koxinga's Ming loyalists in Fujian. The Qing carried out a massive depopulation policy and seaban forcing people to evacuated the coast in order to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources, this has led to a myth that it was because Manchus were ...
57313458497a881900248c48	Where did the fight between Ming loyalists and Manchus occur?	Fujian	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Manchus sent Han Bannermen to fight against Koxinga's Ming loyalists in Fujian. The Qing carried out a massive depopulation policy and seaban forcing people to evacuated the coast in order to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources, this has led to a myth that it was because Manchus were ...
57313458497a881900248c49	What were the Manchus accused of being afraid of?	water	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Manchus sent Han Bannermen to fight against Koxinga's Ming loyalists in Fujian. The Qing carried out a massive depopulation policy and seaban forcing people to evacuated the coast in order to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources, this has led to a myth that it was because Manchus were ...
5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce1	How long was Kangxi Emperor in power?	sixty-one year	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the \"High Qing\", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he...
5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce2	Who had the longest rule of any emperor?	Kangxi	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the \"High Qing\", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he...
5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce3	What era did Kanxi's rule kick off?	High Qing	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the \"High Qing\", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he...
5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce4	How old was Kangxi when he took over?	eight	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the \"High Qing\", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he...
5731350da5e9cc1400cdbce5	Who ruled while Kangxi was young?	Oboi	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the \"High Qing\", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he...
5731360e497a881900248c4d	What type of learning did the early Manchu leaders respect?	Confucian	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe early Manchu rulers also established two foundations of legitimacy which help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture which they adopted from earlier dynasties. Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gra...
5731360e497a881900248c4e	What declaration solidified Confucian values?	Sacred Edict of 1670	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe early Manchu rulers also established two foundations of legitimacy which help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture which they adopted from earlier dynasties. Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gra...
5731360e497a881900248c4f	Who did the Manchu appeal to?	Mongol, Tibetan and Uighur	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe early Manchu rulers also established two foundations of legitimacy which help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture which they adopted from earlier dynasties. Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gra...
5731360e497a881900248c50	What Christians did Kangxi allow in his court?	Jesuit missionaries	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe early Manchu rulers also established two foundations of legitimacy which help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture which they adopted from earlier dynasties. Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gra...
573136ed497a881900248c5f	Who was the most important Ming general?	Wu Sangui	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nYet controlling the \"Mandate of Heaven\" was a daunting task. The vastness of China's territory meant that there were only enough banner troops to garrison key cities forming the backbone of a defense network that relied heavily on surrendered Ming soldiers. In addition, three surrendered Ming gen...
573136ed497a881900248c60	What provinces did Sangui control?	Yunnan and Guizhou	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nYet controlling the \"Mandate of Heaven\" was a daunting task. The vastness of China's territory meant that there were only enough banner troops to garrison key cities forming the backbone of a defense network that relied heavily on surrendered Ming soldiers. In addition, three surrendered Ming gen...
573136ed497a881900248c61	Name the other two important Ming generals?	Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nYet controlling the \"Mandate of Heaven\" was a daunting task. The vastness of China's territory meant that there were only enough banner troops to garrison key cities forming the backbone of a defense network that relied heavily on surrendered Ming soldiers. In addition, three surrendered Ming gen...
573136ed497a881900248c62	Which provinces did Kexi and Jingzhong receive?	Guangdong and Fujian	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nYet controlling the \"Mandate of Heaven\" was a daunting task. The vastness of China's territory meant that there were only enough banner troops to garrison key cities forming the backbone of a defense network that relied heavily on surrendered Ming soldiers. In addition, three surrendered Ming gen...
5731378ba5e9cc1400cdbd0f	When did Kexi retire?	1673	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nAs the years went by, the three feudal lords and their extensive territories became increasingly autonomous. Finally, in 1673, Shang Kexi petitioned Kangxi for permission to retire to his hometown in Liaodong province and nominated his son as his successor. The young emperor granted his retirement,...
5731378ba5e9cc1400cdbd10	Who did Kexi thing should take over for him?	his son	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nAs the years went by, the three feudal lords and their extensive territories became increasingly autonomous. Finally, in 1673, Shang Kexi petitioned Kangxi for permission to retire to his hometown in Liaodong province and nominated his son as his successor. The young emperor granted his retirement,...
5731378ba5e9cc1400cdbd11	What happened when Kexi, and the two other generals all retired?	all three fiefdoms to be reverted to the crown.	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nAs the years went by, the three feudal lords and their extensive territories became increasingly autonomous. Finally, in 1673, Shang Kexi petitioned Kangxi for permission to retire to his hometown in Liaodong province and nominated his son as his successor. The young emperor granted his retirement,...
5731388f497a881900248c7b	How long did the Revolt of the Three Feudatories last?	eight years	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nFaced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Mi...
5731388f497a881900248c7c	Who declared himself emperor?	Wu	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nFaced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Mi...
5731388f497a881900248c7d	When did the Qing regain power over southern China?	1681	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nFaced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Mi...
5731388f497a881900248c7e	Who did the Qing think were the better soldiers to battle Han Chinese?	other Han people	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nFaced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Mi...
5731388f497a881900248c7f	How many Green Standard Army soldiers were on the Qing side?	400,000	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nFaced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Mi...
573138f7a5e9cc1400cdbd3d	When did Wu destroy the Qing armies?	1673-1674	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Qing forces were crushed by Wu from 1673-1674. The Qing had the support of the majority of Han Chinese soldiers and Han elite against the Three Feudatories, since they refused to join Wu Sangui in the revolt, while the Eight Banners and Manchu officers fared poorly against Wu Sangui, so the Qin...
573138f7a5e9cc1400cdbd3e	How many soldiers did the Qing fight back with?	900,000	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Qing forces were crushed by Wu from 1673-1674. The Qing had the support of the majority of Han Chinese soldiers and Han elite against the Three Feudatories, since they refused to join Wu Sangui in the revolt, while the Eight Banners and Manchu officers fared poorly against Wu Sangui, so the Qin...
573138f7a5e9cc1400cdbd3f	What happened to Wu's army?	crushed by the Green Standard Army	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Qing forces were crushed by Wu from 1673-1674. The Qing had the support of the majority of Han Chinese soldiers and Han elite against the Three Feudatories, since they refused to join Wu Sangui in the revolt, while the Eight Banners and Manchu officers fared poorly against Wu Sangui, so the Qin...
57313a17497a881900248c8f	Where did Kangxi lead an army?	Outer Mongolia	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nTo extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia. The Kangxi Emperor was able to successfully expel Galdan's invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into ...
57313a17497a881900248c90	Who did Kangxi fight?	Dzungars	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nTo extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia. The Kangxi Emperor was able to successfully expel Galdan's invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into ...
57313a17497a881900248c91	When was Galdan killed?	Dzungar–Qing War	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nTo extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia. The Kangxi Emperor was able to successfully expel Galdan's invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into ...
57313a17497a881900248c92	When did Taiwan fall?	1683	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nTo extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia. The Kangxi Emperor was able to successfully expel Galdan's invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into ...
57313a17497a881900248c93	What European country did Kangxi fight?	Russia	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nTo extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia. The Kangxi Emperor was able to successfully expel Galdan's invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into ...
57313a71e6313a140071cd40	When did Kangxi die?	1722	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nAfter the Kangxi Emperor's death in the winter of 1722, his fourth son, Prince Yong (雍親王), became the Yongzheng Emperor. In the later years of Kangxi's reign, Yongzheng and his brothers had fought, and there were rumours that he had usurped the throne(most of the rumours believe that Yongzheng's br...
57313a71e6313a140071cd41	Who took Kangxi's place?	Prince Yong	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nAfter the Kangxi Emperor's death in the winter of 1722, his fourth son, Prince Yong (雍親王), became the Yongzheng Emperor. In the later years of Kangxi's reign, Yongzheng and his brothers had fought, and there were rumours that he had usurped the throne(most of the rumours believe that Yongzheng's br...
57313a71e6313a140071cd42	How old was Yongzheng when he took over?	45	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nAfter the Kangxi Emperor's death in the winter of 1722, his fourth son, Prince Yong (雍親王), became the Yongzheng Emperor. In the later years of Kangxi's reign, Yongzheng and his brothers had fought, and there were rumours that he had usurped the throne(most of the rumours believe that Yongzheng's br...
57313b16e6313a140071cd50	Who did Yongzheng behead?	anti-Manchu writer	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHe moved rapidly. First, he promoted Confucian orthodoxy and reversed what he saw as his father's laxness by cracking down on unorthodox sects and by decapitating an anti-Manchu writer his father had pardoned. In 1723 he outlawed Christianity and expelled Christian missionaries, though some were al...
57313b16e6313a140071cd51	What religion did Yongzheng ban?	Christianity	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHe moved rapidly. First, he promoted Confucian orthodoxy and reversed what he saw as his father's laxness by cracking down on unorthodox sects and by decapitating an anti-Manchu writer his father had pardoned. In 1723 he outlawed Christianity and expelled Christian missionaries, though some were al...
57313b16e6313a140071cd52	When did Yongzheng ban christianity?	1723	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHe moved rapidly. First, he promoted Confucian orthodoxy and reversed what he saw as his father's laxness by cracking down on unorthodox sects and by decapitating an anti-Manchu writer his father had pardoned. In 1723 he outlawed Christianity and expelled Christian missionaries, though some were al...
57313b16e6313a140071cd53	What did Yongzheng crack down on?	collection of the land tax	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHe moved rapidly. First, he promoted Confucian orthodoxy and reversed what he saw as his father's laxness by cracking down on unorthodox sects and by decapitating an anti-Manchu writer his father had pardoned. In 1723 he outlawed Christianity and expelled Christian missionaries, though some were al...
57313b7c05b4da19006bcef2	Who did Yongzheng call Marquis?	Zhu Zhiliang	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nIn 1725 Yongzheng bestowed the hereditary title of Marquis on a descendant of the Ming dynasty Imperial family, Zhu Zhiliang, who received a salary from the Qing government and whose duty was to perform rituals at the Ming tombs, and was also inducted the Chinese Plain White Banner in the Eight Ban...
57313b7c05b4da19006bcef3	When did Yongzheng give this title?	1725	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nIn 1725 Yongzheng bestowed the hereditary title of Marquis on a descendant of the Ming dynasty Imperial family, Zhu Zhiliang, who received a salary from the Qing government and whose duty was to perform rituals at the Ming tombs, and was also inducted the Chinese Plain White Banner in the Eight Ban...
57313b7c05b4da19006bcef4	What was Zhu's job?	perform rituals	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nIn 1725 Yongzheng bestowed the hereditary title of Marquis on a descendant of the Ming dynasty Imperial family, Zhu Zhiliang, who received a salary from the Qing government and whose duty was to perform rituals at the Ming tombs, and was also inducted the Chinese Plain White Banner in the Eight Ban...
57313c06e6313a140071cd62	When was the Treaty of Kyakhta written?	1727	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nYongzheng also inherited diplomatic and strategic problems. A team made up entirely of Manchus drew up the Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) to solidify the diplomatic understanding with Russia. In exchange for territory and trading rights, the Qing would have a free hand dealing with the situation in Mongo...
57313c06e6313a140071cd63	Who was the partner in the Treaty of Kyakhta?	Russia	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nYongzheng also inherited diplomatic and strategic problems. A team made up entirely of Manchus drew up the Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) to solidify the diplomatic understanding with Russia. In exchange for territory and trading rights, the Qing would have a free hand dealing with the situation in Mongo...
57313c06e6313a140071cd64	What did the treaty give to the Russians?	territory and trading rights	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nYongzheng also inherited diplomatic and strategic problems. A team made up entirely of Manchus drew up the Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) to solidify the diplomatic understanding with Russia. In exchange for territory and trading rights, the Qing would have a free hand dealing with the situation in Mongo...
57313c06e6313a140071cd65	What did the Qing get from the Treaty of Kyakhta?	Mongolia	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nYongzheng also inherited diplomatic and strategic problems. A team made up entirely of Manchus drew up the Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) to solidify the diplomatic understanding with Russia. In exchange for territory and trading rights, the Qing would have a free hand dealing with the situation in Mongo...
57313c97e6313a140071cd6a	How many books were in the Siku Quanshu?	3,400 books	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nQianlong's reign saw the launch of several ambitious cultural projects, including the compilation of the Siku Quanshu, or Complete Repository of the Four Branches of Literature. With a total of over 3,400 books, 79,000 chapters, and 36,304 volumes, the Siku Quanshu is the largest collection of book...
57313c97e6313a140071cd6b	How many volumes were in the Siku Quanshu?	36,304 volumes	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nQianlong's reign saw the launch of several ambitious cultural projects, including the compilation of the Siku Quanshu, or Complete Repository of the Four Branches of Literature. With a total of over 3,400 books, 79,000 chapters, and 36,304 volumes, the Siku Quanshu is the largest collection of book...
57313c97e6313a140071cd6c	Who created the Siku Quanshu?	Qianlong	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nQianlong's reign saw the launch of several ambitious cultural projects, including the compilation of the Siku Quanshu, or Complete Repository of the Four Branches of Literature. With a total of over 3,400 books, 79,000 chapters, and 36,304 volumes, the Siku Quanshu is the largest collection of book...
57313c97e6313a140071cd6d	How many literary persecutions were there under Qianlongs reign?	53	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nQianlong's reign saw the launch of several ambitious cultural projects, including the compilation of the Siku Quanshu, or Complete Repository of the Four Branches of Literature. With a total of over 3,400 books, 79,000 chapters, and 36,304 volumes, the Siku Quanshu is the largest collection of book...
57313d3d05b4da19006bcf16	What crops helped the Chinese?	potato and peanut	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nChina also began suffering from mounting overpopulation during this period. Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics, but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend. The introduction of new crops from the Americas suc...
57313d3d05b4da19006bcf17	What led to overpopulation in China?	prosperity and internal stability	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nChina also began suffering from mounting overpopulation during this period. Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics, but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend. The introduction of new crops from the Americas suc...
57313d3d05b4da19006bcf18	How many people lived in China at the start of the 18th century?	100 million	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nChina also began suffering from mounting overpopulation during this period. Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics, but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend. The introduction of new crops from the Americas suc...
57313d3d05b4da19006bcf19	How many people lived in China at the end of the 20th century?	300 million	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nChina also began suffering from mounting overpopulation during this period. Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics, but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend. The introduction of new crops from the Americas suc...
57313d3d05b4da19006bcf1a	What was the last part of China with farmland left?	Manchuria	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nChina also began suffering from mounting overpopulation during this period. Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics, but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend. The introduction of new crops from the Americas suc...
57313da305b4da19006bcf2a	Where did Hans go to to find land?	Manchuria	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHowever Qing rule saw an massively increasing amount of Han Chinese both illegally and legally streaming into Manchuria and settling down to cultivate land as Manchu landlords desired Han Chinese peasants to rent on their land and grow grain, most Han Chinese migrants were not evicted as they went ...
57313da305b4da19006bcf2b	How much land did the Han cultivate?	500,000 hectares	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHowever Qing rule saw an massively increasing amount of Han Chinese both illegally and legally streaming into Manchuria and settling down to cultivate land as Manchu landlords desired Han Chinese peasants to rent on their land and grow grain, most Han Chinese migrants were not evicted as they went ...
57313da305b4da19006bcf2c	What percent of the population in Manchuria was Han?	80%	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHowever Qing rule saw an massively increasing amount of Han Chinese both illegally and legally streaming into Manchuria and settling down to cultivate land as Manchu landlords desired Han Chinese peasants to rent on their land and grow grain, most Han Chinese migrants were not evicted as they went ...
57313e9a05b4da19006bcf30	Where were starving Han sent by the Qing?	Manchuria and Inner Mongolia	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHan Chinese farmers were resettled from north China by the Qing to the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation. Wasteland was reclaimed by Han Chinese squatters in addition to other Han who rented land from Manchu landlords. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese s...
57313e9a05b4da19006bcf31	How much land did the Han farm in Inner Mongolia?	tens of thousands of hectares	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHan Chinese farmers were resettled from north China by the Qing to the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation. Wasteland was reclaimed by Han Chinese squatters in addition to other Han who rented land from Manchu landlords. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese s...
57313e9a05b4da19006bcf32	What other types of land were the Han allowed to farm?	"imperial estates" and Manchu Bannerlands	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHan Chinese farmers were resettled from north China by the Qing to the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation. Wasteland was reclaimed by Han Chinese squatters in addition to other Han who rented land from Manchu landlords. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese s...
57313e9a05b4da19006bcf33	Who was the emperor in the later half of the 18th century?	Qianlong	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHan Chinese farmers were resettled from north China by the Qing to the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation. Wasteland was reclaimed by Han Chinese squatters in addition to other Han who rented land from Manchu landlords. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese s...
57313e9a05b4da19006bcf34	What ethnicity was the majority in urban Manchuria?	Han Chinese	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHan Chinese farmers were resettled from north China by the Qing to the area along the Liao River in order to restore the land to cultivation. Wasteland was reclaimed by Han Chinese squatters in addition to other Han who rented land from Manchu landlords. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese s...
57313f7b497a881900248cd7	Which empires grew during the 18th century?	European states	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHowever, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded i...
57313f7b497a881900248cd8	What were the economies of the European empires built on?	maritime trade	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHowever, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded i...
57313f7b497a881900248cd9	What country near China did the Europeans first control?	India	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHowever, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded i...
57313f7b497a881900248cda	What was the only city the Chinese allowed the Europeans into to trade?	Canton	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHowever, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded i...
57313f7b497a881900248cdb	Which two European companies traded in Canton?	British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHowever, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded i...
5731404f497a881900248ceb	What products from China did Europeans want?	silk, tea, and ceramics	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nDemand in Europe for Chinese goods such as silk, tea, and ceramics could only be met if European companies funneled their limited supplies of silver into China. In the late 1700s, the governments of Britain and France were deeply concerned about the imbalance of trade and the drain of silver. To me...
5731404f497a881900248cec	What did the Chinese want in return?	silver	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nDemand in Europe for Chinese goods such as silk, tea, and ceramics could only be met if European companies funneled their limited supplies of silver into China. In the late 1700s, the governments of Britain and France were deeply concerned about the imbalance of trade and the drain of silver. To me...
5731404f497a881900248ced	What were the British and French concerned about?	imbalance of trade and the drain of silver	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nDemand in Europe for Chinese goods such as silk, tea, and ceramics could only be met if European companies funneled their limited supplies of silver into China. In the late 1700s, the governments of Britain and France were deeply concerned about the imbalance of trade and the drain of silver. To me...
5731404f497a881900248cee	What else did the Chinese want from the British?	opium	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nDemand in Europe for Chinese goods such as silk, tea, and ceramics could only be met if European companies funneled their limited supplies of silver into China. In the late 1700s, the governments of Britain and France were deeply concerned about the imbalance of trade and the drain of silver. To me...
5731404f497a881900248cef	Where was opium made?	Bengal	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nDemand in Europe for Chinese goods such as silk, tea, and ceramics could only be met if European companies funneled their limited supplies of silver into China. In the late 1700s, the governments of Britain and France were deeply concerned about the imbalance of trade and the drain of silver. To me...
57314110e6313a140071cd84	Who fought the Qing in the First Opium War?	British	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe First Opium War revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and ...
57314110e6313a140071cd85	When did the Qing surrender to the British?	1842	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe First Opium War revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and ...
57314110e6313a140071cd86	What treaty marked the end of the First Opium War?	Treaty of Nanjing,	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe First Opium War revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and ...
57314110e6313a140071cd87	What 5 ports did the treaty force open?	Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo and Shanghai	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe First Opium War revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and ...
57314110e6313a140071cd88	What island was given to the British?	Hong Kong Island	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe First Opium War revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and ...
573141b105b4da19006bcf66	What marked the first occurence of anti-Manchu feeling?	The Taiping Rebellion	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century was the first major instance of anti-Manchu sentiment threatening the stability of the dynasty. Hong Xiuquan, a failed civil service candidate, led the Taiping Rebellion, amid widespread social unrest and worsening famine. In 1851 Hong Xiuquan and other...
573141b105b4da19006bcf67	Who led the Rebellion?	Hong Xiuquan	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century was the first major instance of anti-Manchu sentiment threatening the stability of the dynasty. Hong Xiuquan, a failed civil service candidate, led the Taiping Rebellion, amid widespread social unrest and worsening famine. In 1851 Hong Xiuquan and other...
573141b105b4da19006bcf68	When did the Rebellion start?	1851	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century was the first major instance of anti-Manchu sentiment threatening the stability of the dynasty. Hong Xiuquan, a failed civil service candidate, led the Taiping Rebellion, amid widespread social unrest and worsening famine. In 1851 Hong Xiuquan and other...
573141b105b4da19006bcf69	What entity was established in Guizhou province?	Taiping Heavenly Kingdom	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century was the first major instance of anti-Manchu sentiment threatening the stability of the dynasty. Hong Xiuquan, a failed civil service candidate, led the Taiping Rebellion, amid widespread social unrest and worsening famine. In 1851 Hong Xiuquan and other...
573141b105b4da19006bcf6a	Who was king of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?	Hong	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century was the first major instance of anti-Manchu sentiment threatening the stability of the dynasty. Hong Xiuquan, a failed civil service candidate, led the Taiping Rebellion, amid widespread social unrest and worsening famine. In 1851 Hong Xiuquan and other...
573145e5497a881900248d35	Were the European empires satisfied or unsatisfied by the Treaty of Nanjing?	unsatisfied	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Western powers, largely unsatisfied with the Treaty of Nanjing, gave grudging support to the Qing government during the Taiping and Nian Rebellions. China's income fell sharply during the wars as vast areas of farmland were destroyed, millions of lives were lost, and countless armies were raise...
573145e5497a881900248d36	Who did the Europeans support during the Rebellions?	Qing government	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Western powers, largely unsatisfied with the Treaty of Nanjing, gave grudging support to the Qing government during the Taiping and Nian Rebellions. China's income fell sharply during the wars as vast areas of farmland were destroyed, millions of lives were lost, and countless armies were raise...
573145e5497a881900248d37	When did the British try to redo the Treaty of Nanjing?	1854	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Western powers, largely unsatisfied with the Treaty of Nanjing, gave grudging support to the Qing government during the Taiping and Nian Rebellions. China's income fell sharply during the wars as vast areas of farmland were destroyed, millions of lives were lost, and countless armies were raise...
573146e605b4da19006bcfaa	Whed did the British and French invade Beijing?	1860	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nRatification of the treaty the following year led to resumption of hostilities and in 1860, with Anglo-French forces marching on Beijing, the emperor and his court fled the capital for the imperial hunting lodge at Rehe. Once in Beijing, the Anglo-French forces looted the Old Summer Palace, and in ...

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