Datasets:
Moveo
/
hebrew-wiki

Dataset card Data Studio Files
xet
Community
1
title
stringlengths
1
146
content
stringlengths
0
337k
timestamp
timestamp[s]
ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื•
ืขึปื–ึดึผื™ึธึผื”ื•ึผ ืื• ืขึฒื–ึทืจึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ (ื‘ืื›ื“ื™ืช: az-ri-ya-รบHayim Tadmor, The Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria (Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1994), p. 42 ืื• az-ri-ya-a-รบHayim Tadmor, The Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria (Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1994), p. 76) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืืžืฆื™ื”, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืขื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 785 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืขื“ 769 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื•ื›ืžืœืš ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 769 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืขื“ 733 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ืขืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืขื–ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืช 53 ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืจืื™ื•ืช, ืฉืื•ืฉืจื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื›ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ืžืœื•ืš ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 16 ืœื›ืก ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ื•ืžืœืš 52 ืฉื ื”. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืœื›ื• ื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ืชื ื•ื ื›ื“ื• ืื—ื–, ื›ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื”ื›ืชืจื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”": . ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ืงื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช: ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• (ืœื”ืœืŸ). ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืžื” ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื™ืœืช ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืคืจืฅ ืื™ืœืช, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื”. ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื ื” ืืช ืื™ืœืช, ืื•ืชื” ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืขื ืชืœ ืืœ-ื—ืœื™ื™ืคื” ืฉืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืฅ ืื™ืœืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืงื‘ื” ืœืื™ืœืช. ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื ื™ืฆื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ื“ื” ืื• ืื›ืกื ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ืฆื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืคื ื™ ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ืžื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืขืจื‘ ื•ืžืกื™ื ื™, ืžื”ืจื™ ืื“ื•ื ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื”. ื”ืžืฆื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืฆื‘ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขืจื‘ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื™ืงื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื™ ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื’ื‘ ื•ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ื—ืก ืœืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื’ื ื”ืงืžืช ืžืฆื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงื“ืฉ-ื‘ืจื ืข. ืงื“ืฉ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืคืจืฉืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช - ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ ืœื—ื•ืฃ ืคืœืฉืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ืื™ืœืช ืฉืžืจื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืื“ื•ื, ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ื“ืจืš ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืจื ืข. ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื‘ื˜ ืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื ื“ื“ ืขื“ ืœืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืชื‘ืจืจ ืžืชืขื•ื“ื” ืืฉื•ืจื™ืช. ืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจ-ื‘ืขืœ, ื‘ื” ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื˜ืจื ื–ื•ื”ื”. ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ, ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ืคืœืฉืช. ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ืœื›ื“ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื•ืืช ื™ื‘ื ื”. ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื ื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื’ื "ื‘ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืคืœืฉืชื™ื", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืฆื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื. ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ืงื ืชื” ืœืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืจืง ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื ืžืœื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื•ื›ื ื™ืกืช ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืคืœืฉืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœื• ืื—ื™ื–ืช-ืžื” ื‘ืงื˜ืข ืžืŸ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื™ ืฉืงื™ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ืœื‘ื ื˜. ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืคืœืฉืช, ืงื“ืฉ ื•ืื™ืœืช ื”ื™ืงื ื• ืœืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืœื™ืš ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืจืฅ ืื™ืœืช ืœืคืœืฉืช ื•ืงื™ืฉืจ ืืช ืคืœืฉืช ืขื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืขืจื‘, ืืœื ื’ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื™ื›ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืคืกื•ืง - "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืชึฐึผื ื•ึผ ื”ึธืขึทืžึผื•ึนื ึดื™ื ืžึดื ึฐื—ึธื” ืœึฐืขึปื–ึดึผื™ึธึผื”ื•ึผ ื•ึทื™ึตึผืœึถืšึฐ ืฉึฐืืžื•ึน ืขึทื“ ืœึฐื‘ื•ึนื ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื›ึดึผื™ ื”ึถื—ึฑื–ึดื™ืง ืขึทื“ ืœึฐืžึธืขึฐืœึธื”" (). ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื” - ื”ืื ืžืฆื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืจืง ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื—ืจ, ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื’ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื”ืžืฆื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช, ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื™ืคื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ืืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืงื˜ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื’ืœืช-ืคืœืืกืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื ื–ื›ืจ az-ri-ya-a-รบ ื›ืžื™ ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ืืฉื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืก ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ืžืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืื• ื‘ืžืœืš ืื—ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื•, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืืช ืžืคืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ืžืœืš ืืฉื•ืจ, ืœืžืก ืฉื”ืขืœื” ืžื ื—ื. ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื–ื• ื’ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืื• ื™ื•ืชื) ืžืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžืขืœื™ ื”ืžืก ื‘ืื ืืœื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืœืœื• ืœื ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžืก ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืืช ื›ื ื™ืขืชื ืœืžืœืš ืืฉื•ืจ. ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ื”"ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื•: ื›ืืŸ ืžืกื•ืคืจ - ืžืœื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื’ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื—ืฆื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื. ื”"ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ" ื”ื™ื•, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ืงื•-ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ื”ืชืจืื” ืฉื ื™, ืฉืื™ื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื• ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืจื ืข - ืื™ืœืช) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืฉืืœื”: ืขื“ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื ื’ื‘? ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื ื’ื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืœืžื”. ืืš ืžื™ืžื™ ืจื—ื‘ืขื ื•ืื™ืœืš, ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืจ ืœื ื’ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ (ืœื›ื™ืฉ-ืžืจืฉื”-ืื“ื•ืจื™ื-ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ-ื–ื™ืฃ, ื•ืื•ืœื™: ื“ื‘ื™ืจ-ื™ืชื™ืจ-ืืฉืชืžื•ืข-ื™ื•ื˜ื”). ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜ ื ืืžืจ: "ื•ึทื™ึดึผื‘ึถืŸ ื‘ึดึผื™ื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื‘ึดึผื™ืจึธื ึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืขึธืจึตื™ ืžึดืกึฐื›ึฐึผื ื•ึนืช" (ื“ื”"ื‘ ื™ื–,ื™ื‘) ื•ืื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ื ื’ื‘; ื•ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ื“ื”"ื‘ ื™ื˜,ื“: "ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึนืฉึธืืคึธื˜ ื‘ึดึผื™ืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึดึธื ื•ึทื™ึธึผืฉึธืื‘ ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฆึตื ื‘ึธืขึธื ืžึดื‘ึฐึผืึตืจ ืฉึถืื‘ึทืข ืขึทื“ ื”ึทืจ ืึถืคึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึทื™ึฐืฉึดืื™ื‘ึตื ืึถืœ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ ืึฒื‘ื•ึนืชึตื™ื”ึถื". ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜ ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื: "ื’ึทึผื ื”ึธืขึทืจึฐื‘ึดื™ืึดื™ื ืžึฐื‘ึดื™ืึดื™ื ืœื•ึน ืฆึนืืŸ..." (ื“ื”"ื‘ ื™ื–,ื™ื), ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืฉืœืžื ืืกืจ ื’' (ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงืจืงืจ), ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜. ื”ื“ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื”ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืืฆืœ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•, ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœื ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื•. ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื ื™ื—, ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจืก ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืžืœืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื ื’ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืคืœืฉื• ืœืฉื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื—, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-9. ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜ ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืš ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจ-ื”ื ื’ื‘. ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืกืคืง ืจื‘ ืื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืฆื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื ื’ื‘. "ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ" ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• - ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ืื• ืืฃ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื’ื ืฉื ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืจื•ืขื™ื. ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืืœื” "ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ" ื ื•ืกืคื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืœืฉืช, ืฉืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืœื”. ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ("ื”ืฉืคืœื”"), ื•ื‘ื”ื ืชืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืœ ืืœ-ื ื’'ื™ืœื”, ืชืœ ื-ืฆืืคื™ ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื˜ืืฉื™. ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื”"ื‘ ื›ื•, ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื”"ื‘ ื›ื– ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชื: "ื•ึฐืขึธืจึดื™ื ื‘ึธึผื ึธื” (=ื™ื•ืชื) ื‘ึฐึผื”ึทืจ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึถื—ึณืจึธืฉึดืื™ื ื‘ึธึผื ึธื” ื‘ึดึผื™ืจึธื ึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ื•ึผืžึดื’ึฐื“ึธึผืœึดื™ื" (ื“ื”"ื‘ ื›ื–,ื“). ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”; ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื• ืงื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื•ืืœื™ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช: ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื‘ืืœ, ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ืงื˜ืจืช ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช, ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืฆืจืขืช ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื“ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื•: "ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืฉื‚ ื”ึทื™ึธึผืฉึธืืจ ื‘ึฐึผืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื”' ื›ึฐึผื›ึนืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ืึฒืžึทืฆึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ ืึธื‘ึดื™ื•" (ื“ื”"ื‘ ื›ื•,ื“). ืœื›ืš ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืฉื ื•ืกืคื” ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืžืฆื™ื”ื•: "ืจึทืง ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืžื•ึนืช ืœึนื ืกึธืจื•ึผ ืขื•ึนื“ ื”ึธืขึธื ืžึฐื–ึทื‘ึฐึผื—ึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึฐืงึทื˜ึฐึผืจึดื™ื ื‘ึทึผื‘ึธึผืžื•ึนืช" (ืžืœ"ื‘ ื˜ื•,ื“). ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื• ืืžื ื ื ืืžื ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืืœ - ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืืš ืœืฆื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื• ื’ื ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ื ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื‘ื: "ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ืœึดื“ึฐืจึนืฉื ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื‘ึดึผื™ืžึตื™ ื–ึฐื›ึทืจึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ ื”ึทืžึตึผื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึดึผืจึฐืึนืช ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื•ึผื‘ึดื™ืžึตื™ ื“ึธึผืจึฐืฉืื•ึน ืึถืช ื”' ื”ึดืฆึฐืœึดื™ื—ื•ึน ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื" (ื“ื”"ื‘ ื›ื•,ื”). ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื ื”ืœื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™: ืžืฉืจืช ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืื•ืชื•ืช, ืืœื™ื• ืืžื•ืจ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื—ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืืœ - ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืงื“ื•ื. ื‘ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื˜ืจื ื ืงื˜ ืฆืขื“ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช ืœืขืฆืช ื”ืืœ ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ืžื ืข ืžืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช. ืชื•ืกืคืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืกืจ ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื—ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื•: ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืœืœื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื›ืš ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ื”ืจืขืฉ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืชื‘ืข ืœืขืฆืžื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืชืจื• ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืžืงืจื ืงื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื—ื˜ืื• ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืœืฆืจืขืช ืฉื“ื‘ืงื” ื‘ื•. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื“ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœืขื•ืฆืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืžื•ืกื“ ื—ื–ืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืœืžืื‘ืงื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ื–ื”, ืžืื‘ืง ืฉืืช ื”ื“ื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ื”ื•ืืฉ. ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• (ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื˜, ื™, ื“), ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืขืžื“ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืจ ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจื” "ืจืขืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื•ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืชื‘ืงืข, ื•ื ื•ื’ื” ืฉืžืฉ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืง ื•ื ืคืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš, ืฉื”ื•ื›ื” ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฆืจืขืช". ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœ"ืจืขืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ" ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืืฃ ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘: "ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึทืกึฐืชึถึผื ืžึดืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื”ึธืจึทืขึทืฉื ื‘ึดึผื™ืžึตื™ ืขึปื–ึดึผื™ึธึผื” ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”", ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขืžื•ืก ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื—ึธื–ึธื” ืขึทืœ-ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึดึผื™ืžึตื™ ืขึปื–ึดึผื™ึธึผื” ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ-ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”, ื•ึผื‘ึดื™ืžึตื™ ื™ึธืจึธื‘ึฐืขึธื ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ื™ื•ึนืึธืฉื ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ--ืฉึฐืื ึธืชึทื™ึดื, ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึธืจึธืขึทืฉื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืคืจืง ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•. 'ื”ืจืขืฉ' ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 760 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืœืขืจืš. ื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ืชื ื™ืชืงืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘, ื˜ื• ืœื”; ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ ื›ื–, ื’)ืœืกืงื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ "ื”ืจืขืฉ" ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš, ืจืื• ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจ ืฉื™ืœื”, 2012. ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš, 3, ืคื‘ืจ' 2012 ืขืž' 19 - 21.. ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ื›ืžื•ืชื™, ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืกื™ื™ืกืžื™ ื•ืžืืงืจื•ืกื™ื™ืกืžื™ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000, ืžืชืืจืš ืืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ืœืฉื ืช 750 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉื’ื™ืื” ืฉืœ 30 ืฉื ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื›-8 ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ. ื”ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืชื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืœืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ืขื•ื–ื™ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืจืขืฉ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื”ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ ื‘ืŸ ืžื ื—ื ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืชืœ ื—ืฆื•ืจBen Menahem, A., Four thousand years of seismicity along the Dead Sea Rift: Jour. Geophys, 96, pp. 20,195 - 20,216., ืืš ื”ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื•ืงื“ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืงื ืฉื, ื•ื–ืืช ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืžื“ื™ ื”ื”ืจืก ื•ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืจื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืกื™ื™ืกืžื™ืช ื‘ืจืขื™ื“ื” ื–ื•. ื’ื™ืฉืช ื—ื–"ืœ ืœื”ืงื˜ืจืช ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืืช ืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ื–ื™ื” ืœื—ื˜ื ืงื•ืจื— ื•ืขื“ืชื•, ื‘ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื ืืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœืฆืืฆืื™ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ: ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื ืืฃ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœืขื•ื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื” ืœืขื•ื ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืงืจื— ื•ืขื“ืชื•: ื‘ื›ืš ืจืฆื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืงื‘ืข ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืคืจ ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช. ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืืช ื™ืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื•, ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืืžื•ืฅ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื (ื“ื”"ื‘ ื›ื•, ื›ื‘), ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืงื˜ืข ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื•. ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคืจืฉืช ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžื—ืœืชื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื "ื’, ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฉื•: ืื ืืžื ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืงื˜ืข ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ื‘"ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช" (ื‘ืื•ื’ืจื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ - ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื™ื - ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ืช "ื›ึดึผื™ ื ึดื’ึฐื–ึทืจ ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ื—ึทื™ึดึผื™ื, ืžึดืคึถึผืฉึทืืข ืขึทืžึดึผื™ ื ึถื’ึทืข ืœึธืžื•ึน"), ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• ืืฉืจ ื’ืจืกื• ื›ื™ ืžื—ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ื• ืฉืœื•, ืืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื’ืข ื‘ื ืœื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื• ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• - ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืœื™ื ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื ืก ืžืžื—ืœืชื•, ื™ืจืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ืก ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ื•ืืฃ ื™ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื. ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจืขืช ืฉืคื’ืขื” ื‘ื• ื ืืœืฅ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืœืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื‘"ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช" ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื•. ืžื•ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื "ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช" ืžืชื‘ืืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื•ื’ืจื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื” ื—'ืคืช'ืช ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืฉืื•ืœ. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉ"ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช" ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืชื™ื. ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืจื•ืช, ืžืงื•ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืœืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื.ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื™,ืœื‘ื“,ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื ืคื— 'ื‘ืžืชื™ื ื—ืคืฉื™'.ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ื•ื, ืืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื–ื™ืจ. ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ื ื•, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืืช ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื•ื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืจืข, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ืขื•ื–ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื™ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื” ื ืฆื™ื’ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ืžืœืš. ื”ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืš ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฆืจืขืช ืขื•ื–ื™ื” - ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชื ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื ืขื•ื–ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ื•. ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• - ืžืงื•ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” - ื˜ืจื ื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช. ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื ืžื ืข ืฉืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืœืข ืฉื ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขื•ืคืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“. ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจื ื•ื–ื›ื• ืœื™ื—ืก ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื‘ ืžืฆื“ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืจื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืงื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื˜ืžืื•ืช ืืช ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ืชื‘ืข ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช "ืคื’ืจื™ ืžืœื›ื™ื”ื" ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืžื• ืœืขื•ืœื: ืœืื•ืจ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื™ื” ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช: "ืœื›ื” ื”ืชื™ืช ื˜ืžื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ื” ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื ืœืžืคืชื—" (="ืœื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื—"). ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืžืงื‘ืจื• ื•ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืื—ืจ. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืชื•ืืจื›ื” ืœืžืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื ื—ื•ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืงืจื, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ื”'ืชืฉืข"ื, ืขืž' 74โ€“77. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืงืจื™ืฅ ืคืจืกื ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื•ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื• ื‘ืฉื "ืขื•ื–ืื™". ืกืงื™ืจื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืขืœ ืจื•ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ: ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืืฉ ื•ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ืืชืจ ื‘ืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืจื‘-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขืฉ ืฉื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
2024-09-12T14:23:15
ื•ืœื”ืืœื”
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ืื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื•ืœื”ืืœื”. ื”ืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืžื“ืืœ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”. ืœืงื•ื— ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ ืื™ืกืœื ื“ื™ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-17 ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช, ื•ึธืœึฐื”ึทืืœึทึผื” (Valhalla; ืžื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”: Valhวซll "ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื/ื ื•ืคืœื™ื") ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืฉืžืชื• ืžื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘. ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ื’ึฐืœึทืื“ึฐืกึฐื”ึตื™ื™ื ("ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ") ื‘ืืกื’ืืจื“. ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื•ืœื”ืืœื” ื›ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื•ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื“ืœืชื•ืช. ืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ืœืช ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืื•ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉื›ื ืืœ ืฉื›ื. ื”ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืŸ ื—ื ื™ืชื•ืช, ื”ื’ื’ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืžื’ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืขื ืžื•ืชื ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ื•ืœื”ืืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืœืงื™ืจื™ื•ืช. ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื™ื ืึทื™ึฐื ึฐื”ึทืจึฐื™ึทืืจ ("ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ืื—ื“"). ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืชื ืขื“ ื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”"ืจืื’ื ืืจื•ืง". ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช ืžืกืคืจืช ื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืœืคื™ ืงืจื™ืืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื’ื•ึผืœื™ื ึฐืงึทืžึฐื‘ื™ ("ื›ืจื‘ื•ืœืช ื–ื”ื‘"), ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ื•ืœืฉื ื”ืฉืขืฉื•ืข. ื”ืื™ื ื”ืจื™ืืจ ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืงืžื™ื ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ืœื”ืืœื”. ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ื ืขืจืš ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืื™ื ื”ืจื™ืืจ ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืฉืจื• ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืจ ืกึตืจื™ืžึฐื ื™ืจ ("ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืจ") ื•ื”ื•ื•ืœืงื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžืฉืงื” ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืขื– ื”ึตื™ื™ื“ึฐืจื•ึผืŸ. ื•ืœื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ื•ืจื” ืžืœืš ื‘ื•ื•ืืจื™ื” ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจืžืื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื“ื ื•ื‘ื”, ืœื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืจื’ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ื•ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™. "ื•ืœื”ืืœื”" ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืชืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงืœื™ืกื˜ื•, ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืจื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘, ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ืฉืžื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืคืœื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืคื•. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื–ืื™ืช - ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืช - ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื™ ื‘ืœื•ืื•ืก ืชืžื•ื ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื•ืืœื”ืืœื” ื‘ื‘ื•ื•ืืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืืชืจ ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
2024-08-27T06:54:34
ืงืจืื™ื
REDIRECT ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืงืจืื™ืช
2004-08-16T10:31:21
ืชื•ืžืืก ืืœื•ื•ื” ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื™ื•ื ืขื ืชื•ืžืืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸA Day with Thomas Edison (1922) ืชื•ืžืืก ืืœื•ื•ื” ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Thomas Alva Edison; 11 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1847 โ€“ 18 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1931) ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฆื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืคื™ืชื— ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื”ื ืคื•ื ื•ื’ืจืฃ, ื”ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ ื”ื“ื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ("ื”ืงื•ืกื ืžืžื ืœื• ืคืืจืง"), ื”ื•ื ืจืฉื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ 1,093 ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืื•ืœื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ) ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉืžืขื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช. ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ื™ื–ื ืืช ื”ืงืžืช "ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข" (Motion Picture Patents Company), ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ" (Edison Trust). ื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืฉืขืช ืื•ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ื”ื™ื• ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืžื ืขืจื•ืชื•. ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ, ืืœื ืืžื• ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชื™. ื‘ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ืขื‘ื“ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื›ืจ ื—ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืžืžืชืงื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื•ื›ืจ ื™ืจืงื•ืช. ื‘-1860 ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•. ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™. ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1862 ื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "The Weekly Herald". ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื“ืคืก ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืกืจื˜ ื ืข. ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืจืฉื ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1869 ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช, ืืœื ืฉื–ื• ืœื ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ืžืžืฆื™ื ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืžืžืฆื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื•ืืจืง, ื ื™ื• ื’'ืจื–ื™, ืชื•ืš ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื˜ืœื’ืจืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืคืจืกื•ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”"ืคื•ื ื•ื’ืจืฃ" ื‘-1877, ืืฃ ืฉื’ื ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืœื ืคื™ืชื— ื’ืจืกื” ืžืฉืœื•. ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืื“ื•ืืจ-ืœืื•ืŸ ืกืงื•ื˜ ื“ื” ืžืจื˜ื ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืจืฉื ื›ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืืช ื”"ืคื•ื ืื•ื˜ื•ื’ืจืืฃ", ื•ื›ืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืžืขื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœ. ื”ืคื•ื ื•ื’ืจืฃ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืคื•ื ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ื“ืจืš ืœืฉืžืจ ืงื•ืœ ื•ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืคื•ื ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืœื’ืจืžื•ืคื•ืŸ (ืคื˜ื™ืคื•ืŸ) ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆื ื‘-1877. ื›ืฉืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืฆื ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื˜ื›ื ืื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืื”. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืš ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื“ืงื” ืฉื‘ืงืฆื” ืฉืœื” ืžื—ื˜ ื—ื“ื”. ื’ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ื˜ ืฉื—ืจื˜ื” ืฉืงืขื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื’ืœื™ืœ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืžืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืจื“ื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืœ. ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื—ื˜ ื”ืจืขื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ืฆื™ื—ื” ืืช ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื "ืœืžืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืœื” ืงื˜ืŸ" (Mary had a little lamb). ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืจ ื‘ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื•"ืขืฉื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”". ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื™ื“ื™ืช. ืœืคื•ื ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืŸ "ืื•ื–ืŸ" ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืจื•ื˜ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืคืœื™ื– ืฉื‘ืœื˜ื” ืžื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ. ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื” His Master's Voice ืื™ืžืฆื” ืื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื• ืœืœื•ื’ื• ืฉืœื”, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ืœื‘ ืฉืื–ื ื• ื›ืจื•ื™ื™ื” ืœืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ (ืคื˜ื™ืคื•ืŸ); ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ืฉื•ืžืข ืงื•ืœ ืื“ื•ื ื™ื•". ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืฉืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืคื•ื ื•ื’ืจืฃ ืขื ื›ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ืœืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื”. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื’ืจืžื•ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื•ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื ืืœืฅ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ืคื˜ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ื”ื–ื” ื•ื ืงืจืื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš His Master's Voice ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ HMV. ืžื ืœื•-ืคืืจืง ื”ืžืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื—ืงืจื• ื•ืฉื•ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื โ€“ ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื ืœื• ืคืืจืง, ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืงืžื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื’'ืจื–ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• - ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืžื•ืกื“ ืืฉืจ ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื–ื›ื” ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ื ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืœื ื•ืจื”, ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืชืคืขืœื• ืžืื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ืจื” ื”ืฆื— ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืขืฉืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื•ื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื”ืืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื”ื ื•ืจื” ืขื‘ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืจื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื—ื•ื˜ ืคื—ื ืœื•ื”ื˜. ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื ื•ืจื” ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืคื—ื ืขื ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ื•ืจื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืชื— ืืช ื ื•ืจืช ื”ืœื”ื˜ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช. ืžืกืคืจ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคืชื— ืื•ืชื”, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ืกื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ืจื™ ื•ื•ื“ื•ื•ืจื“, ืžืช'ื™ื• ืื•ื•ื ืก ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื“ื—ืง ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื ื•ืจื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืœืงืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘-1879, ืœืื—ืจ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-2,000 ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืš ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ (ืฉืชื™ ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ืืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืชืงื™ืŸ, ื•ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžื ืœื• ืคืืจืง ืฉื ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืœืงื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ). ืœืฉื ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืกื” ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื— ืจืฉืช ืœื”ืคืฆืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœื–ืจื ื™ืฉืจ. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื›ืฉืœ, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื–ืจื ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฆื™ื ื ื™ืงื•ืœื” ื˜ืกืœื” ื•ืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ื”ืื•ื–. ืžืื‘ืง ืงืฉื” ื–ื” ื›ื•ื ื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื–ืจื ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืฆืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื•, ื•ืืฃ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื” "ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ื”ืื•ื–". ืืฃ ืฉืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžื•ืœ ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ื”ืื•ื– ื•ื–ืจื ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ. ืฉืžื• ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื• ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœืŸ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื‘ืจื ื™ื™ืก. ื›ืŸ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื, ื”ื•ืืฉื ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืชืช ื”ืคื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ืคืกื™, ืืš ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš. ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืจืฉื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื›-1,093 ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช: ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ ื“ื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™. ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข (ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžืกืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ). ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžืฆืœืžืช ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืคืจืกื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื•ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืœื”ื ืฆื—ืชื• ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืคืจืกื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฆื— ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ืืช, ืคืจืกื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžืžื•ืกื“ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืœื˜ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืข"ืฉ ืชื•ืžืืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘"ืงืจื™ื™ืช-ื”ืžื“ืข" ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื” ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื ืฆื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ืขื ืฃ, ืขื“ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืกื›ืžื•. ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช, ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”. ืคืกืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ืืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื›ื”ื ืฆื—ืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ืฆื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื ื™ื• ื’'ืจื–ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ื”, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ืขืœ ืฉื ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016 ื”ื•ื›ื ืก ืคืกืœื• ืœืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™. ืกื™. ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื‘ื•ืœ ื“ื•ืืจ, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”, ืืฉื“ื•ื“, ื ืชื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืœื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืžืš ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื ืฉื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ื‘-1915, "ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”." ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื—ืชื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื ืฉื™ื. ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ื™ ื™ื—ืกื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืืš ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืกื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืกืคืจื•, ''ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช'', ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจ ื›ื™ ืื‘ื ืฉืœื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืขื•ื–ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืืš ืคื•ื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื’`ื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ืื™ืจ, ืชื•ืžืืก ืืœื•ื•ื” ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืชืจื’ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื’ืคืŸ ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช, 135 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื™ื›ื” ืงืฉื”. ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“, 2000. ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ืื ื™ืก, ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ื”ืžื”ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ. ื›ืชืจ ืกืคืจื™ื 2006. ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื™ืจื™ืก ืจื™ืœื•ื‘. ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืกื ื“ืก ื‘ืจื™ืŸ, ืชื•ืžืืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ: ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ืคืขืœื•, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืžื ื•ืช, 1933. 2 ื›ืจื›ื™ื. 242 ืขืž'. ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘, ืชืžืจ, ืชื•ืžืืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ: ื”ืžืžืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื“ืจืช ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื•ืžื’ืœื™ื. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ื ืจืช, ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืชืฉ"ืข 2010 ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืคืจื™ืช', ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืžืืก ืืœื•ื•ื” ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ?, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ืชืฉืข"ื“ 2014 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื, ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื - ืชื•ืžืืก ืืœื•ื” ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืชืกื›ื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ื”ื ืขืจ ื”ืžืžืฆื™ื" ืžืืช ืกื• ื ืชืจื™ื“ื’'. ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืกืฃ ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ืชื•ืžืืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืชื•ืžืืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชืงืฉื•ื‘ ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืžืฆืืช ื ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืชื•ืžืืก ืืœื•ื•ื” ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืžื“ืข ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ YouTube ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 1903, ื‘ืืชืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืกื™ื ืžื˜ืง ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื Speeches by Thomas Edison - 1929, Google Arts & Culture, 2019 Thomas Edison in Schenectady Lab - 1922, Google Arts & Culture, 2019 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื“ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ื‘ืฉื“ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“: ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืงื ื“ื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืคืกืœื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืœืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1847 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1931
2024-09-17T08:38:48
ืงืœืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”
ืงึฐืœึทืื•ึผืกึฐื˜ึฐืจื•ึนืคื•ึนื‘ึฐึผื™ึธื” (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ื‘ึทึผืขึทืช ืกึถื’ึถืจ) ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื‘ื™ื” ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ื—ืœื•ืŸ, ืžืขืœื™ืช, ืžื˜ื•ืก, ืชื ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ ืื• ืžื ื”ืจื”. ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืงืœืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ื”ืคืจืขืช ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ืกืžืžื ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ืœืงืœืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืกืžืžืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื•ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื“ ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื—ื“ืจื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช MRI ื•-CAT, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื, ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช, ืžืขืจื•ืช ืชืช-ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ืžืจืชืคื™ื, ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืจื•ืช. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจ ืื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื—ืจื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืงืœืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” (PPO) ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช, ื”ื‘ื ืื“ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช: ื”ื–ืขื” ืื•/ื•-ืฆืžืจืžื•ืจืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช MRI, ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืžื•ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ, ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ืจื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืœื•ืงื™ ืงืœืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืคืง ืžื•ืืฅ ื•ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื ืกื—ืจื—ื•ืจืช ื”ืชืขืœืคื•ืช ืงื•ืจ ืžืคื—ื“ ืคื” ื™ื‘ืฉ ื”ื™ืคืจื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืœืฆื™ื” ื’ืœื™ ื—ื•ื ืจืขื“ "ืคืจืคืจื™ื" ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื ืง ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ื—ื–ื” / ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื” ื•ืงืฉื™ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืžืฆืื•ืช ืคื—ื“ ืžื ื–ืง ืื• ืžื—ืœื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงืœืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ืจื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืื• ืชืจื•ืคืชื™. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืงืœืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืœืžื•ืฉื ื”ืคื•ื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื—ืœืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ื”ื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืขื–ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืขื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื•-ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืกื•ื’ืกื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืคื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจืš ืื• ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื–ื”. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืคืจืขื” ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช, ืงืจื™ - ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื—ืจื“ืชื• ื•ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืš ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช. ืจืื• ื’ื ืื’ื•ืจืคื•ื‘ื™ื” ืงืœืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ื” ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช
2024-09-23T13:46:01
ืืฆื‘ืข
ืึถืฆึฐื‘ึทึผืข ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ ืื• ื‘ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ (ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืŸ ื ืงืจืื•ืช "ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช") ืฉืœ ื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื, ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื. ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจืŸ. ื”ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืจืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื–ื”ื”. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื ืงืจื ื“ืงื˜ื™ืœื™ื”. ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื’ืคื™ื”ื. ืื•ืœื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžืฉ ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžืฉ, ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื. ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื•ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืฆืœ ื”ืกื•ืก, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ื•ื ื• ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•. ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื•ื”ืŸ ื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื ืขืœืžื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื’ืคื™ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ื™ื ืคื ื˜ื“ืงื˜ื™ืœื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื” 5 ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ืคื”. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขืงื‘ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช (ืคื•ืœื™ื“ืงื˜ื™ืœื™ื”) ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช (ืื•ืœื™ื’ื•ื“ืงื˜ื™ืœื™ื”), ืื• ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืœื“ ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืชื™ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“, ืื• ื‘ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืœื ื ืคืจื“ื• ื•ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืกื™ื ื“ืงื˜ื™ืœื™ื”. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช. ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืžืฆืื•, ืื•ืชืจื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ื“ื’ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืœืคื ื™ 380 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืžื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืื•ืœื ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ืืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจ. ืœื“ื’ ื”ื™ื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืกื ืคื™ืจ ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืกื ืคื™ืจ ืืœื• ื ืื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืกื™ื™ืข ืœื“ื’ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื•ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฆืœื•ื— ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืงืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื’ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœืฉื—ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืืžืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช. ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช. ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืœืชืจื’ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืืฃ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ืื•ืžื ื•ืช. ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื”ืŸ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœืื—ื™ื–ื” ื”ื™ื“ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืื—ื™ื–ื”, ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ืื’ื•ื“ืœ โ€“ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื‘ื”. ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืืฆื‘ืข ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื“ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื. ืืฆื‘ืข ืžื•ืจื” โ€“ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ื›ืš. ืืžื” โ€“ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืงืžื™ืฆื” โ€“ ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืขื ื•ื“ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืืฆื‘ืข ื–ื•, ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืื• ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ (ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช). ื–ืจืช โ€“ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ืงื•ื˜ืŸ. ืขืœ ืืฆื‘ืข ื–ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืืžืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื—ื‘ืขื . ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”, ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื’ื ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื›"ืจืืฉื•ื ื”", "ืฉื ื™ื™ื”" ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื” ืขื“ "ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช", ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื• ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื–ืจืช ืื• ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช.ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื‘ืช ืฉืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ 10, ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืขื ืคื•ืœื™ื“ืงื˜ื™ืœื™ื”. ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉ ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืชืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื’ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืงืฆืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืงืžื™ืฆื”, ื”ืคื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืฆื‘ืข ืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื. ืฉืคืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืจืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช. ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืงื™ื™ื ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช: ื–ืงื™ืคืช ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืกืžืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื• ื›ื“ืจืš ืœืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื”ื‘ืชื™.(ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื”, ืชื•ืš ื–ืงื™ืคืช 3 ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืชืจื•ืช, ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื”ืžื ื‘ื” ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” o.k) ื‘ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื’ื•ื ื” . ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืฆื‘ืข ืื• ื‘ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžื•ืกื›ื ืœืขืฆื™ืจืช ื˜ืจืžืค. ื–ืงื™ืคืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ืขื“ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœื• ืขืžื• "ื‘ืจื•ื’ื–", ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื–ืงื™ืคืช ื”ื–ืงืจืช ืœืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืคื™ื•ืก. ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื›ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืœ ืœืืคืก. ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืื• ื”ืจื•ืžื–ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื•ืœืจืžื™ื–ื”. ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉื˜ืช ื”ื™ื“ ื•ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืžืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”, ืื• ืงื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื‘ืžืจืคืง ื•ื”ื•ืฉื˜ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืจืฉื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืจืžื™ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื, ืืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ, ืชื•ืš ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืงื™ืคื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืžื•ื– ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื•. ืชื ื•ืขื” ื–ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืžืขืœื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ. ืืฆื‘ืข ืžืฉื•ืœืฉืช โ€“ ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ื’ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ืขืช ื–ื™ืœื–ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื•ื–, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช (ืืžื”). ื–ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืืžื” ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ืื“ื ืื• ื ื•ืฉื ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื–ืงื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื "ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื’ื•ื ื”", "ืืฆื‘ืข ืžืฉื•ืœืฉืช" ืื• "ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืžื’ื•ื ื”" (ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœื ืคื•ืฅ ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ). ื ืคึฟื™ื™ื’ (ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืชืื ื”) โ€“ ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ืžืกืžืœ ืฉืœื ืชื–ื›ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืžื ื™ ื›ืœื•ื, ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ื ืกื™ื•ื ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ืื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ืงื‘ื™, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื’ืื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืกืœืง ืจื•ื—ื•ืช, ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™ ืœืชืื ื” (ืคื’) ืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™. ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช (ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ืช ืืฆื‘ืข ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจืช ื•ื›ื™ืคื•ืคื” ืงืœื•ืช) - ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื–ืœ, ืื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื ืคืช ื”ื™ื“ ืขื ืคืจื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืœื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืžืกื”, ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขื™ืŸ ืจืขื” ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื•ื”ืืžื” ืœืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžื“ืžื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืช ื•ื™, ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ (ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™). ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืž"ื– ื”ืฆืžื“ืช ื”ืืžื” ื•ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืชื’ืจื•ืช. ื”ื ืคืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืืžื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืš ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช "ืงืจื ื™ื™ื" ื–ืงื™ืคื” ื”ื–ืจืช ื•ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ ื”ืงืžื™ืฆื” ื•ื”ืืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืกืžืœ ื”ืจื•ืง, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ื–ื• ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจ, ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื”ืชื’ืจื•ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ื•ื’ื“ืช ื‘ื• ื•ื”ื•ื "ืžืงื•ืจื ืŸ" ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืงื” ืชื•ืš ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืืžื™ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืฉืคื•ื™. ื ืงื™ืฉื” ื ืฉื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื”, ื”ืืžื” ื•ื”ืงืžื™ืฆื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื•ืกื’ื™ืจื”, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืจื‘ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืœ. ื”ืจืžืช ื”ืืžื•ืช, ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืืžื” ื•ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื“ ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆืžื“ืชืŸ ื•ื›ื™ืคื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืžืกืžืœืช ืžื™ืจื›ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื’ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจ ืงื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืœืื’ืจื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคืชื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื™ื•ื, ืื• ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื• (ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ื ืคืช ืื’ืจื•ืฃ ืกื’ื•ืจ, ืฉืœื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืกื•ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืžืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืืžื™ืจื” "ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ื•ื—"). ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื”, ืื• ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื™ืจื™, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ 3 ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื–ื”ื”, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืžื•ืฆืžื“ืช ืœืจืงืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืชืกื›ื•ืœ, ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“ ื–ืงื™ืคื” ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื ืขื ื•ืข ืฉืœื” ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ืœื” ื–ืงื™ืคืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืคืชื• ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• "ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช". ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืืžื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื” ื•ื”ื ืขืชืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื”, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืœื›ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ืืœื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช/ืžืฉื™ืžื”/ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืฆืžื“ืช ื”ื–ืจืช, ื”ืงืžื™ืฆื”, ื”ืืžื” ื•ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืจื—ืงืชืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื”ืกืชืœืง. ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื›ืฃ ื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ืคื” ื•ืžื•ืจืžืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืงื•ืคืœ ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ืื– ืงื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ, ืื•ืœื ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื ื”ืฉืชืจืฉ ื”ื›ืื” ื‘ืืฆื‘ืข ืฆืจื™ื“ื” โ€“ ื”ืฉืžืขืช ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืืžื”, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืงืฆื‘ื™ ืื• ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืื• ืงืœื•ืช. ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ืืฆื‘ืข ืœืคื” ื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื”, ืื• ืžืฆื™ืฆื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ื›ืจื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืชื ื•ืขื” ืกืงืกื™ืช, ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ, ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื•ืช, ืื• ืžืืžืฅ (ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืชื•ื—ื“ืจ ืœืคื”, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ) ื”ืฉืžืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืงื˜, ืื• ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืกื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื ื”ื•ื’ ื’ื ืœืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื”ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื: ืขื“ ืขืฉืจ - ื‘ื”ืจืžืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื›ืฉื›ืฃ-ื™ื“ ืคืจื•ืฉื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืžืฉ. ืขื“ ืขืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืื’ืจื•ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ 5. ืขื“ 12, ื›ืฉื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ ืื—ืช, ื•ื ืกืคืจื™ื ืคืจืงื™ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช (ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ) ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื, ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื•-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื›ื ืจืื”. ืขื“ 31 ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืฃ-ื™ื“, ืื• ืขื“ 1023 ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื - ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ืช, ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืฆืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืฉื“ื•ืช ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื. ืขื“ 60, ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื” ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขื“ 12. ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืืช ืคืจืงื™ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ืื—ืช ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœ-12 ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืกืคืจื” ื•ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืขื ืืฆื‘ืข ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืื—ืจืช ืฉืชืจื™ืกืจ ืคืจืงื™ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื ืกืคืจื•. ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื“ ืฉืžืกืžื ื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืื—ืจืช ื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืืฆื‘ืข ืืœื•ื”ื™ื - ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืื™ืจื•ืข ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ื›ืœืœ ืืฆื‘ืข - ื”ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”, ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื-ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช. ืœื ื ืงืฃ ืืฆื‘ืข - ืœื ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืขืฉืจ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื• - ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ืœื‘ื“ื•. ื ืชื ื• ืœื• ืืฆื‘ืข ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ - ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืืš ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข/ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืืฆื‘ืข ืื—ืช/ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืงื˜ื ื” - ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉื•ืชื•, ืžืชืžืจืŸ ืื•ืชื•, ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื•. ืืฆื‘ืข ืงืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื“ืง - ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื™ืจื•ืช, ืื• ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืœื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช/ืขืฉืจ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช/ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ ืื—ืช - ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื•. ืฉื ืืฆื‘ืข ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ืคืง- ืงืœืข ืœืžื˜ืจื”. ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ - ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื ืขืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืฆื‘ืข - ื”ื•ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื. ืœืœืงืง ืืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช - ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื™ื. ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืŸ - ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืื‘ื™ื–ืจ ืชืคื™ืจื”. ืžื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช food finger ("ืื•ื›ืœ ืืฆื‘ืข"). ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ืคืœื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืžื•ื ื” ื˜ืคืœื”, ื ืคื•ืฆื”, ืœืคื™ื” ืžื™ ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืœืžืขืœื”, ืืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืžืกื›ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืคืฆื™ืขื”. ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช: ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžื™ืฆื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืžื–ืœ. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื• ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช (ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ืžื•ื™ืช ืฆืœื‘). ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืžื›ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืื– ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื‘ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘": ื”ืžื‘ืจืš ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื™ื— ืืช ืืฆื‘ืขื• ืžืขืœ ืœืืฆื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื•ืจืช X. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืงืฉืชื™ื ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉืกื™ื’ืœื• ืœืขืฆืžื ืžื ื”ื’ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื•ื”ืืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืœืžืชื•ื— ืืช ืžื™ืชืจ ื”ืงืฉืช. ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื™, ื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืกืคืจ ื–ื”, ืืš ืžืกืคืจ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 3 ืœ-7. ืจืื• ื’ื ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืงืกื ื‘ืจื›ื™ื“ืงื˜ื™ืœื™ ืžืฆื™ืฆืช ืืฆื‘ืข ืคื•ืœื™ื“ืงื˜ื™ืœื™ื” ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื“ืง ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื Finger Length Predicts Aggression in Men Finger Length Predicts SAT Performance ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2017 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช
2024-08-30T20:07:23
ืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|300px|left ืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉื‚ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Minimum spanning tree) ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฃ ืžืžื•ืฉืงืœ ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืชืช-ื’ืจืฃ ืงืฉื™ืจ ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืžืชื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืฃ), ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืžืฉืงืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื. ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™: ืื ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืงืฉืช ื”ื•ื ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฅ ื™ื”ื™ ืžืฉืงืœื• , ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืคื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ืื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืื–ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ืจืฃ ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืืœื•. ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”. ืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฃ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื. ืœื›ืœ ื’ืจืฃ (ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขืฅ) ื™ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื: ืจืื• ื ื•ืกื—ืช ืงื™ื™ืœื™ ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื™ืจื›ื”ื•ืฃ. ืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื™ื ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื. ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื’ืจืฃ ืžืžื•ืฉืงืœ (ืœืžืขืœื”) ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืื ื‘ื’ืจืฃ n ืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“ื™ื, ืื–ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ n โˆ’ 1 ืงืฉืชื•ืช. ื”ืื™ื•ืจ ืžืจืื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื’ืจืฃ. ื‘ืื™ื•ืจ, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ืจืฃ ื”ื ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ืขื ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ื•ืœืœ 16. ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืงืœ; ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืื ื›ืœ ืžืฉืงืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฃ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื™ื, ืื– ื›ืœ ืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™. ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื ืœื›ืœ ืงืฉืช ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ืžืฉืงืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืื–ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœืขื™ืœ, ืฉื ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืชื” ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง. ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื”: ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ื•-. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉ- ื•- ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืฆืžืชื™ื, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืงืฉืช ืื—ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืืš ืœื ืœืื—ืจ. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืชื”ื™ ื”ืงืฉืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ; ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฉืงืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช, ื ื ื™ื— ืฉ- ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘-. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉ- ื”ื•ื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืžืขื’ืœ , ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช . ื”ื•ื ืขืฅ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืงืฉืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ื‘ . ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืงืฉืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื›ืงืฉืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืื—ื“ ืž- ื•-, ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ . ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช ื•- ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืขื’ืœ , ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื‘- ื‘- ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืขื ืžืฉืงืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื ื—ื” ืฉ- ื”ื•ื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ืœืœื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ืžืฉืงืœื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื, ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื™ื ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช (ืื• ืžื•ืœื˜ื™-ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช) ื”ืžืฉืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื”. ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืื ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ืงืฉืช ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• C ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืžืฉืงืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ C, ืื– ืงืฉืช ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืืฃ ืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™. ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื”. ื ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื”ืงืฉืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ . ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื”ืงืฉืช ืชืคืจืง ืืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืชืชื™-ืขืฆื™ื ื›ืš ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชืชื™-ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืฉืืจ ื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ C ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืชืช-ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืงืฉืช ื‘-C ืขื ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชืชื™-ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืชืชื™-ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืœืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ . ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืกื›ื•ื ืžืฉืงืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื ื—ื”. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืฆ'ื›ื™ ืื•ื˜ืงืจ ื‘ื•ื”ืจื•ื‘ืงื” ื‘-1926. ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฆื™ืืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืœ ืžื•ืจืื‘ื™ื”. ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœื’ืจืฃ ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ: ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ืกืงืœ. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื—ืžื“ื ื™ื™ื. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืจืฆื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื™, ื›ืš ืฉืžืฆื™ืืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•, ื”ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ P. ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจื™ืฆื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœื”ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืขืจื™ืžืช ืคื™ื‘ื•ื ืืฆ'ื™). ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘. ืื ืžืฉืงืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืื–ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื (ื“ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื - ืฉืื™ื ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช) ืขื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื™ืฆื” ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ . ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืงืœื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื, ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืชื•ื—ืœืชื• ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช. ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœืขืฅ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™, ืคื•ืชื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ืฉืื–ืœ, ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื”ืจื•ื‘ืงื”. ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจื™ืฆื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื: ื›ืฉ- ืžืกืžืŸ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช, ืžืกืžืŸ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆืžืชื™ื ื•- ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืืงืจืžืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื”. ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื“ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœืžืฉืงืœื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื™ืฆื” ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืืœื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”. ืจืื• ื’ื ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื Otakar Boruvka on Minimum Spanning Tree Problem (translation of the both 1926 papers, comments, history) (2000) Jaroslav Nesetril, Eva Milkovรก, Helena Nesetrilovรก (section 7 gives his algorithm, which looks like a cross between Prim's and Kruskal's) A Minimum Spanning Tree Algorithm with Inverse-Ackermann Type Complexity, Bernard Chazelle, 1999 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™
2024-10-04T23:26:18
ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืžื”ืžืœื™ืŸ
ืžืจืช ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื‘ืช ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื”ืืžื™ืœ (ื‘ืœื•ืขื–ื™ืช Glickl ืื• Glรผckel, ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช: ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืžื”ืžืœื™ืŸ; ื”'ืช"ื”, 1645 โ€“ ื‘' ื“ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืชืค"ื”, 19 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1724) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืฉืช ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื” ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื™ื”. ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื”, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉืื•ืชื ื—ื™ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ. ื—ื™ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ ืืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ, ื ืชืŸ ืžืขืœืจื™ื™ืš, ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื“ื˜ืžื•ืœื“, ืขื“ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฆื• ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขื ืืฉืชื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœืขื™ืจ ืืœื˜ื•ื ื”. ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ, ืกื•ื—ืจ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืคื™ื ืงึถืจึฐืœึถื” ืฉื˜ืื“ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš 15 ืฉื ื” ืœืจื™ื™ืฆื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื‘ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืžื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ื™ืฆื, ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœื™ื“ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื™ืฆื ืœืœื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื ืฉื ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืืช ื‘ื™ืœื”, ืื ื’ืœื™ืงืœ, ืฉื™ืœื“ื” ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื (5 ื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“), ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1648, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื‘ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื’ื•ืจืฉื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืืœื˜ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืืœื˜ื•ื ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” (ื›ื™ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’) ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื ื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ืจืฃ 1657โ€“1658 ืคืœืฉื• ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืืœื˜ื•ื ื”, ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื• ืœื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ืžื•ื’ื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื ื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื—ืกื•ืช ื“ื ื™ื. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื’ืœื™ืงืœ, ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’. ืกื‘ืชื” ืžืฆื“ ืืžื” ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื ื‘ืžืฉืš 17 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 74. ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืœืื• ืœื” 12 ืฉื ื™ื, ืื•ืจืกื” ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžืœ (ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื™ืŸ). ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืœืื• ืœื” 14 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื ื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ื”ืžืœื™ืŸ, ืืœื™ื” ื ืกืขื” ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ื›ืจื™ื. ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ื›ืชื‘ื”: "ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ื”... ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืื‘ื™ ื•ืืžื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื–ืจื” ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืจื™ื... ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœืชื™ ืžื ืขื•ืจื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื•ืงื™ื... ืœื‘ื•ื ืžืขื™ืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’... ื”ืืžื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืขืœื•ื‘ ื•ื—ืกืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืžืฉื•ื ื ื—ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืžื—ืžื™". ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื’ืจ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจ ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื ื” ืœื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื”. ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืœื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ. 8 ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ื” ืืช ื‘ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ื™ืœื“ื” ื’ื ืืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื‘ืช: "ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื”ืจื• ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืœื: ืื ื•ื‘ืช, ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ, ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืื—ื“". ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืืžื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ, ืจื‘ืงื”. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ืžืื– ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืœื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื ื•ื•ื™ืชืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืืช ืฉืžื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื: "ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื–ื•ื’ ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื•ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืชื ื•". ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื” ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ื ื” ื ืชืŸ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1665 ื™ืœื“ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื”, ื‘ืชื” ืžืื˜ื™ (ืžื˜ื”). ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ื” ืื•ืชื”, ืคืจืฆื” ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ืžื’ืคืช ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืœื”ื ื•ื‘ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื™ืœืชื” ืืฆืœ ื‘ืชื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™, ืคืจืฆื” ื‘ื”ืœื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื“ื•ื›ืก ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืฉืžืข ื›ื™ ืคืจืฆื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžื’ืคื”. ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืคืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ ืขื ื”ืžืฉืจืชืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื: "ื ืืœืฆื ื• ืœืฉืœื— ืžืืชื ื• ืืช ื™ืœื“ืชื ื• ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื”... ืื ื™ื— ืืคื•ื ืœื›ืœ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื”ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—ื ื•... ืื™ื ื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื›ืื‘ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืขืงื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื›ืื‘ ืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืขื”". ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ื‘ืช ืžื˜ื” ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 3. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื”, ื™ืœื“ื” ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื”, ื”ื ื” (ื—ื ื”). ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืืกืชืจ. ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืœืื• ืœื” 12 ืฉื ื™ื, ื ืขืจืš ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ (1673 ืื• 1674) ื ืกืขื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ืชื” ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื. ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™, ื‘ื ื” ืœื™ื‘. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื—ื• ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื”, ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ื”ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืจื ื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’, ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื™ื ืงืจืœ ืืžื™ืœ ื•ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš. ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ืกื‘ื•, ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ื ื›ื ืกื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ 14 ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืœื™ื“ืชื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื” ืืช 5 ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื: ื”ืขื ื“ื™ืœื›ืŸ, ื–ื ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืžืฉื”, ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื›ืŸ ื•ืžืจื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžืœ, ื™ืœื“ื” ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืชื• ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื. ื”ืขื ื“ืœื™ ื ืคื˜ืจื” 17 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืชื•ื ืชื”. ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 44. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื”, "ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืืœืžื ื•ืชื”". ื”ื™ื ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1704, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 75. ื›ืžื• ืืžื”, ื’ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื ืชืืœืžื ื” ืžื‘ืขืœื” (ื—ื™ื™ื) ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 44 (ื‘ืฉื ืช 1689). ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื ื”ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืืช ืขืกืงื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืฉืœื•, ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืงืฉืจื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืงื™ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’, ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ื ื”, ืžืฅ ื•ืคืจื™ื–. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืœื’ืจื‘ื™ื™ื "ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ื™ื™ื" ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”. ืื”ื‘ืชื” ืœื‘ืขืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื” ื”ืขื–ื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื” ื”ืžื ื•ื—: "ืขืชื”, ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื—ืžื™? ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ ืืฉื™ื— ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘... ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ ืืงื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืงืชื™ ื”ืžืจื” ื•ืื ื” ืืœืš ื•ืื ื” ืืคื ื”?... ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื™ ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืจื•ืช". ืœืžืŸ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉืื•ืชื ื™ื™ืขื“ื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”. ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืžืกืคืจืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืืœืžื ื•ืชื” ืชื›ื ื ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช "ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”" ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉื•ืื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื” ืขืœื• ืขืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1699 ื ืชืืจืกื” ืœื‘ื ืงืื™ ื”ืจืฅ ืœื•ื™ ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืฅ ืฉื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ืฆืจืคืช. ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืžืกืคืจืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื– "ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1700 ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœื•. ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ื”ืœื”, ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื’ื™ืœืชื” "ืฉื”ืžืฉืจืชืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜". ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉ"ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื”ื’ื•ืŸ", "ืขืฉื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ" ื•"ื™ืฉืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•". ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื‘ืš ื‘ื”ื ืคืงืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื›ืกื•ืช ืœื•ืจืŸ ื•ืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1712 ื ืคื˜ืจ. ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื ืชืืœืžื ื” ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ื ื•ืชืจื” "ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื•ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืจ". ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื‘ืขืœื”, ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื—ืชื ื• ื•ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื ืืœืฆื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” "ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืื•ื“". ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 3 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื– ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื”, ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื” ื•ื—ืชื ื”. ื‘-1724 ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ืžืฅ. ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ืขืžื“ืช ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืœื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืžื”ืžืœื™ืŸ. ื“ืจืš ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืจืฉื ืžืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17 ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-18. ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืืช ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื—ื™ื‘ืจื” ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ. ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฆื•ื•ืื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืกืจ. ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื™ืขื“ื” ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื”: . ืชื•ื›ื ื• ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืœืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื ื•ื“ืขื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืจื‘ื”: ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืžืชืืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื” (ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืชื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ืื• ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื) ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืœื˜ื•ื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื–ืงืงื• ืœืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ื‘ื” ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืžื—ื™ื™ืชื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ืชื’ื ื‘ื• ืืœื™ื” ื”ืฉื›ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืชืขื•ื“ื”, ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ืกื›ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ("ืจืฉืขื•ืช" ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื”), ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•"ืจื™ืงื™ื ื•ืคื•ื—ื–ื™ื" ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ืฉื” "ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉื‘ ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ื". ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ืจืฆื— ื’ื™ืกื”, ืžืฉื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ื—ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืกื” ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืช"ื— ื•ืช"ื˜ (1648) ืฉืœ ื—ืžืœื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘, ืžืœืš ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืžืœืš ื“ื ืžืจืง: "ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ... ืคืชืื•ื, ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื‘ืื” ื”ืฆืขืงื” 'ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื!' ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื”. ืื– ืงืคืฆื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ืื‘ื•ื™, ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืจืฆื ื•... ื”ืขื™ืจื”, ื•ืฉื ื”ืฆื˜ืจื›ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื—ืกื” ืžืงืฆืชื ื• ืืฆืœ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆืชื ื• ืืฆืœ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื". ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉื‘ืขืช ื‘ืจื™ื—ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืœื ื” ืžืขื™ืจื ืขืงื‘ ืงืจื‘ ื•ื™ืœื ื” (1655) , "ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืžื—ืœื” ืžื™ื“ื‘ืงืช", ื•ืื‘ื™ื” ืื™ืจื— ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื’ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื ื›ืขืฉืจื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืฉื—ืœืงื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื• ื•ื—ืœืงื ื ืคื˜ืจื•, ื•ื’ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื•ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœืงืœื™ ื—ืœื• ื‘ืžื—ืœื”. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื‘ืชื” ืžืื˜ื™ (ืื• ืžื˜ื”), ื ืฉื“ื“ ื•ื ื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื›ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื•ื‘ืขืœื”, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืžื”ื ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ืœื“ืกื”ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื›ืคืจื™, ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืช ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ื“ "ื ื‘ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื›ืžื•ืชืš". ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื™ืœื“ื” ืืช ืžื˜ื”, ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืฆื‘ื™. ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ืžืกื•ืฃ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1665 ืขื“ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1666. ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื— ื”ืฉืงืจ, ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืžื” ืœืืฉื” ื”ืžืฆืคื” ื‘ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืœืœื™ื“ืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื”, "ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื” ืœื ื‘ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—". ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื“ื ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืœื“ื” ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืืœื ืคืœื˜ื” ื ืคื™ื—ื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉืืช ื”ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช. ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืงืจืื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื• ื’ื ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืœ"ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™", ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืงืจื™ืืชืŸ: . ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉื—ืžื™ื” ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ื”ืืžื™ืœ ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ืœื“ืกื”ื™ื™ื, ื•ืฉืœื— ืืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉืชื™ ื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ืœื ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœื ื‘ืื”. ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื‘ืขืœื” ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืขืกืงืื•ืชื™ื•, ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—: "ื›ืžื ื”ื’ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืง' ืจ"ื˜ (100 ืจื™ื™ื›ืกื˜ืืœืจ, ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื’ืจืžื ื™), ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื–ื” ืืœืคื™ื". ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉืœื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ืžืœืš ื“ื ืžืจืง ื ืคืœื” ืกืคื™ื ื” ืžืžื–ืจื— ื”ื•ื“ื• ืฉื ืฉืื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื’ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื, ืฉืžื›ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื’ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”. ืืœื” ื”ืชืืจื—ื• ืืฆืœื• ื‘ืžืจืžื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ื”ื™ืžื™ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื, ื”ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืœื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื ืชืคืกื•, ืขื•ื ื•, ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ืœืชืœื™ื™ื”. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื™ื”ืจ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืชื• ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช. ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™, ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืชื• ื•ื ืชืœื”, ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื›ืื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืงื”ื™ืœืช ื•ื ื“ืกื‘ืง (Wandsbeck), ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื”"ื• (ืืœื˜ื•ื ื”, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ื•ื ื“ืกื‘ืง), ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ื‘-1684 ื•-1687, ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื—ืœืคื ื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื. ื—ืฉื“ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ืคืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืง ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืžืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’. ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ ื•ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ืชื—ืช ื—ืฉืฉ ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืžืฆืื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช. ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ืžืฉื›ื” ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื•ืืกืคืกื•ืฃ ืฉืื™ื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ืชื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื• ื”ื’ื•ืคื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื’ื•ืคืช ื”ื ืขื“ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ ื”ืืกืคืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืœื ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืง ืฉืจืฆื— ื’ื ืืช ื”ื ืขื“ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืขื•ื“ ื›ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื•. ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ื•ืช "ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœ ื•ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื’ื•ืคื• ืขืœ ื›ืœื•ื ืก, ื›ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ืงื™ ื‘ืจื–ืœ". ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืงืžื” ืžื”ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื–ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืขื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ืชื•ื ืช ื‘ื ื” ื–ื ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” "ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื”ื“ืจ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื", ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื. ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœื‘ืชื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื‘-1672 ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืื™ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ, ืžืœืš ืฆืจืคืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื ื“. ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื’ื ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืชืฉืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื (1688โ€“1697) ื•ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืื™ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืœืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” (1710โ€“1714). ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฅ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื” ืœืื•ืชื” "ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื ืื” ื•ื”ื’ื•ื ื”" ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช, ืื•ืคื ืช ื—ื‘ื™ืฉืช ื”ืคืื•ืช ืžื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืฅ, ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื›ืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” "ืจืื•ื•ืชื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”". ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืขื™ืจื” ืฉื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืฅ "ื”ื™ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืขื•"ื” ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื". ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืฅ ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘-5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1715, ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืจ' ื™ื•ืงืœื™ ืžืจื™ืฉื (ื–'ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื”), ื ืฉืžืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืจืขืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ "ื›ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืงื•ืจืก ืชื—ืชื™ื•". ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉื›ื™ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืงืจื•ืก ื•ืงืจืื• ืœื ืฉื™ื”ื ืฉืชืจื“ื ื” ืžื”ืจ. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืคืฉื˜ื” ืชื‘ื”ืœื” ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื”ืจื• ืœืจื“ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ, ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืชื“ื—ื•ืงืช ืงื”ืœ: "ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ืจืขื•ืชื”, ื ืคืœื• ืจื—ืžื ื ืœื™ืฆืœืŸ ื–ื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื•". ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ื ืžืฉืš ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข, ื‘ื• 6 ื ืฉื™ื ื ืจืžืกื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช: "ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ื–ืคืช ื–ื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื•, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืชื•ืช". ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, "ื‘ืื• ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ื’ืจื–ื ื™ื" ื›ื“ื™ "ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”". ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืžืขื” ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ื ืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื‘ืชื” ื”ื”ืจื” ืืกืชืจ ืœืจื“ืช ืืช 5 ืื• 6 ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืขื–ืจืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื ืคืœื” ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”: "ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจืฆื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืขื–ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื—ืœืฃ ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ืจืžืกืช. ืื‘ืœ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ืœืงื•ื". ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืคืœ ืžื”ืชืงืจื” ื•ืœื ื ืชื‘ืจืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืŸ. ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืชื•ืœื” ืืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘"ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื—ื’ ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื”", ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื ื”ื•ื’: "ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืงื˜ื˜ื” ืืฆืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืงืจืขื• ื‘ืขื•"ื” ืื™ืฉื” ืžืขืœ ืจืืฉ ืจืขื•ืชื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืกื™ื ื•ืขืžื“ื• ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ืžืฉื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื’"ื› ืœืจื™ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืชืงื•ื˜ื˜ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”". ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืงื˜ื˜ื” ื ืขื ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื ืกื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื‘ืคืกืงื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”, ืžืกืคืจืช ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืจื—ืฆื” ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืข"ื˜ (1719), ื•ืจืืชื” ืœืคืชืข "ืื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื›ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื... ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื... ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ื–ื™ืงื• ืžืฉื, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืกื’ืจื• ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืกื’ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ืš ืœื’ืžืจื™". ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืงื‘ืœื™ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื ืจืื” ืžื˜ืื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชืคืจืง, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืื™ืจ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœ 29 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1719, ื•ื”ืชืคืจืง ืžืขืœ ืœื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืฆืจืคืช. ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื–ื”, ื ืจืื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื’ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ืœ, ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื ืคื•ืฆื• ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื’ื ืืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ. ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืฉื”, ืชื•ืคืขื” ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืกื•ืœ ืœื™ืคืฆื™ืŸ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื›"ื‘ืงื™ืื” ื‘ื—ื›ืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืื’ื“ืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“" ื•ื›"ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืช", ืกืคืจื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื ืฉื™ื. ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืžืงืจื ื•ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“. ื”ื™ื ืžืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืžื•"ืž, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ื. ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื’ื•ื™" ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ื’ื•ื™ื™ื" ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื "ืื™ื ื ื ื™ืžื•ืœื™ื", "ืื™ื ื ื‘"ื™" (ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื) ื•"ืื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื". ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื’ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื”, ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ: "ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจื•ื™ื". ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืื™ ื•ื ื“ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืจืฉืขื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช "ืจืฉืขื•ืช" ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื” ืœื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ "ืžืงื•ื ืจืข". ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื” ื‘ืคืชื’ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžื’ืขื” ืขื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช (ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“) ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื•ืชื™ื” ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื•ืžืกื—ืจื” ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’. ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื• ื›ืชื‘ึพื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื”ื•ืขืชืง ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”, ื•ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืงืื•ืคืžืŸ โ€“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1896. ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื”ื”ืขืชืงื” ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืืช ืงืื•ืคืžืŸ, ื‘ื”ืขืชืงืช ืžืฉื”, ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ, ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜. ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืงืื•ืคืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ, ื›ืš ืฉืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื. ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื‘ืจื˜ื” ืคืคื ื”ื™ื™ื, ืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1910 ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืงืื•ืคืžืŸ, "ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื". ื”ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืคืคื ื”ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ื ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืฉืืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืœืกืคืจ ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื” ืขืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืืœืคืจื“ ืคื™ื™ืœื›ื ืคืœื“ (Alfred Feilchenfeld) ืคืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1913 ืชืจื’ื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืชืจื’ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ึพืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ึพืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ (ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืกืจื™). ืชืจื’ื•ื ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืœืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ืœืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช. ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืงืื•ืคืžืŸ ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืืช ื"ื– ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1929, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืื ื’ืœื™ ืžืืช ื‘ืช-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ืจื”ืžืก, ืœ"ืชืจื’ื•ื" ื•ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื•ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืฉืคื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื” ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืื ืกืงื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006. ืžืœื‘ื“ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœืกืคืจ, ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื›ืชื‘ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืงืก ื‘ืื•ืžืŸ ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืงืœ, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืœื•ื“ื–' ืฉื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘-1937, ื›ืฉืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืžืฉื—ืงืช ืื™ื“ื” ืงืžื™ื ืกืงื”. ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื•ืžืŸ, ื ืขืฉืชื” ื”ืฆื’ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994, ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ืกืฆื ื•ืช. ืžื—ื–ื” ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ, ื”ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืจืงืœื™ื™, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ืจืื• ื’ื ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืœื™ื ื” ื•ื ื’ืจื•ื‘ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื—ื›ืžืช ื ืฉื™ื - ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืžื”ืžืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ื™ื ืจ, ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ื”, 2009. ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื’ืจื ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื’ืœื™ืงืœ, ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, 2010. ื ื—ื•ื-ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื™ื ืงืึธื•ื•, ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื”ืึทืžืขืœ, ื ื™ื• ื™ืึธืจืง: ืž' ื•ื•ืึทืงืกืขืจ, 1952 Monika Richarz (ed.), Die Hamburger Kauffrau Glikl: Jรผdische Existenz in der Frรผhen Neuzeit, Hamburg: Christians, 2001. Iris Idelson-Shein, โ€œโ€˜What have I to do with Wild Animals?โ€™: "Glikl Bas Leib and the Other Womanโ€, Eighteenth-Century Studies 44, no. 1 (2010): 57-77ย  ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื–ื™ืกืงื™ื ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' (ืื–"ืจ), ื‘ืืชืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืœื™ืงืœ, ืกืจื•ืง ื‘ืืชืจ ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’ืชื” ื‘ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืจื’ืจ, ืชืจื•ืคื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”: ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื”, ื–ืžื ื™ื 97 ื—ื•ื” ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืื ืกืงื™, ื—ื•ื” ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืื ืกืงื™, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืจืฉืžื™ ืžืกืข ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-17, ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื•ืงืœื˜ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื•ื ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื” Antรณnio de Vasconcelos Nogueira, "The Portuguese Jews in the business network of Glรผckel of Hameln (1646-1724)", ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืžื”ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืจืฉืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื ื“ (ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื) ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžืฅ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืฉื›ื ื– ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืฉื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื›ื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื•ืช 1646 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1724
2024-10-09T08:38:56
ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ื•ืžืจื”
ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื•ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื• ืœื”ืชืงืŸ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ืื—ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื›ืฉื•ืจ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• (ืื• ื’ื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืช-ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื) ืืš ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื. ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ. ืื•ืœื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื’ื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ: ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“). ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฆื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืžืชืžืงื“ ื’ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื (ICs), ื›ืžื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘. ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืชืงื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช. ืจืื• ื’ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื—ื•ืžืจื”, ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
2024-08-07T07:38:14
ืงืœืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”
REDIRECT ืงืœืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”
2015-09-26T11:05:27
ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช
ื”ืคื ื™ื” ื’ื•ืคืŸ
2006-09-13T18:33:31
ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช
REDIRECT ื’ื•ืคืŸ
2008-12-19T08:09:54
ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ืจืคื™
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ืกืžืžื ื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืฉื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” โ€“ ืกืžืœื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื—ื•ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื•ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉื ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืกืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื ืฃ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉืžืข ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™. ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื (ืขืœื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื), ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ื›ืจื–ื•ืช, ืคืจืกื•ื, ืฉืœื˜ื™ื, ืขื™ืžื•ื“, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืžืฉืงื™ื ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืžืฉืง ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข, ืื™ื•ืจ, ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื•ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืžืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืžืฉืง ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™. ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืกืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™. ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ืจืคื™ ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื•. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” ื’ืจืคื™ (ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: ืจื™ืฉื•ื) ืžืจืžื–ืช ืฉืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉืžืข. ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื•ืชื• ืชื—ื•ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”, ืื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ืคืš ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช ื•ื ืคืจื“ืช. ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื”ื•ืฉืงื• ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื™ ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช (ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื—ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืจ). ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืื—ื™ื“ (ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ) ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ืขื ืงื• ืžืื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืืฃ ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜, ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื’ื ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ื’ืฉ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื”. ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, ืฉื‘ื” ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืื—ื™ื“ ืžื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื (ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง, ืขืกืงื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช), ืžื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืชืžืจื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข. ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื•, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื•, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ืœืชืœื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ. ืœืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื” ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช, ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืืš ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ืŸ. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข, ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ื’ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’, ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื”, ื”ื ื’ืฉื”, ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง, ื˜ื™ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ืื™ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ืœืžื™ืชื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ืžืขืจื™ื‘": ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื ื™ืกื” ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืชื•, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืž"ืคืจื ืง-ืจื™ื”ืœ" ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืœ"ื ืจืงื™ืก" ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื ืงืกื ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ืœ ืืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื• ื”ื’ืจืคื™, ื•ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืง, "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช", ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉ"ืžืขืจื™ื‘" ื”ื•ื ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ื”ื•ืœื ืœืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ืชืจื’ืœื•. ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื“ื ื™ืช. ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ื–ืจ ืืช ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžื”ืกื“ืจ, ืžื“ื‘ื™ืง ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจืคื™ื“ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื•ืžื’ื–ืจื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืื• ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช. ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืžื“ื‘ื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื, ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช, ืžืชื™ื—ืช ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืขืฆืžื•. ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื ืขืฉื” ื”ืขื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘. ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืžื•ื“ ื˜ืงืกื˜, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืจืงืข ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘. ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืกืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘. ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืชืื™ื. ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืคืŸ "ื—ื™ื™ื", ืฉืœื• ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืขืฆื‘ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื’ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืงืจื™ืื•ืช). ืœื˜ืงืกื˜ ืจืฅ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืงืจื™ื, ืืš ืœื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ื ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ื’ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื ื™ืชื ืช ื‘ืชื "ืš ืงื•ืจืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืื•ืช "ืงื•ืจืŸ" ืฉืขื•ืฆื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื”ื“ืคืกืชื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื•ืช ื”ืชืงื ื™ืช ืœื”ื“ืคืกืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื "ืš. ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื•ื•ืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉ"ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื”ื“ืคืกืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืœืชื "ืš ื•ืœืชืœืžื•ื“, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ืื• ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื 9โ€“10 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช. ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืœื˜ืงืกื˜ ืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ 12โ€“14 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืกืš/ืคืจื™ื˜. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื ืงื™ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืืื" ื•"ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื™ื". ื”ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื›ืžืงืฉืจ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ืจื” ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืœืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื“ื•ืงื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ื”ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจ. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|225px|ืฉื ื”ืกืจื˜ ื‘ื•ืจืื˜ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื™ืจื™ืœื™ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื”. ื”ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื A ื ื”ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื›-D ืงื™ืจื™ืœื™ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื” (Faux Cyrillic) ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœืคื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ื ื•ืคืš ืจื•ืกื™. ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืขืฆืžื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื›-ะฏussia; ื”ืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืชืžื•ื ืช ืจืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืช R ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช: ืกืจื˜ ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืž-1966, "The Russian Are Coming" ("ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืื™ื, ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืื™ื"); ื”-R ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืจื–ื•ืช ื‘-ะฏ ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืž-1988 ืฉื ืงืจื CHOBA B CCCP (ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืจื•ืกื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•: "ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช". ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื™ืจื™ืœื™ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืขื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื, ื›ืฉื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืจ ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื•ืช) ื”ืคื ื–ื™ืŸ APPAะฏATCHIK ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื˜ื˜ืจื™ืก (Tetะฏis), ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื™ืช Lะญะ˜Iะ˜GะฏAD COWBOYS. ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื’ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ื›ืจื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ "ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™" (2002) ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื” E ื‘-ฮฃ (ืกื™ื’ืžื) ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช. ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืš ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืจืื” ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืกื™ื ื™, ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื™ืคื ื™. ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก "ื”ืื’ืืจ ื”ื ื•ืจื" ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื Hรฅgar the Hรธrrible, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืœืฉื ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื—ื‘ืจืช "ืงืคื•ืœืกืงื™" ืขืฉืชื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื•ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืขื ืงืช ืคืจืกื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ืจืคื™. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”. ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื’ืžืจ ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืชื•ืืจ ืืงื“ืžื™, ืฉื”ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงืฃ, ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืžืงื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชืขื•ื“ื” (ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื”) ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืžื“ื™ื. ืืœื” ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ื: ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื โ€“ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจ ื•ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืคื™. ื‘ืฆืœืืœ โ€“ ืžื’ืžืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืชืžื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ืจืคื™ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืฉืช, ืื™ื•ืจ, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื™ืฆื• ื—ื™ืคื” โ€“ ืžื’ืžืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื•ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ (H.I.T.) โ€“ ืžื’ืžืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืคืกืช, ืœืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืกื›ื™ ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืขืžืง ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ ืฉื ืงืจ โ€“ ืžื’ืžืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื ืื™ื•ืจ ืื• ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ืจืคื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืจื™ื ื˜ ืื• ืžื“ื™ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืกืจืจื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ืข"ืฉ ื ื’ืจ โ€“ ืžื’ืžืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืชืžื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื”, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉ (UI, UX), ืื™ื•ืจ ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžื›ืœืœืช ืืžื•ื ื” โ€“ ืžื›ืœืœื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืชื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื: ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื“ื™ื”, ื“ืคื•ืก ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ืžื›ืœืœืช CSK โ€“ ื—ืœื•ืฆื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื” ื”ืกืžื›ื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ืจืคื™. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืชืคืก ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ืชืื•ืฆื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื’ื ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื“ื’ืฉ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ื•ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื“ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™, ืฉืžืงื ื” ื›ืœื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช, ื•ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื“ ื›ืฉื ื”. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืชื— ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ืจืื• ื’ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืžืขืฆื‘ ื’ืจืคื™ ืืจื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ืื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ืจืคื™ ืื™ื•ืจ ืื™ื•ืจ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ื ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ื ื’ืฉื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืžืฉืง ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื ืคืจืกื•ื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ืฆืœืืœ โ€“ ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช, 1987 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจ ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ืจืคื™
2024-09-17T16:22:40
ื’ืœื™ื ืกื™ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื’ืœื™ P ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื’ืœื™ S ื’ืœื™ื ืกื™ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื ื”ื ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื”, ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื›ืžื• ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ืื• ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ. ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื ื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื’ืื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื™ื™ืกืžื•ื’ืจืฃ, ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืคื•ืŸ, ื’ืื•ืคื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื“ ืชืื•ืฆื”. ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืžื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื•ืš ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ. ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ืชื•ื•ืš, ื•ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 2,000 ืœ-8,000 ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืขื“ 13,000 ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ. ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ืžืคื™ืงื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื™ืกืžื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืคื™ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืื–ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื”. ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืกื™ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื’ืœื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื’ืœื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืกื™ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื: ื’ืœื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื’ืœื™ ืฉื˜ื—. ื’ืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืฉืžื ื›ืŸ ื”ื โ€“ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื“ ื”ื’ื™ืขื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ืขืœ ื’ืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืžื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžืฉื ื”: ื’ืœื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื (ื’ืœื™ P) ื•ื’ืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื (ื’ืœื™ S). ื’ื ื’ืœื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื›ืฉืžื ื›ืŸ ื”ื โ€“ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื, ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื: ื’ืœื™ ืœืื‘ ื•ื’ืœื™ ืจื™ื™ืœื™Bolt, B.A., Earthquakes, F&C, 1999, pp. 20-25: ื’ืœื™ P ืื• ื’ืœื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื (Primary Waves) - ื’ืœื™ ืœื—ืฅ (ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืกื™ืžื•ื ื ื›ื’ืœื™ P-Press) ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ืื• ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ. ืชื ื•ืขืชื ื”ื™ื ืชื ื•ืขืช ื’ืœ ืื•ืจื›ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืงืคื™ืฅ. ื’ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื•ื•ืš ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช ืžื’ืœื™ S. ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ: 330 ืž'/ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื: 1460 ืž'/ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื’ืจื ื™ื˜: 5000 ืž'/ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืชื ื•ืขืชื ื”ื™ื ื›ื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื ื–ื”ื” ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœBolt, B.A., Earthquakes, F&C, 1999, p. 20. ื’ืœื™ S ืื• ื’ืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื (Secondary Waves) - ื’ืœื™ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” (ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืกื™ืžื•ื ื ื›ื’ืœื™ S-Shear) ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื’ืœื™ P, ืชื ื•ืขืชื ื”ื™ื ืชื ื•ืขืช ื’ืœ ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™ืช (ื›ืžื• ื—ื‘ืœ ืฉืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•) ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื ื ื™ืฆื‘ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช. ื’ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ื•ืš ืžื•ืฆืง ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคืœื•ืื™ื“ื™ื (ื ื•ื–ืœ ื•ื’ื–) ืœื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ื’ื–ื™ืจื”. ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžื’ืœื™ P, ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื”ื™ื” ื›-60% ืžืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืชื•ื•ืš ื ืชื•ืŸ. ื’ืœื™ ืฉื˜ื— - ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื ื’ืœื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืชื ืœื’ืœื™ ืžื™ื ื”ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข. ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืชื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ืžืฉืš ื–ืžื ื ื”ืืจื•ืš ื•ืืžืคืœื™ื˜ื•ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื’ืœื™ื ืืœื• ืžืขืœื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื•ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื–ืงื™ืBolt, B.A., Earthquakes, F&C, 1999, pp. 21-22. ื™ืžื™ืŸ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|180px|ืขืจื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ืฉื˜ื— (ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ืžื’ืœื™ื”ื): ื’ืœื™ ืœืื‘ (Love waves) ื•ื’ืœื™ ืจื™ื™ืœื™ (Rayleigh waves). ื‘ื’ืœื™ ืœืื‘ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืื•ืคืงื™ืช ื•ื ื™ืฆื‘ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœ. (ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื’ืœ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืื•ืคืงื™ืช ืืš ืขื ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืคืœื™ื˜ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืขื•ืžืง). ื‘ื’ืœื™ ืจื™ื™ืœื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืืœื™ืคื˜ื™ ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœ, ื•ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืืœื™ืคืกื” ื“ื•ืขืš ืขื ื”ืขื•ืžืง. ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื‘ื’ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืืš ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™, ืžืงื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฆืช ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื• ืžืœื—ืฆื™ื™ื ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื“ืคื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืข. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื’ืœ ื”ืจืขื“ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืข ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื“ื™ืคืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ ืืœื™ื•, ื•ื–ืืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืข ื™ื ื•ืข ืžืžืงื•ืžื•. ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขืจื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื’ืœื™ ืจืขื“ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืื•ืชื, ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืชื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื”ืจืขื“ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื”ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื’ืœื™ื ืกื™ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืชืš ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ P ื•-S ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืžื”ืžื•ืงื“. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™, ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืขืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืจืขื™ื“ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืžืื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืขื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ P, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 40 ืง"ืž ืืš ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ 700 ืง"ืž. ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืจื—ืง ืžืžื•ึนืงื“ (ืฉืžืจื—ืงื• ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 200 ืง"ืž) ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ P ื•-S ื•ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœื ื‘-8 ืง"ืž/ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืกื™ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื’ืœื™ ื”-P ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉื‘ืจ (ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ืื•ืจ) ื•ืœื ื•ืข ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืขืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื™ื ื™ืขื• ืืช ืžื—ื•ื’ื™ ื”ืกื™ื™ืกืžื•ื’ืจืฃ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื’ื ืก, ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื–ื” ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ื›ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืจืขื™ื“ื”. ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืง, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืื˜ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื. ืื•ืœื ืžื•ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื•ืš ืขืฆืžื• ื’ื“ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืขืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืืจืš ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื ื“ืจืฉ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืจืขื“. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ืœื™ P ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืง"ืž ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืงื“. ืื•ืœื ืœืจื•ื‘, ื”ืฆืœื‘ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 10 ืขื“ 50 ืง"ืž. ืจืื• ื’ื ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื•ืฃ ื”ืชื ื–ืœื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ืกื•ืœื ืžื’ื ื™ื˜ื•ื“ื” ืœืคื™ ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ืจืขื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืกืขื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืกื™ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ, "ื’ืœ ืกื™ืกืžื™/ื’ืœ ืจืขืฉ", ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™, (ืขืž' 6), ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื‘ื ื”, ืชืฉืก"ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื’ืœื™ื ืกื™ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื: ืžื” ื”ื, ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื˜ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉืช. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื™ื™ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
2023-12-15T16:57:57
ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื“ืคื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ (ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื) ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืฉื ืชื—ื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื•ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื“ืจืš ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืคื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉืจืช, ืื ื›ื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ืืชืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืืจื— ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืจืชื™ื. ืืชืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืกืคืงื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ื— ืืชืจื™ื. ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžื ื•ื”ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจื ื™ื—ื™ื“ โ€“ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืืชืจ. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžืจืฅ 2016 ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื ืชื—ื•ื. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2024 ืžื•ืขืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›-200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืชืจื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื. ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืืชืจื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ืงืจื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”-World Wide Web (ืจืฉืช ื›ืœืœ-ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช) ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช WWW, ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืชื—ื ืฉืœ ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘-www, ืื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืš ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช. ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื“ืคื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉื‘ืืชืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ, ื”ืžืชืจื’ืžืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื• ื”ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื’ืจืคื™ืช. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื“ืคื™ื ืืœื•, ื™ืฉ ืœืกืคืง ืœื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ืืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืืชืจ, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช: ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช IP โ€“ ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ืช. ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ IPv4 ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ 85.62.120.33, ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 0 ืœึพ255, ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช. ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ IPv6 ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ IPv4. ืฉื ืชื—ื•ื (ืื•: ื“ื•ืžื™ื™ืŸ) โ€“ ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืืœืคื-ื ื•ืžืจื™ืช, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ www.wikipedia.org, ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉืจืช DNS. ื“ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”-HTTP, ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื›-"//:http", ืื• ื›-"//:https" (ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”-"s" ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช "secure" โ€“ ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—) ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช HTTP ื”ืžื•ืฆืคื ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ TLS. ื”ืจื›ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ื“ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืชืงืŸ ื”-HTML ืื• ื”-XHTML, ื•ืœืจื•ื‘, ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘-CSS ืœืฉื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืฃ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืืชืจ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืคืช JavaScript, ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืคื“ืคื ื™ื (ืื• ื‘ืฉืคืช VBScript ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜), ื›ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืงื•ื“ ื”-HTML ืฉื‘ื“ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฆื“ ืฉืจืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ PHP, ASP ื•-Node.js. ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืจืช ื”ืืชืจ, ืžื™ื“ ืขื ืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื“ืฃ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ, ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงื•ื“ HTML ืฉื”ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืจืฉ ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืชื•ืš ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืจืช. ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืคืœืื’-ืื™ืŸ-ื™ื ("ืชื•ืกืคื™ื" ืื• "ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช"), ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฆื’ืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื’ืจืคื™ ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืงืŸ HTML ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื’ื•ืช Flash ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื•ื ื™ Java. ืืš ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืคื—ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘-HTML5 ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ื™ืœ. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื•ืœืฉ ื”ืชืžืฆืื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืืชืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืžื–ืขืจื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื“ืคื™ ื”ืืชืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืœื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืชืจ. ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืจื•ื‘ ื“ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ ืžื“ืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื ืงืจื "ื“ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืช" (ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื” ืขื ื“ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ). ืืชืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืฉืžื” ืื• ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ. ืกื•ื’ื™ ืืชืจื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืืชืจื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื: ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืืชืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืคื™ HTML ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื’ ืœื’ื•ืœืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื—ืกืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช. ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช: "ืืชืจ ืงืœืืกื™", "ืืชืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื", ื•"ืืชืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช" ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืœื’ื•ืœืฉ. ื”ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืœืœ, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื™ืช ืคืœืืฉ, ืื•ื“ื™ื• ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื“ื•ื“ื™. ืืชืจ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืจืื” ืื•ืชื” ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืคืกืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืœืœืงื•ื—. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืชืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืฆื‘, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื ืช. ืืชืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžื•ืงืžื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ. ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื‘ืืชืจ ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืžื•ืฆื’. ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื ืฉืœืคื™ื ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ ื˜ืงืกื˜, ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื•ื“ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ืœืืชืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื•ืœื›ืœ ื’ื•ืœืฉ. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื•ื›ื™ื, ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืืžื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ืœืฉ. ื‘ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืžืฉืชื ื” ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื. ืืชืจ ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช "ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช WEB" ื•"ืืชืจ ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื" ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืชืคื•ืจื” ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืืชืจ ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืžืืชืจ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืืชืจื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื• ื”ื ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื, ืืชืจื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืืชืจื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ, ื•ืืชืจื™ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”. ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžื™, ืœืจื•ื‘, ืžืคื•ืชื— ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื•ื—ื”. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช: ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื˜ืงืกื˜, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ืช ื”-Notepad ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื ืจืฉืžื™ื ื™ื“ื ื™ืช. ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื˜ืงืกื˜/HTML ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื: ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืงื•ื“, ืืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ (ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœืงื™ ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžืฆื™ืื” ื•ื”ื—ืœืคื”, ืงื˜ืขื™ ืงื•ื“ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื”, ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืขื•ื“). ืขื•ืจื›ื™ WYSIWYG, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ืช ื“ืจื™ืžื•ื•ื™ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื“ื•ื‘ื™ (ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื•ืžื“ื™ื”) ืื• ืคืจื•ื ื˜ืคื™ื™ื’' ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜. ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื›ืžื›ืœื•ืœ - ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืคื™ื, ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ืฉืœ ื“ืคื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืœ ื”ืฉืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื™, ื•ื›ื•'. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ืงื•ื“. ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืื™ืžืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืคื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื•ื•ืจื“ืคืจืก, ื’'ื•ืžืœื”, ื“ืจื•ืคืœ, PHP-Fusion. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืืชืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ืงื•ื“ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืขื ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื“ืข ื˜ื›ื ื™ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืช. ืžื ื”ืœื™ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ ืืชืจื™ื. ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ ืืชืจื™ื ื”ื ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื ื”ืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื Wix.com. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืืชืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืืชืจื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื™ื“ืข ื˜ื›ื ื™ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืชืจ ืœืœื ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืช. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืชืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื“, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืชืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื—ืจืื™ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืืชืจ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืชืคืขื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ืžืจ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™-ืคืขื ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœืจืฉืช, ื›ืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืจืก-ืœื™ ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืืชืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1991. ื›ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš 20 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืจืฉืช ื‘ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ืคื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืืชืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉื”ืขืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘-6 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1991, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืคืชื—ื” ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช WWW, ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืจืฉืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื”". ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื ืงื™ื - ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืืชืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื“ืคื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื•. ื”ืืชืจ ื›ื•ืœื• ืจืฅ ืื– ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื• ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืจืก-ืœื™, ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ืชื—ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ CERN ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืจืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืจืื• ื’ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืจืฉืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื“ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื™ื–ื ื’ืจื•ืค ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืืชืจ ืจืฉืžื™ ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื”ื•ืกืคื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
2024-08-17T14:01:46
ื“ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื“ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ โ€“ World Wide Web โ€“ ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื’ื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื“ืคื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื• ื‘ืงื•ื“ HTML. ื‘ื“ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื•ืื™ื•ืจื™ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืฃ ื’ื ืงื˜ืขื™ ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื“ืฃ ื’ื ืชื•ื›ื ื”, ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืคืช JavaScript ืื• ื‘ืฉืคืช VBScript. ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืœ ื“ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื ื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืœื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืœื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื“ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืืœื ืจืง ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ ื“ืจืš ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ HTTP, ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• FTP, Telnet ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืคื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื“ืคื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื: ื“ืคื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื: ื“ืคื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื ืงื‘ืข ืžืจืืฉ, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืกืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื–ื• ื‘ืฉืจืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื“ืฃ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืžื•ืฆื’ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื”. ืกื™ื•ืžืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ืฃ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ html ืื• htm. ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื“ืคื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืข ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ Microsoft FrontPage ืื• Adobe Dreamweaver. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืฃ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•ืจืš ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜. ื“ืคื™ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื: ื“ืคื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืฆื’ืชื ื‘ืฉืจืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืกืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉ, ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื“ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืžื™: ื“ืฃ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉ. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืกื™ื•ืžืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉืคื” ืื• ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื•ื‘. ื”ืกื™ื•ืžืช asp, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื“ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ืช ASP ื‘ืฉืจืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื“ืคื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ืฉืจืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืฃ ื ืงื‘ืข ืžืจืืฉ, ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื•ืช GIF, ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืคืœืืฉ ืื• ืฉืคืช JavaScript ืฉืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืฃ ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ื• ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืฉืจืช. ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื“ืคื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื“ืคื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ืฃ ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื›ื™ืื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื’ื•ืœืฉ. ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื: ื“ืคื“ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื”ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื›ืจื•ื ืืš ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื“ืคื“ืคื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืืงืกืคืœื•ืจืจ, ืžื•ื–ื™ืœื” ืคื™ื™ืจืคื•ืงืก, ืื•ืคืจื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ืืฃ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชืงื ื™ื ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื‘ื“ืคื“ืคื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืืœื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื ื•ืขื™ ืคืจื™ืกืช ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืžืกื›ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืฆื’ื• ื™ืคื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”, ืืš ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืืช ืžืคืชื— ื”ื“ืฃ, ื•ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉืช, ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ: "ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” 800X600", ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื”, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉ: ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืื—ืจืช, ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชื—ืคืฉ ืืชืจ ืื—ืจ. ืฉืคื”: ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืชืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ. ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ื™ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืืœื”, ืขื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉืคื” ืœืฉืคื”. ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืฉืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื• ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื’ื•ืœืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื—ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืคื•ืช: ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื“ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ (URL) ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” URL, ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืคื ื™ืช ืืœ ื”ืฉืจืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ HTTP, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” HTTP Request. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืžืกืคืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืจืš ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื . ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ื: http ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. :// ืžืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืžืฉื ื”ืืชืจ. en.wikipedia.org ืฉื ื”ืืชืจ (ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื•). /w/ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืืชืจ (ืžื™ืงื•ื ืœื•ื’ื™, ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืชื•ืื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจืช). index.php ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื•ืกื•ื’ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ (ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” PHP. ืฉืคืช ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื“ืคื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื). ? ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืœืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื. title=Webpage ืคืจืžื˜ืจ ื•ืขืจืš (ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืฉื ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืื•ืชื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื). ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื”-URL ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืืชืจ WWW ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” (HTTP Response) ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ืขื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”-URL. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืืชืจ WWW ืกื˜ื˜ื™, ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื“ืคื™ HTML ืฉื ืฉืžืจื• ืžืจืืฉ, ื—ืœืงื™ื 6โ€“7 ืœื ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื•. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื•ืคืจื“ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ืžืŸ "&". ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืœ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช URL ื—ืœืงื™ื 1+2: ืื ื—ืกืจ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ, ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ (ื”ืœื ื”ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืœืงื•ื—) ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ HTTP. ื—ืœืงื™ื 4+5: ืื ื—ืกืจ ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืื• ืžื™ืงื•ืžื•, ืฉืจืช HTTP (ื”ืœื ื”ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ืช ื”ืฉืจืช), ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ, ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืจืช. ืจืื• ื’ื ื“ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืจืฉืช ื“ืฃ ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
2024-10-01T11:00:00
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื
REDIRECT ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื
2004-09-23T17:16:46
ื™ืขืงื‘
ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืึธื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึผ, ื•ื ืงืจื ื’ื ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ, ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืงืจืื™ืช, ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ื ื›ื“ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืฉืจื”. ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืชืื•ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉื•, ื•ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื—ื’ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช (1653 ืœืคื ื”"ืก), ื•ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช (1506 ืœืคื ื”"ืก) ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 147. ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืžืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื, ื•ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื ืชื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื โ€“. ื—ืœืง ืžืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืขืฉื• ื›ืืœ ืื‘ื•ืช-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืœืื•ืžื™ื. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืฉื• ืืช ืื“ื•ื, ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืจื•ืžืื™ (ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืื“ื•ื ืขื ืจื•ืžื). ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื™ื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืชื โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ืจื‘ืงื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื”, ื ืืžืจ: . ืžืฉืžืข, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืืžื•ืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ื›ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ืืœื ื›ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื. ืฉืžื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืชืคืจืฉ ื›ืฉื ืชืื•ืคื•ืจื™ ืžืขื™ืงืจื•, ืฉื”ืชืงืฆืจ ืžื™ืขืงื‘ืืœ ืื• ืžืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืื—ืจืช. ืฉืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืขืง"ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™: ื”ืฉื "ื™ืขืงื‘ึพืืœ" ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื”ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืคื ื”"ืกืจืื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืงืกื•ืกื™ืช โ€“ ื›ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืจืขื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ื—ื™ืงืกื•ืกื™ืช ื™ืขืงื‘-ื”ืจ (ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื›ื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ืขืงื‘ึพืืœ, ื™ืขืงื‘ึพื”ืจ ืื• ื™ืขืงื‘ึพื‘ืขืœ); ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืฉื ืคืจื˜ื™ ืื•ื’ืจื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชืขืชื™ืง ืื›ื“ื™ Abdi-ya-qub-bu (*ืขื‘ื“ึพื™ืขืงื‘), ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ "ื™ืขืงื‘" ื’ื ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉื ื™ืขืงื‘-ืืœ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื’ื ื›ืฉื ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื• ื›ืฉื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ ืชื—ื•ืชืžืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืžืื” 15 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจืŸ ื”ืกื•ืจื™. ื”ืฉื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืœ ื ื–ื›ืจ ื’ื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขืžืกืก ื”ืฉื ื™, ืžืื” 13 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื›ืฉื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืชื ื™ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื (ื”ืจ ืฉืขื™ืจ). ื‘ืžืงืจื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ึธื” ื•ืขึทืงึผื•ึผื‘, ื•ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“: ืขืงื™ื‘ื, ืขืงื‘ื™ื, ืขื•ืงื‘ื ื•ืขื•ืงื‘ืŸ. ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืฉืžื™ ืขืง"ื‘ ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื•ืจืืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื.ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|240px| ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขื ื”ืžืœืืš ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ืจืกืช ืจืžื‘ืจื ื“ื˜ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 1659 ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื’ืžืœื“ื”-ื’ืืœืจื™, ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸื‘ืžืงืจื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืฉืžื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื•ืคื ื™ื. ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื•ืœื“ "ื•ึฐื™ึธื“ื•ึน ืึนื—ึถื–ึถืช ื‘ึทึผืขึฒืงึตื‘ ืขึตืฉึธื‚ื•", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืื‘ืง ืขืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืขื•ื“ ืžื‘ื˜ืŸ. ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืชืžื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืขืง"ื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขึธืงึฐื‘ึธึผื”, ืžืจืžื”, ืฉืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืชืžื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘. ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืคื™ ืขืฉื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ื”ึฒื›ึดื™ ืงึธืจึธื ืฉึฐืืžื•ึน ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึฐืงึฐื‘ึตื ึดื™ ื–ึถื” ืคึทืขึฒืžึทื™ึดื, ืึถืช ื‘ึฐึผื›ึนืจึธืชึดื™ ืœึธืงึธื— ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืขึทืชึธึผื” ืœึธืงึทื— ื‘ึดึผืจึฐื›ึธืชึดื™!" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื– ืœื•), ื•ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืจื ืœืžืชื— ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืคื™ื•ื ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›"ืื™ืฉ ืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืื•ื”ืœื™ื" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ื” ืชืžื™ืžื™ื. ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžืงืจื ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืงืจื ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ ืจื‘ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืงืจื”. ืขืชื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืืœ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืขืงืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืงื” ื ืขื ืชื” ื•ืจื‘ืงื” ื”ืจืชื”. ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื”, ื”ื‘ื ื™ื "ืžืชืจื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื”". ืจื‘ืงื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืืœ ืœืคืฉืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื” ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืขืžื™ื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื—ืจื• ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™, ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืจ. ืฉื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ืžื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช", ื‘ื”ืขื“ืคืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ืงื” ืื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืชืื•ืžื™ื: ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื“ืžื•ื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื• ื›ืื“ืจืช ืฉืขืจ ื•ืฉืžื• ืขืฉื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืขืฉื•ึผื™, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ืื—ื™ื• ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื›ืฉื™ื“ื• ืื•ื—ื–ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ ืขืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืชื• โ€“ ื•ืฉืžื• ื™ืขืงื‘, ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘. ื•ืื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืขื ืขืฉื• ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืขื ื“ื•ื“ื• ืœื‘ืŸ, ืขื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ื•ืืฃ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื•. ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื™ื“ื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื ื•ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืชืžืข ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื: ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื•ื "ืื™ืฉ ืชื, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืื”ืœื™ื", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืจื•ืขื” ืฆืืŸ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขืฉื• ื”ื•ื "ืื™ืฉ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฆื™ื“". ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืงืคืช ื’ื ื‘ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื: ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืขืฉื• "ื›ื™ ืฆื™ื“ ื‘ืคื™ื•" ื•ืื™ืœื• ืจื‘ืงื” ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘. ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|260px| ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื‘ืจืš ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืขืฉื•. ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ืงื” ื’ื™ื•ืจื“ืื ื•. ืฉืžืŸ ืขืœ ืงื ื‘ืก. ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื™ืคื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื• ื—ื–ืจ ืžืฆึตื™ื“ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื™ืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื”ืœืขื™ื˜ ืื•ืชื• ืžื ื–ื™ื“ ื”ืขื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืžืงืจื ืชื•ืœื” ืืช ืฉื ื”ืื•ืžื” ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื‘ืขืฉื• โ€“ "ืื“ื•ื" ื‘ื‘ืงืฉืช ืขืฉื• "ื”ืœืขื™ื˜ื ื™ ื ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื”". ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืกื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืขืฉื• ื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืืœื™ื•. ืขืฉื• ืžื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื•ืื•ืžืจ: "ื”ื ื” ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžื•ืช, ื•ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืœื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”?". ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ืขืฉื• ืงื•ื“ื ืžื•ืชื• ื•ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืฆื•ื“ ืœื• ืฆื™ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื”ื‘ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืื›ืœ ืžืžื˜ืขืžื™ ื‘ื ื• ื™ื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื•. ืจื‘ืงื”, ืฉืจืฆืชื” ืฉื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืขื ืงื• ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื•ื•ืงื, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืฉื“ืœืช ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ืคืฉ ืœืื—ื™ื• ืขืฉื• ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืžื”. ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืžื ื ื—ืฉื“ ืžืขื˜ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขืฉื™ื• ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื "ื”ืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฉื•". ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืฉืฉ ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ (ืฉืขื˜ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื•ืจื•ืช ืขื–ื™ื, ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ืขืฆืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•) ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•, ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉืขื™ืจื•ืชื•. ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืœ ืœืจื‘ืงื” "ื•ึฐืจึทื‘ ื™ึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ ืฆึธืขึดื™ืจ", ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื™ื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืืช ืคื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืขืฉื• ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจืžื™ืช, ืืš ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื ืžืชื—ืจื˜, ื•ืืฃ ืžืืฉืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” "ื•ืื‘ืจื›ื”ื•, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื™ื”ื™ื”". ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉื•, ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื• ื‘ืจื›ื” ืคื—ื•ืชื”, ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ: "ื•ืขืœ ื—ืจื‘ืš ืชื—ื™ื” ื•ืืช ืื—ื™ืš ืชืขื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืจื™ื“ ื•ืคืจืงืช ืขื•ืœื• ืžืขืœ ืฆื•ืืจืš". ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืขื›ื•ืจื™ื, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขืฉื•, ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ืชืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขืœ ื’ื–ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžืงืจื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืชื™ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืžืืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืืš ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™, ื’ื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืจืžื” ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”. ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืื™ืจ ื–ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืจื•ืื” ื’ื ื‘ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ ื”ื“ ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื›ื•ืจื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืคื™ ื–ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื”ืฉื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืจืžื– ืœืฉื•ืจืฉ ื™.ืฉ.ืจ., ื•ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ืจื‘ื‘ ื”ืจืžื™ื™ื” ืฉื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืขืงื‘. ื—ืœื•ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืฆืช ืืžื• ื•ื‘ืงืฉืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืœืงื—ืช ืื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ ืืžื• ื ืžืœื˜ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื—ืจืŸ ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืœื” ืžืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ืœืืจืฅ ื–ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื–ืจ ื•ื ื›ืจื™. ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืœื—ืจืŸ ื‘ืžืกืขื• ืฆืคื•ื ื”, ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ื– ื•ื—ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืกื•ืœื ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื” ื•ืจืืฉื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื•. ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ืžืชื’ืœื” ื”ืืœ ืืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืงื ื ืคืขื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืžื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืžืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจื ืœืžืงื•ื "ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ" ื•ืžืงื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆื‘ื” ื•ื ื•ื“ืจ ื ื“ืจ ืฉืื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืžืขืฉืจ ืžืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืœืืœ. ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืžื•. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px| ื—ืœื•ื ืกื•ืœื ื™ืขืงื‘, ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื•ืงืก ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ืœืžืืŸ, 1691 ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ื—ืœื•ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืงืชื“ืจืœืช ืžื™ืœืื ื• ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื—ืจืŸ ืคื•ื’ืฉ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ืืช ืจื—ืœ, ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉื”ืžืงืจื ื˜ื•ืจื— ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื™ื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘, ื•ืžืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืื”ื‘ื” ืžืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื‘ืืจ ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื–ืจ ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืจื•ืขื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืืŸ ื•ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืจืขื”. ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื—ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื‘ืืจ ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื•ื ื”ื•ื’ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื’ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื“ืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื”. ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืจื—ืœ, ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืจืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ื’ื•ืœืœ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืžืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื‘ืืจ, ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืจื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ืืช ืฆืื ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ ืืžื• ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืœื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ืœ ื‘ืชื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื”. ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื•ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืจืžื” ืืช ืœืื” ืœืื”ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘. ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื“ื”: ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืžื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืขืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื•ืœื‘ืŸ ืจื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื•. ืœืžื—ืจืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืชื’ืœื” ื”ืชืจืžื™ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืœื‘ืŸ, ืžืงื‘ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ื• ืืช ืœืื”, ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืœื ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืจื—ืœ, ืืš ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ื ืคืชื— ื”ืคืชื— ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื—ืœ ืœืœืื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื ืืœืฅ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืจื—ืœ, ืื ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืขื ืœื‘ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื—ืชื•ื ืชื• ืขืžื” ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉืชื” ื—ืชื•ื ืช ืœืื”. ืขื ืจื—ืœ ื•ืœืื” ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืฉืคื—ื•ืช: ื–ืœืคื” ื•ื‘ืœื”ื”. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืœื™ืขืงื‘ 11 ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืช ืื—ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื›ืœ ืืœื” ืœืจื—ืœ โ€“ ืื”ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืฉืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืขืงืจื” ื›ืื™ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“, ื™ื•ืกืฃ: . ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ 14 ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื”, ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืชืžื•ืจืช ืฉื›ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขื ืฆืืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืจืžื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืจืžื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืฉื›ืจื•, ื•ืžืชืขืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืฉืจื•ืชื• ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื›ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื—ืœื•ื ื‘ื• ืžืชื’ืœื” ื”ืืœ ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื‘ืจื™ื—ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืœื‘ืŸ. ื”ืคืขื ืžื—ืจืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ. ืœื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืง ืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ื‘ืคื™ื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ื’ื ื‘ ืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื•, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืขืœ, ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฉืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ื”ืชื ืฆื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขื ืœื‘ืŸ, ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืงืžืช "ื’ืœ-ืขื“", ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ืคื™ื•ืก ืขื ืขืฉื• ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|280px|ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืื—ื™ื, ืคืจื ืกืกืงื• ื”ื™ื™ื–, 1844 ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืกืขื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื ืขืŸ, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงืจื ืขืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™, ื•ื”ืคืขื ืขื ืขืฉื•, ืฉืœื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคืชื•ื— ืขื ื™ืขืงื‘. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉืขืฉื• ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืœืงืจืืชื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืื™ืฉ, ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื• ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื• ื•ื˜ืคื™ื• ื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืงืจืืช ื›ืš. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื— ืืœื™ื• ืžื ื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ืจื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื™ื™ืก ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืขืฉื•, ื•ืืฃ ืžื—ืœืง ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื—ื ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืคื’ืขื•, ืื ื™ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืงืจื‘. ื˜ืจื ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžืชืคืœืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืืœ ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืขื–ืจื”: (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœ"ื‘, 11โ€“12). ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืกื“ืจ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ืจื’, ื”ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืื” ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืจื—ืœ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืงื ืžื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืคืฉืจ. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคื—ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื ืžืชื’ืฉื, ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืขืฉื• ื‘ื›ื ื™ืขื”, ืขื ืžืชื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื” ืœื• ืฉื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื: (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœ"ื’, 3). ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ืคื™ื•ืก ืžืจื’ืฉ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ืขืฉื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืชื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื•ืก, ืœื•ืงื—ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื ืื™ืฉ ืžืขืœ ืื—ื™ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื• ื ื•ืกืข ืœืฉืขื™ืจ. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื ืžื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืœืืš. ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืืช ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ื“ื•ืจื” ืžืฉื ืช 1855 ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœ"ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืง ื ืคืจื“, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืขื ืขืฉื•, ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื—ื–ืจืชื• ืœืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื•ื”ืชื‘ืฉืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื™ื ืกื” ืœืžืžืฉ ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื ืฉื™ื• ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื•ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ืœ. ืื™ืฉ ื ืื‘ืง ืขืžื• ืขื“ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•. ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ืฉืœื—ื•, ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืกื›ื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืื™ืฉ ืงื•ืจื ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื• ื•ืžืฉื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ "ื›ึดึผื™-ืฉึธื‚ืจึดื™ืชึธ ืขึดื-ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื•ึฐืขึดื-ืึฒื ึธืฉึดืื™ื, ื•ึทืชึผื•ึผื›ึธืœ" (), ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ื”ืžืงืจื ื™ืงืจื ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื‘ืง, ื”ืื™ืฉ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื›ืฃ ื™ืจืš ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืœืฆืœื™ืขื”. ื”ืžืงืจื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืœื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื’ื™ื“ ื”ื ืฉื” ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ืจืš. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื•ื‘ (ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ืขื ืขืฉื• ื•ืœื‘ืŸ), ื”ืฉื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ "ื™ืฉืจ-ืืœ" ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฉืจื” ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ. ืฆืืฆืื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืขื“ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืš ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื•ื’ื™ื, ืฉืกื‘ืจื• ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืืฆืื™ื• ื‘ื’ื•ืœื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฆืืฆืื™ื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื•ืขืฆืžืื™. ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืžื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžืคืจืฉ: "ืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื• ืืœื™ืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืžืจืžื” ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืฉืจืจื” ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืคื ื™ื" (). ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื ื™ื™ืงืจื ืขื•ื“ "ื™ืขืงื‘" ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขืงื‘ ื•ืฉืคืœื•ืช, ืืœื "ื™ืฉืจืืœ" โ€“ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืจืจื” ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื. ื”ืฉื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช โ€“ ื™ืฆื—ืง/ื™ืขืงื‘, ืฉืจื”, ืจื—ืœ/ืจื‘ืงื”, ืื‘ืจื”ื, ืœืื”. ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื›ื ื•ื ืงืžืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ืœื•ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื ืขืŸ ื•ื ื•ื˜ื” ืืช ืื”ืœื• ื‘ืฉื›ื. ืืš ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื“ื™ืžื”. ืฉื›ื ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ โ€“ ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ื—ื•ื˜ืฃ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืื•ื ืก ืื•ืชื” ("ื•ื™ืฉื›ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื•ื™ืขื ื”"), ืžืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ื” ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื•ืžืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจืข ื•ืžื—ืจื™ืฉ ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื‘ืœื”. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืžื•, ื‘ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื™ืขืงื‘. ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ื‘, ื•ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื”ืื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื• ืžืคืฆื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœืชืช ืืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืื—ื•ืชื ืœืฉื›ื ืœืื™ืฉื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ืืฃ ืžื•ื”ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื˜ื•ืคื” ืžื•ื—ื–ืงืช ื›ื‘ืช ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ. ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจืžื” ืœืื ืฉื™ ืฉื›ื ื›ื™ ื™ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื›ื ืจืง ื‘ื”ื™ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืขืจืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื ื—ืจืคื”. ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื ื• ืžืฉืชื›ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ื ื•ืชื ื•ืžืฉื›ื ืขื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื›ื ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืžื™ืœืชื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื— ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื›ืœ ื–ื›ืจ ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ืื—ื•ืชื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื•ื–ื–ื™ื ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืขืœ ื ืฉื ื•ื˜ืคื. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื•ื—ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ืœื•ื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืžื“ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื ืงื ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื–ื™, ื•ื”ื ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”: "ื”ื›ื–ื•ื ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ืื—ื•ืชื ื•?". ืœื™ืžื™ื ืคืขื•ืœืชื ืชื–ื›ื” ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ื—ืจืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ืจื ืžื•ืชื•, ืžื–ื›ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื”ื ื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืงืœืœื” ื ืžืจืฆืช, ื•ืžื‘ืฉืจื ืฉื›ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื”ื ื™ืคื•ื–ืจื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ื ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื. ืžื•ืช ืจื—ืœ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืงื‘ืจ ืจื—ืœ ืขืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื›ื, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฆื˜ื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ืฉื ื—ืœื ืืช ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•ืœื”ื˜ื”ืจ ืœืงืจืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืชื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืืœ, ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ. ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฆืœืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ("ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ื ื›ืจ") ื•ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืžื ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื›ื, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื• ืืฉืจ ื ื’ืœื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื•, ื‘ืขื•ื–ื‘ื• ืืช ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ. ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืขื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื ืžื–ื‘ื— ื•ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ืืš ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืคื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ("ืงื•ึผื ืขึฒืœึตื” ื‘ึตื™ืช-ืึตืœ ื•ึฐืฉึถืื‘ ืฉึธืื") ืืœื ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ื“ืจื•ืžื” ืœืืคืจืช. ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื ื›ื•ืจืขืช ืจื—ืœ ืœืœื“ืช ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืืš ืžืชืงืฉื” ื‘ืœื“ืชื” ื•ืžืชื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจืืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ื•ืœื“ "ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื™", ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืฉืžื• ืœ"ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ" ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื• ื”ืจืฉืžื™. ื”ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืจืช ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ืงื‘ืจ ืจื—ืœ". ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืชืจืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”, ื•ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืจืฆืช ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื”ืžืขืฉื”, "ืขึดื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืชึดึผืžึฐืฆึธื ืึถืช ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ, ืœึนื ื™ึดื—ึฐื™ึถื” ื ึถื’ึถื“ ืึทื—ึตื™ื ื•ึผ". ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื ืฉื ื™ืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืœื™ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืืฉื™ืžื ื‘ื’ื ื‘ืช ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื ื•, ื”ื ืžื•ืงื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื•: "ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึดืžึธึผืฆึตื ืึดืชึผื•ึน ืžึตืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึถื™ืšึธ, ื•ึธืžึตืช". ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื‘ื”, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืจืขื” ืชื—ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืืช ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืฉื“ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ืจื—ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื’ืœื” ื”ืขื“ืคื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ โ€“ ื‘ืŸ ืืฉืชื• ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื™ื—ืก ืžืคืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืฆื“ ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ โ€“ ื›ืชื•ื ืช ืคืกื™ื. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืžื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉืžืŸ ืœืžื“ื•ืจืช ื”ืงื ืื”, ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื“ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื• ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื, ืฉื”ืชื’ืฉืžื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื™ื—ืกื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ืืช ืžืฉื˜ืžืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืื—ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืœืื” ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ืคื—ื™ื, ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืฉืขื” ืœื ืžืฉื—ืงืช ืœื•, ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ืžื›ื•ืชื ืชื•, ื ื–ืจืง ืœื‘ื•ืจ, ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืœืฉื™ื™ืจืช ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื“ ืžืฆืจื™ืžื”. ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœืจืฆื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ืืช "ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช", ืืš ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžืชื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ืขื‘ื“. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ืื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืชื•, ืžื›ืชื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืฉื ื”ืงื ืื” ื‘ื“ื ืฉืขื™ืจ ืขื–ื™ื, ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืžืกืจ ืžืชืจื™ืก ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืžืจื•, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื™ื—ื“ืช ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืœืš ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื•. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืžืกื™ืง ืžืžืจืื” ื”ื›ื•ืชื ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืชืžืช ื‘ื“ื ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ื˜ืจืฃ, ืžืชืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืžืืŸ ืœื”ื™ื ื—ื โ€“ "ื›ื™ ืืจื“ ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืฉืื•ืœื”". ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื’ืœื” ืœื• ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื• ื—ื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืื‘ื™ื• ื™ืฆื—ืง. ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืจืื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื ื’ื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื˜ืจื ืžื•ืชื•, ื•ื™ื‘ืจื›ื• ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ืืคื™ื ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื•, ืืš ืืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆืขืจ ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื ืช ื—ืœืงื• ื›ืื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื›ื—. ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืœื”ื” ืคื™ืœื’ืฉ ืื‘ื™ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ืจื—ืœ, ื”ื•ืœืš ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืขื ื‘ืœื”ื” ืคื™ืœื’ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื”ืžืงืจื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืฉืžืข ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ื’ื™ื‘. ื‘ืจื ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื•ืฉืžื˜ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”. ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืืฃ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ืฉื“ ื›ื™ ื’ื•ืจืœื• ืฉืœ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื•ืขืฉื•, ืฉื ื“ื—ืงื• ืžืกื’ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืชื ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื‘ืช ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืขื ืคื™ืœื’ืฉื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ื•, ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื ื ืœืื™ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื–ื ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœื—ืœืœ ืืช ืฉืคื—ืช ืจื—ืœ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื• ืœืื™ืžื•. ื˜ืจื ืžื•ืชื• ืžืืฉื™ืžื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื‘ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืขื• ื•ืžื“ื™ืจื• ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืขื™ื“ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืžืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจ ืืฃ ืžื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืœื•ื™. ืœืขืฆื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื—ื–"ืœ ืืžืจื•: "ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื˜ื ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื˜ื•ืขื”". ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืจื•ื‘ ืคืจืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื•ื“ื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื˜ื ื•ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืฉืœื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ ืขื ื‘ืœื”ื”, ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื™ื˜ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืœืื”ืœ ืœืื” ืื™ืžื•. ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ื• ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ื•, ืืฉืจ ืžืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืืžืจื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื—ืฉ ืฉืงืจื‘ ื™ื•ืžื• ืœืžื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื• ืืช ืืฉืจ ื™ืงืจื ืืชื›ื โ€“ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืœืขืชื™ื“. ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื”ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื›ืš ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื’ื ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“. ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื ืืžืจื• ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื: "ื›ึธึผืœ-ืึตืœึถึผื” ืฉึดืื‘ึฐื˜ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืฉึฐืื ึตื™ื ืขึธืฉึธื‚ืจ ื•ึฐื–ึนืืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ-ื“ึดึผื‘ึถึผืจ ืœึธื”ึถื ืึฒื‘ึดื™ื”ึถื (ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ, ื•ืžืขืชื”) ื•ึทื™ึฐื‘ึธืจึถืšึฐ ืื•ึนืชึธื ืึดื™ืฉื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื›ึฐึผื‘ึดืจึฐื›ึธืชื•ึน ื‘ึตึผืจึทืšึฐ ืึนืชึธื" () โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื•ืฉื‘ื˜. ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื‘ืจืš ืืช ืžื ืฉื” ื•ืืคืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืžืืช ืจืžื‘ืจื ื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืชื‘ืฉืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืชืื—ื“ ืื™ืชื• ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ืฉืกื‘ื• ืื‘ืจื”ื ื ื“ื“ ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื ื” ื›-70 ื ืคืฉ ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืชืคืืจืชื• ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื• ืžื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื•, ืœื”ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืคืจืขื” ื•ืืฃ ืœื‘ืจื›ื•, ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื ื›ื“ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ. ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืคืจืขื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืกื›ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• "ื›ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื•ืจืขื™ื". ื•ื”ื•ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืขื”. ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืงื•ืจื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืœื ื™ืงื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืœื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” (ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ืขื‘ืจ). ื•ืื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืื ืฉื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื’ืžืจ ื”ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืžืœื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืงื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ืžืื•ืจืข ื–ื” ืขื•ืจืจ ืจื•ืฉื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืงืจืื• ืœืขื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉื "ืึธื‘ึตืœ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื". ืขืฅ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืขืฉื• ื›ืกืžืœ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืฆืœ ื—ื–"ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืขืฉื•. ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ ืœืจื‘ืงื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืœืื•ืžื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืชื” ืืช ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžืœื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืคืš ืขืฉื• ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ ื”ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ. ื”ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืืฆืื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขืฉื•, ื›ืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืื“ื•ื โ€“ ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ืขืฉื•. ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ืฉื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื”ื•ื "ืจืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืจืฉืข, ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขืฉื• ื”ืจืฉืข" ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฉื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ืจืฉืข". ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื• ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ืคื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืจื•ืžื– ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื›ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืขืฉื• "ื•ืืช ืื—ื™ืš ืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืจื™ื“ ื•ืคืจืงืช ืขื•ืœื• ืžืขืœ ืฆื•ืืจืš". ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื. ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืขืฉื•/ืื“ื•ื/ืจื•ืžื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื”, ืฉืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืจืฉืข, ื›ื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ื–"ืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ืื›ืŸ ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืžื” ื•ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื–ืขืงืชื• ืฉืœ ืขืฉื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืชื• ืืช ื”ืชืจืžื™ืช, ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉื‘ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืŸ. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืœ ืขืœ ืื™ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืขืฉื• ื”ื™ื ื—ื˜ืื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื™ืฆื—ืง ืื•ืžืจ ืœืขืฉื• ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืงืช ืขื•ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื›ื”ืชื ื™ื”. ืื ื™ืขืงื‘ (ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ) ืœื ื™ืžืœื ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืขื™ื“ ืœื• ื”ืืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื–ื™ ื™ืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืฉื•. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื–"ืœ ื›ืžื• ืขืฉื• ืฉืœ ื—ื–"ืœ, ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื›ื™ ืื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืืœื™ืœื™ืช. ื—ื•ืžืจื ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืจืืช ื”ืืœ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืืœื” ื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืงืจื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืงืจื, ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืงื‘, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื–ื•ืจ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื–ื•ืจ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ืืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืื•ื—ื“ื• ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช. ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ื ืฉืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ืื™ื ืฉื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžืงืจื ื™ื’ืืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืข ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืคื™ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืจื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ 3 ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืžืช ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ, ืฉื™ืœื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ, ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ื ืขืŸ ื•ื—ืจืŸ, ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืืœื™ื”ื• ื•ืืœื™ืฉืข ื›ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืœืžืœื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืืœ ื›ืืœ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืจืื• ื’ื ืขืฅ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืจืื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืžืชืจื— ื•ืขื“ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืฆื™ืœื ื™ ื ื ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื™ืื™ืจ ื–ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืขืงื‘ โ€“ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื”, ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2012. ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ , ื™ืขืงื‘ โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, 2019. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื“ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืขืฉื• ืืฆืœ ื”ื•ืฉืข, ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื“"ืจ ืœืื” ืžื–ื•ืจ, ืขืœ ืžืงืจื ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขืœ ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ืื™ืจ ื–ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ: ื™ืขืงื‘ โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื”, ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื“"ืจ ืœืื” ืžื–ื•ืจ, ืขืœ ืžืงืจื ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื–ืื‘ ื—. ืืจืœื™ืš (ื–'ืื‘ื•), "ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื—ืช ื™ืขืงื‘" ื‘ืจืื™ ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื ื‘ื™ื, ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, 27 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2007 ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” "ื“ืขืช". ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฉืจืฉื‘ืกืงื™, ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืจื—ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืืจ, ื‘ืชื•ืš 'ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื•ืช' ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ, ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช โ€“ ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื”, ืืชืจ "ืขืจื•ืฅ ืžืื™ืจ" ืื”ื•ื“ ื ืืžืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ืื“ื! โ€“ ื™ืขืงื‘ โ€“ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื•, ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”(ื™)ืขืงื‘ ืœืžื™ืฉื•ืจ, ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื‘ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืชื "ืš, ื‘ืื™ืจื•ื— ื“"ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืžื”ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื”ืืกืœืื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืฉื• ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืชื "ื›ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืจื•ืขื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื•ืฉืคื™ื–ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืืœืฃ ื”-2 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื™ืœ 110 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉืงื™ืคืœื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
2024-10-09T10:17:26
ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ
REDIRECTื“ืœืงืช ื’ืจื•ืŸ
2004-09-12T17:28:10
ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช
REDIRECT ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช
2006-03-05T20:32:27
ืคื•ืจื•ื (ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜)
ืคื•ึนืจื•ึผื ืžึฐืงึปื•ึธึผืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืื• ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืœืžืขื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื, ื›ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืคื•ืชื—ืช ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช. ืœืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ื–'ืจื’ื•ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ื ืงืจืืช Thread. ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืื•ืช ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืชื•ืจื ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื’ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืžืชืืจืš, ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื ืืฆื™ื ืื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ. ื”ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจืฉืช ื”-Usenet. ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžื—ื“ืจื™ ืฆ'ืื˜ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื ืฉืžืจื•ืช, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™, ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ. ื–ืืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฆ'ืื˜ ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืžื—ืง ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืืชืจื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื, ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืขื ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืžืขื˜ื” ื”ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืคืชื— ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช. ืกื•ื’ื™ ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืงื“ื, ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืจืฉืื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช.ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื: ืคื•ืจื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™: ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืžื™ื“ ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื”, ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช. ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืื•ืชื”. ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“: ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืžื™ื“ ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื”, ืืš ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช, ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืื• ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื. ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ืžืจืืฉ: ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืœืขื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื, ื•ืจืง ืื ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ืช, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ืื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ืœื—ื“ื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉื ืช, ืžื•ื ืข ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ื”, ืืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™, ื‘ื• ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืœื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”. ื™ืชืจื•ื ื• ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ืง, ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื”. ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื—ืกืจื•ื ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืจืขื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘. ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื ืœื ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ื”ื™ื "ืฉืœื”ื•ื‘" (flaming) - ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืงืฉื” ืฉืคื•ืจืฆืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื. ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื ื•ื”ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ืชื” ื–ื“ื•ื ื™ืช: ื”ืฆืคืช ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ, ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืจืง ืงืœืœื•ืช, ืื• ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”, ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืœืขื–ืจื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื "ืกืคืื". ื™ืชืจื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ืžืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื—, ื•ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืชื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื. ื—ืกืจื•ื ื• ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ื”ืœ ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช, ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•. ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื. ื™ืชืจื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื• ืžืชืคืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช, ื•ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช. ื—ืกืจื•ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื•, ืื ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื›ื•ื— ืจื‘ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ืœืขืจื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ, ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ืขืœ ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื. ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื” ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืื•ื™ - ืกื•ืคื” ืœื”ืชืคืจืง. ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘, ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”-vBulletin ื•ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืœื”, ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืจืฉื™ืžื”. ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ ืชืคื•ื– ืื ืฉื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขืœื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ืจื“ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ื•ืช. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืช 2020 ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืคืขื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจ, ืงื™ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืืชืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืจื• ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”: ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง "ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช" ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืจืกื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื, ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช "ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช" ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœ ื˜ืจื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืŸ. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื›ืœ ืคื•ืกื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื ื”ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจืกื. ื˜ืจื•ืœ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื ื˜ืจื•ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืœืฉ ื”ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืคื•ืจื•ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื, IRC ื•ืœื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื’ื ืœืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ืื“ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื˜ืจื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื ืื—ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื ืื—ืจ. ื™ื•ื–ืจื‘ืืจ ื™ื•ื–ืจื‘ืืจ (ืื• ื‘ืืจ-ืžืฉืชืžืฉ, ื‘ืืจ-ื—ืชื™ืžื”) ื”ื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืœื‘ื ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”, ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืจืื” ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื‘ืช ื›ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ื–ืจื‘ืืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” - ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ. ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืœืชืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื“ืขื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืžื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืขืจืฆื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื–ืจื‘ืืจ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื•ื ืื›ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฉื ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื•ืื—ื™ื“, ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉืœืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื–ืจื‘ืืจ: ืžืกื’ืจืช|ืฉืžืืœ|ื™ื•ื–ืจื‘ืืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ 350 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 19 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื ื—ืฆื™-ืืœื™ืคืกื” ืฉืงื•ืคื” ืœืžื—ืฆื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื–ืจื‘ืืจ. ื”ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื Visitor TT2 (BRK) ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 13 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืžื“ ืœื—ืœืงื• ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื–ืจื‘ืืจ. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืจืงืข ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืืœื›ืกื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืคื™ืงืกืœ ืื—ื“. ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ PNG, ืื• GIF ืœืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื”. ืื•ื•ืื˜ืจ ืื•ื•ืื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื• ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื•ืื˜ืจ ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ, ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืขืฆืžื•. ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ืื˜ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ืจืื• ื’ื vBulletin phpBB MyBB FluxBB Tapatalk ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืชืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ
2023-07-01T00:56:36
ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืชื ื“ื ื“
ื”ืคื ื™ื” ื™ืงื•ื ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™
2007-07-21T22:18:53
ืื•ื–ืŸ
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ืขื’ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืชื ื™ื, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื. ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืื™ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื’ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช: ืื•ื–ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืื•ื–ืŸ ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืื•ื–ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื: ืื•ื–ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืื•ื–ืŸ ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืื•ื–ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”. ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืžื”ืืคืจื›ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืืœ ืชืขืœืช ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฃ. ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืข (ืขืฆื ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืžืจืขื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืกื“ืŸ ืฉืžืจืขื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื•ืฃ) ืฉื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”. ื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื ื•ืฆืจ ื’ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ, ื‘ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ื•ืฃ ื‘ืงืฆื”ื• ื”ืงืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืš. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ ืžืจืขื™ื“ื” ืืช ืื™ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ (ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”) ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื•ืœื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”. ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ืขืชื™ ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ื— ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื•ื ืก. ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืขื ืืคืจื›ืกืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืœื ืืคืจื›ืกืช ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื ืจืื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืืคืจื›ืกืช ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ (pinna), ืชืขืœืช ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฃ. ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช. ืืคืจื›ืกืช - ื”ืืคืจื›ืกืช ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื•ืœืžืงื“ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื, ืืš ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”. ื™ืฉื ื ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืคืจื›ืกืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืฉืžื™ืขืชื ื•ืœืžืงื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ, ืืš ื”ืื“ื ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื›ื–ื•. ื”ืืคืจื›ืกืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืกื—ื•ืก ืืœืกื˜ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืืคืจื›ืกืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืืคืจื›ืกืช ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืชื“ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื’ืขืชื, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืžืชืืคืฉืจ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืงื•ืœ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื ืงื‘ ืืช ืืคืจื›ืกืช ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ (ื›ืžื• ืจืฆื™ืขืช ืื–ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืชื "ืš, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ). ืชืขืœืช ื”ืฉืžืข ื”ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืžื”ืืคืจื›ืกืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฃ, ื•ืžืžืœืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขื”: ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืขืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”, ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืชืชืขืžืขื. ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืžืคื™ืง ื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืฉืขื•ื•ื”, ืฉืขื•ื•ืช ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื (ืฆืจื•ืžืŸ). ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฃ - ืื•ย ื”ืงืจื•ื ื”ืชื•ืคื™ย ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื ื“ืง ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ื–ืŸย ื•ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸย ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืชย ืœืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”. ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฃ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช: ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ื”ืฉืžืข ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช- ืืคื™ืชืœ ืงืฉืงืฉื™, ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืจื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืชื ืคื—ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืœืงืช- ืืคื™ืชืœ ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™, ื•ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืฉืชื™ ื•ืขืจื‘ ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืืช ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฃ- ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ. ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืคื™ืชืœ ื”ืงืฉืงืฉื™ (ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืขืœืช ื”ืฉืžืข) ื•ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืคื™ืชืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™. ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฃ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืœย ืฉื ืงืœื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืขย ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช (Ossicles) ืฉื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”, ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืงืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ืื•ืชื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืœืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืžืคื•ืจืœื™ ื‘ืžื•ื—, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ื”. ื ืงื‘ ืื• ืงืจืข ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืชื™. ืชื ื•ืš ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืชื ื•ืš ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืชื ื•ืš ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ืฉืจื ื™ ื”ืจืš ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืืคืจื›ืกืช. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืขื•ืจ ื•ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ, ืฉื—ืกืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ืืคืจื›ืกืช ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ. ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืš ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ืกื—ื•ืก, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืกืคืงืช ื“ื ืจื‘ื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื ื•ืš ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืื‘ืจ ื—ืกืจ ื›ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ืชื ื•ืš ืžื›ื™ืœ ืงืฆื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื–ื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื•ื ืขื™ื ืœืžื’ืข. ืชื ื•ืš ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคื™ืจืกื™ื ื’. ื”ืชื ื•ืš ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื•ื ื›-2 ืก"ืž, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจืš ืžืขื˜ ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ. ืืฆืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจืื” ื”ืชื ื•ืš "ื—ื•ืคืฉื™" ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืฆืœ ืื—ืจื™ื "ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ" ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืชื ื•ื›ื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืœืงื™ื, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ืงืžื˜ื™ื. ืชื ื•ื›ื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื˜ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื‘ืืงื•ื•ื™ืช'-ื•ื™ื™ื“ืžืืŸ (Beckwith-Wiedemann). ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืชื ื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงืจื, ืื ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ืžืคืจืฉื™ ื”ืžืงืจื, ืชื ื•ืš ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” - ื”ืกื—ื•ืก ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ, ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ืžื•ืœ ืคืชื— ืชืขืœืช ื”ืฉืžืข. ื”ืื‘ืจ ื ืžื ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื ืขื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœืฉื” ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื•ืช ืžื“ื ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื˜ื”ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืข. ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฃ, ืืช ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืžืข ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช: ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ (malleus), ื”ืกื“ืŸ (incus) ื•ื”ืืจื›ื•ืฃ (stapes). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืฉืžืข, ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื ืชืขืœืช ืื•ืกื˜ื›ื™ื•ืก, ืชืขืœื” ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืข, ื ืคืชื—ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”. ื”"ื™ื“ื™ืช" ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื—ืœืง ื”ื ืข ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฃ; ืขืฆื ื”ืกื“ืŸ ืžื’ืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฆื ื”ืืจื›ื•ืฃ; ืขืฆื ื”ืืจื›ื•ืฃ, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื, ืžืจืขื™ื“ื” ืืช ืงืฆื”ื• ื”ืงืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ. ื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆื, ืฉืฆื•ืจืชื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ, ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงืจื•ืžื™ื, ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืžื‘ื•ืš ืงืจื•ืžื™, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื ื•ื–ืœ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ืžื™ื ื ืžืฆื ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”, ื”ื ืงืจื ืื™ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื˜ื™, ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงืจื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ. ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชืื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ, ื•ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืืœื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘. ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื–ืง ื–ืžื ื™ ื•ืงืœ ืœืชืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ืื• ืืฃ ืœืคื’ื™ืขืช ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื—ืชืš ืื•ืจื›ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ืื™ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื˜ื™. ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘-2009 ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื•ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื• ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืžืืœ. ืœืงื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืœืงื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืžื•ืœื“ืช ืœืงื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืžื•ืœื“ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ืชืกืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื’ื ื˜ื™, ืžื—ืœื” ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœืงื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื ืจื›ืฉืช ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœืงื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื”. ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื—ืœื”, ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืจืขืฉ ื—ื–ืง ืื• ืชืื•ื ื”. ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืขื ืงื™ืกืžื™ ืฆืžืจ ื’ืคืŸ ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ื•ื” ืœืขื•ืžืง ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืงืงื™ ืฉืขื•ื•ื” (ืฆืจื•ืžืŸ) ืื• ืœื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ื™ืชืจ ื•ื”ืขื“ืจ ืฉืขื•ื•ื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื“ืœืงืช ืื•ื–ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ื’ืœืจื™ื™ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืจืื• ื’ื ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื˜ื™ื ื™ื˜ื•ืก - ืฆืคืฆื•ืคื™ื ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ื˜ื™ื” ื›ืื‘ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”, ื‘ืืชืจ BBC "ืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ืชื ื•ืš ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ", ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื–ื™ื ื’ืจ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื™ืฉื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจืืฉ-ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉืžื™ืขื”
2024-07-17T21:46:30
ืคืงื—ื™ื”
ืคึฐึผืงึทื—ึฐื™ึธื” ื‘ึถืŸ ืžึฐื ึทื—ึตื ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืงืจืื™ืช, ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืžืœืš ืขืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 737 ืขื“ 735 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœื” ื ืคื™ืœืช ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื” ืžืก ืœืชื’ืœืช ืคืœืืกืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื‘ื ื• ืคืงื—ื™ื” ืขืœื” ืœืžืœื•ืš ืื—ืจื™ื•, ื•ื ืจืฆื— ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื•, ืคืงื— ื‘ืŸ ืจืžืœื™ื”ื•: ืคืจื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ืคืงื—ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืฉื ืคืงื—ื™ื”, ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืืœ ืฉื™ืคืงื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืจืš ื”ื ื•ืœื“. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืจืฆื— ื‘ืชื "ืš
2023-12-17T14:05:36
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื• ืงื•ืœื˜ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื–ื•ืชื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืขื™ืŸ, ื•ืžื’ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœืžื“ื™ โ€“ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ื™ ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ื ื“ื•-ืžืžื“ื™ื™ื ืจื’ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžืจื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช , ืฉื‘ื• ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชืžืจื” ืœืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืืจืช ืœื”ืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื’ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืื—ืจื™ื. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื” ืฉืงื•ืœื˜ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™, ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื”ื•ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™, ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื‘ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™. ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ื”ืชืžืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืœืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืืงืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘, ืฉืœืื•ืจื›ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™. ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื“ืจืš ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื•ืžืฉื ืžืชืคืฆืœ ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—. ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืชืงื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™, ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™, ื”ืืงืกื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฆืจื•ืจ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” (Optic tract), ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื• ืฉืœ ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืืœ ื”ืชืœืžื•ืก, ืฉื‘ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ืงืจื ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจืš ื”ืฆื“ื™. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™. ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจื ื“ืจืš ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืืงืกื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฆื“ื• ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืงืจื ืชืฆืœื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” (Optic chiasm). ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•, ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืคืฆืœ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ื”: ื™ืžื ื™ ื•ืฉืžืืœื™. ืžืŸ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจืš ื”ืฆื“ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฆืจื•ืจ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืฉืœื•, ื”ืคืจื•ืฉ ืœืื•ืจืš ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ืงืจื ืžึทืขึฒื ึดื™ืช ื”ึทืคึธึผืจึดื™ืฉื ื•ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ืืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ืขื•ืจืคื™ืช. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืชืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™. ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืคื™ืกื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืขืช. ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืฆืจื•ืจ ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืืœ ื”ืชืœื™ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ (Superior colliculus) ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื•ื•ื˜ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—, ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ืจ ื”ืชืœืืžื™ (Pulvinar). ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืœืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื’ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืฉื ื™ ื–ื”. ืชื ื•ืขืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคืœืงืก ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจื™-ืขื™ื ื™ืชื™ (Vestibulo-ocular reflex), ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืขืงื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉ. ืจืคืœืงืก ืžื”ื™ืจ ื–ื”, ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืžืฉืœ ืœืงืจื™ืื”, ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืจื’ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉ. ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืชืื™ ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื™-ืื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช (Photosensitive ganglion cell), ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆืจื•ืจ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืชื™-ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื™ (Retinohypothalamic tract) ืืœ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœ-ืชืฆืœื•ื‘ืชื™ (Suprachiasmatic nucleus) ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก. ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืชื™ืื•ื ื”ืžืงืฆื‘ ื”ื™ืžืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื ื•ื”ืคืจืฉืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก ื•ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื™ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืžื•ื—, ืฉืžื•ื•ืกืชื™ื ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ืงื˜ื•ื (Pretectum) ืฉื‘ืžื•ื—ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช (Prosencephalon), ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืงืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืกืชื™ื ืืช ืงื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ. ืžืงืฆืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืชืื™ ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื™-ืื•ืจ ืืœื” ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชืœื™ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจืš ื”ืฆื“ื™, ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื ื”ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|300px|ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™. ืงื™ื™ื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”, ืฉืžื—ืงื” ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™. ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื“ืฉื” ืฉืงื•ืคื” ืœืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ืื• ื”ืชืงืŸ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ืกืจื˜ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื” ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื• ื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช. ื’ื ืฆืžืฆื ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืชืงืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขืชื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ืฉื˜ืฃ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืจืฉืชื™ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฆืœืžื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืžืœืืช. ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืขื™ืŸ ื ืฉื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืงื‘ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืงืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ. ืขื“ืฉืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืžืžืงื“ืช ืืช ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ, ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช. ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|350px|ืชืจืฉื™ื ืžืคื•ืฉื˜ ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืžื•ืŸ ืื™ ืงื—ืืœ.ื”ืื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• (ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ) ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืื•ืจ (ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ). ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื•ื˜ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ, ืžืชืงื“ื ืื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืœืชืื™ื ื”ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื (ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื) ื•ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื (ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”). ืžืฉื ืžืชืงื“ื ื”ืื•ืช ืœืชืื™ ื”ืืžืงืจื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื“ืจืš ื”ืืงืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”. ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืœื˜ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ืžืชืžื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื“ื—ืคื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื. ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ื›ืžืขืจืš ืจื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืชืื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืžืจื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืื•ืจ ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ืื•ืจ, ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืงื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื“ืฉืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ื—ื•ืœืฃ ื“ืจืš ืฉืชื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื, ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืžืจื™ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื“ืจืš ืื•ืชื ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘, ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืœืื” ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื—. ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”-phototransduction ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืจืžืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจ, ื•ืขื“ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืกื™ื’ื ืœ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”. ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ืคื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช โ€“ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืื™ื ื• ืกื›ื•ื ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ืงืœื˜. ื”ืชืžืจืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืœืื•ืชื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžืจื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช , ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืจืฉืชื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจื” ืœืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื. ืชืจืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ื•ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื“ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ. ื”ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืžืžื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืขื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื. ืชืื™ื ืืœื” ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื‘ืจื ืœื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจ (ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื). ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืจื˜ื™ื ืœ", ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืชืฆื•ืจืชื” ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœืขืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉืจืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื”ืชื ืงื•ืœื˜ ื”ืื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืคืจืคื•ืœืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืื” ืœืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ. ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืื•ืจ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืชื— ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืฉื“ื™ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืขืฆื‘ื™. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื™ืคืจืคื•ืœืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืขื›ื‘ ืืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืืœ ื”ืกื™ื ืคืกื•ืช ืขื ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘. ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืœืชื“ืจื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื) ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืจื˜ื™ื ืœ. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืช 2005, ื–ื•ื”ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืืœืฃ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ื ื•ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื, ื”ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช: ืงื ื™ื (Rods) โ€“ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื“ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ. ืชืื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืื•ืจ, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื” ื—ืœืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื (Cones) โ€“ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ. ืชืื™ื ืืœื” ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืืจืช, ื•ื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืชืื™ ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืื•ืจ โ€“ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืžืœืื ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ. ื”ืคืœื˜ ืžืชืื™ื ืืœื” ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืงื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืงืฆื‘ ื”ื™ืžืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืืจื” ื”ืฉื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื›-125 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื ื™ื. ืืœื” ืžืฆื•ืคืคื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ 72% ืžืฉืคืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืงื•ื˜ืจื• 22 ืž"ืž, ื‘ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ. ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืกื•ื ื™ื ืืœ ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ื›ืชื ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ" (Blind spot) ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืื•ืจ. ื–ื”ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ืคื˜ื™ ืฉืฆื‘ืขื• ืœื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื›-3 ืž"ืž ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื. ืžืฆื“ ื”ื›ืชื ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ, ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืงื•ืช ื ืžืฆื ื”ื›ืชื ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื”ื’ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช (Fovea). ื”ื’ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืžืจื•ืฆืคืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ืจืช ืฆืคื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืœืœื ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืชื™ื. ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื›-140,000 ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืข. ื›ืš ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ื—ื“ื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืชื” ืœืื•ืจ ืงืœื•ืฉ. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช, ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื•ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื ืขื•ืœื”. ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ืžืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื• ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื›-160,000 ืงื ื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืข. ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช, ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ: 8โ€“16 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื• ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”. ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื’ืจืžื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ืžืžื™ืงื•ืžื ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืคื ื™ืช. ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™. ืžื”ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ, ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชืื™ ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืฉื ืœืชืื™ ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื“ืจืš ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘, ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืชืื™ื ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื ื•ืชืื™ ืืžืงืจื™ืŸ. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|300px|ืฉืžืืœ|ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ "ืคืกื™ ืžืืš" โ€“ ืืฉืœื™ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืื•ืคื™ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื ื”ืืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืคืก ื ืชืคืก ื›ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื ืชืคืก ื›ื›ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืชื ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ 'ืžืจื›ื–-ื“ื•ืœืง' ืฉืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ ืฉืœื• ืกืžื•ืš ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืคืกื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืก, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ ื ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื ื™ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืก, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ ื ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื›ื”ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื”ื ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืงืœื˜ ืขืฆื‘ื™, ืœืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื“ื•ืช ืงืœื˜ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชื ืขืฆื‘ ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืชื. ื›ืš, ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื. ืคืขื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื’ืžื™ ื”ืคืขืœื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืื™ื, ืชื ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืืจื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ ืฉืœื• ืืš ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืืจื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜. ืชืื™ื ืืœื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ืชืื™ "ืžืจื›ื–-ื“ื•ืœืง" (ON-center). ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื‘ืชืื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ "ืžืจื›ื–-ื›ื‘ื•ื™" (OFF-center), ื”ืชื ืžื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืืจื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜, ืืš ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืืจื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื•. ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื•ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืœื ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ืืจื”, ืืœื ืขืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ืœืžืฉืœ, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชืื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืœืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฆื“ ืื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืง ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜. ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ืœื”ื™ืงืฃ ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื˜ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื”ืืจื” ืื• ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”, ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื”ืืจื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช. ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกื™ื ืคืกื•ืช ืขื ืชืื™ื ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืจืฉืช ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื˜ ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™: ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉื ื ื›-130 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืื•ืจ, ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืจืง ื›-1.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืงืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจืžืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ื•ื”ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช. ื‘ื’ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื˜ โ€“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืชื ืžื“ื•ืš ื‘ื’ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืื“ื ื™ืฉื ื 2 ืชืื™ ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื—ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชืื™ ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื’ื ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ 'ื“ื•ืœืง' (ON) ื•'ื›ื‘ื•ื™' (OFF). ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ืœืžื•ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืฉืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื”ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ืจ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืชื ืงื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืจ, ื”ืชื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืคืจืคื•ืœืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื”. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื˜ืžื˜ ืฉืžื•ืคืจืฉ ืœืชืื™ื ื”ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืชืื™ื ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ 'ื“ื•ืœืง', ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื˜ืžื˜ ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ืคื•ืœืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ื•ืื– ื”ืชื ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืœืชืื™ ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืชืื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ 'ื›ื‘ื•ื™', ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ื˜ืžื˜ ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ืคืจืคื•ืœืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ื•ืชืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืœืื”. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ืœื”ื™ืงืฃ, ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ "ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืฆื™ื“ื™" (Lateral Inhibition). ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืงืœื˜ ืžื”ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ, ืืš ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ืžื•ื•ืกืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืืœื”. ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืงืœื˜ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžืชื ืงื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืจ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื“ื” ืงืœื˜. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜, ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืงื•ืœื˜ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื” ืœืชืื™ื ื”ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืชืื™ ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื• ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื: ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ GABA ืœืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ. ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื˜ืžื˜ ืฉืžื•ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืชื ืงื•ืœื˜ ื”ืื•ืจ, ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขืช ืื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ, ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืชื ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืคืจืคื•ืœืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืคื—ื•ืช GABA. ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”-GABA ื’ื•ืจืžืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืœื“ืคื•ืœืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืงืœื˜ ืžื”ืชื ื”ืื•ืคืงื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืกื™ื’ื ืœ ืฉืœ 'ื—ื•ืฉืš'. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžื”ืชื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืจืง ืื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื™ื. ืื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจืง ื”ืชื ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืงืœื˜ ืื•ืจ ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืคืจืคื•ืœืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžื•ื•ืกืช ืฉืœื• ืœื ื™ืกืคื™ืง ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ืคื•ืœืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืชื ืงื•ืœื˜ ื”ืื•ืจ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ื™ืงืœื˜ ืื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜, ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”-GABA ืžื”ืชื ื”ืื•ืคืงื™, ื•ื”ื™ื ืชืกืคื™ืง ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ืคื•ืœืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืชื ืงื•ืœื˜ ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜. ืชืื™ ืืžืงืจื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืชืื™ ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืชืื™ื ืืœื” ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื›-70% ืžื”ืงืœื˜ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืชืื™ ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืขื˜ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืชืื™ ื”ืืžืงืจื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืกืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืืžืงืจื™ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ. ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืืžืงืจื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”, ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื•ืœืชื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืขื›ื‘ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื GABA ืื• ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ืŸ. ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืงืœื˜ ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|350px|ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืžื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช. ื”ืคืœื’ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืชืฆืœื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”. ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืžื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ื ื” ื”ืฆื“ืขื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืฆืจื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™-ืคืจื™ืฉื™, ื ืชื™ื‘ ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื’ ืžืื™ื™ืจ (Meyer's loop). ืžืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืœืžื•ืก ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืงืœื˜ ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืชืื™ ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืืœ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจืš ื”ืฆื“ื™ (LGN) ื‘ืชืœืžื•ืก. ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจืš ื”ืฆื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืžื™ืกืคืจื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” (ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื), ื•ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจืš ื”ืฆื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืžื™ืกืคืจื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”. ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื•ืจืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœืฉื›ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจืš ื”ืฆื“ื™: ืชืื™ ืคืืจืืกื•ืœ (Parasol) ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจืš ื”ืฆื“ื™ ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื’ื ื•-ืชืื™ื•ืช (Magnocellular). ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื›ืœ ืชื ืคืืจืืกื•ืœ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื“ื” ืงืœื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช (ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื–ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช). ืชืื™ื ื ื ืกื™ื™ื (Midget) ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืืจื‘ื•-ืชืื™ื•ืช (Parvocellular) ืฉืœ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจืš ื”ืฆื“ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™. ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข, ืืš ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืœื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืชื ื ื ืกื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืงืœื˜ ืžืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื ืงื ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“. ืชืื™ื ื“ื•-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ื™ื (Bistratified) ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื•-ืชืื™ื•ืช (Koniocellular). ืชืื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืงืœื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื, ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื•ืก ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื” ืืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืงืœื˜ ืจืื™ื™ืชื™. ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” V1, ืืฉืจ ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืขื•ืจืคื™ืช. ืžืฉื, ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืžืชืงื“ื. ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืฉืœ V1 ื™ืฉื ื• ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ โ€“ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืž-V1 ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืงืœื˜ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื’ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘-V1, ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™: ืชืคื™ืกืช ืฆื‘ืข, ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ื•'. ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืงืœื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช V1, ื•ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื. ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืื ื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘-V1 ื™ื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื›ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื ืคื’ืขื•. ืชืื•ืจื” ื•ืฆื‘ืข ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืขืงื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจืžืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ ืงื ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื. ื”ืงื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืจื•ื“ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ (ืขืงื•ื ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื•ืงื•) ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื (ืขืงื•ืžื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืจืฆื™ืคื™ื). ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืจื˜ื™ื ืœ, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœืขืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ. ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืœืชื“ืจื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืจื˜ื™ื ืœ. ืชืื™ ืงื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืจื•ื“ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ (ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืกืงื•ื˜ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืžื“ ืœืจื˜ื™ื ืœ), ืฉืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืชื• ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ 498 ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ. ืชืื™ ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื ืžืจื˜ื™ื ืœ ื•ืžืฉื™ื™ืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ. ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคื•ื˜ื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืชื ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ืœ 420, 534 ื•-564 ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ ืื•ืจืš-ื’ืœ ืงืฆืจ (Short Wavelength Sensitive, ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ SWS ืื• S), ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ (M) ื•ืืจื•ืš (L). ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ื•ืจ, ืขืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื ื™ M ื•-L (ื”ืขืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื”ืื“ื•ื) ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื™. ืžืงืฆืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืฆื‘ืขืŸ L ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ืืžื™ื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ืœืฃ ื”ืงื•ื“ื•ืŸ TCT, ื”ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืœืกืจื™ืŸ, ื‘-GCT ื”ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืœืืœื ื™ืŸ. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื–ื—ื” ืฆื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ 3โ€“4 ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืงื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™. ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžื ื’ื“, ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืขืชืง ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื X, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช. ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืฉืขืจ ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื“ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืคืœื’ื• ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช. ืžื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื™ืข ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืก (Gordon Lynn Walls) ื‘ืฉื ืช 1942 ื›ื™ ืชืื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืžื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืชื ืœืื•ืจ ืงืœื•ืฉ. ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื–ื•, ืฉื ืฉืขื ื” ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ืขืœ ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื“ื’ ื”ืœืืžืคืจื™ (Pouched lamprey, ื—ืกืจ ืœืกืชื•ืช ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืฆืžื“ื™ื™ื), ื ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืกืคืงื ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช. ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืข, ื”ืขืœื” ื—ืงืจ ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืขืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœืก. ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืžื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ 540 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื˜ืื• 4 ืคื•ื˜ื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ืชืคืฆืœื• ืืœื” ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืกืชื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื—ืกืจื™ ืœืกืชื•ืช. ืคื•ื˜ื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืกืชืขืคื• ืœืฉืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืืœืฃ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืชืื™ ืงื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื. ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืกื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื”ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ืžืงื˜ืข ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืœื• ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ. ื—ืœืงื ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื‘ืขืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืชื ืงื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืจ. ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ M ื•-L ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ ื›ื™ ื’ื ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ื ืชื•ืŸ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฃ ื”ืื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืชืคื•ืงื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืจืื™ื™ืช ื™ื•ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ืช ืœื™ืœื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš. ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื–ื• ื”ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื“ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช. ื”ืงื ื™ื ื”ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื•ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื”. ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืจืื™ื™ื” ืกืงื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ืช. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืงื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื ืจืง ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ, ืจืื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ืฉืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืงื ื™ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืืจืช ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ืช, ืฉืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื•ืจ, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืจืื™ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืืคืงื˜ ืคื•ืจืงื™ื ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืงื ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืงืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื™ืจืื• ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืืจืช, ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ ื™ื™ืชืคืกื• ื›ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืกื˜ ื”ืฆ'ื›ื™ ืฉืชื™ืืจ ืื•ืชื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ืชื• ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื. ืืคืงื˜ ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื™ื•ื ืœืจืื™ื™ืช ืœื™ืœื”: ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื—ืฉื•ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืข. ื”ืจืคืœืงืก ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืงืฉืชื™ืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืื™ื•ืจ ืกื›ืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืงืฉืชื™ืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื™ื›ื” (dark adaptation) ืžืขืจื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ, ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš. ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”. ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|313x313 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืฉืฉืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืขืœื” ืžื˜ื” ื•ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ืฉืื™ื ื ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”) ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืงืจื ื™ืืœื™ื™ื. ืจืื• ื’ื ืขื™ืŸ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืืฉืœื™ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืช ื’ืจืจ ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืจื•ื“ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื” ืงืœื˜ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื , 13 ื‘ืžืื™ 2011 Sensation & Perception โ€“ ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื•ื—ื™ืฉื” ืขื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ื—. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืจืื™ื™ื” **
2024-08-23T10:03:03
ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘. ืขื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘, ื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจืžื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืžื–ื•ืจ, ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืื• ืฉื•ื˜ืจ, ื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืœืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืชืงืœืช ืจืžื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืกื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื—ื™ื”). ื‘ืงืจืช ืจืžื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืงื™ืจืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ืฆืžืชื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ืžื ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื• ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ื ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ืฆืžืชื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ, ืจืžื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืœื ื™ืชื—ืœืฃ ืืœื ืื ื”ื•ืœืš ืจื’ืœ ื™ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืžืชืื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืžืžื•ืงื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื. ื”ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” (ืชื ื•ืขื” ื™ืฉืจ ืื• ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืžืืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช), ื—ืกื™ืžืช ื ืชื™ื‘ ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช (ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ). ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ื‘ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื: ืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืœ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืžืข"ืฆ ื‘ืžื˜ื” ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื’ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ โ€“ ืกื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื•ืงื“ ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 6, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืฆื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 431 ื ืžืฆื ืœื™ื“ ืžื—ืœืฃ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืจืื• ื’ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื
2019-03-13T12:53:42
ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|300px|ื”ื’ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 1964 ื•ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื“ ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืžื ื” ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืชืงื•ืคืช "ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช" ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1964 ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”, ื‘ื” ืืžื ื™ ืจื•ืง ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื—ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืœืคื ื™ ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš "ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื”", ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ื’ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœืคืœื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1962 ืœื”ืงืช ื”-Tornados ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ื‘ืœื”ื™ื˜ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ "Telstar" ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืืฉ ืžืฆืขื“ื™ ื”ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืืžืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื“ื•ืจื“ืจื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื’ื ืžืกืข ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉื, ืืš ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืžื ืขื• ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื•. ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื•ืงืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1964. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืจืฆื— ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงื ื“ื™, ื›ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื” ืžื”ื”ืœื. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžืื– ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืœื‘ื™ืก ืคืจืกืœื™ ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ื•ืกื• ืœืฆื‘ื ื‘ึพ1958. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื ื—ืชื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ึพ7 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1964, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฆื ืืœื‘ื•ืžื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” (ื•ื‘ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช). ื”ื”ืขืจืฆื” ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ึพ9 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืคืข ืฉืœ ืื“ ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื ืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื“ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, 73 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ื. ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ื ืฉื‘ืจ ืจืง ืคืขืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื–. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ื•ืจ, ืฉืืจืš ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื—ืžืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื. ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื•ืจื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก, ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืฉืฉื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืื– ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื™ืื ื” ื’ืจื ื“ื” ื‘-20 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019. ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืคืชื—ื” ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืœืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ ื’'ื™ื–, ืคื™ื ืง ืคืœื•ื™ื“, ื”ืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ื•ื ื–, ืœื“ ื–ืคืœื™ืŸ, The Who, ื”ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื–, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ืฆืจ, ืงืฆืคืช, ื”ืงื™ื ืงืก ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช (The Animals). ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื“-ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืงื ืจื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืœื•ื–. ื”ืื ื™ืžืœืก ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืขืžืžื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืขื•ืœื”" (The House of the Rising Sun) ืœืœื”ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืง ืจื•ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื’ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืจื•ืง'ื 'ืจื•ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื”ืจื•ืงื ืจื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆ'ืืง ื‘ืจื™, ื‘ืื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื™ ื•ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืื•ืŸ ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ืœืŸ. ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืข ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืžื“ื™ืœืŸ, ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ, ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืฉื ื ืจืฆื— ื‘-8 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1980 ืžื•ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ "ื“ืงื•ื˜ื”" ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ. ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”. ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืœืง ืจื•ืง ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฆืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœื”, ื•ืกื•ื’ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืคืฆื— ืืช ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก. ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื• ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคืœื™ืฉื” -- ื’ืจืื’' ืจื•ืง ื•ืจื•ืง ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื™ืฆืื” ื”ืžืชื—ืจื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก - The Beach Boys. ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1983 ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ืื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1986. ื”ืžื ื™ืข ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื’ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ืชื ื” ืจืฉืช MTV ืœืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืงืก, ื•ื•ืื, ื“ื•ืจืืŸ ื“ื•ืจืืŸ ื•-ื“ืคืฉ ืžื•ื“. ืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื. ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืคื•ืค ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื• ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืคื•ืค ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60. ืื•ืื–ื™ืก, ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื, ืืฃ ื”ื•ืฉื•ื• ืœื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช: ืกื•ื•ื™ื“, ื‘ืœืจ, ืจื“ื™ื•ื”ื“, ืกื•ืคืจื’ืจืืก, ืคืืœืค ื•-ื‘ื• ืจืื“ืœื™ื–. ื”ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื’ืจืื ื’' ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืฉืฉื˜ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื. ืื•ืœื, ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90. ื‘ืžืื™ 2002 ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืฃ ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– 1963. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช Michael Bryan Kelly, The Beatle Myth: the British Invasion of American Popular Music, 1956-1969, McFarland Press, 1991 Julie Edith Smith, From American Invasion to British Innovation: the Evolution of Rock Music in Great Britain, 1954-1967, UMI Press, 2001 Barry Miles, The British Invasion, Sterling Press, 2009 Bjoren Horgby (ed.), Fredrik Nilsson (ed.), Rocking the Borders: Rock Music and the Social, Cultural and Political Change, Cambridge Scholars, 2010 Jack Hamilton, Just Around Midnight: Rock and Roll and the Racial Imagination, Harvard University Press, 2016 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจื•ืง ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20
2024-04-27T22:50:23
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: The Beatles; ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฆื‘, ืื• ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ: ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืงืช ืจื•ืง ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™-ืคืขื. ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ืช ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืคื•ืค ืœืฆื•ืจืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืง ืื ื“ ืจื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50, ืฉื™ืœื‘ื” ืœืชื•ื›ื” ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžืคื™ืง ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืฉื™ืœื‘ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžื‘ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืคืกื™ื›ื“ืœื™ืช ื•ืจื•ืง ื›ื‘ื“, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื•ืง, ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืœื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžื›ืจืขืช ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืจื•ืง ื•ื”ืคื•ืค ืœืกื•ื’ื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช, ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื›ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื• ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ, ืคื•ืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื• ืกื˜ืืจ (ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืกื˜ืืจืงื™ ื’'ื•ื ื™ื•ืจ). ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ืกืื˜ืงืœื™ืฃ (1960) ื•ืคื™ื˜ ื‘ืกื˜ (1960โ€“1962). ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื•ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆืžื“ ืœื ื•ืŸ-ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ , ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื“ืจื›ื”, ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ืฉื ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื•ืช Beetles (ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช) ื•-Beat (ืงืฆื‘). ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื–ื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœื ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืฉื ืžื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ืืฆืœ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื”. ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืื—ืช, ืฉื’ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื ืชื ื• ืœื” ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืฉื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”-Crickets, ืœื”ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื™, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืฆืจืฆืจื™ื", ืืš ื’ื ืžืจืžื– ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืงืจื™ืงื˜. ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™, ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืกืœื ื’ ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ื”ืคืจื", ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืœื ื•ืŸ ื•ืกืื˜ืงืœื™ืฃ. ืœื ื•ืŸ, ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืขืœื• ื’ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ื ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื ืžื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืขื ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื›ืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-800 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืขื 178 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืกืžื›ื•ืช. ืœื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื™ื ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, ืžื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืื—ืจ. ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืง ืื ื“ ืจื•ืœ ื‘-1988 ื•ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื ื›ื ืกื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 1994 ืœ-2015. ื‘-2008, ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืขืœืชื” ืœืฆืžืจืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื•ืจื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ; ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2019, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื•ืจื“ ื”ื•ื˜ 100 ืขื 20. ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” 7 ืคืจืกื™ ื’ืจืืžื™, ืคืจืก ืื•ืกืงืจ (ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกืจื˜ Let It Be ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 1970) ื•-15 ืคืจืกื™ ืื™ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ื•ื‘ืœื•. ื”ื ื’ื ื ื›ืœืœื•, ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช 100 ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืฉืœ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช 100 ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘-10 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1970 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ืชืคืจืงื” ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10 ืฉื ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ื‘-1980 ื ืจืฆื— ืœื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื™ืฅ, ืžืืจืง ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืฆ'ืคืžืŸ, ื‘ืคืชื— ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2001 ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืœืš ืœืขื•ืœืžื•. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื•ืกื˜ืืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืขื ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืื• ืกื˜ืืจ. ื‘ึพ2 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืฉื™ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื–ื” 27 ืฉื ื”, "Now and Then", ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™, ืจื™ื ื’ื• ืกื˜ืืจ ื•ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื ืช 1979, ืขื ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช (1957โ€“1962) ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ืœื”ืงืช ืกืงื™ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืงื•ื•ืจื™ืžืŸ" (The Quarrymen), ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืจืคื•ืœ. ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืคื•ืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื•ืœื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ืื—ืจึพืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืกื ื˜ ืคื™ื˜ืจ'ืก. ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื”ืชืจืฉื ืžื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืืœืชืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื ืคื’ืฉื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื”ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ืœื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "Twenty Flight Rock" ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ ืงื•ืงืจืŸ, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืคื•ืœ ื•ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื—ื•ื• ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืช ืื™ืžื, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื–ื“ื”ื• ืขื ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืฉื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืจื™ืžืŸ, ืœืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืขื ื”. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื—ืฉืฉ ืœืžืขืžื“ื• ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืจืฃ ืืช ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืขืงื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื•. ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืœืฆื™ืจื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœื• ืื•ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ. ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื•ืœื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกืก ืœืคื ื™ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื• ืœืœื”ืงื”. ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืœื ืžืชื•ืคืฃ, ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื•ืง ืื ื“ ืจื•ืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1960 ืืจื’ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืืœืŸ ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืก, ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืฆื™ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื”ื ืืช ืคื™ื˜ ื‘ืกื˜ ื›ืžืชื•ืคืฃ. ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ, ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ืกืื˜ืงืœื™ืฃ. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื ื™ื’ื ื• ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ืกื ื˜ ืคืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ืขื™ืจ ื ืžืœ ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืจื” ื•ืื—ืจึพื›ืš ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืงื™ื™ื–ืจืงืœืจ. ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื ืœืœื™ื‘ืจืคื•ืœ ื”ืชืคืจืงื” ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืš ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ื›ืฉื”ืคืขื ืžื™ืœื ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืกืื˜ืงืœื™ืฃ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืกื˜, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื• ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ื”ืฆืœืžืช ืืกื˜ืจื™ื“ ืงื™ืจืฉื”ืจ. ืืจื‘ืขืช ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ืœื™ื˜ืฉื” ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื›ืœื”ืงื”. 200px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”"ืžืขืจื”" ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ืช 1961 ื”ืจื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืจืคื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื”, ื›ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืžืงื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช. ืžืกืคืจ ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื, ืฉืคื ื• ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ NME ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืจืคื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื”ื, ืขื•ืจืจื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื—ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืฆื ืื•ืชื ืžื ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”"ืžืขืจื”" ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืจืคื•ืœ, ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื ืืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1961. ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืžืชื™ ืžืคื•ืชื—, ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชืจื• ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืขื•ืจ ื•ืฉื™ืขืจ ืคืจื•ืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช, ืขื ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจืง, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืœืœื”ืงื”. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื ื•ืืจ ืฉื ืช 1962, ื ืขืจืš ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืืš ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืœืื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืชืงืฃ ืฉื›ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ื•ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืœ 21 ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื›ื–ื•. ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื–ื”, ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœ-25% ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” "ื“ืงื”" (1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1962) ืืš ื ื“ื—ื• ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉ"ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคื ื”". ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’'ื•ืจื’' ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ, ืžืคื™ืง ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืžืคื™ืง ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืœื•ืคื•ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจื”ึพื‘ืช ืฉืœ EMI. ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืžืžืกืข ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ (ืืคืจื™ืœโ€“ืžืื™ 1962) ื ื™ื’ื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ (ื™ื•ื ื™ 1962), ืฉืœื ื”ืชืจืฉื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื ื’ื™ื ืชื, ืืš ื”ืชืจืฉื ืžืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื, ื•ื”ื—ืชื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืชื•ืคืฃ ืคื™ื˜ ื‘ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช, ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืชื•ืคืฃ ืื•ืœืคืŸ (ืžื ื”ื’ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”), ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืกืœืง ืืช ื‘ืกื˜ ืžื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื ืžืื™ ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1962, ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืกื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื• ืกื˜ืืจ, ืžืชื•ืคืคื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช ืจื•ืจื™ ืกื˜ื•ืจื ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื,{{ื”ืขืจื”|ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ืจืกื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื˜ ืกื•ืœืง ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื™ืคื•ืฃ ืฉืœื• ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื–ื•ืชื• ื”ื ืื”, ืฉื”ืงื ืชื” ืœื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจืจื” ืืช ืงื ืืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืžืช ื‘ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืืœื• ืื™ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื”, ืืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ืคื•ืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจ ืœื‘ืกื˜ ืขืœ ืกื™ืœื•ืงื•, ืœื ืจื•ื•ื” ื ื—ืช ืžืื™ื›ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ื ืชื• ื’ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื˜, ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืขื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืจื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื. ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”: Philip Norman, Shout! ืขืž' 157-165.}} ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืจืคื•ืœ. ื’ื ื ื’ื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืืจ, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืจื›ื• ื‘ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื” ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก, ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1962 ื ืฉื›ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืชื•ืคืฃ ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืื ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื™ื˜. ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1962, ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืžื ื™ื”". ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืžื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืฉื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื•ืคื™ืœืกื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืจื•ืง ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช (ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช). ืคืจืกื•ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื•ืกืžื™ ื”ื–ื™ื”, ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืื”ื‘ื”, ืงื™ื‘ืขื• ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื›ืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื•ื”ืงื ื• ืœื” ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืœืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• Love Me Do, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™, ื›ืฉืœื ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ; ื•-P.S. I Love You, ืฉื”ื•ืœื—ืŸ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™. ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืžื ื™ื” ื•ืžืกืขื™ ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช (1963โ€“1966) Please Please Me ื•-With the Beatles ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก, ืขื Love Me Do ื•-P.S. I Love You ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1962 ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืคื•ืœ, ืืš ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืคื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืจืง ืœืžืงื•ื ื”-17 ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• (26 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1962) ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช Please Please Me ื•-Ask Me Why. ื‘ืขืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ, ื”ืื™ืฆื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘-Please Please Me, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1963 ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืขื“. ื‘-22 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1963 ื ื—ืชื ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื—ื™ื• ืงืœื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื›ืืฉืจ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ืคื•ืœ ื—ืชืžื• ืขื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื•. ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1963 ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช NEMS (North End Music Stores), ื•ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืคืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืง ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก, ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืกื™ืœื‘ืจ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื ื•ืจืช'ืจืŸ ืกื•ื ื’ืก ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžื”ืคืฆืช ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก. ืœื ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืกื‘ืจื• ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื•ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื ืชื— ืฉืœ 20 ืื—ื•ื– ื›ืœ ืื—ื“, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ 10 ืื—ื•ื–, ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ื“ื™ืง ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžื™ื•ื–ื™ืง 50 ืื—ื•ื–. ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืจืช, Maclen Music (ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™, ืœื ื•ืŸ) ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื ืฉืœื˜ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ืจืช'ืจืŸ ืกื•ื ื’ืก. ื‘-11 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1963, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืฉืŸ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืืจื•ืš ืœืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื, Please Please Me. ืœืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื•ืกืคื• ืืจื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืกื“ืจืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ืฆื™ืชื ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืงืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”"ืžืขืจื”", ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืื™ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืœืคืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืงื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ื‘"ืกืฉืŸ ืžืจืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืื•ืœืคื ื™ ืื‘ื™ ืจื•ื“". ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ "Love Me Do", ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ "Please Please Me" ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื ื—ืจืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1963, ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉื. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืขื˜ Record Retailer, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™. ืฉืžืืœ|250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘-1963 ืขื ื”ื–ืžืจืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื™ืœ-ื‘ืื‘ืก ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ืงื• ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก. ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืขืจืฆื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชืขืฆืžืช. ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ 1963, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ She Loves You ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื—ืจืจืช ื•ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ื‘-13 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1963 ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช "ื™ื•ื ื' ื‘ืคืœื“ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ" ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 15 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ื•ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืžื•ืคืข ื”ื’ืืœื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”. ืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื ืจื—ื‘, ื—ืฉืคื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ ื”ืขืฉืจื”, ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืžื ื™ื”". ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืืœื•, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืืช ืืœื‘ื•ืžื ื”ืฉื ื™, With The Beatles, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ, I Want to Hold Your Hand. ืืœื• ืœื ืจืง ืœื™ื‘ื•ึผ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืืœื ื’ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืฉื”ืขืชื™ืจื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉื ืฉืœ ืœื ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ืฉื—ืœืงื ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ืœื›ืช ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื ืœืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื•ืœื‘ืจื”ืžืก. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืืžื ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1963 ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ื ื—ืœื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื•ืื—ืจึพื›ืš ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ืฉื ื ื—ืœื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืคื—ื•ืชื”, ืืš ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื ื•ืชืจื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืžื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื ืขืจืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ืช 1963 ื”ื•ืฆืื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืœืœื ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ื”ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืœื”ื—ืชื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื“ ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1964. ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืชืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื“ื™ื™ื‘ ื“ืงืกื˜ืจ, ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช Capitol Records, ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืฉืœ EMI, ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืขื ื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ืฉืœ I Want to Hold Your Hand ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื™ื ื•ืืจ. ื™ืžื™ืŸ|250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘-1964 ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™, ื•ื”ื”ืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ืขื•ืชืง ืžื™ื•ื‘ื ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ I Want to Hold Your Hand ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ. ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื‘-1 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1964 ื˜ื™ืคืก ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื’ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก, ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ื‘ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื, ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื›ืจื–ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืคืข ืฉืœ ืื“ ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘-9 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1964 ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื, ืขื ืฉื™ื ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 73 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ. ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ื ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืฃ. "ื”ื ื™ื™ืขืœืžื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื”" ื’ืจืก ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ื•ืžื™ืฆื” ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช. ื”ื”ืืจืœื“ึพื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ื•ืจืง ื’ืจืก ื›ื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืž"ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื– ืคืจืกื•ื, ืขืฉืจื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื– ื™ืœืœื•ืช". ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ ื’ืจืก ื›ื™ ื”ื "ื-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ืขืจื™ื" ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ื’ืจืก ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ืชืจื•ืคืช ื“ืžื™ ืœื”ืžื•ื ื™ื". ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืชื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืžื ื™ื”, ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืฉืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ืจืžื” ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืจื™ื›ื™ึพื”ื ื’ืŸ, ื›ืฉืฉื™ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื”ื ืžื›ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืฆืขื“ ื‘ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื. ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื• ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื ืคื” ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก. ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช, ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื, ืคืื•ืช, ื›ืจื–ื•ืช, ื ืขืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื—ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื ืฉื ืืช ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื”ื ืฉืœ "ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื" (The Fab Four). ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืขืฆืžื, ืืฃ ืฉืชืžื•ื ืชื ื ื™ืฉืื” ื›ืžืงื“ืžื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœืชืžืœื•ื’ื™ื ืื• ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก, ืฉื’ืœื’ืœื” ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื (ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื). ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืกื™ืคืง ื”ืกืจื˜ "A Hard Day's Night", ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืœืกื˜ืจ, ืฉืชื™ืืจ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื•, ืืš ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื•, ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื”ืกืจื˜ ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 6 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืœ-24 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื‘-1964 โ€“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืžื ื™ื” โ€“ ื›ืฉื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืžืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืคืกืงื•ืœ ืœืกืจื˜. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื•ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื”, ื•ืืคื™ื•ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ (ืคื•ืœ "ื”ื—ืžื•ื“", ืจื™ื ื’ื• "ื”ื ื•ื’ื”", ื’'ื•ืŸ "ื”ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™" ื•ื’'ื•ืจื’' "ืื•ื”ื‘ ื”ื›ืกืฃ"), ืืฃ ืฉืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืžืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช, ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ืœืืคื™ื•ื ื. ืฉืžืืœ|250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ื’ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 1964 ื•ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื“ ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืžื ื” ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืชืงื•ืคืช "ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช" ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉื—ื•ืœืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ื™ืœืช "ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช": ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืกื—ืจืจืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื’ื™ื˜ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ืกืชืžื›ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื, ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื’'ื™ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืžืจ ื•ื”ื“ืงื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืื• ื’'ืจื™ ื•ื”ืคื™ื™ืกืžื™ื™ืงืจืก, ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืจืคื•ืœ. ืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืคื•ืค ื•ืจื•ืง ืื ื“ ืจื•ืœ, ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจื™ ืฉื“ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื’ื ื• ืจื•ืง ืื ื“ ืจื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืื” ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช, ืืš ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง. ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœื•ืช, The Who, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ืฆืจ, ื”ืื ื™ืžืœืก, ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ืก, ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื”ืงื™ื ืงืก, ื“ื•ื ื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ืก ื•ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1964, ื”ื—ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžืขื•ืžืก ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ืžื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืฆื“ ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื, ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘-186 ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช, ื™ืžื™ ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื•ื™ืžื™ ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืกืจื˜, ื›ืชื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืœื—ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื ื’ืœื™ื, ื˜ืกื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžื ื™ื•ึพื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื•ืขื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื ื˜ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืคื ื™ื. ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืœื”ืงื”. ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื”ื, Beatles for Sale ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ 11 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื•-4 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ืฉืœ 1964, ื›ืฉื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืžืกืข ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืกืข ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ื‘ืชืงืœื™ื˜, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืคืชื•, ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ื•ืœื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™, ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ืœืงื—ื• ืžื”ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื‘-1964 ื–ื›ื• ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื•ืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื‘ืคืจืกื™ ืื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ื•ื‘ืœื• ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืชื™ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” (ื›ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1963), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื”ื ืคืจืก ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉื ืช 1965 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืืš ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื”, ื”ื™ื• ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืืš ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืงื”ืœ ื ืขืจื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื—ื•ืช, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืื• ืืช ื ื’ื™ื ืชื, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื•ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ, ื™ื™ื’ืขื• ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1965, ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” ืขื ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ ื•ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืจื•ืคื ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืงืคื” ืฉืœื”ื LSD ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื•ื“ื™. ืœื ื•ืŸ ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”: "ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื‘ืขื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื". ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกืกื• ืื™ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื“ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื. ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: "ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื–ืง. ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืกืžื™ื, ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคืชื— ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™, ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืื ื™ ืœื ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืื•ืชื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืฉื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืื•ืชื. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ โ€“ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ื”ื™ืžืืœื™ื”, ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืจืื‘ื™". ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื™ืกื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ 1966. ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ LSD ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™, ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• "ื–ื” ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™" ื•"ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื™ ืœื—ืœืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”". ื™ืžื™ืŸ|250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ Another Girl ืžื”ืกืจื˜ Help! ื‘-1965 ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื ื”ื‘ื ื•ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ื ื”ืฉื ื™, !Help. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื”ืชืœื” ืขื ืขืœื™ืœื” ืงืœื•ืฉื”. ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜, ืืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืคื•ืค ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ืœืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ื”ืฉื™ืจ !Help ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจ You've got to Hide your Love Away, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ืŸ); ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– 1963 ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ; ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจ Yesterday ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืœื•ื•ื” ื”ื–ืžืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ืชืจ. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื—ืจื’ื• ื›ืืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ืชืืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืื•ืคื™ื•, ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืžื”. ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1965, ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฆืืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื, ื–ื›ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืจืฉืžื™ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืœื›ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื”ื ืชื•ืืจ MBE ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžืชื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื‘-15 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืžื•ืœ 55,600 ืฆื•ืคื™ื. ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืจื•ืง ืื• ืคื•ืค ื‘ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืžื ื™ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ืกื™ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืงืฆืจ ื•ื“ื—ื•ืก ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืœื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื Rubber Soul, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘-12 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1965, ื›ืฉืœืจืฉื•ืชื ืขื•ืžื“ ืจืง ืงื•ืžืฅ ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื—ื•ืก ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืกืข ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืœื”ืงื” ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื“ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืื• ืœืืœืชืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืงื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช ื’ื™ื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื” ื•ืžื ื’ื ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืจ Norwegian Wood ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ืช ืกื™ื˜ืืจ, ื”ืฉื™ืจ In My Life ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื•ืœื• ืคืกื ืชืจ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื›ื™, ื”ืฉื™ืจ Day Tripper ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืชืงืจื™ืช ืงืฉื”, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืืจื’ื ื” ืื™ืžืœื“ื” ืžืจืงื•ืก, ืืฉืช ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื–ื• ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืขืœื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืžื” ื”ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื”. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ื ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืกืคื’ื• ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืžื”ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ืœื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”, ืฉื ืขื•ื›ื‘ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš. ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื ืฉืืœ ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘: "ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ื™ืกืข ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”". ืชื—ื–ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืฉื™ืขืจ. ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1966, ื•ืคื•ืจืกื ืื– ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘"ืื™ื‘ื ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื“", ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืงืจื ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืงืฉืจ ื”ืคืกื—ื", ื•ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฉ"ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ื”ื™ื ืชืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ืชืขืœื... ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• [ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก] ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืžื™ืฉื•". ื”ื”ืขืจื” ืœื ืขื•ืจืจื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (29 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™) ืชื—ืช ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืขื•ืจืจื” ืกืขืจื” ืจื‘ืชื™, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืจืžื” ืžืฆื“ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืจืคื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืกืขืจื”, ื•ืœื ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืชื ืฆืœ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืคื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืœื”ืงื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืกืข ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืคืจืฉื” ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช, ืฉืืฃ ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฆื ื ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืœืงื”ืœื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื Yesterday and Today (ืœืงื˜ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื 1965โ€“1966), ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืชื—ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืงืจืื” "Butcher Album". ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืขื˜ื™ืคื”, ื•ื”ืขื˜ื™ืคื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคืจื™ื˜ ืืกืคื ื™ื. ืฉื ืช 1966 ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื•ืžื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช. ื”ื ืฉื‘ื• ืœื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘-6 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื•ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืจืง ื‘-1 ื‘ืžืื™. ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืงืคื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืื•ืก ืฉื—ืฉื• ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืžื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื. ืœื‘ื“ ืžื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ื—ื“ึพืคืขืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืื™, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืกืข ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื. ืžืกืข ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™, ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช. ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ "ืงื ื“ืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจืง" (Candlestick Park) ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื”, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข, ืคื•ืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉ"ืžื•ืคืข ื”ืงืจืงืก" ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืคืกืง. ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ: "ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ". ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืš ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืงืฅ ืœืžืกืข ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืืจื•ืš, ืฉื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-1,400 ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช, ืœืคื™ื” ืœื”ืงื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืจืง ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ. ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื–, ืืš ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื“ื•ืžื”, ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื—ื•ืœืœื” ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœื”ืงื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื‘ื™ื˜ืœืžื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืžื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื”ื™ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉืช, ืฉืœื ื ืชื ื” ืœืื“ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื”. ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืขืฆื ืขืœ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื•ืื™ืฉื™ ื“ื—ืง ืืช ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื“ื”, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขืžื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”.ืฉืžืืœ|250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืขื ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœืคื ื™ ืื‘ื™ ืจื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1966 ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1964 ืขืจื›ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ื—ืกื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ืœืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ื”ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื”, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ื• ื’ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘-LSD. ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืžืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื– ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืื– ื ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ืกืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช. ื”ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืชึพืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืžืขืชื” ื•ืื™ืœืš โ€“ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ื ืœื”ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ โ€“ ื•ืื™ืœื• ืกืžื™ื ื”ื–ื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• LSD, ืืฃ ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืœืคืŸ (ืœื‘ื“ ืžืžืงืจื” ื—ืจื™ื’ ืื—ื“), ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, Revolver. ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืž-6 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1966 ืขื“ 22 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ื•ื”ื’ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื”ืงื”, ื‘ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื ื•ืŸ, Tomorrow Never Knows ืฉื’ื™ืœื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™, ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ืœื• ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื”ืงื”. ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื•ืคืฃ ืขืœ "ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™", ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืžื™ื, ื•ืงืจืื• ืœืฉื•ืžืขื™ื: "ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืœืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื". ืœื ื•ืŸ ืจืฆื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจ ื™ื™ืฉืžืข ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 4,000 ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื. ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืงื”, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื˜ื›ื ืื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ื’'ืฃ ืืžืจื™ืง, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืคืงื˜ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืœืฉื™ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ืฉืœ Tape Looping , ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืœื™ืœื™ื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื–ืจืชื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกืื•ื ื“ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื•, ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฆื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื’ื ื• ืœืื—ื•ืจ. ืฉืืจ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉื™ืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉื ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™, ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื˜ื”, ืชืคืกื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื–ื” โ€“ ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ื•ืช ืžืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื™ืจ ืคื•ืค ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™. ื‘-Eleanor Rigby, ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืค ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืงื ื”, ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื•ืช, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ืชืจ; ื‘-For No One ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืœื• ืงืจืŸ ื™ืขืจ, ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ืจื™ื’ ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ; ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘-Got to Get You Into My Life โ€“ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืœืœ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” โ€“ ื ื•ืกืคื• ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื”, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื-ืคืื ืงื™. ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืœืชืคื•ืก ืžืงื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื–ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืœื”ืงื”, ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืจืง ื™ืœืš ื•ื™ืชืขืฆื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืœืคืŸ (1967โ€“1970) Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band ืœืœื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ืกืชื’ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืœืคื ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืคื™ืงื ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืคืชื— ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืงืกืคืจื™ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™: ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืžืœ ืคืคืจ). ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1966, ื•ืœืคื™ ื˜ื›ื ืื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื’'ืฃ ืืžืจื™ืง ืœืงื—ื• ืžืื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘: "ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ืชืขืงืฉื” ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘-Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืžืชื›ืช ื•ืื•ื–ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืžื“ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืชื ื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืฉื ื—ืชื›ื• ื•ื”ื•ื“ื‘ืงื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ". ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืฉื™ืจ "A Day in the Life" ื›ืœืœื• ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืฉืœ 40 ื ื’ื ื™ื. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื’ื ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื“ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื "Strawberry Fields Forever", ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืจื•ืง ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื“ืœื™, ื•-"Penny Lane", ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื™ื›ืœืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ื›ืš ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ โ€“ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ ืฉื”ืคื™ืง ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื โ€“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืง ืื ื“ ืจื•ืœ, ื•ื ื•ืฆืจ ืชืžื”ื™ืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื• ื ื˜ืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช, ื”ืฆื™ืฃ ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืฉื™ืกืœื™ืžื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืจื•ืง, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืง ืื ื“ ืจื•ืœ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืจื•ื‘ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื›ึพ75,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื”. ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉื, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื. ื”ืœื™ืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฉื ืœืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืกืžื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื โ€“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื ืจื•ื— ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืืžืจ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืกืžื™ื. ืขื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ ื”ืขื˜ื™ืคื”, ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืง, ื–ื›ื” ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื’ืจืืžื™ ืœืขื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื˜ื™ืคื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขื˜ื™ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื, ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื›ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืœื”ืงืช Sgt. Pepper, ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืžืขืœื™ื”ื, ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื: ืื“ื’ืจ ืืœืŸ ืคื•, ื‘ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ืœืŸ, ืžืจื™ืœื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ืจื•, ืงืจืœ ืžืจืงืก ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœืฆื™ื“ื, ืื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉื ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืžื ื™ื”. ื”ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืขื˜ื™ืคื” ื”ืชื•ื•ืกืคื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื–ื›ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืก, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื•ืค/ืจื•ืง ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืžืืจื– ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœืื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื•. ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื: Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds โ€“ ืฉื™ืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื“ืœื™ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื ื”-LSD, ื•ืœื ื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื•, ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ. She's Leaving Home โ€“ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืกื“ืจืช ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืฉืกื™ืงืจื• ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื–ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ื“ืขื•. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืงืฉืช ื•ื ื‘ืœ. Within You Without You โ€“ ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’ ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•. When I'm Sixty-Four โ€“ ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 16, ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืงืœืจื™ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืกืงืกื•ืคื•ืŸ. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืืฅ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœื ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ 'ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช' ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœ", ื•ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืจ ื›ื–ื”. A Day In The Life โ€“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื, ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœืช ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืค ืฉืœ ืกืงืจ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ Jazz & Pop . ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืœื ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™, ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืง. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื, ื›ืฉืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœื ื•ืŸ, ื•ืืช ื—ืœืง ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™. ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืคืกื ืชืจ, ื‘ืก, ืชื•ืคื™ื ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืช 41 ื ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ื•ืงืฉืช. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื ื•ืŸ, ืฉืกื’ื ื•ื ื ื“ื™ ื—ืœื•ืžื™ ื•ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœื™. ื“ืจืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืฉืžื ื’ื ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจืฉื ื“ื•, ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื”"ื—ืœื•ื" ืฉืœ ืœื ื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ืืงื•ืจื“ E ืฉืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ื•ื ืžืฉืš 53 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ืคื•ืค/ืจื•ืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžื‘ื™ืช ื•ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื”. ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื ืฆืืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆืืชื• ืžื›ืจ 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ึพ250,000 ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 27 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 15 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช โ€“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ืกืจื™ ืชืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืฆืืชื• ื”ื•ืขืจืš ื›ื™ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžื›ืจ ื›ึพ32 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ. Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band ื“ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ (1967โ€“1968) ื‘-27 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก, ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืžืฆื ืžืช ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 32 ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ื ื”, ื•ืžื•ืชื• ืื™ืจืข ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื. ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืžื‘ื•ื”ืœืช ื•ืื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื”. ืœื ื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“: "ื”ืชืจืกืงื ื•. ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืขืช". ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ืฆืื• ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ "Magical Mystery Tour". ื”ืกืจื˜, ืฉืชื™ืืจ ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื•ื™ ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื“ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืจื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืงื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื, ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืคืกืงื•ืœ ืœืกืจื˜, ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ื“ ืžืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื Penny Lane ื•-Strawberry Fields Forever ืฉื™ืฆืื• ื›ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ: I Am the Walrus, The Fool On The Hill, Hello Goodbye ื•ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ All You Need Is Love. ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1967 ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช "ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ" ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™, ืืฉืจ ืฉืื‘ ืืœื™ื• ืืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื•ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื”. ืœื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื ื”ืœื” ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ื•ื ื–, ืื•ืœื ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื›ืš ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ื›ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืืช ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืงื™ ืœื™ ืื™ืกื˜ืžืŸ, ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื• ืœื™ื ื“ื”. ืื™ืกื˜ืžืŸ ืกื™ืคืจ ืœืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืœื”ืงื” ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื”ืชืจื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ืื•ืœื ื”ื ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืชืœื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื• ืืช ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื”ื—ืชืžื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืœืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื•ืœื ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœืฆืืช ื™ื—ื“ ืœืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื–ืจื•, ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื ืช 1968 ื”ืื™ืฆื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืืžื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืงื• ืื•ื ื•, ืœืžืขื ื” ื ืคืจื“ ืžืืฉืชื• ืกื™ื ืชื™ื” ื•ืžื‘ื ื• ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ โ€“ ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืžื”ืœื”ืงื”, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื” ืคืจืกื ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืœื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ืœื ื•ืŸ ืคืจืกื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื ื™ื•ืงื•. ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื• ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ื›ืฉื”ืœื”ืงื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื” ื‘ืœื”ืงื”, ื”ื—ืœื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ "The Beatles" (ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื "ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืœื‘ืŸ"), ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ืœื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื™ื•ืงื• ืื™ืชื• ืœื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช, ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื’ืจืจ ืจื™ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื, ืคืจืฉ ืจื™ื ื’ื• ืกื˜ืืจ ืžื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื, ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืœื”ืงื” ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืืช "Back in the U.S.S.R" ื•-"Dear Prudence" ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื”, ื›ืฉืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืžืงืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืคื™ื. ืœื ื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืขื ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™, ื•ื‘ื– ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืชืจื•ืžืชื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืœ"ืื•ื‘ืœื“ื™, ืื•ื‘ืœื“ื”" ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ืจ, ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื’ื™ื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ โ€“ ืืจื™ืง ืงืœืคื˜ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ืฉืฉืืฃ ืœื”. ื’'ืฃ ืืžืจื™ืง, ื˜ื›ื ืื™ ื”ืกืื•ื ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ืขื›ื•ืจื” (ืื ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื”). ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช, ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืœื ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืขื– ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื• ื‘ืื” ื’ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืจื‘, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืชื™ืคืงื“ื• ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื ื’ื ื™ ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ืœื ื›ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ึพ10 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ "ื”ืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ื•ืŸ". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968 ื™ื™ืกื“ื” ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืืคืœ ืจืงื•ืจื“ืก", ืฉืืžื ื ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืžื˜ืจื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืก ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืื•ืœื ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ื–ื ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืฉืืฃ ืœื˜ืคื— ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคื•ืค ืืงืกืคืจื™ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ื”ื”ืคืงื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืื•ืœืคืŸ โ€“ ืœืžืขื˜ ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืขืฆืžื โ€“ ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช, ืื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืœืคืŸ ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืคืจื™ืฆืชื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1968 ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืชืจืžื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืกืจื˜ "ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”", ืกืจื˜ ืžืฆื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ืžื•ืชื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืจื™ื. ื—ืจืฃ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ืกืจื˜, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื, ืืฉืจ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืืช ื”ืคืกืงื•ืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ. ืืงื•ืจื“ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ (1969โ€“1970) ืฉืžืืœ|200px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืื•ืœืคื ื™ ืืคืœ ืจืงื•ืจื“ืก ื‘ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืืช ืืœื‘ื•ืžื Let It Be ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื”ืื•ืœืคื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ืช 1969 ืขืฉื” ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ โ€“ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืœืกืจื˜ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ืืœื‘ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื "Get Back". ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืกืจื˜, ืฉื™ืฆื ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื "Let It Be", ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืกื™ืคืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื• ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื• ืžืžื ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉืชืœื˜ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืขื–ื‘ ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืขืœ ื’ื’ ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืื™ืฉ. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื”ืงืœื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืคืจืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืœื˜ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื ืžืกืจื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1970 ืœืžืคื™ืง ืคื™ืœ ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืžื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื "Let It Be". ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™), ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืžื ื•ืคื— ื•ืžืงื”ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืจืงืข, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ื™ืฆืื” ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜, ืœืœื ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžืงื”ืœื•ืช, ืฉื ืงืจืื” "Let It Be... Naked". ืื—ืจื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืœืืœื‘ื•ื, ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืืกืฃ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืœื‘ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ, "ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืคืขื". ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1969. ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™, ืจื™ื ื’ื• ื•ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™. ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื, Abbey Road. ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ื–, ืคื•ืค ื•ืจื•ืง ืžืชืงื“ื.ืœืื—ืจ ืฆืืชื•, ื–ื›ื” ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ "Something"/"Come Together" ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจ "Here Comes the Sun". ืœืื—ืจ ืฆืืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื—ื“ืœื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืœื”ืงื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1969 ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื”ืงื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืžืกืคืจ ื ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืงื• ืื•ื ื• ื•ืืจื™ืง ืงืœืคื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื›ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืฉื›ื ืขื” ืื•ืชื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืชื• ื”ื™ืฉื ื”. ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื ื™ืกื” ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืคื™ื–ืจื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืžืกืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืœื ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืจืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1970, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื• ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœื ื•ืŸ, ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืกื˜ืืจ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื›ื•ืœื ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ืกื•ืœื• ื‘-1970 (John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band, McCartney, All Things Must Pass, ื•-Sentimental Journey ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”). ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ืกื•ืœื• ืฉืœื”ื ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1974. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ืชื ื’ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ืฉื ื’ืข ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—. ืขื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืกื˜ืืจ, ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืœืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1971. ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื ืคื’ืฉื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืกืฉืŸ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ ืœืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื‘-1974. ื‘-1973 ื™ืฆื ืฉื ื™ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก, 1962โ€“1966 ื•-1967โ€“1970. ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืื“ื•ื" ื•"ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ" ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืขืžื“ ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืžืขืžื“ ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ 1976 ืœ-1982, EMI ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื ื™ืฆืื” ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื•ื "The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl" (1977) ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืž-1964 ื•-1965. ืงืจื™ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื‘ื” ื‘-1971 ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "Imagine", ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืžืชืืจ ืขื•ืœื ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืช, ืœืœื ื“ืช, ืœืœื ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ืœืœื ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื•ื“ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช 500 ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "God", ืœื ื•ืŸ ืžืชืืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก, ืžื“ืžื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ืœืื“ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70. "I was the dream weaver, but now I'm reborn", ื”ื•ื ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ. ื‘-8 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1980 ื ืจืฆื— ืœื ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ืฉื ืžืืจืง ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืฆ'ืคืžืŸ. ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ Here Today, ื•ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ All Those Years Ago. ื‘-1994 ื™ืฆื ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื Live At The BBC, ื”ืžืงื‘ืฅ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืžืชื•ืš ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”-BBC ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื•ืง ืื ื“ ืจื•ืœ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื, ืืš ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996 ื™ืฆืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก (The Beatles Anthology), ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืœืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ืœืฆื“ ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช, ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืจืฉืžื™ืช: Free as a Bird ื•-Real Love. ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคืงื• ืžื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืœื ื•ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืงื˜ืขื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื; ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ื™ืกื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืœื ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืฉื™ืจ Now And Then ืื‘ืœ ื ื˜ืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื™ืฆื ื”ืื•ืกืฃ "1", ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช 27 ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000. ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001 ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื Let It Be ื™ืฆื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื "Let It Be...Naked", ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื ื•ืกืคื• ืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืขื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื (ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื•ืกื˜ืืจ), ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืคื™ืง ื’'ื•ืจื’ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื "LOVE" ืฉื›ืœืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก. ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ืงื˜ืขื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืžืฉื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืื—ืจ, ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืจืงืข ืžืฉื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืื—ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืžืคื™ืงื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื• ื’'ื™ื™ืœืก. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ื™ืฆื ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• The Beatles: Rock Band ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื "ืœื ื’ืŸ" ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื™-ืžืฉื—ืง ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื˜ืจื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื™ืฆืื• ื’ื ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช (remastered) ืœื›ืœ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื›ืš ื™ืฆืื” The Beatles Stereo Box Set, ืงื•ืคืกืช ืกื˜ ืขื ื›ืœ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื•ืœืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก (ื‘ื’ืจืกืช ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•), ื•ื’ื ืงื•ืคืกืช ืกื˜ ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ื’ืจืกืช ืžื•ื ื• (The Beatles In Mono). ื‘-16 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2010 ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช iTunes ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืืคืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืื“ื•ื, Past Masters, Volume One ื•-Past Masters, Volume Two). ืฉืืจ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื›ื•ืœืœ Live at the BBC, Anthology 1, Anthology 2, 3, Yellow Submarine Songtrack, Let It Be... Naked, Love ื•-1). ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014 ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ 50 ืฉื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘-9 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2016 ื™ืฆื ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื "The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl" ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืฉื "Live at the Hollywood Bowl" ื•ื›ืœืœ ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื•ื ื•ืก. ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืฆื“ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ "The Beatles: Eight Days a week, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœืœ ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™, ืกื˜ืืจ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2022 ื—ื–ืจื• ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื•ืกื˜ืืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ Now And Then, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืœื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื”. ื—ื™ืœืฅ ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืœื ื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช AI ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช Get Back. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื™ืฆื ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื›ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื• ืœืฆื“ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื•ืกื˜ืืจ, ืงื˜ืขื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ืž-1995, ืงื˜ืขื™ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืงื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” ืžื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœื™ ืžื™ืชืจ ืžืืช ื’'ื™ื™ืœืก ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ. ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื™ืจ ื›"ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก". ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื•ืกื˜ืืจ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ื•ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื”: ื”ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืืจื— ื”ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ืื•ืœืคืŸ. ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืฉืื‘ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืง ืื ื“ ืจื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50. ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื•ื˜ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืžืฆ'ืืง ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืœื™ื˜ืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“. ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืงืช "The Beach Boys", ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืื‘ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ืœื ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืืœื‘ื™ืก ืคืจืกืœื™, ื‘ืื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื™, ืจื•ื™ ืื•ืจื‘ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื ืื‘ืจืœื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื•ืŸ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืžืžื™ืช. ืœื ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื“ืœื™ื”. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ืœื ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืจื•ืง ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื ืชื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœื”ืงื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช "Yesterday", ื•-"Hey Jude". ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืจื™ืช'ื ืื ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื–. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ื•ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื”, ื–ืืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืคื™ืงื, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”. ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืืžื ื™ ื”ืจื•ืงื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื›ืงืืจืœ ืคืจืงื™ื ืก, ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ ืžื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื“ื™. ื‘-1965 ืคืจืฅ ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื˜ืืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "Norwegian Wood", ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื”ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ืžื”, ื‘ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (ื‘ื• ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื’ื ืืจื™ืง ืงืœืคื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืœื• ื’ื™ื˜ืจื”), "Here Comes the Sun" ื•"Something". ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ื ื’ื• ืกื˜ืืจ ืœืœื”ืงื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ื“ื™ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "Ticket to Ride") ืฉื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื–'ืื ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืค, ืชืจื ืจื™ื ื’ื• ืกื˜ืืจ ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื” ื•ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื ืขื™ืžื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื›ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื•ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ืจื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื—ืจืื™ ืจื™ื ื’ื• ืกื˜ืืจ ืœื’ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืงืื ื˜ืจื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืชืจื•ืžื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื "A Day in the Life", ืกื•ืœื• ื”ืชื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "The End" (ืฉืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืœื”ืงื”) ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "Come Together" ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ. ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ (ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ) ื•ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื: "Don't Pass Me By" ื•-"Octopus's Garden", ืื•ืชื ื’ื ืฉืจ. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ื’ื ืช ื•ืžื•ืฉืžืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื•ืช, ืืžื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืค ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช. ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืœื”ืงื” ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืจื•ืง ืกื‘ืœื” ืžื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืชื”, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ืคื™ื—ื• ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืคืจืฆื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืจื•ืง ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืืœื‘ื•ื Rubber Soul). ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ืืช ืงื™ืฆื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืง ืื ื“ ืจื•ืœ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืจื•ืง ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ื›ืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืžืคื™ืง ืจื™ืง ืกืงืœืืจ (Rick Sklar) ืžืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• WABC ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืืกืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื ื” ืœื ื’ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืœืคื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1963 ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืขื“ ืฉื ืขืจื” ื”ืชืงืฉืจื” ืœืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉืžื™ืขื• ืฉื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื”ื. ืขื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก, ืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื•ื–ืžืจื™ ืคื•ืค ืœื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื”ื, ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื”ืชืžืฆื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงื•ืœ ื ืขื™ื ื•ืžืจืื” ืžื•ืฉืš. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื”ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืคืจืฆื• ื“ืจืš ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืคื™ืงื ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื˜ื›ื ืื™ ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื’'ืฃ ืืžืจื™ืง, ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื”, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ืืœื‘ื•ืžื "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืืœื‘ื•ื ื›ืืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืœื ืจืง ื›ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื. ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "Tommorow never knows" ืžืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื "Revolver" ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ืกืจื˜ ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžืœื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืชื™ืฉืžืข ืžื ื•ื’ื ืช ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ื”ืจืฆื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื“ืœื™ืช, ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืฉืœื•ื ื•ืœืื—ื•ื•ื” ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืžื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืžื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืฉื ื”ืฉื™ืจ "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช LSD, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื LSD). ืขื ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื’ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื ืขื ื‘ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ืœืŸ. ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช "All You Need Is Love", ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ืžื ื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ืงื• ืื•ื ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืฉื ืฉืืœื• ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™, ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืกื˜ืืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ืืžืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืชื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžื›ืš ืฉืžืกืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื“ื™ืจื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืฉืœื•ื, ืื”ื‘ื”, ืื—ื•ื•ื” ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืคืจื˜. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื™ืœืคืจื™ื“ ืžืœืจืก ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก. ืžืœืจืก ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžืœื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืงืืžืจื™ืช, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ "ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“" ืืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืจื•ืง ื•ื”ืคื•ืค ืžื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืœื ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื”ื "ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื– ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜". ืžืœืจืก ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ: ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band ืกืžื•ืš ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื) ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื•ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืกืคืจื• Twilight of the Gods: the Beatles in Retrospect'' ืž-1973 ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2009 ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื•ืค ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืจืคื•ืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก. ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ "A Hard Day's Night" (ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™: ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืคืจืš) ืžืฉื ืช 1964, ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืœืกื˜ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ "ื™ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™" ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืžื ื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965 ืฆื•ืœื "Help!" โ€“ ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ืœืžืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื’ื ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืกืจื˜ Magical Mystery Tour ืžืฉื ืช 1967 ื”ื•ืงืจืŸ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ืคืš ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืกืจื˜ ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ. ืกืจื˜ ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” "ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”" ื™ืฆื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1968 ื•ืœื ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืขืฆืžื (ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืชืจืžื• ืžื“ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืฉ"ืื™ืžืฆื•" ืžื‘ื˜ื ืœื™ื‘ืจืคื•ืœื™), ืœืžืขื˜ ืกืฆื ื” ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื•, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื—ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื›ืœืœ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื Revolver,Rubber Soul, ื•-Sgt. Pepper ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœื•. ืกืจื˜ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื•ื "Let It Be" ืฉืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969 ื•ืžืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืชื”. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื•ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ื•ืคืฆื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืจืงื•. ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994 ื™ืฆื ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืฉื Backbeat ื”ืžื’ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื. ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ ืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ืกืื˜ืงืœื™ืฃ, (ืฉื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœื ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”) ื•ื‘ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืœื™ื‘ืจืคื•ืœ ืขื ืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืงืข ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืชื•. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื’ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, (ืขืงื‘ ื”ืกืชื‘ื›ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืคื™ืง ืฉืœื”ื) ื—ื–ืจืชื ืœืฉื ื•ืฉื•ื‘ื ืœืœื™ื‘ืจืคื•ืœ ื›ืœื”ืงื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืกืจื˜ ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื™ืฆื ืกืจื˜ ื“ืจืžื” ื‘ืฉื "ืฉื ื™ื ื•" (Two of Us) ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืกืจื˜ ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืคืจื“ื•. ืฉื ื”ืกืจื˜ ื–ื”ื” ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002 ื™ืฆื ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืฉื "ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื™ ืกื". ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ืื™ื ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืืš ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื. ื›ืš ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœืงื•ื—ื™ื ืžืฉืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ ืฉื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืคืกืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ื™ืฆื ืกืจื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ืฉื "ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืงื•ื" (Across the universe) ื’ื ืขืœื™ืœื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก, ืืš ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื ื”ืคืกืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉื™ ืžื”ืกืจื˜ (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ ืงื•ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื—ื–ืžืจ) ื›ืฉืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœืงื•ื—ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” (ืœืžืฉืœึพJude, Prudence). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื”ืกืฆื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืžืคื–ืจืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืคื•ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ื™ืฆื ื”ืกืจื˜ "ื ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื" ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช "ื”ื—ื•ืฆื‘ื™ื" ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืืช "ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก". ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ื’'ื•ืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืจื“, ืื—ื•ืชื• ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื™ืฆื ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ "ื™ืกื˜ืจื“ื™ื™" ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื–ืžืจ-ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืœืžื•ื ื™ ื•ื›ื•ืฉืœ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืœื”ืงืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื•, ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2021 ืจืื” ืื•ืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ The Beatles: Get Back, ืฉื‘ื™ื™ื ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ, ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื‘ื›ื•ืจืช ื”ืกืจื˜, ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™-ืกื“ืจื”, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“, ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื“ื™ืกื ื™+ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื—ื’ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื‘ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื 25, 26 ื•-27 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2021. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2024, ืคื•ืจืกื ื›ื™ ืกืจื˜ ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื "Beatles '64" ืขืœ ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1964 ื™ื™ืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ืกื ื™+ ื‘-29 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื•ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืกืงื•ืจืกื–ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื˜ื“ืกืงื™. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืจืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื•ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืžื ื™ื”. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื•ืกื˜ืืจ. ื”ืกืจื˜ ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ื•ื—ืชื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1964 ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ืžื•ืคืข ืฉืœ ืื“ ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ" ืฉืฆืคื• ื‘ื” ืžืขืœ 73 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืžื™ื™ื–ืœืก, ืฉืฉื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื™ืช 4K ื‘ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“. ืœืฆื“ ืกืงื•ืจืกื–ื” ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ื’ื ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื•ืกื˜ืืจ. ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜, ื‘-22 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ื™ื™ืฆื ืกื˜ ื•ื™ื ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื "The Beatles: 1964 U.S. Albums in Mono" ืฉื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืฉืœื ื™ืฆืื• ืขืœ ื•ื™ื ื™ืœ ืžืื– 1995. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก (ืื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงืจืื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืจืฅ: "ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฆื‘") ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965 ื ื™ืกื• ื”ืืžืจื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ื˜ื™ืจ ื•ืื•ืจื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื ืœื”ื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืืš ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ืฆืœื— ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื ื•ืขืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจืขื”. ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืื”ืจืŸ ื™ื“ืœื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืžืง ื‘ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืงื‘ ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžืจื’ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœืื•ืจ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื’ืŸ ื’ื™ื•ืจื ื’ื•ื“ื™ืง. ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื’ื•ืœืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืืœื•ืŸ ื’ืŸ ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2013 ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ "ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ืช ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืืช ืืžื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ "ืœืœื”ืงื” ื–ืืช ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืขืจืš ืืžื ื•ืชื™", ื•ื›ืŸ "ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ". ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ (ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืฉื”) ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืคืชื—ื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืค, ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื• "ื—ืœื•ืŸ" ื‘ื™ืŸ 1967 ื•-1973 ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืœื™ื‘ืจืคื•ืœ ื•ืžืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืจื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืœื•ื ื—ื ื•ืš, ื•ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืงืช ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ืฆืจื• ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืชื. ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื’ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื—ื•ืžืจ ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช "ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืœื•ืœ" ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก, ืชื•ืš ืฉืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื "ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ" ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•"ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ" ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉื™ืง ืœื•ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆื "I'm Only Sleeping", ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ" ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ื—ื ื•ืš, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ื”ืฉืžืฉ" ืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื™ืจ "Here Comes the Sun". ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช "ืขืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจ" ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื’ืคืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ืฉื™ืจ "A Hard Day's Night". ื‘ืฉื™ืจื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ื™ืขื ืง'ืœื” ืจื•ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื˜ "ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื" ื›ืชื‘ ืจื•ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื˜: "ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืฉืข ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื", ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” "Happiness Is a Warm Gun". ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืงืช ืจื•ืงืคื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”: "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Tomorrow Never Knows" ื•-"Rain" ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช !For Fans Only ืžึพ2002, ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœื™ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืžื–ืœ โ€“ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืืช ืžืชืœื‘ืฉืช" ื›ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืจ Do You Want to Know a Secret, ื’ืจืกื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืฉื™ืจ "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da", ื•"ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ โ€“ ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืจืข" ื›ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœ-"The Ballad of John and Yoko" (ืจืื” ืžืกื’ืจืช). ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ "ืœื• ื™ื”ื™", ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื›ื’ืจืกื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืจ "Let it Be" ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ืฆืžื“ื” ืœื• ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืชื•. ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ืฉื ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืชืจื’ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื All Together Now ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจื™ืžื•ื ื” ื“ื™ื ื•ืจ, ื’ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืŸ ื—ื•ื” ืืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื“ื•ื“ืื™ื Can't Buy Me Love ืœื™ ืœื ืื›ืคืช ื“ืจื•ืจื” ื—ื‘ืงื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ Do You Want to Know a Secret ืžื–ืœ ื™ื•ืจื ื˜ื”ืจืœื‘ ืืจื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ From Me to You ืžืžื ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืคืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ืช ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ Girl ื™ืœื“ื” ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื•ืกื™ ืœื”ืงืช ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื Good Day Sunshine ื›ืžื” ืฉืžืฉ ื™ื•ืจื ื˜ื”ืจืœื‘ ืœื”ืงืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื– Good Night ืœื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื”ืจ, ื“ื•ื“ื• ื–ืจ ื’ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื‘, ื“ื•ื“ื• ื–ืจ Here, There and Everywhere ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื ื™ ืฉืงื“ื™ื” ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื– Hey Jude ื”ื™ื™ ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืจื ื˜ื”ืจืœื‘ ื—ื•ื” ืืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ I Should Have Known Better ืœื ืœื ืœื ื ืขืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืจ I Want to Hold Your Hand ื–ื” ื ื“ื‘ืง ื™ื•ืกื™ ื’ืžื–ื• ื™ื”ื•ืจื ื’ืื•ืŸ I Will ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื”ืจ ื’ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื‘ ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื™ื“ื•ื‘ Lady Madonna ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ ื’ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืŸ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช Maxwell's Silver Hammer ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืงืกื•ื•ืœ, ืื ืœืขื’ืชื ืœื™ ื“ืŸ ืืœืžื’ื•ืจ, ื’ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช Mother Nature's Son ืืžื ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ืงืจืื•ืก ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ืงืจืื•ืก Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da ืื•ื‘ืœื“ื™ ืื•ื‘ืœื“ื” ืืจื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื’ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืŸ ืืจื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช Piggies ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื’ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืŸ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช The Ballad of John and Yoko ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืจืข ืืจื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ืงื ื™ ืฆืคืช The Fool on the Hill ื”ืฉื•ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื” ืจื™ืžื•ื ื” ื“ื™ื ื•ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื We Can Work It Out ื ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืื‘ื™ ืงื•ืจืŸ ืœื”ืงืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื– When I'm Sixty-Four ืขื•ื“ 70 ืฉื ื” ืจื™ืžื•ื ื” ื“ื™ื ื•ืจ ืœื”ืงืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื“ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ื•ืฃ Yellow Submarine ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื” ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืžืื™ื, ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืฆื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”, ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืœื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืจื ื˜ื”ืจืœื‘, ืชืœืžื” ืืœื™ื’ื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ืกื™ืก, ืฉืคืจื™ืจื” ื–ื›ืื™, ื“ืŸ ืืœืžื’ื•ืจ, ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืœืคื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื, ื—ื•ื” ืืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื’ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื‘ ื•ื“ื‘ ื’ืœื™ืงืžืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืกื•ืžืกื•ื, ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืžื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ื‘ ื’ืœื™ืงืžืŸ, ืžื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื•ื ื•ื‘ ื•ืื‘ื™ ืงื•ืฉื ื™ืจ ื’ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื‘, ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื, ื“ื‘ ื’ืœื™ืงืžืŸ, ืžื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื•ื ื•ื‘ ื•ืื‘ื™ ืงื•ืฉื ื™ืจ Yesterday ืจืง ืืชืžื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืคืจ ื™ืคื” ื™ืจืงื•ื ื™ Get Back ื—ื–ื•ืจ โ€“ ืžืชื™ ืžื™ืฉื” ืกื’ืœ ืžื™ืฉื” ืกื’ืœ Back in the U.S.S.R ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื’ืคืŸ ืžื™ืฉื” ืกื’ืœ A Hard Day's Night ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืคืจืš ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1981 ื™ืฆืจื• ื™ื•ืื‘ ืงื•ื˜ื ืจ ื‘ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืœื‘ืจื•ื ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื "ืžืกืข ื”ืงืกื ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™", ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกืงื™ืจื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื•ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ื•ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื”. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1987. ืžืฉื ืช 1996 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื“ื™ ื–ื ื“ื‘ืจื’ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื "ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช" ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• 88FM ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืืŸ 88, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืกืงื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืœื”ืงื”, ืชื•ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”, ื•ืขืกืงื” ื’ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืกื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื™ืจื“ื” ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘-30 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2017 ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-21 ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ. ืคื•ืœ ืžืงืจื˜ื ื™ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008, ืœืคื ื™ ื›-45 ืืœืฃ ืื™ืฉ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018 ืจื™ื ื’ื• ืกื˜ืืจ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืžื ื•ืจื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ึพ24 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื‘ึพ25 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017 ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– "ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื" ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื” ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ืœืœื”ืงืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื•ืœื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื”ื•ืงื ืืชืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืจืฉืžื™, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื“ืจ ื”ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ "ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืžื ื™ื”", ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืช ืฆื•ืฃ ืคืœื•ื˜ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื‘ื™ ืคื™ืฉืžืŸ, ืฉืกื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื–ื• ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืจืง ืืช ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื•ืœืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืจืื• โ€“ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก #ืฉื ืืœื‘ื•ืืฉื ืช ื™ืฆื™ืื”ื”ืขืจื•ืชื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื™ืฆื1Please Please Me1963ื›ืŸ2With The Beatles1963ื›ืŸ3A Hard Day's Night1964ื›ืŸ4Beatles for Sale1964ื›ืŸ5Help!1965ื›ืŸ6Rubber Soul1965ื›ืŸ7Revolver1966ื›ืŸ8Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band1967ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื’ืจืกื”.ืœื9Magical Mystery Tour1967ืืœื‘ื•ื ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืžืœื ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืจืกืช ืžื™ื ื™ ืืœื‘ื•ื.ื›ืŸ10The Beatles1968ืืœื‘ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืœ.ืœื11Yellow Submarine1969ืืœื‘ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ืœ ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืœื—ื ื• ื•ืชื•ื–ืžืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ.ืœื12Abbey Road1969ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ืื—ืจื™ Let It Be, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.ืœื13Let It Be1970ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ื•ื ื’ื ื– ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969 ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉื ืงืจื: "Get Back".ืœื ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืื•ืกืฃ "Hey Jude" ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ื•ื ืื•ืœืคืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื ืืœื‘ื•ื. ืจืื• ื’ื ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื ื•ืจืช'ืจืŸ ืกื•ื ื’ืก ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช TheBeatles.co.il โ€“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก โ€“ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืœื‘ืจื•ื ืจ, ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื—ื•ืœืžืช, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก, ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืจืžืœ, 2008 "ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืงืืกื˜" โ€“ ื”ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืืœื™ ืืฉื“, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”"ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก": ืขืœ ืชื•ืคืขืช "ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืžื ื™ื”" ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืืชืจ "ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช" ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื•"ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื", ื‘ืืชืจ "ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช", 1 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2010 ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื โ€“ ืžืกืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก: ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืกืงืจืช ืืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืกืข ื”ืงืกื ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™, ื‘ืืชืจ LISTEN NOTES ืื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืžืขื˜: ืคื™ื˜ ื‘ืกื˜ (ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืคืจ ื—ื–ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ืขื™ ืื•ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™), ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, 11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2012 ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช "ืชื "ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก" Beatles-mania.com The Beatles Lyrics ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”-FBI ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก, ืฉื‘ืขื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื•ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื’'ืจื™ ืคื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 2000 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืื•ืช MBE, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ AP and+Ringo+Starr&source=bl&ots=oE4mUsgzau&sig=ACfU3U1Vhd4WJY398CYZzb_zfMgnsNJ3KA&hl=iw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0wN7ziOThAhUJMuwKHacjAnkQ6AEwEnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Asteroid%20John%20Lennon%2C%20Paul%20McCartney%2C%20George%20Harrison and%20Ringo%20Starr&f=true ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ืืจื‘ืขืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื”. ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืจื•ืง ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืง ืื ื“ ืจื•ืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืจื•ืง ืคืกื™ื›ื“ืœื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืคืจืก ื’ืจืืžื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื™ื‘ืจืคื•ืœ: ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืื•ืกืงืจ: ื”ืคืกืงื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ื‘ืฉื“ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” - ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™: ื™ื”ืœื•ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™: ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืงืœื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ MTV: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืคื•ืค ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžื ื™ ืงืคื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืจืงื•ืจื“ืก ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960
2024-10-16T17:59:37
ืจืžืงื•ืœ
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืจืžืงื•ืœ ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื: 1. ืžื™ื“-ืจื™ื™ื ื’' 2. ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ 3. ื•ื•ืคืจื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืจืžืงื•ืœ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (1925) ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื–ื•ื’ ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื ืจืžืงื•ืœ (ื”ืœื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืจื" ื•"ืงื•ืœ") ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืข. ืžื‘ื ื” ืจืžืงื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžื’ื ื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืžืกืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜. ืืœ ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ื™ืืคืจื’ืžื” โ€“ (ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื“ืงื”, ืฆืคื™ื“ื” ืœืžื—ืฆื”) ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื—ืจื•ื˜ ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืก. ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืชื›ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื’ืžื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ื ืข ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื”. ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืชื›ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงืฉื™ื—. ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ืจื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืœื™ืœ ืžื•ืฉืจื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ืฉื“ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื–ืจื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื•ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื•. ืฉื“ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื’ื ื˜ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื ื’ืจืžืช ืžื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉืจื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืœื™ืœ. ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืืœื™ื•, ื•ื–ื• ื“ื•ื—ืคืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื• ื•ืœืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืœื™ืœ. ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืœื™ืœ ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“, ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืœืงืฆื‘ ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืช ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื, ื•ืœื”ืจืขื“ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”. ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืขืฆื, ื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ ืื• ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื. ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ืคืขื•ืœืชื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืื–ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืกืœื™ืœ ืื• ืœืžื’ื ื˜. ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคืงืช ืชื“ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืจืžืงื•ืœ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืืœื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืชื›ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื•. ืœืชื™ื‘ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืจืžืงื•ืœ โ€“ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ ืขืงื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ืคืข ื”ืคื•ืš ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืชื“ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืื ื›ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืขืงื™ืคื™ื ืื• ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืข ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืงื“ื™ืžื” (ืฉื™ื˜ืช "ื‘ืก ืจืคืœืงืก") ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจืžืงื•ืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจืžืงื•ืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืขื•ืžืก ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืฉืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ืงืคื™ืฅ ื”ืชื•ืจื ืœืจื™ืกื•ื ื” ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”. ืœื ืคื— ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืชื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื”, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” โ€“ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ื‘ื™ ืขืฅ ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืžืงื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืžืงื•ืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืžืกืชื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื•. ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื: ืจืžืงื•ืœ ืคืืกื™ื‘ื™ โ€“ ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื’ื‘ืจ, ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื’ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™. ืจืžืงื•ืœ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ โ€“ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื’ื‘ืจ, ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื ืกื™ื. ืื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžืงื•ืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžื’ื‘ืจ ืงื“ื ื•ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื”. ื”ืื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืจืžืงื•ืœ. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืžืงื•ืœ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช: ื ื•ื—ื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืจืžืงื•ืœ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ. ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืชื—ื•ื ืชื“ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื โ€“ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืกืื‘-ื•ื•ืคืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ืš. ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืจื” ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื—ื•ื ืชื“ืจื™ื ื ืชื•ืŸ. ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืฉืžืข ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืจืžืงื•ืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื (ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”) ื™ืฉ ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ื–ืจืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืžืงื•ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ื•ืคืจ (woofer) โ€“ ืจืžืงื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื“ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื (ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื) ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจืžืงื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ (tweeter) โ€“ ืจืžืงื•ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื•ื•ืคืจ ื™ืžื™ืŸ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ื•ืคืจ ื”ื•ื•ืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 300โ€“400 ื”ืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืงื™ืœื•-ื”ืจืฅ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ืกืื‘-ื•ื•ืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืžืฉืžื™ืข ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ืคืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืืš ืฉืžื• ื ื˜ืžืข ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืชื“ืจื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื. ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช โ€“ Woofer โ€“ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืžืฉืžื™ืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื™ื—ื•ืช (Woof). ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ื•ืคืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื—ื–ืง, ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืกืœื™ืœ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื–ืจื™ืžื™ื ืœืกืœื™ืœ ื–ืจื ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ื–ื– ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื•ืก ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ ื›ืš ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื”. ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื•ืคืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ ืชื“ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื’ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื•ืก, ื—ื•ื–ืง ื•ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื•ื ื•ืก. ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืœืžื ื˜ ืœืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 2 ืงื™ืœื•-ื”ืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ืงื™ืœื•-ื”ืจืฅ. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื›ื•ื•ืคืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™ ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืชื“ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ื™ืคื”, ื•ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•ื•ืคืจ ืืš ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช. ืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืจืฆื•ืขื”. ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืืš ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื• ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื ื•ื“ื”. ืžื™ื“-ืจื™ื™ื ื’' ื”ืžื™ื“ ืจื™ื™ื ื’' (mid-range) ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืคืจ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 500 ื”ืจืฅ ืœ-5 ืงื™ืœื•-ื”ืจืฅ. ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ ืจื™ื™ื ื’':, ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืงื•ื ื•ืก ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•ื•ืคืจ, ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ื›ื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื•ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”ื”. ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืžื™ื“ ืจื™ื™ื ื’' ื ืžืฆื ืจืง ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืข ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื•ื•ืคืจ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ. ืคื•ืœ-ืจื™ื™ื ื’' ื”ืคื•ืœ ืจื™ื™ื ื’' ื”ื•ื ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืืœืžื ื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื”ืคื•ืœ-ืจื™ื™ื ื’' ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืืœืžื ื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืžืขืชื. ื‘ื™ื™-ืืžืค ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื’ื ืœืžื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืกืคืง ืฉื™ืคื™ืง ืฆืœื™ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื–ืง ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื™-ืืžืค (bi-amp, ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ bi amplification). ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื‘ืจ ื ืคืจื“ ืœื›ืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ ืื• ืœืžืกืคืจ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืชื“ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืจื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœ: ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื›ืœ ืžื’ื‘ืจ ืืช ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื•. ืจืื• ื’ื ืจืžืงื•ืœ ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื: ืžื•ื ื• ืกื˜ืจื™ืื• ืกืจืื•ื ื“ ืžืงืจืŸ ืงื•ืœ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืงื•ืœ โ€“ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื™ื, ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื•, ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉืš, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื•ื•ืœืคืกื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืงื“ืžื•ืŸ. ืคืจืง 7 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื How Speakers Make Sound, ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ื•-ื˜ื™ื•ื‘: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxdFP31QYAg ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืชืงื ื™ ืคืœื˜ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืข ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื•ืžืจืช ืžืžืฉืง ืื“ื-ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19
2024-07-02T19:18:31
ืื•ื ืก
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื ื”, ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™, 1877 ืื•ื ืก (ืงืจื•ื™ ื’ื ืื™ื ื•ืก), ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช, ื”ื•ื ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™) ืื•ื ืก ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ื›ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืขื™ืœื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื” ืกื“ื•ื ืฉ"ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืก". ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืคื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืจืืœื™ ืื• ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ื•ืคื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื“ื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ืžื’ื•ื ื”, ืขื‘ืจื” ืงืœื” ืžืื•ื ืก ืื• ืžืขืฉื” ืกื“ื•ื. ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืื•ื ืก ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื ืก ื”ื•ื ืคืฉืข ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื, ืืš ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื”ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ ืื•ื ืก ืฉืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช, ืื• ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืฉื ืื• ื›ื™ื ื•ื™, ืืš ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ื ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื: ืื•ื ืก ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืงืจื™ ืื•ื ืก ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืš ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืจื•ืช. ืื•ื ืก ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” (ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช) ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืงืจื™ ืื•ื ืก ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช. ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื•ืจื”, ืื— ืื• ื‘ืŸ. ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ื•ืื˜ืื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื˜ื™ื— ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชื’ืœื™ื. ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ืจืื• ื”ืขืจืš ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืื•ื ืก ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ื ืก ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืื• ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืื”ื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ื ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช (ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื’ื ืจื•ื“ื‘ืจื’) ื ืื ืกื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื” (ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื›ื™ืก-ืœื‘). ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ืืš ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœ"ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™" ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืื ืกืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืชืœื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื”. ืื•ื ืก ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืกื™ื. ืื•ื ืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื–ืจ โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ื•ื”ื ืชืงืฃ ืื• ื”ื ืชืงืคืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช. ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—. ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืื•ื ืก (ื›-80%) ืื™ื ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ืื•ื ืก ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ืช ืื•ื ืก ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื ืก ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ ื•ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ืžืขืฉื™ ืื•ื ืก ื”ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช ื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื›ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื” ืขืฉื• ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื ืกืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื ืก ื ื’ื“ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช. ื‘-2001 ื”ื•ืจืฉืขื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืฉืข ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื ืก ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื ืกืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืื•ื ืก ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืกืจื˜ "ื’ืจื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืฆื”". ืžืงืจื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื ืก ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชืŸ . ืžืขืฉื™ ืื•ื ืก ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ื ืฉื•ืื™ื ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืื•ื ืก ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื. ืืš ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื•ื ืก ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื•ื ืก ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ืืช, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืกืง ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช, ื’ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื, ื•ืื™-ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืœืื•ื ืก. ืžืขืฉื™ ืื•ื ืก ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ื”ืคืฉืข ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ื, ืื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ืœืฆืช. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ื ืก, ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœืžื”, ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื ืืœืฅ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘. ืื•ื ืก ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืกื ื”ืื•ื ืก ืื• ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืกืžื™ ืื•ื ืก ื•ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื, ืื• ืžืฆืžืฆืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืืงื˜ ื”ืžื™ื ื™, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืš ื’ืจื™ืžืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื•ืคื•ืจื™ื” ืขืจืคื•ืœ ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืืคืื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืฉืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื• ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื”. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืื•ื ืก ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื” ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื“ื•ืžื”. ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื ื•ืขืžื•ืžื™ื ืžื”ืื™ืจื•ืข, ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืจื“ื™ื, ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืขืœื™ื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืœืชืช ืœื” ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช, ืฉืชืงืœ ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืกืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื (ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชื” ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•). ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืœืื•ื ืก ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืืกื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื ืก. ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืื•ืช ืืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืื•ื ืก ื›ืืœื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ (Rape Fiend) ื”ื ื“ื—ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืจืื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื•ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื ื’ื“ "ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืืชื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื". ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืก ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืื•ื ืก ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืคืจื‘ืจืกื™ื”" ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื”, ืกื•ืคืจ ืื’ื• ื—ืœืฉ, ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ืœื ืคืชื•ืจ, ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ืกื™ืจื•ืก, ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช. ืื•ืœื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืงืฉื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื•ืคืขืช ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ื™ื. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื–ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ืจืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ 1%โ€“5% ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ. ืขืงื‘ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืคืืชื™ื•ืช" ื•"ื”ืคืจืขืช ืื•ืคื™". ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืคืฉืข ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืชืช-ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขื™ื•ืจ, ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื—. ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืื•ื ืก ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืฉื•ืœืœื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืชืช-ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืžื•ืš, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช. ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื• ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื”. ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืื•ื ืก, ื•ืจื•ืžื–ื•ืช ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืกื™ื™ืงืก ื•ืžืฆื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื ื˜ืจื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื“ืงืช ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื. ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืฆืื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื ืก ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื•ืจื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืขื™ื•ืจ, ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืื‘ื˜ืœื”. ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ื ืกื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืืช ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื•ื ืก ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื”ืื•ื ืก ืชืœื•ื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื’ื‘ืจ. ื ื•ืฆืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ: ืื™-ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื. ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืื•ื ืก ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืชื ืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชืŸ ื•ืžืฉืชืžืจ ืื™-ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืื ืกืช (ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ): ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื™ื”, ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ื ื•ืขื” ื•ืœื”ืžืขื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช. ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ืœืืœื• ื”ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” (ืื, ืื—ื•ืช, ืจืขื™ื” โ€“ ื”ืžืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช "ื›ืจืื•ื™") ื•ืืœื• "ื”ืžื•ืคืงืจื•ืช" (ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžืช, ื”ืจื•ื•ืงื”, ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช). ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืœืื•ื ืก ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืฉืžื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ืคื•ืจื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ื–ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ื”-ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืชืคื™ืกืชืŸ ื›ื—ืคืฅ ืžื™ื ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื ืก ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื. ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืื•ื ืก ื™ื•ืคื—ืชื• ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื: ื”ื—ืžืจื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉื”, ื”ืฉื’ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืขืœืืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืœืื•ื ืก, ืืœื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™. ื”ืžื ื™ืข ื”ื•ื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื. ืื•ื ืก ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื™ื ื™, ื”ืžื•ื ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœื›ื•ื— ื•ืฉื ืืช ื ืฉื™ื. ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืคื™ืชื—ื” ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื ืก" ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ื” ืžืงื“ืžื•ืช ืื•ื ืก. ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืื•ื ืก, ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ื’ื ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช (ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช) ื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ ืืœื• ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืคื™ืฉืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ. (ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื•ืจื” ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช). ืœืคื™ ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื•, ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืขืงื‘ื™ืช ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• โ€“ ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™. ื‘ื ื“ื•ืจื” ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ืœืžื“ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ (Modeling). ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืฉืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื), ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืชืช-ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืœื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื, ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื. ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืฆื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื“ื”-ืกื ืกื™ื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ ื ื˜ืจื•ืœ ื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ืคื•ืจื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืื ื•ืก, ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืื•ื ืก, ื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื. ืื•ื ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื” ื”ื ืœืžื“ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื: ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ โ€“ ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืื•ื ืก ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืฆืคื• ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช โ€“ The Modeling Effect. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืŸ โ€“ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ โ€“ Sex-Violence Linkage. ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ื ืก โ€“ ืœืžืฉืœ: "ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื•ืช / ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืื ืก" โ€“ Rape Myth. ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื›ืื‘, ืœืคื—ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฉืคืœื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช โ€“ Desensitization Effect. ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช: ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ TST (ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื“ื—ืคื™ ืžื™ืŸ) ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืื•ื ืก. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— (ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก) ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ื”ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื: ืกื™ืจื•ืก ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ (ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืกืจืช ืืฉื›ื™ื) ื•ืกื™ืจื•ืก ื›ื™ืžื™-ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ (ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื›ืื•ืช TST). ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืื•ื ืก ืืงื˜ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•, ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื ื˜ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืœืฉื ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ืฉื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืžื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื. ื”ืฉืงืขืช ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืืฆืœ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช: ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœื“ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ, ื•ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื•ืืคืช ืœื’ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฆืืฆืื™ื. ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืืฆืœื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื-ืžื™ื ื™ืช (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืจืื• ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื–ื•). ืœืขื•ืžืชื”, ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื, ืขืงื‘ ืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืœื“ืช, ื•ืขืงื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ืื‘ื”ื•ืชื, ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื ืœืื ื•ืก ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื. ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื“ื”, ื•ืžืชื— ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืื•ื ืก. ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื: ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื: ืฉื ื™ ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืื•ื ืก โ€“ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืชื•ืจื ืœืื•ื ืก. ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื (ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืงื ืื”) ืืš ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœื• ืฉื•ื ื”. ืœืคื™ ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื•, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืื•ื ืก: ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืื•ื ืก ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ (ืœื›ืŸ ืจื•ื•ื—ื• ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื›ืกืคื™ ืœืื‘ื™ ื”ื ืขืจื”), ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื (ื•ื’ื ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืื ืกื™ื) ืžืกืžื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชืŸ ืืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคืœื” ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืื•ื ืก ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื, ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-10% ืžื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœื• ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ืกื•ื’ ืื•ื ืก ื–ื”, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžืื‘ืงื™ ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื. ืžืขืฉื™ ืื•ื ืก ืืœื• ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ืœืžื“ื™ื: ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื” ื ื•ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืœืื ื•ืก ื”ื™ื ื ืœืžื“ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื”. ื”ื™ื ื ืœืžื“ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื ื™ื” ืื•ืคืจื ื˜ื™ืช (ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื˜ืขื™ื” โ€“ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืžื ืกื” ืœืื ื•ืก, ืžืฆืœื™ื—, ืžืงื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื•ืžื ืกื” ืฉื•ื‘) ื•ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืขืžื“ื” (ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคื•ืจื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”). ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ื ืก ืื™ื ื” ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ืืœื ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื ืœืžื“ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืžื™ื ื™, ื›ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”. ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื: ื”ืกืœืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื™ืฆืจื” ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ืžื™ื. ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ื•ื’, ืžื” ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ืœืื ื•ืก. ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•-ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื™ื: ื”ืื ื“ืจื•ื’ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืื•ื ืก. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืชืงืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช. ืื•ืœื, ื’ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช, ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื” ืžื ื™ืข ืื“ื ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ. ืื ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ ืžื“ื•ืข ืจืง ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ื ืกื™ื?; ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื—ืฃ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช โ€“ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืืฆืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื?; ืื ืื•ื ืก ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช โ€“ ืžื“ื•ืข ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื•?; ืื ืื•ื ืก ืื›ืŸ ืžื•ื ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื?; ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืชืช-ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืชืช-ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” โ€“ ืžื“ื•ืข ืื•ื ืก ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช? ืื•ื ืก ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื•ื ืก ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืจืžื™ืกืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ื”ืฉืคืœื”, ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืชืงื”. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื•ื ืก ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992 ืงื‘ืข ื”ืื•"ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืฉืข ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืคืขืœืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืคืฉืข ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืื•ื ืก ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืื•ื ืก ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช. ื”ื ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืจื“ื•ืช, ืกื™ื•ื˜ื™ื, ืคืœืืฉื‘ืงื™ื, ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื“ื™ืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื”, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข ื’ื ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื, ืœืฆื“ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ืฉืคืœื”. ืืฆืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ ื•ื”ืืจื•ืš, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืื•ื ืกื™ื, ื›ืื‘ื™ ืื’ืŸ ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘. ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืื™ืจืขื• ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”: ื‘ืฉื ืช 1974 ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื”ืื—ื•ืช ืืŸ ื•ื•ืœื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ืจื’'ืก ื•ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื™ื ื“ื” ืœื™ื˜ืœื” ื”ื•ืœืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ืœื ืกื— ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืชืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื•ื ืก ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืŸ ืขื ื ืคื’ืขื•ืช ื•ื ืคื’ืขื™ ืชืงื™ืคื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืื‘ื—ื ื” "ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื ืก". ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืœื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื”ื•ืฆืขื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขืช ื“ื—ืง ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ: PTSD), ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1980 ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื–ื• ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”-DSM ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื ืก ื ื•ืชืจื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกืคืจื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื‘ืจื’'ืก ื•ื”ื•ืœืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ืœื ื ืฉื›ื—ื”, ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ืœื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื™ืฉื” ืื• ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืก ืื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืชืงื™ืคื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขืช ื“ื—ืง-ืคื•ืกื˜ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ ืื•ื ืก ื•ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืงืจื•ื‘, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช. ื”ืืฉืžืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžื•ืคื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” (ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื), ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ื ืก ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืฉืžืชืŸ, ื›ืื™ืœื• "ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื ืก" ืื• "ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ื ืก". ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื•. ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™, ืขื ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืืฉืžืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘"ื”ื–ืžื ืช ื”ืื•ื ืก". ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ ืื•ื ืก ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ, ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื”. ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืกื™ืžื ื™ ืื–ื”ืจื”, ืฉืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื“ื ื–ืจ. ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขื ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ื’ื ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื•ืกืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฆืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉื•ืง. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืื•ื ืก, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื” ืืช "ื”ืืฉืžืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ". ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฉื’ืœ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉืœื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื”, ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื•ื ืก ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื™ื ื•ืก ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ื ืชืคืก ื›ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™, ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืขื ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืื•ื ืก ื•ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืฉืžื” ืฉืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื ืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ืกื•ื’ืกื˜ื™ื”, ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื”ื ืื ืกืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื ืก ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ืงืจื” ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ื ืก ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืงืœื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”. ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืก ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช-ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืžืขืจืคืœืช ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืื• ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”. ื’ื•ืจื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื”ืืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืก. ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” (ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืื•ื ืก). ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ื“, ืกื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื™ืชื•ืง, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ืžื—ืจื™ืคื” ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ืื•ื ืก ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื• ืื•ื ืก, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•. ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื“ื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื•ืœื ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœื™ื•. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœื”ืืฉืžืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืืฉืžืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืืฉืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ืžืงืจื” ื”ืื•ื ืก ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืื•ื ืก, ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ืชืœื•ื ื” ื•ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืขื–ืจื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื•ื ืคืฉื™ืช. ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื”ืืฉืžื”, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื•ืฉื”. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ืžืงืฉื” ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื ืก. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•. ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืื•ื ืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื”, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ืคื’ืข, ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื ืก. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืืžืจื• ืœืขื™ืœ, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืืฉืžืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืžืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืขื–ืจื” ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ืื•ื ืก ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืœื•ื•ืช ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื•. ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื“ื•ื—ื” ื›ืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืœืช ืืฉืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืœื™ืœื™ื. ื‘ืคืก"ื“ ืคื ืงืก ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืื ื™ืฉื ื” ืืฉืžื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืคืœื™ืœื™ื. ืฉืœื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ โ€“ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ืœื–ื•ืœืช ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื•ืชื• ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื‘ืคืœื™ืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื—ื•ืœ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืืœื ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•. ื‘ืคืก"ื“ ืžืกื ืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืก ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืฉืชืชื” ืขื ื”ืื ืก ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืชืœื•ื•ืช ืืœื™ื• ืœื“ื™ืจืชื•. ื ืคืกืง, ื‘ืจื•ื— ืคืก"ื“ ืคื ืงืก, ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืชื™ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืœื•ื ื ืช ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื”ื’ื ื” ืœื–ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื ืืฉื ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืขื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืชืœื•ื ื ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื”ื™ื‘ืขืœ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื•. ืืš ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืชืœื•ื ื ืช ื—ืฉืคื• ืืช ืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื—ื” ืžื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืœื•ื ื ืช ื•ืž"ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช" ืฉืœื”, ื•ืืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื”ืงืœื” ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืฉื. ื•ื–ื• ืœืฉื•ื ื”: ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืžื ื—ื ืžืื•ื˜ื ืจ ื›ื™ ืž"ืงืจื™ืืช ืคืกืง-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืข ืฉื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœื ืจืง ื ืคืœื” ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืื•ื ืก, ืืœื, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, 'ื ืฉืคื˜ื”' ื’ื ื”ื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ื ืืฉื, ื•ืชื•ื™ื™ื’ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื” ื›ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื’ื™ื ื•ื™. ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื”ืื ืก ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืื•ื ืก 'ื ืขื ืฉื”' ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื”". ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขืžื™ืช ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืืฉืžืช ืฉื•ื•ื ื”ืืฉืžืช ืฉื•ื•ื ื‘ืื•ื ืก ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืฉืงืจื™ ืขืœ ืžืงืจื” ืื•ื ืก ืฉืœื ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื ืก ื›ื•ื–ื‘, ืืš ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื›-2% ืขื“ 10% ืžื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื. ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื ืฉื™ื" ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืžืชื•ืš 136 ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, 5.9% ืžื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ื•ื–ื‘ื™ื. ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืื•ื ืก ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื•ื”-70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉืžืช ื”ื ืื ืกืช ื‘ืื•ื ืก. ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืคื—ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื•ื ืก ืžืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืช ืกื™ื•ืข ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœื ืื ืกืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืื•ื ืก ืขืฆืžื•, ืื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื ื™ ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืžืžื“ื™ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืื•ื ืก. ืื›ื™ืคื” ื•ืขื ื™ืฉื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžืจืชื™ืข ื’ื ื›ืŸ. ื”ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ืื•ื ืก ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื ืก ื”ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื•ื ืก ื‘ืžืงืจื ืœืื•ื ืก ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš, ืืš ืœืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื”, ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืืจืžื™ืช, ืืœื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ 'ืขื™ื ื•ื™'. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืื•ื ืก ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ื ืก ื“ื™ื ื” (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœ"ื“), ืžืขืฉื” ืคื™ืœื’ืฉ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื” (ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ืคืจืงื™ื ื™ื˜-ื›ื) ื•ืžืขืฉื” ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘' ื™"ื’). ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืื•ื ืก ืื™ื ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ืงื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื”, ืื—ื™ื”, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ืœื•ื™, ื ื•ืงืžื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ืขื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื (ื”ืื•ื ืก), ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื•ื ืก ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื ืฉืช ื”ืื•ื ืก. ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืคื™ืœื’ืฉ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื”, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ื•ืจืžื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืกื’ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ื ืกื™ื, ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืžืจ, ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื โ€“ ืื— ืชืžืจ, ื ื•ืงื ืืช ื ืงืžืชื”, ื•ืจื•ืฆื— ืืช ืืžื ื•ืŸ, ืื—ื™ื• ืžืื‘. ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืก ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”, ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ืก ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ืœื•ืช, ืฉื”ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื—ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื”ืกื‘ ืœื• (ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื•ื›ื•'). ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืก ื›ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืขืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืก ื ืขืจื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืื ืก ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“: ืœืฉืœื ืืช ืžื•ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ืื ืจืฆื•ื ื” ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœื’ืจืฉื”. ื‘ื›ืš ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืื ืก ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื ืกืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื” ืœื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื—ืฉืง ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื—ืชื ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื. ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ื‘ืขื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ื ืก ืื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื—ื–ืงืชื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ื ืก ("ืฆึธืขึฒืงึธื” ื”ึทื ึทึผืขึฒืจึธ ื”ึทืžึฐืึนืจึธืฉึธื‚ื” ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืžื•ึนืฉึดืื™ืขึท ืœึธื”ึผ") ื•ื‘ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื—ื–ืงืชื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ("ืขึทืœ ื“ึฐึผื‘ึทืจ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืœึนื ืฆึธืขึฒืงึธื” ื‘ึธืขึดื™ืจ"). ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืื ืื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ืชืฆืขืง, ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืื ืก, ื•ืœื”ืคืš: ืืฃ ื‘ืฉื“ื”, ืื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื” ื•ืœื ืฆืขืงื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ืก ืืœื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื™. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืชืจ NationMaster ืžืฉื ืช 2010, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-26 ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืื•ื ืก ืžืชื•ืš 119 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืจื’ื• (ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืจื’ื• ืขื ืžืžื“ื™ ืื•ื ืก ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ืื™ืกืœื ื“. ื‘ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื‘ืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ). ืงืฉื” ืœืืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-80% ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืื• ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-50% ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืฉืœืคื™ื”ื ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ืฉื™ื ืชื—ื•ื•ื” ืชืงื™ืคื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืข ืื• ื—ืžืฉ ื ืฉื™ื ืชื—ื•ื•ื” ืื•ื ืก. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ืื ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื ืื ืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื”, ืืš ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื โ€“ ื ืฉื™ื ื ืื ืกื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ื ืก ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื• ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ื—ืคืฅ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืœืื™ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ืœืœื ื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช (ื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ, ืกืขื™ืฃ 345). ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืื•ื ืก ืžื•ืคื ื™ืช ืืš ื•ืจืง ื›ืœืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื. ืชืงื™ืคื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื›ืื•ื ืก ืืœื ื›ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืขืฉื” ืกื“ื•ื (ื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ, ืกืขื™ืฃ 347). ืืš ืคืจื˜ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืืงื˜ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกื“ื•ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื•ื ืก ื•ื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉ"ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืก". ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืคื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืจืืœื™ ืื• ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ื•ืคื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื“ื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ืžื’ื•ื ื”, ืขื‘ืจื” ืงืœื” ืžืื•ื ืก ืื• ืžืขืฉื” ืกื“ื•ื, ืฉื“ื™ื ื” ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืืกืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืื•ื ืก ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ, ืืš ื ืจืฉืžื• ื’ื ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืฉื™ื ืื ืกื•. ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื›ืื•ื ืก, ืืฃ ืื ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื” ื‘ื• ืœื›ืื•ืจื” (ื–ื”ื• ืื•ื ืก ืกื˜ื˜ื•ื˜ื•ืจื™). ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-18, ืืœื ื›ื™ืœื“ ืื• ื ืขืจ ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ืฉื ืงืจื "ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื”" (ื’ื™ืœ 16 ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ). ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 16 ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืขืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืš ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื’ื™ืœ 14, ื•ื–ืืช ืืฃ ืื ื”ื‘ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื™ืœ ืื• ืืฃ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืชื• ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ืกื“ื•ื, ื’ื ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื” ื•ื’ื ืœืงื˜ื™ืŸ. ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืื™ืœื• ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื•ื ืก ื•ื‘ืื™ืœื• ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื›ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื” ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื›ืื•ื ืก. ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืœื”ืจืฉืขื” ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืื•ื ืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืขืœืžื” ืžื—ื•ืœืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ 22 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืชื” ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืž"ื ื’ื“ ืจืฆื•ื ื”" ืœ"ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืชื”". ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื•ื ืก ื‘ืฉืžืจืช, ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืื ืกืช ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื•ื ืก. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื’ืข ืžื™ื ื™ ืื™ืชื”, ื•ืื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ืก. ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื”, ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ืš ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ืขื ื” ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืื•ื ืก. ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™. ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืœ ืืฉืชื•) ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17 ืžืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืœ (Hale) , ืฉืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ "ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืฉื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืื™ื ื•ืก ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืืฉืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ืช, ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžืกืจื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœื‘ืขืœื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื”". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977 ืคื•ืจืกื ื ื•ืกื— ืžืื•ื—ื“ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืกืขื™ืฃ 345 ืœื—ื•ืง ื–ื”, ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื•ื ืก, ืคืชื— ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื: "ื”ื‘ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื”, ืฉืื™ื ื” ืืฉืชื•, ื ื’ื“ ืจืฆื•ื ื”". ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™, ืฉื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืœ ืืฉืชื•), ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืื•ื ืก. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืคื•ืจืกื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื ื•ืกื— ื–ื”, ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื "ื”ื‘ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื”, ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ, ื ื’ื“ ืจืฆื•ื ื”" (ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ื˜ืจื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“). ื‘ืฉื ืช 1980 ืคืกืง ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืœื ื“ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืŸ-ืคื•ืจืช ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ืฉื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืื•ื ืก. ืคืกื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™, ื•ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื ื—ื•ื ืจืงื•ื‘ืจ (ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืœื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60, ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื ื–ื•ืŸ). ื‘-6 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2009 ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืชื•ืจื’'ืžืŸ 45 ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืืกืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืื™ ืคืขื ืขืœ ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืจืื• ื’ื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื ืก ื ืคื’ืข ื—ืจื“ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื ืก ืื•ื ืก ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืื•ื ืก ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ื•ื ืคื’ืขื•ืช ืชืงื™ืคื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื™ืขืœ ืฉืžืฉ, "ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืื•ื ืก ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ื™ื ื”, ืœืคื™ืœื’ืฉ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื” ื•ืœืชืžืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื, ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช", ืฉ' ื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืงืจื ื•ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื– (ืชืฉืก"ื”), ืขืž' 309โ€“333. ื™ืขืœ ืฉืžืฉ, "ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืื•ื ืก ื‘ืžืงืจื: ื”ืžืื—ื“ ื•ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ื“", ืจ' ื›ืฉืจ ื•-ืž' ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืงืจื ื•ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื• (ืชืฉืก"ื’), ืขืž' 315โ€“341. ืžืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืื•ื ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 2017 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื *
2024-09-24T17:46:21
ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืฅ
ืกื˜ื ืœื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืกืงื™ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Stanley Gayetzky; 2 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1927 - 6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1991), ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœื• ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืฅ (Stan Getz), ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืื—ื“ ืžื ื’ื ื™ ื”ืกืงืกื•ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’'ืื–, ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืกื” ื ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืงื•ืœ ื’'ืื– ืžืคื•ืจืกื. ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื’ืฅ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”, ืืš ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ืฆืื” ืžืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ืงื ื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ืกืงืกื•ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 13. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1943, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 16, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืžื‘ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ื’'ืง ื˜ื™ื’ืจื“ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืชื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช (ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืŸ ืงื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘-1944; ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ืจืกื™ ื‘-1945; ื•ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื•ื“ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1945โ€“1946), ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื›ืกื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1947โ€“1949. ื”ืกื•ืœื• ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืœื™ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืงื˜ืข "ืกืชื™ื• ืžื•ืงื“ื" ("Early Autumn") ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืจืœืฃ ื‘ืจื ื– ื”ืคืš ืœืœื”ื™ื˜. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1950, ื’ืฅ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1953-1954 ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื’'ื™ืžื™ ืจื™ื™ื ื™. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฆื‘ืจ ื’ืฅ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ืŸ ืงื•ืœ ื’'ืื–, ื›ืฉื ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืืก ืกื™ืœื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืื•ืกืงืจ ืคื™ื˜ืจืกื•ืŸ, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœื™ื•ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื ื’ื ื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืืจืœื™ ืคืืจืงืจ - ื”ืžืชื•ืคืฃ ืจื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ืก, ื”ืคืกื ืชืจืŸ ืืœ ื”ื™ื™ื’, ื•ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื˜ ื˜ื•ืžื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1958, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืชื• ืœืกืžื™ื, ืขื‘ืจ ื’ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ ืฉื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง (ื‘ืฉื ืช 1954 ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ืœื ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ื‘ืขื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืจืงื—ืช, ืžืžื ื• ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื“ื•ื“ ืžื•ืจืคื™ื•ื). ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘-1961, ื”ื™ื” ื’ืฅ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืกื” ื ื•ื‘ื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ ืฆ'ืืจืœื™ ื‘ื™ืจื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ื‘-1962 ืืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ "ื’'ืื– ืกืžื‘ื”", ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” "Sรณ Danรงo Samba" ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืงืจืœื•ืก ื–'ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื’ืฅ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื’ืจืืžื™ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืงื˜ืข ื’'ืื– ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 1963 ืขืœ ื ื’ื™ื ืชื• ื‘ืงื˜ืข "Desafinado" ื‘ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ื–ื”. ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื’ืฅ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื•ืกื” ื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื - ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืงืจืœื•ืก ื–'ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ ื–'ื•ืืื• ื–'ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜ื• ื•ืืฉืชื• ื”ื–ืžืจืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื“ ื–'ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜ื•. ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื‘-1963 ืืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ "ื’ืฅ/ื–'ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜ื•", ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื”ื ืขืจื” ืžืื™ืคื ื™ืžื”" ("The Girl from Ipanema"). ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื“ื™ืจื” - ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืคืจืกื™ ื’ืจืืžื™ ืœืฉื ืช 1965 (ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ) - ื•ื“ื—ืง ืžืžืฆืขื“ื™ ื”ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ืืช "ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืคืจืš" ("A Hard Day's Night") ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืขื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื‘ื•ืกื” ื ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืกืœืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื’'ืื–. ื’ืฅ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ืฉืคืช ื”ื‘ื•ืกื” ื ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื ื’ื™ื ืชื• ื ืฉืžืขืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ื ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™ื™ื. ื‘-1967 ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืคื™ื•ื–'ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืค, ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืžืกืคืจ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ืขื ืฆ'ื™ืง ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื•ืกื˜ื ืœื™ ืงืœืืจืง. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื’ื ื™ ื’'ืื–: ืกืงืกื•ืคื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกืงืกื•ืคื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกืงืกื•ืคื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื’ื ื™ ื‘ื™ ื‘ื•ืค ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื’ืจืืžื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1927 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1991
2023-07-01T23:04:28
ืคื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
230px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžื“ืขืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืข. ืคึถึผื˜ืจื•ึนืœื•ึนื’ื™ึธื” (ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: petra โ€“ ืกืœืข, logia โ€“ ืชื•ืจื”) ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ืกืœืขื™ื. ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืกืœืขื™ื, ื”ืจื›ื‘ื, ืžืจืงืžื, ืชืคื•ืฆืชื, ืžื™ื•ื ื ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื. ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื: ืกืœืขื™ ื™ืกื•ื“, ืกืœืขื™ ืžืฉืงืข ื•ืกืœืขื™ื ืžื•ืชืžืจื™ื. ืคื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืขื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืกืœืขื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืžืื’ืžื” ื•ืœื‘ื”. ืคื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืขื™ ืžืฉืงืข ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื”, ื”ืกืขื” ื•ื“ื™ืื’ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกืœืขื™ ืžืฉืงืข. ืคื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืขื™ื ืžื•ืชืžืจื™ื ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกืœืข ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื ืื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ, ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืคื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื˜ืจื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืคึถึผื˜ืจื•ึนื’ืจึทืคื™ึธื” (ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: graphia โ€“ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”) โ€“ ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื•ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ืกืœืขื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืกืœืขื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืกืช ืกืœืข ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ึพ0.03 ืž"ืž ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” ืฉืงืฃ. ื”ืฉืงืฃ ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื ื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืกืœืข, ืœื™ื˜ื•ืฉื• ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืงืช ื”ืคืจื•ืกื” ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช. ื”ืฉืงืฃ ื ื‘ื“ืง ืชื—ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืคื˜ืจื•ื’ืจืคื™", ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื˜ื‘. ืคื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืกืœืขื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ืกืœืขื™ื. ืคื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื™ื” ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืคื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืกืœืขื™ื. ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื ืฆืœืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”: ืžื™ื ืจืœื•ื’ื™ื” โ€“ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื. ืคื˜ืจื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืจืงื ื•ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืกืœืขื™ื, ื”ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืกืœืข ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ืคื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื’ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื *
2024-07-21T23:16:38
ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ
ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Decibel) ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžื™ื“ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกืคืง ื—ืฉืžืœื™. ืฉื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื”ืชื—ื™ืœื™ืช "ื“ืฆื™" (ืž-decimus, ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช) ื•"ื‘ืœ", ืขืœ ืฉื ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ืจื”ื ื‘ืœ. ืืช ื”ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ืžืกืžื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช dB. ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื™ื—ืก, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉืชื™ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกืคืง ื‘ืกืงืืœื” ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™ืช ืœืคื™ ื‘ืกื™ืก 10, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชื ืœืคื™ ื‘ืกื™ืก 10 ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกืคืงื™ื. ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ 10 ื‘ื”ืกืคืง. ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื–ืืช , ื›ืืฉืจ ื•- ื”ืŸ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกืคืง ื•-R ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœ. ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžื“ื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ, ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœ: . ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 10 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ (ื‘ืœ ืื—ื“) ืฉืงื•ืœื” ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ 10 ื‘ื”ืกืคืง. ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 20 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื” ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืกืคืง ืคื™ 100, ืฉืœ 30 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ืคื™ 1,000 ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืงืคืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื”ืกืคืง. ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ืžืฉืงืคืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกืคืง. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1923 ืื• 1924, ื•ืฉืžื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ืœื•ืฅ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ืจื”ื ื‘ืœ. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืงื•ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื‘ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ 20 ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคืกืงืœ, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืกืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”. ืœืœื—ืฅ ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืจืžืช ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืงื•ืœ (Sound Pressure Level), ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช: SPL. ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื ืžื“ื“ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืœื—ืฅ ื–ื” ื ืžื“ื“ืช ื‘-dBSPL, ืืš ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืจืง "ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ" ืื• dB. ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื•, ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืคืกืงืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืจืžืช ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ 94 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ. ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืž-0 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืœ-140 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ (ืกืฃ ื”ื›ืื‘). ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ืงื•ืœ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ: 0 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ - ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื” ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ, ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืงื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ 10 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ - ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช 30 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ - ืœื—ื™ืฉื” 60 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ - ืฉื™ื—ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” 90 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ - ืจื›ื‘ืช ืชื—ืชื™ืช 110 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ - ื‘ื›ื™ ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืฆืขืงื” ื—ื–ืงื”, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืจื•ืขืฉืช 140 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ - ืžื ื•ืข ืžื˜ื•ืก ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžืžืจื—ืง 30 ืžื˜ืจ 165 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ - ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฆื™ื“ (ืžืžืจื—ืง 0) 170 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ - ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืœื 204 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ - ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืœ ืกื˜ื•ืจืŸ 5 197 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ - ืจืขืฉ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื˜ื•ื ื’ื•ืกืงื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ื™ืœ (ื›-4.6 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ) 310 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ - ืจืขืฉ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ืงืจืงื˜ื•ืื” ื‘-27 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1883, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืจืžืช ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ 0 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืœืคื™ ืกืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ืกืฃ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ืื‘. ืกืฃ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื›-125 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ; ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื–ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฆืจื™ืžื” ืื• ืื™ ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ื•ืœื›ืื‘ื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื. ืกืฃ ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื›-140 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ; ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื–ื• ื—ืฉ ื”ืฉื•ืžืข ื›ืื‘ ืจื‘ ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื•, ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืคื’ื. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืชื™ืจ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 8 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืจืขืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ 85 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžึพ85 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ืœืœื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื™ื. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืžืคื’ืขื™ ืจืขืฉ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื: ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” - ื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ืขื“ 30 ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื•ื 45 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ, ื•ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžืขืœ 30 ื“ืงื•ืช 40 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ. ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื - ื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ืขื“ 2 ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื•ื 80 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ, ื•ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืขื“ 3 ืฉืขื•ืช 60 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืชื—ื•ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืจื—ื‘. ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™ (ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžื•ืกื›ื), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ, ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื™ืช dB ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื ืžื“ื“. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, dBV ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืžืชื— ื—ืฉืžืœื™. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืชื—ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื•ื•ืœื˜. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืก ื”ืกืคืงื™ื, ื•ื”ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ื”ืžืชื—, ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื . ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืกืคืง ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืชื— ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœื˜ ืื—ื“. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืจื“ื™ื•, ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ, ืื• ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืกื™ื‘-ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ืฆื’ื” ื ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืจื—ื‘. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” dBm, ืฉืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืฉื”ืกืคืงื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื•ืื˜ (mW) ืื—ื“: . ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ื ื’ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื›ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืกืคืง ื‘ื”ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ืจื”, ื ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื— ืื ื˜ื ื”, ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืงืืœื” ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™ืช. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ืขืจืš 10 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื˜ื ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ 1 ืœ-10, ื•ืœื›ืŸ 10 dBm ืฉืงื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืคืง ืฉืœ 10 mW, ื•--10 dBm ืฉืงื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืคืง ืฉืœ 0.1 mW. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืืคื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจืขืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื•ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” dBc ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื”ืกืคืง ื‘ืชื“ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื”ืกืคืง ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื. ืจืื• ื’ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื”
2024-08-01T01:56:50
DOS
Disk Operating System ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช DOS ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ืฉื™. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ื–ื• ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืžืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช Windows, macOS, ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืฆื•ืช ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก. ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” DOS ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ ืจืง ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื—ื“. ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” TSR. ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ืžืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื•ืจืก. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, DOS ืื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื ืฆืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ืžืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื•ื”ืœืื” ื›ืžื• 80386, 80486 ื•ืคื ื˜ื™ื•ื. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ DOS ื”ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืฉื ืงืจืื” CP/M ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืืจื™ ืงื™ืœื“ืœ ื•ืฉื•ื•ืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื’ืœืงื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืจื™ืกืจืฅ' ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื•. CP/M ื™ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ึพืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืื™ื ื˜ืœ 8080. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1978 ืื™ื ื˜ืœ ื™ืฆืื” ืขื ืžืขื‘ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืื™ื ื˜ืœ 8086, ืืš ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืจื™ืกืจืฅ' ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื’ืจืกืช CP/M ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ CP/M ืœืžืขื‘ื“ ื–ื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ึพ8086. ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ, 86-DOS , ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื ืคื˜ืจืกื•ืŸ . ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืงื ืชื” ืžืคื˜ืจืกื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ DOS. ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืœื—ื‘ืจืช IBM ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื”,IBM PC. ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ DOS ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืช IBM. ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื–ื”, ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ IBM ื•ืชืฉืœื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืขื•ืชืง DOS ืฉื”ื•ืคืฅ. ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” DOS, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื IBM, DR-DOS, ExDOS ื•ืขื•ื“. ื’ืจืกื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื FreeDOS, ืฉื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื›ื ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช. ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ MS-DOS ื”ื™ื 6.22. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” Windows 95, 98 ื•ึพME ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกืŸ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืืš ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ MS-DOS ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื›ึพMS-DOS 7/MS-DOS 8. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืฆื“ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช DOS ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื” ื”ืŸ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื, ื”ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื. ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื™ื, ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื™ืฉื ื” (ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืงืจื™ื, ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื), ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ ืชืžืœื™ืœื™ื, ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™. ื›ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื”, DOS ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช DOS ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืชื—ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ื—ื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ืคืขืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช DOS ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”. ื”ืคืขืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ึพDOS ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืงื ื” ืœื”ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืคืขืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ืจืฆื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืื• ืฉืจืช ื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœ , ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืœืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืจืฉืช ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจ. ืžืฉื—ืงื™ DOS ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ึพVDMSound ืื• DOSBox. ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช COMMAND.COM ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืžืžืฉืง ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืœ DOS. ืžืžืฉืง ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืงืœื“ืช ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืกืง ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืคืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืขืชืงืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืฉื text.txt, ืžืชื™ืงื™ื™ืช folder ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื›ื•ื ืŸ :C ืœืชื™ืงื™ื™ืช folder2 ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื›ื•ื ืŸ :D copy C:\folder\text.txt D:\folder2\text.txt ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื“ื™ืกืงื˜ ืื• ื“ื™ืกืง ืงืฉื™ื— ืฉืื•ืชื—ืœ (format) ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื—ืช DOS, ื™ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืืชื—ื•ืœ ื•ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ื–ื• (FAT12/16). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื: IO.SYS (ื‘ื’ืจืกืช PC-DOS ืฉืœ IBM: IBMBIO.COM) โ€“ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”-DOS BIOS (ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืขื ROM BIOS), ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืง ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœืœื™ื‘ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื”. ื”-BIOS ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœ-BIOS, ื›ื•ืœืœ IO.SYS ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช SYSINIT, ืฉื ื˜ืขื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืืชื—ื•ืœ ื•ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ืืชื—ื•ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื”. MSDOS.SYS (ื‘ื’ืจืกืช PC-DOS: IBMDOS.COM) โ€“ ืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช, ื”ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืœื™, ื•ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช. COMMAND.COM โ€“ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืง ืฉื•ืจืช ืคืงื•ื“ื”. IO.SYS ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ, ื•ึพMSDOS.SYS ื”ืฉื ื™. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ื›ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืกืชืจื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช (ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื™ื” ืฉืฉืžื” "DOS") ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ื•ืฉืœ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉืžืกืคืจืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžื’ืจืกื” ืœื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ื™ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื’ื ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืฉื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื•: CONFIG.SYS - ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืชื—ื•ืœ ื•ืžื›ื™ืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื. AUTOEXEC.BAT - ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื‘ืฆืขื• ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืชื—ื•ืœ. ืžืฉืžืฉ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ (paths) ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืคืขืœื”. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ื ืกืžื›ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ึพDOS. ืจืง ื‘ื’ืจืกืช Windows NT ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืžึพDOS, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ึพDOS. ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช" ื›ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืขื•ืจืš EDIT ืื• ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืžืืงืจื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช" ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืžืฉืง ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ (shell) ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช Cmd.exe ืื• Command.com, ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ึพDOS. ืจืื• ื’ื Codepage 437 MS-DOS ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื–ื”ืจ ืขืžื™ื”ื•ื“, ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื ืœ-DOS 5 ื•ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื•ื“-ืขืžื™, 1992 The Rise of DOS: How Microsoft Got the IBM PC OS Contract, PC Magazine, 12 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2021 * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜
2023-06-15T13:59:35
ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช
ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื” ืœืžืœื•ื•ื” ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืœืœื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ืžืกื•ื™ื (ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ืงืจืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”" ืื• "ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”" ืื• "ื”ืงืจืŸ") ืœืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช (ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”"). ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ืžืฉืœื ืœืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ืงืจืŸ. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื "ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ", ืื• ืœืžืขืฉื” "ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ" ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืžื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื•ื•ื”. ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืŸ: ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช โ€“ ืขืจืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืืฆืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ื•ื‘ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ, ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืืคื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืื• ืœื ืฆืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช. ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” โ€“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”. ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœื ืชื•ื—ื–ืจ ืื• ืฉื”ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืชื™ื“ื—ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื (ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื”) ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื, ืื• ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ, ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืžืฆื“ ื”ืœื•ื•ื” โ€“ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืื• ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื ืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ (ืื• ืฆืคื•ื™) ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ืกืฃ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืœื ืœื• ื•ืœืกื›ื ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืจื•ื•ื— โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื ืกื›ื•ื ืงืฆื•ื‘ (ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช) ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืคืกื“ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ื—ืœืงื” ื•ืืฃ ืœื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ืื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœื›ืš. ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” โ€“ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืขื• ืžืžื ื• (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉื ื’ืจื, ืื ื ื’ืจื) ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื•ื›ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื• (ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื™ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืื• ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืขื“ ืคืจืขื•ื ื”). ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”-18 ื•ื”-19, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืง ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ืงืจืื• ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืžื ืข ืžื”ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื”ืชืžืจืžืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื ืื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืกืžืš ืœื˜ืขื ื” ืขืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืชื ื•ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ืชื•ืช, ื™ืฉื ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ (ืจืื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืช), ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืื•ืกืจืช ืขืœ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื "ืืช ื›ืกืคืš ืœื ืชื™ืชืŸ ื›ื ืฉืš".ื ื—ื•ื ืจืงื•ื‘ืจ "ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช โ€“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืชืฉืž"ื˜-1988), ื›ืจืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืž' 969 ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช (ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ), ื‘ืืชืจ ื“ืขืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉื ื ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื›ืŸ ืžืืฉืจืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืคืกื™ืงืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช.ื ื—ื•ื ืจืงื•ื‘ืจ "ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช โ€“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืชืฉืž"ื˜-1988), ื›ืจืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืž' 970-975 ื—ื•ืง ืคืกื™ืงืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ื“ืขืช. ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืกืงื”", ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช (ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ื›ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืขืกืงื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช). ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืื™ื ื” ืชื ืื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื”, ืœื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ืœืกืคืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืœืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ืœืคืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”. ืœื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืคื•ื ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืืคื•ืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉืœื ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืงืฆื•ืฆื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืชื™ื (ืื• ืืฃ ืœืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื”). ืกื•ื’ื™ ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”: ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื”ืงืจืŸ, ื•ื”ืื—ื•ื– ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื™ืฉืจ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”. ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื” ื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื "ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช". ืื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื“ื“ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื โ€“ ื ืงืจื ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ืชื™. = ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื = ื”ืงืจืŸ (ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™) = ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช (ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: 0.07 ื”ื•ื 7%) ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืช (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืฉื ื”). = ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื). ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ืœื•ื•ื” ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืกืš ืฉืœ 1,000 ืฉ"ื— (ื”ืงืจืŸ) ืœืžืฉืš 3 ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ 6%, ืื–ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืžืœื•ื•ื”: ืฉ"ื—. ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช (ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช): ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืŸ ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช. = ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื = ื”ืงืจืŸ (ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™) = ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช = ื–ืžืŸ (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื) ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ืœื•ื•ื” ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืกืš ืฉืœ 1,000 ืฉ"ื— ืœืžืฉืš 3 ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ 6%, ืื–ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืžืœื•ื•ื”: ืฉ"ื—. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช, ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ื”: = ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื = ื”ืงืจืŸ (ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™) = ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช = ื–ืžืŸ (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื) = ืžืกืคืจ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ืœื•ื•ื” ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืกืš ืฉืœ 1,000 ืฉ"ื— ืœืžืฉืš 3 ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ืช ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ 6%, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช ืื—ืช ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ [ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•: 12 ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช], ืื–ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืžืœื•ื•ื”: ืฉ"ื—. ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื”. ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื”: ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืขืช ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื•ื ืฉืืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ืขื“ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื”. ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื”: ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืขืช ืœืขืช ืžืžื•ืขื“ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื•ืขื“ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื”. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืชื‘ืฆืข ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื“ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ (ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”) ืื• ืœืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง (ืื• ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื). ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ืช (ืื• ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ืช, ืื• ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืงื•ื ื˜ื•ืงื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืช, ืื• ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ืงื•ื‘ื”) ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ื ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื (ืขืžืœื•ืช). ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืชืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช. ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช (ืื• ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืชื•ืืžืช) ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืžืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืชื•ืš ืฉืงืœื•ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ื ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื (ืขืžืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื). ืื ืงืจืŸ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื”ื™ื A ื•ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื”ื•ื A+K, ืื–ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช (ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื) ื”ื•ื: ืœืคื™ื›ืš: ืœื•ื•ื” ืฉื ื˜ืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ 10,000 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ 12,000 ืฉ"ื— ื‘ืกื•ืคื”, ื ืฉื ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ: ืœืฉื ื”. ืื ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ 10,000 ืฉ"ื— ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ 12,000 ืฉ"ื— ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ: ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื™ื โ€“ ืชื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ n ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื”: R โ€“ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ืช (ืฉื ื”, ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื›ื•'). n โ€“ ืžืกืคืจ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช (ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื). ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ (ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืื—ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืคืœ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช). ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ื ืœืงื—ื” ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 6 ืื—ื•ื– ืœืฉื ื”, ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืช ื ืขืฉื” ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืื–ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื‘-12 ื ืงื‘ืœ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืื—ื•ื– (12\6%). ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื ืงื‘ืœ ืฉื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช (ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช) ื”ื™ื ื›-6.17% ืžืงืจืŸ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”: [1 - 12(0.005 + 1)] โ‰ˆ 0.0617 = 6.17%. ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” (ืื• ืžื“ื“ ืื—ืจ ืžื•ืกื›ื), ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืขืจ (ืจืื• ื”ืขืจื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš) ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื’ื•ืจื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”) ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœื™ื”. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ืœืžื“ื“ ื–ื” (ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื”) ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื™ื ืžืขืช ืœืขืช. ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืง, ืืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืžื“ื“ ืื—ืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืžื“ื“ ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืื• ืฉืขืจ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื: R โ€“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ืช. M โ€“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” (ืื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื“). ื”ืขืจื”: ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ืช, ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื• ืื™ื ื ื” ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ ื›ื™ ืื ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืžืกื“ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ), ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ (R-M) ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื”ืฆืžื“ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ืฆืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ืช ืœืžื“ื“ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื”ื”ืฆืžื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืŸ ื•ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฆืžื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืช: R โ€“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ืช. M โ€“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฆืžื“ื” (ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื“). ื”ืขืจื”: ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื›ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ (R+M) ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ืขืจื›ื”= ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืœื•ื•ื” ืฉื ื˜ืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 15% "ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ืœืžื“ื“" (ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืง). ืื ื”ืžื“ื“ ืขืœื” ื‘-10% ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื™ืฉืœื ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœ ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”. ืื ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื‘ ื ืงื‘ืœ: 0.15 + 0.10 = 0.25 = 25% ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœืขืจืš ื”ืืžื™ืชื™. ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœืชืžื—ื•ืจ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ื ืงืื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืคื™ืงื“ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืขืกืงื•ืช ืืฉืจืื™. ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืงื“ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื ืคื•ืฆื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืžืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื›ืกืคื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ. ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”, ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืชืžืฉื•ืš ืืœื™ื” ืคื™ืงื“ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘, ื•ืชืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ืš ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื. ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืง ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ (ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ). ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ืฉืขืจ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื ืื• ืœื•ื•ื” ืžื”ื (ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช), ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืง. ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื“ื™ ืชืจืกืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง, ื•ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืื˜ื” ืื• ืืฃ ืœืžื™ืชื•ืŸ. ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง, ืืš ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื—ืฆื™ื ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื“ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื•ืกืจื™, ืืชื™, ื“ืชื™ ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™. ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฆื“ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื”ืจืก ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื™. ื‘ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื, ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื, ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ืืกืœืื ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืงื™ื™ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื‘ืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื. ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื‘ื™ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืชืžืš ื‘ื”ื˜ืœืช ืชืงืจืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืงื™ื™ื ืก ืกื‘ืจ ืขืžื“ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืจืกืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืขืœืช ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื•ืกืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1987 ืคืจืกืžื” ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœ"ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช" ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื” ืžืจื’ืจื™ื˜ ืงื ื“ื™ ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืœื’ื™ืฉืชื”, ืžืœื•ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืกืชืจ ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืื—ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชืฉืœื•ื ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืœื•ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ. ืืœื ืฉื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื’ืœื•ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ื ื™ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”, ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืžื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื 50% ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ื ื™ื (ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ืขืžื“ ืขืœ 10%). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืœื˜ืขื ืชื” ื’ื ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืงืœื—ืช, ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ. 80% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื, 10% ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื. ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื ืฆื™ื— ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ. ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืœื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืœืงืจืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื, ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืื• ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ืงื•ืง. ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” "ื“ืžื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช" ืขืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืจืชืขื” ื•/ืื• ืœืขื ื™ืฉื”. ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื“ืจื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื‘ื›ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืœื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืคืจืขื•ืŸ. ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื•ืคืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1987 ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื, ืืช "ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง (ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื’ื‘ื™ื”), ืชืฉืž"ื–-1987", ื”ืžืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ 'ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ืง'. ื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ืกื—: "ืื™ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ", ืœื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”. ื‘ืžืื™ 2022, ืื™ืฉืจื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื›ื™ "ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ืง ื‘ื• ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืœื”ืคืงื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœื ื”ืคืงื™ื“". ืจืื• ื’ื ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืงืฆืจืช ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉืงื™ืœื•ืช ืคืขืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฆืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืคืจื•ืค' ื ื—ื•ื ืจืงื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืขืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ - ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื - ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™; ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืฉืž"ื—-1987. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืฉืจืื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ *
2024-07-19T05:51:56
ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”
REDIRECT ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช_ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”
2015-09-26T11:05:29
ืกื•ื’ ื“ื
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|350px|ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื“ื ื”ื•ื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื ื”ื ืงื‘ืขืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืžื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื™ื (ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ื) ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช. ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ื‘ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ. ืขื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื“ื ืœื ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืœืžื•ื•ืช, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ABO ื•ื’ื•ืจื Rh, ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ ืงืจืœ ืœื ื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘-1930. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ABO ืื“ื ืฉืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื• ืงื™ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ A ื•ื‘ืคืœื–ืžื” ืงื™ื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ B ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื A. ืื“ื ืฉืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื• ืงื™ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ B ื•ื‘ืคืœื–ืžื” ืงื™ื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ A ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื B. ืื“ื ืฉืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ื A ื•-B, ืืš ื‘ืคืœื–ืžื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื AB. ืื“ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืœื–ืžื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ื A ื•-B, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื O. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื AB ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื“ื ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื (ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื "ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™"), ื•ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื O ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื (ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื "ืชื•ืจื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™"). ืžืœื‘ื“ ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื (A/B/AB/O), ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ (+) ืื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™ (-). ื”ืคืœื•ืก ืื• ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืก ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืŸ RHD (ืœื”ืœืŸ, ื’ื•ืจื Rh), ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืชื ื•ืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ. ืื ืื“ื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืชื (ืœืžืฉืœ A-) ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื“ื ืžืื“ื ืขื ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ (ืœืžืฉืœ O+), ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืชื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ (+) ื›ืคื•ืœืฉ ื–ืจ ื•ืชืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื”. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื‘ ื“ื ืขื™ืจื•ื™ ื“ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื“ื O- ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™. O ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ A ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ B, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื AB ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื +A ื•ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื ื”ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื -AB. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื ื•ืช ื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ A, B ื•-AB ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœ-O ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื ื–ื™ื ื”ืžืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืกืžื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื™ื ืžื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•, ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœื”ืกื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืžื•ื•ืช. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ABO ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืœืื ื–ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื˜ืจื ืกืคืจืื–. ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืื™ื–ื” ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ - A ืื• B โ€“ ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื’ื•ืจื Rh ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœืกื•ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ื ื”ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืงืจื ื’ื•ืจื ืจื–ื•ืก (Rhesus factor) ืื• ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื•ืจื Rh. ืืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืžื ื’ื•ืจื Rh ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื +Rh, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื’ื•ืจื Rh ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื -Rh. ื›-85% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื +Rh. ืœื’ืŸ ืœ-Rh ืฉื ื™ ืืœืœื™ื: ืืœืœ ืฉื•ืœื˜ื ื™ (ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™), ื”ื•ื Rh+, ื•ืืœืœ ื ืกื’ื ื™ (ืจืฆืกื™ื‘ื™), ื”ื•ื Rh-. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื, ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ Rh ืขื ABO. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘, ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื +A ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืฉื ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื”ื +O ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืคื™ ืจื–ื•ืก ืฉื‘ื“ืžื ื–ื•ื”ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื’ื•ืจื ื–ื”. ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื“ื, ืจืง ืื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืžื ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ื ื”ืชื•ืจื: ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืžื ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ A (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื•ื’ ื“ืžื ื”ื•ื B ืื• O) ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ A ืื• AB. ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืžื ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ B (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื•ื’ ื“ืžื ื”ื•ื A ืื• O) ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ B ืื• AB. ื‘ื“ืžื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ Rh-, ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื’ื•ืจื Rh ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื’ื•ืจื Rh, ื•ืื– ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ Rh+. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื“ื. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื AB+ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื›ืœ ืชื•ืจื, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ืจืง ืœ AB+. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื O- ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจืง ืž O-. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื•ืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื“ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืœืืกืžื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ AB+ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืคืœืืกืžื” ืฉืœื• ืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื›ืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื. ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืคืœืืกืžื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื AB+. ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ืกื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื“ื (ABO; d/D) ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ื•ืš ื˜ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื ืœื ืชืจื. ืชื•ืจื Oโˆ’ O+ Aโˆ’ A+ Bโˆ’ B+ ABโˆ’ AB+ื ืชืจื Oโˆ’ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px O+ ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px Aโˆ’ ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px A+ ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px Bโˆ’ ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px B+ ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ABโˆ’ ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px AB+ ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ืžืจื›ื–|20px ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื“ื ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื A, B, AB ื•-O ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืชืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ื“ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื "ื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™ื™" (ื ืงืจื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื HH). ืกื•ื’ ื“ื ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ ืฉื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื ืชื’ืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1952 ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื“ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ืฉื ืžืขื™ืจื•ื™ ื“ื O. ืกื•ื’ ื“ื ื–ื” ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืจืง ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื ื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•ื”ื•. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื–ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื -O ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื›ื™ืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืœืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ A ื•-B, ืืš ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื‘ืกื•ื’ ื“ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืกืจื” ื’ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก O. ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก O ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื A ืื• B. ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื“ื ื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ ื’ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ืกืจื”, ื•ื”ื“ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ A B ื•-O. ืœื›ืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™ื™. ื”ืืœืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืฆืกื™ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืืœืœ ืื—ืจ, ื’ื ืœ-i, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ื“ื ื ื“ื™ืจ. ื’ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคื™ื’ืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืŸ. ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื“ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื. ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื ABO ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืืœืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: A, B ื•-i. ืืœืœ A ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื A, ืืœืœ B - ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื B ื•ืืœืœ i - ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื O. ื”ืืœืœื™ื A ื•-B ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืœืœ i, ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื“. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื“ื ืฉื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืืœืœื™ื AB ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื AB ืื“ื ืฉื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืืœืœื™ื AA ืื• Ai ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื A ืื“ื ืฉื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืืœืœื™ื BB ืื• Bi ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื B ืื“ื ืฉื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืืœืœื™ื ii ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื“ื O. ื’ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื Rh ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืืœื ืฉืœื’ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืืœืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืืœืœ ืฉืœ Rh+ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขื™ืจื•ื™ ื“ื
2024-09-02T16:02:07
ืคื•ืกื˜ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช
REDIRECTืคื•ืกื˜ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื
2007-06-05T06:57:35
ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืืจื™
REDIRECT ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™
2004-03-11T22:57:54
ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืื• ื ื™ื• ืื™ื™ื’' (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: New Age), ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืคืจื•ื— ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง, ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืชื•ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžืกื•-ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื“ืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ. ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ-ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื“ื™ื“ืงื˜ื™ื”, ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืฉืช, ื•ืื™-ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ืœืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื, ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืœืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืžื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืžืจื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื ืขื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืจื”ืžื™ื•ืช, ื“ืชื•ืช ืคื’ืื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื•ืช: ืจืคื•ืื” ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื“ืช ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืฃ ืžื“ืข ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ืืžื•ื ื•ืช "ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ" ื–ื›ื• ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื. ืจืงืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ" ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”, ืคืืจืืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืชื™ืงืฉื•ืจ, ื•ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืคืกืื•ื“ื• ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื–ืืช ืืฃ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืค. ื”ื ืœ, ืžื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืคืจืกื ืืช ืกืคืจื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1912. ืจื’ืขื™ ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืชืช-ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื: ื”ืกืคืจื™ื, "ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืžืฉ" ื•"ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืื”ื‘ื”" ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ื“ื” ื’ื•ื“ืžืŸ. ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืฉื™ืขืจ", ื”ืžื™ื ื™-ืกื“ืจื”, "Out on a Limb" ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจืœื™ ืžืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื™ืช" ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืจื“ืคื™ืœื“, ื”ืกื“ืจื” "ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื ื™ืœ ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื•ื•ืœืฉ, ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ืก ืืฉืจ ืชืงืฉืจื” ืืช 'ืกืช' ื•ืขื•ื“. ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ "ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ", ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ื•ืœื: ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื ื•ืขื•ืช "ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ" ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ืื ืจื’ื™ื”" ืื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื’ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืืœื” ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืœื”ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” "ืื ืจื’ื™ื”". ื—ืœืง ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”"ืื ืจื’ื™ื”" ื”ื–ื•. ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืกืชืจื•ืช ืฉืžื“ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•, ืื ืจืง ื ืกื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ืชืŸ. ืœืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืžืงื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืžื• ืงืืจืžื”. ืœืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืื”ื‘ื”. ืžื•ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืกื™ื•ื, ืืœื ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืŸ ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช, ื“ืช ืื—ืช ืื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ืื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื• ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจืช. ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื ื™ื•-ืื™ื™ื’'ื™ืช (ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื). ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืจื“ ืงืจื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื• ืื™ื™ื’' ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืžืฉืจืœื˜ื ื•ืช, ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืช, ื”ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืืช ืืžื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื“ืชื™ืช ืคื ืื˜ื™ืช. ื™ืฉ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ืื™ื™ื’' ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”. ืจืื• ื’ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืฉืชืคืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืื ืจื›ื™ื–ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืจื™ืื ื” ืจื•ื— ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืžื‘ื•ื ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช (ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ), ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, 2006. ืื•ืจื™ ืœื•ื˜ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘: ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื• ืื™ื™ื’', ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ื›ืืœื™, ื’ืœื™ื” ืขื–ืจืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื“ืฃ, 2007. ืขื™ื“ื• ืชื‘ื•ืจื™ (ืขื•ืจืš), ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืงื•ืฆื™ื: ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2007. ืฉื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ืœื™, ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื•ืœื (ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช): ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ 20 ืžื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื. ื™ืงื™ ืžื ืฉื ืคืจื•ื™ื ื“, ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช, ืคืจื“ืก, 2009. ืกืžื“ืจ ืฉืจืœื•, ืžื™ ื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™?: ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ืคื•ืกื˜ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ื•ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช, ืจืกืœื™ื ื’, 2016. ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ื“ื’ืจ, ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื›"ืฅ ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืจืฆื‘ื™ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืœื›ื”: ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื), 2014, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื: ืกื“ืจืช 'ื ื•ืฉื', ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง (ืืจื˜) ื’ืจื™ืŸ, ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื 2016. ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื•ืงืกืœืจ, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืช: ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืชืคืชื—, ื›ืจืžืœ, 2007. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ื‘ืจื™, ืกื•ืฃ ืขื•ื ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื. ืกืงื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืชื•ืžืจ ืคืจืกื™ืงื•, ื”ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืืช/ื” ืœื, ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืืชืจ "ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช", 12.12.2007 ืชื•ืžืจ ืคืจืกื™ืงื•, ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ื, nrg , 29/7/2007 ืชื•ืžืจ ืคืจืกื™ืงื•, ืกื“ืจืช ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื ื™ื•-ืื™ื™ื’', ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืืชืจ "ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช" ืื•ืžืจื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืื™ื‘ื ื”ื•ื‘ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืžืขืจื™ื‘. ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ืก, ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช . ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืงื•ืžืจื”"(2011), ื‘ื• ืื“ื ืžืžืฆื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื’ื•ืจื•. ื ื™ื•-ืื™ื™ื’', ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืกืคืงื ื™ RationalWiki ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืข
2024-08-19T18:25:39
ื ื™ื• ืื™ื™ื’'
REDIRECTื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
2004-02-20T04:48:48
ื ื™ื•-ืื™ื™ื’'
ื”ืคื ื™ื”ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
2016-09-08T18:12:13
ืชืžืจื•ืจ
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|200px|ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืชืœืช ืฉืคืชื™ ืžืื–ื•ืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ื‘ืง ืฉื‘ืงื ื“ื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืชืžืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืขื ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ ืœื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘. ืชืžืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื˜ ืจื—ื•ื‘, ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืœืฆื“ ื”ื“ืจืš ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš. ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื™-ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืชืžืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื™ืจืช ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ "ืชืžืจื•ืจ" ืœืงื•ื— ืžื”ืชื "ืš: . ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื“ืงืœื™ื ื”ื ื™ื˜ืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” 200px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-17 ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืกืœื•ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ืœ, ืฉื”ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืžืจื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืœืขื™ืจ ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”. ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืœืจื•ืžื. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆืžืชื™ื, ื”ืžืจืื™ื ืœืืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ืฆื•ืžืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1686 ื ื—ืงืง ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื—ื•ืง ืœื”ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืคื“ืจื• ื”ืฉื ื™, ืžืœืš ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ. ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื–ื” ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ื ื—ืช ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ืกื‘ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ื—ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ ืื–ื”ืจื”, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืชืœื•ืœื•ืช. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1895. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1900 ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฉื“ืŸ ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื›ื ืก ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ืฉื ืช 1908. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ืชืžืจื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ืขื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, 2009 ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|150px|ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 443, ืกืžื•ืš ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|150px|ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ื“ื” ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื 55 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื ืื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืขื“ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืœืžื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื•ืœืืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืข. ืœื‘ื“ ืžืžืขืžื“ื• ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจ, ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืจืคื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืชื‘. ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืจ ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืฉืคื”. ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ืจืคื™ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจ, ืฆื‘ืขื•, ื—ืฆื™ื ื•ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื”. ืื—ืช ืžื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืื‘ืกื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืื• ืกืžืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื (ืชืžื•ื ืช ื™ืœื“, ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืจื“ืจืช, ื™ื“ ื‘ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ืจ) ื•ื”ืื‘ืกื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืกืžืœื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื ืืœื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื”ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืชืžืจื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืื• ื”ื‘ื”ืจื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืœืฉืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช. ืชื•ืกืคืช ื›ื–ื• ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ื” ืจืง ืœืืœื” ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช. ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืฆื•ืจ 50px 50px 50px50px 50px 50px ืจืžื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ 30px 30px 70px 50px 50px ืื–ื”ืจื” 50x50 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื 50px 50px 50px 50px 50px ื”ื•ืจื™ื” 50x50 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื 50px 50px 50px 50px ืื™ืกื•ืจ 50x50 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื50x50 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื 50px50px 50px50px 50px 50px 50px ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ 70px 70px 90px 50px 70px ื—ื ื™ื” 50x50 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื 50px 50px 50px ืจืื• ื’ื ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื“ืื•ื’ืจืžื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื•ื™ื ื” ืœืชืงื ื•ืŸ ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื•ื— ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืชืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” (ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื) ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืง"ืช ื”ืชืฉืข"ื— ืขืž' 784, ืžืก' 7924 ืžื™ื•ื 8 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2018 ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื— ื”ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื™ื“ืข ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜ ืจื—ื•ื‘
2024-06-15T07:45:35
ื’'ื•ืจื“ืื ื• ื‘ืจื•ื ื•
REDIRECT ื’'ื•ืจื“ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ื ื•
2004-11-25T09:15:40
ืจืœื‘"ื’
ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช: ืจืœื‘"ื’, ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™: ืžื’ื™ืกื˜ืจ ืœื™ืื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืก โ€“ Magister Leo Hebraeus ืื• ื’ืจืกื•ื ื™ื“ืก - Gersonides; 1288โ€“1344) ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืคืจืฉืŸ ืžืงืจื, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื, ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™, ืžื“ืขืŸ, ืžื”ื ื“ืก, ืžืžืฆื™ื, ืื™ืฉ ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช, ืจื•ืคื ื•ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืคืขืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ืคืจื•ื‘ืื ืก ืฉื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžืžืœื›ืช ืฆืจืคืช. ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชึทึผื— ืฉื ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•. ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื•. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ื•ืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ืœืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืงืœืžื ืก ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื•ื›ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืœ ืคืขืœื• ืงืจื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืžื›ืชืฉ ื‘ื™ืจื— - ื”ืžื›ืชืฉ Rabbi Levi. ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”: ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘" (1321), ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืขืจืช ืงื˜ืœืŸ. ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื•ืœืš ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•, ืืš ื’ื ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื•ื›ืœ ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ืฉืœื™ืœืช ื”ืชืืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื) ื•ืžืขืœื” ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250PX|ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืฅ ื‘ื• ื ืงื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืจื‘ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื•ืœ-ืกื•ืจ-ืกื– ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืง ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื‘ืื ืก (ืื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืจื ื–' ื•ืคืจืคื™ื ื™ืืŸ). ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื•ื™ืœืคืจืื ืฉ (Villefranche de-Conflent). ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืžืฆื“ ืืžื• ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื•' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื”'ืง"ื“ (1344), ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช, ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืฅ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช. ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืฉื‘ืžืฅ. ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื‘ืฉืืœืช ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื•ืงื˜ ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืขืžื“ื” ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื ื‘ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื. ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื—ืœื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ื”ื™ื•ืœื™) ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ "ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื•", ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืฉืจ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื’ืžื•ืจ. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื”ื™ื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“, ื“ืขื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื“ืžื•ืช (ื•ืœื• ืจืง ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ) ืœืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ. ื“ืขื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช: "ื•ึฐื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” [ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื˜ืจื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”] ืชึนื”ื•ึผ ื•ึธื‘ึนื”ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื—ืฉึถืืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ืชึฐื”ื•ึนื ื•ึฐืจื•ึผื—ึท ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืžึฐืจึทื—ึถืคึถืช ืขึทืœ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึธึผื™ึดื", ื•ื›ืš ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื–"ืœ (ืœื“ื•ื’' ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื”, ืคืจืฉื” ื, ืคืกืงื” ื”). ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื”ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื“ืขื” ื–ื•. ื•ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืฉืืœืช ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื ืœื”ื‘ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื™ื–ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืžื ื•.ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืœืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื™ืงืจื, ืคืจืง ื™ื˜ ืคืกื•ืง ื›ื• ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืฉื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื“ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื™ื–ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ืœื ืจืง ื–ืืช, ืืœื ืฉืœื ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช ืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื›ื–ื• ืชืคื’ื•ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜. ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืจืคืืœ ื‘ื™ืจื“ื•ื’ื•,ืžื™ ืžื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืจื ืขืœ ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ืขืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืกื‘ืจื• ื›ืš ื•ืืฃ ืžืฆืื• ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืกื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ: ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื ืกืงืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืงื™ืจื” ืื—ืช. ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืืฃ ืื ืŸ ื ืžื™ ืชื ื™ื ื: "ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื". ืžืื™ ืงืืžืจ? ืื™ืœื™ืžื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืืžืจ, ื“ื‘ืจื ื”ื• ืœื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžื ื•ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื™ื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ื“ื“ื™, ื•ื”ื ืงื ื—ื–ื™ื ืŸ ื“ืœืื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื. ืืœื ืœืื• ื”ื›ื™ ืงืืžืจ: ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืจื•ืื” ื™ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื ื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื". ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืื™ืžื ืขื ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”ืจืื• ืจืž"ืข ืžืคืื ื•, ืžืืžืจ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื—"ื‘ ืคืจืง ื•. ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ", ืžืœืžื“ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ื”ืฉื’ื—ื”, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจืœื‘"ื’, ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื›ื–ื• ืฉื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื‘ืื™ื ืœื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื“ื ื”ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื•, ื™ื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื•. ื’ื ื”ื ืก ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื• ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืœื›ื–ื•, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื’ืžืœืช ื‘ื ืก. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฆืžืฆื ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื• ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื ืก ื”ืžืงืจืื™ (ืื™ืจื•ืข "ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื ื•ื™ืจื— ื‘ืขืžืง ืื™ืœื•ืŸ" ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืœื ื›ืœืœ ืœื“ืขืชื• ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ื”ื ืก ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืกืคื™ืงื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžืจื•ื‘ื”). ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื" ืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื•ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื "ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ" ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžืฆืขื™, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ. ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื’ื•ื“ืจืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ, ืฉืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”. ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ื• ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ืฉื’ื—ื”, ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” (ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืชื ืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื“ื ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืคืข, ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืฉืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืืœื•ื”ื™ - ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื’ืจืจื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช). ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ืฉืืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื ื•ืงื˜ ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืขืžื“ื” ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช. ืจืง ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ื ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช, ื”ื™ืฉืืจื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช. ื™ื—ืก ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื–ืœื–ืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ืฉืื•ืชื”, ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืืจ ื›ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช. ืื‘ืจื”ื ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืš? ืœื™ืงื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขืœื” ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื ืงื˜ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื–ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ืžื ื• ืขื ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ (ืื‘ืจื”ื ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ ืžืฆื™ืข ืืฃ ืขืžื“ื” ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื). ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืขืœืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”: "ืณืื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ ืชื–ืจื™ืข ื•ื™ืœื“ื” ื–ื›ืจ - ื”ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื‘ื“". ืขืœ ืžื˜ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’: "ืฉื ืงื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ืชืชื™ื—ื“ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื‘ืจืืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืœื ืœื• ื”ืคื ืื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืช, ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื•. ื•ืื•ืœื ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ". ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจื• ืœืฉื 'ื—ื•ื”' ืฉื ืชืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœืืฉืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžืขืฅ ื”ื“ืขืช. ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืžืคืจืฉ ื–ืืช ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืณื—ื™ื”ืณ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืงืจื‘ืชื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืข ืจืœื‘"ื’, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื: ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื‘ืขืœื”, ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื” ืœืฆืืช ืœืฆื‘ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื– ืชื‘ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื•. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืคื™ืจืฉ ืืช ืžืขืฉื” ืคื™ืœื’ืฉ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื” ื›ืžืงืจื” ื”ื‘ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืฉ"ืจืื•ื™ ืœืืฉื” ืฉืœื ืชื˜ื” ืžืื™ืฉื” ืœืœื›ืช ืžืืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื” ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ืชื•ื›ื—ืชื• ื•ืชื˜ื” ืืœ ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ืคืฅ". ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืจืื” ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืœื—ื˜ื, ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืงื”ืœืช: "ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืจืฉืข, ื”ื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ื ื” ืžืจ ืžืžื•ื•ืช." ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœืจืœื‘"ื’ ืฉืœื ื›ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืœื‘ืœื’, ืœื ื ืชืคืก ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื•ืช ื›ืคืกื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื. ืชืจืžื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื "ืš. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ืื™ื•ื‘, ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืจื‘ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช (ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ื•ืžื‘ืจื’). ืื•ืžื ื ืกืคืจื• "ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื" ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื", ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืจ' ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ (ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ) (ืกืคืจ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘, ื“), ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืจื‘ื”. ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื "ืš ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ืช ืขื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” (ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืฆื˜ื˜ื™ื ืžืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืžืฉืœื™ ื›"ื˜ ื™"ื—, ื”ืžืชืคืจืฉ ื›ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื”). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืกืงืื˜ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ืžืคืจืงื™ ืจ' ื‘ืจื›ื™ืืœ (ืฉื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื•), ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืืจื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื”, ื›ื™ "ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืงืจ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืฉืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”"ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ (ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™) ื›ื•ืœื ืืžืช". ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘"ืฉ, ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-14, ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื›ืœืคื™ื• ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืืš ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืœื—ืœืง ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•: "ื•ื”ื—ื›ื ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื–"ืœ ... ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื˜ื• ืืช ืœื‘ื‘ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช, ื•ื”ืคืš ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื” ื–"ืœ ื‘ืงืฆืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ... ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืžืขื ...ื•ืžืขืชื” ื™ืฉื ืื“ื ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืื ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœื ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฆืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ืžื•ื ื—, ื•ืื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืืฉืจ ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืžืื•ืจื•ืช ืœืขืจื›ื". ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื•ื™ืœื ื” ืืžืจ ืคืขื: "ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื•ืืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ". ืกืคืจื™ื• ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืžืงืจื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืžืงืจื ืžืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™. ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžื ืกื” ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืจื‘ ืœืคืกื™ืงืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื”. ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืžื—ืœืง ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื: ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื•ื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช, ืฉื”ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื•ื”ืคืงืช ืœืงื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื“ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืžืงืจื ืžืคื ื” ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื• ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ "ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”'". ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืœืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืคืกืชื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ (ืžื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืจืœ"ื•). ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื–ื•, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžืจื‘ื ื™ ืžื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืกืจ ืœืื•ืŸ, ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื—ืจื ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืœืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื• ืœื• ื›ืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืฉืœื— ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื—ืจื ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื” ื–ื›ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื ืก ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืžืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ื•ืžื‘ืจื’ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ืืš ื ื“ืคืก ืฉื ื›ืกืคืจ ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืฉ"ื–. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื• ืœื—ืœืง ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ื ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช "ืžืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ื ื˜ืจ ื•ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•. ื‘ื“ื•ืจื ื• ื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื•ืช: ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื‘'ืžืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืชืจ', ืžื”ื“ื™ืจ ื•ืขื•ืจืš ืžื“ืขื™: ืžื ื—ื ื›ื”ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’. ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง. ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื”ื“ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื“"ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืจื ืจ ื•ื“"ืจ ื›ืจืžื™ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื. ืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจืฉื• ืืช ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”', ื•ืื™ืœื• ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืžืคืจืฉ ืืช ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืกื˜ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช; ืœื“ืขืชื•, ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื•, ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช. ื“ื•-ืฉื™ื— ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื•ืœื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื“ื•-ืฉื™ื— ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื•ืœื™ ืœืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ. ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ื‘ืฉืืœืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” - ื”ืื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ืžื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชื”, ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœ. ื—ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืกืชืจื™ื ืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ืคืจื•ื“ื™ ืœืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืœื‘"ื’. ื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืกื— ื›ืคืจื•ื“ื™ื” ืœืžืงืจื, ื•ืฉืžื• ื”ื•ื 'ื—ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ื ื‘ื™ื' ื›ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืœื ื‘ื™ื ื—ื‘ืงื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืื™, ืชื•ืš ืจืžื™ื–ื” ืœื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉืขืจ ื ื›ืชื‘: "ืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื". ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืชืืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืงืจืื™ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื‘ืืจื™", ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื, ืœ"ื›ืจืžื™", ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื—ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื›ืจืžื™ ื•ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืืจื™. ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื™ื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื”ืžืœื›ืช ื›ืจืžื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื”ื›ืจืชืช ื‘ืืจื™ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื•. ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืกืชืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœ"ืžืกื›ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื". ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขื•ืกืงืช ื”ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืœืกืคืจ "ื—ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ื ื‘ื™ื", ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืคืจืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื•ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืงื•ืœื•ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจืžื– ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ:"ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื™"ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ื/ื™ื™ืกื“ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืžืื›ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืชื” ืื“ื•ืงื™ื/ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื‘ื” ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื/ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื’ืจ-ืฉื ืคื™ื–ืจื• ื”ืงืจื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื"ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื’ืจ-ืฉื" ื•"ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื™ื" ื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื, ืืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื’ืจ-ืฉื" ืจื•ืžื–ืช ืœืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืคื™ืก ื•ืœื ืœืฉื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ. ืืš ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ "ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื™"ื" ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ, ืืš ื’ื ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื–ื• ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื›ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื•. ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื›ื ืจืื” ืกื™ื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื“ืคื•ืก, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืจืžื– ืœืฉืžื• ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืคื•ืŸ. ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื ื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ืจื™ืžื– ืืช ืฉืžื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ืœื‘ื™ื" ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืืจื™ื” - ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืขื–ื™ืช. ืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ - ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ืืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘-1672|250x250 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1321 ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื "ืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘" ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1341 ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื "ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืชืฉื‘ื•ืจืช" (ืขืœ ืกื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื•ืงืฉืชื•ืช) ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ืจื™ื’ื•ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืกื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ืกื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ 5 ืกืคืจื•ืช. ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ ืื•ืงืœื™ื“ืก. ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื ื—ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื”ื™ื” "ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™, ื•ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื” ื›ื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ื ืคืจื“". ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ "ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืื•ืงืœื™ื“ืก; ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘" (1321) ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™, ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืงืœื™ื“ืก, ื•ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•. ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฆืขื“ ืื—ืจ ืฆืขื“ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ "ื”ื“ึฐืจื’ื”". ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื“ื•ื ื•ืœื• (913-970) ืœืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืฉืžื ื” ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ืฉื‘ (ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช) ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 3 ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ 2 ืขืฆืžื™ื, ืฉืœ 4 ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ 3, ืฉืœ 5 ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ 4, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”, ืขื“ ืœืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 7 ืขืฆืžื™ื (ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื” ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืช). ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”, ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืขืจืช ืงื˜ืœืŸ (ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” (ืฉื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื) ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื–ื•ื’ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืžื• 8 ื•9 - ืฉื ื™ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ื—ื–ืงื•ืช) ืœืจืœื‘"ื’ ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ื”ืžืฆืืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืžื˜ื” ื™ืขืงื‘, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื™ื ื›ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื™ืจื— ื‘ืฉื ืช 1337 ื•ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื—ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1335. ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืœืื‘ืŸ ืจื•ืฉื“ ื•ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื•ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืชื‘ื™ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื•ืœื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืจื•ืฉื“. ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ื ื“ืคืกื•. ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื“ืง ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœืจืœื‘"ื’, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™"ื’ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื”. ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœืจืœื‘"ื’ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ื”ืคืœื•ืกื•ืคื™.ื“"ืจ ื›ืจืžื™ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ืก ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื‘ื™ืจื ืจื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”. ืกืคืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื“ืคืกื• ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืกืคื•ืŸ - ืคืจื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืง ื—ืœืง, ื”ืจืฉื‘"ืฉ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื [ืื™ื™ื–ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ] 142 ืฉ'ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื ื•' ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื•ืš ืขืœ ืคืจืง ื–ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื ื›ื ื’ืœื”, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื—ืกื•ื”ื• ืœื—ื›ื ืื—ืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืจื•ืฉ ืœืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœืจืœื‘"ื’ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ื ืžืฆืื•. ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืื‘ื™ื•, ืจื‘ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ ืฉืœืžื” ืžืงื˜ืœื•ื ื™ื, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจ "ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื" ืขืœ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื”. ืกื‘ื•, ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื•ื™ืœืคืจืื ืฉ. ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ืกื‘ื•, ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ. ืืš ื ืจืื” ืฉืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ืคืง. ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื• (ื ื›ื“ ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื) ื•ื’ื™ืกื• (ืื— ืืฉืชื•), ืจื‘ื™ย ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื“ื™ืœืฉืคื™ืœืฉ, ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ื ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ื•ื ื’ื•ืื” ื“ืžื•ืจื•" ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื›ืคืจย ืฉื”ื™ื”ย ืžืœื•ื•ื”ย ื‘ื•. ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ ืกื‘ืชื• (ืื ืื‘ื™ื•) ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืžื— ื“ื•ืจืืŸ, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืจ' ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืžื•ืขืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืโ€“ื“. ืžืืžืจื™ื ืโ€“ื‘ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืขืคืจ ืืœื™ืื•ืจ; ืžืืžืจื™ื ื’โ€“ื“ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืฉืืจืœ (ืฉืœื•ื) ื˜ื•ืื˜ื™ ื–"ืœ ื•ืขืคืจ ืืœื™ืื•ืจ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉืข"ื—. ืจ' ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื, ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™; ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืขืคืจ ืืœื™ืื•ืจ. ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘, ืชืฉืค"ื 2021. ืจ' ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื”ื”ื“ื™ืจ ืžื ื—ื ืงืœื ืจ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืขืงื‘, ืจ' ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘"ื”ื“ ื”ืžื–ืจื—", 18 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1944. ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’, ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ืคืจืงื™ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’, ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ืงืจื˜ื•ื‘" ืชืฉืก"ื–. ืืกืชื™ ืื™ื™ื–ื ืžืŸ, "ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ, ืžื ื—ื ืœื•ืจื‘ืจื‘ื•ื™ื, ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื ืจื•ื–ื ืง, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ืฆ' ืฉื˜ืจืŸ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ - ื“ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืžืจื›ื– ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื–ืจ, 2012, ืขืž' 319โ€“347. ืื‘ืจื”ื ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ, ืดื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืš? ื”ืืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉื ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ืืด, ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 2011. ืขืžืณ 439-462 ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืœืชื•ืจื” - ืคืจืงื™ ืžื‘ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืจื ืจ ื•ื›ืจืžื™ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช ืชืฉ"ืค. ื›ืจืžื™ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ, ืื™ืฉ ื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ืคืจืฉืŸ ืžืงืจื โ€“ ืจ' ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืงื“ื•ื ื› 2010. ื ื—ืžื” (ื ื™ืžื”) ืื“ืœืจื‘ืœื•ื, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืกื•ื ื™ื“ืก ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•, ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” 1926 (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช). ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจืœื‘"ื’, ืคืจื•ืค' ืžื ื—ื ื›ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ 'ืžืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืชืจ' ืืœื™ ืคืจื™ื™ืžืŸ, ืžึตืขืœื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ (ืกืคืจ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžืฉื”), ืขืž' 162 ื•ืื™ืœืš. ืืœื™ ืคืจื™ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืจื ืจ, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 4(ื‘) ืชืฉื "ื’ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืจื ืจ, ื™ื—ืกื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’ ืœื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช ื›' ืื•ืจื™ ืงืฆื™ืจ, "ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื ืงื‘ืฅ ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื", ืืชืจ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ, ืขืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืฉื, ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ-ื’ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ื ื˜ืœ, ืคืขืžื™ื, 54, ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืชืฉื "ื’, ืขืž' 133โ€“138 ืืžื™ืจ ืžืฉื™ื—, ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’, ืื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ (ืชืฉืข"ื), ืขืž' 111โ€“133. ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืฆื•ืจื™ืืœ, ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’, ื‘ืชื•ืš "ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืจืœื‘"ื’", ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ืงืก ืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื›ืžื™ ืคืจื•ื‘ื ืก ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจื‘ื ื™ื: ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคืจืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื— ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-14 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-14 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1288 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1344
2024-09-02T06:49:30
ื™ื•ืŸ
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืจืื˜. ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื” ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื™ื•ึนืŸ (ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”: แผธฯŒฮฝ โ€“ "ืžืชืงื“ื"; "ื ืข") ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืื• ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ื–ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื. ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื˜ื•ื ืื• ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืชื•ืื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ (ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™) ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืงึทื˜ึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื•ืกื™ืžื•ื ื• +X (ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืคืœื•ืก) ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืึทื ึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื•ืกื™ืžื•ื ื• -X (ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืก) ื‘ืชื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื ืžืฉืš ืœืงืชื•ื“ื” (ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ื• ืฉื“ืจื›ื” ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชื). ื•ื”ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื ืžืฉืš ืœืื ื•ื“ื” (ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ื• ืฉืžืžื ื” ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืชื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™). ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืื˜ื•ื ืื• ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื "ื™ื™ื ื•ืŸ", ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืื• ื”ืกืจืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืื• ืžืกืคืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื. ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™; ื”ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืžืœื—ื™ื. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ืงืจื ืงืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ื™. ืžืœื— ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ -Cl ื•+Na ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื•ื•ื”. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ืฆืง, ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืจื™ื’ ื™ื•ื ื™. ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืœื—ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ึดืชืจึทื›ึผื‘ื•ึผืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ืช ื•ืืœ-ืžืชื›ืช ื™ื—ื“, ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™. ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืืœ-ืžืชื›ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื. ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื•ืŸ. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื˜ื•ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื’ื ื™ื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ืื—ืช (ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“) ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื˜ืขื ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืก ืื—ืช, ื•ื™ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืจืžื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžืœืื”; ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœืงืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืคืจื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืชื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช (ื™ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื) ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื˜ืขื ื• ืคืœื•ืก ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืจืžื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžืœืื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื ื•ืกื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื›ืœื•ืจื™ ืชื”ื™ื” MgCl2, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ื•ืก ืื—ืช ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืคืœื•ืก ืฉืชื™ื™ื; ืžื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ืœื•ืจ ืฉืžื˜ืขื ื ืจืง ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืžื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื. ืชื—ืžื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžืœื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื: ื”ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ Fe2O3; ื”ืกื™ื“, CaO, ื”ื•ื ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ; ื”ืืœื•ื (ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื”), Al2O3 ื•ืขื•ื“. ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืœื—ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืกืš ืžื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื: ืกื•ื“ื” ืœืฉืชื™ื”, NaHCO3, ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชืจืŸ, +Na, ื•ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืจื‘ื•ื ื˜, -HCO3 ืืžื•ืŸ ื—ื ืงืชื™, NH4NO3, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื“ื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ื™ื•ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื™ื•ื +NH4 ื•ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื ืงืชื™ -NO3 ื’ื‘ืก, CaSO4, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืคืจืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” (ืืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื’ื–ื™) ื ืงืจืืช ืคืœื–ืžื”. ื”ืคืœื–ืžื” ื ื•ื“ืขืช ื’ื ื›ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืง, ื ื•ื–ืœ ืื• ื’ื–. ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืžืœืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื. ื›ืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”"ื‘ืจื–ืœ" ืื•ืชื• ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจื–ืœ (). ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืคืœื•ืก ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช ื›ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืคืืจืื“ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื’ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืช 1830, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื™ืกื”, ื—ืœืงืŸ ืœืื ื•ื“ื” ื•ื—ืœืงืŸ ืœืงืชื•ื“ื”. ืื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘-1884 ืชื™ืืจ ืกื•ื•ื ื˜ื” ืืจื”ื ื™ื•ืก ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืคืืจืื“ื™ื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื• ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืคืกืœื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื”, ืืš ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘-1903. ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื +ืงื˜ื™ื•ื ื™ืืฉื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืกื—ื”ืฉื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื˜ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ืืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืAl3+ื‘ืจื™ื•ืBa2+ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืBe2+ืฆืกื™ื•ืCs+ืกื™ื“ืŸCa2+ื›ืจื•ื (II)Cr2+ื›ืจื•ืžื•ืกื›ืจื•ื (III)Cr3+ื›ืจื•ืžื™ืงื›ืจื•ื (VI)Cr6+ื›ืจื•ืžื™ืœืงื•ื‘ืœื˜ (II)Co2+ืงื•ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืกืงื•ื‘ืœื˜ (III)Co3+ืงื•ื‘ืœื˜ื™ืงื ื—ื•ืฉืช (I)Cu+ืงื•ืคืจื•ืกื ื—ื•ืฉืช (II)Cu2+ืงื•ืคืจื™ืงื’ืœื™ื•ื Ga3+ื”ืœื™ื•ื He2+(ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืืœืคื)ืžื™ืžืŸ H+(ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ)ื‘ืจื–ืœ (II)Fe2+ืคืจื•ืกื‘ืจื–ืœ (III)Fe3+ืคืจื™ืงืขื•ืคืจืช (II)Pb2+ืคืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืขื•ืคืจืช (IV)Pb4+ืคืœื•ืžื‘ื™ืงืœื™ืชื™ื•ื Li+ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ืMg2+ืžื ื’ืŸ (II)Mn2+ืžื ื’ื ื•ืกืžื ื’ืŸ (III)Mn3+ืžื ื’ื ื™ืงืžื ื’ืŸ (IV)Mn4+ืžื ื’ื ื™ืœืžื ื’ืŸ (VII)Mn7+ ื›ืกืคื™ืช (II)Hg2+ืžืจืงื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ืงืœ (II)Ni2+ื ื™ืงืœื•ืกื ื™ืงืœ (III)Ni3+ื ื™ืงืœื™ืงืืฉืœื’ืŸK+ื›ืกืฃAg+ื ืชืจืŸNa+ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืฆื™ื•ืSr2+ื‘ื“ื™ืœ (II)Sn2+ืกื˜ืื ื•ืกื‘ื“ื™ืœ (IV)Sn4+ืกื˜ืื ื™ืงืื‘ืฅZn2+ืงื˜ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืืืžื•ื ื™ื•ืNH4+ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืH3O+ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื™ื•ื NO2+ื›ืกืคื™ืช (I)Hg22+ืžืจืงื•ืจื™ื•ืก+ืื ื™ื•ื ื™ืืฉื ืจืฉืžื™ื ื•ืกื—ื”ืฉื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ืืืจืกื ื™ื“As3โˆ’ืื–ื™ื“N3โˆ’ื‘ืจื•ืžื™ื“Brโˆ’ื›ืœื•ืจื™ื“Clโˆ’ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“Fโˆ’ื”ื™ื“ืจื™ื“Hโˆ’ื™ื•ื“ื™ื“Iโˆ’ื ื™ืชืจื™ื“N3โˆ’ืื•ืงืกื™ื“ (ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช)O2โˆ’ืคื•ืกืคื™ื“P3โˆ’ืกื•ืœืคื™ื“S2โˆ’ืคืจืื•ืงืกื™ื“ (ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช)O22โˆ’ืื•ืงืกื™ืื ื™ื•ื ื™ื (ืื ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ืžื•ืฆื•ืช)ืืจืกื ื˜AsO43โˆ’ืืจืกื ื™ื˜AsO33โˆ’ื‘ื•ืจืื˜BO33โˆ’ื‘ืจื•ืžื˜BrO3โˆ’ื”ื™ืคื•ื‘ืจื•ืžื™ื“BrOโˆ’ืคื—ืžื”CO32โˆ’ืงืจื‘ื•ื ื˜ืžื™ืžืŸ ืคื—ืžืชื™HCO3โˆ’ื‘ื™ืงืจื‘ื•ื ื˜ื›ืœื•ืจื˜ClO3โˆ’ืคืจื›ืœื•ืจื˜ClO4โˆ’ื›ืœื•ืจื™ื˜ClO2โˆ’ื”ื™ืคื•ื›ืœื•ืจื˜ClOโˆ’ื›ืจื•ืžื˜CrO42โˆ’ื“ื™ื›ืจื•ืžื˜Cr2O72โˆ’ื™ื•ื“ื˜IO3โˆ’ื—ื ืงื”NO3โˆ’ื—ื ืงื™ืชNO2โˆ’ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื–ืจื—ื”PO43โˆ’Hydrogen PhosphateHPO42โˆ’Dihydrogen PhosphateH2PO4โˆ’PermanganateMnO4โˆ’ืคื•ืกืคื™ื˜PO33โˆ’ืกื•ืœืคื˜SO42โˆ’ThiosulfateS2O32โˆ’Hydrogen SulfateHSO4โˆ’Bisulfateืกื•ืœืคื™ื˜SO32โˆ’Hydrogen SulfiteHSO3โˆ’Bisulfiteืื ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืชืืฆื˜ื˜C2H3O2โˆ’FormateHCO2โˆ’OxalateC2O42โˆ’Hydrogen OxalateHC2O4โˆ’Bioxalateืื ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ืHydrogen SulfideHSโˆ’BisulfideTellurideTe2โˆ’AmideNH2โˆ’CyanateOCNโˆ’ThiocyanateSCNโˆ’CyanideCNโˆ’HydroxideOHโˆ’ ืจืื• ื’ื ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืงื˜ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ืœืจื’ื• (LerGO) * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช
2024-07-23T03:55:26
ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|350px|ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ืช ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœืคื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช. ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื ืงืจืื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ื—ื“. ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-54 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ. ืงื•ื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ื›-10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-2,000 ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช. ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืฅ ืืฃ ื”ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื™ืจ-ืขืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื‘ื™ืจ-ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘. ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืžืกืช ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื’ื– ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ื•ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข. ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ืฉืงื™ื•ืžื• ืžื•ืกืง ืžืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื™ืจ, ืžื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื– ื”ื—ื (ืฉืžืžื ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืš ื”ืžืกื” ื‘ืฆื‘ื™ืจ) ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™. ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” โ€“ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืจ โ€“ ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-62 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 340 ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช. ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ืืจื™ื“ื ื•ืก โ€“ ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-75 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ื›-200 ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช. ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ืคืจืกืื•ืก โ€“ ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 240 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืœืคื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช, ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืขืœ-ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื”. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืจืžื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ื
2024-04-27T01:03:53
ืขื™ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|180px|ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืงื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|180px|ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืชืงืจื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|180px|ื™ืœื“ื” ืขื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช. ื”ืขืคืขืคื™ื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ. ืขึทื™ึดืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื’ืœื™ ืื•ืจ ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืœืจืื™ื™ื”. ื›ืžื• ืœืื“ื, ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืœืžื•ื— ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”. ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžืขื“ืฉื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ืช ืืช ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจ, ื”ืžืžื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืœืื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ื—. ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™-ื”ื›ื•ืœ โ€“ ืžืžื•ืงืžื•ืช ื‘ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืจืืฉ, ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจืฃ, ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ืง-ืžื” ื”ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืจืื™ื™ื” ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ื™ืช. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื "ืื“ื ื–ืขื™ืจ". ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืื“ื ืจื•ืื” ื’ืจืกื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•. ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ืžื™ืŸ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ 7: ื—ื“ืจ ืงื“ืžื™ 8: ืงืจื ื™ืช 9: ืงืฉืชื™ืช 10: ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืขื“ืฉื” 11: ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืฉื” 12: 13: ืœื—ืžื™ืช 14: 15: 16: 17: ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื•ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช 18: ื“ื™ืกืง ืื•ืคื˜ื™ 19: 20: 21: 22: ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” 23: 24: 25: ืžืงื•ืœื” (ืื '):26 ืคื•ื‘ื™ืื” (ืื ') 27: ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ 28: ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื“ืžื™ืช 29: 30: ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืชืจืฉื™ื ืกื›ืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช.ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืกืงื™ืช ("ื”ื›ืชื ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ"). ื—ืœืงื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ Sclera โ€“ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ. ืžื ื•ืงื‘ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช. ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ืฉืจืง ื’ื•ื“ืœื ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื”. ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช Cornea โ€“ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืงืžื” ืฉืงื•ืคื” ื•ื“ืงื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžื—ืžืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืงื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ื•ื™ืคืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ืคื”. ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืงืจื˜ื•ืงื•ื ื•ืก. ื”ืงืฉืชื™ืช Iris โ€“ ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช. ื”ืงืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ (ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฆืžืฆื ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”). ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืงืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืขื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจืคื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืฉื”ืงืฉืชื™ืช ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ืœืขื™ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ. ื”ืงืฉืชื™ืช ืžืงื ื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ืืช ืฆื‘ืขื”. ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ Pupil โ€“ ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืงืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืื•ืจ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื“ืฉื”.ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืชื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืงื˜ื ื” โ€“ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ ืื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™, ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื™ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ืงืจื ืคื–ื™ืœื”. ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื "ืื™ืฉ ืงื˜ืŸ", ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ืขื“ืฉื” Lens โ€“ ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืฉืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ืฆืœ. ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจื™ืกื ื™ื™ื (ciliary muscles), ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ (ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืกื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืขื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ). ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืจื—ื•ืง, ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืœืจืฉืชื™ืช ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืงืจื ื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”. ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืงืจื•ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื•ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื“ืฉื”. ืžื—ืœืช ืขื“ืฉื” ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืจืงื˜ (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ื™ืจื•ื“) ืื• ืขื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื“ืฉื”. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื’ื•ื’ื™ Vitreous Humour โ€“ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืงืจื™ืฉื™ ืฉืงื•ืฃ, ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืžื™ื, ื”ืžืžืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช (ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™), ื•ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืžื’ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช Retina โ€“ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ. ืขืœื™ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื”ื”ืžืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืœื–ืจืžื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื•ื—. ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื Photoreceptors โ€“ ืชืื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื. ืคื’ื™ืขืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืคื•ืœืก ื›ื™ืžื™/ื—ืฉืžืœื™ (ืœื“ื—ืฃ ืขืฆื‘ื™). ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื: ืงื ื™ื rods โ€“ ื™ืฉื ื ื›ึพ120 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช. ืืœื• ืชืื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช, ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื”. ื‘ืชืื™ื ืืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”. ื•ื”ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ/ืœื‘ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœื•ืงื— ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืจ. ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื cones โ€“ ื™ืฉื ื ื›ึพ6 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช. ืืœื• ืชืื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื•ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช (ื”ื ืงืจื ื’ื Fovea). ืœืชืื™ื ืืœื” ืชืคื™ืกื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื. ื”ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื, ื•ืื™ื ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืชืื•ืจื”. ื”ื’ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช Fovea centralis (ืฉืงืข ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช) โ€“ ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” โ€“ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื ื•ืคืœืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ืงื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืขื“ืฉื”. ืฉื˜ื—ื• ื›ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ื•ื‘ื• ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืžืžื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืœืคื•ืœืก ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื ืจืื™ืช. ื”ื’ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžืขืœ ืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืœื ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื“ืง ื•ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื“ื™ืกืง ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ Optic Disk โ€“ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืžืžื ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื—. ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœ, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” ื”ื›ืชื ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ Blind Spot โ€“ ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื™ืŸ. ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื›ืจืฆืฃ, ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ. ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” Optic Nerve โ€“ ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืืงืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืžืชื ืงื–ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื•ื›ื– ื“ืจืš ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืกืงื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช (ื”ื›ืชื ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ) ื•ืžืฉื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจืš ื”ืฆื“ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื—. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืจื™ืกื ื™ Ciliary Body โ€“ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืฉื”, ื•ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืจื™ืกื ื™ Ciliary Muscle ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชื–ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืฉื” โ€“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงื“. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื—ืจืื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืจื™ืกื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”-Aqueous Humour ื”ืžื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ื•ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช. ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืœืฉื›ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื™ Anterior Segment โ€“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ โ€“ ืงื“ืžื™ืช ืœืขื“ืฉื”. ื—ืœืœ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ื ื•ื–ืœ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ Aqueous Humour, ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืœื™ ืžืฉื ื” ("ืœืฉื›ื•ืช") ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ: ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช Anterior Chamber โ€“ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช โ€“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช Posterior Chamber โ€“ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื’ื•ื’ื™. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ Posterior Segment โ€“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื“ืฉื”. ื—ืœืœ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื’ื•ื’ื™. ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช Fibrous Tunic โ€“ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ืงืจื ื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืœื•ื‘ืŸ. ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื Vascular Tunic โ€“ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ืงืฉืชื™ืช, ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืจื™ืกื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื“ืžื™ืช โ€“ ื›ื•ืจื•ืื™ื“ (Choroid) ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื. ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช Nervous Tunic โ€“ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช. ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ (ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืชืจื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืงืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืœื—ืžื™ืช-ื”ืžืจืคื“ื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ื ื”ืขืคืขืคื™ื™ื). ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ืจืง ืžืขืœื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื˜ื— ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžื•ืงื“, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”-Fovea . ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”-Fovea ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช. ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”-phototransduction ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืจืžืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจ, ื•ืขื“ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืกื™ื’ื ืœ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”. ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื˜ื•ื›ื™ืžื™. ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ืœืžืœื” (lamellรฆ), ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ, ืžืจื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื "ืฆื‘ืขื ื™ื" (ืื• "ืคื•ื˜ื•-ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื" ื‘ืœืขื–). ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื (ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืื•ืจ) ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื•ืืœื” ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื "ืชืื™ ืื•ืจ" (On Cells), ื•ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื "ืชืื™ ืกื’ื•ืจ" (Off Cells). ืชืื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ (ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื), ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืืจ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื‘ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืœื•ื›ื“ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืฉืชืื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื“ื•ืคืง ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช. ืชืื™ ื”ืกื’ื•ืจ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืš. ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจ, ื”ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืฉืš ืขืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื“ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื–ืช, ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ื›ื”, ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ื›ืš ืœืžื•ื— ื“ืจืš ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืžื ื” ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื”, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ื”ืžืฉืงืœ. ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืžื”ืคื›ื™ ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื—ืฉื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— โ€“ ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื, ื—ื–ืจื• ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™, ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกืจืช ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืจืื• ื‘ืžื”ื•ืคืš, ืขื“ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช. ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื–ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื ืงืจื FEF, ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœ-Superior colliculus ื•ืžืฉื ืœ-PPRF. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืœ-PPRF ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืขื™ืŸ ืื—ืจืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘-PPRF, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘-FEF, ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื”-ืœื˜ืจืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”. ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช AMD ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช (ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืœืจื™ ืชืœื•ื™ ื’ื™ืœ). ืจื˜ื™ื ื™ื˜ื™ืก ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื•ื–ื”. ืงืจื™ืขื” ื•ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช (ื”ื™ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืจืฉืชื™ืช): ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืš: ืืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืกื•ื›ืจืช, ื—ื‘ืœื”, ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช, ืื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืฆื˜ืžืง ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื’'ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฉืš ืื™ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช. ื‘ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ืœืžืขื˜ ืกื•ื›ืจืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืงืŸ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ืช. ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืชื•ืš-ืขื™ื ื™ (ื’ืœืื•ืงื•ืžื”) ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจืก ืฉืœ ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืขื“ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืคืชื™ื” ืกื•ื›ืจืชื™ืช (ืกื™ื‘ื•ืš ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจืช) ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื“ื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื ื™ืขืชื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืžืงืจื™ืฉ, ื•ืœื ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืฆื•ืจื‘ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ื•ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ ื ื–ืงื™ ืจืื™ื™ื” ืงืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ืžื™ื. Lebers โ€“ ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจืฆืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืœื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื—ื•ื–ื™ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืื•ืจ. ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ืœื“ืช. ืจืื• ื’ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืขื™ื ื™ืช โ€“ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ืฉืช ืื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืฆืœ ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืคืจืง 80 โ€“ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื: ื”ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื”ื ืชื ืงืจ โ€“ ืขืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืช ืื™ืœืŸ ืื‘ืงืกื™ืก ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจืื™ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื™ืฉื”
2024-09-16T06:07:05
ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืค
REDIRECT ื’ืŸ (ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”)#ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืค
2017-10-30T15:33:51
ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื”
ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” (ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื M31 ืื• NGC 224) ื”ื™ื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘. ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื–ื•ื™ื ืช. ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื ืงืจืืช ืขืœ ืฉื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื›ื›ืชื ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืจืื™ืช 3.44, ื”ืขืฆื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืžืกื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืื“ื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืงื™ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”. ื”ืชืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ืช 964 ื‘ืื˜ืœืก ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ืคืจืกื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ ืจื—ืžืŸ ืืœ-ืกื•ืคื™, ืฉื ืฆื•ื™ืจื” ื›ืขื ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ. ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืืจื™ื•ืก ื‘-15 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1612. ืžืืจื™ื•ืก ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ืช ืœืœื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื”. ืฉืืจืœ ืžืกื™ื” ืฆืคื” ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1764 ื•ื™ื—ืก ืืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื” ืœืžืืจื™ื•ืก. ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืžืกื™ื” ื›-M31, ื•ืชื™ืืจ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ืช ื—ืกืจืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืฉื ื™ ื—ืจื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืฉื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืžืจื›ื–ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1780 ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื”ืจืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืงื•ื˜ืจื” ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืžืขืœื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื”, ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉ"ืžืจื—ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ 2,000 ืžืžืจื—ืงื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ืจื™ื•ืก". ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|"ื”ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื”" ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื–ืง ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ืก ื‘-1899 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1864 ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื”ื’ื™ื ืก ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืขืจืคื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืืœื ื‘ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1887 ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื–ืง ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ืก ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื” ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ืช, ืืš ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ืก ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1912 ื ืžื“ื“ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื” ื”ืจื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืžื“ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆื ืฉืžื™ืžื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• - ื›-300 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ/ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืžืžืฆื ื–ื” ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื ืžืฆื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1917 ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจ ืงืจื˜ื™ืก. ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื“ืจื’ื” 15 ืœืขื•ืžืช ื ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื“ืจื’ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 5 ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžื›ืš ื”ืกื™ืง ืงืจื˜ื™ืก ืฉื”ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 100 ืžื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1923 ื–ื™ื”ื” ืื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืงืคืื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ื—ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืืœื™ื”. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืงืคืื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื” ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื•ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›-900,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืš ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1953, ืขื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืžืฆืคื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืคืืœื•ืžืจ ื ืขืจื›ื• ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ืžืจื—ืง ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื•ืœ. ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” (ืžืกื•ืžื ืช ื›-M31) ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ืงืœื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืงื• ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืžื™ืจืืš (ฮฒ ื‘ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื”) ื•ืืช ฮผ ื‘ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-3.8 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืž-ฮผ ื‘ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื”, ื›ืš ืฉ-ฮผ ื‘ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ฮฒ ื‘ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื•ื ืจืื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ ื›ื›ืชื ืขืžื•ื. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉืงืคืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืชื” ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืืœื™ืคืกื” ืฉืื•ืจื›ื” ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื›ืžืขืœื” ืื—ืช - ื‘ืขืจืš ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืงื•ื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืžืœื. ืจืง ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืชืจืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›-3 ืžืขืœื•ืช - ืคื™ 6 ืžืงื•ื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืžืœื. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืจื—ืง ืžืจื—ืงื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ืžืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืคื ื™ื: ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืงืคืื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืชื•ืš ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืกื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›-2.51 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ื–ื•ื”ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื–ื•ื’ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืกืคืงื˜ืจืœื™ O ื•-B, ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›-3.5 ื™ืžื™ื. ืžื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืจื“ื™ื•ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื›ืš ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ืžื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ื•ืกืง ืฉืžืจื—ืงื ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื›-2.52 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ. ืœืขื ืงื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช, ืฉืื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืชื ืื• ื‘ืžืชื›ืชื™ื•ืชื ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืจืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉืžืจื—ืงื ื”ื•ื ื›-2.56 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ. ืžื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ. ืงื•ื˜ืจ, ืžืกื” ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ืชืช-ืื“ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืคื™ืฆืจ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืืœื™ืคืกื” ืฉืื•ืจื›ื” ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื›-3.2 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื›ืžืขืœื”. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืจื—ืงื” ื”ื•ื ื›-2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืฉืงื•ื˜ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื›-141,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ. ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ื‘ืžืฆืคื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืงืง ื”ืขืœื• ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืฆืคื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื” ื•ืงื•ื˜ืจื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœ-220,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ - ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘. ืžืกืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื›-1.2 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ (1.2x1012) ืžืกื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ. ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืคื™ืฆืจ ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื›ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ (1012) ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘. ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื”ืืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืคื™ 26 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื”ืืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ SA(s)b I-II. ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื ื˜ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ 77 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื• ื”ืจืื™ื” ืืœื™ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืจืื™ืช ืืœื™ืคื˜ื™ืช. ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชืช-ืื“ื•ื ืžืฉื ืช 2007 ื”ืจืื• ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื• ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื•ื˜ (Bar), ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื˜ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืืœื™ืคืกื” ื”ืืจื•ืš, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืชื™ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ืžืจื›ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ (ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ) ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืงื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ ื•ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›-13,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ H II. ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ื™ืกืงืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืœื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืžืชื›ืชื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”. ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืื• ืฉืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉื ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื”. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•, ืื• ืฉืกื™ืคื—ื” ืืœื™ื” ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืœื›ื“ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ื›ืชื”. ืืช ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช 15 ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงืคื” ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื”ื ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ 56ยฐ- ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฆื™ืจ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืœืงื˜ื™. ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืžืกื™ื” ื›-M110 ื•-M32 ื•ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉืงืคืช ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช. ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืกื’ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื’ืœืงืก ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืื• ืฉืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœ-225 ืง"ืž/ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 1,300 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžื”ืžืจื›ื–, ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืœื›-50 ืง"ืž/ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 7,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžื”ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื“ ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›-250 ืง"ืž/ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 33,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžื”ืžืจื›ื–. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื“ ืœื›-200 ืง"ืž/ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 80,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ. ืžื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื›-6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžืกื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืฉื”ืžืกื” ื’ื“ืœื” ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ืช ืขื ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืขื“ ืœืžืจื—ืง 45,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื•ืื– ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื™ื•ืจื“. ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›-300 ืง"ืž ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื” (ื›ืืœืคื™ืช ืžืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ)(ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ), ื•ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืกื—ื” ืœื›ื—ื•ืœ. ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืงื•ืœื” ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›-122 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืจื›ื– ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘, ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื“ 3.85 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื—ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื” ืœื›ื“ื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืขื ืง ืื—ืช. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื‘ืืชืจ SEDS - ืžืชื•ืš ืคื™ ื”ืื˜ื•ื, ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1994 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืกื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื”
2023-12-19T06:42:59
ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ืฉืžื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ืจื•ื•ื—ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช. ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ืŸ ืžืชืืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ื ืฉืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืชื’ืœืžืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืื—ืจ. ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™, ืจื‘ ืคืขืžื™, ืื• ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™, ื•ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื ืฉืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœืช ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืื“ื ืื• ืืฃ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฆืžื— ืื• ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ื“ื•ืžื. ืชื•ืคืขืช ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืฉื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจืช. ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืกื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืขืฉื™ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื• ื”ืจืขื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ืื• ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื–ื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกืฃ ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืืจื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืจืื™ื” ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช. ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžืื•ืžืชื™ื ืขื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืงืจ ืœื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœื•. ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื• ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื: ื”ืชื "ืš, ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช. ื”ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืฉื, ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื”, ื ืžืฆื ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ . ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื ืจืื‘"ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ื“ืœื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ื“ืœื”, ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ : "ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืขืช ื™ืฆื™ืืชื” ืžื’ื•ืฃ ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืชื›ื ืก ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื”, ื•ืื ืื“ื ืจืข ื”ื•ื ืชื›ื ืก ื ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื•ื–ื” ื“ืจื›ื ื›ืกืœ ืœืžื•"., ืจื“"ืง, ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืžืฉืœื™, ืคืจืง ื™"ื“, ืคืกื•ืง ื˜"ื•: "...ื•ื‘ื—ื›ืžื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื“ ืืžื•ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืืžื ืชื• ืžืฆื“ ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื• ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื•ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืชื•, ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื•, ื•ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื”ืขืชืง ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื”, ื•ื™ื™ื—ืก ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืžื— ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ื ื›ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื”, ื•ืฉืืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืกื›ืœื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืงืฆืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื. ื•ืžื™ ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื—ืจืฉ ื™ื—ืจื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืชื”ื™ ืœื”ื ืœื—ื›ืžื”", ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ืŸ ืœื˜ื™ืฃ, ืจ' ื—ืกื“ืื™ ืงืจืฉืงืฉ, ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื‘ืŸ ืฆืจืฆื”, ืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืœื‘ื• ื•ืจ' ื™ื“ืขื™ื” ื”ืคื ื™ื ื™. ื”ืจื"ืฉ, ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœืช ื‘ื ื• ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืขืžื“ืชื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื•ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ, ืืš ื—ืชื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืื ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื ืงื‘ืœ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืžืกืคื™ืง". ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืื‘ืœ ื“ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฉืžืช ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ืจ' ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ (ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ), ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื—ื™ื™ื˜, ืจ' ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช (ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”) ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืจืฉ"ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืืžื•ื ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜, ื’ื ื ื“ืคืก ืฉื (1854) ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ 'ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“' - ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืจื™ื” ืžืžื•ื“ื ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช. ืืฃ ืืฆืœ ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืงืคื•ืง ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช. ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” - ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื‘ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืืฆืœ ื”ื•ื’ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™, ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœื•. ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช "ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช", ื•ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื ื•ืชื ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืขื ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™ ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ, ื•ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื˜ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื•ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ื™ื”ื. ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื•ืœืœ ืกืขืจื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืื”ืจืŸ ืจืื˜ื” ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจืื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจ"ื™, ืœืคื™ื” ื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืฉ"ื˜, ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, "ื”ื–ืืช ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื›ืจื”?", ื•ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื”ื‘ืขืฉ"ื˜, ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื ื™ื‘ื ืขืœ ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ื™ ื•ืืžืจ ืœื•: "ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื™ ื”ืจืฉื” ืœืš ืœื”ืชื ื‘ื?" ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืงื ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื–ื›ืจื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื™ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื™ื”ืจื’ ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื’ืจื ืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื, ืœืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืžื”. ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื ื™ืข ื”ืžื’ืœื’ืœ ืืช ื ืฉืžืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื” ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื“ืขืช. ืžืื™ื“ืš, ืจืง ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืข ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื’ืœื’ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉืžื” ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื“ื™ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ืฉืื™ืคืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ (ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืœืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืžืฉื™ืช ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื), ื•ื›ืš ื ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืžืชืžื™ื“. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช. ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื•ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื™ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืคืจื™ื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ื•ืขืจื™ืจื•ืช. ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืงืคื” ื–ื•, ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื ืคืฉื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•. ืื ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช, ืขืœื™ื• ืœืจื“ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ืฉืžื™. ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื›ื”ืคืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœืงื‘"ื”, ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืžืืžืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืกื‘ื ื“ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืœืจืฉื‘"ื™: . ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ื’ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื— ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื ื‘ื ื™ื, "ืžื™ืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื" ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืฉืจื™ื“ ืžื ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจืช ืขื•ื ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ืžื™ืชื•, ื›ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืŸ ื–ืจืข ืœืื—ื™ื•", ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืกืคืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช. ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื˜ืืœ ืืžืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื•, ื•ืขืœ ืจื‘ื• ื”ืืจ"ื™ - ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืืžืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืจ' ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืจืขื‘ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจ"ื™. ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื• ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืกื™ืŸ), ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืžื•ื ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื ื‘ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื - ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื ืชืคืฉ ื›ื”ื—ืœืคื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื“ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ. ื›ืš ืคื•ืขืœ "ื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉืžื”". ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฆื‘ืจ ืงืืจืžื”. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ืžืกืข ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™-ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืืจื•ืš ื•ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืื—ื“. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•, ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืคื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืชื™ื•ื•ืœื“, ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข (ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืจื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ). ืขืœ ืคื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืื“ื ื–ืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื, ืื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืืฃ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื” (ื“ื–'ื”-ื•ื•). ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื "ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื", ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœืจืคื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื˜ืจืื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉ"ื ืฆืจื‘ื•" ื‘ื ืฉืžืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื, ืืฉืจ ืžืžืขื˜ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื (ื•ืืฃ ื ืžื ืข ืžื”ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื), ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืฉืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืจื’ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืชื•ืžื ืช ื”ื ืืฆืœืช ืฉื”ืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ื™ืจื•ื•ืื ื”, ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื”ืกืžืกืจื” ื•ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืืจื”. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ืืจืขื™ื•ืชืŸ ื•ืจื™ืงื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื”ืขืฆืžื™" (ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืงื™ื•ื), ืžื” ืฉืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช. ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช, ืฉื•ื‘ืจืช ืืช ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืจื“ืช ื•ืžื—ืœืฆืช ืžืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื. ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื’ื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ืงืืจืžื”. ื–ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื ืขื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ื”ืืจืžื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื•ื—. ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืกื‘ืœ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืืจื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืืžืฆืขื™ ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœื“ืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“ ื”ื ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™. ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™, ื”ื“ืœืื™ ืœืืžื” ื”ื•ื ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ื•ื” ืึทื•ึทื•ืœื•ึนืงึดื™ื˜ึถืฉึฐื•ึทื•ืจึธื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื ืฉืžืชื• ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœืช ืœื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืจืš ื ื•ืœื“. ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื–ื” ืžืื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื-ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื“ืœืื™ ืœืืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืžืื– 17 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1950 ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื“ืœืื™ ืœืืžื” ื”-14 ื˜ื ื–ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืื˜ืกื•. ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืก, ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ื•ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช. ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืžืืฉืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืก ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง. ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืคื™ื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก "ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืคืจื—ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื•ืช". ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืงืกื ื•ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืจื” ื›ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช. ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืขืœ ืืจ, ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• "ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”". ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช. ืžืืจืกื™ืœื• ืคื™ืฆื™ื ื• (ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ 18, 3-4) ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™. ื‘ื”ืจืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืกื“ืจื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช-ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืœื”ืจืžืก ื˜ืจื™ืกืžื’ื™ืกื˜ื•ืก, ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ืช 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ืขืกืคื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ. ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืขืœ ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื. ืœื“ื™ื“ื ืื“ื ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื ืฉืžืช ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื”, ื•ืขื ืœื™ื“ืชื• ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ืืžื•ื ืชื ื”ืขื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืžื”ื•ื•ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื ื—ืžื” ืœืฆืขืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื™ืชืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื•ืจื ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื•. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื–ื•, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื’ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช. ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืง ืœืœื ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ื ืฉืžื”, ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœ ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ื ืคืฉ, ื‘ืจื•ื— ื•ื‘ื ืฉืžื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ืœื ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™-ืžื•ื—ืฉื™. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื“ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช. ืžื›ืืŸ ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ื’ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืื—ืจ, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืžื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื. ื—ื•ืกืจ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื” ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืจ ื”ืžืช ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืื• ืืฃ ื‘ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืžืช. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช, ืคืจื˜ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืขืกืคื™ื. ืืžื•ื ืช ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื’ื ืžืœืžื“ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืช, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื ืฉืžืชื• ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœื” ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืœื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืฉืžื—ื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื›ืคืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืงื•ื“ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ืžื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื”ื ื•ืืฃ ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื’ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืงื•ื“ื. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช. ื’ื ืกืคืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื•ื‘ื”ื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื˜ืขื ืชื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื” ื•ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื ืžืกืจื• ืื›ืŸ ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื ืžืฉืชืคื™ื. ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ (ื“"ืจ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”) ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• 'ืžืกืข ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช' ื•'ื’ื•ืจืœืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช'; ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืก (ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคื™ื˜ืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ื— ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืืžื™) ืฉืชื™ืืจ ืืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• 'ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื', 'ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื‘ื ื‘ื›ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ' ื•'ืจืง ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ืช'; ื“"ืจ ื–ืื‘ ืงื•ืœืžืŸ (ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื‘ื™ื•-ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื–ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช) ื‘ืกืคืจื• 'ื ื•ืœื“ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืฉื•ื‘'; ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืžื•ืก ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• 'ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืขื‘ืจ' ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืžืชืืžืชื™ื; ื“"ืจ ื’'ื™ื ื‘. ื˜ื•ืงืจ (ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื) ื‘ืกืคืจื• 'ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื' ื•ืขื•ื“. ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื–ื”. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืจื’ืจืกื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืช". ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืชืœืชื” ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ืฉื›ื—ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื–ื”. ื˜ืขื ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืจื’ืจืกื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ ืื™ ืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืขื“ ืื™ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืœืื”. ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื: "ืขืฆื” ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืช" ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ืจืฆืคื™ ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ. "ื”ืฉืชืœืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช" - ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื“ื’ืจืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงืช ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื“ื’ื™ืจื” ืžืกืจื™ื ืชืช-ื”ื›ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชืžืžืฉืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืชืช-ื”ื”ื›ืจื” (ืื•ื˜ื•ืกื•ื’ืกื˜ื™ื”). ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™) ื‘ืžื•ื—, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืช. ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืื“ ืื™ื’ื ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืื. ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ืืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืจืฆื—. ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชื™ื ืžื•ื•ืช ืืœื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชืืจื™ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื. ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืืฆืœ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ื ื•ืฉื ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื ื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื, ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืžืชืื ืืžืคื™ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืื™ ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”. ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืคื•ืจืกื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“"ืจ ืื™ืืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ. ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ 40 ืฉื ื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื™ื“ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื. ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ ื ืงื˜ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืขื“ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืžืช ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ื—, ืชื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื ื•ื—. ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื”, ื”ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืงืจื• ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืชืืžื• ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื—. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื—ืงืจื• ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืชืžื™ ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ื ื—ืงืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืฆืœืงื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื. ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืชืืžื” ื–ื• ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื ืžืฆื, ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืžื ื•ื— ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืฆื™ืขื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ืœื ืื—ืช ื›ื–ื• ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืชื•, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ืงืจ ื›ืชื ืœื™ื“ื” ืื• ืžื•ื ืžื•ืœื“ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื” ื•ื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืชืื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœืคืฆืขื™ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืืงื“ื— ื‘ื ืคื˜ืจ. ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื›ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื—ื•ืงืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื“"ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ื— ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืืžื™ ืฉื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”, ืืฉืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคื™ื˜ืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื”ื™ืคื ื•ื–ื”, ืคืจืกื ื‘-1988 ืืช ืกืคืจื• "Many Masters, Many Lives", (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช "ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ"). ื”ืกืคืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืจืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื™ืก ื›ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ, ืฉื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืจื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคื—ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืจื” ืฆืขื™ืจื”, ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื” ืงืชืจื™ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืชื™ืืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืงื•ื“ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื”ื ื™ื‘ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืงืชืจื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ื’ื ื•ื™ื™ืก ืžื”ืคืš ืชืคื™ืกืชื™, ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืกื™ืคืจื” ืงืชืจื™ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื” "ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืจื•ื—ื ื™", ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื• ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื•ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• - ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืขื‘ื“. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืงื” ืœื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืžื ื•ื—, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืฉืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœื•ื. ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ: "ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื‘ื ื‘ื›ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ", "ืจืง ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ืช" ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื”ืคื ื˜ ืžื•ืกืžืš, ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืคื™ืชื— ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ืจื’ืจืกื™ื” ืžืฉืœื• ื•ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ืจื™ืคื•ื™. ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• ืžืกืข ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช, ื•"ื’ื•ืจืœืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช" ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืคื ื•ื–ื” ืขืžื•ืงื”, ื•ืชื™ืืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืคืกื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื›ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื”ื. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื", ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืจืชืงื™ื ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”, ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ืฉืจื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืจื•ื“ื•ืœืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืžื‘ืกืก ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ืžืชืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื•. ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืžืืช ืคื˜ืจ ื“ื ื•ื‘, ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืื•ืžืจื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืื™ื‘ื ื”ื•ื‘, ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืชืื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”. ื‘ื•ืขื– ืฉื‘ื•, ืฉืืฉืชื• ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื™ืชืžืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002 ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2021 ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืฉื ืจืฆื—ื•, ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื. ืœื™ื˜ืœ ืชืจืฆื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืžื•ื•ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื” ื”ืขื™ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื ื—ืฉืคื” ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืžืื™ 2021 ืคื•ืจืกื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ื‘ ืื‘ื• ืขืืกื™, ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ 3 ื—ืฉืฃ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืžื’"ื‘ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ืœื“, ื•ื”ืขื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืื“ื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื•ืืฉืชื•. ื“"ืจ ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื–ืคืจืŸ ืžื•ืจื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ืกื•ืคืจ, ืžืฆื™ื’ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืจื˜ืจื• ื”ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืฉืคื™ืชื— ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ืฉืื ื˜ื™ ื“ื•ื•ื™, ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืฉืื ื˜ื™ ืืœื ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ืœื•ื’ื“ื™ ื‘ืื™. ืฉืื ื˜ื™ ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ 'ืžืื˜ื”ื•ืจื”', ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืื ื˜ื™, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืงื™ืฉืŸ ืฆ'ืื ื“, ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืกื™ืคืจื” ื•ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืื“ื ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืœืฉื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืกืจื” ืœื• ืฉืื ื˜ื™. ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ืœืงื™ื“ืจื ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ืœื•ื’ื“ื™ ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ืขืช ืœื™ื“ืช ื‘ื ื ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœืœื™ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืื ื˜ื™. ื›ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืื ื˜ื™ ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืžื”ื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื” 15 ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื•ืœืคืจืกื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. ื‘ืกื™ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ืงืจ ืœื›ืคืจ ืฉืื ื˜ื™ ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ืžื™ื“ ืืช ืืžื• ื•ืื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืื™ืชื ื‘ื ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืช ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื“ืœื”ื™. ืฉืื ื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืชื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ. ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื™ื ื“ืจื” ืกืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื”ืงื™ื ืกืจื™ ืื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ื• ืื•ื’ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืื ื˜ื™ ื“ื•ื•ื™. ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉืจืื• ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื›ื™ ืฉืื ื˜ื™ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืื˜ื”ื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืœืชื•ืคืขื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1958 ืคืจืกืžื• ื”ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืฉืื ื˜ื™ ื“ื•ื•ื™, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื“"ืจ ืื™ืืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ, ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”, ื•ืœื“"ืจ ืจื•ืื˜. ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ื—, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ืฉืžืชื• ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืœื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ 7 ืฉืืช ืชืฆื”ื™ืจื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ, ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”, ื™ืขืœ ื•ื™ืœื ืจ. ื ื™ืžื•ืงื”: "ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกึฐืคึตื™ืจึธื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ื–ื”ื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืคืคืช ืœืกึฐืคึตื™ืจึธื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ืช/ื“ืชื™ืช. ืžืฉื›ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ืขืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื’ืฉืชื• ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉืช, ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’." ืจืื• ื’ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืฉืื ื˜ื™ ื“ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื“"ืจ ืจื’'ื ืกืขื™ื“ ืคืจื’', "ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช: ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืขืžื™ืง ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ืžืชืŸ ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืงืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ืช", ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, 2006 "ืฉืขืจ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื", ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, "ืžืกืข ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช" ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, "ื’ื•ืจืœืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช" ื“"ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืก, "ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ" ื“"ืจ ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื“ื ื™ื ื•, "ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช, ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-17", ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ, 2010. ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืคืืจื™ืฉ (ืขื•ืจืš), "ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช", 'ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’' ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 1999. ืจื•ื™ ืกื˜ื™ืžืŸ, "ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช - ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื", ื”ื•ืฆืืช 'ืขื•ืคืจื™ื', 1997. ืงืจื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืžืŸ, Children's Past Lives: How Past Life Memories Affect Your Child, ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช? ืคืจืง ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช- ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“, ืžื” ื ืฉืžื”?, ื”ื™ื“ืขืŸ, 25 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2009 ืจื—ืœ ืืœื™ืื•ืจ, ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื’ืœื™ื ืจื–ื, ืžืชื•ืš: "ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืœื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืชืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืœืืช ืœื• ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื" (ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื“ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืงืจ), ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืž"ื•, ืขืž' 207โ€“239 ืกืชื™ืจื” ืงืฆืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ, "ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ืขืช" ืžื‘ื™ืช "ืฉื‘ืช ื˜ื™ืฉ", ืžื›ื•ืŸ "ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื" ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืฉืžื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื•ืช: ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช
2024-09-29T21:25:10
ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื”
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ื“ื•ืจื” ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” (ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”: แผˆฮฝฮดฯฮฟฮผฮญฮดฮฑ) ื”ื™ื ื ืกื™ื›ื” ืžื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉื›ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžืคื•ืกื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ืจื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžื”, ื ื›ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœืฉืœืื•ืช ืœืกืœืข ื›ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืžืคืœืฆืช ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืฆืœื” ืžืžื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจืกืื•ืก ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื–ืื•ืก, ื•ื‘ืขืœื” ืœืขืชื™ื“. ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืื– ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช. ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจื ืกืื ืก ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืคื™ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœย ืื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•ืก. ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืกื™ื›ื”, ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืงืคืื•ืก ื•ืงืกื™ื•ืคืื”, ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื (ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืคื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ื•ื ื” "ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”" ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”). ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืคืจ, ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืคืืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืงืกื™ื•ืคื™ืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ื™ื (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ืจื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืชื” ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืชื ื”). ืคื•ืกื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืขืก ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ื‘ื–ืขืžื• ื”ืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ื—ื•ืคื™ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื— ืืช ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช ืงื˜ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ืœืงืคืื•ืก ื•ืงืกื™ื•ืคื™ืื” ื ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžืคืœืฆืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืชืŸ ื‘ืชื ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ืœื˜ืจืฃ ืœืื•ืชื” ืžืคืœืฆืช. ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืขืžื•, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืฆืช ื”ืื•ืจืงืœ ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ ืืช ื‘ืชื• ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ืœืกืœืข ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืคืœืฆืช. ืคืจืกืื•ืก, ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื–ืื•ืก ืื‘ื™ ื”ืืœื™ื, ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ืจืื” ืืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื”ื›ืคื•ืชื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื™ื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช, ืื ืงืคืื•ืก ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื‘ืชื• ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ืœืื™ืฉื”. ืคืจืกืื•ืก ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืžืคืœืฆืช ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื›ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื’ืกื•ืก ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจืืฉื” ื”ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ื–ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช ืœืื‘ืŸ ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื•ื ืฉื ืื•ืชื” ืœืื™ืฉื”. ืื—ื“ ืžืชืฉืขืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ืžื™ืงื ื”. ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ืกืœืข ืืœื™ื• ื ื›ื‘ืœื” ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืคื•. ื”ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืš ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคืจื™ืคืœื•ืก ืฉืœ ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืกืงื™ืœืงืก ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-4 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ืžืงืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื ืžืœ ื™ืคื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช "ืกืœืข ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื”". ืขืœ ืฉืžื” ื’ื ื ืงืจืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื•ื‘ื” ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื”. ืืžื ื•ืช ืจืื• ื’ื ืกืœืข ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื”ืจ ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” (ืื™ื™ ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื) ื”ืจ ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” (ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื”) ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื” ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช
2024-07-08T03:44:33
ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช (ืื• ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื’ืจืฃ-ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ) ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื—ืžืฉืช ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื•ืฉืœื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช, ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื”, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืคื•ืชื—ื” ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”-18 ื•ื”-19, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ืืš ืœื‘ ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ืืœื ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกืžืš ืฉืœื. ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื "ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื’ืจืฃ-ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ" ืขืœ ืฉื ืžื ืกื—ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื, ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ืงืจืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื’ืจืฃ, ืืš ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื”ื. ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืขื ืฃ "ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”", ื—ืงืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืจื. ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื•ืืจื›ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ, ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ื–ืืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”: ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ (ืก"ื™, ื‘ืœืขื–: Jehovist โ€“ J): ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘-950 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืœืขืจืš ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ (ืก"ื, ื‘ืœืขื–: Elohist โ€“ E): ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘-850 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืœืขืจืš ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ืžื™ (ืก"ื“, ื‘ืœืขื–: Deuteronomist โ€“ D): ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘-600 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืœืขืจืš, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ (ืก"ื›, ื‘ืœืขื–: Priestly โ€“ P): ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘-500 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืœืขืจืš, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ. ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื™ืจื“ื” ืงืจื ื”, ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ืœื” ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื’ืจืฃ-ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืŸ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืจืงืข ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ืขืœ ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื (ืชื—ืจื™ืฃ, ุชุญุฑูŠู) ืฉืขืฉื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื (ื•ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื) ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื”ื. ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืขืœื• ื‘ืงื•ืจืืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืจืช ืืœ-ื‘ืงืจื”, ื•ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ื™ืช' ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”.ืกื•ืจื” 2, ืคืกื•ืง 75 ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื“ืืจ ืืœืืกืœืื: "ื”ื•ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœืœื”, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืœืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ!"ืฆื—ื™ื— ืืœ-ื‘ื•ื—'ืืจื™, ืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืืŸ ื•ื‘ืกื•ื ื” , ืžืก' 6929. "ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื–ื™ื™ืคื• ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ื•ืืžืจื•: ื”ื•ื ืžืืœื•ื”ื™ื". ืื—ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื ืคื•ืฆื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืฉึดื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืชืืกืœื ืกืžื•ืืœ ืืœ-ืžื•ื’ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืืคื—ืื ืืœ-ื™ื”ื•ื“, ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื•ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ "ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกืคืจ ืขื–ืจื (ูƒุชุงุจ ุนุฒุฑุง), ืœื ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ". ื–'ืืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืง ื•ืฉื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17 ื—ืœืง ืชื•ืžืืก ื”ื•ื‘ืก ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื—ื•ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉื”, ื•ืกื˜ื” ืžื›ืš ืžื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช. ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ ืื™ื–ืืง ืœื” ืคื™ื™ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืืช ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื• ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื ื‘ืจืื• ื’ื–ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื ื•ืฉ ืœืœื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช. ื”ื›ื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืจื™ืฉืืจ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืคืจืกื ื‘-1678 ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™ ืฉื ืžืกืจ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ืืœื ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื. ืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื ืืกืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช, ืืš ื”ื•ืคืฆื• ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ืื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17 ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ ืฉืคืงืคืง ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ื”ื—ืœื• ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืจืขืจ ื’ื ืขืœ ืขืฆื ืื—ื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื˜ืงืกื˜=ื–'ืืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืง|ื–'ืืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1753 ืคืจืกื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื–'ืืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืง ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืžืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช". ืืกื˜ืจื•ืง, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืงื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ืš ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืก, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืกื™ืง ืืกื˜ืจื•ืง ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข, ื•ืื™ื ื ืชื•ืืžื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื”ื. ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ (ืจ' ืœื”ืœืŸ). ืืกื˜ืจื•ืง ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื "ื™ื”ื•ื”", ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืื—ืจืช ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื "ืืœื”ื™ื". ืืกืจื˜ื•ืง ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื, ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืจืš ืœืจืฆืฃ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืื—ื“. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืืœื”ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื•ื”. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืื™ืชืจ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืง ื›ืžื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืชื•, ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืืœื ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื‘ื ืคืจื“. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื•, ืžืฉื” ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื” ื–ื• ืœืฆื“ ื–ื•, ื•ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ืฉืฉื–ืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ืžืกืžืš ืื—ื“. ื›ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืขืจืš ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืคืจื™ื“ ืื™ื™ื›ื”ื•ืจืŸ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ื˜ื‘ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื "ืžืงื•ืจ ืืœื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™" (ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ E) ื•"ืžืงื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™" (ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ J). ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื’ื ืื™ื™ื›ื”ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ืจื” ืฉืžืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืจืš ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืืš ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ืžืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ื–ื•. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื” ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจ ื›ื™ื•ื. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืง ื•ืื™ื™ื›ื”ื•ืจืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช. ืืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขืกืงื• ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืจืื• ื›ื›ืคื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ื™ื. ื›ืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืคื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื–ื‘ื— ื”ืคืกื— ื™ืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœืื›ืœื• ืฆืœื•ื™ ื‘ืืฉ (, ), ืืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื–ื‘ื— ืคืกื— ื™ื™ืœืงื— ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืืŸ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฉืœื• (). ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ืืžืจ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (; ), ืืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืชื•ื‘ืข ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืขื“ ืฉื ืช ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ (, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืจืื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš). ืžืชื—ื™ื ืืœื”, ืฉืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืกืงื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ืžื‘ืงืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื’ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื›ืžื” ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™-ื—ื•ืง ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื. ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืืœื” ื ืชื—ื‘ืจื•, ืœื˜ืขื ืชื, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1805 ืคืจืกื ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื“ื” ื•ื˜ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื•. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื•, ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘- ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืช ื–ืืช ืงื•ืฉืจืช ืืช ื—ื•ืงืช ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื•, ื”ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื‘-. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžืงืจื, ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”-18 ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื• ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืžืฆื ื—ืœืงื™ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื”", ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืœืฉืคืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื•ื”ืงืจื™ืื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื” ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืกื˜ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืœ, ื•ืขืจืš ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืžืจื—ื™ืงืช ืœื›ืช ืฉืขื™ืงืจื” ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”' ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืกื’ื“ื• ืœื• ื•ืœืืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื”" ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืืจื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื“ื” ื•ื˜ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืคื•ื ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘' ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื•, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืขืจืš. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื˜ืขื ื•, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืฃ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ, ืžืคืชื— ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื‘ืงืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืขื•ืจืจื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ื‘-ื›ื– ื•ื‘-ื™. ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื˜ื”ืจื”, ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ื’ื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช. ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื” ื•ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืฉื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื• ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื›ื”ื ื™, ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืœืช ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืงืช ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ืกืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช. ื‘-1853 ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืจืžืŸ ื”ื•ึผืคึฐึผืคึตืœึฐื“ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉื–ื™ื”ื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ืง ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื™ื, ืฉืื•ืชื ื›ื™ื ื” E1 ื•-E2. ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืขืžื“ื• ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ E1 ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื, ื•ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื™ื›ื• ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ื“, ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ (P). ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื™ื D, J, E ื•-P, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืช. ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื ืงืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ. ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื”ืœืš ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื• ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื: ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื, ืฉืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ื•ื ืจืื™ื "ืชืคื•ืจื™ื" ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™, ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื”ื. ืืš ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ืง, ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจื™ื, ื”ืกืชืžืš ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืขืœ ืืžื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื•ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข) ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื•, ืื ื™ื•ืคืจื“ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ืชืชืงื‘ืœื ื” ืืจื‘ืข ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืจืฆืฃ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื•ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืื—ื™ื“, ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืžืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” ื›ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืขืฆืžืื™. ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช, ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื. ืืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช, ืฉืฉื–ืจื” ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื˜, ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื• ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชื›ื ื ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื, ืชืœื” ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ื™ื—ืก ื”ืขื•ืจืš ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื ืงืœ, ืื˜ืงื”, ื“ื”-ื•ื˜ื” ื•ื’ืจืืฃ, ื–ื›ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ" ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืจื. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ (ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืืช ื—ืžืฉืช ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”) ืœืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื”ืŸ, ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืจืจื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื›ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืกื•ืžื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช J, E, P ื•-D. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ (Jehovist โ€“ J) โ€“ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื—ืŸ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื•ืคืจื•ื–ืื™, ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืžื•ืจืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ. ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื” ืืช ื”ืืœ ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื•ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืชื™ืืจืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืื” ื”-9 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื• ืฉื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœืื—ืจื• ืœืžืื” ื”-7 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื ืคืจื“ืช, ืฉืฉื•ืœื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ (Elohist โ€“ E) โ€“ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืœ ืืชืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื”, ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆืื• ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ, ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (), ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ืื”, ื”ืขืœื• ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืขื’ืœื™ื ืฉืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื”ืฉื•ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ). ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื–ืžื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืืจืš ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-9 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 721. ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขืžื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื "ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช" ( - ื›ื’ ื™ื˜). ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืขืฆืžืื™, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ืžื™ (Deuteronomist โ€“ D) โ€“ ื ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช, ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื•. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืฉื–ื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ืžื™ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืชื•ื›ื ื• ื”ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™. ื—ื•ืงื™ื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ืœืืœ ืื—ื“, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื•. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ (Priestly โ€“ P) โ€“ ืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ื•ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื•ืคืจืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืฉืžื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื˜ื”ืจื” ื•ื‘ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ. ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื–ืžื ื• ื•ืžื•ืฆืื•. ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืžื•ืฆืื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื™ ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืŸ, ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ "ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช", ื—ืœืง ืขืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื ื”-ืชื•ืจืชื™. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื•, ืก"ื› ืงื“ื•ื ืœืก"ื“, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืœื™ืžื™ื, ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื—ืงืจื• ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช ื”ืงื“ืึพื’ืœื•ืชื™ืช ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช ื”ื‘ืชืจึพื’ืœื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ ื›ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืงื“ืึพื’ืœื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ืชืืจื•ืš ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจืื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืก"ื› ืืžื ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ืืš ืœื ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื•ื’ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจื•. ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื•ื’ื• ื ืฉืขื ื• ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื’ืœื™ืื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื, ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. J ื•-E ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื™ื–ื ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื ืงืฉืจื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” (ืจ', ืœืžืฉืœ, ). ืžืงื•ืจ D, ืฉื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืฉืœื‘ ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ื•ืžืžื•ืกื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ืœืกืžืœื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื () ื•ืœืจื›ื– ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ ืื—ื“. P, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงืฃ ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืžื ืชืงืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ื—ื ื• ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื™ืงืชื ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืœืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ, ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื” ื’ื ืื•ืชื•. ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื•ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-8 ืœืคื ื”"ืก (ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ E), ืืš ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ืžื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ืžื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžื’ืœืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ P. ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื•ืฉื•ื›ืœืœื” ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืžืœืื›ืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื–ื™ืจืชื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืชื•ืืจื” ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™, ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช J ื•-E ืžื•ื–ื’ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ (JE) ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืจืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืคืขืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื ืคื™ืœืช ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื• ืื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฆื•ืจืฃ JE ืœ-D, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช (JED). ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ืฆื•ืจืคื” ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ืช (P), ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืจื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื”. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ืžื™ (D) ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ืกื‘ืจื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (Dtn) ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื• (-ื›ื•); ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ (Dtr1), ื”ืžืชื•ืืจืš ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื•, ื ืขืจืš ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื ื•ืกืคื• ืœื• ื”ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื”ืงื•ืฉืจืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื ืื•ืžื™ ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” (-ื™ื), ื•ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืœืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื• (-ืœ). ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื ืขืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ (Dtr2), ื•ื ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ื• ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื•) ื•ื—ืœืงื ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืืฃ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ื ืฉื–ืจื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื. ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืื—ื“ ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”. ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ืงืžื• ืœื” ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฆื™ื“ื“ื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืœืขืฆื ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืื—ื™ื“ื”. ื˜ืขื ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ืืช, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืขื” ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื” ืฆื‘ื™ ืกื’ืœ (1876โ€“1968), ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืื™-ื”ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื•ื˜ืขื”, ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื”ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ืืช ืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื, ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ืงืืกื•ื˜ื• (1883โ€“1951). ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืœืคื™ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ืช. ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืœื ืžืฆืื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœืก"ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœืก"ื™, ืื ื›ื™ ื›ืŸ ืžืฆืื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœืก"ื ื•ืœืก"ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœืก"ื›. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™-ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืืš ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื’ืฉืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื”. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ื“ืก (1737โ€“1802), ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืฉืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืกื‘ืจื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืจ (1771โ€“1826). ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื, ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืืจื‘ืข ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ืืœื ืžืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ื“, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืชืžืื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื• ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืขืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช. ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™-ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื•. ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื— ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืงืจ ื”ืกื•ื’ื•ืช. ื—ืงืจ ื”ืกื•ื’ื•ืช ื™ื•ืกื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ, ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืจืžืŸ ื’ื•ื ืงืœ (1862โ€“1932). ื’ื•ื ืงืœ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ื›ื ื“ื‘ืš ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžื•ืจื”ื•. ื”ื•ื ื’ืจืก ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ืืš ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืกื•ื’ืชืŸ: ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื•ื›ื•'. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื’ื•ื ืงืœ, ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื›ื–ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื•ื ืžืกืจื” ื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘. ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืืคืฉืจ, ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื•, ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชืŸ. ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื ืงืœ ืื•ืžืฆื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื’ื• ื’ืจืกืžืŸ (1877โ€“1927), ืฉื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื‘ืจื›ื˜ ืืœื˜ (1883โ€“1956), ืฉื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืงื–ื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืคื•ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืกื“ ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื• ืฆืžื— ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช, ืืš ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื•, ื ื–ื ื—ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช. ื’ื™ืฉืช ื—ืงืจ ื”ืกื•ื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจื”ืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื“ (1901โ€“1971) ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื“ืจื›ื•, ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืช (1902โ€“1968). ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืœึพืคื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื: ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื›ื ืขืŸ, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—, ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ ืœื›ืœืœ ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“. ื›ืš, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื ื•ืช, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื›ื ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื•ืจืืœื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื›ืžื” ื’ื ืืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืฉืงืฉืจื” ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืžืกื™ืจื”. ืžื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืงื• ื–ื”, ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืœืฃ ืจื ื“ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•, ืืจื”ืจื“ ื‘ืœื•ื. ื”ื ืคื™ืจืงื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืœื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืœื”ืฉืขืจืช ื‘ืœื•ื ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื›ื”ื ื™ืช ื•ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืื•ื—ื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื’ื•ืฉื ืื™-ืฉื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื”ื™ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžืงืจื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช, ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืฉืฉื–ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื” ืชืคื™ืฉื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื•. ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืขืจื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื“ื” ืงืจื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื’ืจืกืื•ืช "ืžืชื•ืงื ื•ืช" ืฉืœื”. ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืืœื™ื•ื˜ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืงื•ื™ืคืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ ืงื“ื ืœืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื•ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื ื”-ืชื•ืจืชื™, ื•ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื—ื–ืงื™ื”. ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช", ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื•ืจืฅ ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•.Joel S. Baden, The Composition of the Pentateuch: Renewing the Documentary Hypothesis, 2012 Jeffrey Stackert, A Prophet Like Moses: Prophecy, Law, and Israelite Religion, 2014 Lianne M. Feldman, The Story of Sacrifice: Ritual and Narrative in the Priestly Source, 2020 ืืจื™ืืœ ืกืจื™ึพืœื•ื™, "ื”ื›ืขืก ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื›ื•ื›ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”", ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชืฉืค"ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ืืช, ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืืœื ืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™. ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื›ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ื•ื ืคืจื“ื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื ืฉื–ืจื• ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืœื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืชื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืขืžื“ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™. ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจื›ื” ืื™ื ื ืชื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืจืฉืœื ื™ืช, ืืœื ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืžืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืจืื” ื›ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื“ืคืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื•ื’ื ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื.ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ืช, ืคืจืง ื' ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™, ืงืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืง; ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื›ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: "ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืขืจื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“", ืื• "ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ืŸ". ืœืขื•ืžืชื•, ืคืจืง ื‘' ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจื•ื–ื”. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื’ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื: ื‘ืคืจืง ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื "ืืœื”ื™ื", ื•ื‘ืคืจืง ื‘ ื‘ืฉื "ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื".ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ืคืจืง ื' ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจืื™ื ื‘ื• ื“ื•-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™. ืœืขื•ืžืชื•, ื‘ืคืจืง ื‘' ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ, ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื—ื•ื” ื ื‘ืจืืช ืจืง ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืžืฆืœืขื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื•ื›ืขื–ืจ ืœื ื’ื“ื•.ืœื“ืขืช ืžื‘ืงืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืคืจืง ื' ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ (P), ื•ืคืจืง ื‘' ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ (J). ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื - P ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื‘ - J ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืจืฆื•ืฃ ื›ืคื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื•ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ. ื›ืคื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช: ื”ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืžื‘ื•ืœ ืžืชื•ืืจ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื (, ื”โ€“ื• / ื™ืโ€“ื™ื‘); ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”' ืœื ื— ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื™ื‘ื” ื ืืžืจื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื™ื (ืฉื, ื™ื–โ€“ื™ื— / ืโ€“ื“); ื ื— ืžืžืœื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”' ืคืขืžื™ื™ื (ื• ื›ื‘ / ื– ื”), ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื™ื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื (ื– ื– / ืฉื ื™ื’); ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืชื‘ืœ ืžืชื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื (ื– ื›ื / ืฉื ื›ื‘โ€“ื›ื’). ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช: ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื ื— ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืชื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•ื’ ืžื›ืœ ื—ื™ื” (ื• ื™ื˜โ€“ื›), ื•ืคืขื ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื–ื•ื’ ืžื›ืœ ื—ื™ื” ื˜ืžืื” ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื—ื™ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” (ื– ื‘โ€“ื’); ืžืงืจืื•ืช ืื—ื“ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื’ืฉื (ื– ื“, ื– ื™ื‘, ื‘2) ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื’ืฉื ื•ืขืœื™ืช ืžื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื (ื– ื™ื, ื— ื‘1); ืžืงืจืื•ืช ืื—ื“ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืœื™ืœื” (ื– ื“, ื– ื™ื‘, ื– ื™ื–) ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฉืš ืžืื” ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื (ื– ื›ื“, ื— ื’). ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื”: ื ื— ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ "ืขึทื“ ื™ึฐื‘ึนืฉึถืืช ื”ึทืžึทึผื™ึดื ืžึตืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ" (ื— ื–), ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื” "ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช ื”ึฒืงึทืœึผื•ึผ ื”ึทืžึทึผื™ึดื ืžึตืขึทืœ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื”" (ืฉื ื—), ื•ืื›ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ "ืžึทื™ึดื ืขึทืœ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื›ึธืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ" (ืฉื ื˜). ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื•ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ: ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื—ื˜ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื‘ื•ืœ ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืจืขื” (ื• ื”, ื— ื›ื), ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ื”ืฉื—ืชื” ื•ื—ืžืก (ื• ื™ืโ€“ื™ื’); ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืชื‘ืœ ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื›ื’ื•ื•ื™ืขื” ืื• ืžื™ืชื” (ื• ื™ื–, ื– ื›ืโ€“ื›ื‘), ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื›ืžื—ื™ื” (ื• ื–, ื– ื“, ื– ื›ื’); ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”' ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืืœื”ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœืคื™ ืœืฉื•ื ื, ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื, ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ื•ืขืงื™ื‘ื™ื: ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืœ ืจืขืช ื”ืื“ื ื”' ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืžื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื”. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื” ืœื ื— ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืชื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•ื’ ืžื›ืœ ื—ื™ื” ื˜ืžืื” ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื—ื™ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื’ืฉื ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืžื•ื—ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™. ืขื ืชื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื ื— ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื”ืื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืชื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ืฉืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืื“ืžื” ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื•ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ืœื”' ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช โ€“ ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœืงื— ืขืžื•. ื”' ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื, ืืœื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื•ื•ื™ืขืชื. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื” ืœื ื— ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืชื•ื›ื” ื–ื•ื’ ืžื›ืœ ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื ื‘ืงืขื™ื ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื”ื•ื, ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื” ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื’ื•ื•ื™ืขืชื ื•ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืžืคืจื˜ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื— ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืฉื”ืื“ืžื” ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืžืžื™ื ืืœื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื ื— ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืชื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืœืœื ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช โ€“ ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืคื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ โ€“ ืืœื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื ื ื— ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื• ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ืกื™ืžื ื” ื”ืงืฉืช ื‘ืขื ืŸ. ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืก"ื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”', ื•ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืคืชื™ืช ืœื”' ืืฉืจ ื ื™ื—ื ื•ืžืชืขืฆื‘ ืืœ ืœื‘ื• (ื• ื•โ€“ื–). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉื ื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื” ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ืช ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืก"ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืจืื• ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื•ืžื•ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ื•. ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืก"ื›, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืืœื”ื™ื, ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ. ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ืช ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืก"ื›, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ื•ืžืขืœ ืœืฉืžื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืคืจื“ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ื›ื—ื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืชื ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช. ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื”-ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืืฉืชื• ื›ืื—ื•ืชื•: ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘; ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื ืื‘ื™ืžืœืš ืžืœืš ื’ืจืจ ื‘, ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘. ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ืกืงื™ื ืจ ื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง, ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœ-J, ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœ-E, ื•ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœ-J. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžืจืื” ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืœื ื›ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื“ - ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืฉืจื” ื›ืื—ื•ืชื•, ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื™ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืืฉืชื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืื’ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืขื‘ ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ - "ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืจืขื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ" (). ืคืจื˜ ืœื ื•ืฉื ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ, ืฉืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืœืขื•ืžืช , ืœืžืฉืœ) ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืขืชืงืช ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ("ืืžืจื™ ื ื ืื—ืชื™ ืืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจืš" ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, "ืื—ืชื™ ื”ื•ื" ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™), ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื‘ื™ืžืœืš ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืœืงื™ื—ื” ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื” ื•ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ืงื” ืœื ื ืœืงื—ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืชื ื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ื• () ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื• (). ืœืงื•ืจื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช. ืืžื ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ืœื•ื™, ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ื•ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช: 'ืืจื•ืจ ืืคื ื›ื™ ืขื–', ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉื” "ื ืขืœื" ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, ื•ืงืœืœืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื‘ืจื›ื” - "ื‘ืจืš ื”' ื—ื™ืœื•". ืžื” ื”ืจืงืข ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื? ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืขืœื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ? ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืืžืจื• ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช: ืงื˜ืข ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ: ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื’ื•ืฃ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื ืชืงืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืคืจืฉื ื™ื. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื”ืฉืขืจื” ื–ื• ืื• ื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืžืžื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืจ' ื“ื•ื“ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ ื”ืชื ืฆื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช (ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื•, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช) ื•ืขื ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ (ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื•ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ"). ืืฃ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžืงืจื ื‘ื ื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื ื—ืจืฆื•ืช ืœืืกื›ื•ืœืช ื’ืจืฃ-ื•ืœื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ืื—ื– ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜. ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืขื” ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื™ืืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ืืš ืจืื” ื”ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืฆื™ืจืคื” ืื•ืชื ื›ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”' ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ืืช, ื”ืจื•ืื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื‘ื” ืืœื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช". ืœืฆื“ ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ืฉื“ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ื™ืฉื ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžืงืจื ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื ื”ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ื” ื•ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื“ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืจื•ืš ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื•ืจืฅ, ืื‘ื™ ืืกื›ื•ืœืช "ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช", ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืงืจื ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”' ื•ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื“ืžื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจืก ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืžื ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”', ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืขืœื” ืื• ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื•ืงืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืื• ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช. ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืืžืฆืช ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืจ, ืฉืœื“ืขืชื• ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืืœื”ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ืจืื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ืฉืขืจืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžืงืจื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืงืจืื™ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื ื•ื”ืœ, ืžืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ื•; ื”ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื "ืš, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2008 ื™ืื™ืจื” ืืžื™ืช, ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื ืกืชืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื : ืคื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ืขืงื™ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, 2003 ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื•ื™ื ื’ืจ, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ืืžื•ื ื” ื“ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื’ืจื” ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ืชืฉืœ"ื’/ 1973 ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืง, ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” - ืฉืืœื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื "ืš, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, 2013 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืจ' ื“ื•ื“ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ, ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื•ืœื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ. ื‘ืืชืจ "ื“ืขืช - ืืชืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื—" ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื™ืืจ, ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืจื, ืžื’ื“ื™ื, ืœ' ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉื "ื˜. ื‘ืืชืจ "ื“ืขืช - ืืชืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื—" ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื ื•ื”ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช - ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ืืจ, ื‘ืืชืจ "ื“ืขืช - ืืชืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื—" ื ื“ื‘ ื ืืžืŸ, "ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืžืงืจื, ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”", ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 94 ื‘ืจื•ืš ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื•ืจืฅ, ื”ืชื•ืจื”: ื—ืžืฉืช ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ื” ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”, ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืฆ' ื˜ืœืฉื™ืจ (ืขื•ืจื›ืช), ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื: ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืข"ื, ืขืž' 161โ€“226 David Carr Changes in Pentateuchal Criticism: A Survey of Developments in Pentateuchal Theory, 1950-2012. ื‘ืชื•ืš Hebrew Bible/Old Testament The History of Its Interpretation, Volume III: From Modernism to Post-Modernism. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2013. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื *
2024-10-13T20:30:13
ืจืœื‘ื’
2022-03-17T02:27:24
ืฆื•ื•ืชื
ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืชื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช. "ืฆื•ื•ืชื" ื”ื•ืงื ื›"ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช" ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื›ื–ืจื•ืข ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืœืฆื“ ืžืค"ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื’ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื• ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ื• ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ "ืฆื•ื•ืชื" ื•ืืฃ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืืช ืฉืžื•. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1972 ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ "ืฆื•ื•ืชื" ืœืžืฉื›ื ื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ 30 (ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจืก). ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืงืžื—ื™ ืขื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืžืœ ืฉืœ "ืฆื•ื•ืชื". "ืฆื•ื•ืชื", ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›"ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช". ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืœื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืœืฆื“ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›-90 ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ "ืฆื•ื•ืชื" ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ ื™ืขืจื™ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืชื ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืชื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ 30 ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจืก ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื•ืœืžื•ืช - ืื•ืœื ืฆื•ื•ืชื 1, ืื•ืœื ืฆื•ื•ืชื 2, ื•ืื•ืœื ื—ื–ืŸ-ืฆื•ื•ืชื 3 (ืข"ืฉ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ื–ืŸ). ืื•ืœื ืฆื•ื•ืชื 1 ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืื•ืœื ืœื•ืœื”, ืขืœ ืฉื ืœื•ืœื” ืœื•ืงืกื ื‘ื•ืจื’ - ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืชื. ืœื•ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ". ืœื•ืœื” ื˜ื™ืคื—ื”, ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืงื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืฉื—ืœืคื• ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื”, ื‘ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ืื’ื” ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ืช. ืฆื•ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘'ืžืจืชืคื™' ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจ. ืœื•ืœื” ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘-1 ื‘ืžืื™ 1918. ืœืจื’ืœ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื” ื”-90 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื, ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืžื” (ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืฆื•ื•ืชื 1), ืฆื•ื•ืชื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช (1946โ€“1973) ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช" ื”ืฉื "ืฆื•ื•ืชื" ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1956, ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1946 ื•-1956 ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ "ืฆื•ื•ืชื", ืœื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืืฃ ืœื ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื”, ืืœื "ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช". ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืžืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืคืขืœ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื• ื—ื‘ืจื• ื›ืžื” ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ืืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ "ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ" ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื. ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช". ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ "ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื" ื‘ืฉื ืช 1939. ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืงื“ื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืื—ืจ ืื›ืกื ื™ื” ืฉืชืฉืžืฉ ืœืฉื™ื— ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืฉืชื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™, ืฉื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชื ื•ืคื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื. ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื—ืจื˜" ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1939 ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ื–ื•, ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื ืขื ื™ ืžืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื”, ืฉื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ืŸ 'ื”ื“ื™ื', ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ืื‘ืงืช ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื”. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ืฉืจืื” ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘'ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื•' ืฉืœ ื”ืขื, ืขืกืง ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ "ื˜ื•ืจื™ื". ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืžืฉื ืช 1933 ื•ืื™ืœืš, ืื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘'ื˜ื•ืจื™ื' ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ืฉืงืคื” ืฉืฉืœืœื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื”ืฉืงืคื” ื ื’ื“ื™ืช, ืฉืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืงื“ืžื™ื” ื•ืฉื’ืจืจื” ืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืงื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืืžื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1939 ื ืกื’ืจ 'ื˜ื•ืจื™ื' ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ืœืื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ื ื‘ืžื” ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจื‘ ืœืžืคื"ื™, ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืกื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืืš ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืคื"ื™, ืœื ื’ื™ืœื” ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืืžืฅ ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื ื•ืืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขืžื• ื•ืขื ื—ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1939 ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืคื ื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื• ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ืกืœืœื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืงืžืช "ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื" ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ืœืื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ", ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช "ื“ืคื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช" (ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ "ืžืฉืžืจ"), ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ "ืžืฉืžืจ". ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1943 ื™ืฆื ืžืฉืžืจ ื›ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ ื•ืฉืžื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืœ"ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ", ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืืฃ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช. ืงืจื‘ืชื• ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช "ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ" ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื™ืฆืจื” ืงืฉืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ื–ืŸ. ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืŸ ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ืขืชืง ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช ืžืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืขืžืง ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ืœ ื—ื–ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ืจื•ื—, ื•ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื”ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงืคื” ื”ืชืืจื›ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื›ื ืก ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” ื›ื ืก ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ "ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช" ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1946 ื•ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ. ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ืœืื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ื’ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉื™ืื—ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”'ืžืชืงื“ืžืช'. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืžืกื“ื™ืช ื ื›ื—ื• ื‘ื›ื ืก ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื”: ืื ืฉื™ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื™ืœื•ื, ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคืกืœื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื" ื›ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ืจื™ืฆืงื™, ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืกื˜ื™ืžืฆืงื™ ื•ืžืจืกืœ ื™ื ืงื•, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืคืจื ืง ืคืœื’ ื•ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžื“ืข ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืกืžื‘ื•ืจืกืงื™, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ื•ื˜ื”ืœืฃ, ืกื•ืคืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืจืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” - ืžืฉื” ืฉืžื™ืจ, ืื”ืจืŸ ืžื’ื“, ื ืชืŸ ืฉื—ื, ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื›ืฆื‘ื™ ื–ื”ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ื›ื ืก ื“ื ื• ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช, ืžืฉืžืข ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืกืช ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื” ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ืž"ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช". ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ื•ื˜ื”ืœืฃ, ืžืขื•ืจื›ื™ "ื“ื‘ืจ" ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืก, ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš: "ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” ืขืžื“ ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ. ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืจืง ืœืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ - ืœื ืชื™ืชื›ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืกื’ื•ืœื”, ืืœื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื•ืชืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ื™, ืขืœ ืžืคืœื’ืชื™". ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื ื–ื›ืจ: "ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืขืœ ืงื•ืจืกื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื’ื ื ื‘ื”ืœื• ืงืฆืช ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื•ืžื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื ื™ืกื” ืœื ืกื— ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ื”ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ" . ืฉื ืช 1946, ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช 'ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช', ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ืกื“ื” 'ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ', ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื”. ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืงืžืช ื”'ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช', ื ืขืฉืชื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืืžืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ืืฆืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30, ืœื”ืงื™ื ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื•ื• 'ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืžืืœ'; 'ืœื™ื’ื”' ืฉืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”, ื•ืฉืชื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช (ื•ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื” ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช) ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ื’ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืขื– ืœืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฉืžืืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืกื“ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื ืชืคืกื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™. ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžื”ืคื›ื” ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื ืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืืœื™ื•. ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื ื•ื›ื— ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคื"ื™ ื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉืชื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉืืœืช 'ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื' ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืžืค"ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืจืื• ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉื“ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื–ื•, ืœืฆื“ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ื–ืŸ, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืฉื ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”: ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1935 ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ 'ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ' ื‘ืฉื ืช 1943. ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื”ืื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื, ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืงืฉืจื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืจืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืฉืืคื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™. ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื• ื›ื•ื— ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืฉื‘'ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ' ื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ืขืจื›ื• ื•ืขืฉื• ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงืจื ืœื›ืš ืžืื™ืจ ื™ืขืจื™ "ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืืœ ื”ืขื" . ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ 'ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช' ื‘ืฉื ืช 1946 ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืžืช 'ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช' ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ. ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช - ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื ืก ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืืจื•ื›ื”. ืžืขืœ 15 ืฉื ื” ืขืชื™ื“ "ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช" ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ื—ื•ื’ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ืžืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉื”ื–ื“ืžื ื• ืœืขื™ืจ. ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 1953, ื›ืฉืฉื›ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืื•ืœื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช 'ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช', ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœื ืคืจืกื•ื, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช, ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื•ืืฃ ืœืœื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื ื—ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ 48 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื›ื ืกืช ืคืขื-ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืจืฆืื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื”, ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” - ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1955 ื ืฉื›ืจ ืื•ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ 214, ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืขืชืงื” ืœืฉื. ืฆื•ื•ืชื ื ื—ื ืš ื‘-3 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1955. ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืœืื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ืคืจืก ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืคื”. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ 'ืฆื•ื•ืชื', ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ืชืงื ื•ืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช "ืฆื•ื•ืชื โ€“ ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช" ื ื•ืกื—ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1957, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ืฆื‘ื™ ื–ื”ืจ, ืžืฉื” ืฉืคื™ืจื, ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืคื˜ื™ืฉ, ื•ืจื“ื” (ืจื•ื–'ืงื”) ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืžืื™ืจ ืชืœืžื™. ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›"ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื, ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ืช ื•ืขืจื›ื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื; ื”ืงืžื” ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืžืฉื• ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืืžื ื™ื, ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื“ืข, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ื; ื”ืคืฆืช ืขืจื›ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืžืœื•ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื•ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช" . ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื ืกื“ื™ืจื”, ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60, ืขื“ ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 1962 ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื•ืžืค"ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื”ื ื™ื“ื—. ื”ืจืงืข ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ื ื•ืกื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืค"ื, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืกื™ืกืžื” "ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ ืืžืช", ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืžื ื™ื, ืœื ื›ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ืื•ืžื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืชืคืกื• ื›ืžืฉืžื™ืžื™ื, ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื, ืืœื ื›ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื›ืš ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืืกื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื” ืืœืžื’ื•ืจ ื•ืื™ืœื™ ื’ื•ืจืœื™ืฆืงื™, ืื•ืจื™ ื–ื”ืจ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืค"ื. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื™ื”ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื™ืžื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ 20 ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืš ื‘ืงืฉื• ืœืžืžืฉ ื’ื ื”ืคืขื ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ืืช ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ "ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ ืืžืช" ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” (ื—"ืฅ) ืฉืœ ืžืค"ื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืคื™ืจืกื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ืคื™ ื›ืœ 'ืคื™ืกืงื”'. ืคื™ืกืงื” ื”ืชื—ื ืš ื‘ืงืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื™ืงื•ื. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื›ื– ื—"ืฅ ืžืค"ื ืฉื”ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืงืจืช ื™ืขืจื™ ื•ื—ื–ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื•ืš ืกืขืจืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ืกืงื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืช "ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช" ืฉืฉื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ. ื’ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื• ืฆืžื— ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืจืง ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉืขืจื‘ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•' ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืœื ื™ื™ืคื’ืขื•. ืคื™ืกืงื” ื”ืชื ื” ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื™ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื•ืฉืžืงื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื™ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืžืืคื• 11 ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื™ 1964 ื ื—ื ืš ืžืฉื›ื ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ "ืฆื•ื•ืชื" ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืžืืคื• 11. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ืกืงื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ืขืจื‘, ื™ืฆืื” ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ. ืคื™ืกืงื” ื ื™ืกื” ืœืคืชื— ืงืฉืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœ'ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืž"ื—', ืืฉืจ ืžืื– ื™ืžื™ ื›ื ืก ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืžืกื“ ื•ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจ. ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘ ืจื™ื›ื– ื—ื•ื’ ืื•ืžื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื• ื•ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื• ื•ื›ืœืœื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” (ืžืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืจื•ืง'ื ืจื•ืœ), ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ (ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื™), ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืขืจื‘ื™ ืกืื˜ื™ืจื” ื•ืืฃ ื–'ืื ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื™, ืฉื›ื•ื ื” 'ื”ืงื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™'. ื”'ืงื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™', ื”ืžืฆืืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ืกืงื” ื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืขื™ื ื•, ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืื™ืจื•ื— ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืœื• ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืฉืœื ืžื™ื”ืจื• ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื•ืจื“ืœ!" ื›ืขืก ืฆื‘ื™ ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช 'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. "ื”ืฉื“ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืื™ื–ื” ืคื•ื ื“ืง ืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ืืชื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•!" ืืžืจ ื™ืขืจื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืกืงื”, ืืš ืฉื ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื• ืฉืœ ื•ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืžืš ืขืœื™ื•. 'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' ืฉืœ ืคื™ืกืงื” ื—ืจื’ื” ืžื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื”, ืฉืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ ืชื—ืช ื’ื’ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ 'ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžืช' ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืจืง ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืขื•ืช ืžืค"ื. ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘'ืงื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™' ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ ื—ืจื•ืช ื•'ืืคื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ื' ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกื™ืคืจ ืคื™ืกืงื”: "'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืคื•ืคื” ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช" ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืคื™ืกืงื”. "ื•ืขื“ื” ื–ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืขื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื”. ืื ื™ื™ืขืฉื• ืžืฉื’ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ... ืืžื ื ื ืขืฉื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื•ืœืคืกื•ืœ, ืืš ื”ืชืขืงืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ 'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ื". "ื™ืฉื ื• ืงื•ื• ืžื ื—ื”, ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื›ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคืจืกืžื”, ืื ื• ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ืœืžืช ืืช ื”ืงื•... ืื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช. ื–ื”ื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื›ืกื”, ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ. ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืื™ืฉ ืžืค"ื". ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื‘'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' ื”ืชืืจื—ื• ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื“' ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข 'ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช'- ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืจื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช, ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืืงื“ืžื™ื”, ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื‘ื, ืืžื ื™ื, ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžื—ื•"ืœ ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืจื•ื—. ืžื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื• 'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 450 ืœ"ื™ ืœืฉื ื”, ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืœ'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' 2-3 ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื–ื• ืœื ื•ื™ืชืจ ืคื™ืกืงื” ืžืฉื•ื "ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ื˜ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•: ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช 'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื, ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืื—ืจ". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968, ืฉื ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืื™ืฉืจื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืกื™ื•ืข ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœ'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื”. ืžื•ื ืชื” ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืžื•ืกื“ ื•ืœืกื™ื•ืข ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื• ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืคืืœ ืืœื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื•ื‘ืจืžืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืžื ื—ื, ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืขืจื“ ื•ื ืคืชืœื™ ืคื“ืจ. ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืžืจื›ื– ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืกืก ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื, ืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื ื•. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื•ืคืขื™ื ื‘'ืฆื•ื•ืชื', ืืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื™ืžืฉื”, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืจื•ื•ื—. ืืžื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ื•ืจืง ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื™ื• ื›ืขืฉืจ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืชืคื•ืก ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืžืžื”. ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื: ืžืขืจื™ื‘, ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื 'ื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸ', 'ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ' ื•'ื—ื•ืชื'. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืคืจืกืžื• ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช 'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' ืœืœื ืฉื ืชื‘ืงืฉื• . ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1966 ื ืขืจื›ื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ ื‘ืžืืคื• ื•ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื’ืจื ืœืขืฆื™ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื•. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืคืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื, ื•ืคื™ืกืงื” ื”ืขืœื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื—ืกืจ. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข, ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืช"ื, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ืื”ืจืŸ ืžื’ื“, ืขืžื•ืก ืขื•ื–, ืื‘ื ืงื•ื‘ื ืจ, ื ืชืŸ ืฉื—ื, ืžืฉื” ืฉืžื™ืจ, ื—ื ื” ืžืจื•ืŸ, ืืจื™ืง ืœื‘ื™ื, ื ื—ืžื” ื”ื ื“ืœ, ื™ื•ื ื” ืขื˜ืจื™, ืื™ืœื™ ื’ื•ืจืœื™ืฆืงื™, ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื ืื™, ืื•ืจื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ืขื•ื“ื“ ืชืื•ืžื™ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื ื›ืชื‘: 'ืฆื•ื•ืชื'- ื›ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื”ื; ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช; ืฉื‘ืฉื—ืจื ื“ืขืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื ืฉื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘; ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื˜ื”ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืฆื•ื“ืง; ืฉืชืฉื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื ื•ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืชื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื’ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื—ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ืฉื›ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” - ืžืฆื•ื•ื”". ื›ืš, ื•ืžืขื™ืŸ ื›ืš, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื•-ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” - ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ื ื• ื–ื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”: 'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' . ื”ื—ืœ ืžื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ืกืงื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ 'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' ืœืžื•ืกื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืžืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจื— ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื•"ืœ ืฉื”ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘'ืฆื•ื•ืชื'. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” 'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' ืคืชื•ื—ื” 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื”. ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžืงืœื˜ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชื•ืคืฆืฅ, ื•ืžืงื•ื ืžืคื’ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื—ืœื• ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืกืจื” ื”ื”ืืคืœื” ื•ืื•ืจื•ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื“ืœืงื• ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” 'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' ืžืœืื” ืขื“ ืืคืก ืžืงื•ื. ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืคื” ืœืื•ื–ืŸ: "ืฆื•ื•ืชื ืคืชื•ื—ื”". ืžืฉื” ืฉืžื™ืจ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ืขืœ ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—. ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื”. ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืงืคื• ืืช ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”'ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื' ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื—ืœืง ื•'ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื' ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ืœืš ื•ื™ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื’ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืฉื˜ื˜ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืฆื™ื. ื›ืš ื ืคืชื—ื” ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ 'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืœื“ืขืช ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื”, ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื™ืŸ-ื‘ืจื™ืจื”, ืืœื ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช, ืืœื ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืกืชืจื• ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืขื ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืกืœืžื” ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช. ื’ื ืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ 'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื ื ืคืงื“ ื‘ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื•ืš ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื” '6 ื™ืžื™ื', ืžืืช ืขืžื•ืก ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ื•ืžื™ื›ื” ืœื™ืžื•ืจ. ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืœ'ื—ื•ืชื' ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ืจืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืกืคื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืคื™ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื™, ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื–ื•ื•ืขื”. ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืืจื™ืืœ "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ", ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘", ืฉืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”: ื‘ืžื—ืฉื›ื™ืš ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืฆืื ื• ืœื‘ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืขืช ื‘ืื ื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ืš ื•ืœืžื’ืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืงื•ืœ ืžืจื’ืžื•ืชื™ื• ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื• ื•ืฉื—ืจ ืงื ืคืชืื•ื - ื•ืจืง ืขืœื”, ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืขื•ืคืจืช ื•ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืœื ืœื—ื•ืžื•ืชื™ื™ืš ืงืจืื ื• ื“ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœื”ืฉืžืขืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžืžืกื“ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘'ืฆื•ื•ืชื' ืžื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื ื’ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช 'ื”ืฆืขืงื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”' ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™. ืžื’ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™, ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื›'ืฉืžืืœ ื—ื“ืฉ'. ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ 30 ื‘-10 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1972 ื ื—ื’ื’ื” ืคืชื™ื—ืช "ืฆื•ื•ืชื" ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืขื•ื ื• ื”ื ืื” ื•ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื—, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ 30. ืื•ืœื ืฆื•ื•ืชื 2 ื”ื•ืงื ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆื’ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื ื’'. ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืžื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977 ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ืกื™ื ืžืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืจืฉืคื™ื, ืฉืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืžืืœื™ืช-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืฉืžืืœื™ืช-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ื”ืคืš ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•: ืžืขื™ืŸ "ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช" ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™, ืžืขื•ื– ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืžืžื ื• ื™ืฆืื• ืœื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื• ื”ืขื–ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ืœื”ืชื—ืฆืฃ ืœืžืžืกื“ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื. ื ืกื™ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“, ืขื“ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘-1994. ืื—ืจื™ื• ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ืฆื•ื•ืชื ืžืฉื” ื˜ื ื ืžืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืช. ืฆื•ื•ืชืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกื“ื• ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืชื. ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืœืš ื’'ื•ืจื’' 35. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ. ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื ืกื’ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื– ื ื™ื”ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“"ืจ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืš. ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื ืกื’ืจ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ "ืฆื•ื•ืชื" ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21. ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืคืขืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ "ืฆื•ื•ืชื" ื‘ืจื—' ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง 8. ื‘-2018 ื ื—ื ืš ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืชื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช 11:11 ืกื“ืจืช ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง. ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื•ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืžื•ืคืงื“ ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ. ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืื– 1995 ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื•ื‘ ื•ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืœืคืชื— ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื™ื. ื›- 15 ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื™ื (ืขื“ 30 ื“ืงื•ืช) ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžื•ืขืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”. ื‘-2011 ืฉืžื•ืืœื•ื‘ ืคืจืฉ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ืชืžื ื” ืื‘ื™ ืžืœื›ื” ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014 ืจื•ืชื ืงื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ. ืฆื• ืงืจื™ืื” ืฆื• ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื•ื ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื ืืฉืจ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืื– 2006. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืงืจืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื (ืคืจื˜ ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืงืจืื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืช) ืžืืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื—ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืคืงื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฆื•ื•ืชื. ืฆื• ืงืจื™ืื” 1 (25-27 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2006) "ืงืคื” ืขื ืชื•ืชื™ื" ืžืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืœื•ื™; "ื”ืฉืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”" ืžืืช ืื•ืจ-ืœื™ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ; "ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืฉื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื”" ืžืืช ืื‘ื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืŸ; "ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื”" ืžืืช ื ืขื ื’ื™ืœ; "ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื”" ืžืืช ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืœื™ืก; "ืฆื•ืžืช ื’ื•ืœื ื™" ืžืืช ืืœื“ืจ ื’ืœืื•ืจ; "ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช" ืžืืช ืื™ืœืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืคืœื“; "ืœืจื•ืฅ" ืžืืช ื ื™ืœื™ ื™ืฆื—ืงื™. ืฆื• ืงืจื™ืื” 2 (21-23 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2007) "ืคืชืื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข" ืžืืช ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ืคืจื•ืžืจ-ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™; "ืืžื” ื•ื™ื’ื•ืืจ" ืžืืช ืขื™ื ืช ื‘ืจื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™; "ืื™ื–ื• ืืชืœ?" ืžืืช ืขื ืช ื‘ืŸ- ืืจื™; "ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืงืกื ื”ื™ื•ืคื™?" ืžืืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื•ืจืฉืื™ ื•ื“ื ื” ืื™ื“ื™ืกื™ืก; "ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืขื” ืžื•ืขืœื" ืžืืช ืื•ืจืœื™ ืงืฆืค-ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ; "ืžืกืื–` ืชืื™ืœื ื“ื™" ืžืืช ืขืžืจื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ. ืฆื• ืงืจื™ืื” 3 (26-28 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2008) "ื‘ืงืจื™ืฆื”" ืžืืช ืคื ื—ืก (ืคืื‘ืœ) ืจื™ืžื•ื‘ืจื’; "ื—ื™ื™ ื•ื ืฉืžืชื™" ืžืืช ื’. ืคืœื“; "ืืœืงืกื˜ื™ืก" ืžืืช ื’ื™ื (ื‘ื•ื‘) ื–ืื‘ื™; "ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื" ืžืืช ืขื•ืžืจ ืชื“ืžื•ืจ; "ืื™ื–ื‘ืœื” ืžืœื›ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ื”" ืžืืช ื™ืคืขืช ืืœื—ื ื˜ื™; "ืžืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช" ืžืืช ืจื•ื“ื™ื” ืงื•ื–ืœื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ืฆื• ืงืจื™ืื” 4 (25-27 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2009) ื”ื–ื•ื›ื”: "ื‘ื™ืช" ืžืืช ืจื•ืขื™ ืจืฉืงืก. ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื—: "ื”ืจืžืŸ ื•ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ืื”" ืžืืช ื ืžืจื•ื“ ืขืžื™ืช. ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื: "ืงื“ื™ืžื”" ืžืืช ืจื•ืขื™ ืฆ'ื™ืงื™ ืืจื“; "ืชื•ืชื™ ื•ื˜ื™ื˜ื™" ืžืืช ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื–ืงื•ื‘; "ืชื™ืกืžื™ืช" ืžืืช ืžืื™ื” ื‘ื–'ืจื ื•; "ืชื’ืจื”" ืžืืช ืจื•ืขื™ ืจืฉืฃ-ืžืœื™ื—. ืฆื• ืงืจื™ืื” 5 (24-26 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2010) ื”ื–ื•ื›ื”: "ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื™ื" ืžืืช ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืื˜ื”. ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื—: "ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื•" ืžืืช ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ. ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื: "ื ื•ืฃ ืœื™ื" ืžืืช ื™ื•ืจื ื–ืงืก; "ืื‘, ืื, ื–ื•ื ื”" ืžืืช ื“ื ื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’; "ื›ืœ ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื•ืžื•" ืžืืช ืจืคืืœ ืื–ืจืŸ; "ืชืฉื‘ืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" ืžืืช ืื•ืจ ืื–ื•ืœืื™. ืฆื• ืงืจื™ืื” 6 (23-25 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2011) ื”ื–ื•ื›ื”: "ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื" ืžืืช ื˜ืœ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื”. ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื: "ืœื•ืจื“ ื’ื™ืœ" ืžืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืจื™ืืœ; "ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจ" ืžืืช ืจื•ืชื ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ืŸ; "ื›ืœื•ื‘" ืžืืช ืขื™ื“ื• ืกืชืจ; "ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™" ืžืืช ืืœื™ืจืŸ ื›ืกืคื™; "ืงืœื‘ืกื”" ืžืืช ื˜ืœ ื–ื’ืจื‘ื”. ืฆื• ืงืจื™ืื” 7 (29-31 ืžืจืฅ 2012) ื”ื–ื•ื›ื”: "ื”ืžื—ืœืงื”" ืžืืช ืฉื™ ืื–ื•ืœืื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื—: "ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื ื™ื ื•ื”" ืžืืช ืชื•ืžืจ ืฉืจื™ื’; "ื”ื™ืจื™ืงื”" ืžืืช ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื:"7" ืžืืช ืจืขื ืŸ ืคื–; "ื”ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื" ืžืืช ืจืงืคืช ื’ืจื•ืก; "ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืš" ืžืืช ืขืžื™ืช ืืจื–. ืฆื• ืงืจื™ืื” 8 (14-16 ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2013) ื”ื–ื•ื›ื”: "ืื—ื™ื" ืžืืช ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื:"ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื•ืœื“ืช" ืžืืช ืื™ืชืžืจ ื ืฆืจ; "ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืคืขืœื”" ืžืืช ืฉื™ืจืœื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืœ-ื ืชื™ื‘; "ื—ืœืงืช ื”ืื“ื" ืžืืช ืฉื™ ืื–ื ืงื•ื˜; "ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืœื‘" ืžืืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ืื”ืจื•ื ื™; "ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืคืช" ืžืืช ื ื•ืขื” ื›ื•ืจื. ืฆื• ืงืจื™ืื” 9 (20-22 ืžืจืฅ 2014) ื”ื–ื•ื›ื”: "ืืฉืชื•" ืžืืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืืœื™ืจื– ื•ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื ื—ืก ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื:"ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" ืžืืช ืจื•ื ื™ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ; "ืื™ื•ื‘ 2020" ืžืืช ื‘ื•ื ื” ืชื™ืจื•ืฉ; "ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”" ืžืืช ืฉืœื•ื ืื•ืกืœื ื“ืจ (ืกื•ืคืจ)|ื ื•ืขื” ืฉื›ื˜ืจ; "ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ื ืขื™ืžื”" ืžืืช ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืœ; "ืฉืคืจื”'ืœื” ืœื ื’ืจื” ืคื”" ืžืืช ื“ื‘ื™ ื›ืฅ. ืฆื• ืงืจื™ืื” 10 (24-26 ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2015) ื”ื–ื•ื›ื”: "ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ" ืžืืช ืฉื™ ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื:"ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžื’ื™ืจื•ืช" ืžืืช ื ืžืจื•ื“ ืืœื“ืจ; "ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™" ืžืืช ืžื™ืจื™ ืคืจื™ื™-ื›ื”ืŸ; "ืื“ืžื”" ืžืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื; "ื’'ื•ืงื™ื" ืžืืช ื’'ื ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจื™; "ืžื™ื” ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืžืชื”" ืžืืช ื“ื ื™ืก ืฉืžืข. ืฆื• ืงืจื™ืื” 11 (01-03 ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2016) ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื: "ืžื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื" ืžืืช ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื ืืžืŸ + "ื”ื“ื”ื•ื“" ืžืืช ืขื“ื• ืกืชืจ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื:"ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงืจืงื–ื™ื”" ืžืืช ืืžื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ืจืขื ืŸ ืคื–; "ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ืคืช" ืžืืช ื ืžืจื•ื“ ืขืžื™ืช; "ืจื•ืงื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื•ืคื”" ืžืืช ืœื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ืŸ-ืคื–. ืฆื• ืงืจื™ืื” 12 (16-18 ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2017) ื”ื–ื•ื›ื”: "ืื™ื•ื•ืืกืงื”" ืžืืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื’ื™ืœืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื—: "ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื”" ืžืืช ื™ืขืœ ื’ืจื•ืก ืื ื’ืœื ื“ืจ ื•ื—ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืจ; ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื:"ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืœื™ื" ืžืืช ืืคืจืช ืงื•ื–ื™ืŸ; "ื’ื ื•ื’ื" ืžืืช ื“ื ื™ ืงื“ื; ืดืฉื™ืขื•ืจืด ืžืืช ืืžื™ืจ ื–ืœื•ื˜ืจ; ืดืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืกืชื™ื•ืด ืžืืช ืืœื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ื•ืื™ืชื™ ืชื•ืจื’ืณืžืŸ; ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงืจืŸ ื—ื‘ืฆืœืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืชื ื‘ืืชืจ ืงืจืŸ ื—ื‘ืฆืœืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•: ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•: ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ืžืฉื” ื”ืœื•ื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘-1955
2024-04-13T15:37:19
ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื; ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืืช ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ืก ืžืฉื ืช 1828 ื™ึฐืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืงืจืื™. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืื ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืจื”ืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืคืจืขื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืžืฉื” ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื•ืœืงื—ื• ืžื•ืขืœื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื "ืš ื•ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื–ืขืงื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืœ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื™ืขื ืžื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืจื•ืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืืœื™ื”ื ืืช ืžืฉื” ื ื‘ื™ืื• ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืคืชื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืคืจืขื” ืฉื™ืฉืœื—ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืคืจืขื” ืกื™ืจื‘ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื— ืืช ืœื‘ื•, ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ืช ื”ืืœ ืขืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืจื ื”ืืœ ืœืคืจืขื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ื•ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฆืืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืฉืจืื” ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื‘, ื™ืฆื ืœืžืจื“ืฃ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฆื‘ืื•, ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืก ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืฆื• ืืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื•ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื‘ื•. ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื ื—ื’ื’ ืœื–ื›ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื•ืžืื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืกื•ืจืช, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคืกื—. ื”ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ืื•ืœืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืฆืืชื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช: ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืชื•ื‘, "ืœืžืขืŸ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื ืฆืืชืš ืžืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ืš", ื•ืœืคื™ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื–"ืœ, ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™, ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืกืžืœื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืกืœืื ื•ื”ืคืš ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืœืžื•ืคืช ื•ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืฉื•ื—ืจื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžืงืจื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ืืžื™ืชื•ืชื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื—ื•ืฅ-ืžืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื "ืš, ื•ืœืžืกืขื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืจืง ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืงืจื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจืงืข ื“ืชื™, ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื "ื›ื™ ื›ืืžืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืื—ืจ ืฉื•ืœืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ืืžืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ืืš ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื‘ื ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื›ื ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืขืŸ, ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื. ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžืฉื” ื•ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืขื”; ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืืช ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืกื˜ ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™, ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฆืืฆืื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ืขืžื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืจืขื‘ ืฉืฉืจืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ืฉื•ึผื›ึผื ื•ึผ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ื™ื”ื, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžืœืš ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื‘ืืจืฅ ื’ื•ืฉืŸ. ืžืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื• ื•ื”ืชืขืฆืžื• ืขื“ ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืชื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื ื™ื›ืจ. ืคืจืขื” ืžืœืš ืžืฆืจื™ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื›ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื’ื™ืก ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืขื ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืœืœ ืžื™ืกื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืคืจืš ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ืชื•ืš ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืชื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื•ืœืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ื. ืžืฉื ื•ื›ื— ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืš ืœื‘ื“ืŸ ืœื ืžืฉื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ , ื–ื™ืžืŸ ืคืจืขื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืจืฉ ืžื”ืŸ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ืœื™ื“ืชื. ื”ืžื™ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”' ื•ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ื’ื–ืจื”, ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœืคืจืขื” ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืœื“ืช ืœื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ . ืžืฉื ื•ื›ื— ืคืจืขื” ืฉื’ื ื’ื–ืจื” ื–ื• ืœื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื”, ืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขืžื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืœื™ืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขื‘ืจื™ ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื ื•ืœื“, ื•ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช. ืขื ืžื•ืช ืคืจืขื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช, ืขืœืชื” ื–ืขืงืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืื•ืชื” ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ืขื ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืงื‘. ืžืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื–ื”, ื ื•ืœื“ ืžืฉื”. ืขืงื‘ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ืœื”ืžื™ืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื—ื‘ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื– ื”ื•ืกืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืžื ืงื˜ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื™ืื•ืจ, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืชืคืก ื•ื™ื•ืžืช ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช. ืื—ื•ืชื•, ืžืจื™ื, ื”ืกืชืชืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื™ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœื•. ื‘ืชื™ื” ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื”, ืฉื™ืจื“ื” ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ, ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ื ื˜ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื. ืžืจื™ื ื ื™ื’ืฉื” ืืœื™ื” ื•ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืœื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžื™ื ืงืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฆืขืชื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœืงื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ืืžื”ึผ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืชื ื™ืง ืื•ืชื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉื ื’ืžืœ, ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื” ืœืงื—ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืชื—ืช ื—ืกื•ืชื”, ื•ื’ื™ื“ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ืกื‘ืจื” ื›ื™ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื”ืฉื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืžืกืก, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืจืขืžืกืก. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื’ืจ, ื™ืฆื ืžืฉื”, ืฉื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืื•, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืืช ืกื‘ืœื•ืช ืื—ื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžื™ื“ ื ื•ื’ืฉ ืžืฆืจื™, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื™ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ืคืจืขื” ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ืžืฉื”, ื•ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจื— ืœืžื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื ืžืฉื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ืฆืคื•ืจื” ื‘ืช ื™ืชืจื•, ื•ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื: ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื•ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ. ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื” ืจืขื” ืืช ืฆืืŸ ื—ื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืฉื” ืืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™, ืฉื ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืืœื™ื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื ื” ื‘ื•ืขืจ, ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื’ืื•ืœ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืฉื” ืกื™ืจื‘ ื•ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืขื ืœื ื™ืœื›ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•, ืืš ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืคืชื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื•, ื•ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ืžื”, ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืื”ืจืŸ ืื—ื™ื•, ืฉื™ื—ืœื•ืง ืื™ืชื• ืืช ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื”. ืขืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืช ื•ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ืื”ืจืŸ ืื—ื™ื• ืืœ ืคืจืขื”, ื•ื“ืจืฉ ืžืžื ื•: "ืฉืœื— ืืช ืขืžื™"! - ืืš ืคืจืขื” ืกืจื‘. ืžืฉื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืžื˜ื” ื”ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœื ื—ืฉ ืžื•ืœ ืคืจืขื”. ืžื˜ื” ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืชื ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื›ื™ืฉืคื• ื’ื ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืžื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืžื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื ืœืชื ื™ื ื™ื, ืืš ืžื˜ื” ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืœืข ืืช ื”ืชื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืฉืœื—ื• ื”ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ื. ื”ืืœ ื”ืงืฉื” ืืช ืœื‘ ืคืจืขื” ื•ื’ืจื ืœื• ืœืกืจื‘ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืชืฉืข ืžื›ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืชื• ืขืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื”, ื•ืจืง ื”ืžื›ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืžื›ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจื’ ืžืœืืš ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืคืจื˜ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจื. 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ, ืคืจืกืงื• ืžืืช ืื ื™ื•ืœื• ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื ื•, ืคืืœืืฆื• ื•ืงื™ื•, ืคื™ืจื ืฆื” ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื›-600 ืืœืฃ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืœื”, ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืฉืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืืฉ ื•ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืขื ืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ื™ื ืœื™ื•ื• ืื•ืชื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื“ื•ืœืง ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ืกื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ื ืกื•ืฃ, ื ืงืจืข ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื‘ื—ืจื‘ื”. ื”' ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ืœื‘ ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื™ื. ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืฉื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืฉื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื”ื ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืœื–ื›ืจ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ื• ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืงื‘"ื” ื ื—ื•ื’ ื—ื’ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื‘ื”ืœื• ืžื”ืจืขืฉ ื•ื”ืขืฉืŸ ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื”ืจ, ื”ืชืจื—ืงื• ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืžืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืœื”ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืœ. ืžืฉื” ืขืœื” ืืœ ื”ื”ืจ ื•ืฉื”ื” ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžืฉื” ืžื‘ื•ืฉืฉ ืœืจื“ืช ืžื”ื”ืจ, ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื. ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”ืขื ืœืชืช ืœื• ืืช ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื”ื, ื”ืชื™ืš ืื•ืชื ื•ื‘ื ื” ืขื’ืœ ืžื–ื”ื‘, ืฉืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืขื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืจื“ ืžืฉื” ืžื”ื”ืจ ื•ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืœืขื’ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื”ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”'. ื”ืขื ื ืขื ืฉ ืงืฉื•ืช, ื‘ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืžื’ืคื”, ื•ืžืฉื” ืขืœื” ืฉื ื™ืช ืืœ ื”ื”ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืจื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื ืžืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื. ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื”, ื•ืžืฆื•ึผื•ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”' ืœืคืกืœ ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืื‘ืŸ, ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืืœ ื”ื”ืจ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืคื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืœื—ืจื•ื˜ ืืช ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืžืงื”ื™ืœ ืžืฉื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืคื™ื•, ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืืช ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื“ื“ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›-40 ืฉื ื”, ื•ืื›ืœื• ืžืŸ ื•ืฉืœื™ื• ืขื“ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ. ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช - ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืคื•ื ื”. ืžืฉื” ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืžืคืกื’ืช ื”ืจ ื ื‘ื•. ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื. ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืงื™ืจ ืžืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืกืŸ, ืžืชืืจ ื›ื ืขื ื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืงืจืื™ ืื—ืจ, ื’ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื•ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื• ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื, ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืื’ื™ืคื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžืงืจื. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื•, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืžืชื™ ืื™ืจืขื” ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืชื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™, ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆืื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืื• ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจืื™ื™ื” ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื, ื•ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆืื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืช-ื–ืžื ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืงืจื. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืงืจื ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื›ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืื• ืœื›ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืืžื™ืŸ. ืœืขื•ืžืชื”, ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™, ื•ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ืžื–ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืžืฆื "ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™", ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื, ืขื ืฉืœืœ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืžื–ืจ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืจืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื”. ืืš ื”ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืฉืžืจ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”, ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืžืŸ ื”ืืœืฃ ื”-2 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ื›ืš, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉื ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื, ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื ืขื ื™ื ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฆื ื•ืข ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ืžื–ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ืžืžืงื ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื›ืžืื•ืจืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืืœื ื›"ืกืื’ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช", ืืš ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ืžืชื‘ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืฉืžื™ ืฉื ืžืœื˜ื• ืžืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืคืš ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืืœ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžืงืจื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื ื•ื”ืœ, ื™ื’ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ืื•ืจื” ืจื‘ื™ื“ ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•, ืืš ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ืื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ), ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืกืข ื›ืš ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืขืจื‘. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื ื•ื”ืœ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื ืขืŸ ืื• ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ืชื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืชื•ื”ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืžืฆื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืœื ืžื—ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ื”ื“ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืกืข ื“ืจืš ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื’ืจื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ื ืœืืžืฅ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืคืกืœ ื•ืžืกื›ื”. ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืงืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื, ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืข ืฉื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืžื“ื™: ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืจื ืข ื•ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจ. ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื 40 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื: ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืื‘ืจื”ื ืคืื•ืกื˜, ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื•ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ, ืคืื•ืกื˜, ืงื ื•ื”ืœ, ื‘ืŸ-ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆืขื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ - ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืื• "ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ" (mnemohistory). ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื–ื•: ืœื“ืขืช ื ื“ื‘ ื ืืžืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืคืื•ืกื˜, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื ื•ื”ืœ, ืจื•ื ืœื“ ื”ื ื“ืœ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžืฉืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ื’ืฉื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื›ื ืขืŸ, ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืฉื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช. ืœื”ืฆืขืช ืคืื•ืกื˜, ื”ื ื“ืœ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืกื• ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืขืจื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืžืฉืชืคื™-ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื›ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ื. ืื’ื™ืคื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื ืคืจื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ืง ื•ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื‘. ืจื“ืคื•ืจื“ ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืฉื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช, ืฉืœืคื™ ืžืžืฆืื™ื”ื ืฉื›ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืคืจ-ืจืขืžืกืก. ืœื”ืฆืขืช ืงื ื•ื”ืœ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืกื™ืคืงื” ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ืœื”ืฆืขืช ื ืืžืŸ, ื”ื ื“ืœ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ื ืคื’ืข ื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ื ืขืŸ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืขืงื‘ ื–ืืช ื ืฉื›ื— ืฉื ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ืืš ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžืฉืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืฉืžืจ, ื•ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช-ืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืชื•ืžืืก ืจืžืจ, ื“ื™ื•ื•ืจ, ืงื ื•ื”ืœ, ื‘ืŸ-ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื ืžืชืืจื•ืช ืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื‘ื ืžืื–ื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™, ืคืืจืŸ ืื• ืื“ื•ื, ื•ืžืžืกื•ืจืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืกืข ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืจืฅ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ืœื”ืฆืขืช ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืขืœ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืข ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-8 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ืฉืœื” ืขื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืกื™ื ื™. ืœื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื ื“ืœ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ื›ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืื™ืงื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ืคืจืขื” ื›ืืœ ืœื•ื—ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื‘ืชื•, ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืืจืฅ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืคืข, ื•ืืช ื”"ืืกื™ื™ืชื™ื" ืžื›ื ืขืŸ ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ืกื™ื. ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื•, ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืกื™ืคืจ ืœืื•ืžื™, ื“ืชื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืžืœืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจืช ืžืงื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœื’ื•ืœื™ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ืžื•ื ื” ื›ืฉืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืฃ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื "ืžื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขืœื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฆื-ืฆื‘ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ" (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื, ื’), ื•ืžืชื•ืกืคืช ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื›ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ืงืืกื•ื˜ื•, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืœืžื˜ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืคืจื™ื ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื›ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ื”ื’ื–ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ื•ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก, ืื• ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ืœื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื›ืœื›ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-40 ืืœืฃ ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื›-20 ืืœืฃ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžืกืงื ืชื ืฉื”ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื. ืคืจืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืคืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื, ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขืจื‘ ืจื‘. ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื• ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ 210 ืฉื ื™ื, ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ (ื›-4%-5% ืœืฉื ื”) ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง. ืœืคื™ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืžืงืจื ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื›ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื‘ืคืกื•ืง: "ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจื• ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืจึฐืฆื•ึผ ื•ื™ืจื‘ื• ื•ื™ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืชืžืœื ื”ืืจืฅ ืื•ืชื" (ืฉืžื•ืช ื, ื–), ื•ื’ื ื—ื–"ืœ ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ "ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื (ืฉื ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช) ืฉื™ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืจืก ืื—ื“". ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืœื ื ืžืฆื ืžืžืฆื ืฉืชื•ืžืš ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืืกื˜ืœืช ืืœ-ืขืจื™ืฉ (ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ ื—ืจื™ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืฆืจื™ ืžืืœ ืขืจื™ืฉ): ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื ื—ืงืจ ื‘-1981 ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืก ื’ื•ืื“ื™ืงื”, ื•ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืงืกื•ืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจืขื” ื˜ืื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื™ืงืกื•ืก. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ื™ ืงื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-15 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื‘ืืชืจ ืกืคืื•ืก ืืจื˜ืžื™ื“ื•ืก, ืฉื ื—ืงืจื• ื’ื ื”ื ื‘-1981 ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืก ื’ื•ืื“ื™ืงื”, ืžืชืืจื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ืงืกื•ืก - ื”ืคืขื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื—ืชืฉืคืกื•ืช. ืชืืจื•ืš ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžืคื” ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-17 ื”ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืคื™ , ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2448 ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื ืช ื‘'ืชืž"ื˜ ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ ื•ืฉื ืช 1312 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœืคื™ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืจืง ื': ืžืื“ื ืขื“ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ 1656 ืฉื ื” + ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืขื“ ื”ืคืœื’ื” 340 ืฉื ื” - ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืŸ 48 ืฉื ื” + ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืŸ 70 ืฉื ื” + 430 ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช: ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง 392 ืฉื ื” + 400 ืฉื ื” ืžืœื™ื“ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขื“ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื (60 ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืขืฉื• ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ + 130 ืขื“ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื + 210 ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื). ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ื ื™ืช ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2794 ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื›ืช ืœืคื™ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืฉื ืช 4433 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”. ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” 40 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืชื•ืืจื›ืช ืœืฉื ืช 1679 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”. ืชืืจื•ืš ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืงื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืขื” ืžืœืš ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื’ื ืœื ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืงื•ื“ื "ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ", ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืื™ื–ื• ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื™ื™ืš ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” (ืจืื• ืœืขื™ืœ: "ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช-ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื"), ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21, ื“ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžืงืจื, ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืื’ื™ืคื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžืชื™ ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื: ืชืืจื™ืš ื”"ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก" ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ: ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-13 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืจืขืžืกืก ื”ืฉื ื™. ืชืืจื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืงืจืื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20, ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืคื•ืงืกื•ื•ืœ ืื•ืœื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื’ืืœ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื "ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื", ื›ืžื• ืงื™ืฆ'ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืคืžื™ื™ืจ, ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื ื•ืจืขืžืกืก ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ืขื ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืคื™-ืืชื•ื ื•ืคื™-ืจืขืžืกืก, ืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืื’ื™ืคื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืจืขืžืกืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-13. ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ "ืื™-ืกื™-ืจื™-ืืจ" ื›"ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืžืจื ืคืชื—, ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืชื ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื-ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื ืขืŸ ืื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื ืคืชื— ื‘ืžืกืข ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœื• ืœื›ื ืขืŸ. ืžืกืข ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-13, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ืฉื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื›-40 ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ื›ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืชื™ืืจื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื ื›ื ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-13 ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”-12 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืืฉืจ ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืงืจืื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ืœื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืืš ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื•ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ื”ืจืื• ืฉืขืจื™ื ืืœื• ื ื—ืจื‘ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืงื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-13 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืื™ื ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ื›ื ืขืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื˜ืจื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ืชืืจื™ืš "ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ": ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-15 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ืชืืจื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ 480 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื• ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื›ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืœืžืœื•ื›ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-10 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš 480 ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืžืชืืจื›ื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-15 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืชืžืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื• ืืžื ื—ื•ืชืค ื”ืฉื ื™. ืจืง ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ื›ื–ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืžื ื•: ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืจืขืžืกืก ื•ืคื™-ืจืขืžืกืก ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืจืง ื”ื—ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-13 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืจื™ื ื›ื ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื›ื™ื ืœืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-15. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื”ืฉื "ืื™-ืกื™-ืจื™-ืืจ", ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” "ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืžืจื ืคืชื—, ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-13 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื•ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืืš ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžืื” ื”-13 ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืงืจื ืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ื›ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืžืื•ืช 12-15 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ื ืขืŸ ืขื“ ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืžืจื ืคืชื— ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-13 (ืœืžืขื˜ ืคืกืœื•ืŸ "ื“ื•ื ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ 21687" ืฉืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื• ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืกืคืง). ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืขืคื™ืจื•, ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืขื™-ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืืœ-ืขืžืืจื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-14 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืขื "ืขื‘ืจื™ื", ื•ืื•ืœื ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืชืืžื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืืœ-ืขืžืืจื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื• ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื: ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฉืจื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื’ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืกื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื™, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืžืชื•ืืจื›ืช ืœืžืื” ื”-17 ืื• ื”-16 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืงืกื•ืก, ื”ืžืชื•ืืจืš ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืžืื” ื”-16 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ, ืืš ืื’ื™ืคื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื ืคืจื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ืง, ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ืžื–ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžืงืจื ื›ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื ื•ื”ืœ ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช-ืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื ืžืฉื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™. ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืžืื” ื”-13 ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื•ืฉื™ ืขื ืื–ื›ื•ืจ "ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื‘ื›ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืžืจื ืคืชื—, ืืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื›ื ืขืŸ ืื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืื• ืœืœื ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื›ืœืœ: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื ื•ื”ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขื ื‘ื™ื™, ื•ืืช ืžืฉื” ืขื ืื™ืจืกื• , ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉืกื• ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืืจื™ืก ื. ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-12 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืขื ื™ืขืงื‘ืืœ/ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื” ื‘ื›ื ืขืŸ. ื”ืื’ื™ืคื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืงื ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ืจื“ืคื•ืจื“ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-7 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืกืื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ืœืชืืจื•ืš ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืคื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืืœื ืกื“ืจื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืขืŸ, ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-14 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ืงื“ื’'ืจื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื• ืฉื‘ื˜ ื›ื ืขื ื™ ื‘ืฉื "ืื™ืกืจื•" ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืืฉืจ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ืื™ืกืจื• ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก ืื ืืกื˜ืื–ื™ ื ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืจืขืžืกืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืœื”ืกื’ื™ืจ ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื•, ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-14 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื•ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื—ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ. ืจืžื– ืขืงื™ืฃ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื™ืืจื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืคืกืœื•ืŸ ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืงื•ื“ "ื“ื•ื ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ 21687", ืืฉืจ ืžืชื•ืืจืš ืœืžืื” 13 ืื• 14 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืคืฅ ื–ื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืขืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืคืจืขื” ืžื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืžืกืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื—ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืžื—ื•ืงื”. ืœืคื™ ืื—ืช ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ื–ืจืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื ืขืŸ. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ื–ืจืช ื‘"ื“ื•ื ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ" ื›ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืžื–ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืืกื˜ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื• ืจืง ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืื• ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ. ืื ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘"ื“ื•ื ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ", ื”ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืชืืจืš ืื•ืชื” ื›ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช (ื”ืžืื” ื”-15 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ). ืœืฆื“ ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืจืขื” ืื™ื™, ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื•ืจืฉื• ื—ื•ืจืžื—ื‘, ื•ื”ื•ืฉืœื ืจืง ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจืขืžืกืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืื‘ื•, ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืงื ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืš ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (1200-586 ืœืคื ื”"ืก), ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžื ืคืจื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ืง ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืื• ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื—ื” ื–ื• ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืกื•-ื™ื”ื•, ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ืžื“ืจื•ื ื›ื ืขืŸ ื ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-12 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขืคื™ืจื• ื•ื”ืฉื”-ืกื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื’ื ื ื“ื“ื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืคื™ืจื• ื•ื”ืฉืกื•-ื™ื”ื•. ืืช ื”ืฉื ืขืคื™ืจื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ื–ืืช ื’ื "ืขื‘ื™ืจื•", "ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•" ืื• "ื—ืคื™ืจื•", ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชื—ืœืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืฆืจื™.ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ึพ15 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืืœ ืขืžืจื ื”. ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืขืคื™ืจื•" ืœ"ืขื‘ืจื™ื", ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืœื™ืฉืชื ืœืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื›ื ืกื• ืื– ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื ื’ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื” ืœืขื™ืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืกื‘ืจื” ืฉื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืฉื ื” ืœืžืœืš ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ืงืกื•ืก ื•ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื—ืœื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื•.ื”ืฉืกื•-ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื˜ ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื“ื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื“ืจื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื›ื• ืœ"ื™ื”ื•" ืฉื ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื ื•ื”ืœ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืชืจื• ื—ื•ืชืŸ ืžืฉื” ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืจืขื•ืืœ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื”ืŸ ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืคืกืœื™ ืืœื™ื ื•ืกื’ื“ื• ืœืืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืชืžื ืข ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื’ื ื ื—ืฉ ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”. ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืกื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16 ืื• ื”-17 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื”ืชืคืจืฅ ื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉ ื‘ืื™ ืกื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื™ ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื’ืจืžื” ืœืฆื•ื ืืžื™ ืขื ืง ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื’ืื™, ื”ืคื™ืฆื” ืืคืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื’ืจืžื” ื’ื ืœืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ืขืœื• ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื’ืจืžื” ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™. ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืข ืฉื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœื›ื ืขืŸ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืื’ื™ืคื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ ืžื ืคืจื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ืืง ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื›ืืœื•. ื”ืชื™ืืจื•ืš ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืกื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืืš ืžื•ืกื›ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืจืขื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืงื“ืžื” ืœืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”-15 ืื• ื”-13 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” ืกื™ื•ื•ืจื˜ืกืŸ, ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆืขืชื” ื’ืจื ืขื ืŸ ื”ืืคืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืœื—ืœืง ืžืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื’ืœ ื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืฉืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื. ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื•, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช, ื ืžืชื—ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืฆื“ ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžืงืจื. ืžื•ื“ืœ ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืจื™ืš ื›ื™ ืœื’ืœ ื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ื ื”ืื’ืื™, ื•ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ. ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช-ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช-ื ื’ื“ ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื—ืœื—ืœื• ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืขื ื”ืขืœืืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื• ืœื’ืจืกื” ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื—ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืชืืจื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžืฆืจื™ ื™ื–ื•ื, ื•ืœื ื›ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื™ื–ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืžืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื), ื—ืœืงื ื›ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื—ืœืงื ื›ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื–ืจื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืขื“ ืฉื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืžืžื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื’ืจืกืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™-ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืขืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘"ืื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืืงื”" ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ืื™ื•ืก ืื™ืฉ ืื‘ื“ืจื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื ืช 300 ืœืคื ื”"ืก: ื’ืจืกืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืงืกื•ืก ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™-ื”ืœื ื™ ืžื ืชื•ืŸ, ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœื• ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-3 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงื˜ืื™ื•ืก. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ืจืกื” ื–ื•, ื”ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ "ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื", ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœื• 500 ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื—ืœืงื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื–ืจื” ื•ื—ืœืงื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ืžื ืชื•ืŸ ืžืชืืจ ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ื‘ืฉื ื˜ื™ืžึทื™ื•ืก: ืžื ืชื•ืŸ ืžื›ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ื‘ืฉื "ื—ึดืงืกื•ืก", ื”ืœื—ื ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื—ึดืง" (Hyk, "ืžืœืš" ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ) ื•"ืกื•ึนืก" (ืจื•ืขื”), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ "ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืขื™ื". ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืžืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื ืชื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืฉื "ื—ื™ืงืกื•ืก", ืืžื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•: "ืจื•ืขื™ื-ืขื‘ื“ื™ื". ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื—ึดืง" ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ืื—ืจืช, ื‘ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ื’ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” "ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”". ืœืื—ืจ 510 ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืงืกื•ืก, ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืจื—ื• ืœืขื™ืจ ืื•ื•ืจื™ืก ื•ื”ืชื‘ืฆืจื• ื‘ื”. ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืืš ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืœื”ืกื›ื ืœืคื™ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืœื ืคื’ืข. ืžื ืชื•ืŸ ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช 240 ืืœืฃ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืงืกื•ืก ืฉื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื: ืœืื—ืจ ื›-500 ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืื—ื“ ืžืžืœื›ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืืžื ื•ืคื™ืก ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื˜ื”ืจ "ืืช ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื ื•ืžื™ืชืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ืžืื™ื", ื•ื’ื™ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื—ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœื ื™ืœื•ืก. ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื ืขืชืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฉื” ืœื”ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื•ื•ืจื™ืก ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื”. ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื ืžืจื“ื• ื‘ืžืœืš, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืœื™ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื‘ืฉื ืื•ืกืจืกื™ืฃ, ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืชื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ืฉืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืฆืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืฉืœื— ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ืงืกื•ืก ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขื™ืจื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช, ืื•ื•ืจื™ืก. ื”ื—ื™ืงืกื•ืก ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืจืคื• ืขืจื™ื ื•ื›ืคืจื™ื, ื—ื™ืœืœื• ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื, ื˜ื™ืžืื• ืืช ืคืกืœื™ ื”ืืœื™ื ื•ืื™ืœืฆื• ืืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื–ื‘ื•ื— ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ ืื•ืชืŸ. ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืกืจืกื™ืฃ, ืฉื›ืฉื—ื‘ืจ ืœื—ื™ืงืกื•ืก ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉืžื• ืœ"ืžืฉื”". ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 13 ืฉื ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ืช, ื—ื–ืจื• ืืžื ื•ืคื™ืก ื•ื‘ื ื• ืจืขืžืกืก ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ื’ืจืฉื• ืžืžื ื” ืืช ื”ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื "ื•ืจื“ืคื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืขื“ ื”ืจื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื”". ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืงืจืื™. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ("ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื") ื‘ืžืื” ื”-3 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžื ืชื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืœืชื“ืžื™ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืžื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื–ืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื›ืืคื•ืœื•ื’ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉื”, ืืœื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ืชืขืžื•ืœืชื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช "ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื ื’ื“ื™ืช". ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ืชื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืœื’ืจืกืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ืชื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื”ืคื›ื” "ืžืฆื•ืจืขืช ื›ืฉืœื’" ืืš ืžื™ื“ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื™ืชื ื”, ืื•ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืจืขืช ื”ื•ืขืœื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื•, ืฉื”ืกืชืคืงื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืœื‘ื ื”. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ืข ืžืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื. ื’ืจืกืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืจื•ื•ื—ื• ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืืœื•, ื”ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชืืจื•ืช (ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื) ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื–ืจื™ื. ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืœื™ืกื™ืžื›ื•ืก ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช-ืจื•ืžื™ืช. (ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ.) ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ืจืกืชื• ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืืœ ืืžื•ืŸ, ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ืžืœืš ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื "ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื", ืœื’ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืจืง ืื– ืชืกืชื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช. ื”ืจืฆื— ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ 110,000 ื”ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื•ืืœื• ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืื– "ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื•ืฉืžื• ืžืฉื”" ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช. ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•ื "ืœืฉื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื" ื•ืœื ืœื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” "ืจืง ืขืฆืช-ืจืฉืข ื•ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืงื“ืฉื™ ื”ืืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื". ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฆืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช "ื•ืขืฉื• ืจืขื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”", ืฉื“ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืขืœื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืฉ, "ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื ืงืจืื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", ืฉื ื™ืกื“ื• ืขื™ืจ ืฉืงืจืื• ืœื” "ื”ื™ืจื•ืกื•ืœื”", ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช "ืฉื•ื“ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ", ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื•ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•, ื”ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืงืจืื• ืœืขื™ืจ "ื”ื™ืจื•ืกื•ืœื™ืžื”" (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื). ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ื˜ืงื™ื˜ื•ืก ื—ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืกืช ืœื™ืกื™ืžื›ื•ืก, ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉื—ืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื’ืข ืžืžืื™ืจ, ื•ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืืœ ืืžื•ืŸ. ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื‘ืจื• ื”ืขื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ืงื™ื˜ื•ืก ืœืžื•ืฆื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ื’ืจืกื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ื—ืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืžื“ืงื“ืง ื”ืžืฆืจื™-ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืฉืžืข "ืžืคื™ ื–ืงื ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื" ืฉืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆืจื™ ื™ืœื™ื“ ื”ืœื™ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื, ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื, ืคืกื—ื™ื ื•ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• 6 ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืœืงื• ื‘ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืžืคืฉืขื•ืช, ื ื—ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš "ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”". ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื›ืื™ืจืžื•ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉืžืœืš ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ื™ืจืฉ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื ืขืžื“ื• ืžืฉื” ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืืœ ืคืœื•ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืฆืื• ืฉื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื—ืจืช, ืฉื”ืžืœืš ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืชืช ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ืจืชื• ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ืจ ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš, ืจืขืžืกืก, ื’ืจืฉ ืืช "ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื" ืืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืขืœ ืฆื“ื• ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ืฆื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: "ืฉึทืœึผื— ืืช ืขืžื™" (ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜' ื'). ื›ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืžืขืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืื™ืจื•ืข ื ืกื™, ืฉืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืœืœ ื”ืืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืชืช ืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืœื›ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืžืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”, ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ื›ื›ืืœื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื: ื—ืœืงืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื (ืคืกื—, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื›ื•ืช), ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช; ื—ืœืงืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื”ื ืœืžื“ื•ืช ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื: ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขื ืงืช ื™ื•ื ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืขื ืงืช ืžืขื ืงื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ, ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื’ืจื™ื (ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื) ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ื. ื’ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื‘ืžืงืจื, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื™ืชื•ืก ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืžืฉืงืœ ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื”. ื•ื›ืš ืชื™ืืจ ื–ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื ื‘ืžืืžืจื• "ืžืฉื”": ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืœ ืื—ื“, ืืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืขื" ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืื•ืชืš" (ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื˜ื–, ื”), ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืจื—ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื™ื“ื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉืช, ืฉืจื•ืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืœืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ืจืœ. ื›ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ื›ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ืขื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืจืื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืขื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ื” (ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื), ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืคืœืื•ืืจ, ืฉื ืจื“ืคื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืงื ื™ืช, ื“ื™ืžื• ืืช ื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ืœืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืจืื• ื‘"ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ" ืืช ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ. ื’ื ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ืœืžื• ืขืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืจ "Let my people go"; ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ืงื™ื ื’ ื ื”ื’ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื ืื•ืžื™ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื; ื•ื”ืกืกืžื” "ืฉืœื— ืืช ืขืžื™" ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžืกืš ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื” "ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื" (ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: Exagoge), ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืจ ืจืง ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ืื™ืœืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 1923 ื™ืฆื ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ "ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช" ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกืกื™ืœ ื‘. ื“ื”-ืžื™ืœ. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ ืื™ืœื ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืŸ 136 ื“ืงื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื’ืจืกื” ืžืงื•ืฆืจืช ื•ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืœืกืจื˜ื• "ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช" ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘-1956: ื‘ืฉื ืช 1956 ื™ืฆื ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืจืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกืกื™ืœ ื“ื”-ืžื™ืœ. ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื•ื ื•ืชืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1998 ื™ืฆื ืกืจื˜ ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื ืกื™ืš ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ื™ืฆื ืกืจื˜ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืคืขื ื•ื— ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ("The Exodus Decoded"), ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื• ืงืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื”, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืขืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืช ื•ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื•ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื•ื”ื•ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืงืžืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื™ืฆื ืกืจื˜ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื ื™ ืžื’ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจ. ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื ื™ื ื’ ืžืŸ, ื ืงืจืืช "The Exodus", ื•ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืงืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”. ืจืื• ื’ื ืคืขื ื•ื— ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ, ืืชืžื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 1988 ืคื ื™ื ื” ื’ืœืคื–-ืคืœืจ, ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื: ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื• ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืก"ื’-2004 ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชื "ืš ื”ืื‘ื•ื“, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, 1992 ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื ื™ืœ ืืฉืจ ืกื™ืœื‘ืจืžืŸ, ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžืงืจื ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 2003 ื™ืื™ืจ ื–ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื ืืŸ, ื’ื ื›ืš ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื "ืš. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื 2004: ืคืจืง ื‘' ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืงื™ื“. ืขืž' 30โ€“43. ืคืจืง ื˜ื–' 'ืื‘ื™ ื ืชืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืœื–ืจ ื”ื–ื”': ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืงืŸ, ืขืž' 182โ€“191. * Thomas E. Levy, Thomas Schneider, William H.C. Propp, "Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience", Springer, 2015 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื - ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช? - ื‘ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ "ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืชื "ืš", ื™ื•ืชื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืžืืจื— ืืช ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ - ื—ืœืง ื' ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื - ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช? - ื‘ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ "ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืชื "ืš", ื™ื•ืชื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืžืืจื— ืืช ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ - ื—ืœืง ื‘' ืจืขืžืกืก ื”ืฉื ื™ - ืคืจืขื” ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”', ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืงืจืื ื˜ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ืืžืช ืžืืจืฅ. ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื: ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” | ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืจืžืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘, ืขืจื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ ื—ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืคื ื’ืจ, ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ืœืคื™ื“, ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช. . ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื”, ืžืฉืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื - ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืช ืฉื“"ืœ , ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ืžืกืคืจ 794, ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื, ืชืฉืก"ื˜, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ืžืคืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, 1585, ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ื’, ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืืชืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืคื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ, ืืชืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืคื•ืช ืกืจื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžืคื•ืช ืข"ืฉ ืขืจืŸ ืœืื•ืจ, ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ "ื”ืกืคืจื ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืจืœื•, ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืชื ื• ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื— ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคืกื— ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื
2024-10-14T09:15:12
ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช ืงืจื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ื’ึตึผืื•ึนืžึถื˜ึฐืจึดื™ึธึผื” ืึธื ึธืœึดื™ื˜ึดื™ืช ืื• ื”ึทื ึฐื“ึธึผืกึธื” ืฉึดืืขื•ึผืจึดื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฆื™ืจื™ื ืงืจื˜ื–ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื, ื™ืฉืจื™ื, ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ื‘ื“ื•-ืžืžื“ ื•ื‘ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“. ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื ื™ื— ืจื ื” ื“ืงืืจื˜, ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื ืงืจืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฆื™ืจื™ื ืงืจื˜ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื›ืคืœื” ื”ืงืจื˜ื–ื™ืช, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1637. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืกื™ืคืงื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ืคื™ื ื™ื˜ืกื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืคื•ืชื— ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื–ืง ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื•ื˜ืคืจื™ื“ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ื™ืฅ. ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ (ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฆื™ืจื™ื ืงืจื˜ื–ื™ืช) ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืกื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืจื›ื ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง (ื”ืื•ืคืงื™/ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ) ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืฆื™ืจ ื”- ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง (ื”ืื ื›ื™/ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ) ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืฆื™ืจ ื”-. ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืื•ืงืœื™ื“ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืืจ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืืคืฉืจ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืืœื’ื‘ืจื™ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช. ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืกื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื ืงืจื ื’ื "ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™" ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”- ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”- ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”. ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืœืคื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืก: ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžื”ืฆื•ืจื”: . ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืื• ืืฃ ื ืงื•ื“ื”, ื•ืœื ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืงื• ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžื”ืฆื•ืจื” . ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ืงื ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ (ืื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ). ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ืงื ื•ื ื™ืช (ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช) ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืคืš. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชืืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืžืฉื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืืคืก ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืชื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืชืชืืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ืฉืจ. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื ืงืจื ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื”ื™ืฉืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืฉืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ึพ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืื•ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ึพ. ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื–ื”ื” ื”ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืคืš. ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฆื™ืจ ื”ึพ ื”ื•ื , ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฆื™ืจ ื”ึพ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื–ื•. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ื”- ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืขื ืฆื™ืจ ื”ึพ. ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจ: ,ืื–ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืข() ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ึพ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ึพ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช . ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขื ืฆื™ืจ ื”- (ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฆื™ืจ ื”-x) ื”ื™ื . ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื , , ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื . ืื ื ื“ืื’ ืœื›ืš ืฉ-, ืื ืžืขืœ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ื•ืื ืื ืžืชื—ืช ืœ- ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืžื™ื ื•ืก. ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืœื™ืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื . ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืžืื•ื ื›ื™ื ืžื›ืคืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืžืื•ื ื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื ื•ืก 1. ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”: ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจ ืขื ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฆื™ืจ , ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื , ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืฉืจ ื”ืžืื•ื ืš ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขื ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฆื™ืจ ื” , ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื”ืžืื•ื ืš ื”ื•ื , ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื• , ืื–ื™ ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืกืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื—ืงืŸ ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืข - ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ื”ืžืขื’ืœ. ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื ืงืจืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืขื’ืœ. ืžืฉื•ื•ืืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ืš: ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืกื• . ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื - ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” , ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื”: ืžืขื’ืœ ื›ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืžืขื’ืœ ืงื ื•ื ื™, ื•ืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืžื ื• ื›ืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื–ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืงื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื , ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื ืงืจื ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ื“ืจืš ื ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ืฆื’ื” ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ . ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื ืœื—ืชื›ื™ ื—ืจื•ื˜ ืื—ืจื™ื (ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื”, ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื” ื•ืืœื™ืคืกื”). ื”ื›ืœืœื” ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”-n ืžืžื“ื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ n-ืžืžื“ื™, ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ -ืžืžื“ื™ ืžืขืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื. ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขื™ืœื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ -ืžืžื“ื™ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืจื—ื‘. ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ (ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ื™) ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจ ืื—ื“. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืคืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉื ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืืœื’ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”-GAGA ืฉืœ ื–'ืืŸ-ืคื™ื™ืจ ืกืจ. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืกื“ื”, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, 1965. ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืขืžื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืืงื“ืžื•ืŸ, ืชืฉื›"ื˜ ืจื—ืœ ื‘ื•ื”ื“ื ื”, ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื“ืก, ืฉืจื” ืงื™ืจื•, ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื - ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข, 1997. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
2024-08-01T01:57:20
ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืงืจืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจื™
ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืงืจืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจื™ (13 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1873 โ€“ 2 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1950) ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืžืžื•ืฆื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™. ื”ื•ื ืชืจื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช, ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช, ื•ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืคืจืกื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขืชืงื•ืช ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ืฉืคื”. ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื— ืืช ื”ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืกื™ื•ืžื˜ื™. ื—ื™ื™ื• ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืงืจืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืกืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืงืจืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ืจืžื•ืช ื“ืจื’. ืงืจืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื‘ึพ1900. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1902โ€“1904 ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืœืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’ื˜ื™ื ื’ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžืŸ ืžื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1909โ€“1920 ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืจืกืœืื•, ื’ื˜ื™ื ื’ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1920 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืงืจืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉืจื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกืžื™ืจื ื” (ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ื–ืžื™ืจ) ืฉื‘ืืกื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” (ืื– ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื” ืœื™ื•ื•ืŸ). ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื, ืืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 1922 ืขืœื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ื”ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื•ืฉืจืคื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืงืจืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจื™ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื ื•ืก ืœืืชื•ื ื”, ื•ื‘ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงื—ืช ืขืžื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ืช ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืืชื•ื ื” ื•ืœื™ืžื“ ืฉื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1924. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1924 ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ื–ื• ืขื“ ืœืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950. ืงืจืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจื™ ื ื™ื—ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉืคื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื›ืฉืคื•ืช ืื, ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืžืืžืจื™ื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ืฉืืฃ ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื•ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช, ื•ื™ื“ืข ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื’ืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’ื˜ื™ื ื’ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื•ืžื‘ื•ืœื“ื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’ื˜ื™ื ื’ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื’ืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ื™ืฅ ื‘ื”ื ื•ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1873 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1950
2024-07-28T20:30:27
ื ืชืจืŸ
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|185px|ื ืชืจืŸ ืžืชื›ืชื™, ืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ, ื‘ืขืœ ืžืจืื” ืžืชื›ืชื™ ื›ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื ืชืจืŸ (ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: Natrium; ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Sodium) ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื™ืžื™ ืžืกื“ืจืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœืงืœื™ื•ืช, ืฉืกืžืœื• ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ Na ื•ืžืกืคืจื• ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ 11. ื ืชืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ืจืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ-ืชืื™. ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืืœืงืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื ืชืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจืš, ืงืœ, ืœื‘ืŸ ื›ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”. ืฆืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื (ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืชื• 968, ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืžื–ื•ืงืงื™ื 1000), ื ื“ืœืง, ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ื’ื– ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืงืกื™ื“. ื ื™ืฆืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ื™ืฆืช ืจืง ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 388Kยฐ (115Cยฐ). ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|185px|ื ืชืจืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืข ืœื”ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื ืชืจืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืข ืœื”ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ืœื™ ืื•ืจ ื‘ืชื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœ 588.995nm ื•-589.5924nm. ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืกืคืงื˜ืจืœื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ืœื˜ ื”ื ืชืจืŸ. ื”ื ื’ื ืกื•ืžื ื•, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ D1 ื•-D2. ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื›ื‘ื“, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื” ืคืื–ื” ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื” ื ื•ื–ืœ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืชืจืžื™ืช (ื—ื•ื) ืœืฉื ื›ืš. ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ 30 ื’ื™ื’ื”ืคืืกืงืœ (ืคื™ 300,000 ืžืœื—ืฅ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื) ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืชื•ื›ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืฆื ื•ื—. ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 100 ื’ื™ื’ื”ืคืืกืงืœ ื”ื ืชืจืŸ ื ื™ืชืš ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื“ื—ืฃ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœ-10 ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ืฅ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื”. ื›ืฉื ืชืจืŸ ืžื•ืฆืง ื ืžืฆื ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืชืจืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ืขืœ ืื• ื ื•ื–ืœ-ืขืœ. ืคื™ืกืช ื ืชืจืŸ ืžืชื›ืชื™ ืฉืชื•ืคืœ ืœืžื™ื ืชื ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื ืขืงื‘ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืขื–ื” ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื˜ืช ื—ื•ื ืจื‘ ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืชื›ืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื– ืžื™ืžืŸ: : ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื ืชืจืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืžืŸ. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื ืชืจืŸ, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžืชื›ืชื™ืช ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืึถืกึฐื˜ึถืจื™ื (ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช). ืžืชื›ืช ืืœืงืœื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืœื— ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™ (NaCl) ืฉื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ื‘ืกื’ืกื•ื’ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”. ืื—ื“ ืžืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืŸ (ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ) ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื—ืœืงืช ืžืชื›ื•ืช. ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืชื›ื•ืช. ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืชืจืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื˜. ื ืชืจืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื ื•ื–ืœ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื—ื•ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืชืจืŸ ื”ื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช, ืžืชื›ืช, ื ื™ื™ืจ, ื ืคื˜, ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืชืจืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช: ืžืœื— ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ (NaCl), ืกื•ื“ื” ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื” (NaHCO3), ืกื•ื“ื” ืงืื•ืกื˜ื™ืช (NaOH), ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืคื•ืกืคื˜ ( Na5P3O10) ื•ื‘ื•ืจืืงืก (Na2B4O7) ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืชืจืŸ ื›ืœื•ืจื™ (ืžืœื— ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, NaCl) ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื ืชืจืŸ. ื ืชืจืŸ ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืจืง ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื›ืœื•ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ Na3AlF6, Na2Al2Si3O10-2H2O ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ึพ1807 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืžืคืจื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ื” ืงืื•ืกื˜ื™ืช (NaOH). ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื ืชืจืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ. ืกืžืœื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืจืŸ, Na ื‘ื ืžื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช Natrium ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื Nitron ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืœื— ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื ืชืจืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” 2.83% ืžืžืฉืงืœื• ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื— ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ืœื” ืžื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื–ืช ื ืชืจืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืงืกื™ื“ื™. ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื‘ืงืช ื ืชืจืŸ ื ืคื™ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืจืขื™ืœื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช. ื ืชืจืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื•ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืื“ื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืฉืžืŸ. ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืชืจืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืชืจืŸ ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื ืชืจืŸ-ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื•ื ื”ืชื ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื ืคื— ื”ืชื, ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชืื™ื ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆืืชื ืžืชื•ื›ื (ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื ืชืจืŸ-ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื ืชืจืŸ-ืžื™ืžืŸ), ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืชื— ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื•ืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™. ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื ืคื— ื”ืชืื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืกืžื•ื–ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชืื™ื ืื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžืชื•ื›ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ื ืคื— ื”ื“ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื ื•ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•. ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืคืงืขื™ื•ืช ื˜ืขื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืขื ืžืœื•ื—. ืคืงืขื™ื•ืช ื˜ืขื ืืœื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืชืจืŸ ืืš ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืคื—ื•ืชื” ื’ื ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื (+Li), ื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžื•ื ื™ื•ื (+NH4) ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื’ื ื™ื•ื ื™ ืืฉืœื’ืŸ (+K) ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ืกื™ื“ืŸ (2+Ca), ืื ื›ื™ ืืœื• ืžื•ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืื• ื›ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช. ื˜ื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืงืกื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจืขืœืŸ ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื”ื—ื•ืกื ืืช ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘. ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื ืงืฉืจืช ืœืคืชื—ื™ ืชืขืœื•ืช ื ืชืจืŸ ืžืžื•ืชื’ื•ืช ืžืชื— ื•ืžื•ื ืขืช ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™. ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ ื ืชืจืŸ ืกืžืœ (p)Z (n)N ืžืกื” ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ืช (u) ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืกืคื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืค(ื›ืฉื‘ืจ ืžื•ืœืจื™ ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“) ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™(ื›ืฉื‘ืจ ืžื•ืœืจื™ ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“) ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช 18Na11 7 18.02597(5) E-21 s(4)1.3 (1-)# 19Na 8 19.013877(13) ns 40> (5/2+)# 20Na 9 20.007351(7) ms (23)447.9 2+ 21Na 10 20.9976552(8) s (4)22.49 3/2+ 22Na 11 21.9944364(4) yr (10)2.6027 3+ ืคื•ืœื˜ ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื. 22mNa KeV (9)583.03 ns (6)244 1+ 23Na 12 22.9897692809(29) ื™ืฆื™ื‘ 3/2+ 1.0000 ื”ื™ื—ืฉืคื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ื ืช ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช 23Na ืœ-24Na ื‘ืคืœื–ืžื” ืฉื‘ื“ื. 24Na 13 23.99096278(8) h (12)14.9590 4+ 24mNa KeV (9)472.207 ms (7)20.20 1+ 25Na 14 24.9899540(13) s (6)59.1 5/2+ 26Na 15 25.992633(6) s (5)1.077 3+ 27Na 16 26.994077(4) ms (6)301 5/2+ 28Na 17 27.998938(14) ms (4)30.5 1+ 29Na 18 29.002861(14) ms (12)44.9 3/2(+#) 30Na 19 30.008976(27) ms (17)48.4 2+ 31Na 20 31.01359(23) ms (4)17.0 (3/2+) 32Na 21 32.02047(38) ms (7)12.9 (3-,4-) 33Na 22 33.02672(94) ms (2)8.2 3/2+# 34Na 23 34.03517(96)# ms (10)5.5 1+ 35Na 24 35.04249(102)# ms (5)1.5 3/2+# 36Na 25 36.05148(102)# ns 260> 37Na 26 37.05934(103)# [ยตs 1.5<] ms 1# 3/2+# ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื ืชืจืŸ ื‘-Webelements ื ืชืจืŸ ื‘-The Wooden Periodic Table ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืืœืงืœื™ื•ืช
2024-10-06T07:13:01
ืฆื•ืจืŸ (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื)
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื
2024-07-19T05:21:00
ื–ืจื—ืŸ
ื–ืจื—ืŸ (Phosphorus, ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: ฮฆฯŽฯƒ = ืื•ืจ + ฯ†ฮฟฯฮฟฯ‚ = ื ื•ืฉื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื ื•ืฉื/ืื•ื—ื– ืื•ืจ) ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื™ืžื™ ืืœ-ืžืชื›ืชื™ ืฉืกืžืœื• ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ P ื•ืžืกืคืจื• ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ 15. ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ืจืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆืชื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ. ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงื•ืžืคืœืงืกื™ื ืขื ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื. ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”-DNA, ื‘ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื–ืจื—ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช: ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ (ืื• ืฆื”ื•ื‘), ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ื•ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ (ืื• ืกื’ื•ืœ): ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืงื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™, ื•ืžืกื•ืžืœืช P4. ืœื–ืจื—ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืฆื‘ืข ืœื‘ืŸ, ืžืจืงื ื“ืžื•ื™ ืฉืขื•ื•ื” ื•ืจื™ื— ืœื ื ืขื™ื. ืืœึพืžืชื›ืช ื–ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื” ืขื ืžื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืžืกื™ืกื” ื‘ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื’ื•ืคืจื™ (CS2) ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื–ืŸ. ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืช ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœึพP2O5 ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื–ืจื—ืŸ. ืคืจื˜ ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ื™ื’ื™ื‘ ื’ื ืขื ื”ืœื•ื’ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” PX3 ื›ืืฉืจ X ื”ื•ื ืื˜ื•ื ื”ืœื•ื’ืŸ; ืขื ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืคื•ืกืคื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช Na3P ; ืขื ื’ืคืจื™ืช ืœืชืช ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื› P4Sn ื›ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ืคืจื™ืช n ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 3, 5, 7, ืื• 10. ื‘ืชืžื™ืกื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ืจืชื™ื—ื” ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ PH3. ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื—ื™ืžื•ื ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื’ืจืคื™ื˜ ื•ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืื•ืจืชื•ืจื•ืžื‘ื™. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“. ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืืžื•ืจืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืคืชื™ื—ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื•ืคืœืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื”-P4 ืฉื‘ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ. ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืคืง ืžื—ื™ืžื•ื ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื˜ื•ื ืœ-400ยฐC. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ืœืฉื—ื•ืจ. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื–ืจื—ืชื™ืช (H3PO4) ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืž-70%-75% P2O5 ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื“ืฉืŸ. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื“ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกืคื˜ื™ื (PO43-) ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืœืคื•ืกืคื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืžื ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืชืจืŸ. ืœืกื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืจื—ืชื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืจืกื™ื ื”. ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื’ืกื•ื’ืช ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ื ื—ื•ืฉืช, 3.5%-10% ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื•-1% ื–ืจื—ืŸ. ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื›ืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื—. Na3PO4 ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืจื›ืš ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ื ืข ืงื•ืจื•ื–ื™ื” (ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ). ืœื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืชื” ืœืคืฆืฆื•ืช (ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืคืฆืฆืช ื–ืจื—ืŸ) ื•ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ ืขืฉืŸ. ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืคืจื•ืจื™ื. ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืชืืžืคื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื. ืœื–ืจื—ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”. ืœื–ืจื—ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื”. ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื, ืžืฉื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื˜ืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ืœื‘ืฉืจ ืงืคื•ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืจืงื ืจืš ื•ืขืกื™ืกื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœืžืฉื—ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช. ื‘-2017 ืขืœืชื” ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื•ืืจืžื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื ืขื‘ืจื”, ืื•ืœื ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ืจืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืคืข ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ื• ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช. ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืคืข ื’ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื‘ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ึพ1669 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื›ื™ืžืื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื ื™ื’ ื‘ืจืื ื“. ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื–ืงืง ืžืœื—ื™ื ืžืฉืชืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื™ื“ื•ื™. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืง ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš ื•ื ื“ืœืง ื‘ืงืœื•ืช. ืžืื–, ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื–ืจื—ื ื•ืช" ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื•ื”ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš ื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ืขื•ืจ. ื‘ื’ืคืจื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืจืขื™ืœ. ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ื•ืžืชืื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื•ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืจืขืœื” ืงืจื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• (ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืงืคืง ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืื™ืฉื” ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืจืฆื•ื— ืืช ื‘ืขืœื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื” ื–ื”ืจื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš). ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื’ืคืจื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื ืžืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืœืกืช. ื›ืฉื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ืชื’ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืคืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื•ื“ืœื™ืงื•ืชื• ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”; ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ืจื—ื”. ืžืœื—ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” (ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืกืคื˜ื™ื) ื”ื ืžื”ืžื—ืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช. ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช. ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืื™ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื™ื•ื ื™ ื–ืจื—ื” (PO43-) ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืจื—ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”-DNA ื•ื”-RNA. ืชืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ATP ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. ืคื•ืกืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื ื”ืชื. ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคืขืœื™ื ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ื’ื ืฉื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื‘ื• ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืจื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืœื ื–ืง ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010, ืžื—ืงืจ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื ืืก"ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจืขื™ืœ ืืจืกืŸ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืช ืฉืืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™, ืื ื›ื™ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ (2012) ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช. ื”ืื“ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื•ื ื™ ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ; ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžื›ื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ, ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื, ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื, ื–ืจืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื“ื’ื ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื. ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื–ืจื—ืชื™ืช, ืฉืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืงืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืคื”, ืืฉืจ ื ื’ืจืžืช ืžื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™. ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืฉืง ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืื–ื™ืก ืืœื‘ืื•ืœืจื™ ืจื™ืืชื™. ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื ืฉืคื•ืกืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื, ืžื ื” ืžื–ื•ืงืงืช ืฉืœ 50 ืž"ื’ ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช (ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ืจืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ืจื—ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืื“ื•ื). ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืžืžื™ื ื•ืžื—ืžืฆืŸ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื•ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืจ. ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื‘ืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืื• ื“ื˜ืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื—ืœื—ืœื™ื ืœืžื™ ืชื”ื•ื. ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื–ืจื—ืŸ (ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ืขืฉืŸ ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ), ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืคื’ื–ื™ื ืื• ืคืฆืž"ืจ. ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืฉืŸ ืกืžื™ืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืžื™ืกื•ืš ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื•ืชืจ, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืืœื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืœื• ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžื ืช ื–'ื ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื ืืกืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืืžื ืช ื–'ื ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืืžื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ื›ืš ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื›ืžื•ื”ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื‘ึพWebelements ื”ืจืขืœืช ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื‘- Chemistry in Action (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช) ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืœ-ืžืชื›ื•ืช
2024-07-29T07:32:07
ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ
ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ (ืžื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: Fluere; ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: Fluorine) ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื™ืžื™ ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืกืžืœื• ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ F ื•ืžืกืคืจื• ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ 9. ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื– ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 25 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก; ืฆื‘ืขื• ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืจื™ื— ื—ืจื™ืฃ. ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืงื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ (F-F) ื•ืžืกื•ืžืœืช ื›-F2. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื’ื–ื™ื ืืฆื™ืœื™ื, ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื (ืœืฆื“ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื—ื ืงืŸ) ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ. ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื— ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืขื ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช. ื‘ืชืžื™ืกื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ . ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ืงื•ืžืคืœืงืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ืื• . ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื•ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืœืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื: ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ืžื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื—ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืœื”ืคืœืจืช ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื”. ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื˜ืจื”ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื•ืืชื™ืœืŸ ืื• ื˜ืคืœื•ืŸ (CF_2)n ื’ื–ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืจื™ืื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ (). ืขื ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ืช () ื—ื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ื ื•ืจื”. ืœืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”. ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ-ื›ืœื•ืจ-ืžื™ืžืŸ-ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืžื–ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืžืงืจืจื™ื. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื’ืžื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื’ื–ื™ื ืืœื• ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ. ื ืชืจืŸ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื’ื“ ืชื™ืงื ื™ื. 18F, ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืค ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืคื•ืœื˜ ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืกืžืŸ ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื (PET). ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื–ืืง. ืœืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช (ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ื’ื– ื–ื”) ื™ืฉื ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื’ื– ื‘-Cยฐ 56.5. ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ืงืจื• ืืช ื”ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื“ืฃ ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื™ื. ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื ื›ืฉืœื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืืจ ื‘-1529 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ื•ืก ืื’ืจื™ืงื•ืœื” ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ืจื™ืชื•ืš (Flux), ื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืจืชืš ืœืžื–ื’ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืื• ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื. ื‘-1670 Schwandhard ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืจื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืขื ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื”. ืงืจืœ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืฉืœื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืคืจื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™, ืœื•ืื™ ื–'ื•ื–ืฃ ื’ื”-ืœื™ืกืืง, ืื ื˜ื•ืืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืื–ื™ื” ื•ืœื•ืื™ ื˜ื ืืจื“ ืขืฉื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืžืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ ื•ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื’ืคืจืชื™ืช ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข. ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืคืง ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคืขื™ืœ, ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ืจ. ื‘-1886 ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืจื™ ืžื•ืืกืืŸ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืื—ืจ 74 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืขืœื• ืœืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ืžื•ืืกืืŸ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘-1906. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื›ืฉื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืฉืฉ-ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ () ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืค 235U ืž-238U. ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ ื’ื ืœื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ืœืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืœื›ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ. ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœืฃ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืื˜ื•ื ืžื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžื›ืš ืฉืœืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื•ื’ื–ื™ื ืืฆื™ืœื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื˜ืœื˜ ื‘ึพ1962 โ€“ ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ืขื ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ. ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืขื ืคื—ืžืŸ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœืช ืงืฉืจ ืงื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ ืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ -(C-F) ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืขื•ืจ. ื’ื ืžื™ืžืŸ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ ืžืฆืจื™ืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืขื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืจืขื™ืœื™ื. ืœืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืจื™ื— ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื•ืขื•ืงืฅ ืฉื ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื ืžื•ืš ื›ืžื• 20 ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“. ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคืœื•ืื•ืจื•ื–ื”, ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืกื™ืžื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื›ืชืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ืœืžื•ื— ื•ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช. ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ืกืžืœ (p)Z (n)N ืžืกื” ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ืช (u) ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืกืคื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืค(ื›ืฉื‘ืจ ืžื•ืœืจื™ ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“) ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™(ื›ืฉื‘ืจ ืžื•ืœืจื™ ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“) ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช 14F9 5 14.03506(43)# 2-# 15F 6 15.01801(14) [MeV (2)1.0] E-24 s(60)410 (1/2+) 16F 7 16.011466(9) [KeV (20)40] E-21 s(6)11 0- 17F 8 17.00209524(27) s (16)64.49 5/2+ 18F 9 18.0009380(6) min (20)109.771 1+ ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื. 18mF KeV (15)1121.36 ns (7)162 5+ 19F 10 18.99840322(7) ื™ืฆื™ื‘ 1/2+ 1.0000 20F 11 19.99998132(8) s (8)11.163 2+ 21F 12 20.9999490(19) s (20)4.158 5/2+ 22F 13 22.002999(13) s (4)4.23 4+,(3+) 23F 14 23.00357(9) s (14)2.23 (3/2,5/2)+ 24F 15 24.00812(8) ms (50)400 (1,2,3)+ 25F 16 25.01210(11) ms (6)50 (5/2+)# 26F 17 26.01962(18) ms (8)9.6 1+ 27F 18 27.02676(40) ms (2)4.9 5/2+# 28F 19 28.03567(55)# ns 40> 29F 20 29.04326(62)# ms (3)2.6 5/2+# 30F 21 30.05250(64)# ns 260> 31F 22 31.06043(64)#[ns 260<] ms 1# 5/2+# ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื WebElements.com โ€“ Fluorine It's Elemental โ€“ Fluorine Picture of liquid fluorine โ€“ chemie-master.de Chemsoc.org Periodic Table of Elements * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืœื•ื’ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•-ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช
2024-10-05T12:56:14
ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”
ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื›ืœืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ ืื• ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืชืœื•ืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืืจื•ื›ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ื”, ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช, ืœืจื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืจื‘ ืืš ืœื ืคืขื ื’ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช. ืขื•ืฆืžืชื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 50% ืœ-80% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืžื•ืชื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคื’ื™ืขืช ืืฉ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื›ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื ืฉืง ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ืงื“ื•ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืงื˜ืคื•ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื”ื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืจื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™. ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžืจื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ืฉื“ื” ืืฉืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื’ืœื™ ืื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืงืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช. ืžื™ื ื•ื— ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื ืขืฉื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-13. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” "artillier", ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื "ื—ืจืฉ-ื ืฉืง", ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื™ืœื” ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื ืฉืง ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืืš ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฆืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืชืคืขืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืชื—. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช, ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ื–ื”ื” ืœืชื•ืชื— (ื›ืœื™ ื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ืจื™ ืคื’ื–ื™ื), ื•ื‘ื ืžืฆื ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื™ื. ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ (ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื ืงื™ื, ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜), ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื’ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืœืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื™ืจื™ ืชืœื•ืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื›ืœื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืชื—ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœื™ื ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ ืื• ื›ืืœื• ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืœื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืžืจื’ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื•ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžืจื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื”ื. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš ื’ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืงืจืงืข, ืืฉืจ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” (ืืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืืœื• ืžืฉื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืขื•ืจืฃ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘), ืœื ื™ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื (ืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉืœื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืื• ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื). ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืงื˜ื•ืช, ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืงืจืงืข ืืฃ ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื™ื ืžื”ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื 206px|ื’ื‘ื•ืœ 223px|ื’ื‘ื•ืœ 200px|ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืงื˜ืคื•ืœื˜ื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ืจื” ื˜ืจื‘ื•ืฉื” ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืจ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืคื•ืœื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื” ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœืœื•ื—ืžืช ืžืฆื•ืจ ื ื’ื“ ืžื‘ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช. ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉื•ื›ืœืœื• ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื”, ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืžื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”. ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉื™ื ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืœื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ื’ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกืœื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืงืžืช ื’ืฉืจื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืจ ื•ืžื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขืชื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืจ, ืื ื›ื™ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืœืข ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ืœื™ ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ืจื” ื•ืงื˜ืคื•ืœื˜ื” ืฉื ืฉืžืจื• ืขื•ื“ ืžื”ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ื˜ืจื‘ื•ืฉื”. ื˜ืจื‘ื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืžืฆื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื ื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืœืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืื’ื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืชื— ื”ืžื™ืชืจ. ืงืœื™ืขื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืฉื”ื˜ืจื‘ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืฉืงืœื• ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข 45โ€“90 ืง"ื’, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ 135โ€“180 ื•ืืคื™ืœื• 270 ืง"ื’. ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืงืœื™ืขื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื—ื. ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืืœื” ื”ื ื›ืœื™ ื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื›ื— ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืœื“ื—ื™ืงืช ื”ืงืœื™ืข ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืง ืฉืจืคื” ื•ืœื ื›ื— ืืœืกื˜ื™ ื”ืื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฅ, ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ืื• ื‘ื’ื™ื“. ื›ืœื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื‘ืง ืฉืจืคื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-10, ืืš ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชื ื•ืคื” ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-13. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืžืชื›ืช (ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื) ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืงื ื” ื•ืงืœื™ืข ื›ืœืฉื”ื• - ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืื‘ืŸ ืื• ื™ืฆื•ืง ืžืžืชื›ืช ื•ืื‘ืง ืฉืจืคื”. ืื‘ืง ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื ื™ืฆืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืžืงื•ืจ ืืฉ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ - ืœืจื•ื‘ ืคืชื™ืœ ื‘ื•ืขืจ. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกืจื‘ื•ืœ ื–ื”, ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื™ื“ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืืžื™ื ื™ื, ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื, ืื‘ืง ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื ืจื˜ื‘ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื•ืœื ื ื™ืฆืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืช ืžืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื ืงืจืื• ื‘ื•ืžื‘ืจื“ ื•ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืจื™ืกืช ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช. ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื” ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ืžืฆื•ืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ื•ืžื‘ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืชื•ืชื— ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ืžืจื’ืžื” ืžืฉื’ืจ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ืคื’ื–ื™ื ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืจื’ืžื” ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ (ื‘ืž"ืž) 120โ€“203 30โ€“160 100โ€“500 ืื•ืจืš ื”ืงื ื” (ื‘ืžื˜ืจื™ื) 4โ€“9 1โ€“2 3โ€“9 ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ืจื™ (ื‘ืง"ืž) 20โ€“40 0.5โ€“6 10โ€“350 ืงืฆื‘ ืืฉ (ืœื“ืงื”) 3โ€“8 8โ€“20 10โ€“60 ื–ื™ืจืช ืคืจื™ืกื” ืขื•ืจืฃ ื—ื–ื™ืช ืขื•ืจืฃ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช 4โ€“8 1โ€“4 2โ€“6 ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื ื“ื’ืžื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื”. ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืชื—. ื”ื ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ื™ืจื™ ืืจื•ืš (ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ 4 ืœ-9 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืื•ืจื›ื•) ื•ืจื—ื‘ (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 120 ืœ-200 ืž"ืž ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ), ื•ื›ื™ืื” ืœืชื•ืชื— ื”ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืคื’ื–ื™ื. ืขืงื‘ ื’ื•ื“ืœื ื”ืจื‘, ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื“ื’ืžื™ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื ืžืชื ื™ื™ืขื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืงืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ (ื“ื•ื’ืžืช M-109) ืื• ืžืฉืื™ืช ืฉื˜ื— ืžืžื•ื’ื ืช (ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”-ATMOS). ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื ืžืฆื ื’ื ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื ื’ืจืจื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืœืคืจื™ืฉืชื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืฉืื™ืช ืื• ื ื’ืž"ืฉ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืชื ืชืงื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืชื—. ืฆื•ืจืช ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืจื’ืžื”, ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื” ืชื•ืชื—. ืžืžื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื’ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืœื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ. ืœืžืจื’ืžื” ืงื ื” ื™ืจื™ ืงืฆืจ ืœืžื“ื™ (ื›ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืจื›ื•), ืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 50 ืœ-120 ืž"ืž ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ), ื•ื”ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื’ืจืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืคื’ื–ื™ื ืืœื ืคืฆืฆื•ืช. ืขืงื‘ ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ, ื•ื”ื’ื ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื™ืฉืื• ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘, ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื” ื•ืœืชืคืขื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืœื ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื”. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืชืคืขื•ืœ ื”ืžืจื’ืžื” ื ืžื•ืš ืžืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ (ืžืจื’ืžื” ืชืชื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืชื— ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืคืขืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื–ื” ื•ืืฃ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื›ืš). ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื’ืžื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืชื— ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื’ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืœืžื˜ื” ืžื›ืš. ืขืงื‘ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืชื™ืคืจืก ื”ืžืจื’ืžื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ืชืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืกื™ื•ืข ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ืงืœ ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžืจื ื™ื. ืืžืฆืขื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื’ืจ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื•ืช. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืฉื’ืจ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืชื— ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืจื’ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ื™ืคืจืก ื‘ืขื•ืจืฃ ื•ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืจื•ืš (ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ 3 ืœ-9 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืื•ืจื›ื•) ื•ืจื—ื‘ (ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-150 ืž"ืž ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื›ืš). ืขืงื‘ ืžืžื“ื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉื’ืจ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชื ื™ื™ืข, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืงืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ืžืฉืื™ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืชื— ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ืœืžืฉื’ืจ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืฉื’ืจ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉื’ืจ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืคื’ื–ื™ื (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืคื’ื–ื™ื, ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื ื•ืข ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™). ืฉื ื™ืช, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ืจื‘-ืงื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืงื ื™ ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื™ืจื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ. ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉื ื ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื—ื“-ืงื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงื ื” ืื—ื“, ื™ืฉื ื ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ. ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘-ืงื ื™ื™ื (ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื“-ืงื ื™ื™ื), ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืืœื•: ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื’ื ืื ื˜ืขื™ื ืช ืคื’ื–ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ืขื™ื ืช ืจืงื˜ื•ืช, ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ืจื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืงืฆื‘ ื™ืจื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™: ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ืจื™ ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืืฆืœ ืชื•ืชื— ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ, ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืขืฉืจื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช. ื”ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืง ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืง ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืคื’ื™ืขืชื• ืžื›ืกื” ืฉื˜ื— ื ืจื—ื‘. ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืจื•ื‘, ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื ื™ื›ืจ ื•ืœื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ืžืฉื™ืžืชื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืื™ื ื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช (ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืจ ืžืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ื) ืืœื ืœื”ืกื‘ ื ื–ืง ืœืžืงื‘ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช "ืจื›ื•ืช" ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืขืจื›ื™ ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืžื•ื’ื ื™ื, ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ ื—ื™"ืจ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ, ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื›ื‘, ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืืœื” ืื• ืœื”ื•ื•ืช, ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื“ืจื’ ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืืฉ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชืขืจื™ื. ื›ื›ื–ื•, ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื”-ื”ืงืจื‘" ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช-ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืœืชืžืจืŸ ื•ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ื•ืžืืœืฆืช ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืชื—ืคืจ, ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ื“ ืื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ื›ืœื™ืœ ืžื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชื ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื•ืคื’ื– (ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืฉืœื™ืœืช ืฉื˜ื—"). ื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืคื— ื”ืืฉ (ื›ืžื•ืช ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช, ืงืฆื‘ ืืฉ ื•ืžืฉืš ื™ืจื™) ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœ ืชื ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงื• ืจืื™ื™ื” (ื™ืจื™ ืชืœื•ืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ), ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืกื‘ ื ื–ืง ืœื›ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื–ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ื ืคื— ื”ืืฉ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœ ืชื ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื•ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™-ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•, ื’ื ืื ื”ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืžืคื’ื™ืขื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ืคื’ืขืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ื”ื™ืจื™. ื”ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื™ื•ืจื” ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืกื•ืœืœืช ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืขื“ ื›ึพ25 ืง"ืž, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ืื™ื ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื™ื. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื•ืžื ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืฉืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืคื’ื–ื™ื”. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื’ื– ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื˜ื™ื•ื•ื—. ืกื•ืœืœืช ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉื’ืจ ื›ึพ2.5 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืกืก ืคืœื“ื” ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืขื“ 25 ืง"ืž ืชื•ืš ื›-3 ื“ืงื•ืช. ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื: ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ, ืžืจื’ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช. ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืืžืœ"ื— ื•ื‘ืกื•ื’ื•. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืืฉ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืื• ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื ืื˜"ื•, "ื”ืจืขืฉื” ื”ืžืชื•ืืžืช ืขื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืชืžืจืŸ, ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“, ืœืฉืชืง ืื• ืœืจืชืง ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘." ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื•, ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืื˜"ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”. ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืจืงื˜ื•ืช, ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืžืจื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืืžืœ"ื— ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืืฉ ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ื’ื–ืจื”, ื—ืจืฃ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืจื’ืžื”: ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืงื ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื”ืจืขืฉื” ื‘ืืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืื• ืœืขื•ืžืง, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ืจืขืฉื” ืœืขื•ืžืง ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืงืœืŸ ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืืฉ. ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืจื’ืžื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืŸ ืงืœื•ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืขืœื”, ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™"ืจ ื•ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื ืžื ื•ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžืจื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™"ืจ ื›ืืžืœ"ื— ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืขืœื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืžืขืจืš ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”. ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื ืื˜"ื•, ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืžื ื” ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืขืจืš ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื›ื•ืœื•. ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ: ืกื™ื•ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจ, ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ืœืœื™, ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจ. ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžื ื—ื”: ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ื ืื˜"ื•, ืกื™ื•ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื›ื•ื— ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืชืžืจืŸ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืœื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™"ืจ/ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื™"ืจ/ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื›ื– ืืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช. ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื–ื“ืžื ืช ืื• ื›ื–ื• ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืžืจืืฉ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืฃ ืœืชื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืœืกื•ืœืœืช ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” (ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืจืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื ื–ืงื™ ืชืงื™ืคื”), ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื—ืจืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ. ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืืฉ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื™ื: ืืฉ ื ื’ื“-ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช: ืืฉ ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืื• ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ืืฉ ื ื’ื“-ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ: ื”ืจืขืฉื” ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืžืจืืฉ ื›ืฉืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืชืงืคื”. ืืฉ ืžื—ืคื”: ืžื™ืกื•ืš ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื™"ืจ ืื•ื™ื‘. ืืฉ ืžื’ื ื ืชื™ืช: ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืืฉ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืชื—ืช ืžืชืงืคื”. ืืฉ ืžื’ื ื ืชื™ืช ืกื•ืคื™ืช: ืžืกืš ืืฉ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ ื•ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืชืžืจื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”. ืืฉ ื”ื˜ืจื“ื”: ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืชืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžื•ืจืืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ื˜ืคื˜ื•ืฃ" ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ืžืžื•ืฉืš. ืืฉ ืžื™ื™ืจื˜ืช: ื”ืจืขืฉื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกื•ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื•. ืืฉ ื”ื›ื ื”: ืจื™ื›ื•ืš ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืชืงืคื”. ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืคืขื. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ: ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืืฉ ืœืขื•ืžืง: ืืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืื• ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืฉืœ ืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ื ืฉืงื™ื•, ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ืงื•ื•ื™ ืืกืคืงื”, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืชืฆืคื™ืช. ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ื”: ืืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžืŸ, ื ืฉืงื™ื• ื•ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื•, ืืฉืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืชืžืจื ืช. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฆืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ ืืช ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืœื”ืจืขืฉื” ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ: ืืฉ ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืื• ื›ืžื˜ื— ืžืชื•ื–ืžืŸ. ื—ืกืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื”ืืฉ ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืฉื˜ื— ืื• ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื ื”ืจื™ ืฉื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืžืขื•ืฃ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืคื’ื–ื™ื ื™ืชืคื–ืจื• ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืคืจืฆื™ ืืฉ - ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืงืฆื‘ ืืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ ืงื ื” (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” - 3 ืคื’ื–ื™ื ืชื•ืš 10โ€“15 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช). ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืื’ื‘ ื›ืš ืืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื”. ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื ื’ืจืจื™ื (2014) 1 7,414 2 ืกื™ืŸ 6,246 3 5,374 4 4,625 5 4,300 6 3,278 7 2,360 8 2,200 9 2,150 10 2,078 11 1,669 12 1,299 13 1,160 14 884 15 880 ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ืžืชื ื™ื™ืขื™ื (2014) 1 5,972 2 2,250 3 1,990 4 1,934 5 ืกื™ืŸ 1,710 6 1,302 7 1,013 8 889 9 650 10 583 11 547 12 748 13 524 14 482 15 465 ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘-ืงื ื™ื™ื (2014) 1 3,793 2 2,400 3 ืกื™ืŸ 1,770 4 1,481 5 1,474 6 1,331 7 1,100 8 811 9 650 10 625 11 423 12 393 13 332 14 292 15 265 ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื•ื™ื™ืฆืื• ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ, ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื’ืžื•ืช. ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื’ืžื™ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขื“ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”: ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื• ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ื™ื™ืฆืจื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื ื’ืจืจื™ื ื•ืžืชื ื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืฃ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื•ื”-60 ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืืœื• ืชื•ืชื— ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื ื’ืจืจ 122 ืž"ืž 2A18, ืชื•ืชื— ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืžืชื ื™ื™ืข 122 ืž"ืž 2S1 ื•ืžืฉื’ืจ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช 122 ืž"ืž BM21. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื’ืžื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืืœื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื”-80 ื•ื”-90 ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื ื’ืจืจื™ื 2A36 ื•-2A65 ื‘ืขืœื™ 152 ืž"ืž ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ, ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืžืชื ื™ื™ืขื™ื 2S3 ื•ื”-2S5 ื‘ืขืœื™ 152 ืž"ืž ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ ื•ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช BM27 ื•-BM30 ื‘ืขืœื™ 220 ื•-300 ืž"ืž ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”. ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื” ืขืฆืžื™, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ื’ืžื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื-ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ, ื”ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื™ื“ืขื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื–ื›ื• ืœืชืคื•ืฆื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืžืชื ื™ื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื• ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™. ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื“ื’ืžื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช: ืชื•ืชื— ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืžืชื ื™ื™ืข 155 ืž"ืž PLZ45 ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื• ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื•ื”-PLZ05 ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื” ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื• ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื’ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืชื— ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืžืชื ื™ื™ืข 122 ืž"ืž PLZ07 ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื”ืžืชื ื™ื™ืขื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ, ื“ื’ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื’ืจ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื• ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60, ืžืฉื’ืจ 227 ืž"ืž ืกื•ื’ 63, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืกื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื’ืžื™ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ืžืชื ื™ื™ืขื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60: ื”-155 ืž"ืž M109, ื”-203 ืž"ืž M-110 ื•ื”-175 ืž"ืž M-107. ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื”ื•ืคืกืง ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื–ื›ื” ื”-M109 ืœืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืคื•ืฅ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœืฆื“ ื”-M109, ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000 ื’ื ืืช ืชื•ืชื— ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื ื’ืจืจ M777 ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื” ืœ-M109 (ื›ืืžื•ืจ, 155 ืž"ืž), ืืš ื“ื’ื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื ืคื•ืฅ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืžืชื ื™ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื’ื ืืช ืžืฉื’ืจ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช 227 ืž"ืž M270, ืืฉืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืืš ืœืฆื“ ื–ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ืฉืง ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื–ื›ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ืฉืง ื›ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื ื’ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ 105 ืž"ืž ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ: ื”-M56 ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ืืฉืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืกื™ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”-L118 ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืฉืœื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ืชื•ืชื— ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื ื’ืจืจ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืืฉืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื• ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื”ื™ื” ื”-155 ืž"ืž FH70. ืชื•ืชื— ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื™ ืžื™ื–ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืชื— ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืืกื™ื”. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื ื’ืจืจื™ื, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ืžืชื ื™ื™ืขื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื”-105 ืž"ืž FV433. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ืžืชื ื™ื™ืขื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ 155 ืž"ืž ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ืืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”-AuF1, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”-AS90 ื•ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”-PzH2000. ืืš ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื ื’ืจืจื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืจื•ื‘ื ื›ื›ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืžืชื ื™ื™ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื, ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืจื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืงืœื” ื•ื–ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆืชื ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ื•ืืฃ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช. ื›ืš ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืจื’ืžื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืงืœื” 82 ืž"ืž 2B9 ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื’ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืจื’ืžื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80: ื”-2B14 ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”-2B9, ื•ื”-2B11 ื•ื”-2S12 ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ 120 ืž"ืž. ื›ืžื• ืžืจื’ืžื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื• ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื• ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืจื’ืžื” 60 ืž"ืž M224 ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžืจื’ืžื” 120 ืž"ืž RT61 ืชื•ืฆืจืช ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืจื’ืžื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช 81 ืž"ืž ืงืœื™ื‘ืจ: ื”-M252 ื•ื”-L16. ืจืื• ื’ื ื—ื™ืœ ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืจื™ื›ื•ืš ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ ืชื•ืชื— ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ืชื•ืชื— ืžืชื ื™ื™ืข ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ืžืจื’ืžื” ื›ืœื™ ืžืฆื•ืจ ืืฉ ืจืชืง ื˜ื™ื•ื•ื— ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืืฉ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉ. ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื•ืœ, ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, 1974 ืฉื’ื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ื–ื™ื’ื“ื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ"ื’: ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ื ืจืช-ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื‘ื™ืชืŸ-ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, 2016 Jonathan B.A. Bailey, Field Artillery and Firepower, Naval Institute Press, 2004, Bruce I. Gudmundsson, On Artillery, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1993, Christopher Gravett, Medieval Siege Warfare, Osprey Publishing, 1990, Ian V. Hogg, A History of Artillery, Hamlyn, 1974, Oliver F. G. Hogg, Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline, C. Hurst, 1970, ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืœื™ ืืฉ ืขืงื™ืคื”: ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ื“ื™ื•ืง ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉืง ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ARES, ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017 ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืฉืจืžืŸ ื•ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืง, ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”: ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ Military Analysis Network ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ืื˜ืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ, "ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”", ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ืงื” (ืžื”ื•ื“ืจืช 1911, ื›ืจืš 2, ืขืž' 685โ€“696), ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ื™ืงื™ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืื™ืืŸ ื•ืจื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื’, "ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”", ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืืชืจ britannica.com (ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช) ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื”. ืกืงื™ื™ืœืก, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”, 6 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2016, ื‘ืืชืจ War on the Rocks ืžืจืง ืงืืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืจื•ืžืื™ืช, 2 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2014, ื‘ืืชืจ Ancient History Encyclopedia ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ืค. ืง. ื’ืื•ื˜ืื, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 , ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ืช (CLAWS), ืืคืจื™ืœ 2010 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื”
2024-09-29T02:55:42
ื—ื•ืœื™ืช (ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ)
ื—ื•ึนืœึดื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ื•ืขืชืง ืœืคืชื—ืช ืฉืœื•ื. ืฉื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, "ื—ื•ืœื™ืช" ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1975 ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ืคืชื—ืช ืจืคื™ื— ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื›ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื ื—"ืœ ื‘ืฉื "ืื—ื™ืžืจ" ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื•ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืื•ื–ืจื— ื‘-1978 ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื—ื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ึนืœื™ื•ึนืช (ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช) ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘-1982, ื”ื•ืขืชืง ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื‘ืœ ืฉืœื•ื. ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช, ืขืœื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืคื•ื ื™ื ืžื’ื•ืฉ ืงื˜ื™ืฃ. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืฆื ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ื ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื ืช ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ 25 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืคื›ื• ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ืงืœื˜ื• ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืื•ื™ื™ืฉื• ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืคื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021 ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ 12 ื‘ืชื™ื. ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ืคืชืข ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘-2023 ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื•ืชืงืฃ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื›-60 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื. ื‘ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื ืจืฆื—ื• 13 ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฆืžืŸ, ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜"ืจ. 4 ื‘ื“ื•ืื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ื—ื˜ืคื• ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. 2 ืžื”ื, ืื— ื•ืื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื‘-30 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขืกืงืช ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืชืงืคื”, ืคื•ื ื• ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืžืœื•ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™. ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื ืฆืจ ืกืจื ื™. ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2023 ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ 84 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›-20 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื, ื‘-100 ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื™ื›ื™ ืžื›ื™ื ืช ื”ื ื’ื‘. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ึพ7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2023, ื™ืจื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœ-74 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื. ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื—ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืœืื”. ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืคืจื ืกื” ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื™ืฉ ื›ืœื‘ื•, ืคืื‘, ืžื˜ืข ื”ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืžื ื’ื•, ื’ื“"ืฉ, ืจืคืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืžืกื—ื˜ื•ืช ื–ืงืกื ื‘ืจื’. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื•: ื”ื—ืœ ืž-2011 ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื, ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื ืงืœื˜ื• ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืชื—ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื ื’ื‘, ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ "ืžืื”ืœ ื•ืžื’ื“ืœ" ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืฉืœื•ื—ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ื™ื ืช ื”ื ื’ื‘, ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืงื“ื-ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืงื“ื ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื•ืคืช. ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืžืก ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช - ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื—ื•ืœื™ืช ื—ื•ื’ื’ 40 ืฉื ื”, 31 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2018 ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืื•ืจ mynet ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ - ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื—ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ืื™ื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืขื•ื ื” 1 ืคืจืง 4. ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื—ื•ืœื™ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ Mako, 1 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2014 ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ื ืคืชื—ื” ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื™ื ืช ื”ื ื’ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช, 24 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2017 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘-1982 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื—"ืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื‘ืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื ื’ื‘: ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืคื•ื ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ
2024-10-17T20:15:58
ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”
ื”ืคื ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”
2007-07-23T13:01:57
ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”
ื‘ืจื•ืš (ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืก ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื ื˜ื•) ืฉึฐื‚ืคึดึผื™ื ื•ึนื–ึธื”, (ืื• ืกืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”; ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช: Benedict de Spinoza; ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ืช: Bento de Espinoza, ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืืฉืืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”; 24 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1632 โ€“ 21 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1677) ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืกืคืจื“ื™, ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ื‘ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื ื•ืกื™ื, ืฉื—ื–ืจื” ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื—ืœื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืจื, ื›ืฉืชืคืก ืืช ื”ืชื "ืš ื›ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื ื›ืคืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช. ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื ืชืคืก ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืกืคืงื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœืœ. ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”: "ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ืื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื›ืœืœ". ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ืจื ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืžื™ื›ืืœ ื“'ืืกืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”, ืกื•ื—ืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืคืจื ืก ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ื•ืœื—ื ื” ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื“'ืืกืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”, ืžืžื ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืชื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ืื‘ื™ื• ื ื•ืœื“ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื•ื™ื“ื™ื’ื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืืœื ื˜ื–'ื• ืฉื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ, ื›ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื”ืชื ืฆืจ ืขืงื‘ ืจื“ื™ืคืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื–ื•. ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืืกืคื™ื ื•ืกื” ื“ื” ืœื•ืก ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื•ืก ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื‘ื•ืจื’ื•ืก ืฉื‘ืกืคืจื“. ื”ื ื‘ืจื—ื• ืœืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื•ืžืฉื ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืœื”, ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ืœื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืื—ื™ื•ืช: ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ืžืจื™ื (ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื, ื“ื ื™ืืœ, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•) ื•ืื— ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ. ื›ื™ืœื“ ืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื‘ื™ื• ื ืคื˜ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 22 ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจื•ืš ื•ืœืื—ื™ื• ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืืช ื—ื ื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื—ื•ืžื”, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืชืขืœืช ื”ื•ื˜ื—ืจืื›ื˜. ืžืื– ื ืฉืื” ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืืช ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื—ื™ื, ื ื•ื“ืขื” ื›ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื‘ื ื˜ื• ืืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืืกืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”", ื•ืขืกืงื” ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ, ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ืžื•ืจื˜ื™ืจื”. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 24 (ื‘ืฉื ืช 1656, ื•' ื‘ืื‘ ื”'ืชื˜"ื–) ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื—ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื ืกื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืกื‘ืœ ืžืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืžื ื™ื“ื•ื™, ื‘ืฉืœ "ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื" ื•"ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื” ื•ืœื™ืžื“". ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืชืคื™ืกื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื“ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืžื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื—ืจื ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื•, ืฉื›ืžื•ืชืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื˜ืขื ืชื• ืืฆืœ ื”ื•ื’ื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœื•, ืืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ืื™ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื• ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื”ื•ื’ื” ื“ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™, ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืœืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืจื. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืงืจื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆื“ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™-ืจื•ื— ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ืœ, ื ื•ื‘ืืœื™ืก, ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื™, ื’ืชื”, ื”ืจื“ืจ, ืงื•ืœืจื™ื“ื’' ื•ืฉืœื’ืœ. ืžืื™ื“ืš ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื ืขืจื•ืชื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช: ืชื "ืš, ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช, ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืจื ืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืžืœื™ื˜ื•ืฉ ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื•ืœื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื. ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ื™ื“ืœื‘ืจื’ ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืœื• ืžืฉืจื” ื›ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1673, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื”, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ "ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืžืฉืช ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื”, ืืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื—ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•", ื ืคืกืœื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“. ืกืคืจื• ืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืจืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืื• ื ื’ื“ื• 37 ืฆื•ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื ื•ื™. ืœืคื™ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืงื”ืœืจ ื›ื•ืœืจื•ืก, ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืจื ืืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ: "ื‘ืฉืขื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืืœืžืœื ื—ืฉืฉืชื™ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ื”". ื›ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1678, ื”ื—ืจื™ืžื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•, ื•ืฉืžื• ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื ื’ื ืื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™ "ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืก ืžืœื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืก" (ืžืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืืจื•ืจ). ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื• ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ื ืš ืœื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขืงื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืืชื™ืงื” ื•ืžื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”. ืื•ืœื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืกื™ืžื ื” ืืช ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช-ื ื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ื•ื. ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื ื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืชื ืฆืจ. ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืืช ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช; ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืฃ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืื“ืœืจ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื–ื” ืžื•ืงืฉื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ื“ื•ื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืจืžื– ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื• ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื ื˜ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™. ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืคืจื˜ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื•ืœื—ืจื, ืœื ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื™ื—ืก ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืžืฆื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœ"ืžืืžืจ ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™-ืžื“ื™ื ื™" ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ืฉื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ื• ื“ื™ ืงืกื˜ืจื• ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1684. ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื—ืคืช, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 44. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘-25 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1677 ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื”ืื’. ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื•ื• ืืช ืืจื•ื ื• ื•ื—ืœืงื• ืœื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘"ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื•ืจื”" (Huirgraft), ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื” ืคื•ื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1738. ืžืฉื•ืขืจ ืฉืฉื™ื™ืจื™ื• ืคื•ื–ืจื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคื•ื ื•. ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืคื ืชืื™ื–ื", ื’ื•ืจืกืช ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช ื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืœ ืคืจืกื•ื ืœื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช. ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืขืฆื โ€“ ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ืช-ืขืฆืžื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœ โ€“ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ: ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ืื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื (ื”ื ื’ืœื” ืœื ื•) ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ื˜ืœื”. ืื•ืœื, ื”ื’ืœ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืชืคื™ืกืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื“ื‘ืจ-ืžื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืืœ, ื“ื’ืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืงื•ืกืžื™ื–ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืกื•ืคื™ ื•ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ืืฉืœื™ื”, ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ืขื•ื“ ื ื“ื‘ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืื–, ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจืก ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืชืืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื: ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช. ื™ืฉื ื ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืชืืจื™ื ืœืขืฆื, ืžืชื•ื›ื ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืชืžื•ืช ื’ื ื”ื ืคืฉ. ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืจืจื” ืกืขืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ืชื™, ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ. ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืงืืจื˜ ("ืขืฆื", "ืืœื•ื”ื™ื" ื•ืขื•ื“) ืฉืœืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืงืจื˜ื–ื™ืื ื™ ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื•ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื. ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”, ืืฉืจ ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื, ืœื ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืขืกื™ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขื ื’ื•ืจืœื ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื›ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืื™ืžื ื ื˜ื™ ืžืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจ. ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืž"ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื" "ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื•". ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ "ืœื’ืžื•ืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืฉื ืื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉื ืื”" ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืข "ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื" ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช ื”ื ื’ื ืืœื• ื”ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืจืกืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืืš ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™ ืžื”ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืงื” ืœื•. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืœืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• "ืžืืžืจ ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™" ื•"ืžืืžืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™" (ืฉื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื”) ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื“ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš" ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื“ืง, ื•ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ "ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื" ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ืก, ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืืžื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืืœื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”. ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื”ื. ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉืื–ืจื—ื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื•ื‘ืก ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืชืžืš ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™. ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืชืžืš ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉื ื ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื™ื, ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ื—ื•ืงื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ื›ืš ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ืื–ื ื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืžืืžืจ ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™" ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉื‘ืกื™ืกื• ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื•ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืฆื‘ื ืขืžืžื™ ื•ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื‘"ืžืืžืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™" ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™, ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืื•ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ ื•ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื•ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™. ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ "ืžืืžืจ ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™" ื”ืชืคืจืกื ืœืœื ืฉื ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ืจืง ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ "ื”ืืชื™ืงื”", ืฉืจืื” ืื•ืจ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื—ืฉ ืžืขืžื“ืชื•, ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ. ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืœื–ื•ืœืช. ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ืช ืขืžืžื™ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืฉืขื™ืงืจื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจื ืœืื—ืจ ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจื• ืžืžืขืฉื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื•ืžืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืคืœื•ืช. ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช (ืืชื™ืงื”) ืกืคืจื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื "ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช" (ืืชื™ืงื”), ื‘ื• ืžื ืกื— ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ืืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืคื ืชืื™ืกื˜ื™. ื–ื”ื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ืงืœื™ื“ื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืกืคืจ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืืงืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ืžื”ืŸ ื’ื•ื–ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืชืชื™-ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช. ืžื‘ื ื” ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืชืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื–ืจ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ืคื ืชื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื–ื”, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืฉืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ื‘"ืกื“ืจ ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™" ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื•ืžื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืื—ืช ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ืจื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืืฃ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื™ืจื”. ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืื•ืงืœื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ, ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื•ื‘, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืกื•ืงืจืื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืžืฉื“ืœืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ืขืœ ืื™ ื”ื ื—ืช ืืงืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืืฃ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกืคืจ ื”ืืชื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืš: "ื•ืขืชื”, ืื ืืžื ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืจื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืงืฉื” ืžืื“, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื, ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื›ื‘ื“ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืขืžืœ ื•ื™ื’ื™ืขื” ืจื‘ื”, ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืื“ื? ืืžื ื ื›ืœ ื ืขืœื” ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื’ื‘ (ื›ื‘ื“) ื•ื™ืงืจ (ืžืขื˜) ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช". ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืืœ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืคืกืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื™ื–ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืฆืœื• ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” โ€“ ืœื ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืœื ืืฆืœ ื”ืืœ (ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืืœ ื”ื ืื•ืชื• ื”'ื™ืฉ' ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื "ืื•ืคืŸ" ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ). ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืืœ ื”ื–ื”ื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื›ื•ืœื• ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช (ื”ืืœ-ื˜ื‘ืข) ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื•. ืื™ืŸ ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืœ-ื˜ื‘ืข, ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ื’ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช (ืื™ื“ืื”). ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 'ืืชื™ืงื”' ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ: "ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื ืงืจื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจื— ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื›ืจื—ื™, ... ื ืงืจื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื—ืจ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช". ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื• โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืฉืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืžื”ื•ืชื• ืื• ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ โ€“ ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื˜ื‘ืขื•, ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™. ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืจื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ืงื‘ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืืฆืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”. ื”ืืœ ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื”ืืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ (ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจื— ื˜ื‘ืขื•), ืืš ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ, ื”ืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™: ื”ืืœ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืกื™ื‘ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ืฉืœ 'ืขืฆื': ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื ื• ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจื— ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™. ืกื™ื‘ืช ืขืฆืžื• = ืขืฆื = ืืœ. ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžืฉืขื‘ื“ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืืœ ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืืœ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืคื•ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื; ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”; ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” 2+2 ื”ื 5. ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” โ€“ ืžืคืชื— ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” โ€“ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ โ€“ ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืื• ืกื•ืคื™, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืœ (ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช). ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ื™ืงื‘ืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ โ€“ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื•, ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช: 1) ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ. 2) ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉ. ืื ื• ื ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื›ืžืคืชื— ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช: ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืชื‘ื•ื ืชื• ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื•. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ืžื›ืืŸ ืืชื” ืœืžื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื•ื ืชื• ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื•. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื›ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื›ืื ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื™. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”"ืื ื™" ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืื–ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืืžืช. ืื ื™ืฆืจื™ื• ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื• ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืชื™ืงื” (ื—ืœืง ื“ ืžืฉืคื˜ 68): "ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจืš ืืš ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•". ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” โ€“ ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืขื•ื“ ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ืฉืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืจืื•ื™. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื: ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื—ื•ืคืฉ, ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื”. ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืื“ื, ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืชื‘ื•ื ืชื• ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืชื“ืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืืœ, ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืก ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•. ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืจื ืœืคื™ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ืจืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื. ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจืก ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืขืœ ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžืจืžื–ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืกื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ืžืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ ืื ืื™ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ืืจ ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื•: 'ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ' โ€“ ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื” ืฉืœื ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื”ื•ืขืชืง ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงืคื• ืฉืœ ืžื–ื‘ื— ืื—ื“ โ€“ ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• (ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืž-12 ืื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” 'ืกื•ื“ ื”-12' ืฉืœ ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ 12 ื”ืงืœืœื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืคืจืง, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื”). 'ื•ื™ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืฉื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”' โ€“ ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื—ืจ. 'ื•ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ ืื– ื‘ืืจืฅ' โ€“ ืžืฉืชืžืข ืžื›ืš ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ. 'ื‘ื”ืจ ื”' ื™ืจืื”' โ€“ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื”ืจ ื ืขืฉืชื” ืœื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”, ืืœื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. 'ื”ืœื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ...' ืขื™ืจ ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืจืง ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“. ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžืฉื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”, ื•ืืฃ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืฉ'ืœื ืงื ื ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžืฉื” ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ืขื• ื”' ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื' โ€“ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขื ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืจื—ื•ืงื”, ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” 'ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”'. ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื ืงืจืื™ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื โ€“ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืจื“ืฃ ืขื“ 'ื“ืŸ' (ืฉื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื). ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืงืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจืช โ€“ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืŸ 'ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจืฅ', 'ื•ืืœื” ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืœื›ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื“ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœืš ืžืœืš ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ'. ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”', 'ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช' (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื‘) ื•ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจืช ืืœื”ื™ื. ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืฉ, ืืœื ืกืคืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื•. ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”, ืืฃ ืกืคืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข-ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, 'ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืœืš' โ€“ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ืฉื ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืข ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื "ืš. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื›ืœืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืฉืจืฆื” ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืจืืฉื™ืชืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ืืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“: ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ื•ืžืฉื ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืชื™ ื—ื•ืงืงื• ืœื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืื™ืš ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื™ืš ืžื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื™ื ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”. ืืžื ื, ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื“ืœื’ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœืกืคืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžืœื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ื•'), ื ืžืฆื โ€“ ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ืœื”ื โ€“ "ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉื” ื•ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช". ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื• 'ืกื•ืคืจ' ื•ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” 'ืฉื•ืงื“ ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”' ืœื“ืจืฉื” ื•ืœืชืงื ื”'. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืืช ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืงื‘ืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืžืœื”-ืคื™ืจื™ืจ . ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|"ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืžื ื•ื“ื”" (Spinoza wyklรชty) ืžืืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืจื’, 1907 ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืชย ื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ืžืฆื” ืขืœ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™, ื•ืจืื• ื‘ื›ืš ืชืขื•ื“ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช. ืขืžื“ื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื‘ื˜ื ื ื—ืžืŸ, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืž.ื–. ืคื™ื™ืจื‘ืจื’ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ "ืœืืŸ" ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื”) ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื• ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” "ืฉืœื•", ืฉืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืชืืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ืืช ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืจืื• ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ืืžื ื” ืœืžื•ืคืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™-ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืœืขืฆืžื: ื›ืžื•ืชื, ืžืจื“ ื‘ืžื™ืžืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™; ื›ืžื•ืชื, ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ื•ื›ืžื•ืชื โ€“ ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉื‘ื“ืช ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื”ืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื•ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื”: ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”"ืืžืฆืขื™ื™ื" ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืžืžืกื“ ื”ื“ืชื™, ื•ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืœืฉืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช, ืœืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืœืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขืฆืžื•. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ืงืœืข ืœืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™, ื ืžื ืขื• ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืจืช ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื•ืจืง ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœื” ื“ื•-ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืœืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื•ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื”. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื™ืžืฆื• ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ืื™ ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ื“ืช ืืœื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื•ืงื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืืจืฆื™ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง, ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื’ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ". ื›ืžื• ืื—ืจื™ื, ื’ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื ื˜ืœื• ืžืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื•ืžืชื•ืจืชื• ืจืง ืืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ื: ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืจื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ืฉืฉื™ืœื ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ืžืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืกื‘ืœ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ืช ื”ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ืื™ืช ื•ืืฃ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ืžืฉืœื•, ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืงืจื•ื›ืžืœ. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื, "ื“ืขืช ืืœื”ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ" ื•"ืื’[ื•]ื“ืช ืžืืžืจื™ื", ื”ืชืขืžืง ืงืจื•ื›ืžืœ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ, ื•ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื” ื”ืงื“ื-ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื”ื›ืจืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืจืฆื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืคื’ืื ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื™ื• ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื”ื•ืช ื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช, ืืš ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืืคื” ืœื”ื™ื’ืืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืจืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืืœ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืœ-ืืจืฆื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืืœ ืจื•ื— ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื•ืœื โ€“ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืžื ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืื—ื“. ืงืจื•ื›ืžืœ ืชืจื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืคื™ืจื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื”". ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื›ื›ื•ืคืจ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืงื•ืฆืจ ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ "ืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืืžื•ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืฉื—ืกืจื• ื›ืœื™ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืชืคื ื™ืช ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื” ืœืชื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœืžืœื•ื "ื”ื›ืจืช ืขืฆืžื”", ื•ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ืจื” ื–ืืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื–ื• ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืจ ืœื“ืช, ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”, ื‘ื—ื•ืงืช ืžืฉื”, ืงืจื™: ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื™-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื’ืื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื‘ื” ืงืžื” ืœืชื—ื™ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื”, ืœื“ืขืช ืงืจื•ื›ืžืœ, ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉืื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช, ื•ื™ืงื‘ืข ืืช ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืชืจื™ื ื•ืžืื—ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืœืคื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœืžื” ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืจืชื• ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืืจ"ื™, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืืœื 'ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช'. ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ืื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืืžื•ื ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืืœื ื—ื•ืงื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช, ืงืกื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื›ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืช, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1927 ื—ืจื’ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืžื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช, ื•ื‘ืกืขืจืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืกืชืจืช ื›ืชื‘: "...ืœืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื ืงืจื... ืžืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื• โ€“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ืจื! ืกืจ ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ืš ื•ื—ื˜ืืชืš ืœื” ืชื›ื•ืคืจ! ืื—ื™ื ื• ืืชื”, ืื—ื™ื ื• ืืชื”, ืื—ื™ื ื• ืืชื”!", ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื• ืจืืฉื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืืชื•ืก ื”ื“ืชื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืจื•, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1953, ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ "ืœืœืฉื•ื ื ื• ื•ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืชื ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืืœืคื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช..." ืกืคืจื™ื• ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ืงืจ ืืœื•ื”: ืขื ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื (ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืขื ืžื‘ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืืช ืฉืœืžื” ืจืื‘ื™ืŸ), ื•ื™ื ื”: ื“ืคื•ืก ื’ืขืืจื’ ื‘ืจืื’, ืชืจืž"ื”. (). "ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช", ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืช ืžืจื•ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืงืœืฆืงื™ืŸ, ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืงื“ืžื”, ื”ืขืจื•ืช, ืžืจืื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ืœื™ืคืกื™ื”: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืค"ื“ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืืงื“ืžื•ืŸ, 1967). ืืชื™ืงื” (ืชืจื’ื ืžืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช: ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื™ื•ื‘ืœ), ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืชืฉืก"ื’-2003. ืžืืžืจ ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ (ืชืจื’ื: ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืจืฉื•ื‘ืกืงื™), ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื™"ืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ืชืฉื›"ื‘-1961. ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” โ€“ ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช, ืชืจื’ื ืžืœืื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื, ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช, ืืคืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื™, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, 1963 . ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื (ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช), ื•ืจืฉื”: ื“ืคื•ืก ืืœืืคื™ืŸ, ืชืจื "ื’. ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื (ืžืชืจื’ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช), ื•ืจืฉื”: ืž' ืขืจืœื™ื›ืžืŸ, ืชืจืฆ"ื”. ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ (ืชืจื’ื ืžืจื•ืžื™ืช: ื ืชืŸ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ; ืขืจืš, ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืขืจื•ืช: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืžื”), ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื™"ืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ืชืฉืœ"ื’. ืžืืžืจ ืงืฆืจ ืขืœ ืืœื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืืฉืจื• (ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืžื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื‘ ื–ื ื”, ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช), ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื"ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืชืจืฆ"ื”. ืžืืžืจ ืงืฆืจ ืขืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื“ื ื•ืื•ืฉืจื• (ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช: ืจื—ืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ืจ-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื’ืจื˜; ืขืจืš, ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื, ืคื™ืจืฉ ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืขืจื•ืช: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืžื”), ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื™"ืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ืชืฉืœ"ื—-1978. ืžืืžืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ (ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช: ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืจืฉื•ื‘ืกืงื™; ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช: ื ืชืŸ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ), ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื™"ืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ืชืฉืž"ื‘-1982. ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืฉืคืช ืขื‘ืจ (ืชืจื’ื: ืฉืœืžื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ), ืงืจืงื•ื‘: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคืœืขืกื ืขืจ ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื•, ืชืจืก"ื”-1905. ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”, ืฉืœืžื” ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืื—ืจื™ื, ืขื ื”ืกืคืจ, 2009 ืจืื• ื’ื ื’ืื•ืจื’ ื”ืจืฅ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”, ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš: ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื“ื—ืง ื‘'. ืžืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: ืื™ืœืจื™ื” ืฉื˜ื™ืœืจ-ื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ ื•ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื›"ืฅ. ืขืžื•ื“ 318 ื–ืื‘ ืœื•ื™, ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1972 ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืžื”, ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” , ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 1983 ืขืžื™ื”ื•ื“ ื’ืœืขื“, ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, 1986 ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื•ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, 1988 ื–'ื ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืงืžืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืจืžืœ 1994 ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืขืจื•ืจ, "ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื", ืจืงืคืช ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืข"ืž, ืฉื ืช 2000, ืขืจืš: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”, ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 237โ€“243 ืจื•ื’'ืจ ืกืงืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉื›ืœ, 2001 ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื“ืœืจ, ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” (ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”), ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืกืœื™ื ื’, 2008 ืฉื™ ืคืจื•ื’ืœ, ืืชื™ืงื”: ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื•ื ื™ื˜ืฉื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืจืžืœ, 2010 ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืžื”, ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื–ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืจืžืœ, ืชืฉืข"ื‘, 2012 ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื“. ื™ืืœื•ื, ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”, ื›ืชืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 2012 ืขืžื•ืก ื”ืจืคื–, ืฉืงืจ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื–ื โ€“ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื’ืœ ื•ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื–ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืณืื ื™ืณ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืจืกืœื™ื ื’, 2013 ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื“ืœืจ, ืกืคืจ ืฉื—ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื โ€“ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™, ืกืคืจื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื’ ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 2017 ื™ืขืงื‘ ืงืœืฆืงื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” : ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืกืคืจื™ื•, ืฉื˜ืชื•, ืœื™ืคืกื™ื” ืชืจืค"ื’. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืžื”, "ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื" โ€“ ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืกืคืจ "ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”" 1983, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื˜"ื— ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื™ื•ื ืก ื•ืกื•ืจืื™ื” ื ื–ืจื™ืืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื” ื’ืœืขื“ ื‘ืจืขืœื™, ืืžืช, ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืืฆืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื’ืœืขื“ ื‘ืจืขืœื™, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืข โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื”ืื ืงืจืืชื ืืช ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช? , ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืœื•ื™ื ืก, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืืœื™ื”ื• ืจื—ืžื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ื™, ืžืชื•ืš ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืจ ื•ื™ืฉื•ืขื”. ื“ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืกื“ืจืช ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”, ื”ืืจืฅ, ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2008 ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื“ืœืจ, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืง, ื‘ืืชืจ "ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ", 21 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2016 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฆืืฆืื™ ืื ื•ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ื: ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื•ืœื™ ืฉื—ืคืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1632 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1677 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17
2024-09-11T08:18:22
ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|300px|ืฉืžืืœ|ืœื”ืงื” ืกื•ืจื™ืช ืžื—ืœื‘, ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช (ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ) ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืื. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ืžืงืฆื‘ (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช). ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื”: ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื” - ื”ืžืงืื, ืžื‘ื ื™ ืงืฆื‘, ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงื“ื-ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงื“ื-ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ื“ืžืชื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืงื“ื•ื. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœืกืคื™ืจื”. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื ืงืจืื• "ืฉืขืจืื' ืืœื’'ืื”ืœื™ื”" (ุดุนุฑุงุก ุงู„ุฌุงู‡ู„ูŠุฉ) ืื• "ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื’'ืื”ืœื™ื" (ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช). ื”ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื“ืงืœื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื“ื™ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื. ื”ืžืงื”ืœื” ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ื›ืœื™ ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื“ืงืœืžื• ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื”ื. ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ื›ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื• ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” - ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฃ, ืขื•ื“ ืื• ืจื‘ืื‘ - ื•ื™ืฉื™ืจื• ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืžืจ ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงืื ืื—ื“. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืžื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื—'ืœื™ืคื™ื ืื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ืืก ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืจื‘. ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืจืกื™. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืงืื. ื”ืžืงืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื•ืงืืœื™ืช ืื• ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืงืฆื‘ื™. ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืืœ-ื›ื ื“ื™ (801-873 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”) ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื’ื™ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. "ืืœ-ืงื™ื ื“ื™ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ ื”ืขื•ื“ ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื: ืื“ืžื”, ืžื™ื, ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืืฉ... ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื•, ืœื“ืขืชื•, ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”, ื›ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”". ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ืชืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืœืขื•ื“ ื•ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ื—ืžืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ืžืกื•ืช ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืจื“ื• ื—ืžืฉ. ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืื‘ื• ืืœืคืจื’' (897-967) ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื "ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื" (ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุฃุบุงู†ูŠ). ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืขืœ 20 ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืืœ-ืคืืจืื‘ื™ (872-950) ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื "ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”" (ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠ) ื‘ื• ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคื™ ื›ืœื™ื. ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืืœ-ืข'ื–ืืœื™ (1059-1111) ื›ืชื‘ ืžืกื” ืขืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืฉ"ืืงืกื˜ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื”ืื–ื ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1252, ืกืืคื™ ืืœื“ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืชื— ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™. ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 1987, ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืงืฆื‘ ื›ื’ืจืฃ ื“ื•-ืžืžื“ื™. ืืœ ืื ื“ืœื•ืก ื‘ืžืื” ื”-11 ืืœ-ืื ื“ืœื•ืก ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื”. ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื. ืžืฉื ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื–ื• ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื: ื”ืœืื•ื˜ื” ืžืขื•ื“, ื”ืจื‘ืง (ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ) ืžืจื‘ืื‘, ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ืžืงื™ื˜ืจื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื˜ืืจ ื”ืคืจืกื™, ื ืงืจ (ืชื•ืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ), ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืžืคื ื™ ืžื ืงืจื” (ู†ู‚ุงุฑู‡), ืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืŸ (แฝ„ฯฮณฮฑฮฝฮฟฮฝn) ื•ืขื•ื“. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืจื“: ื“ืืœ (ื“ื•), ืจื (ืจื”), ืžื™ื (ืžื™), ืคื” (ืคื”), ืกืื“ (ืกื•ืœ) ื•ืœืื (ืœื”). ืขื–ืจื ืคืื•ื ื“ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืžืืงื™ื˜ืŸ, ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื "ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืกืคืจื“ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ืจืขืœื•ืช...". ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™, ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื•ืื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžืื•ืช ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื ืœื—ื ื‘ืกืคืจื“. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-10 ื”ื—ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจืช ืขืžื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื™ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-11 ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื“. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช: ื›ืœื™ื, ืžื•ื“ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืฉืžืืœ|ืึปื ื›ืœืช'ื•ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ืจ. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช-ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช. ืงื”ื™ืจ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™. ื”ื–ืžืจืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื’ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ึผื ื›ื•ืœืช'ื•ึผื, ืืฉืจ ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืžื•ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื. ืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชื•ื ื•ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ื—ืœื™ื ื—ืืคื– ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ื•ื”ืื‘ ื•ื‘ืœื™ืจ ื—ืžื“ื™ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ืคื•ืค ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ืคื•ืค ื”ืขืจื‘ื™. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืžืขืจื‘. ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืคื•ืค ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช. ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื–ืืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื–'ืื ืจ ื”ืกืจืฃ ืจื•ืง ืืฉืจ ืžืžื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ื’ืจืื’' ืจื•ืง ื•ื”ืคืื ืง ืจื•ืง. ื—ืœื•ืฅ ื”ืกืจืฃ ืจื•ืง, ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ื™ืœ, ื’ื™ื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™, ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืžื“ ืžื“ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื”: ืขืžืจ ื“ื™ืื‘, ื ืื ืกื™ ืขื’'ืจื, ื”ื™ื™ืคื ื•ื”ื‘ื™, ืžืื’'ื“ื” ื-ืจื•ืžื™, ืืกืืœื” ื ืกืจื™, ืงืจื•ืœ ืกืžืื—ื”, ืฉื‘ ื—ืืœื“, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ืกื•ืฃ, ื’'ื•ืœื™ื” ื‘ื•ื˜ืจื•ืก ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996 ืขืžืจ ื“ื™ืื‘ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช "ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื ื ื•ืจ ืืœ ืขื™ืŸ" ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช: ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช: ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืคืœืžื ืงื•, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: ืกื•ืœื• ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ืชื•ืคื™ื ื•ื“ืืฃ. ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืš ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืืžื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ืœื™ื“ื” (ืžืฆืจื™ื), ืกืžื™ ืงืœืืจืง (ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ), ื•ืืœื“ื• ืžืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”. ื”ื–'ืื ืจ ื—ื•ืฆื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืคื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช, ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื. ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืืฉืจ ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืžืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ืืช ืœืžืงืฆื•ืข ื™ืจื•ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืฆื ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื›ื ืจ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ื•ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื•, ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืงืื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ืขืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืงืื ื•ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกืœืžืืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืœืŸ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืืœื™ืืก. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืขืœื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื ื“ืจืš. ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื•ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืกืœื™ื ืืœ ื ื•ืจ, ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื“ ื•ื”ื–ืžืจ ืืœื™ืืก ืฉืืฉื, ื”ืื—ื™ื ืกืœืื— ื•ื“ืื•ื“ ืืœ ื›ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื, ื”ื–ืžืจ ืคื™ืœืคืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™, ื”ื›ื ืจ ื•ื”ื–ืžืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื ืื™ ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื“ ืืœื™ ืฉื’ื‘. ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื’ื ื• ื‘ื—ืคืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช (ืฆ'ืœืจื™) ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื ื’ื ื™ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื–ื• ืžื•ืกื (ื™ืœื™ื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื ื’ื ื™ื ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื. ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ื”ื›ื ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื•. ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื ื•ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื›ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื. ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช - ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืœื” ื’'ืื– ืขืจื‘ื™ - ืจื‘ื™ืข ืื‘ื• ื—'ืœื™ืœ, ื“ืืคืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืื™ื‘ืจื”ื™ื ืžืขืœื•ืฃ ืจื•ืง ืขืจื‘ื™ - ืžืฉืจื•ืข ืœื™ื™ืœื” (ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ) ื”ื™ืค ื”ื•ืค ืขืจื‘ื™ ืจืืค ืขืจื‘ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืจื•ืง - ืื•ื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื“ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœื”, ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืืžื™ื, ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืขื ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืžืงืื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืขื™ ื˜ื•ื ื™ื, ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘. ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืคื•ื ื™ื, ืืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืคื•ื ื™ืช. ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ืกืŸ ืชื•ืžื (1996) ืžื•ื ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืกื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœ-ืคืืจืื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-10. ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืงืฆื‘ื™ื™ื-ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืงืฆื‘ื™ื™ื (ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื: ูˆุฒู†, ืžืฉืงืœ). ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื—ื™ื“ื”, ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘. ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”: ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ืคืจื™ืช ืื• ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ืช. "ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช" ืืฉืจ ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื ืืœื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื™ื ืงืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื•ืœื—ื ื™ื ืื• ืžืื•ืœืชืจื™ื, ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืื• ื•ื•ืงืืœื™ื, ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืื• ื“ืชื™ื™ื. ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช: ืžืงืื ืขื™ืจืืงื™, ื ื•ื‘ื”, ืžื•ื•ืฉืฉ, ืงืกื™ื“ื”, ืœื™ืœื™, ืžื•ืืœ, ืชืงืกื™ื, ืคืกืจื‘, ืกืžืื™, ืชื—ืžื™ืœื”, ื“ื•ืœืื‘, ืกืื•ื˜, ืœื™ื•ื•ื”. ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช: ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืกืœืืžื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืชื’'ื•ื™ื“ (ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ) ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ( ืกื•ืจื™ืช ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช, ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช, ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช, ืื ื’ืœื™ืงื ื™ืช, ืงื•ืคื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืจื•ื ื™ืช). ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ืืš ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื”, ืงื•ื•ืจื˜ื” ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื” ื‘ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืกื•ืœ, ืจื”, ืกื•ืœ ื•ืจื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ (ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืกื•ืœ, ืจื”, ืœื”, ืžื™). ื›ืœื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ื“, ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ืชืจ ืžื–ืจื— ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœื™ ืคืจื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืœืœื ืกืจื™ื’ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื• ื˜ื•ื ื™ื. ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืจื™ืง (ุฑู‚), ื‘ื ืื™, ื•ื‘ืงืื ื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืคืจื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืขืœ 78 ืžื™ืชืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ื’ื ื›ืœื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช, ืฆ'ืœื•, ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื‘ืก ื•ืื‘ื•ื‘. ืจืื• ื’ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช - ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื–ืžืจื™ื ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื•ื—, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืกืœืื: ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™. ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืชืฉ"ืก 1999 ื•ื™ืจื’โ€™ื™ื ื™ื” ื“ื ื™ืืœืกื•ืŸ, ืงื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื: ืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชโ€™ื•ื, ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื; ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื—ื ื” ืขืžื™ืช-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™. ื—ื™ืคื”: ืคืจื“ืก, ืชืฉืก"ื“ 2003. ื“ื•ื“ ืžื•ืขืœื, ื”ืกื•ืœื ื•ื”ืžืงืื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ืจ-ืชื•, 2006 ืžืกืข ืืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืขื•ืจืš ื•ืžื ื—ื”: ืกืžื™ ื—'ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืŸ, ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื•ืžืคื™ืงื” ืœืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ: ืžืจื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืžืื™: ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ื”ืŸ, ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื•ืฅ 33 Farmer, H. George, 1994 (1929) - A history of Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century. London: Luzac Oriental. Marcus, S., 1989 - Arab Music Theory in the Modern Period, Ann-Arbor: UMI. Touma, Habib H., 1996 - The Music of the Arabs. Oregon: Amadeus Press. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืจื•ื ื™ ืื™ืฉ-ืจืŸ, ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ืืกื™ืงื” ืžืจืงืก, ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืื, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
2024-03-28T18:59:07
ืžืงืื
ืžืงืื (ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ู…ู‚ุงู…, ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ืžืงื•ื) ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื›ืœ ืžืงืื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื“ืจืช ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ืกื•ืœื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืงืืžื™ื (ืื• ืžืงืืžืืช ู…ู‚ุงู…ุงุช) ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช (ื”ืจื“ื™ืฃ ื”ืคืจืกื™). ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงืื ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืงืŸ, ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจืงืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืงื•ื•ืงื–. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืกืง"ื• ื‘ืžืงืื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง ื›ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช. ื”ืžืงืื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื“ืจืช ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืื ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืœ ืžืงืื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื’ืฉื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืžืงืืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืชื ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื (ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืืช ื•ืžื•ื—ื™ื™ืืจ ืื• ืžืื”ื•ืจ ื•ืจืืกื˜) ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ ืจืง ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื—ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื‘ืขื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ืฉื™ื’ืจื”, ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืจื™ืš ืžื”ื ื’ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื”. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช/ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืžื” ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืื ื‘ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื•ืžืข, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžืงืื ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืงืืžื™ื: ืขืฆื‘, ืฉืžื—ื”, ื’ืขื’ื•ืข, ื’ืื•ื•ื”, ื™ื’ื•ืŸ, ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื›ื•'. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงืืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ื•ืžืฉื ื’ื ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœืžืงืื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืคื™ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงืืžื™ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืขื ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื’ืขืช ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ืืฉื›ื ื– ืืœื™ื”, ื”ืคื›ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืš ื”ื•ืขืฉืจื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช, ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื, ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ืชื–ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื, ืกืœืกื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ื•', ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื›ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืžื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื ืจื—ื‘ืช. ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงืืžื™ื (ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืงืืžึทืช) ื ืจื—ื‘ ืžืื•ื“. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืงืื, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืกื•ืœื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื•, ื›ืืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื’ื ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื• (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืงืจื ื”ืžืงืื ื‘ืฉื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ืœื. ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช). ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ื˜ื•ื ืืœื™ืช (ืจื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœืžื™ื ื•ื—ืฆืื™ื) ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืงืืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ื˜ืจืงื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืื™ ืœื›ืš ื™ืฉื ื ืžืงืืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื "ืื‘ื•ืช" ื•ืœื”ื ืžืกืคืจ "ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช" ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื” "ืžืฉืคื—ื”". ืขื ื–ืืช ืžืงืื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืฉื ืื•ืคื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื”ืžืงื ื” ืœื• ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ื›ืื‘. ื”ืžืงืืžื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™" ื•ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืžืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืžื–ืจื— ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืžืจื•ืงืื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืงืืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื”. ืžืงืืžื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืžืข ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืจืืกืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื–'ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื•, ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžื•ื ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืงืื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื ืžื–'ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืงืื ืฉืžื—. ื‘ืžืงืื ืจืืกืช ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช. ยพ ยพ 1 1 ยพ ยพ 1 ืขื’'ื ืกื•ืœื ืžื–'ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืœื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื "ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขืจื‘ื™". ื”ืขื’'ื ื ืงืจื ื’ื "ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ื—ื–ืง" ื•ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืฉืžื—ื•ืช, ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื’ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื”, ืคืกื— ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ยฝ 1 1 1 ยฝ 1 1 ืฉื™ื’ื (ืกื™ืงื / ืกื™ื’ื / ืกื™ื›ื) ืกื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื ืžืš ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื™ ืžื•ื ืžืš ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื‘ืคืจืกื™ืช, ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื•: ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (ืกื”-ื’ืื”). ืžืžื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืงืื ื—ื•ื–ืื (ืขื ื—ื™ื’'ืื– ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืœ) ื‘ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื. ื ืคื•ืฅ ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื™ื. ยพ 1 ยพ ยพ 1 1 ยพ ื‘ื™ืืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจื” ืขื ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื ืžืš ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืžืงืืžืืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืงืื ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืจื” ืขื ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื ืžืš ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื˜ื•ืŸ 1 1 ยฝ 1 1 ยพ ยพ ื›ื•ืจื“ ืžื•ื“ื•ืก ืคืจื™ื’ื™ ืขืœ ืจื” (ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™) ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉืžื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื–ื” 1 1 ยฝ 1 1 1 ยฝ ื—ื™ื’'ืื– ืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ืขื ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ืœื™ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื“ื™ืื–ื™ืช ืื• ืžื•ื“ื•ืก ืžื™ืงืกื•ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™. ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ืžื—ื•ื– "ื—ื’'ืื–" ืฉื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช. ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ืคื™ื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื’'ืื– ืœืฉื™ืจื™ ืื‘ืœ ื•ืงื™ื ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ืฉื™ืจื™ ื’ืขื’ื•ืข ื•ืจื’ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘"ื“. 1 1 ยฝ 1 ยฝ ยฝ1 ยฝ ืฆื‘ื ืขืœ ืจื” ืขื ืžื™ ืžื•ื ืžืš ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื•ืœ ื•ื’ื ืกื™ ื‘ืžื•ืœื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื ื”ืจื” (ืจืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ) ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืงื ื” ืœื• ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืžืงืื ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืžื• ื”ื•ื ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื• ืชืฉื—ื•ืจืช. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื• ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ืขืงื“ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง. 1 1 ยฝ ยฝ1 ยฝ ยพ ยพ ื ื”ื•ื•ื ื“ ืกื•ืœื ื“ื• ืžื™ื ื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื ื”ื•ื•ื ื“ (Nahawand) ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืก. ืื ื”ืชื• ืกื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื "ื ื”ื•ื•ืื ื“ ื—ืกืืก", ืื• ื ื”ื•ื•ืื ื“ ื—ื™ื’'ืื–. ืื ื”ืชื• ืœื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื "ื ื”ื•ื•ื ื“ ื›ื‘ื™ืจ". ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืžืงืื ืฉืœ ื’ืขื’ื•ืข. ืžืงืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื“ืจ ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. 1 1 ยฝ 1 1 ยฝ 1ื ื’ืจื™ื–ืขืœ ื“ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ืคืจืกื™ืช "ื™ื•ื ื™ืคื”" ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืงืื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืชื•ืกืคืช ื™ื•ืคื™ ืœืžืงืืžื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืื•ืคื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื• ื˜ื˜ืจืงื•ืจื“ ื—ื™ื’'ืื– ืืš ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื ื™ืงื” ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™-ืจื”, ืžืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื ื™ืงื”-ื“ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืžื˜ื˜ืจืงื•ืจื“ ื ื”ื•ื•ื ื“. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžืงื ื” ืœื• ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืชืขื” ืœืžืื–ื™ืŸ, ืื• ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืœืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช 1 ยฝ 1 ยฝ ยฝ1 ยฝ 1 ืจืื• ื’ื ื ื•ื‘ื” (ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช) ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช - ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืชืจ Maqam World ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืงืื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื”ื“ื’ืžื•ืช ื—ื–ื ื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ื™ืื™ืจ ื‘ืฆืจื™ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืงืื (maqam world), ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื•ื”ื“ื’ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืกืฃ ื ืกืจื™, ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืงืื ืฆื‘ื ืœืžืงืืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืชืจ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืคื™ื•ื˜, ืžืื’ืจ ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช Sephardic Pizmonim Project, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื”ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื "ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื”ืœืœ ื•ื–ืžืจื”", ื•ื‘ื” ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื•ื”ื“ื’ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื, ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงืืžื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื—ืืœื‘ื™ืช ื–ื™ื• ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืงื•ืจืก ืœืžืงืืžื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืืชืจ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืืกื™ืงื” ืžืจืงืก, ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืื, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ืจื•ื ื™ ืื™ืฉ-ืจืŸ, ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ืืžืฆื™ื” ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืื โ€“ ืจืงืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื“ื•ื“ ืžื•ืขืœื, "ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืœื ืœ-ืžืงืื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช" ืžืชื•ืš "ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืžืขืจื‘" ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช
2024-03-28T19:01:30
ื”ื ืจื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืชื•ืจื•
ื”ื ืจื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืชื•ืจื• (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Henry David Thoreau; 12 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1817 โ€“ 6 ื‘ืžืื™ 1862) ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืคืจ, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ, ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื”ื ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื• ื‘ึพ12 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1817 ื‘ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจื“, ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก ืœื’'ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจื•, ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœืกื™ื ืชื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื ื‘ืจ. ืกื‘ื• ืžืฆื“ ืื‘ื™ื• ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืื™ ื’'ืจื–ื™. ืกื‘ื• ืžืฆื“ ืืžื•, ืืกื ื“ื•ื ื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ื‘ึพ1766 ืืช ืžืจื“ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ื“ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ื• ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืชื•ืจื• ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืœื™ื“ืชื•, ื•ืœื ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื ืจื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืื— ื•ืื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžื ื•, ื”ืœืŸ ื•ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ื•ืื—ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืกื•ืคื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1837 ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“. ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉื‘ ืœืงื•ื ืงื•ืจื“, ื•ื‘ึพ1838 ืคืชื— ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื "ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจื“". ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื ืกื’ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื—ืœื” ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื˜ื ื•ืก ื‘ึพ1842 ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืชืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื’ื™ืœื•ื—. ื’'ื•ืŸ ืžืช ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื‘ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจื“ ืคื’ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืืช ืจืืœืฃ ื•ื•ืœื“ื• ืืžืจืกื•ืŸ, ืžื™ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื•ืžื•ืจื•, ื•ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืคื•ืœืจ, ื ืชื ื™ืืœ ื”ื•ืช'ื•ืจืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ืืžืจืกื•ืŸ ื“ื—ืฃ ืืช ืชื•ืจื• ืœืชืจื•ื ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื• ืœื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื—ื•ื’ื”" ("The Dial") ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœืจ. ืชื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ืœื™ื–ื, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืืงืœืงื˜ื™ืช ื•ืจื•ืคืคืช ื‘ื” ื“ื’ืœื• ืืžืจืกื•ืŸ, ืคื•ืœืจ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ื—ื•ืฆื”, ืื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืขื‘ืจ, ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื•ื”ืืžืคื™ืจื™, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ื“ืชื™ืช. ื‘ึพ18 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1841 ืขื‘ืจ ืชื•ืจื• ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืžืจืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1841 ืœึพ1844 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื•, ื›ืขื•ื–ืจ ืขืจื™ื›ื”, ื•ื›ื’ื ืŸ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืœืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืก ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื• ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ึพ1842 ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื•, ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ืžืœื‘ื“ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืก, ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืจื• ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘"ืžืกื™ืœืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ืชืจืชื™ืช", ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื‘ืจื—ื•, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืง ืฉืืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกืชืจืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืžืœื˜ื™ื, ืืœืคื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืœืงื ื“ื” ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžืกื™ืœืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ืชืจืชื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ19. ื‘ึพ1846, ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชโ€“ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืชื•ืจื• ืืช ืกืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืก ืฉืœื•, ื•ืฉื™ืœื ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื›ืœื™ืื” ืื—ื“, ืขื“ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื™ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืก. ืชื•ืจื• ืชื™ืืจ ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื‘ืžืกืชื• "ืื™ึพืฆื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™", ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื•ืขืœ ืžื”ื˜ืžื” ื’ืื ื“ื™. ืชื•ืจื• ืื™ืžืฅ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื•. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื’ืคื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื (ื”ื—ืœ ืžึพ4 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1845) ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืžืจืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ื ื•ื•ืœื“ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก, ื‘ืœื ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืงื™ื•ืžื•. ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ืืช ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื•ื•ืœื“ืŸ", ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1854. ื‘ึพ6 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1847 ืขื–ื‘ ืชื•ืจื• ืืช ืื’ื ื•ื•ืœื“ืŸ ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจื“ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืžืจืกื•ืŸ. ื‘ึพ1851 ื”ื—ืœ ืชื•ืจื• ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžืกืขื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉืงื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ืงื”, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื•. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ืืช ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ "ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื™ื’ืœ". ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจื“. ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืขื“ ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืฉืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืœืขื•ืžืงื™ ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื’ื ื•ื•ืœื“ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื ื“ื“ื•. ืชื•ืจื• ื”ืชืคืจื ืก ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ืžืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืจืื”. ื”ื ืจื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืชื•ืจื• ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื•, ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจื“, ื‘ึพ6 ื‘ืžืื™ 1862 ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื—ืคืช. ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื• ืชื•ืจื• ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื•ื•ืœื“ืŸ" (1854) ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ "ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื” ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ื ื• ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžื”ื•ืชื ื• ื”ืขื™ืœืื™ืช ืฉื•ืงืขืช ื‘ืชืจื“ืžื”, ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ืขื•ืจื” ื•ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช." ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ "ืืฉืจื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ื“ืข ืœื‘ื˜ื—, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื•ืขืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ื• ืžื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืจื•ื— ืืœื•ื” ืžืžืขืœ ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ื•. ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื”ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉืคืœ ื•ื”ื‘ื”ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื•. ื—ื•ืฉืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืืœื™ื ืื• ืืœื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”." ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื•, ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื—ืชื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื™ ืžืืฉืžื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•. ืื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœืื“ื ื›ื™ ื™ืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื”. ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืฆื•ื“ืง ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืคืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื ื›ื–ืืช ืฉืฉื•ืืคืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืชื•ืจื• ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ื›ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืก. ืชื•ืจื• ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฆื“ืง ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ืขืœึพืคื™ ืชื•ืจื•, ื”ืฆื“ืง ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืคื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื ื”ืืœื™ื. ืชื•ืจื• ื’ื•ืจืก ืฉื”ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฆื“ืง ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžืขืฉื™ ืขื•ื•ืœ ื•ืงื™ืคื•ื— ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืจื” ื•ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื–ื•ืœืชื• ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืชื•ืจื• ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจ ืคืจื˜ื™, ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ื”ืฆื“ืง, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช. ืชื•ืจื• ืชื•ืงืฃ ืืช ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืื ืฉื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ืช ืœืฆื“ืง. ืชื•ืจื• ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืืœ ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชืŸ ื•ืฉืืฃ ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ืจื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืžืกืชื• "ืื™ ืฆื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™", ืื•ืชื” ืคืชื— ื‘ืคืกืงื”: "ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื™ ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ื˜ื• โ€“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืžืขื™ื˜ ืœืžืฉื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ืฉื, ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืœื‘, ืฉื’ื ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื›ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื›ืš, ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื." ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื ืขืจ ืชื•ืจื• ืžืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืžื›ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ืœื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš (ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช). ืชื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืื—ื“ ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื‘ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจื“ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจื™ื—ืชื ื•ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ื‘ื ื•ืคืจื™ื—ืชื ืฉืœ ื›ึพ600 ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื•ืœื“ืŸ - ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ (ืชืจื’ื: ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื ืขื); ืžืจื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ (ืชืจื’ื: ื—ื ื•ืš ืงืœืขื™), ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, 1962. ืื™ึพืฆื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ (ืชืจื’ืžื”: ื“ืคื ื” ืœื•ื™), ืจืกืœื™ื ื’, 2006. ื˜ื™ื•ืœ (ืชืจื’ืžื”: ืกื™ื’ืœ ืื“ืœืจ), ื›ืจืžืœ, 2006. ื‘ืจื’ืœ: ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ (ืชืจื’ื: ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžืŸ), ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’, 2016. "ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ" (ืชืจื’ืžื” ืžืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: ืื ืžืจื™ ื‘ืืจื˜ืคืœื“), ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืจื™ืืœ ืงื•ืŸ (ืขื•ืจืš) ืœืื”ื•ื‘, ืœืฉื•ื˜ื˜, ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’, ืชืฉืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช, 2017. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื” ืื™ึพืฆื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™, ืืชืจ SVOONG ืงื•ื‘ื™ ื“ื ื”, ื”ื ืจื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืชื•ืจื•: ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• (ื—ืœืง ื'), ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืื™ืžื’ื•, 4 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2015 ืงื•ื‘ื™ ื“ื ื”, ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื ืจื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืชื•ืจื• (ื—ืœืง ื‘), ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืื™ืžื’ื•, 9 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2015 ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืชื•ืจื• ื‘ืืชืจ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™-ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืจื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ื: ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช: ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ืžืฉื—ืคืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1817 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1862
2024-07-16T07:37:29
ืœื‘ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื•ืจืขื™ื™ืชื•, ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื•. ืœื‘ ื ื™ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ (ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ะ›ะตะฒ ะะธะบะพะปะฐฬะตะฒะธั‡ ะขะพะปัั‚ะพฬะน, ; 9 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1828 โ€“ 20 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1910) ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ื”ื•ื’ื” ืจื•ืกื™, ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช, ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ "ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื" ืž-1869 ื•"ืื ื” ืงืืจื ื™ื ื”" ืž-1877, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™. ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืคืฆื™ืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื•ืงืจื™ืืชื• ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื ืืœื™ืžื” ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืจื•ืฉื ืขื– ืืฃ ื”ืŸ ื•ืื•ืžืฆื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื”ื˜ืžื” ื’ืื ื“ื™, ื˜ื ื–ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืื˜ืกื• ื•ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ืงื™ื ื’ ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžืื‘ืง. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืกื ืื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ืื ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1828 ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ืช ื™ืกื ืื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ืื ื” ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื˜ื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืžืฉืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื” ื•ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืื™ืœื™ืฅ' ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืจื•ืกื™ื”-ืฆืจืคืช. ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืžืชื• ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1844 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงืื–ืืŸ. ืžื•ืจื™ื• ืชื™ืืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“. ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืžื, ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืื—ื•ื–ืช ื™ืกื ืื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ืื ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื–ืžื ื• ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืกื ืงื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1851, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืงืข ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืขื‘ืจ ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืžื ื• ืœืงื•ื•ืงื– ื•ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื‘ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘. ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืฆื‘ื. ื‘-1857 ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘-1860 ืขืจืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืœื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœื™ื• ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืžืกืขื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื’ื• ื”ื ืขืจืฅ ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื›ื™ืกื˜ ืคื™ื™ืจ-ื–'ื•ื–ืฃ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžืžื ื• ืœืงื— ืืช ืฉื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ La Guerre et la Paix ื›ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ "ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื". ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื’ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืกืคื’ ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื”ืงื™ื ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืฆืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉื‘ืื—ื•ื–ืชื•. ื‘-23 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1862 ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืจืก (ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืกื•ื ื™ื”), ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคื ื”ื—ืฆืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืžืžื ื• ื‘-16 ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• 13 ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืžืชื• ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื. ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื. ื‘-1881 ืขื‘ืจ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ (ะœัƒะทะตะน-ัƒัะฐะดัŒะฑะฐ ะ›ะ ะขะพะปัั‚ะพะณะพ). ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื™ื” ืจืคื™ืŸ ื‘-1887 ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•, "ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืขืœื•ืžื™ื" (1852โ€“1856) ืžืชืืจ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื“ื•ืช-ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœืคืขืจ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ืœืžืฉื—ืง. ืื– ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืขื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื›ืœื• โ€” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœื ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ โ€” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ืืชื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ ื”ืžื•ืฉืจืฉืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื– ืฉืœื• (ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื ื™ื›ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ื•ืชื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ืฉืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืืฆื•ืœื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™). ืœืžืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื ื™ื›ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืงื ื• ืœืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื ื˜ืœ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงืจื™ื ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื˜ืจ (ืกื’ืŸ) ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™. ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืขื•ืจืจื” ื‘ื• ืื™ืžื” ื•ืกืœื™ื“ื”, ื•ื—ื™ื–ืงื” ืืช ื”ืคืฆื™ืคื™ื–ื ืฉืœื•. ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืกื‘ืกื˜ื•ืคื•ืœ" ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1856. ืืฃ ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืœื™ืœื”, ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืœืจืชืง ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉืœื• ื•ื‘ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืช, ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื”ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืกืœื™ื“ื” ื•ืกื™ืื•ื‘ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ืฉ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื•ืืฃ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ืคื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ .ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื–ื” ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืคืฆื™ืคื™ื–ื ื•ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1863, ื ื™ืกื” ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ "ื’ื“ื•ืœ", "ื”ืงื•ื–ืืงื™ื", ื”ืžื’ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืฆื™ืœ ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืžืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ื ืขืจื” ืงื•ื–ืืงื™ืช. ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1869, ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืืช "ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื". ื‘-1877 ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืจื•ืžืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ, "ืื ื” ืงืืจื ื™ื ื”". ื‘-1889 ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœื” "ืกื•ื ืื˜ืช ืงืจื•ื™ืฆืจ", ืฉื”ืกืขื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ืชื™ืช. ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื (ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ะ’ะพะนะฝะฐ ะธ ะผะธั€) ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœืชื”ื™ืœืช ืขื•ืœื. ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1805, ืขืช ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื–ื•ื”ืจื•, ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1819, ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช 1812, ื ืคื™ืœืชื• ื•ื’ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจืฉ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืขืœื™ืœื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืœื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช "ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื" ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืจื•ืžืŸ, ืืœื ื›ืืคื•ืก ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื• ื•ื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ืื ื” ืงืืจื ื™ื ื” ืื ื” ืงืืจื ื™ื ื” (ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ะะฝะฝะฐ ะšะฐั€ะตะฝะธะฝะฐ) ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืกื“ืจื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1877 ื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื• ื›ืกืคืจ. ื”ืกืคืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืื™ ืคืขื. ื“ื•ืกื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืกืงื™, ื‘ืŸ ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื•ื "ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื—ืกืจืช ืคื’ืžื™ื". ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืชืืจ ืฉื ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื. ื”ืื—ื“ - ืฉืœ ืื ื” ืงืืจื ื™ื ื” ื•ืžืื”ื‘ื”, ื”ื’ืจืืฃ ื•ืจื•ื ืกืงื™, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืืฉืชื• ืงื™ื˜ื™. ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2007, ื“ื•ืจื’ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” (ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ะšั€ัƒะณ ั‡ั‚ะตะฝะธั) ืื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ืžืœื: "ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืงืจื™ืื”: ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืœื‘ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื”, ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื•, ื ืืกืคื• ื•ืกื•ื“ืจื• ืœื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื ื”", ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืงื“ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›-15 ืฉื ื”, ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืื ื” ืงืืจื ื™ื ื” ืžื™ืฆื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ื›ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื. ื”ืกืคืจ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืœืื“ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื•ืžื›ื™ืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-1,000 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ื›ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืจื” ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื ืจื›ื™ื–ื ื•ืฉืœื™ืœืช ื›ืœ ืžืžืกื“, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืกื“ืช ื•ื›ืžืจื™ื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืžื‘ื™ืข ื”ืกืคืจ ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืžืฆืขื™ ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืขื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข, ืžืืช ืกืจื’ื™ื™ ืคืจื•ืงื•ื“ื™ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ (1908) ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ ืืฆื•ืœื”, ื ื˜ื” ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืœืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื ืจื›ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช (ืจืื• ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ืš). ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงืจืœ ืžืจืงืก, ืืฃ ืฉื—ืœืง ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืจืื” ื›ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื›ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืคืขืœืช ื›ื•ื—. ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื’ื•ืชื•, ื›ืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืื›ื™ืคืช ื—ื•ืง ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™, ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื. ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื”ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ. ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ืขืžืœื™ื ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ื”ืคืจื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•, ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืืฉืœื™ื” ื–ื•, ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื”, ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื•ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื•. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื ื’ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืจืงืกื™ื–ื, ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืชื•, ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืฆื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™, ื–ื™ื”ื” ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ (ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืžืจืงืก, ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื›ืš ืžืขืžื“ ื ืคืจื“ ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืง ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™, ื•ืœื ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™). ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืจืงืก, ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ). ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื ืจ ืœืจื’ืœื™ ื ืจื•ื“ื ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื”ืคืจื•-ืขืžืžื™ืช. ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืงืจื ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœื ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืกื“ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™, ื•ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืจื˜ื™. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ, ื‘ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืžืฉืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืขื“ืคืช ืžืฉืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคืฆื™ืคื™ืกื˜, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืกืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื. ืœื“ืขืช ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืชื›ื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื›ื–ื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ืืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื• ืœื“ืขืชื• ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ืงืžื• ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื•ื ื™ืกื• ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืื ืจื›ื™ื•ืช. ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ืื ื™ื•ืช - ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื ืจื›ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช-ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืžื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืกืžืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื›ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื›ืื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื›ืžื” ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื ืจื›ื™ ื—ืกืจ ืžืชื•ื“ื”. ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ "ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืžื“ื›ืืช ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื“ื: ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ืจื—ืžื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื•". ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื–ืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ ืžื™ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื• 13 ื™ืœื“ื™ื (5 ื ืคื˜ืจื•). ื”ืชื ื–ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื™ืฆืจื” ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฉืชื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืžืžื ื• ื‘-16 ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืื ื’ืœื™ The Last Station ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010. ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืคืจืขื•ืช ืงื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื–ืœืงื™ื ื“ (ืฉืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื•ืจืฉ ืœื•ื•ื™ืœื ื” ืขืงื‘ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื•), ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืชื "ืš ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื• ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1910, ื›ืชื‘ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™: ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืžื›ืชื‘ ื–ื” ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ, ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืฆื ืžืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™. ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื•ื›ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•, ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื“ืขื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืขื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ืฆืงื™, ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื "ืžืฆื™ืงื™ื" ืœื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขื•ืช ืงื™ืฉื™ื ื‘. ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ืคืจืขื•ืช, ื•ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื ืืช ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ื ืžื ืข ื‘ื›ืš ืžืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืฉืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ืจืฉื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื (ืฉืœื•ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ') ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื: "ื”ื™ืœืฃ: ื ื–ืืžืขืœ-ื‘ื•ืš ืคื™ืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜" (ืขื–ืจื”: ืืกื•ืคืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช) ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืคื’ืขื™ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ื• ื›ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ืืš ืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืื›ืŸ ื ืขื ื” ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืž-6 ื‘ืžืื™ 1906, ื‘ื• ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื” ืืช ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื‘:, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื• ืื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืืกื•ืคื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื”, ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืืช ื—ืชื™ืžืชื• ืœืขืฆื•ืžืช ืžืื” ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืฆืืจ, ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืžืืช ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืฉื™ื ื‘, ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืชื‘: . ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืžืกื•ืŸ, ืžืจืืฉื™ ืื•ืจื˜ ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืืกื ืื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ืื ื” ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™: ืžืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื’ืจื’ืจ ื›ื‘ื™ืฆืช ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช, ืœื‘ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืคื•, ื”'ืชืจืฆ"ื‘. ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืขืœื•ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 1948. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ื—ื›ื (ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืœื’, ื“ื‘ ื”ื–ื”ื‘), ืชืจื’ื•ื : ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขืžื™ื—ื™, 1964. ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช "ื—ืื’'ื™ ืžื•ืจื˜ื™, ื”ืงื•ื–ืงื™ื, ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื", ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, 1937. "ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืงื˜ื ื™ื", ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 1964. "ืื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ื” - ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื", ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื : ื–ื™ื•ื” ืฉื™ืฉื, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืž. ืžื–ืจื—ื™, 1986. (ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช 1963, 1971). "ืœื‘ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื", ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ, 1975. "ื•ื ื™ื” ื˜ืคืฉื•ืŸ", ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื: ืงืœื•ื“ ืœืคื•ืืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 1984. "ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช - ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืœื‘ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™", (ืคื•ืจืกื 2003), ืขื™ื‘ื“: ื’'ื•ืŸ ื’' ืžื•ืช', ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืชืœืžื” ืืœื™ื’ื•ืŸ-ืจื•ื–, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ื ืจืช ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, 2005. ืกืคืจื• ืฉืชื•ืจื’ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ืš, (1894), ืฉืคืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืช. ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”), ื•ืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ืขืœื•ืžื™ื, ื ืขื•ืจื™ื (ะ”ะตั‚ัั‚ะฒะพ, ะžั‚ั€ะพั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ, ะฎะฝะพัั‚ัŒ) - ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1852โ€“1856 ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืกื‘ืกื˜ื•ืคื•ืœ (ะกะตะฒะฐัั‚ะพะฟะพะปัŒัะบะธะต ั€ะฐััะบะฐะทั‹) - ืคื•ืจืกื 1856-1856 ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ ืœื‘ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื—ื ื ืจื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ืœื™ื‘ ื ื™ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ื•ื™ืœื ื”: ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืžืขืจื‘, ืชืจืข"ื‘, 1911. ืื–"ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ ืœื™ื‘ ื ื™ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฅ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื“ืคื•ืก ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ืชืจืค"ื“. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ, ืœื™ื‘ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช", ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžื“ืข, 1954. ืื“ื™ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื‘ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ื”ืžื•"ืœ ื•ืฉื ืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข. ืื ืจื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื”, ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ืชืจื’ื: ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ, ื›ืชืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 1984 ื’'ื™ื™ ืคืืจื™ื ื™, ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” - ืฉื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉื•ืจืจ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืชืจ 2005, (ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืกืจื˜ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœืŸ ืžื™ืจืŸ ื•-ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืคืœืืžืจ). ืคืื•ื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื ืกืงื™, ืœื‘ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ - ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื•ืงืŸ, 2015 ื’ืœ ืื•ืจืŸ, ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจืื”: ืฉื‘ืจ ื•ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2014 (ืดืœ.ื . ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ - ืจื™ืง: ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืœื ืฉืœื•ืืด, ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 38โ€“50). ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื’ืื•ืŸ: ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื•ืžื ื™ ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื‘ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ืชืจื’ืžื” ื—ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืจืžืœ, 2018. ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื”ืงื™ืคื•ื“ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืขืœ, ืžืกื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”''', ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืฉืคื™ื, 1979 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ "ืขืœ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช" ื‘ืืชืจ "ื˜ืงืกื˜" ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœื-ื’ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ื™ืงื™-ืžื•ืคืช ื–ืื‘ ื’ืœื™ืœื™, "ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ ื’ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืœืžื“ ืชื "ืš ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช"?, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ. , 9 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2014 ืืจื™ืง ื’ืœืกื ืจ, ืขืœ "ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืช", ืฉืœ ืœื‘ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘"7 ืœื™ืœื•ืช" ืฉืœ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช", 14 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืžืฉื™ืœื™ ืžืฉืœื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจื•ืกื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื ืจื›ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคืฆื™ืคื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืกืคืจื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจื•ื–ื ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื‘ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื‘ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1828 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘-1910
2024-09-10T16:25:18
ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”
REDIRECT ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”_ืฉืœ_ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”
2015-09-26T11:05:30
ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช: 1939โ€“1941
ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื—ืœืงืช ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื’ืกื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื: ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1939โ€“1941, ื•ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1942 - 1945. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช (ืขื“ ืฉื–ื• ื ื›ื‘ืฉื”). ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื‘ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืคื ืชื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืžืขืจื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื“ื ืžืจืง, ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืœืงื ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืคืœืฉื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ื•ืคืชื—ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืื™ืจื” ืคื ื™ื ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื’ืฃ ื”ื ืืฆื™, ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื’ื™ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœื™ืฅ ืงืจื™ื’ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช. ืืš ืขื ื”ืชืงืคืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1941 ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื•ืขื ื›ื ื™ืกืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื›ืฃ ื”ืชื”ืคืš, ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื ืืฆื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืฆืช ื•ื‘ื›ื ื™ืขืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืžื•ื ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืจืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, 1939 ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืคืœืฉื• ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘-1 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1939, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ SS ื‘ื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื‘ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืขื™ืœื” ืชืขืžื•ืœืชื™ืช ืœืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ืจ. ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื. ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืคืจืฆื• ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื‘ื–ืง (Blitzkrieg). ืชื•ืš 36 ื™ื•ื ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืฆื‘ืื” ื•ื‘ื• ื›ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืžื“. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื•ืฉืืจื™ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื ืžืœื˜ื• ืœืจื•ืžื ื™ื”. ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘-17 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืจื™ื‘ื ื˜ืจื•ืคโ€“ืžื•ืœื•ื˜ื•ื‘. ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช: ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ืžืขืจื‘ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื— ืœืจื™ื™ืš, ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื ืžืžืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ("ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™" โ€“ "ื’ื ืจืœื’ื•ื‘ืจื ืžืŸ"). ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืกื•ื—ืฃ ื ื‘ืข ืžื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืจืžืื›ื˜ (ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™) ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™. ื”ื ื ืงื˜ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื‘ื–ืง: ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืฆื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ - "ื”ืคื ืฆืจื™ื" ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืฆืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ื”ืœื•ืคื˜ื•ื•ืืคื” (Luftwaffe) - ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ - ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืื•ืชื” ื ื™ืฆืœ ืœื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ื ื•ืช-ืฆื‘ื, ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ืขืจื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘. ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืคืœื™ืฉื”. ืฆื™ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ืžื•ืœ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื—ืกืจืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ืคืœืฉ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžืžื–ืจื— ื•ื›ืš ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืœืกื“ืŸ. ื™ื•ื ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, 1 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1939, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืคืจืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขื ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื’ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืงื ื“ื”, ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืžืขืชื”, ื ื—ืœืง ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช, ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื• ืขืฆืžืŸ ืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื” (ื–ื™ืฆืงืจื™ื’) ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœื ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืฉื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ืกืกื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืจื•ื–ื™ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” (ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1939 ืœืžืื™ 1940) ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฆืจืคืช. ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื” (The Phony War). ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื” ืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืคื ื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืคืœืฉื” ืœืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ื‘-30 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1939. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื• ื”ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ 100 ืœึพ1, ื”ืชืงืฉื” ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืคื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื•. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1940 ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ื ื›ื ืขื” ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืื”ื“ื” ืื—ืจ ืžืื‘ืงื ื”ืขื™ืงืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื™ื, ืืš ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ื•ื’ื ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ-ื›ืš ืกื™ืคื— ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืชืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื ื‘-1940, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ืจื™ื‘ื ื˜ืจื•ืค-ืžื•ืœื•ื˜ื•ื‘. ืžื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ื ืœืžื“ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืœืงื—ื™ื. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื ืœืžื“ ื”ืœืงื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉื ื™ืช ื›ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช (ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืฉื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ). ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ, ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืฆืคื” ื‘ืื™-ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืคื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ืžื›ืš ื”ืกื™ืง, ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื• ื”ืžืกืคืจื™. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘-1941. ืžืžืฉืœืช ืฆืจืคืช ื ืคืœื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ื•ืขืœืชื” ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืคื•ืœ ืจื ื•. ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื“ื ืžืจืง ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืคืœืฉื” ืœื“ื ืžืจืง ื•ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘-9 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1940. ื“ื ืžืจืง ื ื›ื ืขื” ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื ืฉืง, ืืš ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ื™ืœืชื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืชื• ืžื”ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื˜ื— ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื ื•ืขื–ืช ื•ืกื™ื•ืข ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื - ื ืืฆื™ื ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ืœื™ื ื’ (ืฉืฉืžื• ื”ืคืš ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื‘ื•ื’ื“). ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืชื• ื‘ื ืจื•ื•ื™ืง ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”, ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ. ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืœื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช - ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืคื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืœืฆื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื—ืœื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™. ื›ืš ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื ืžืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™. ืฉื ื™ืช, ืžื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืœืขืคืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”. ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื‘ืขื• ืžื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”: ืฆื‘ืื™ืช โ€“ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื” ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ 300 ืืœืฃ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืฉื˜ื— ื™ื™ื›ื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื. ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืฆ'ืžื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื ืคืœื” ื•ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ ืขืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘-9 ื‘ืžืื™ 1940. ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืขื“ ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืขืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืชืงืคืชื• ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉ"ื˜ื™ืคืœ" ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื—. ื‘ืžืื™ 1940 ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื•ืœื•ืงืกืžื‘ื•ืจื’. ื‘ื›ืš ืขืงืฃ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืืช "ืงื• ืžืื–'ื™ื ื•" ื”ืื™ืžืชื ื™ ืฉืืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืฆืจืคืช ืžืคื ื™ ืคืœื™ืฉื”. ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื ืžืฉืš 4 ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ื›-14,000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื. ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ืื ื’ืœื•-ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉื‘ื ืœืขื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• 400 ืืœืฃ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืจื“ ื’ื•ืจื˜ ื›ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื‘ื“ื ืงืจืง. ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื”ื™ืจ, "ื“ื™ื ืžื•", ืฉื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™-ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืคื ื•ืช 350 ืืœืฃ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื (ืžืชื•ื›ื ื›-200,000 ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื) ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื ืžื•ืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื™ื•ื ื™ ืคืœืฉื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืฆืจืคืช ื•ืชื•ืš ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืข ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืคืจื™ื–. ืฆืจืคืช ื ื›ื ืขื” ื‘-22 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืขื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื”. ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขืจื‘ ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื’ืจืžื ื™. ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื•ืงื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ืกื™ืกื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื™ืฉื™ (ื•ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื•ื™ืฉื™) ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืจืฉืœ ืคื˜ืŸ (ื’ื ืฉื ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื ืจื“ืฃ ืœื‘ื•ื’ื“) ื”ื™ืฉื™ืฉ, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื ื™ ืคื•ืœ ืจื ื• ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืขื”. ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื ืฉืง ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื”. ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ื™ื“, ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ื•ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง. ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืขืงืฃ ืืช ืงื• ืžืื–'ื™ื ื• ื•ื ื›ื ืก ื“ืจืš ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื“ื ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ (2 ืžืชื•ืš 9 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืคืœืฉื• ืžื”ืืจื“ื ื™ื). ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืงื• ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจ-ื”ื‘ืงืขื” ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืื ืŸ ื•ืฉื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช. ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื“ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืชื•ื“ื” ื•ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื. ืฆืจืคืช ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคื•ืœื’ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœ, ื”ืžื•ืจืืœ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉืคืœ ื•ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืฉื”. ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืกื‘ืœ ืžื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช. ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœืฆืจืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฆืจืคืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”. ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืข ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืœื™. ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1940 ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืœื˜ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื™ืจื™ื‘ืชื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืž"ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžื—ื™ื”" ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืจืฆื” ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืืœื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืชื›ื ื ื• ืืช ืฆืœื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœืช ืœืžืื ืฉ ื•ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ - ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืจื™-ื”ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจ-ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข - ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉืช ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™. ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืจื™ื™ื›ืกืžืจืฉืœ ื”ืจืžืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’, ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืœื•ืคื˜ื•ื•ืืคื” - ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœื•, ืœื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช 3,000 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื. ื‘-13 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื ืคืชื— ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ืฉืจ - ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื ื”ืคืฆื™ืฆื• ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื”, ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฆื‘ื ื•ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืžื›"ื, ื•ืœื—ื ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ืืฃ ืชืงืฃ ืืช ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ (ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื•ืจืืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื–ืง ืžื•ื—ืฉื™), ืืš ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1940 ืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืืช ื™ืขื“ื ื•ืชืงืคื• ืืช ืขืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื ื™ืขืชื. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•, ืœืชืงืŸ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• ื•ืœืฉืคืฅ ืžืชืงื ื™-ืฆื‘ื ืฉื ื”ืจืกื•. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ื—ืœืฉื” ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืขื“ ื”ืคืกืงืชื” ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1940. ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืœืงื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืื™ืœืฆื” ืืช ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœ "ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉืช" (ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1940, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ื™ืคืŸ). ื’ื ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ื—ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจ, ืืš ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืื ื˜ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจ ืคืœืฉื• ืœื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ื‘-6 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1941 ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืขื• ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืš 11 ื™ืžื™ื. ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช - ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืืคืจื™ืœ 1941, ืคืœืฉ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื•, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืคืœืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1940 ืœื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”โ€“ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื”ื“ื™ืคืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจ. ืฆื‘ืื ืœื—ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืœื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘-1939, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืขื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื ื”ื“ืคื•. ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื”ื™ื” ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื ื›ื— ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ืชื•ืš 3 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื›ื ืขื” ืืชื•ื ื”, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื—, ื•ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื ื’ืจืžื• ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ ื›ืฉืฆื ื—ื ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืื™ ื›ืจืชื™ื. ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื‘ืœืงื ื™ื ืืžื ื ื ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจ, ืืš ื’ืจืžื” ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ("ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืจื‘ืจื•ืกื”"), ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืœื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืจืื• ื’ื ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” * *
2024-08-01T01:57:30
ืงื•ื‘ืฅ
ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืื‘ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข, ืืฉืจ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืื• ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”. ืœืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื™ื™ืฉืžืจ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืง ืงืฉื™ื—, ืื• ื“ื™ืกืง ืื•ืŸ ืงื™. ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจืš. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ, ืืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืฉื˜ื” (ืื‘ืกื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื”) ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ืžืื’ื“ืช ืืช ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืงืœื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ืฆื™ื. ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื•ื‘ื’ืจืกืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื: ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืกื“ืจืชื™ โ€“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืืงืจืื™ โ€“ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืจืง ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืžืžื•ืžืฉ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”. ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ืกื“ืจืชื™ โ€“ ื ื“ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืžืžื•ืžืฉ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื” ืฉืžื•ื›ืœืช ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื” ืขื“ ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื‘-UNIX ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ). ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ (256 ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื‘-NFS), ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” (ืœืžืฉืœ 8 ืชื•ื•ื™ื + 3 ืœืกื™ื•ืžืช ื‘-FAT) ื•ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืื• ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘-JFS) ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•ืืช ืชืช-ืกื•ื’ื•. ืœื›ืœ ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื•ืžืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ืกื•ื’ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืื•ืชื•. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืจืฆื” ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ (ืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžืช COM ื•-EXE ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช) ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืžืงื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, (ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื BMP, GIF ื•-JPG) ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืงื•ืœื™ (ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื MID ,WAV ื•-MP3) ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื“ืื• (ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ AVI ื•ื›ืขืช ื’ื ื‘-DivX) ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื“ื—ื•ืก ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืžื•ืฆืคืŸ (ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ RAR ื•-ZIP) ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืชืงื™ื ื”, ื•ื—ืœืงื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžืื•ืžืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื” ืื•ืชื•. ืจืื• ื’ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืื’ืจ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช ืขื ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื™ืชืŸ Filename.info โ€” ืžื™ื“ืข ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘-Windows ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
2024-07-28T20:28:22
ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืžื•ื ื”
ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืืฉืจ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื”: ืื•ืจืš, ืจื•ื—ื‘, ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช, ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”. ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื, ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•. ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืžื—ืœืงืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช: ืžืคืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช (bitmap) ื•ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™. ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืžื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืคื™ืงืกืœ ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”. ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืžื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” (ืื•, ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื) ื›ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื™ืชืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื•ืœื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืชื•. ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื“ื—ื•ืก, ื”ืžืื—ืกืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื ืคื— ืžื–ืขืจื™, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื ื“ื—ื•ืก, ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช, ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื ืคื— ืจื‘. ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืชืžื•ื ื”: JPEG: ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื“ื—ื•ืก. ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืขื˜. ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื. BMP: ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ Windows โ€“ ืœื ื“ื—ื•ืก. TIFF: ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื ื“ื—ื•ืก. GIF: ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื“ื—ื•ืก. ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-256 ืฆื‘ืขื™ื. ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ืชืจืฉื™ืžื™ื, ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืžื•ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื•ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืจืงืข ืžืชืžื–ื’ ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” (ืจืงืข ืฉืงื•ืฃ). ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช Unisys, ืืฉืจ ืคืงืข ื‘-2003 ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื›ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื‘ืงื ื“ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœืฉืœื ืชืžืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื•. PNG: ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืžืชื—ืจื” ืœ-GIF, ืœืœื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืื‘ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข, ืžืืคืฉืจ ืจืงืข ืฉืงื•ืฃ ื•ืงืœ ืžืฉืงืœ. ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ raw, ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื ืืœื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื”ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชืžื•ื ื”. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื "ืฆื™ื™ืจ" ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ื”ืŸ Paint Shop Pro, Photoshop, GIMP ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืืžืฆืขื™ ืงืœื˜ ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืกื•ืจืง, ืžืฆืœืžื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืžืฉื˜ื— ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™. ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคืœื˜ ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœืชืŸ. ื”ืฆื’ืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื›ืืœื”. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ gif, jpeg ื•-png. ื’ื ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื™ืก, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื”. ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืชืžื•ื ื”. ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื IrfanView, ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืชืžื•ื ื”. ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ACDSee, ืฉืœื” ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชืžื•ื ื”. ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ืžืกืš ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืžืกืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื• ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• ื•ืœื”ืคื›ื• ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืžื•ื ื”. ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืขืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื”. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืงืœ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” Windows 7 ื ื›ืœืœ ื›ืœื™ ื›ื–ื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืš" (ืื• "Snipping Tool" ื‘ืžืžืฉืง ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช). ืœืœื ื›ืœื™ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ืžืกืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืฉ Print screen ื‘ืžืงืœื“ืช ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืงืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžืื’ืจ ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื’ืžืช ืชืงืฉื•ื‘, 14 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2016 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื
2024-06-26T08:00:56
ืงืจืœ ืžืืจืงืก
REDIRECT ืงืจืœ ืžืจืงืก
2004-02-21T02:13:51
ืžื”ืื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™
ืžื”ืื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™ ืื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ืžืœื ืžื•ึนื”ึทื ึฐื“ึทึผืก ืงืจืžืฆ'ื ื“ ื’ึทึผื ึฐื“ื™ (ื‘ื’ื•ื’'ืจืื˜ื™ืช: เชฎเซ‹เชนเชจเชฆเชพเชธ เช•เชฐเชฎเชšเช‚เชฆ เช—เชพเช‚เชงเซ€; ื‘ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืช: เคฎเฅ‹เคนเคจเคฆเคพเคธ เค•เคฐเคฎเคšเค‚เคฆ เค—เคพเค‚เคงเฅ€; 2 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1869 โ€“ 30 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1948) ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื” ื ื’ื“ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ืœืกืžืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื-ืืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื™ืชื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืื˜ื™ืื’ืจื”ื - ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืืžืช ื•ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืจืฉืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ืืš ืœื ืืœื™ืžื” - ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืืฆืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื ืžื ื” ืขื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื”ืื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™ ("ืžื”ืื˜ืžื”" ื‘ืกื ืกืงืจื™ื˜ - "ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”", ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืจื ืช ื˜ืื’ื•ืจ). ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ื‘ืืคื• ("ืื‘ื" ื‘ื’ื•ื’'ืจืื˜ื™ืช). ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืœืื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื•, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื›ื—ื’ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื "ื’ื ื“ื™ ื’'ืื™ืื ื˜ื™". ื‘-15 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2007 ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ 2 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืื™-ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืœื ืืœื™ื ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื— ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•, ืืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ืœืžื—ืื” ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื“ื›ืื ื™ ื•ืืคืœื™ื” ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœืœ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™, ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืœืื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืชื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืคืœื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ืงืืกื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืงืืกื˜ืช ื”"ื˜ืžืื™ื" ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•. ืžืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื ืื‘ืง ืœืžืขืŸ ื”"ืกื•ื•ืืจื’'" - ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืžื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ืจ. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื™ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื ื’ื“ ืžืก ื”ืžืœื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื•ื‘-1930 ืขืจืš ืืช "ืฆืขื“ืช ื”ืžืœื—" ื‘ืช 400 ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื‘-1942 ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื“ื•. ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื” ื‘ื›ืœื ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ืœืื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœืืžืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘. ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ืืจื’ืŸ ืืฉืจืื ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื• - ื”ื“ื•ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ืžื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื•ื” ื•ืืจื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคืœืš ืฉืœื•, ื•ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื›ืœ ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ืื˜ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื (ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืขืœ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ) ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืžืขืฉื” ืžื—ืื”. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื ืจืฆื— ื‘-30 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1948 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื ืงืฉ ื”ื™ื ื“ื™, ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืœืฉืœื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืœืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžืœื™ืฆื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืชื•, ื’ื•ืคืชื• ื ืฉืจืคื” ื•ืืคืจื• ืคื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1883, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 14 ื’ื ื“ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-2 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1869 ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืช-ื’ื•ื’'ืจืื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืคึผื•ึผืจึฐื‘ึทึผืื ึฐื“ึทืืจ (เชชเซ‹เชฐเชฌเช‚เชฆเชฐ) ืฉื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืงืชื™ืื•ื•ืืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื– ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•. ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืงืจืžืฆ'ื ื“ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ืื‘ , ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื‘ืื ื“ืืจ. ืืžื• ืคื•ื˜ืœื‘ืื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืฉืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจืžืฆ'ื ื“. ืฉืชื™ ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจืžืฆ'ื ื“, ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื” ืœื• ื‘ืช, ืžืชื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื’ื“ืœ ืขื ืื ืžืกื•ืจื” ื•ืœืžื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฆื•ื ืœืฉื ื”ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช, ื•ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืงืืกื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืืกื˜ืช ื”ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื” (ืงืืกื˜ืช ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ืžื ื™ื), ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื” ืœ"ืžื•ื“ื”" (Modh) - ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืžื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ื“ื”ืจื” ื‘ื’ื•ื’'ืจืื˜. ื‘ืžืื™ 1883, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 13, ื—ื™ืชื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืœืงืกื˜ื•ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ื ื’'ื™, ื•ืขืžื” ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื. ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืช ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืชื•; ื”ืจื™ืœืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1888; ืžื ื™ืœืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1892; ืจืžืื“ืก ื’ื ื“ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1897 ื•ื“ืื‘ืืก ื’ื ื“ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1900. ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืžื•ื”ื ื“ืก ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืจื™ืœืœ, ืขืงื‘ ื”ื•ืœืœื•ืชื•. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืคื•ืจื‘ืื ื“ืจ ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืจืื’'ื•ืงื˜. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืงื•ืœื’' ืกืืžืืœื“ืืก ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื ื’'ืืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื’'ืจืื˜. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 18 ื ืฉืœื— ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจื‘ื•ืŸ ืืžื•. ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื‘ื” ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืืฆืœื• ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืชื• ื•ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืžืง. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื• ืื—ืจ ืžืกืขื“ื” ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ืช, ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื™ ืกื•ืœื˜ 'ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช' (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: A Plea for Vegetarianism) ื•ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืžื ื• ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1931, ื ืฉื ื’ื ื“ื™ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื‘ื›ื ืก ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช . ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื’ื ื“ื™ ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ื“ืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืจืื” ื–ื• ื›ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื—ื–ืจ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•, ืืš ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื” ื ืฉืœื— ืžื˜ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1906 ื‘-1893 ื”ื’ื™ืข ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ, ืœืฉื ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช. ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืืคืœื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจืฉ ืžืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคื™ื˜ืจืžืจื™ืฆื‘ื•ืจื’ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืœืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืกืข ื‘ืžืจื›ื‘ืช ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื•ืกืข ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™. ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืœ ืžืงืฉื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกืข, ื›ืžื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื“ืจื‘ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ื“ื™ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™, ืฉืขื™ืžืชื• ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืื™ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช, ื“ืขื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืื™ ืฆื“ืง ืฉื”ื•ืคื ื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื”ื—ืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื“ื—ื” ืืช ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ื ื˜ืืœ, ื•ืืฉืจ ืฉืœืœื” ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”. ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืืš ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืฉืœื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืžืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ืจื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื›ืฆืขื“ ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื• ื”ืงื™ื ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1894 ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื˜ืืœ", ื•ื“ืจืš ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื›ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1897, ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืชืงืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื• ืœื™ื ืฅ'. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžื™ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ื›ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืœื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื•ืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื™ืกื“ ืฉื ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื™ืงืก, ื”ื•ืงื ื‘-1904 ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื”ื ืจื™ ืคื•ืœืง, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืœื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื’ื ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืจืืกืงื™ืŸ Unto this Last. ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื—ื•ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1910 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจืžืŸ ืงืœื ื‘ืืš. ื—ื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืจื›ื– ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ "ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ืกืื˜ื™ื’ืจืื”". ืœื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืงืœื ื‘ืืš. ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื ืคืฉ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงืœื ื‘ืืš ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40. ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ืœืœื™ื•ื•ืœื“, ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืจืจื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1906 ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ืช ื˜ืจื ืกื•ื•ืืœ ืขืœ ืชืงื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืข. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ืžื—ืื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื”ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ืื™ืžืฅ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื”, ื”ืกืื˜ื™ืื’ืจื”ื (ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช), ืื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื-ืืœื™ืžื”. ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื•ืœืกืจื‘ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืง, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฆื”, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžืื‘ืง ืฉื ืžืฉืš 7 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืืœืคื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื’ื ื“ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ื ื›ืœืื•, ื”ื•ืœืงื• ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื•ืจื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช, ื‘ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื—ืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืกืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื, ื‘ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื, ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืœื™ืžื”. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื“ื›ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื–ืขืงื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืขืœืชื” ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ืช. ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื™ืืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ืกืžืื˜ืก ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื’ื ื“ื™ ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืคืฉืจื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื‘ืง ื–ื” ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื’ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืกืื˜ื™ืื’ืจื”ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืกื™ื™ืข ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืขืฆืžื”. ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืืช ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ "ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•" ืžื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ืจื“ ื”ืจื™ื ื’. ื‘-1899 ื”ืงื™ื ื’ื ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืกื™ื, ืœืกื™ื•ืข ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืกืžื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1904, ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ื•ืœื•, ื”ืงื™ื ื’ื ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืืœื•ื ืงืื™ื ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“. ื‘-1914, ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื™ื™ืกื“ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืกื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื—ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื“ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘-1914, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1903 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื“ืขื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช" (Indian Opinion) ืฉื”ื•ืคืฅ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื›ืš ืขื“ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘-1914. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1919โ€“1932 ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”", ื•ืžืฉื ืช 1933 ื•ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘-1948 ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ Harijan ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืคืฆื• ืžืื—ืžื“ืื‘ืื“. ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1914 ื—ื–ืจ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื‘ื ื•, ืžื ื™ืœืืœ ื’ื ื“ื™, ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืงื™ื. ื ื›ื“ืชื•, ืืœื” ื’ื ื“ื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืขื™ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ืช ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™. ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื•, ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื‘ืง ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ - ืขื“ ืœื ืกื™ื’ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘-1947. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืงื™ื“ื ื’ื ื“ื™ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื. ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆ'ืžืคืจืืŸ ื•ื‘ืงื”ื“ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1918, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืžืคืจืืŸ ื•ืงื”ื“ื. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1918โ€“1919 ื‘"ืกืื˜ื™ืื’ืจื”ื ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืžืคืจืืŸ ืงื”ื“ื" - ืžืื‘ืงื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืžืžื—ื•ื– ืฆ'ืžืคืจืืŸ (Champaran) ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื‘ื™ื”ืจ ื•ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืงื”ื“ื (Kheda) ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื’ื•ื’'ืจืื˜, ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื”ื–ื ื—ื” ืžืฆื“ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืจืขื‘ ื”ืžื•ื ื™. ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื—ื•ื– ืฆ'ืžืคืจืืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข. ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืงื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื• ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ืขืฆืจ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื‘ืฆ'ืžืคืจืืŸ ื‘ืืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื™ ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–, ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื•. ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ื•ืขืจื›ื• ืขืฆืจื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ืœื, ืœืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ืœื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจื•, ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื ืขืชืจ ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ. ื’ื ื“ื™ ืืจื’ืŸ ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืื“ืžืชื ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจืขื‘. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื‘ืง ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื ื“ื™ "ื‘ืืคื•" (ืื‘ื) ื•"ืžื”ืื˜ืžื”" (ื ืคืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”). ื‘ืงื”ื“ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืœืš ื–ื” ืขืฆืจื• ืืช ื’ื‘ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืก ื•ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืชืคืจืกื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•. ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฆ'ืžืคืืจืŸ, ืฉื ื™ื–ื ืžืื‘ืง ืœื ืืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืœืฆื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื• ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืื™ื›ืจื™ื. ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ืขืจืš ื‘-1918 ื‘ืงื”ื“ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืืจื’ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืื’ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ืกื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื ืขืจืš ื‘-1918 ื‘ืื—ืžื“ืื‘ืื“ ื•ืœื ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืจืขื‘ ื›ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง. ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืืœื” ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื™ื“ื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืืœื ืจืง ื”ืชื ืกื” ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื ื’ื“ ืื™-ืฆื“ืง ืœืœื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก. ื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’. ืจืง ื‘-1919, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื—ืงืง "ื—ื•ืง ืจืื•ืœื˜", ืฉื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืž-1915 ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืืกืคื•ืช, ื•ื ืชื ื• ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืฆืจ ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ืœืชื™ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืกืชื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ืžืกืข ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืชืขืžื•ืœืชื™. ื’ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื‘ืงื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื ื—ื“ืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืžืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืขืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื•ืจื“ ืฆ'ืœืžืกืคื•ืจื“ ื‘-1918 ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื—'ื“ื”, ืขืœ-ืืฃ ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืคืกืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื•. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืชื• ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื–ื”, ืกื“ืจืช ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกืจืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืืจืฆื. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื—ื•ืง ืจืื•ืœื˜ ืœืชืงืคื•, ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1919, ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื˜ื‘ื— ื’'ืœื™ืื ื•ื•ืืœื” ื‘ืื’ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืืžืจื™ื˜ืกืจ ืฉื‘ืคื ื’'ืื‘. ื”ื˜ื‘ื—, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืจื’ื• ืกื™ืคื•ื™'ืก ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื’ืŸ ื’'ืœื™ืื ื•ื•ืืœื”, ื’ืจื ืœื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืขืก ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืžืขืฉื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื’ื ื“ื™ ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืœื™ืžื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืชื ื—ื•ืžื™ื ืœืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืื•ื ืจื’ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืจื•ืฉืขืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืื•ืชื”. ืืš ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื•ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืœื ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ืœ"ืกื•ื•ืืจื’'" ืื• ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืื›ื–ื‘ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืžื”ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—'ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1921 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก. ืชื—ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื—ื•ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ืฉื’ืช ืกื•ื•ืืจื’'. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืœื ื“ืžื™ ื—ื‘ืจ. ื”ื•ืชืงื ื” ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขืช, ื•ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœื›ื–ื” ืฉืคื ื” ืœื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืืœื™ืžื” ืฉืœื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”"ืกื•ื•ืื“ืฉื™" - ื”ื—ืจืžืช ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืื‘ืง ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืœื‘ื™ืฉื• "ืงื”ื“ื™" (ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช) ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ืืจื™ื’ื™ื ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ื’ื ื“ื™ ืงืจื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื, ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื, ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืœืฉื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืืจื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืงื”ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืžื”ืœืš ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืžืฉืžืขืช ื•ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืืคืชื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื ืฉื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ืœืื™ืฉื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ืจื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ืงืจื ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื ื’ื ืืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœื”ื, ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืžืฉืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœืชืืจื™ื ื•ืœืคืจืกื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื-ืืœื™ืžื•ืช (ืžืœื‘ื“ ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืืกื™ืคื•ืช), ืฉื›ืœืœื• ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื—ืงืœืื™ ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื—ืชื™ืจื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”" ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ืื”, ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื ืงื˜ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื‘ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืฆ'ื•ืจื™ ืฆ'ื•ืจื (Chauri Chaura) (ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืื•ื˜ืจ ืคืจื“ืฉ) ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1922. ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืชืคื ื” ืœื ืชื™ื‘ ืืœื™ื, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืจืก ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื•, ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืืช ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘-10 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1922, ื ืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืืฉืžืช "ื”ืกืชื” ืื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืช", ื•ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืืกืจ, ื”ื—ืœ ืž-18 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1922. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืžืืกืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1924, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ. ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™, ื”ื—ืœื” ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืœื’. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœื, ื”ืชืคืฆืœื” ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืกื™ืขื•ืช. ืคืœื’ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆ'ื™ื˜ื”ืจื ื’ืŸ ื“ืืก (ChittaRanjan Das) ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ืœืืœ ื ื”ืจื• ืฉื“ื’ืœื• ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช, ื•ื”ืคืœื’ ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆ'ืืงืจืื•ื•ืจื˜ื™ ืจืื’'ืคื•ืคืืœืืฆ'ืจื™ (Chakravarti Rajagopalachari) ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืืจื“ืจ ื•ืืœืœืื‘ื”ื‘ื”ืื™ ืคืื˜ืœ ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืฆืขื“ ื–ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืœื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฉ. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ืคืขืจื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉื›ืœืœื• ื’ื ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 1924, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืกื•ื•ืืจื’' ื•ืฆืขื“ืช ื”ืžืœื— ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืช ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืœื— ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1931; ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื˜ื• ืžื•ืกื•ืœื™ื ื™, ืจื•ื“ื ื” ื”ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื ืฉืืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืคืœื’ืช ืกื•ื•ืืจื’' ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก. ื”ื•ื ืขืกืง ื’ื ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื›ืœืคื™ ื”"ื˜ืžืื™ื" - ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืœื™ ืงืืกื˜ื”, ื ื’ื“ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื–ื, ื‘ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื ื™. ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืœืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1928. ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ื ืชื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ. ื•ืขื“ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื ื›ืœืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”. ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื” ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1928 ืงื™ื“ื ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืงื•ืจืืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ืฉื™ื™ืคืชื— ื ื’ื“ื” ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืœื-ืืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืฉื’ืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•. ื’ื ื“ื™ ืžื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื‘ื”ืก ืฆ'ืื ื“ืจื ื‘ื•ืกื ื•ื’'ื•ื•ื”ืจืœืœ ื ื”ืจื•, ืฉืจืฆื• ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉืœื•, ืœืžืชืŸ ืื•ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•. ื‘-31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1929 ื ืคืจืก ื“ื’ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืœืื”ื•ืจ. ื‘-26 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1930 ื—ื’ื’ื” ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืœืื”ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื—ืจ. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื•, ืคืชื— ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืกืื˜ื™ืื’ืจื”ื ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืก ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1930. ืฉืฉื™ืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืขื“ืช ื”ืžืœื— ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืœื“ืื ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 12 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืœ-6 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1930. ื’ื ื“ื™ ืฆืขื“ 385 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืื—ืžื“ืื‘ืื“ (ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื’'ืจืื˜) ืœื“ืื ื“ื™ (ื›ืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•), ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืœื— ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ืืœืคื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื• ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืžืกืขื• ืืœ ื”ื™ื. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื• ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืืกืจ ืขืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคืงื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื— ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ืขืฆืจื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื›ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืื™ืจื•ืข ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืฉื™ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ืžืื‘ืงื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืจื‘, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘-1930 ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื™ื•ืฆื’ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžืœืš ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื’ื ื“ื™. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1931 ื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ื’ื ื“ื™-ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืฉืขื™ื™ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจื™ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืขื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก. ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื›ื–ื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ื™ื•ืจืฉื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืœื•ืจื“ ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืœื•ืจื“ ื•ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืŸ, ืคืชื— ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื ืืกืจ ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ื• ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžืชื•ืžื›ื™ื•. ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื ื›ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1932 ื ื›ื ืขื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืžื›ืช ื”ื˜ืžืื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืžืจื• ืจืžื’'ื™ ืืžื‘ื“ืงืืจ, ื•ืื™ืฉืจื” ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืœื›ืช ื”ื˜ืžืื™ื. ื‘ืžื—ืื”, ืคืชื— ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1932, ื•ืื™ืœืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืืžืฅ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื›ืช ื”ื˜ืžืื™ื ืคืืœื•ื•ื ืงืจ ื‘ืืœื•. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™, ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข, ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื” "ื”ืจื™ื’'ืื ืก", "ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื". ื‘-8 ื‘ืžืื™ 1933 ื”ื—ืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ 21 ื™ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืœืขื–ืจืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื’'ืืŸ. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1934 ื ืขืฉื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ืงืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1936, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืœื•ืงื ืื•, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื’'ื•ื•ื”ืจืœืœ ื ื”ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ืืฃ ืฉื’ื ื“ื™ ืจืฆื” ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืœื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืกืคืงื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื ืข ืžืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื›ืžื˜ืจื”. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ืชืขืžืช ืขื ืกื•ื‘ื”ืก ื‘ื•ืกื, ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1938. ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืกื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืกื ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืœืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื‘ื•ืกื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื‘-1939 ื”ื•ื ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื‘ืœื•ืง ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืงื“ื™ืžื”" ืฉื“ื’ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ื‘ืื—ื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ). ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืชื ื•ืขืช "ืฆืื• ืžื”ื•ื“ื•" ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืžื”ื“ื‘ ื“ืืกื™ (ืžืฉืžืืœ) ืžืงืจื™ื ืœื’ื ื“ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžืœืš. ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจืœื”, ืžื•ืžื‘ื™, 7 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1939 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1939 ืคืจืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืขื ืคืœื™ืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืชืžืš ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืชืŸ "ืกื™ื•ืข ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืœื ืืœื™ื" ืœืžืืžืฅ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืืš ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื ืขืœื‘ื• ืžื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื—ื“ ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืฆื™ื“ื, ืœืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืขื ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื, ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื’ื ื“ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื ืขืจื›ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ื•ืคืฉ ื›ื–ื” ื ืžื ืข ืžื”ื•ื“ื• ืขืฆืžื”. ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื•ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืคืจื•-ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™-ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืžืชื—ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื’ื ื“ื™. ื—ืœืงื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืื‘ืงื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื ืชืงื™ืฃ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืžื” ืชื ื•ืขืช ืฆืื• ืžื”ื•ื“ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืขื ืžืืกืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื. ืืœืคื™ ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื•ื ืคืฆืขื• ืžืืฉ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ื•ื ืืกืจื• ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื• ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ื™ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ ืœืœื ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช. ื’ื ื“ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื ืชืขืฆื•ืจ ืื ื™ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืžืขืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ื›ื™ ื”"ืื ืจื›ื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช" ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•, ื”ื™ื "ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืžืื ืจื›ื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช". ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื”ื™ืžืกื” ื•"Karo Ya Maro" ("ืคืขืœ ืื• ืžื•ืช") ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ. ื‘-9 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1942 ื ืืกืจื• ื’ื ื“ื™ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื‘ื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื ื›ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘"ืืจืžื•ืŸ ืื’ื ื—ืืŸ" ื‘ืคื•ื ื”. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืกื‘ืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื. ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื, ืžื”ื“ื‘ ื“ืืกื™, ืžืช ืžื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘. ื‘-22 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1944 ืžืชื” ืืฉืชื•, ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื‘ื”, ืœืื—ืจ 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืžืืกืจ. ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืกื‘ืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืžื”ืชืงืฃ ืžืœืจื™ื” ื—ื–ืง. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘-6 ื‘ืžืื™ 1944 ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ื”ืœืงื•ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—. ื”ืจืื’' ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืฉื’ื ื“ื™ ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืกื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื—ืกืจ ื”ืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช "ืฆืื• ืžื”ื•ื“ื•" ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื“ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1943. ืขื ื–ืืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื”. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืชื ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืงืจื ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง, ื•ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื›-100,000 ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก. ื”ืจืฆื— ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|251x251 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืฉื ืœื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืจืฆื—, ืžืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฆื—ืชื• ื‘ืžืื“ื•ืจืื™, ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื˜ืืžื™ืœ ื ืื“ื•, ื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘-15 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1947 ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ื”ื•ื“ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื”, ื•ื’ื ื“ื™ ื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™-ืžื•ืกืœืžื™, ืฉื”ืชืคืจืฅ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ืœื ืจืฆืชื” ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ืฉื”ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื“ืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื•ื“ื•. ื”ืคืฉืจื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื•ื“ื•. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื›ืื—ื“. ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื“ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ. ื›ืš ื™ืฆื ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ื” ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื, ื”ืคืš ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” - ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืืœ ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื, ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืฆื•ื, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืขืฉื™ ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-200,000 ืื™ืฉ. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ืื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืœืœื ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื’ื ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืžืจืืฉ ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืคืชื— ื‘ืฆื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืขื“ืชื™ืช. ืžื”ืœืš ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœืจืืฉื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืื” ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช, ื•ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื“ื•, ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืœืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืฉืืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืœื”. ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืื ื”ื•ื“ื• ืชื™ืฉื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืžื ื”, ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฉื•ืชื”. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจืื• ื‘ื• ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ื“. ื‘-30 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1948, ื‘ืขืช ืฉืคืกืข ื’ื ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฉื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื‘ืจืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ื™ืจืœื” (ื’ื ื“ื™ ืกืžืจื™ื˜ื™) ืฉื”ื•ืขืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืœื”ื™, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื–ื”ื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืžืืงื“ื— ื‘ืจื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจื ื’ื•ื“ืกื” (Nathuram Godse), ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ ื‘ืŸ 38 ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื™ื ื“ื• ืžื”ืกื‘ื”ื”" (Hindu Mahasabha). ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื•, ื ื™ื™ืจื™ืืŸ ืืคื˜ื” (Narayan Apte), ื ืขืฆืจื•, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื‘-15 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1949. ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืœื• ืœื’ืจื“ื•ื, ื”ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืืช ืžืคืช ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืœื-ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื“ืขืชื ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”. ื’ื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื ืฉืจืคื” ื‘ืจืื’'-ื’ื”ืื˜ ืขืœ ื’ื“ืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืœื”ื™, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืคื•ื–ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืคืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก, ื”ื•ื•ืœื’ื” ื•ื”ืชืžื–ื”. ืฉืืจื™ืช ื”ืืคืจ ื ืฉืœื—ื” ื‘ืกืจืงื•ืคื’ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื•ื›ืกืฃ, ืœื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ืื ื“ื” ืคืืจืžื”ืื ืกื” ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื™ื ืคืืจืง ื‘ืฉื "ืคืกื™ืคื™ืง ืคืืœื™ืกื™ื™ื“ืก" (Pacific Palisades) ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ืฉื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืชืจ ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื ืžื”ืื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™. ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจื• ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื‘ืงื•ื ืื™ื” ืงื•ืžืืจื™ืŸ, ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจื•, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™ ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจืœื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื“ืœื”ื™, ื‘ื• ื ืจืฆื—, ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื•ื’ืœืจื™ื™ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืื—ื•ื•ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ืงื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืื“ื•ืจืื™ ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื˜ืืžื™ืœ ื ืื“ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ืœืง ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื: ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืคืฉืขื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชืช-ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช, ื•ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืœืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจืื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื’ื ื“ื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืจื’ ื‘ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื•. ืžืฉื ืชื• ื•ืžื•ืจืฉืชื• ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืคืกืœ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื’ื ื“ื™ ืชืžืš ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืื™-ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื›ื•ื—, ื’ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ื•ื— ื ื’ื“ื™. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ืื”ื™ืžืกื”", ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืืš ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื’ื ืžืื‘ืง ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืื”ื™ืžืกื” ื”ื™ื: ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืœื-ืชื•ืงืคื ื™, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื›ื•ื—. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืกืื˜ื™ืื’ืจื”ื - "ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืืžืช". ื”ื•ื ื–ื™ื”ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื "ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืžืช" ืื• "ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ืฉืžื”", ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ืช ื•ืฉื•ื—ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ืœืคื™ ื’ื ื“ื™, ืจืง ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ื›ื•ื— ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืืœื™ืžื” - ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืงืจ ื•ืกื•ืคื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืœ ื”ืื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ ืื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืงื•ื‘ืจื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื ื“ืจื™ื•: ืื™-ืคื—ื“ ื•ืื™-ื”ืจื™ื’ื”. "ืื ื™ ืืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื ื—ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ ืื”ื‘ื”. ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ืžื™ืš ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ืžื ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช", ื”ืฉื™ื‘. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื "ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืขื ื”ืืžืช", ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื•: ืื”ื™ืžืกื” ื•ืกืื˜ื™ืื’ืจื”ื. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื” "ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืืžืช", ื•ืœืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื•ื ืžื ืข ืžืขืฆืžื• ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืื›ืœื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœืœื” ืชื–ื•ื ืชื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ืกื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื–ืจื•ืช, ื•ื ืžื ืข ืžืงื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžื•ึนืงึฐืฉึธื”. ื’ื ื“ื™ ืชื‘ืข ืžืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ืฉื“ืจืฉ ืžืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืชื‘ืข ืžืื—ืจื™ื ืœืžืžืฉ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื–ื•ืœืชื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื•ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™, ืขื ื”: "ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“. ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื". ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื–ื• ื™ื™ืฆื’ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื™ืขืงื•ืข ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกืชื•, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ืืฃ ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ืืžื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื” ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืชื• ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื”, ื•ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื”. ืœืคื ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื“ืจืฉ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืžืื ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื”ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื”ื. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื ืžื ืข ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ืฉื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœ ืœื”ืŸ. ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื’'ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื‘ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ (ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ืš) ื”ื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ืื™-ืืœื™ืžื•ืช (ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืจืง ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ื•ืกืคื• ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื). ื’ื ื“ื™ ืืฃ ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ ืขื ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™. ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื "ืš ื•ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ื”ื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืขืžื™ืง ื’ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืจื™ ืช'ื•ืจื•, ื’'ื•ืŸ ืจืืกืงื™ืŸ ื•ื’'ื•ื–ืคื” ืžืฆื™ื ื™. ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื ืขืจืฆืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื ื’ื“ื” ื ืœื—ื ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ืงื ื‘-1969 ืคืกืœ ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืกืžืœ ืœืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื, ื•ืžืื‘ืงื• ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืกืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื’ื ื“ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืืžื ื ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื, ืืš ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ ื“ืจื›ื•, ื›ืžื• ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ืงื™ื ื’, ืœืš ื•ืืœื ืกื”, ื“ื–ืžื•ื ื“ ื˜ื•ื˜ื•, ื”ื“ืœืื™ ืœืืžื”, ืื•ื ื’ ืกืŸ ืกื• ืฆ'ื™, ืจื™ื’ื•ื‘ืจื˜ื” ืžื ืฆ'ื•, ืงืจืœื•ืก ืคืœื™ืคื” ื—ื™ืžื ื– ื‘ืœื•, ื—ื•ื–ื” ืจืžื•ืก ื”ื•ืจื˜ื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื, ื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•, ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืœื ืืœื™ื. ื‘-1963 ื”ื•ืคืง ื”ืกืจื˜ ืชืฉืข ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืจืืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™. ื‘-1982 ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืื•ืกืงืจ ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ "ื’ื ื“ื™", ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื ื’ืกืœื™, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™. ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”: , ื•ื”ืืฉื™ื ื›ื™ ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื— ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช: ืื™ืฉื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื, ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืžืื’ื ืก ื•ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ, ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื’ื ื“ื™ ื•ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืืš ืœืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ. ื’ื ื“ื™ ืืฃ ื›ืชื‘ ืœื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื, ื‘-1940 ื•ื‘-1941, ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื. ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ืขื“ื. ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ืจืžืŸ ืงืœื ื‘ืืš, ืฉื‘ื ืœื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื‘-1936, ื•ืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื’ื ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื“ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื›ื™ ืื ืœืื•ื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืช-ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืช-ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืœื•ืื™ืก ืคื™ืฉืจ, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™, ื’ื ื“ื™ ืกื™ืคืจ ื›ื™ ืืžืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืกื™ื“ื ื™ ืกื™ืœื‘ืจืžืŸ "ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืงื•ื“ื." ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ืกื™ืœื‘ืจืžืŸ, ืžื™ื•ื 8 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1946, ืื•ืชื• ืจืฉื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™, ื•ื”ื ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืž. ืง. ื’ื ื“ื”ื™, ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืขื ื”ืืžืช, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืกื™ื”, 2005. ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืคื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื•ืื™-ืืœื™ืžื•ืช - ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื”ื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื”ื™, ืกื“ืจืช "ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉื•ื“ืจืช", ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, 2005. ืž. ืง. ื’ื ื“ื”ื™, ืกื˜ื™ืื’ืจื”ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช: ืžืชืŸ ืงืžื™ื ืจ, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื‘ืœ, 2014. ืืจื•ืŸ ื’ื ื“ื™, ืžืชื ืช ื”ื›ืขืก : ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžืกื‘ื™, ืžื”ื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™, ืžื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 2018. Shimon Lev, Soulmates: The Story of Mahatma Gandhi and Hermann Kallenbach. Orient BlakSwan, 2012. Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India : author Joseph Lelyveld published by Alfred A Knopf, 2011. ืชืžืจ ื•ืจื˜ื”-ื–ื”ื‘ื™, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื”ื˜ืžื” (ืžื•ื”ื ื“ืก) ื’ื ื“ื™, ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2010. ืื™ืกื‘ืœ ืกื ืฆ'ื– ื•ื’ืืจื”, ืžื”ื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™ (ืงื˜ื ื™ื-ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื), ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฆืœื˜ื ืจ, 2020. ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืื‘ื™ืจืžื” ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™, ื‘ืืชืจ "ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช" ืชืจื’ื•ื ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœื ืื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ - 'ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื' GandhiServe Foundation ืชื•ืžืจ ืคืจืกื™ืงื•, ื’ื ื“ื”ื™: ืืžืช, ืžื™ืŸ, ื™ื•ื’ื”, ื˜ืคืก - ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ืชืจื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื’ื” ื•ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ "ืœื•ืœืืช ื”ืืœ" ื“ื“ื™ ืฉื™, ื’ื ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ "ืื ื™ืžืœืก" ืืจื™ืืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืžื”ื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™: ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื›ืชื‘ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื—, ืกืื’ืื•ืŸ, 20 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1938 (ืชื•ืจื’ื ื•ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื™ื“ื”) Gandhi's Human Touch ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงืจ ืื™-ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื•ืŸ ื’ื ื“ื™, ื ื›ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืž.ืง. ื’ื ื“ื™) ื’ืื ื“ื™ ื ื•ืื ื‘ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™, 1932, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ AP ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคืฆื™ืคื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื™ื: ืื™ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ ืจืขื‘ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื ื˜ื™-ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืฉืคื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื ืฉืจืคื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช Find a Grave ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืฉื™ืื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ 1869 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1948
2024-10-11T23:03:28
ืžืกื“ื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื - ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื
ื”ืขืจื”: ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืœืงื—ื•ืช ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืจืฉื ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืงื•ืจื ืจืื” ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื”. ืฉื“ื” (field): ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื. ืจืฉื•ืžื” (record): ืื•ืกืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืžืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืจืฉื ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื˜ื‘ืœื” (table): ื‘ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™, ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืกืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืฉื ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืชื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ืžืคืชื— (key): ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ืจืฉื•ืžื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืฉื ืคืจื˜ื™. ืžืคืชื— ืจืืฉื™ (primary key): ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื”ื•ืช. ืžืคืชื— ืžื•ืจื›ื‘: ืžืคืชื— ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื“ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืฉื ืคืจื˜ื™. ืžืคืชื— ื–ืจ (foreign key): ืฉื“ื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืื—ืช, ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช. ืงื•ื‘ืฅ (file): ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื• ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืืœื™ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืื•ืชื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืงืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ืกืง ืงืฉื™ื— ื•ื“ื™ืกืงื˜. ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ืชื•ื ื™ื (database): ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ื–ื•ืจื ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ืกืง ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ (relational database): ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืžืกื“ื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช. ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืจืฉืชื™: ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืžืกื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืฆืžืชื™ื ื•ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืžืชื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช. ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ (hierarchical database): ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ("ืกื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื") ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืคืข ืื—ื“ ื•ืœืกื’ืžื ื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ื” ืขืฆืžื™ื (object-oriented database): ื ื™ืจืžื•ืœ ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื (database normalization): ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ื•ืฉื“ื•ืช, ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืžื•ื“ืœ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช-ืงืฉืจื™ื (entityโ€“relationship model): ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžืกื“ื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื. ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื - ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื” - ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื” - ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืจืฉืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื - ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžื•ื ื—ื•ื ื™ื
2023-05-17T14:54:54
ืžื”ื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™
REDIRECTืžื”ืื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™
2021-03-09T14:14:05
ืžื”ื˜ืžื” ื’ืื ื“ื™
REDIRECTืžื”ืื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™
2021-03-09T14:14:23
ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื”
ืึฒื ึตืงึฐื“ื•ึนื˜ึธื” ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงืฆืจืฆืจ ืฉื‘ื ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืจืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™. ื”ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžืื•ืจืข, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื•ืคื™ื•ืก ืžืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืื ื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืคืจืกื ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื ฮ‘ฮฝฮตฮบฮดฮฟฯ„ฮฑ (ืชื•ืจื’ื ื›"ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืคื•ืจืกืžื•" ืื• "ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืกื•ื“ื™ืช") ื•ื‘ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื™ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืื ื•ืก ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื’ื ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืืฉืช ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืชืื•ื“ื•ืจื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืคืจืกื•ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืขืชื™ืงื™ื. ืœืžืฉืœ ืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื Anecdota Oxoniensia. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื›ื•ื ื• ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ืช, ืจื›ื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื. ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื‘ื“ื— ืื• ื‘ืขืœ ืขื•ืงืฅ ืื• ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœ, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืื• ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืกืงืจื ื•ืช. ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช (ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืื• ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช) ืžื—ื™ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื ืฉืืจื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช. ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ื•ื—ื ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื• ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื”ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžืื•ืจืข ืฉืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ, ืืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™, ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื• ืขืงื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืงืชื” ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื” ืžืฉื•ืœืœืช ื›ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืืžื™ืจื” ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ืœื™ืช ืœืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื–ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืขื™ืŸ ืื—ืช: ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจ ื™ื’ืืœ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืืชืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื’ื ื‘ื• ืžืžื ื• ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ืืžืจ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ: "ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืื’ื™ื“ ืžื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื ื™ ืืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื• - ืื ื™ ืื•ืฆื™ื ืœื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”." ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ื“ืœืคื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ืื–, ืœื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื ื—ืจืฆื•ืช, ืฉืื ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื“ืœื™ืฃ ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช "ื”ืขืกืง ื”ื‘ื™ืฉ" ืืžืจ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื“ืื–, ืคื ื—ืก ืœื‘ื•ืŸ: "ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ื ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื ื™ ืืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื• - ืื•ืฆื™ื ืœื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”". ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืืœืชืจ ื“ืจื•ื™ืื ื•ื‘, ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ - ืื•ืกืฃ ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ื”-20 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ
2023-11-26T10:30:08
ืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชื•ื
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ื›ืจื–ืช ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืœื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘-1930 ืคืื˜ืžื” ื‘ืช ืื™ื‘ืจืื”ื™ื ืืœ-ื‘ืœืชืื’ื™ (ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ูุงุทู…ุฉ ุจู†ุช ุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู… ุงู„ุจู„ุชุงุฌูŠ; 31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1898 โ€“ 3 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1975), ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื” ืื•ึผื ื›ึผื•ึผืœึฐืชื•ึผื (ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุฃูู…ู‘ ูƒูู„ู’ุซููˆู…. ืชืขืชื™ืง ืžื“ื•ื™ืง: ืึปืึผ ื›ึปึผืœึฐืช'ื•ึผื), ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืžืจืช ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื”, ืื—ืช ื”ื–ืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืงื•ืœื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื›ื•ื ืชื” "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืžื–ืจื—" ("ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุดุฑู‚"; "ื›ื•ื•ื›ื‘ ื-ืฉืจืง"). ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื”ื•ื "ืื™ื ืชื” ืขื•ืžืจื™", ืฉื–ื•ื›ื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|257x257 ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื|ืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชื•ื (ืžืฉืžืืœ) ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื— ื–ืื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ ืืืœ ื ื”ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืื‘ื• ื“ืื‘ื™, 1971 ืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืชืžืื™-ื-ื–ื”ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื-ื“ืงื”ืœื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืื‘ื™ื”, ื”ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืื™ื‘ืจืื”ื™ื ืกืขื™ื“ ืืœ-ื‘ืœืชืื’ื™, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืžืื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื’ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื ื™ื” "ืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชื•ื", ืขืœ ืฉื ื‘ืชื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืืกืœืื. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื’ื™ืœืชื” ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื‘ื™ื” ืœืžื“ื” ืœื“ืงืœื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ื•ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืขืœ ืคื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 12, ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ื’ื ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื›ื ืขืจ ืœืœื”ืงื” ืฉื‘ื™ื™ื, ืฉืฉืจื” ืฉื™ืจื™ ื“ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช. ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจึพื›ืš, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืžืจ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืื‘ื• ืืœ-ืขืœืื' ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืื—ืžื“ ื–ื›ืจื™ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืงื”ื™ืจ. ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื ื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 23 ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืขื ืชื” ืœื”ื–ืžื ืชื, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืžื•ืกื•ื•ื™ืช ื›ื ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื—ื™ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ืžืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™. ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ื‘ ืžื—ืคื•ื˜' (ื”ื˜ืจื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืจื™ืช). ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื ื’ื“ ืืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื. ืฉืชื™ ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื” ืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชื•ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืืœื• ื•ื’ื ืชืจืžื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”: ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘-1924 ืขื ืื—ืžื“ ืจืืžื™, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉืœืžื“ ื‘ืกื•ืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืœื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš 137 ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืขื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืืœ-ืงืืกื‘ื’'ื™, ื ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื” ืœ"ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™", ืฉื‘ื• ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื”. ื‘-1930 ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชื•ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-1932 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื” ืœืžืกืข ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ืžืฉืง, ื‘ื’ื“ืื“, ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื˜ืจื™ืคื•ืœื™. ื‘-15 ื‘ืžืื™ 1948 ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืคืœื™ืฉืช ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื” ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ืงื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืœื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืžื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืกืœืข ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968 ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื ื™ื–ืืจ ืงื‘ืื ื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืืกื‘ื— ืขื ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื“ืงื™ื”"("ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืงื“ื—") ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘-1967, ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื“ื™ืข ืœืžืื‘ืง ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™. ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืจื” ืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ ื•ื•ื”ืื‘. ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืจื‘ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉื ื•ื’ื ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืงื˜ืข ื–ื” ืœื ืฆื•ืœื ืžืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”, ื ื™ืกืชื” ื’ื ืœืคืชื— ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืืš ื ื˜ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ ืขื ื”ืงื”ืœ. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžื‘ืจืง ืžื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจืคืช ืฉืืจืœ ื“ื” ื’ื•ืœ ื‘-1967. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจึพื›ืš ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื” ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ืœืงืช ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื”. ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืœื "ืงืฆืจ ื-ื ื™ืœ" (ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก) ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ ื‘-1973. ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืื• ืฉืžื—ืœืชื” ื—ืฉื•ื›ืช ืžืจืคื, ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘-1973 ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืขื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช. ื‘-1975, ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ืชื”, ื”ื™ื ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื”ืชืืฉืคื– ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื“ืจื“ืจ. ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืชื’ื•ื“ื“ื• ื•ืฉืจื• ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื”. ืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘-3 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1975. ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘-1953 ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืจื•ืคื ื—ืกืŸ ืืœ-ื”ืืคื ืื•ื•ื™, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื•ื™ืจื’โ€™ื™ื ื™ื” ื“ื ื™ืืœืกื•ืŸ, ืงื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื: ืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชโ€™ื•ื, ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื; ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื—ื ื” ืขืžื™ืช-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™. ื—ื™ืคื”: ืคืจื“ืก, ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื“ 2003. ืกืœื™ื ื ืกื™ื‘, ืื•ื: ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชโ€™ื•ื ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: ื—ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืช-ืขื“ื”. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืืกื™ื”, ื”'ืชืฉื "ื˜ 1999 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช: ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชื•ื, ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืช ื“"ืจ ื“ืŸ ืขืจื‘, ื“"ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื’ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ' ื•ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื’ืช: ืœื”ืื–ื ื” ืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชื•ื - ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื™ื ืชื” ืขื•ืžืจื™ (ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™) - ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชื•ื, ื‘ืืชืจ "ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘" ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ืžืจื™ื ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ืžืจื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื•ืช 1898 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1975 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1975
2024-10-12T09:20:32
ืืกืžื”ืืŸ
ืืžืืœ ืืœ-ืื˜ืจืฉ (ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุขู…ุงู„ ูฑู„ู’ุฃูŽุทู’ุฑูŽุด; 25 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1912 โ€“ 14 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1944) ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ื‘ืžื” ืืกืžื”ืืŸ (ุฃุณู…ู‡ุงู†) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืžืจืช ื•ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ืช ืกื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืืกืžื”ืืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืœื’ื”, ื›ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืจื—ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืคื”ื“ ืืœ-ืื˜ืจืฉ ื•ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ืื ืืœ-ืžื•ื ื“'ืจ. ืœืืกืžื”ืืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžื ื”, ืคื•ืื“ ืืœ-ืื˜ืจืฉ ื•ื”ื–ืžืจ ืคืจื™ื“ ืืœ-ืื˜ืจืฉ. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืœ-ืื˜ืจืฉ, ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ ืืœ-ืื˜ืจืฉ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ืขื–ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืจื— ืื—ื™ื” ืคืจื™ื“ ืืœ-ืื˜ืจืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื ืืช ื“ืื•ื“ ื—ื•ืกื ื™, ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื–ืžืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื—ื•ืกื ื™ ืฉืžืข ืืช ืืกืžื”ืืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉืจื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจื”, ืงืจื ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื” ืฉืชืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื ืคืขื ืžืงื•ืœื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื” ืืช ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื” "ืืกืžื”ืืŸ". ืœืืกืžื”ืืŸ ืงื•ืœ ืื•ืคืจืื™, ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืกื•ืคืจืŸ ื•ืžืฆื•-ืกื•ืคืจืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื•ืœืฉื™ืจ ืขื ืื—ื™ื” ืคืจื™ื“ ืืœ-ืื˜ืจืฉ, ื•ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934 ื”ืชื—ืชื ื” ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื—ืกืŸ ืืœ-ืื˜ืจืฉ, ื•ืื– ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ืื–ืจื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช. ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ืฉื ื›ืืžื™ืœื™ื”. ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื›ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื• ื•ืืกืžื”ืืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”. ืงื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืคื™ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื’ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1941 ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ "ืื ืชืกืืจ ื-ืฉื‘ืื‘" (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื) ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื” ืคืจื™ื“ ืืœ-ืื˜ืจืฉ, ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ืื—ืžื“ ื‘ื“ืจื—'ืืŸ, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื ื•. ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”ื ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืขื˜. ืฉืžื” ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ืื”ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืื—ืžื“ ื—ืกื ื™ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ืœืฉื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืืจื•ืง, ืžืœืš ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1944 ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ "ืข'ืจืื ื•ืื ืชืงืื" (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื ืงืžื”) ืœืฆื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื‘ื™, ืื ื•ืืจ ื•ื’'ื“ื™, ืžื—ืžื•ื“ ืืœ-ืžืœื™ื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืืจื” ื•ื•ืื›ื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืกืจื˜ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืืกืžื”ืืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืœืฅ ืืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ ืœืกื™ื™ืžื• ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ืžืงืจื” ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื—ืงื”, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜. ืืกืžื”ืืŸ ืฉืจื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื–ืžืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ืฉืžื•ืฉืžืขื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ื•ืฉืจื”, ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืกืžื”ืืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคืกืงื•ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืกืจื˜ "ื™ื•ื ืกืขื™ื“". ืืกืžื”ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืขื ื”ื–ืžืจ ื•ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ื•ื•ื”ืื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืื˜ "ืžื’'ื ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”" (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืœื™ืœื”) ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื. ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืฆื“ ืืกืžื”ืืŸ ืขื ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืคืœื™ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื‘ืœื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื ื™ืชืงื• ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืกืžื”ืืŸ ื•ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ืœื” ื›ืกืคื™ื ืžืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืคืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืฆืจืคืช. ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืกืคื™ืจืก, ื ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ืื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืืกืžื”ืืŸ ืฉื™ืชืคื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื‘-14 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1944 ื ื”ืจื’ื” ืืกืžื”ืืŸ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื” ืืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื•ื—ื• ืื–, ื”ื™ื ื ืจืฆื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืื–ื”ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ืื—ื™ื”, ืคืจื™ื“ ืืœ-ืื˜ืจืฉ. ืฉืžื•ืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื•ื ื›ื•ืœืชื•ื ื”ืจื’ื” ืื•ืชื”. ื™ืื™ืจ ื“ืœืืœ ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื›ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื ื”ื’ ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืขื–ืชื™ ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืงืคื” ืขื–ืชื™ ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื ื”ื’ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื“ื—ืฃ ืืช ืจื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืืกืžื”ืืŸ ืœื ื™ืœื•ืก. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ืขื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• - ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืจืช ืคืจืง ืขืœ ืืกืžื”ืืŸ ื‘"ืืœื—ืืŸ" ืฉืœ ื›ืืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ืžืจื™ื ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืžื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ืžืจื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ืžืจื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื•ืช 1917 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘-1944
2024-01-08T19:27:33
ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื–
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื–, 1946 ืคื™ื™ืจื•ึผื– (ููŠุฑูˆุฒ - ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™: ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื–; ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ื ื•ื”ืื“ ื—ื“ืื“ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ู†ู‡ู€ุงุฏ ุฑุฒู‚ ูˆุฏูŠุน ุญุฏุงุฏ ื‘-20 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1935 ืื• 1934) ื”ื™ื ื–ืžืจืช ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืชื”ื™ืœืชื” ื™ืฆืื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™. ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืžืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืช. ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืฉื’ืจื™ืจืชื ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื", "ืฉื›ื ืช ื”ื™ืจื—", "ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื—" ื•"ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ื”ืงื•ืœ". ื”ื™ื ืื™ืžืฆื” ืืช ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืจืช ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ืืœึพื—ืœื‘ื™ื™ื” (ืจื—ืœ ืกืžื•ื—ื”) ื›ืื•ืช ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืœืฉื™ืจืชื” . ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช (ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืฉื•ืจื™ ื•ืืžื” ืžืจื•ื ื™ืช) ืžืžืขืžื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื’'ื‘ืœ ืืœ-ืืจื– ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1946 ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื›ื–ืžืจืช ืžืงื”ืœื” ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื—ืืœื™ื ืืœ-ืจื•ืžืืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ื”ื‘ืžื” "ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื–" (ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื–). ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืจื•ืš ื•ืคื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ืื—ื™ื ืžื ืกื•ืจ ื•ืขืืกื™ ืจื—ื‘ืื ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื ืกื•ืจ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืชืžืœื™ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขืืกื™ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1954, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื‘ืช 19, ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืขืืกื™ ืจื—ื‘ืื ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช. ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืœื‘ื› ื‘-1957. ืฉืžื” ื™ืฆื ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1967 ืœืื—ืจ ืชื‘ื•ืกืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื”ืจืช ืืœ ืžื“ืืณืืŸ ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืดืคืจื— ื”ืขืจื™ืืด, ืฉื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื—ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ืื ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969 ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื—ืจื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืืกืจื” ื”ืฉืžืขืชื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืขืงื‘ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ืœืฉื™ืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ืืจื™ ื‘ื•ืžื“ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘-1971 ื™ืฆืื” ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ืขื ื”ืื—ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ืื ื™ ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื” ืœื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืช (1975-1990) ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืš ื—ื“ืœื” ืžืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื”, ื•ืฆืžืฆืžื” ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืจื˜ื” "ืคื˜ืจื”" ื‘-1978, ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– 6 ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™-ืงื”ืœ. ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืคืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื” ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืฉื”ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1994, ืืฉืจ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉื ื—ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื‘ื› ื‘ืฉื ืช 1998, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ 25 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”. ื‘ืžื•ืคืข ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื•ื”-70. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘-MGM Grand Arena ื‘ืœืืก ื•ื’ืืก ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999, ืžื•ืœ ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-16,000 ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื. ืžืื–, ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื-ื“ื™ืŸ (ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ) ืžืฉื ืช 2000 ืœ-2003, ืคืจื™ื– (2002), ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (2003), ืขืžืืŸ (2004), ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ (2005), ื“ื•ื‘ืื™, ืื‘ื• ื“ืื‘ื™, ื‘ืขืœื‘ื›, ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช (2006), ื™ื•ื•ืŸ (2007), ื“ืžืฉืง ื•ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ (2008), ื•ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื (2011). ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2008, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ื‘ื“ืžืฉืง ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกืงื” ืฉืœ 23 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื– ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉื›ื ื”. ื”ืžื•ืคืข ื‘ื“ืžืฉืง ื™ืฆืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื”. ื‘ื“ืจื›ื” ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ื ืชืงืœื” ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœ 7000 ืื™ืฉ, ืฉืฆืขืงื• ืืช ืฉืžื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื›ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืื“ืžืช ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ื ืขืฆืจื•, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื ื™ื’ื ื• ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื” ืœืงืจืืช ื‘ื•ืื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื’ื ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื” ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจืชื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ืœืื—ืจ 20 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื”, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช, ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืœื ื ืคื’ืขื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืจื” ื‘ืžื™ืกื” ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื ืงื”ืœื• ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”. ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ืžืจื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ืงื•ืœื” ื”ื—ื“. ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืžืฉืจื” ืจื•ื’ืข ื•ื›ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื”. ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ื”ืจื‘ืชื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืจื˜ื•ืช (ืื• ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื–ืžืจ), ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ืื ื™. ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื” ื•ืฉื—ืงื” ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ืื•ืคืจื˜ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืคืจื™ื“ืชื” ืžืขืืกื™ ืจื—ื‘ืื ื™ ื‘-1979. ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืฉื•ืื” ืœืขืืกื™ ื-ืจื—ื‘ืื ื™ ื•ืœื”ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ื ื” ื–ื™ืื“ ืจื—ื‘ืื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื–ืื™ ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ื“ืชื” ืžื‘ืขืœื”. ื‘ืชื”, ืจื™ืžื” ืจื—ื‘ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฆืœืžืช ื•ืžืคื™ืงื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ืืช ื”ื•ื ื” ื‘-36.9 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืคื™ืง ื–ื™ืื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืืœื‘ื•ืžื” Wala Keef, ื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ื™ืฆื ืืœื‘ื•ืžื” "Eh FI Amal" (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช " ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื”"), ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017 ื™ืฆื ืืœื‘ื•ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ Bebalee. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื Fairuz Online - The Web Site Officially Celebrating Fairuz ืืชืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื– ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ืžืจื™ื ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืžื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ืžืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืœื™ื“ื•ืช 1934 ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืืžื ื™ ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ืŸ ืจืงื•ืจื“ืก ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช: ืื™ืฉื™ื
2024-09-24T10:44:57
ื–ืื›ื™ ืžื•ืจื“
ื”ืคื ื™ื” ืœื™ืœื” ืžื•ืจืื“
2008-07-23T14:25:10
ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ื•ื”ืื‘
ื”ืคื ื™ื” ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ื•ื”ืื‘
2006-09-12T16:55:14
ืฉื™ืจื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
REDIRECT ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืจื“
2014-12-12T21:07:21
ืžืงืืžื”
ืžืงืืžื” (ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ู…ู‚ุงู…ุฉ, ืืกืคืช ืฉื‘ื˜, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืชื•, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืฉื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ 'ืžื—ื‘ืจืช', ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”) ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื™ืจื™ืช-ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช, ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืคืจื•ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืจื–ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื‘ืจืง ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืœื™ื. ืžืงืืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืžื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืจื“. ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืจืฆื”ื‘ื™ ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืืžื”: ื”ืžืงืืžื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื”ืžืงืืžื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœ-ื—ืจื™ืจื™ ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืืžื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืข ื-ื–ืžืืŸ ืืœ-ื”ืžื“'ืื ื™, ื™ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžื“ืืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช. ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื•ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืœ-ื—ืจื™ืจื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-11. ื”ืžืงืืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืžืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืกืคืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจ. ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ืœื•ืœื™ ืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช (ืื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงืืžื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช) ื•ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ื‘ืžืงืืžื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืืคื™ื–ื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ืœื•ืœื™, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืชื—ืช ืžืกื•ื•ื”, ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืžื”ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ื›ืกืคื•, ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืืœื™ืžื™ื. ื—ืจืฃ ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืžื•ืงืกื ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœ-ื—ืจื™ืจื™ ืื•ื™ืจื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื•ืช. ืืœ-ื—ืจื™ืจื™ ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืืžื”, ืœื“ืจื’ื” ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ื ืื•ื, ื•ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื™ืœื•ื ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-8 ื•ื”ืžืื” ื”-9. ืžืงืืžื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœื—ืจื™ื–ื™ ืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืงืืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœ-ื—ืจื™ืจื™ ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 1218, ื•ืงืจื ืœื”ืŸ "ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื™ืชื™ืืœ" ("ืžื—ื‘ืจืช" ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืžืงืืžื”"). ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืืœื—ืจื™ื–ื™ ืืช ื”ืžืงืืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•, "ืชื—ื›ืžื•ื ื™". ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืืœืขื–ืจ, ื‘ืŸ ื–ืžื ื•, ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืžืงืืžื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืจื–ื•ืช "ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉืœื™ื". ืžืงืืžื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืชืจื—ืงื• ืžืกื’ื ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืืœ-ื”ืžื“ืื ื™ ื•ืืœ-ื—ืจื™ืจื™. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื‘ืืจื”, ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-12 ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-13, ื›ืชื‘ ืืช "ืกืคืจ ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื", ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื•ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื‘ืจื” ืขืฆืžื•. "ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืžื ื•ืืœ" ืฉืœ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืืฃ ื”ืŸ ืžืงืืžื•ืช. ืžืงืืžื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžืงืืžื” ื ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, "ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆืœื•ืช ื•ืืœื•ืฃ ืฉื•ื". ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžืฉืžืฉ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืžืงืืžื”" ื’ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืจื–ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืงืืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืคืจ, ืฉืคืจืกื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืขืฉื•ืจ ืžืงืืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื“ื™ื•ืžื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช", ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื“ืจืŸ ืื™ื–ื™ ืžืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-5,500 ืžืงืืžื•ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ืœื˜ืงืกื™ื ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืฆื”"ืœ, ืœืงืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืžืื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื. ืจืื• ื’ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื“ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืก, ืžืงืืžื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืจื–ืช, ืชืฉืœ"ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืจืฆื”ื‘ื™, ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื”ืžืงืืžื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, 1974 ืฉืœืžื” ื“ื‘ ื’ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, "ื”ืžืงืืžื” ื•ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช", ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”', 1951 ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ, "ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืืžื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื", ืžืืกืฃ ื—-ื˜ (ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ ืกื“ืŸ), ืชืฉื›"ื— (ื ื“ืคืก ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื” ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช: ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื”, ื›ืจืš ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืก"ื‘ 2002, ืขืž' 369โ€“397) ืื™ื–ื™ ืžืŸ, ืขืœ ื‘ืžื•ืชื™ืš, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื“ืŸ (2013) ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื ื•, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื“ืŸ (2016) ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืกื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช
2023-12-01T00:50:34
ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืกื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื– ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื”, ืืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ื’ื ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™. ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-1,000 ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืชืงืคื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื” ืืš ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื—ื•ืงืงื” ื—ื•ืงื™ ื™ืกื•ื“. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|350px|ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื" ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื™ื ื ืžืขื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื•ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื›ื•ื— ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 1975 ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ืืš ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืœื ืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ, ื”ืชืฉ"ื˜โ€“1949. , ืฉื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืืกื™ืคื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ืš: 1. ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื™ืงืจื "ื”ื›ื ืกืช". ืœืืกืคื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ื™ื™ืงืจื "ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”" ืœืฆื™ืจ ื”ืืกืคื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ื™ื™ืงืจื "ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช". 2. (ื) ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื™ื™ืงืจื "ื—ื•ืง". (ื‘) ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืง ื™ื™ื—ืชื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืจ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื—ื•ืง. (ื’) (ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ). (ื“) ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืงื‘ืœืชื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ื ืกืช, ืฉืœื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœื” ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืœืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืง, ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืžื ื”. ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื• ืœืฉื ื‘ื“ื™ืงืชื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง, ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื“ืขืชื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ. ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืคืจืกืžืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ "ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช", ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื ื•ื— ืœืงืจื•ื ื ื•ืกื— ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื‘"ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช", ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชืคืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื›ื ื•ืกื—ื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื ื™ื ืœืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื‘"ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช" ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื•ืกื— ืžืœื ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™, ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื–ื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ, ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืขืฉื”-ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ "ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช". ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื—ืงื™ืงื” ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื—ืงื™ืงืช ืžืฉื ื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืžืื’ืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ืงืจื™ืืช ืชืงืฆื™ืจื™ื, ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื—ืงื™ืงืชื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืžืื’ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงืช ืžืฉื ื”. ืชืงื ื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืžืชืคืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืชืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืชืฉืก"ื“; ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชืงื ื•ืช ืื• ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืžืคืชื— ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”. ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืจื˜ื™, ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช; ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืžื™ื–ื ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื”ื ื’ืฉื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืชืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช. ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืคืจื”-ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืขื“ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืชื–ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง. ื‘ืขืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืœืงืจืืช ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื” (ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™). ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื’ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ื›ื›ืœื™ ืขื–ืจ ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื”. ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืขื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื•. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืชืงืœืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง: ื”ื—ื•ืง ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื” ืžืขื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ืื™ื ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืžืžืžืฉ ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื–ื•, ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง. ื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื•ืง ื›ื™ "ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืง", ื•ืืฃ ืฉืคืกืง ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืฆื™ื™ืŸ "ื–ื• ืžืกืงื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืื™ื ื” ื’ื•ืจืขืช ืžืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘". ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉื‘ืื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ืขืžื”, ืืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžืชื•ืฆืื” ื–ื•, ื•ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉื‘ืื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™, ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื’ืฉื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉื•ื ื” (ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆืขื“ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื’"ืฅ, ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืขื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื’"ืฅ"). ื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืง ื™ื”ื‘ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ื”ื‘, ื•ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืง ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื” ื–ื• ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืชื•ืงื ื” ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจื• ื ื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืคื•ืกืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช, ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ืง. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ืฉื ืคืกืœ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ืื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื• ื•ืื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืคืชื• ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉืœื ืชื™ืคืกืœ. ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืœื ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฆืขื“ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืžื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืœืœื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื (ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช). ืขื ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืืœื” ื ืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืŸ-ืฉื—ืจ, ืื• ื‘ืฉืžื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ "ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ื", ืฉื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืก' 22 ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื”. ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ("ื•ืขื“ืช ืืฉืจ"), ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืžืก ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ. ื—ื•ืง ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืจืชื ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื, ื”ืชืฉืก"ื‘โ€“2002, ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขื ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื ื—ืงืง, ื•ืขื“ืช ื˜ืœ, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื•ื "ื—ื•ืง ื˜ืœ". ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืง ืชื–ื›ื™ืจื™ ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืคืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง. ื–ื” ืฉืœื‘ ืžืงื“ืžื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”" (ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืš). ื”ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื” ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืฆื™ื ืœื”. ื“ืจืš ืืชืจ ื”ืชื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืฆื™ื ื”ืชื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืฉืจ ื ืจืฉื ืœืืชืจ, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื• ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืคื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื•. ื”ืชื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ื’ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืœื“ื™ืงื ื™ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2010 ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืชื–ื›ื™ืจื™ ื—ื•ืง ื‘"ืืชืจ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™", ืืชืจ ืชื–ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืืชืจ. ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|180px|ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง" ืื—ืจื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืง, ืื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืœืœื ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืง, ืžื›ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ืช ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ืฉื“ื ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช. ืื—ืจื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื, ืžืชืคืจืกืžืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง โ€“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”" ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืœืกืขื™ืคื™ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช". ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฆืขืชื” ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืืš ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืœื ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉืจ ืื• ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ, ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืžื˜ืขืžื. ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ืืœื• ื•ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจืŸ. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืจืฉืื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ. ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื˜ืขื•ื ื” ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช (ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืกื’ื ื™ื•), ื•ื”ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืฆืขื” "ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื”", ืื• ื›ื–ื• ื”ืฉื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืจืง ืขื“ ืกื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™. ืื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• 47 ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•-18 ืžื”ืŸ ืื•ืฉืจื• ื›ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-15 ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• 4,012 ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืฉืจื• 194. ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ื–ื™ื ืง ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืž-6% ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœ-53% ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-15. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, 38% ืžื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ืื•ืฉืจื• ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-15, ืจืง 5% ืžื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”. ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื• ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 2002โ€“2011 ื”ื•ื 12,725 ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2016 (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2000โ€“2001) ืขืœื” ืžืกืคืจืŸ ืœ-22,949 ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื™ื–ืžื• ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœื—ืงื™ืงื”, ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ืืชื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืชืกืคื™ืง ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื”, ืงื•ื‘ืข ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช 45 ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ืื• ืฉื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืงื‘ืขื” ืื—ืจืช. ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”, ืื• ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ื™ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ื ื•ืกื— ื™ืชื•ืื ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2017 ืคืจืกืžื• ืฉืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืื™ื™ืœืช ืฉืงื“ ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ืžืืžืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื‘ื• ืงื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ืžื ื™ืข ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœ"ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืงืช ื”ืžื‘ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™, ืžืกืจื‘ืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ื•ืœ โ€“ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื ื’ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœื ื•". ืฉืงื“ ื•ืœืคื™ื“ ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ื• ืชืฆื•ืžืฆื ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืขื ืงื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื›ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืชืคืจืกืžืช ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง โ€“ ื”ื›ื ืกืช" ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช. ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืžื˜ืขื ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื•ืขื“ื” ืžื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ื›ื–ื• ืคื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืงืจื™ืื” ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืœืžืœื™ืื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื›ื™ื•ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 80 ืœืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืจืง ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื”, ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจืฉืื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื—ื•ืง ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื•ืืš ื•ืจืง ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืกืช, ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช, ืœืžืคืœื’ื•ืช, ืœืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฆื“ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืจืฉืื™ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืกื•ื“. ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื›ื ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืš ื—ืงื™ืงืชืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืจืกื™ื ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืžืชืืคืฉืจ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื”ืฆืขื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืขืจืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ ืžืจืืฉ (ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืช ืœื•, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืกื™ื™ืžื ืขื“ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื”), ื•ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืจื‘ื”. ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืงื™ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืฉื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ื‘ื ืœืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื "ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช" (ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช"). ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืงืข ืœื—ืงื™ืงืชื•, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง. ืื ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืืš ืฉืืจ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืœื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช, ืฉืขื ืงื‘ืœืชื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื™ื–ื•ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื•, ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื“ื ื” ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช. ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช โ€“ ืงืจื™ืื” ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืงื“ืžื™ (ื˜ืจื•ืžื™) ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”. ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืžืฉืš 45 ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช (ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืžื—ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื•). ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ื–ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืกื•ืคื• ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”. ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช: ื”ืกืจืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื• ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื” ืœื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื”ื›ื ื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉื”ื•ืกืจื” ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื (ืฉืื™ื ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื™ืžื™ ืคื’ืจืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช) ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื•ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื”. ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืื—ื“ โ€“ ื—ื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ืฆืข ื•ืขืœื•ืชื• ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ื ืชื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ื–ื•, ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 50 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื“ืžื™ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืื—ืช ืžื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื“ืžื™. ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœืื™ื–ื• ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” (ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืชื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง). ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง. ืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช). ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช โ€“ ืงืจื™ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืจ ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื• ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื“ื•ืŸ (ืื• ืกื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื•), ืื ื›ื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื” ืฉืจ ืื—ืจ. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืžื•ืขืœื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื™ืื” ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช. ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื™ืื” ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช: ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืื• ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื” ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื›ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื“ื ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืื—ืจืช, ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืื• ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื”. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื•ืจืฉืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื›ืจื” ื“ื ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื” ืขืžื“ ืื– ื™ื•ื–ื ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื“ื ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืกื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืื ื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื ืกืช ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื "ื ื•ืฉื ื—ื“ืฉ" ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืจื’ ืžื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืขื“ ืฉื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”. ืื ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ื ื•ืฉื ื—ื“ืฉ" ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื“ื ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื”, ื•ืื ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ื ื•ืฉื ื—ื“ืฉ" ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื’ืฉ ื›ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช. ื›ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•, ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœื โ€“ ืื– ืžืชื—ื ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืจืฉืื™ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืงื™ื™ื, ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ. ื›ืŸ ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื™ ืžืชื—ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื“ื ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืจื—ื‘. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ื’ื ืœืžื–ื’ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง (ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช) ืื• ืœืคืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื—ืœืงื™ื (ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช). ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืœืžื“ ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืžืก ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื• ื ืคืกืœ ืคืจืง ื™"ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช (ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ 2017 ื•-2018), ื”ืชืฉืข"ื–โ€“2016, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืžืก ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ืœืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืขื”. ื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืกืชื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืœื™ืื”, ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืœื™ืื”. ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืกื’ื ื™ ืฉืจื™ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžื›ื”ื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื—ื•ืง. ืื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื˜ืžืขื• ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื”ื”ืกืชื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื™ืขืœื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืžืชื•ืงื ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ื—ื• ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ืœืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื’ื ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื›ื ืกืช ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืฉื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืœืžื“ื™ ืžืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”. ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ืžืฉ-ืขืฉืจื”, ื”ื—ืœื• ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืจืกื ื’ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื’ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช โ€“ ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื“ื ื” ื‘ื”, ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืื ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ืžื ืžืงื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ืื•ืชืŸ. ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื•ืงืฆื‘ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ 5 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื ื™ืžื•ืง ื›ืœ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืžืฆื” ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ืคื™ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืจืฉืื™ืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืกื“ืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืงืฆืจื• ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 90 ืœืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืคื™ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืจ ืืจื•ืš ืžื“ื™. ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืจื“, ืืš ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœื ื ื›ื—ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืœื™ืื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืจืฉืื™ืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืกื“ืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื• ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกืขื™ืฃ 90 ืœืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืคื™ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืจ ืืจื•ืš ืžื“ื™. ืœืคื™ ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืจืฉืื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื›ื ืกืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช; ืื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช, ืจืฉืื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขืœ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื›ื•ืœื•, ื›ืžืงืฉื” ืื—ืช, ื•ืื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืื•ืชืŸ. ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื: ื—ืชื™ืžื”: ืœืคื™ , ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืง ื™ื™ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืจ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื•. ื‘, ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืง, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืกืžื›ื•ืชื•. ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ืงืกื™ืช ื•ืกืžืœื™ืช. ืคืจืกื•ื: ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘"ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช". ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืชื•ืงืฃ. ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ืœื”ืชืคืจืกื ืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืงื‘ืœืชื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื–ื•. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืขื“ ืคืจืกื•ื ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื—ื•ืง ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืฉืขื” 00:01 ื‘ื™ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœืชื•. ืฉืขื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืกื“ืจืช ื‘. ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืจื˜ืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืืš ืืคืฉืจื™ืช, ืœื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืงืง ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื›ื–ื•, ืœืžืขื˜ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืขื‘ื™ืจื” โ€“ ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื” ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืคืจืกื•ื (ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ืœืกื™ื™ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืง ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื”ื). ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืขื“ ืชื—ื•ืœืชื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžืžื•ืขื“ ืคืจืกื•ืžื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืง. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื•. ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง. ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื• ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ื”ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื—ื•ืง, ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืง ื—ื“ืฉ, ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ. ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื: ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืžื• (ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืง) ืžืคื ื” ืœื—ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ: "ื—ื•ืง ืžืก ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื (ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืก' 2), ื”ืชืฉ"ืโ€“1980". ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ ืœื—ื•ืง ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืื—ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื’ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ (ืขืงื™ืฃ) ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืœื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืžืกืคืจื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื”. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ื“ื (ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง) ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฅ, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืœืžื•ืก, ื˜ืขื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืก ื•ื›ื•'. ื’ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืืš ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”. ืื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืงืจืชื” ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื ื•ืกื— ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช (ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช). ื ื•ืกื— ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื”, ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช "ื ื•ืกื— ืžืฉื•ืœื‘" ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืžื›ื•ื— ื—ืงื™ืงื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ื‘ื›ืš ืœื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง. ื ื•ืกื— ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืืœื ืจืง ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื•ืง ืงื™ื™ื (ืื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื ื•ืฉื), ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1954, ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 14 ืฉื ื” ืคื•ืจืกื ื ื•ืกื— ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืฉืœื•, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 27 ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืคื•ืจืกื ืฉื ื™ืช ื ื•ืกื— ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืœื—ื•ืง. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื–ื•, ืคืจืกื•ื ื ื•ืกื— ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืื™ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช (ืœื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœืื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•"ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื’ืจืกื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื). ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜. ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื "ืคืงื•ื“ื”". ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื” ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœืคืจืกื "ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ" ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืจืกื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืง ืžื›ื•ื— ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื•ืขื“ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ืืช ื”ืชืืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื•ืœืื•ืจ ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื” ืžืืฉืจืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื”, ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘. ืœืคืงื•ื“ืช ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืคื•ืจืกื ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1961. ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ืœื ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืœื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื ืชืคืก ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ืจืช ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช. ืžื›ื•ื— ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืื›ื™ืคื™ื, ืืœื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืคื ื™ื-ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืกื“ืจ ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืกื˜ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ื•ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื›ืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”. ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื "ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื™ื" ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืจืช ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื ื”ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ "ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžื—ื•ืงืง" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•. ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืžื™ืขืืจื™, ื‘ื• ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืžื•ืฆื”ืจ ืฉื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื—ื•ืง (ื•ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช), ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ ืื—ืจ. ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืงื• ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ืžืจื•ื“ื™, ื‘ื• ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืื›ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื›ืคื™ืคื•ืชื ืœื—ื•ืง ื•ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ืจืง ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช-ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช-ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื˜ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืคื’ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืื• ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื—ืงื™ืงืชื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง. ืคื’ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืคื’ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื‘ื’"ืฅ: ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื ื“ืจืฉ "ืคื’ื ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื”ืœื™ืš" ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง. , ื›ืš ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืขืจืš ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ืืœื” ืฉืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ื ืชืฆื“ื™ืง ืคืกื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง. ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืžื ื•, ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืกื’ื•ืจื”, ื”ื: ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘: ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘, ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข: "ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”, ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”". ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”: ืœืคื™ื• ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืœ ืื—ื“. ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื•ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžืžื ื•. ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช: ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ "ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชืฉื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™" ื›ื™ "ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจื• ื‘ื” โ€“ ืคืจืกื•ืžื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืจืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช". ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืืฃ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”"ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช" (accountability) ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™-ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื”ื. ื—ืฉื™ืคืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ื•ืขื“ื” ื’ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืขืžื“ืชื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื•. ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช: ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”. ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™. ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืฉื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื— ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืฉื ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื”. ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ืืš ื ืžื ืข ืžืœืคืกื•ืœ ืื•ืชื”. ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ืคืกืœ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืฉืœ ืคื’ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืžืก ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ื˜ืขื ื” ื“ื•ืžื”, ืฉื ื“ื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื“ืจืขื™, ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื” ืืกืชืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉ"ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื•, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืกืงื™ืจืช ื”ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื”ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช." ืกืชื™ืจื” ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืงื ื” ืœื—ื•ืง ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืง ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•: "ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง-ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ืืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืœื ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ืจืื•ื™ื”, ื•ืื ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืื• ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืกืžื›ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ื•". ืžืขืžื“ ืขืœ-ื—ื•ืงื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื” ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืœื” (ืจืื• ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช). ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ (ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”) ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช โ€“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื•ืขื“ื”. ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืชื™ืžืกืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ืœืคื ื™ ืงื™ื•ืžื”. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืชื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœื™ื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื. ืื ืœื ืชืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ืชื™ืฉืืจ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื. ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืกืขื™ืฃ 110 ืœืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื ืกืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ (ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”) ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœืช ื•ืขื“ื”. ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช (ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉืื•ืฉืจื• ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื”) ืงื•ื‘ืข ื”ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” โ€ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช.โ€ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืงื•ื‘ืข ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืขื“ ืœืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื—ื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ื™ื•ื‘ื”ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืชืงืคื”. ืจืื• ื’ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื—ืงื™ืงืช ืžืฉื ื” ื—ื™ืงื•ืง ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™, "ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืžืก ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื", ืžื™ืกื™ื, ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2003 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2016 ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื ื™ืกื•ื— ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื™ื•ื ื™ 2008 ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ืืชืจ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืชื–ื›ื™ืจื™ ื—ื•ืง, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื’ืœื™ ื‘ืŸึพืื•ืจ, ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืžืื™ 2024 ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื•ืกื— ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื•ืœืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื™ื ื™ื‘ ืจื•ื–ื ืื™, ื—ื•ืง "ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™": ืคืจืกื•ื ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื ื‘(1) (2013), ืขืž' 235โ€“308 ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžืžืฉืœ ื›ื“ (2021) ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืจืื™ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019 ื“ื•ื— ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื•ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืœืฉื ืช 2017 ื•-ืœืฉื ืช 2018, ื‘ืืชืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื•
2024-09-06T11:13:05
ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื
ื”ืคื ื™ื” ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช
2023-12-27T05:51:50
ื ื•ืกื— ืžืฉื•ืœื‘
ื”ืคื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ
2023-12-27T05:51:33
ื ื•ืกื— ื—ื“ืฉ
ื”ืคื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ
2023-12-27T05:51:20
ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช
ื”ืคื ื™ื” ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช
2023-12-27T05:51:43
ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ
ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืžืขื™ืจืืง ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืื• ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืจืืง, ื”ื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื” (ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช). ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-6 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช, ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” โ€“ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื›"ื”ื’ื•ืœื”" (ื”' ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”) ื•ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื” ื›ื•ื ื• "ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื”" (ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช "ืจื™ืฉ ื’ืœื•ืชื"). ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ื•ื™ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืชื‘ืœ. ืขืดืค ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืฉื ืช 2021, ื ื•ืชืจื• ืจืง ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืื• ื”ืกืชืจื”. ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืช ืืช ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 586 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื’ืœื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื‘ื‘ืœ, ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ. ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 539 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื”ื•ืจืฉื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืชื—ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ), ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื›ื•ืจืฉ. ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื•ืขื˜ ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื‘ืœ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื–ืจื•ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืขื–ืจื ื•ื ื—ืžื™ื”, ืื•ืœื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื•, ืฉื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ ืจื•ื— ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื•ื—ืœืงื• ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื–ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืคืจืชื™ืช, ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื” ืžืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-3 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ื”ื ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื”ืขื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืกื“ื•ืจื”, ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœื”ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื›ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื“ืชื™ืช-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉืฉื™ืชืคื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืคืจืชื™ืช. ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 70 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืงืœื˜ ืืœืคื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืฉื™ืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ืžื™ื–ืžื™ ื’ื™ื•ืจ ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืžืœื›ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื ื”ืจื“ืขื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืžื—ื™ื” ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืฉื’ืฉื’ื• ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ืคืจื— ื‘ื” ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื (ืžื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืกืคื™ืจื”) ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ โ€“ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ื”ืžืกื›ื ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืื’ื“ื”, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ: ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืกื•ืจื, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืคื•ืžืคื“ื™ืชื, ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื ื”ืจื“ืขื ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจืชื™ืช, ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-3 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื ืฉืœื˜ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-3 ื•ืื™ืœืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืกืืกืื ื™ืช ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช, ืฉืžื ืขื” ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืฉืžืจื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืฆืจื” ืžืงื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ืจื“ืคื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื• ืขืœ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 363, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืœื˜ื• ืžืžื ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืกืืกืื ื™ืช ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจืชื™ืช ื”ืชืขืจืขืจื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืช ื”ื–ื•ืจื•ืืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœื“ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื’ืจื ืœืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื“ืชื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืกื‘ืœื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-5. ื”ื–ื•ืจื•ืืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืชื™ืืจื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžืื‘ืง ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช "ื˜ื•ื‘" ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช "ืจืข". ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืกืืกืื ื™ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื—ื“ืจื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื–ืจืชื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ, ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ืฉื“ื™ื, ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื•ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื’ื•ื’ ื•ืžื’ื•ื’ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ื ื•ืชืจื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืืžื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืืกืื ื™ ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื›ืœื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืœืคืจื•ื— ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจืื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ื•ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•"ืช, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื“. ืจืืฉ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืกื™ื™ื, ื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื "ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืœื”" (ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช: 'ืจื™ืฉ ื’ืœื•ืชื'). ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-7 ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืœื™ื—ืก ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื•ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื ื•ืคื•ืžืคื“ื™ืชื ื ืคืชื—ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ืจืืฉื™ื”ืŸ, ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื, ืžืฉื›ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืื ื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืชื” ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“. ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”"ืจื™ืฉ ื’ืœื•ืชื", ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-8 ืขืœื” ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ืคืœื’ ื“ืชื™, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืงืจืื™ืช, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืขื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ื”ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืืš ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช โ€“ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—'ืœื™ืฃ ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-8 ืœื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช, ืื• ื’ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืœ-ืžืชื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-9, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ืœืขื ื•ื“ ืื•ืช ืงืœื•ืŸ ืฆื”ื•ื‘. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—'ืœื™ืฃ ืืœ-ืžืืžื•ืŸ, ืฆื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ื—'ืœื™ืฃ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›"ืื•ืžื” ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ" ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืกืช ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-11 ื—ืœื• ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื’ืœ ืงื•ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืžืฉื ืช 1027 ื•ืขื“ 1060, ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1027โ€“1031 ืชื™ืขื“ื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื”ื ืจืขื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืจื™ ืžืจืขื” ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1038 ื ืกื’ืจื• ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืกื•ืจื ื•ืคื•ืžืคื“ื™ืชื, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื ืกื’ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-11 ื”ื—ืœื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืชืกื™ืกื” ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ื‘ื•ื™ื”ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื ืžืฆืื” ืงื•ืจืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื (ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ). ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืืœื•, ื ืขืœืžื•ืช ื’ื ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื“ืื“. ืขื“ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื”ื‘ื•ื™ื”ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœืงื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืขื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื—ื™ื›ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื™ื”ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘, ื•ืขืœื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืœืฉืœื ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืจื“ ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื‘ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืชื• ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื–ื–ื• ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืขื™ื ืœืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1045/1046 (ืฉื ืช 437 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช) ืคืฉื˜ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื–ื–ื• ืื•ืชื, ื•ื”ืจืกื• ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืขืชื™ืงื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1121, ืชื—ืช ื”ื—'ืœื™ืฃ ืืœ-ืžืกืชืจืฉื“, ื™ืฆื ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ืฆื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืœืื™ื ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื“'ื™ืžื™", ื•ืฉืืจ ืกืžืžื ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื’ื ื™ื–ื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืจื™ืช, ื”ืฆื• ื ืื›ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื" ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืœ ื•ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•, ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ืื“. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืฆืื• ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ืœื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ ื”ื˜ืœืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื-ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื—'ืœื™ืคื™ื ื ืขื ื• ืœื”ื. ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ื“ืœื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืฉืžืฆื ื‘ืžืกืขื• ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-12 ื›-40,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืขื ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—'ืœื™ืคื•ึผืช ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“, ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืขื–ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืกืคืจื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืคืจื ืงื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืฉื›ื ื–. ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืกื•ืฃ ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-13 ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืชืงื™ืŸ, ื•ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจืกื™ ื”ื•ืจืข ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-15 ืœืžืื” ื”-16 ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืขืžื“ื• ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืžืื” ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ืจื–ืื ื™. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ (ื‘ืจื–ืื ื™). ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ืช 1743 ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื” ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื“ ืžื’ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ืกืคื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืคื ืชื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื’ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืœื” ืฉืžืชื•. ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ โ€“ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœื ื™ืื“ื•, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื“ืงื” ื—ื•ืฆื™ืŸ (ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ) ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ื’ืจ ืืฃ 50 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ ืกืคืจื“ ืžื—ืœื‘ ืœืขื™ืจืืง. ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื“ ื•ื‘ืฆืจื”, ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ื›ื•ืœื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื“ื™, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขืžื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื—ืœื‘, ืžืœื™ื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ืžืกืœื•ื ื™ืงื™ ื•ืืฃ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืกืคืจื“. ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืคืจืก ืฉืชืžื›ื” ื‘ื”ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืขืชื” ื•ืื™ืœืš ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”. ื’ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื’ื•ื™ืกื• ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื—ืœื• ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืฆื“ ื‘ืฆื“ ืœืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืชืขืกื•ืงื”, ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื”ื“ืช, ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื•ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื”. ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื”. ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืชื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ืœืงื—ื” ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ืืฆืช ื”ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื“ืช ืžื™ืœืื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืจืขืจื• ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช. ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืœื•ื• ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ื—ืœืงื” ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ืžืืžืฆืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™. ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœืฆืžื™ื—ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื“ืžื”. ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื—ื‘ืจื” ื“ืชื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื• "ื—ื“ืจ", ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” โ€“ ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืœื ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ืœืžื“ื™. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื ืชืงืœื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื ืขืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื›ื™"ื— ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื–ืœื–ืœื• ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื” ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื”: "ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื˜ื• ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”. ืจื•ื‘ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื“ืชื™, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฉืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืคื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืื™ื ื ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ื ืœื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื". ื›ืžื” ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•, ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”"ื—ื“ืจ" ื”ืคืจื˜ื™, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ืžื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ืคื—ืชื•. ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืจืืง ืฉืืคื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื’ื“ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืขืžืžื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืžืกืคืจื ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขืจื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืคืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื ืžื•ืš ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืœืžืขื ืŸ ื ืคืชื— ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืขืžืžื™ื™ื. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืžืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืคืชื™ื—ืช ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื’ื“ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืช 1934, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื—ื•ืง ื’ื™ื•ืก ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™, ืฉืœืคื™ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืกื“ื™ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืชืจื•ืคืคื•ืช ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื“ืช ื’ืจืžื” ืœืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืจืขืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื” ื ื—ืœืฉืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ืžืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืœืฉื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ื ืคืชื—ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื, ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืืฃ ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืœืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืœื™ืช. ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืžื‘ื™ืช, ืฉืจืฆื• ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืจื‘ื• ื‘ื• ื”ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืืคื” ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืขืžืžื™ื™ื, ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™. ื”ื ื’ื ืจืื• ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืืœื™ ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืœื™ื” ืฉืืคื• ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ. ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืœื”, ื•ืขืฆื ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœื ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืืš ืžืฉืกื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื—ื•ืง ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ืงื‘ืข ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉื“ื›ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื. ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืขื“ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช. ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื• ืกืชื™ืจื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืฉืจื›ืฉ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื›ื™"ื— ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ื™"ื— ื‘ืฉื ืช 1864, ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช, ื•ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืืœื™ื• ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื. ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื ืจืกื•ืŸ, ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. "ื”ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื". ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื›ื™ื ื• ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืฉืงืจ". ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืœื—ื•ืžื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืœื™ืžื™ื”, ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืงืžื• ืœื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืœื™ืื ืก ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ื—ื›ื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืื’ืกื™ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื‘ื“ืจื•ืฉื• "ืœืื™ื–ื” ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืื“ื" ืฉื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืœืžืขื ื” ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื—ื›ื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืื’ืกื™ ืจืื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื–ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1886 ื ื™ืกื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืžืœืื›ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“. ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ืจืื•ืชื ืืช ื™ื—ืก ื”ืขื•ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืช ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ื•ืจืžื” ื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื ืกื’ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืฉื ืช 1893. ืืฃ ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ื•ืจืื• ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื "ืžืฆื•ื“ื“ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืชืžื•ืช ื•ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืขืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื”ื ื•ืžืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื•ืช". ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ืงื ืื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช, ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ื™"ื— ืœื ื”ืืจื™ื›ื” ื™ืžื™ื. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื• ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ื™"ื—, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืฉืœื—ื• ืืœื™ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื” ืกื•ืžืš ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื›ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ืื“. ืื•ื•ื™ืจืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื” ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ื™"ื— ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืจืฉืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืชื™ื”. ื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื• ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื’ื“ืื“. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ื™"ื— ืœืžื“ืจืฉ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”. ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื ื ืขืœื ื›ืœื™ืœ. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ื™"ื— ื•ื”ื ื”ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื ืฉืืคื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ืžืกื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืš ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืกื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืช. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืช, ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื ื™ืชื•ืง ื’ืžื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช. ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื ืฉืžืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ื. ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช, ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื”, ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”. ืœื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืื ื˜ื™-ื“ืชื™ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ. ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื”ื˜ื™ืคื• ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ืฉืชืžืจื• ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ ืœืงื‘ืจื™ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื (ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืœืงื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื) ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช, ืžื ืขื” ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื. ืืœื” ืžืฆื™ื“ื ืœื ื’ื™ืœื• ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ืžืข ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ื•ื›ืš ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื” ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืžืชื‘ื•ืœืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืจืชื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืžื ืขื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ. ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืชื— ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง. ื ื”ื•ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืœื“ ืœื•ืžื“ ืžืกื—ืจ ืื• ืžืœืื›ื” ืžืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™. ืื ื™ืœื“ ืจืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืœืื›ื” ืื—ืจืช, ืื• ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื” ืืฆืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ ืขื ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1869 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ ืžื“ื—ืช ืคืืฉื. ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืœืžื“ ืžืœืื›ื” ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื“ืช, ื™ืฉ ืจืžื–ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื•. ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•: ื ื’ืจื•ืช, ื ืคื—ื•ืช, ืกื ื“ืœืจื•ืช, ืžื›ื ื™ืงื”, ืืจื™ื’ื”, ืืจื™ื’ืช ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื›ืจื›ื•ื›. ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืืœื” ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ื ืขืฉื• ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™. ืืžื ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื›ืืœื” ื ืคืชื—ื• ืขื“ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ืื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™. ืื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืกื’ืจื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื›ืฉื ืฉื ืกื’ืจื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืขื™ืจืืง, ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื™ื–ืžื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1919 ื”ืงืžื” ืื• ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืจื•, ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืื›ื”, ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืœืžื“ื•ืช. ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ื™. ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืจื›ื• ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืžื—ื•ื–. ื›ืฉื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืชืžืขื˜ื” ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืกืžื™ื ืจ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืืžื™ื ื ืฉื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ื‘ืจืืœื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช, ืœื ื”ื•ืงื ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื›ื–ื”. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื”ืœืš ื•ืงื˜ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ื—ื™ื ื, ื•ืืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื (ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื) ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื•ื ืคืชื—ื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื (ืจื•ืงื—ื•ืช, ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื›ื•'), ื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืžืจื•ืก ืงืœืื•ื–ื•ืก ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฉืžื™ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืœื”. ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืืงื“ืžืื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืขื™ืจืืง, ื”ื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” (1901โ€“1910) ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-15 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื ืœืžื“ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจืืง. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ (1941โ€“1950) ืกื™ื™ืžื• ื›-600 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ืžื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื”ื—ืœื• ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ื•ื‘-1941 ื’ืžืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื (1941โ€“1950) ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื›-60 ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœืจื•ืงื—ื•ืช, ืœืจืคื•ืื”, ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื•ื‘ื‘ืฆืจื” ื•ืžืขื˜ ื’ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื ืœื“ืช ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื•ื‘ืฆืจื”, ืžืื– ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื, ืฉืžืกืคืจื ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืคืจื ืกื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืขื•ืจืจื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื’ื•ืจื ืื—ื“ ืžื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื“ืจื›ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืชืจืžื” ืœื”ืืฆืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง. ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืขื ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืขื ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ื•ืขื ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืื—ืจ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ื“ื•ืืจ, ื”ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ ื•ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื–ื™ืจื–ื• ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช ืกื“ืจื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืžืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื. ืžื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ืื•ืจื™ื, ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื, ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ืื ืฉื™ ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ ืžืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขืžื ื”ื“ื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื (1908) ื”ืงื™ืคื” ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ืœืงื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืœื” ืฉื ืกืขื• ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืจืฆื• ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื•. ืขื ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืœื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px| ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ 1906: ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืขื–ืจื, ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืกื, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™, ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคืชื™ื™ื”, ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืขืœื. ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ: ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžื’'ืœื“, ืขื–ืจื ื›ื”ืŸ, ืžืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืืฉ, ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืœืœ, ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื—ื” ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžื’'ืœื“. ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|350px|ืขืžื•ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื ืืœื™ืืก ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืกืคืจ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืจื“ืคื• ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืงืœื˜ ื‘ืคืจืก ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•. ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืคืฉื”, ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ืขืกืงื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”. ื‘-1908, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื“ืช. ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื-ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ืคืจืฆื• ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ื ืคืฆืขื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืขืžื“ "ื—ื›ื ื‘ืืฉื™", ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”. (ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืขืžื“ื” ืžื•ืขืฆื” "ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช" ื‘ืช 60 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืกื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืจื‘ ืจืืฉื™, ืฉื“ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉื”). ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ "ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื", ืฉื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื›ืœืœื™ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ (ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœื• ื‘"ื—ื“ืจื™ื", ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช). ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืช ืžื ื“ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืž-1920, ืžืขืžื“ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื” ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืคืงื“ ืฉืœ 1920 ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ื™ื• 87,488 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื 5 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื“ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช-ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉืจื•ืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง, ืืฃ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ื‘ืžื›ืจื–ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืžืกืคืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ื™ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ืชโ€“ืคืจืกื™ืช ืœืžืกื—ืจ, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืงื• ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื ืžืœ ื‘ืฆืจื” ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืชโ€“ืคืจืกื™ืช ืœื ืคื˜. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื ืชื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ื”ื™ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ื”ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืง ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1920โ€“1923, ื•ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื ื™ื›ืจื” ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜. ืงืฉืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืขื ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ืœื’ืื•ืœื”. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ื ืืฃ ืงื ื• ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืขื™ืจืืง ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืื“ืžื”, ืฉื–ื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื”ื™ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืื ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืจื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืจื™ ืขืฆื ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” ืชื–ื›ื” ืื•ืชื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1853 ื™ื™ืกื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืขื™ืจืืง ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื—ืกื“ืืœ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืขื™ืจืืง. ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ืžื›ืจื• ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืืกืคื• ื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืขืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ: ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื” ื•ืฆืคืช. ื”ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืขืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ืฉื• ื”ื•ื ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1920โ€“1921 ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• 5 ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ "ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ", ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืื”ืจืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง. ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื ื•ื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ, ื“"ืจ ืžื•ืจืื“ ืžื™ื›ืืœ, ื™ืขืงื‘ (ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ) ืœื‘, ืฉืœื•ื ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืฉ, ื"ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”, ื“"ืจ ืกืœืžืืŸ ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืฉ ื•ื“"ืจ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืืœื™ืืก. ื‘-10 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1924 ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ืืœ-ืžืฆื‘ืื—" ("ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”") ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืžื’ืžืช ื”"ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื–ืฆื™ื”" ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืื” ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื ื‘ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช, ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื”. ื‘-14 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1929 ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ "ืืœ-ื—ืืฆื“" ("ื”ืงื•ืฆืจ"), ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื ื•ืืจ ืฉืื•ืœ. ืžืื– ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘-1929, ื—ืœ ืžืคื ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืžืขืชื” ื™ืœืš ื•ื™ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืฆืขื“ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง. ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืœื–ื ื•ื— ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ืœืกื’ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช-ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืื, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืชื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื” ื•ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืชื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื ืขืœื”: ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฆื• ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื’ืจืžื• ื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืœืจืคื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื™ืงืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื—ืœืฉืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ื•ื”-30 ืคืขืœื” "ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื-ื”ื ื”ืจื™ื™ื" ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ื”ืขืœืžืช ืขื™ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช. ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืื”ืจืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ("ื”ืžื•ืจื”") ื•ื”ื™ื• ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื” ืื™ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•"ื“ ืกืœืžืŸ ืฉื™ื ื”. ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™, ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืชื—ืช ืžืขื˜ื” ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ืงื™ื•ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื™ื™ืžืฉืš ื•ืืฃ ื—ืชืžื• ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขืฆื•ืžื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™. ืืš ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1921 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืœืš ืคื™ื™ืกืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1932 ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืฉืžืจ ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืขื™ืจืืง ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืกืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 1933 ืขืœื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื’ืื–ื™ ืžืœืš ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืืคืœื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื“ื ื”ื•ืจืข. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื ื•ืฉืœื• ื•ืคื•ื˜ืจื• ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1934 ืคื•ื˜ืจื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1935 ื”ื•ืจื” ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจโ€“ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1936 ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื• ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืคืฆืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ืช ื•ืื ื˜ื™-ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืืžื™ืŸ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™. ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื 1941, ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืคื•ื’ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืคืจื”ื•ื“", ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืจื“ ืจืฉื™ื“ ืขืืœื™. ื‘ืคื•ื’ืจื•ื ื ืจืฆื—ื• 179 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, 2,118 ื ืคืฆืขื•, 242 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื ื‘ื–ื–. ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืจื›ื•ืฉื ื ื‘ื–ื– ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›-50,000 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืคื•ื’ืจื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฆืจื”. ืœืขื–ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืฆืจื” ื—ืฉื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื; ื•ื”ื’ื ื›ื™ ื ื‘ื–ื– ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืจื‘, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉ. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง. ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืœื• ืกื™ืžื ื• ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืงื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืคึผืจืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื’ื•ืจื ืžืื™ืฅ ืœืฆืžื™ื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉืื™ ืืฉืจ ืคืขืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ืคืขืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1941โ€“1951. ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื•: ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื—ืชืจืช ื–ื• ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช: ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ("ื”ืฉื•ืจื”"), ื•ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขืคืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื”ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืงื™ื "ื’ืฉืจ" ืœืื•ืจืš ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืก ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1942 ื”ื’ื™ืขื•, ืžื"ื™ ืœื‘ื’ื“ืื“, ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื“"ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื ืฆื• ืกื™ืจื ื™ (ื—ื™ื ื•ืš), ืขื–ืจื ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ (ื”ื’ื ื”) ื•ืฉืžืจื™ื” ื’ื•ื˜ืžืŸ (ืขืœื™ื™ื”). ื—ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืขืœ 200, ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืฆืจื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืจื’ื ื• ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืฉื•ืจื”". ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืจืืชื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืœื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื ืคืชื—ื• 23 ืกื ื™ืคื™ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืงืจื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืœืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื’ื ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™ื. ื‘-1947 ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง 125,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื; ื‘-1968 ื”ื™ื• 2,500, ื•ื‘-1996 ื”ื™ื• ื›-120. ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ื’ืœื• ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื ืื• ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืฉื ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช ืืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืืžืฆืขื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ืคืขื™ืœื” ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื”ื. ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืชื—ืช ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจ"ื› ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืขื‘ื“ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืžืœืื›ื”. ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื—ืœืชื ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืš ื”ืžืฉืง ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืชื— ื•ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• "ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื•ืŸ" ืืš ืขื‘ื“ื• ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ื“ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“. ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืจื” ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื โ€“ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื•ื”ืขืจื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืžืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช/ืžืœืื›ื”, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžื™ื“ื™ื. ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•: ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ, ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืฆื•ืจืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื˜. ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจืคื•ืช ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื“ืชื. ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืฆื•ืจืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ืจื•ื•ื— ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื• ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืคื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกืคืงื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื›ืฉื•, ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื›ืชืจื•ืžื” ืื• ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื™ื“ื™ื”ื. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืฉื™ืœืžื” ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืœืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ืœื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืœืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ื, ืœืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื—ืกื“ ื•ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื•'. ืžื‘ื ื” ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ืคื™ ื“ืชื™. ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื™ื•: ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื 5.9% ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ืœ 15.8% ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื–ื‘ื ื•ืช 27.5% ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” 32% ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื›ืจื•ืช 11.1% ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ืขืจื™ื, ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืชืคืจื ืกื• ื‘ื”ืชืื. ืื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื•ืš ื•ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืื™ื›ืจ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื›ื•ืœื”. ืžืฉืžืข, ืื ื”ืื™ื›ืจ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•"ื”ืจืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžื•" ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื”ื ื• ืžื›ืš ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื–ืืช, ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขื•ื ืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืชื•. ืžืฉื ืช 1948 ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืฉืžืืœ|ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ, ืœื–ื›ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืจืืง ืขืจื‘ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืจืจื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฆื‘ืื™, ื•ืื™ืœื• "ื”ืฉื•ืจื”" (ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช) ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืŸ. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”"ืฉื•ืจื”" ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืขืžื“ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืจืชื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžืกืข ื”ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช, ื”ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื•ื—ืžืจ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืขื ื"ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžืื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืขืฆืจื•, ื ื—ืงืจื• ื•ื ืืกืจื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื"ื™, ืื• ืกืชื ื ื—ืฉื“ื• ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ืจื• ื•ื—ืœืงื ื”ื•ืฉืคืœื• ื•ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ืžืขืฆืจ. ืคืจื ืกืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืคื’ืขื” ืงืฉื•ืช. ืื‘ื˜ืœืชื ื’ื‘ืจื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืฆื•ืžืฆืžื”. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•"ื”ืฉื•ืจื”" ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืžืจืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช. ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ืชื•ืš ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช (1932), ื ื ืงื˜ื• ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฅ ืœื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื—ืœืง ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืœื• ืžื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืฉืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘-1948, ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, (ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ืœืœื™ ืฆื‘ื ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื ืขื™ืจืืง ืฉื˜ื•ืคืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ) ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ืจืš ืื™ืจืืŸ. ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื”ื’ืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื”, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืจืš ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื”ื—ืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื–ืจื ื•ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืขื™ืจืืง, ืœืคื™ื” ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืชื• ื•ืขืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื•. ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” โ€“ ืžืขืœ 120,000 ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื ื•ืชืจื• ืืœืคื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™. ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉื ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืขื“ื” ื›ืฉื“ื ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช. ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1978, ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ, ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขื™ืจืืง. 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืžื—ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ื“ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืขื™ืจืืง, 1973 250px|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ| ืžื—ืื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ื“ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, 1973 ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ื‘ืขืช' ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1968โ€“1973, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืกื‘ืœื• ืžื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื ืขื• ืžื”ื ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ืžื• ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื•ื›-50 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืจืฆื—ื•, ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืชืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื‘-1969 ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ืืฆื” ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ืืœืฃ ืžื”ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ืืช ืืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“, ืฉืฉื™ืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ื‘-1991. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1994 ื“ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืขืœ 50 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื ืกื•ื‘ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืง", ืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื“ 25 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืœืขื“ ื›-50 ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืขืžื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขื–ืจื ืขื‘ื“-ืืœืœื”. ื‘ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื›-40 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ื• ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื›-30 ืขื“ 40 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืฉ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืขื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ื ืกื’ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2008 ื“ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ื›ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ื›ื—ื“ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื ืคืฉื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021, ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง 4 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2022, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื™ืจื“ ืœ-3. ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™-ื“ืชื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1864, ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืืœื™ืื ืก ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื (ื›ื™"ื—) ืžืคืจื™ืก. ืขื“ ืื– ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™-ื“ืชื™, ืฉื™ืฆื ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžืงืคืื•ื ื•, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ. ืžืื– ื”ืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ืฉื™ืžืฉ "ื”ื—ื“ืจ", ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™-ื“ืชื™. ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืจืง ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ "ื”ื—ื“ืจ" โ€“ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื“ืจืฉ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•. ืœื›ืŸ, ืจืง ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1832 ืงื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื•ื ืงืจื "ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”". ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืงื ืžืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืื—ื–ืงืชื• ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืชืคื ื™ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชืงื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืืคืฉืจื” ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื ืœืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช. ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื”ื™ืœื“ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื“ืจืฉ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื•ืื ืœื ื ืฉืจ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืื ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืื ืœื ื™ืฆื ืœื—ื™ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื›ื™ืชื•ืช. ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื• ื”ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืจืžื” ื–ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืข. ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ื—ืฆืจื•ืช, ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ืช. ื›ืœ ื—ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื’ื ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืœื›ืœ ืžืœืžื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืืš ืœื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื. ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืœืคื ื™ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืคืกื—. ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืœื ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืงื™ืฅ. ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1936, ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช. ืžืฉืžืจืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืขื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขื“ ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืžืฉืžืจืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืขื” ืื—ื“ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1936 ืขื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉืžืจืช ืื—ืช ืžืฉืขื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขื“ ืื—ืช ื•ื—ืฆื™. ื”ืžืฉืžืขืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ื•ืœืžืชืจืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ื•ืจื“ื” ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืคืจื•ื ื˜ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื• 2 ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื. ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžืงืจื ืื• ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉื ืงืจื "ืืกืชืื“" ืื• "ื—ื›ื" ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉื ืงืจื "ืืคื ื“ื™" (ืื“ื•ืŸ) ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ืขื“ ืœืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ืชืคืœืœื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ. ื›ืฉื ืžืกืจื” ื”ื ื”ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1942, ืžื•ื ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื•. ืžื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืืฃ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืจืืฉ ื•ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืœื˜ืงืกื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื—ืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื ื•ืกืคื• ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื. ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื• ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืชืืžื” ืจืžืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืง ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ. ืื™ ืœื›ืš, ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœื• ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžืฉื›ื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืœืžื“ืจืฉ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืงื•ื ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื. ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืœืขื™ืจืืง ื ืชื ื” ืืช ืื•ืชื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ. ื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ื™"ื— ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื•ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” 19. ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ืจื™ืืŸ (ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•"ืจ ืกื ื™ืฃ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ื™"ื— ื‘ืขื™ืจ) ืคืขืœ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื. "ืืžื ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื“ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื™ื“ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื“ืช ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืžืœืื›ื” ืกื•ืคื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื” ื•ื™ืคื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ". ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ืœืœืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ. ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื—ืฉื“ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจืง ืžืฉื ืช 1882 ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1889 ืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœืœืžื“ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช. ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืคืจืฆื” ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ. "ื‘ืื• ืขื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืจืง ืชื "ืš, ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื”. ืื ื–ืงื•ืง ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช". ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1905 ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ. ืขื ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชื, ื”ืœืš ื•ืคื—ืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืชื—ืกืœ ื›ืœื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืœืžืื” ื”-20, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืื• ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืงื•ื ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืฃโ€“ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช. ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื• ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื• ื’ื ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ โ€“ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1894 ื™ืฆื ื—ื•ืง ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื—ื“ืจ ืื• ื”ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื• โ€“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ืจื‘ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื“ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ (ืื•ื•ืœื™ื”) ืฉื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ื ืขื“ ื›ื™ืชื” ื’' ืื• ื“' ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื“ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืช ื‘ื• ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ืจื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืจืžืชื• ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื“ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1840 ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ืฉื ืงืจืื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื• "ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื‘ื• ืžื ืฉื”" ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ื ืขื‘ื“ืืœืœื” ืกื•ืžืš, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื•ื›ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื "ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื–ืœื›ื”". ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื”, ื›ื ืจืื” ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“. ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืš ื•ืคื—ืช ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœืฉื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื. ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™: ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื ื›ืœืœื• ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ื™"ื—. ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืœื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช ืขืฆื ื”ื›ืœืœืชื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื›ื™"ื—. ืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืœื ื“ื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืชื™ื• ืื• ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“, ืฉื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ. ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืชื›ื ืกื• ื•ื“ื ื• ื‘ื›ืš, ื’ื ืœื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื–ื”. ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ: ื”ื ืขืจ ื ืฉืืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืชื™ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ืชื™, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘. ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื•ื˜ืžื™ืขื”, ื’ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื›ืืœื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืืœืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืื• ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืกืคืง, ืœื ืขื•ืจืจื” ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”. ืื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืœื ืขื•ืจืจ, ื’ื ื”ื•ื, ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื•ื“ืื’ื”, ื›ื™ ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื ื›ื›ื•ืœื, ื’ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ื”, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื ื”ืชืคืœืœื• ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ืืฉืจ ืงืจืื•. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืืœืฃ-ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช. ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืœื ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืฉืคื” ืื• ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”. ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื”, ืื“ืจื‘ื โ€“ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื•ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืœื•ืขื–ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืงื•ืคื”. ื“ืื’ืชื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืจื ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืชื•ื ื”, ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืฆืขื™ืจ ืื• ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื•ืœืชืคื•ืก ืžืงื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืฉื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื” ืžื’ืžื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืืœืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื ื”ืขืกื™ืงื” ืื•ืชื ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ื ื’ื ืœื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืืฉืจ ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1932 ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืžืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ืืช ืœืžืงืฆื•ืข ื™ืจื•ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืฆื ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื›ื ืจ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ื•ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืกืืœื— ืืœ-ื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™, ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืงืื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ืขืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืžืฉื ืช 1941 ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 1951, ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืงืื ื•ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกืœืžืืŸ, ื”ื—ืœื™ืœืŸ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืืœื™ืืก ื•ืขื•ื“. ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ืขืจื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืงืื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื•ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืกืœื™ื ืืœ ื ื•ืจ, ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื“ ื•ื”ื–ืžืจ ืืœื™ืืก ืฉืืฉื, ื”ืื—ื™ื ืกืœืื— ื•ื“ืื•ื“ ืืœ ื›ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื, ื”ื–ืžืจ ืคื™ืœืคืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืžื”ื ื’ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืขื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื›ื ืจ ื•ื”ื–ืžืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื ืื™ ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื“ ืืœื™ ืฉื’ื‘. ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื’ื ื• ื‘ื—ืคืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช (ืฆ'ืœืจื™) ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื ื’ื ื™ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื–ื• ืžื•ืกื (ื™ืœื™ื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื ื’ื ื™ื ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื. ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ื”ื›ื ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื•. ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ืจื•ื‘ ืืœื” ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ื™ืขื–ืจ, ืฉื›ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ืฉ 2,500 ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื™ื; ื•ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆืจ ื›-50 ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžืกืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ืœืื•ืžื™, ื›ืžื• ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• "ืœื ื™ืฉื ื’ื•ื™ ืืœ ื’ื•ื™ ื—ืจื‘", ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช, ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ืจืื• ื’ื ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื–ืจื ื•ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื”ืคืจื”ื•ื“ ืฉืคื™ืง ืขื“ืก ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืื—ื™ื ืกืœืื— ื•ื“ืื•ื“ ืืœ-ื›ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’ืคื ื™, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžืจื›ื– ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื–ืจ ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 1990 ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸึพื™ืขืงื‘, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืงืจื™ืชึพืกืคืจ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื›"ื”; ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” 1979 ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืขืงื‘, ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืืจืžื™ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ืชืฉืž"ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืกืขื“ื•ืŸ (ืขื•ืจืš), ืขื™ืจืืง, ื‘ืกื“ืจืช "ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืข-ืขืฉืจื” ื•ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื", ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™, 2002 ื ืกื™ื ืงื–ื–, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™, 1991 ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืฆืœืืœ, ืœื‘ื“ื ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืจ ื”ืงืฅ: ื›ืš ื ืขืœืžื” ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืจืืง, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืกืคืจื™ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘, 1976 ืจืคืืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉืžืŸ, ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืžื•ืกืฃ "ืงื•ืœืžื•ืก", 39 ืจืคืืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉืžืŸ, "ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืœื” ื”ืœืœ ืžื‘ื‘ืœ", ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืžื•ืกืฃ "ืงื•ืœืžื•ืก", 40 ืื”ืจืŸ ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžืจื›ื– ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื–ืจ, 2007, ืคืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื™: ื™ื—ืกื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืขื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืขืž' 143โ€“156 ืคืจื™ืืœ ื—ื•ืจืฉ, ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง โ€“ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื” ื•ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—, ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 1984 ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืื™ืจ, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง, ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™-ื“ืชื™ ืขืžื•ื“ 23โ€“24, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื ื”ืจื™ื โ€“ ืžืจื›ื– ืœื”ืคืฆืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง 1989 ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช-ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ืจืžืช ืืคืขืœ : ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื—ื™ื™ื ื™' ื›ื”ืŸ, ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช; ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื ื• โ€“ ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื—ืงืจ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืกื™ื” ื•ืืคืจื™ืงื”, 1969 ืชืงื•ื” ื“ืจื•ื™ืฉ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ 1987 ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื‘ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ืžืจื›ื– ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ" 2013 ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื ืกืงื™, ืชืงื•ื” ื“ืจื•ื™ืฉ-ืœืงืจ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืืจื ืกื˜ ืงืจืื•ืก, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, 1991 ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื’ื™ื‘, ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื ื”ืจื™ื™ื โ€“ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฆืจื” 1914โ€“1952, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืจืžืœ, 2004 ื—ื ื” ืœึดื‘ื ื”, ืžืชื—ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื–ืจื•ืขื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–'ืงืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื™ื-ืงื™ืจื™, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, 2013 ื’ื™ืœื” ืกื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื™ื•ื ื”, ืœื”ื’ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื”ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืชืฉืข"ื“โ€“2013 ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, 2023 ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืชืจ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ืืชืจ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ืืชืจ ื•ื™ืงื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืจืืง ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืชื™ื”: ืžื‘ื•ื, ื™ื”ื•ืฉื•ืข ื’ืคื ื™ ื—ื ื” ืคืชื™ื”, ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืคื™ื•ื˜ ื”ืคืจื”ื•ื“ ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื“ื ืœื• ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจืืง ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืฉืขื–ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื•ื”-70 ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื–ืฃ, ืงื™ืคื™ืœ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ, 2003, ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืืชืจ shezaf.net ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื“ืคื ื” ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™, "ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1914", ืคืขืžื™ื 36, ืงื™ืฅ ืชืฉืž"ื— 1988, ืขืž' 7โ€“34 ืืกืชืจ ืžืื™ืจ, ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” โ€“ ืกืงื™ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื™ืจืืง, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืก"ื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืž' ืœื ื“ืื•, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื ืจื’'ื•ืืŸ โ€“ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’ืคื ื™, ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืชื™ื”: ืžื‘ื•ื, ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ (ืชืงืฆื™ืจ), ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-11 ืžืชื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœื•ืฃ, , ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืกืชืจ ืžืื™ืจ-ื’ืœื™ืฆื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจืืง 1950โ€“1951: ืžื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืขืชืžื•ืœ 237, ืขืž' 7โ€“10 ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืจืืง, ืžืื•ืกืคื™ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืขื™ืจืืง: ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืื
2024-10-11T03:13:45
ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช
REDIRECTืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘
2006-06-24T16:55:47
ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
REDIRECT ืฉื™ืจืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืจื“
2005-06-10T18:04:44
ืžืจื›ื– ืกื•ื–ืŸ ื“ืœืœ
ืžืจื›ื– ืกื•ื–ืŸ ื“ืœืœ ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ื•ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื– ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืชื—ื ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื ื•ื•ื” ืฆื“ืง ืฉื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื›ื–ื•ื›ื” ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉ"ืข 2010. ืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช ืžืจื›ื– ืกื•ื–ืŸ ื“ืœืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื ืช ืคื™ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืจื›ื– ืกื•ื–ืŸ ื“ืœืœ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘-1989 ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื“ืœืœ ื”ืœื•ื ื“ื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ ืงืจืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื“ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื, ืกื•ื–ืŸ, ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื’'ืง ื“ืœืœ, ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืืฉืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื”ืœืžืจ, ื“ื™ื™ืœืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืกื•ื–ืŸ ื“ืœืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืคืชื— ืงืจื™ื™ืจืช ืจื™ืงื•ื“. ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1981, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 25, ืžืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ. ืžืžืžื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื ื•ื•ื” ืฆื“ืง ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืจืฆื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ืžืชื—ื ื”ืžืื›ืœืก ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื (ืืœื™ืื ืก)", ื•ืœืžื•ืœื• ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" (ืžื•ื›ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื™ืืœื™"). ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื ื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืคื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1908. ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืืœื™ืื ืก" ื™ืฆืื• ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ืืฆ"ืœ ืœื”ืชืงืคืช ื”ืืฆ"ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืคื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1948. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืกืœื™ืง. ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื. ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉื•ืคืฅ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช-ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืื– "ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื•ื” ืฆื“ืง". ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื•, ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ืžืจื›ื– ืกื•ื–ืŸ ื“ืœืœ. ืืจื‘ืขืช ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืชื—ื ื”ื•ืกื‘ื• ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœ. ืืœื• ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืžื•ืคืขื™ ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื. ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื”ืžืชื—ื ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1989, ืœืคื™ ืชื›ื ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืฉืœืžื” ืื”ืจื•ื ืกื•ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ื. ืืœื• ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ืกื™ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ืืฉืจ ื ืขืงืจื• ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ื•ื” ืฆื“ืง, ื•ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ืื–. ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืื”ืจื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืก ืจื›ื˜ืจ. ืžื ื›"ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืžื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื• ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2020 ื”ื™ื” ื™ืื™ืจ ื•ืจื“ื™. ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืช-ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืื ืกืžื‘ืœ ื‘ืช-ืฉื‘ืข, ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœ ืขื ื‘ืœ ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœ ืขื ื‘ืœ ืคื™ื ื˜ื• ื•ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืคื•ืœืง. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ื”, ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื "ื“ืื ืกืื™ืจื•ืคื”", "ืžื—ื•ืœืื—ืจ", "ืžื—ื•ืœื•ื”ื˜", "ื”ืจืžืช ืžืกืš - ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช", "ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœ", ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืคืœืžื ืงื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื” ืืจื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืœื˜ ืงืœืืกื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื ื” ืคื•ืจืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ื•ืขืจ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1992โ€“1995 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื—ื•ืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืžื—ื•ืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ื ื•ื•ื” ืฆื“ืง ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•: ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•: ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•: ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช
2024-02-15T02:50:34
ืœื™ืžื•ื“
REDIRECT ืœืžื™ื“ื”
2004-12-20T21:30:38
ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ, 1557 ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px|ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื ื˜ื• ืฉื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ืื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ื“ื ื ื’ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืืฉืžื” ื‘ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ื ื•ืฆืจื™. ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืงืช ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’ (ืื™ื ืงื•ื ื‘ื•ืœื•ื), 1493 ื˜ืงืกื˜=ืงืจื•ื ื•ืก ืื•ื›ืœ ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื•. ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืคื˜ืจ ืคืื•ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ืก|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|ืงืจื•ื ื•ืก ืื•ื›ืœ ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื•. ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืคื˜ืจ ืคืื•ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ืก ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืื• ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื“ื (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Cannibalism), ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื’ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื. ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื›ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงืช ืจืขื‘, ืื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขื ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืกื™ืŸ, ื•ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื˜ืงืกื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื• ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื ืคื•ืฅ ืืฆืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื”. ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ื™ื”, ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืคื™ื’'ื™, ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื” ื•ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ืกืื–ื™. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืื™ืจืขื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืขืจื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื, ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ืกื“ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื, ื•ืงื ืื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘-1098, ื‘ืขืช ืžืกืข ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ืจื•ื–ืŸ ื˜ื•ืœื•ื– ื•ื‘ื•ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ืกื™ืš ืื ื˜ื™ื•ื›ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืžืขืจืช ื-ื ื•ืขืžืืŸ, ืืš ื ื•ืชืจื• ื ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื‘ื—, ื•ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื“ื. ืื™ืจื•ืข ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืœืืกืœืื. ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืกืข, ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช ื’ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ืจืื• ื‘ื”ื ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื, ื•ืงื ืื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื, ืืš ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืจื•ื‘ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ื›ืคื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ื™ืชื ืž"ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช". ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืงืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืขื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื’ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืžืขืฉื” ื ืชืขื‘. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืขืจื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื ืื• ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืชื’ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1820 ื™ืฆืื” ืกืคื™ื ืช ืฆื™ื“ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืืกืงืก, ืžื”ืื™ ื ื ื˜ืงื˜ ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ืคื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจืš 26 ืžื˜ืจ (ืžืฉืงืœื• ื”ืžื•ืขืจืš ื”ื•ื 80 ื˜ื•ืŸ) ื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื”, ื•ื’ืจื ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืขื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืชืจื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ืฆ'ื™ืœื”. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื™ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื”, ื”ื ืคื—ื“ื• ืžื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื (ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื—ืจ ืœื—ืฉืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื). ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืกืข ืœื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืžืฉืื–ืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื, ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืžืชื™ื”ื, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืžืฆื‘ื ืขื•ื“, ื”ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื’ืจืœื” ืืช ืžื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ืคืชื•. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1847 ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื›-90 ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืœืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, "ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื“ื•ื ืจ", ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื“ื•ื ืจ (George Donner) ื ืœื›ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ ืกื™ื™ืจื” ื ื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืกื•ืคืช ืฉืœื’ ื•ื ื—ืœืฆื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1848. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืžืชื™ื. ื‘-1866 ื”ืชืคืจืกื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื“ื•, ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืืช ื‘ืฉืจื• ื”ื•ื, ื‘ื”ืกืชืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ืฆืœ ืžืื ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ืฉืจื˜ื•ืŸ, ื ืืœืฅ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื, ื•ืœืงื” ื‘ื”ืœื. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ื ื’ื•โ€“ืขืจื‘ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1892โ€“1894 ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ืงืจื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืกื•ื•ืื”ื™ืœื™-ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช, ื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื“ื ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื‘ึทึผื˜ึทืืœึถื˜ึทื”, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ื. ืœืคื™ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœืคื—ื•ืช 2,000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื ืื›ืœื•, ื•ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืชื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืœืจืื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืขื™ืจ. ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื’ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื• ืขื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื›ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ "ืงึฐืจึฒื‘ึดื™". ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื“ื™ื™ื’ื• ืจื™ื‘ืจื” ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘-1904, ื”ื•ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื ืื›ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื’ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืงื ื• ืžื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™. ืจื™ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœื”ืœื ืฉื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื”. ืจื™ื‘ืจื” ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“. "ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืคืชื— ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืขืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ื›ื ืช, ืืš ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจืช. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื– ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืชื ืขืจื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ." ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืกื‘ืœื” ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืจืขื‘ ื”ืžื•ื ื™, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืขื‘ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื›ืคื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืจืขื‘ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”-BBC, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืื›ืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืจื’ื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืกืคื™ื ืžื”ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 2.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœ-10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืขืœ ืœื ื™ื ื’ืจื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื’ืจื ืœืจืขื‘ ื›ื‘ื“, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื. ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขืฆืจื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ 2,015 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื, ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื• ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช: ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœ"ืื›ื™ืœืช ื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืื“ื" ื•ืœ"ืจืฆื— ืื“ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืื›ืœื•". ืจื•ื‘ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ, ืจื•ื‘ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ืชื•ืจืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืื›ื™ืœืชื•, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจืขื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื—ืœื• ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื“ื, ื›ืฉื›ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืงื™ืฆื™ื. ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื˜ื•ืงื™ื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื“ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ืŸ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื. ื‘-1942 ื‘ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ, ื•ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื“ื, ื—ืœืงื” ืืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื•ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืฃ ืžืืกื™ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื. ื›ืš ืชื•ืขื“ื• ืจืฆื— ื•ืื›ื™ืœืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืื™ื™ ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืืกื™ืจื™ื ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืืจืชื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ. ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืงื•ืจื•ื•ืื™ (ื›-3,000 ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื) ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืื™ ืคืคื•ืื” (ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”) ืชื•ืขื“ื” ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื“ื ื˜ืงืกื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืฉืœื ื‘ืขืช ืงืจื‘. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืกืคืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ื ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ืื“ื. ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื‘-1998 ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื“ื. ื‘-2005 ื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื™ื ื”ื ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ืฆื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืื•ื›ืœ. ื‘-2007 ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืชื•ืขื“ื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื™ ืื•ื ืก, ื’ื ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืžื‘ื™, ืจืฆื— ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ืื›ื™ืœืช ื’ื•ืคืชื. ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” - ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื“ื™ ืืžื™ืŸ, ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื“ื ื˜ืงืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื•, ืืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื— ืžืขื•ืœื. ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืžื“ื™ืกื™ืŸ ืกืืŸ ืคืจื•ื ื˜ื™ืืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื•ืชื™ืขื“ ืžืขืฉื™ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื“ื, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืกืข ืฉืœื”ื ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ื›ื” ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉื›ื ื” ื’ื™ื ืื”. ืืš ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื ื™ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช (ืืžื ืกื˜ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ) ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื ืœืคืจืกืžื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš, ื•ืฆื™ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ื”ื•ืคืฆื• ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื“ื ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื”, ื•ืžืคืงื“ื™ ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืืฃ ื”ืชืจื‘ืจื‘ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื ื‘ื›ืš. ืกื™ื™ืจื” ืœืื•ืŸ - ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘-1991 ื•ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื“ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื. ืกื•ืจื™ื” - ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013 ืชื•ืขื“ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœืฉื” ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืจื“ื™ ืืœ-ืงืืขื“ื” (ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืกื•ื ื™ื) ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื (ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื), ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ื•ืžืฉื ื ื™ื ืืœืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืืกืœืืžื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื’ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื”. ืืฆืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ ืืœื™ืœ - ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ ืจื•ืคืื™ ืืœื™ืœ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืคื’ื™ื, ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ. ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ, ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืื™ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื“ืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืื’ื”ื•ืจื™ (Aghori) ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื’ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืจืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืงื‘ ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื, ื’ื™ืœื ืื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ืฆืจืขืช ืœื ื ืฉืจืคื• ืืœื ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื’ืื ื’ืก. ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื˜ื”ืจื” ืžืœืื” ืื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื›ืœ ื˜ืื‘ื•, ื•ื“ืจื›ื ื”ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœื•ืช, ืœื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืจืคืช ื’ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ื™ืžืจื— ื‘ืืคืจ ืžืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื•ื›ืŸ, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ืขื” ืœื˜ื”ืจื” ืžืจื‘ื™ืช, ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื. ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื“ืืขืฉ ืžื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืื–ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืžื‘ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื”ื ืืฆืœ ืงืจื˜ืœ ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ CJNG, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงืจื˜ืœ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื˜ืœ ืฉืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื›ื˜ืงืก ื—ื ื™ื›ื”. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื‘ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœ ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™. ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1972 ื”ืชืจืกืง ืžื˜ื•ืก ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืื ื“ื™ื, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆ'ื™ืœื” ืœืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื‘ ื•ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ืคืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื ื™ื˜ ื•ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฅ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืจื— ื•ื”ืฉืœื’ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžืกื•ืง ืฆ'ื™ืœื™ืื ื™ ื—ื™ืœืฅ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ืชืจืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืคื™ืจืก ืจื™ื“ ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ืฉื "ืœื—ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ื”ืื ื“ื™ื". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1993 ื”ื•ืคืง ืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1991 ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื”ืกื“ืจืชื™ ื’'ืคืจื™ ื“ืื”ืžืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ 11 ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื“ื™ืจืชื•. ื“ืื”ืžืจ ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื›ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1997 ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื”ืกื“ืจืชื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืกืคืกื™ื‘ืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื’ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื. ื‘-12 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2002 ื ืชืคืก ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืืจืžื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื•ื•ืก, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืจื’ ืื“ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ ื“ืจืš ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื›ืœ ืืช ื‘ืฉืจื•, ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ. ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื•, ืฉื”ืจื’ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืจืฆื—. ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• 8 ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืืกืจ, ืืš ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš, ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืืกืจ ืขื•ืœื. ื‘-27 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2012 ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉืจืฆื— ืฉื™ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืื›ืœ ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื ื•ืืช ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื”ื. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื”"ืงืืจื™ื‘" ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœื”ื. ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืืฆืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ื›"ืงื ื™ื‘ื”". ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื›ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื–ื” "ืงื ื™ื‘ืœ" ื•ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืคืก ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื‘ืฉืคืช ื”"ืงืืจื™ื‘" "ืงื ื™ื‘ืœ" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ืื“ื ืขื–-ืจื•ื—". ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื” ืœืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ื ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื”ืืงืœื•ื˜ "ืžืกืขื•ืช". ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ืž-1553. ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืื“ื ื ืงืจืื• "ืœื•ื“ื™ื". ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ "ืœื•ื“ื™ื", ืฉืจืฉ"ื™ ืžืคืจืฉ "ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืื“ื ื”ืŸ". ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืฆื•ื•ืืช ื”ืจื™ื‘"ืฉ" ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ ืฉืœ "ืœื•ื“ื™ื" ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ืื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ื ื™ืฆืœ ื‘ื ืก, ืืš ื ืžื ืข ืžื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”, ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ืกืขืจื” ื›ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจืช ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช "ืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ", ืื ื’ืจืžื” (ืขืจื‘ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช) ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื” ืงื ื™ื‘ืœ. ื‘ืกืคืจ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ื–ื• ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ืžืฉื‘ื˜ "ืงืืจื™ื‘" ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ื˜ื” ื‘ืืœื” ืขืœ ืจืืฉื. ืคื•ืœ ืกืจื” ื“ืœ ืกืื’ืื•ืก (Paul Serre del Saguรฉs) ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื‘ืกืคืจ, ืจืฉื ื›ืš ืขืœ "ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื" ืžืงื•ืกื˜ื” ืจื™ืงื”: "ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืขื•ืจืคื• ื”ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื•ืื– ื”ืฉืืžืืŸ ืคืชื— ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื–ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ืืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื˜ืขื ืื•ืชื•. ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื• ื‘ื™ืชืจื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœื”, ื•ื—ื™ืœืงื• ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืชื™ืจืก ื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื ื›ืคึถื˜ื™ืฉ (ืขืฆื ื ืขืจืฅ)". ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื, ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืกื•ื›ืŸ, ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืœืช ื”ืงื•ืจื• ื—ืฉื•ื›ืช ื”ืžืจืคื. ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ืื™ืฉื” ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ืคืกืœ ืฉืœ ืœืื•ื ืจื“ ืงืจืŸ, 1650. ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืกื˜ื•ืจืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ื• ืžืืช ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื“ื” ื’ื•ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ 1819 ืœ-1823 ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืืฉืžื” ื‘ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืืœื ืื ืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืขื‘ื“ื™ื. ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื”, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื - ืกื•ื—ืจื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ ืžืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ืก ืฉืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช, ืืš ื ืขืœื ื›ืฉืืœื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืืฆื˜ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”. ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืช ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื: ืจืขื‘. ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืื ืืกืื–ื™ ืœื ืื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื ืขื“ ืฉืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืฆืžืฆืžื• ืืช ืžืžื“ื™ื• ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ืžืฉื”ื™ื”. ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืื™ ื”ืคืกื—ื. ื”ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื• ืžื™ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื• ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื”. ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืชืช ืขืฆื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืงื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื•ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืฅ (ื’ืจื™ืจืช ื•ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืคืกืœื™ ื”ืขื ืง) ื—ื™ืกืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจ. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื ื‘ืฆืจ ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื ื™ืžืื™ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื ืœืฆืืช ืœืœื‘ ื™ื ื•ืœืฆื•ื“ ืืช ืžื–ื•ื ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™, ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ. ืžืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื™ ืœืกืคืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื’ื ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืชื™. ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืคืกืง ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืจืง ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื• ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ื‘ืงืชื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ืขื“ ืœืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืงืจื‘ื• ืœืืœื™ืœื™ื. ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืื™, ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืื“ื ื‘ืื™ ื”ื•ื "ื‘ืฉืจ ืืžืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื™". ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื™ื - ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืžืื™ื ืฉื ืงืœืขื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืœืœื ืื•ื›ืœ. ื˜ืงืกื™ ืื‘ืœื•ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืžืชื™ื”ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—). ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื ื”ื’, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืฉื ืžื—ืœืช ืงื•ืจื• ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืกืžืžื ื™ื” ืœืžื—ืœืช ืงืจื•ื™ืฆืคืœื“-ื™ืขืงื‘ ("ื”ืคืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช"). ืžื—ืœื” ื–ื• ืชืงืคื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืžื ื”ื’ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื”. ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืงื˜ืœื” ื›-200 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื”ื•ืคืกืง. ืงื‘ืœืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืื›ื™ืœื”. ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืœืชื•ื›ื. ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืืจื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืžื™ืฅ, ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฆื‘ื™ - ื–ืจื™ื–, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืžืฅ ืœื‘ื. ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื, ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื•ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืฉืขื•ืช ืื• ื›ื’ืžื•ืœ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ืขื•ื•ืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉืคื” ื‘"ืขืžื™ ื•ืชืžื™", ืœืžื™ื” ืžื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื‘ื” ื™ืื’ื” ืžื”ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื”ืกืœืื‘ื™. ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ืืกื˜ืก, ื˜ืจืื•ืก, ื˜ื ื˜ืœื•ืก, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืงืจื•ื ื•ืก. ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื ืืกื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืื›ืœื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช, ืคืจืง ื‘ ื”ืœื›ื” ื’, ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืฉื” (ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง "ื–ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืชืื›ืœื•"), ืืš ืœื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื ืชืขืฉื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžืœืงื•ืช. ืื—ืช ื”ืงืœืœื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื ื”ื™ื ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžืจืขื‘ ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”: "ื•ืื›ืœืชื ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ื›ื, ื•ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื›ื ืชืื›ืœื•" (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›"ื•, ื›"ื˜), ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืื™ื›ื”, ื›ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ "...ื ืฉื™ื ืจื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืœื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ...". ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืื–ื›ืจื™ื ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื "ื•ืื›ืœืชื ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื›ื" (ืคืจืฉืช ืขืงื‘) - ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื›ืœื‘ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ืืœ ืœื”ื ืœืคื—ื“ ืž"ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ", "ื›ื™ ืœื—ืžื ื• ื”ื" - ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื—ื ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ (ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื ื ืฆื— ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืœื—ื, ืื• ื‘ืฉืจ, ื‘ืœื™ ืžืืžืฅ. ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ (ืคืจืง ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช) ืžื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืžื–ืจื™ื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืกืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ: ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ: ืฉืขื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” - ืžืื›ืœ ืœื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื™ื” - ืžืื›ืœ ืœืกื˜ื™ื, ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืื›ืœ ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ืŸ, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช - ืžืื›ืœ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช - ืžืื›ืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื. ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ: 'ืœื•ื“ื™ื' - ืื•ืžื”, ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืŸ: ืงื ืœื™ื‘"ืฉ ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืื“ื ื”ื, ื•ืจืขื‘ืชื ื™ื. ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืขื 'ืœื•ื“ื™ื', ื•ื ื™ืฆืœื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฆื“ืงืชื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืžืกืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืชืคืก ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืื“ื. ืืœื• ืงืฉืจื• ืื•ืชื ืœืขืฅ ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืืช ืกืขื•ื“ืชื, ื›ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืฉ"ื˜ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื‘ืขืฉ"ื˜ ืฉื›ื— ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœืžืขื˜ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืฃ-ื‘ื™ืช. ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืืœืฃ-ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ื•ื ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื’ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืื ืฉื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืื•ืชื. ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืžื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ืขืœ ืœื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™, ื›ืฉ'ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื“ื' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืื“ื - ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ 'ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข'. ื‘ืืกืœืื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืื›ืœื• ืืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื: ื”ื™ื ื“ ื‘ื ืช ืขื•ืชื‘ืŸ, ืืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืฉืื›ืœื” ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ (ืื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื‘) ืฉืœ ื—'ืืžื–ื” - ืื—ื™ื• ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืจืฆื— ืืช ื“ื•ื“ื”. ื—'ืืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืืœ-ื•ืœื™ื“, ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืื™ืกืœืืžื™ ืžืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื•ืื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืจ ืฉืื›ืœ ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืฉืœื ืžื™ืกื™ื ืœืื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืจ. ื‘ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืื ื”ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืœืช ืœืžืžื“ื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืงืืœื™. ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืื“ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื›ืฉืคื” ืžื”ื ื–ืœ ื•ื’ืจื˜ืœ, ื”ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื ืฉืžื ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื•ื—ืชื”. ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื”ืืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืขื ืง ืžื–ืžืจ . ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืขื™"ื’ (ืขื ืง ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ), ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืจื•ืืœื“ ื“ืืœ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข, ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื. ื”ืขื ืง ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื›ืš. ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืจืกื ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ 'Cannibal Holocaust' (ืฉื•ืืช ื”ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื), ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืฆืœื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืื“ื, ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก, ื•ื ืขืœื. ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ืžื™ื›ืœื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืื•ืชื ืื˜ ืื˜, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื. ื”ืกืจื˜ ืจื•ื•ื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืžืขืฉื™ ืื•ื ืก ื•ืจืฆื—. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื’ื ืžืชืขื“ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ ืจื•ื’ืจื• ื“ืื•ื“ื˜ื• ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ืืฉืžืช ื”ืคืฆืช ืชื•ืขื‘ื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื›ืŸ ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ืกืจื˜ื” ืืš ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื•. ื”ืกืจื˜ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืงืจื ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืขื–ืข ื•ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืจืื• ื’ื ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื (ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”) ื”ืฆืขื” ืฆื ื•ืขื” ืžื—ืœืช ืงืจื•ื™ืฆืคืœื“-ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืคืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช ืกืคื’ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื "ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืื ื™ื” ืžื™ื’ื ืึธื ืขื˜ - 1884. "ื”ืžื’ื™ื“", ืฉื ื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ืžืก' 46, 27 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1884, ืขืž' 7; ืžืก' 49, 18 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1884, ืขืž' 7. ื”ืขืชืง ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš: "ืฉืคืช ื”ื™ื" - ื™ื ื•ืกืคื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื”, 1856-1918. ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื * ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
2024-09-16T22:37:51
ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”
ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|200px|ื‘ื•ืœ ื“ื•ืืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, 1952 ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื™ื•ึนื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื– ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ ืคื™ื ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืคืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืฃ ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื•ืœืคื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื•ืจืžืŸ, ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืขื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื’ื ืืช ื›ืคืจ ืกื™ืœื‘ืจ. ื˜ืงืก ื”ื ื—ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจืš ื‘-13 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1950 ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ืœื”ืงืžืชื•, ืคืจื“ ืžื•ื ื•ืกื•ืŸ, ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“, ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืคืจื™ืฉ ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจื•ืงื—. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืคืจื™ืฉ, ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1950 ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืžื•, ื•ื’ื ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืกืžื•ืš. ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ื ืš ื‘-13 ื‘ืžืื™ 1952. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื ื›ื—ื• ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืฉืจื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช, ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื‘-1960 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ืงื•ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ. ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•, ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื•. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1986 ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ืื•ืœื ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžื‘ื ื”, ืฉื”ื•ืกื‘ ื’ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืขื 250 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืงืžืช ืื•ืœื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ 400 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ืฉืžืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืจืกืงื•, ืฉื‘ื ืชื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ืืช ืžื’ื“ืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืคืจื™ืฉ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1997 ื—ืชื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ "ืงืœื“ืฉ", ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช", ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื’ื“ืœ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืŸ 20 ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืžืจื” ืœืงื‘ืœ 50% ืžืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘-2002 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช "ืงืœื“ืฉ", ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2003 ืชืžื•ืจืช 6 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืขืกืงื”, ื‘ืžืื™ 2004, ืžื›ืจื” ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจืช "ืงืœื“ืฉ" ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืืœื™ ื˜ื”ืจื™ ืชืžื•ืจืช ื›-6.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื’ื“ืœ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ 25 ืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืžืขืœ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ; ื•ืœื™ื™ืขื“ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืื•ืคื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคืกืงื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื "ZOA TLV", ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืขืจื•ืฅ 8, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ืืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”, ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื•ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 2009 ื”ื•ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ 1.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื•ืชื›ื ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืžื™ืงืœื” ืกื™ืžืื•ื ื”. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2012 ื—ื–ืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืฉื‘ืžืชื—ื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืœืžื•ืช, ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื "ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืื•ืจืœื ื“ื•", ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกืงื” ืฉืœ 15 ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017 ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืงื•ืžืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ื ืงื•ืœื™ื ืจื™. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื‘ื•ืข ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ืคืขื™ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืคืขื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื–ืžืจ, ื›ื ืกื™ื, ืกืžื™ื ืจื™ื, ืกื“ื ืื•ืช, ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื, ื™ืžื™ ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืžืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืขืœื™ื”, ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืขื ืžืคืขืœื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื›ื•, ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ, ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก. ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืคื™ืœ, ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืืžืจื™, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ื ื’' (ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื), ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืคื”, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืืŸ, ืื ืกืžื‘ืœ ืจื ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช, ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืืจืฆื™ืช ืœื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืื™ืจื— ื‘ื™ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืืช ืกื“ืจืช ืžื•ืคืขื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ ืกื˜ื•ืจ, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ 2. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื›ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœืช ืžืกืขื“ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ืงืก ื”ื ื—ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื™ื•ืžื ื™ ื›ืจืžืœ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1950 (ื”ืชื—ืœื” 2:45) ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•: ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•: ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”:ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•: ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช
2023-11-09T06:58:56
ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ื ื’'
ื”ืคื ื™ื” ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
2016-03-12T07:01:51