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Hair loss is a common problem that affects many people, regardless of age or gender. It can be a source of frustration and low self-esteem, and it’s important to address it as soon as possible. While many products and treatments are available to help with hair loss, many contain harsh chemicals and can be expensive. If you’re looking for a more natural solution, there are several options that you can try at home to help stop hair loss immediately.
We will explore the causes of hair loss and the various natural remedies you can use to prevent it. We’ll also provide tips on maintaining healthy hair and scalp and what to avoid to protect your hair from further damage.
Causes of hair loss:
Several factors can contribute to hair loss, including genetics, hormonal imbalances, certain medications, stress, and poor diet. Understanding the cause of your hair loss can help you determine the best course of action for treatment.
- Genetics: One of the most common causes of hair loss is genetics. If you have a family history of hair loss, you’ll likely experience it at some point in your life. This type of hair loss is called androgenetic alopecia, and it’s caused by the hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT can shrink hair follicles, leading to thinning hair and, eventually, hair loss.
- Hormonal imbalances: Hormonal imbalances can also cause hair loss. For example, women may experience hair loss during pregnancy, menopause, or after giving birth due to changing hormone levels. In men, low testosterone levels can lead to hair loss.
- Certain medications: Some medications, such as those used to treat cancer or depression, can cause hair loss as a side effect. Talk to your doctor about the potential for hair loss when taking any new medications.
- Chronic and Oxidative Stress: Chronic and oxidative stress can contribute to hair loss. Chronic stress refers to ongoing stress that lasts for an extended period of time and can have negative effects on the body, including hair loss. This type of stress can cause the body to produce higher levels of the hormone cortisol, which can lead to hair loss.Oxidative stress occurs when the body is unable to effectively repair and remove damaged cells, leading to an accumulation of harmful substances called free radicals. This can cause inflammation and damage the hair follicles, leading to hair loss.
- Poor diet: A diet that is lacking in essential nutrients can also contribute to hair loss. Hair is made up of protein, so getting enough protein in your diet is important to support healthy hair growth.
Natural remedies for hair loss:
There are several natural remedies that you can try at home to help stop hair loss immediately. These remedies are often cheaper and less harsh than products and treatments that you can buy, and they may be more effective for certain types of hair loss.
- Scalp massage: Massaging your scalp can stimulate blood flow to the hair follicles and promote healthy hair growth. You can use your fingertips to gently massage your scalp in a circular motion or a scalp massager.
- Apple cider vinegar: Apple cider vinegar has been used for centuries as a natural remedy for hair loss. It’s thought to balance the scalp’s pH and remove excess oil, which can clog hair follicles and lead to hair loss. To use apple cider vinegar for hair loss, mix equal parts apple cider vinegar and water, and use it as a final rinse after shampooing your hair.
- Aloe vera: Aloe vera is a natural hair growth stimulant that can help stop hair loss immediately. It’s rich in nutrients and moisturizing properties, which can help nourish the scalp and promote healthy hair growth. To use aloe vera for hair loss, apply a small amount of aloe vera gel to your scalp and massage it in.
- Coconut oil: Coconut oil is a natural moisturizer that can help nourish the scalp and promote healthy hair growth. It’s rich in fatty acids and nutrients that can help nourish the hair and prevent breakage. To use coconut oil for hair loss, massage a small amount of coconut oil into your scalp and leave it on for at least an hour before washing it.
There is conflicting research on whether coconut oil can clog the scalp. Some studies suggest coconut oil has a low comedogenic rating, meaning it is less likely to clog pores and cause acne or other skin problems. However, other studies suggest that coconut oil may be more comedogenic for some individuals, especially those with oily or acne-prone skin.
Note that everyone’s scalp is different; what works for one person may not work for another. If you are concerned about coconut oil clogging your scalp, it is best to start with a small amount and see how your scalp reacts. You can also try using a smaller amount of coconut oil or diluting it with other oils, such as jojoba oil or almond oil.
Pay attention to your scalp and listen to your body. If you notice any irritation or adverse reactions, it may be best to avoid using coconut oil on your scalp or consult a healthcare professional or dermatologist.
- Egg mask: Eggs are a rich source of protein essential for healthy hair growth. A protein treatment, like an egg mask, can help strengthen and nourish the hair and prevent breakage: mix one egg yolk and one tablespoon of olive oil to use an egg mask for hair loss. Massage the mixture into your scalp and leave it on for at least 20 minutes before rinsing it.
- Green tea: Green tea is rich in antioxidants and has been shown to promote healthy hair growth. To use green tea for hair loss, brew a cup of green tea, let it cool, and then use it to rinse your hair after shampooing.
- Rosemary oil: Rosemary oil is a natural hair growth stimulant that can help stop hair loss immediately. It’s thought to improve circulation to the scalp, which can help stimulate hair growth. To use rosemary oil for hair loss, mix a few drops of rosemary oil with a carrier oil like coconut oil or jojoba oil, and massage it into your scalp.
Tips for maintaining healthy hair:
In addition to trying natural remedies for hair loss, there are several things that you can do to maintain healthy hair and prevent further hair loss.
- Avoid heat styling: Heat styling tools, like hair dryers and curling irons, can damage the hair and lead to breakage. If you use heat styling tools, be sure to use a heat protectant spray and avoid exposing your hair to high heat for extended periods.
- Use a wide-tooth comb: When detangling your hair, use a wide-tooth comb to remove knots gently. Avoid using a brush, as this can cause breakage.
- Don’t wash your hair too often: Overwashing your hair can strip it of its natural oils, leading to dryness and breakage. Aim to wash your hair every other day or every two days, depending on your hair type and scalp.
- Limit the use of hair products: Using too many hair products can weigh down the hair and lead to build-up, which can clog the pores and lead to hair loss. Choose sulfate-free hair products, and avoid using too much.
- Get regular trims: Getting regular trims can help remove split ends and prevent further breakage. Aim to get a trim every six to eight weeks.
What to avoid:
In addition to following a healthy hair care routine, there are several things that you should avoid in order to protect your hair from further damage and prevent hair loss.
- Avoid tight hairstyles: Tight hairstyles, like ponytails and cornrows, can strain the hair and lead to breakage. Avoid wearing these styles daily and opt for looser styles instead.
- Avoid using harsh hair products: Harsh hair products, like those that contain sulfates, alcohol, and artificial fragrances, can strip the hair of its natural oils and lead to dryness and breakage. Choose hair products that are sulfate-free and made with natural ingredients instead.
- Avoid using hot water: Hot water can strip the hair of its natural oils and lead to dryness and breakage. Use lukewarm water instead when washing your hair.
Hair loss is a common problem that can be frustrating and affect self-esteem. While many products and treatments are available for hair loss, not everyone wants to use products containing harsh chemicals. These remedies include scalp massage, apple cider vinegar, aloe vera, coconut oil, egg mask, green tea, and rosemary oil.
In addition to trying these remedies, there are several things that you can do to maintain healthy hair and prevent further hair loss, such as avoiding heat styling, using a wide-tooth comb, not washing your hair too often, limiting the use of hair products, and getting regular trims. It’s also important to avoid certain things, like tight hairstyles, harsh hair products, and hot water, in order to protect your hair from further damage. Following these tips and trying natural remedies can help stop hair loss and maintain healthy, strong hair. | <urn:uuid:428d3870-909e-45f2-8937-187194bc746d> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://ablazefitness.com/natural-ways-to-stop-hair-loss-immediately/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943698.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321131205-20230321161205-00745.warc.gz | en | 0.944005 | 1,924 | 2.625 | 3 |
Every year, good chicken keepers who love their pet chickens unintentionally kill them, burn down their chicken coops, barns and homes and endanger their own lives with the use of heat lamps trying to keep their chicken coops toasty-warm. But chicken coops do not need to be kept toasty-warm and heat lamps are never safe to use with flying animals. Let’s explore the topic of chicken comfort and winter safety to understand better how to care for chickens in extremely cold climates.
Before even considering heat options for chicken coops, it’s vital to properly winterize the coop- learn how HERE.
Fires like this occur every year in coops and barns due to heat lamps installed with the best of intentions. I’ve been tracking heat lamp fires on this Pinterest board for years and these are only some of the heat lamp fire incidents that made it to media outlets- there are countless additional near-misses and close calls when someone intervened before a tragedy occurred.
Regardless of where you ultimately come down on the issue of heating the chicken coop, please understand that a chicken’s physiology is not the same as a person’s. Our perception of how cold we would be in the coop at night is not the same as a chicken’s perception of their own comfort level.
Chicken Physiology & Anatomy
Chickens are anatomically and physiologically very different from people and have unique attributes that allow them to regulate their body temperatures very well in cold weather. The average body temperature of a chicken ranges between 104°-107°F (daytime rectal temp is even higher at 105-109.4).
How a Chicken Regulates Body Temperature
Without interference from well-meaning caretakers, chickens will naturally acclimate to the changes in temperature from warm weather to cold over time. Additionally, chickens can increase their body temperatures by eating more chicken feed in cold weather. Digestion creates internal heat, that heat radiates through the skin, which warms the air next to it, which is then trapped against its body by feathers. Chickens are tiny, food-fueled furnaces wrapped in down jackets!
A chicken is also able to conserve body heat by restricting blood-flow to its comb, wattles and feet, the very parts of the body that give off excess heat in warm weather. Not only do they have mechanisms to keep themselves comfortable in the cold, they huddle together on the roost at night.
IF you decide to add heat to the chicken coop in the winter, please put safety first in choosing a heat source. NEVER use a heat lamp with chickens!
Radiant, flat panel heaters are a safe alternative to dangerous 250 watt heat lamps. With a zero clearance requirement, it can be mounted on the ceiling or wall without fire danger.
Another safer heat option to raise the temperatures inside the coop a few degrees is an oil filled radiator, BUT the inclination may be to heat the coop instead of just raising the temperatures a few degrees. That temptation should be resisted! The coop should not vary in temperature drastically from outside temps. These units would also need to be carefully monitored and vacuumed regularly due to the dust inherent to chicken coops.
Automatically regulate the use of electric heat sources such as a flat panel heater or cookie tin water heater by utilizing a device like the Thermo Cube TC3, which will turn the power on at 35°F and off at 45°F. (there are other models that turn on at 0, off at 10, on at 20, off at 30)
Plan for power failure. If you do not have a generator to power a heat source to the coop during a blackout, do not heat the coop at all. Chickens have died and will die as a result of sudden drops in temperature from a power outage when the coop is heated. | <urn:uuid:4159dcd3-02a8-4fae-b645-5398e8729edc> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://the-chicken-chick.com/whether-to-heat-chicken-coop-in-cold/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711111.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206161009-20221206191009-00708.warc.gz | en | 0.949848 | 806 | 3.09375 | 3 |
As we grow older many of us develop various health problems which can mean we are more likely to lose our balance and fall. Falling can cause serious injuries and it can take a long time to get back to being able to manage as before. Even if we are not hurt when we fall, there can be other long-lasting consequences. It is very common to lose confidence after falling and for many people a fall can be the turning point when they start to lose their independence. Falling is not an inevitable part of growing older. A doctor or other healthcare professional trained to look into what might have led to a fall can carefully assess what could be the problem and often something, or several things, can be done to cut down the chances of falling. For example, for some people it may be their medicines need adjusting or their eyesight can be improved. Exercise is one of the best ways to do this: there is lots of evidence that specific exercises improve balance, build up muscle strength and so help prevent falls.
In Cambridgeshire and Peterborough, the public health and community health teams made it a priority to try to reduce falls amongst older people. They developed a programme that aimed to join up falls prevention approaches through different services across the county. They asked SPHR researchers to help work out what they needed to make this work and to help decide how to measure how well this would work.
These teams and the researchers decided to include three strands in this evaluation project:
1) Learning from new services as they developed with a focus on one neighbourhood team pilot project where a specialist nurse ran falls training sessions and a new team of falls prevention health trainers
2) Gathering a wide range of views on what could help falls prevention work better in practice
3) Working with information managers to find out what data could be used to measure progress
We found most people very keen to do more to prevent falls and share ideas on ways to improve this. They highlighted key challenges including the need for:
– organisations to prioritise falls prevention training, adequate staffing with expert support
– easier communication between services
– better measuring of referral details and waiting times
– more accessible public information
– more widespread affordable community exercise groups | <urn:uuid:d34dd1de-7c89-47b5-aa92-5f6aca6c34a1> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://sphr.nihr.ac.uk/research/public-health-practice-evaluation-scheme/evaluating-the-falls-prevention-programme-in-cambridgeshire-and-peterborough/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703536556.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123063713-20210123093713-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.961181 | 445 | 3.421875 | 3 |
TSGC seeks to increase educational and career
opportunities in science, engineering and mathematics for K-12 teachers
and students, including minorities and women. Through these projects
TSGC's major focus has been on teacher training. Since 1994 TSGC
has conducted 187 Educational Outreach and General Public Projects
involving almost one million people. These projects have had a total
budget of $1.3M. Greater than 92% of these funds were provided by
outside sources with less than 8% provided by TSGC.
|Stimulate public interest in aerospace
sciences through informal education partners
|5.1, 5.4 5.5
|Provide information and activities
to increase public appreciation for the benefits of NASA-sponsored
|5.2, 5.3, 5.6
The goal of these workshops is to enrich teaching
of math, science, and technology by providing teachers with information,
ideas, activities, and materials that can be used to augment the
regular curriculum and shared with colleagues. This ongoing program
is organized around an aerospace or space science theme drawn from
the many research and engineering programs of NASA. Past themes have
included International Space Station, Remote Sensing Lunar Bases,
and Space Biomedicine.
The LiftOff workshops have shown that the excitement
that teachers and students feel about space science and exploration
can be tapped to enrich math and science classes. In addition, the
workshops provide teachers the rare and for some, unique, opportunity
to spend a week working with professional scientists and engineers
involved in up-to-the minute missions and projects that are not yet
well known to the public at large. In the words of one LiftOff participant:
“This was one of the best experiences
in teacher education that I have ever had! I am leaving with
a renewal of
interest and enthusiasm. I will be singing your praises for a
long time. You did a great job and deserve a hearty "Thank you!" I
hope all the science teachers in my district will apply; I will
them to do so! I have a workshop planned for sharing this information
as soon as school starts. Thank You!!! (The photo op on Friday
LiftOff Summer Institute Teachers study space
suite operations at NASA/JSC.
This program provides a unique academic experience
for High School students to successfully test, fly and assess a reduced-gravity
experiment during an eight-month academic/flight experience. That
experience includes scientific scholarship, hands-on test operations
and education/public outreach activities.
Fly High was initiated by TSGC in 1998 in cooperation
with NASA/JSC. Prior to their flights, students work directly with
a Team Mentor. A Team Mentor is a professional NASA scientist or
engineer who guides the students as they choose and learn to operate
a zero-gravity experiment of their own design or one made available
by NASA. While at JSC, students attend pre-flight training sessions,
facilities tours, and astronauts' presentations, as well as fly with
their experiments aboard the "K-bird."
In its inaugural Class of '98, Texas Fly High pilot
program successfully flew teams of high school students from Austin,
Houston and the Clear Lake area. Their activities were reported by
local television stations and newspapers, and were featured in an
article aired nationally on "CBS This Morning" by reporter Jose Diaz-Balart,
who flew with the teams.
In 1999, Texas Fly High will fly 20 teams of students.
Each Team Mentor will fly once with his or her student team, as will
each team's supervising teacher and team journalist.
Texas Fly High is designed to give Texas high school
students one chance every two years to fly aboard the KC-135A. In
odd-numbered years, teams from Texas Education Agency Regions I through
X will participate. Students from Regions XI through XX will fly
in even-numbered years.
To Rise From Earth was published by TSGC as a scientifically
accurate yet easy to understand guide to space flight. Without the
use of a single mathematical equation, this book describes how orbits
work, what makes rockets fly, and how astronauts and satellites perform
space maneuvers. The book brings to life in layman's terms the space
shuttle and what it does in space, the role of satellites in our
daily lives, the excitement of the Apollo moon landings, how to stage
interplanetary missions, and explains how the exploration of space
benefits humanity. After two years of distributing the book at cost
TSGC commercialized its publication and distribution through Facts
The goal of this project was to demonstrate how
airborne technology could be used to enhance our knowledge of our
environment and resource utilization. To do this the SkyCap project
pulled together diverse elements of the Texas community. By teaming
participants in agriculture, aerospace, public education, academia,
and the Civil Air Patrol, the volunteer auxiliary of the U.S. Air
Force, a prototype project was defined and implemented that incorporated
airborne remote sensing technology and procedures.
The project provided interactive flight experiment
opportunities for three groups of students, a high school science
class in Beaumont, university students from Lamar University, and
a 4-H Club in the Corpus Christi area. The focus of the project was
airborne remote sensing of targets selected by the students and their
teachers. Potential target focuses include, but are not limited to,
studying Texas beach erosion, land usage in the transition zone between
urban areas and farms and ranches and pollution monitoring.
SpaceExplorers is a series of workshops sponsored
by TSGC in cooperation with 4-H county extension agents. To date,
two one-day workshops have been conducted with approximately nine
follow-up sessions. At the workshops Middle School Teachers who are
interested in space were introduced to topics including international
space cooperation, life sciences, remote sensing, microgravity, and
orbital mechanics. The workshops were held in Austin, Texas and Edinburg,
Texas on the US-Mexico border. Additional workshops are being planned
for other parts of the state.
The focus of the GLOBE program is to train teachers
(and for them to train their students) to conduct hands-on experiments
that have real scientific significance. They learn how their local
observations, together with those of other students and scientists
around the word, will assist in forming a detailed environmental
picture of the globe.
TSGC has sponsored five GLOBE teacher-training
workshops hosted at UT Dallas. Over 160 teachers from across the
southwest participated in the sessions. | <urn:uuid:bc5e69e3-36d7-470b-82e5-f2de8d3baa18> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.tsgc.utexas.edu/self_eval/10th_year/page5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510274289.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011754-00260-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938519 | 1,409 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Third grade is a huge transitional year in elementary school. Third grade writers have learned foundational concepts and skills and have had time to practice. Now they are developing more complex skills as they dig deeper, learn to make connections, and analyze the topics they write about. Here are 50 third grade writing prompts to help your students master and refine their writing skills.
If you’d like even more upper elementary writing prompts, we publish new ones twice a week on our kid-friendly site: the Daily Classroom Hub. Make sure to bookmark the link!
(Want this entire set in one easy document? Get your free PowerPoint bundle by submitting your email here, so you’ll always have the prompts available!)
1. Tell about a special event in your life.
2. What are you best at?
3. What do you want to learn more about?
4. I could never live without______.
5. If you could go anyplace in the world, where would you go and why?
6. Interview one of your parents or grandparents and ask them to tell you a story from their childhood. Share their story here.
7. Describe one of your favorite book characters. Tell three things about their personality.
8. Do you think third graders should have to do chores at home? Why or why not?
9. What is something you would change about school if you could?
10. Tell about a time you helped somebody.
11. Tell about a time somebody helped you.
12. Tell about a memorable “first” in your life. For example, the first time you ate a particular kind of food, the first time you met your teacher, etc.
13. Describe step by step how to make a pizza.
14. What does it mean to be a hero?
15. I am afraid of _______ because_______.
16. What is the difference between being polite and rude? Give three examples.
17. What is the most important rule in the classroom?
18. What are the three most important qualities you look for in a friend?
19. Do you think kids should be assigned homework? Why or why not?
20. Nature gives us many beautiful things—plants, animals, water, weather, stars and planets, etc. What is one of your favorite things in nature and why?
21. If I were a spider, I’d _______.
22. Three things that make me happy are ______.
23. What is your favorite holiday and why?
24. Tell about one of your family’s unique traditions.
25. If you could have a pet, what would you choose? How would you take care of it?
26. Write about a dream you recently had.
27. Tell about a person that inspires you and why.
28. Name five things you are thankful for and why you are thankful for them.
29. What are ways you can be a good citizen?
30. When you and a friend disagree, how do you work it out?
31. What do you think the world will be like in one hundred years?
32. What is your favorite type of weather? Why?
33. What superpower do you wish you had? Why?
34. What famous person would you like to meet? Why?
35. In your opinion, which animal makes the best pet? Give three reasons for your answer.
36. If someone gave you $100, how would you spend it?
37. Should third graders have cell phones? Why or why not?
38. If you could be an Olympic athlete, what sport would you participate in?
39. Write about your “getting ready for school” routine.
40. Write about your “getting ready for bed” routine.
41. If you could travel through time like Jack and Annie in the Magic Tree House, where would you go?
42. In your opinion, what does a perfect weekend look like?
43. Write about the last time you felt really angry. What happened and how did it all work out?
44. Pretend there was a special zoo where animals could talk. Which animal would you talk to and what are three questions you would ask?
45. What is your favorite thing with wheels? Why?
46. Tell the story of Goldilocks and the Three Bears from the point of view of Baby Bear.
47. What do you think would grow if you planted a magic bean?
48. Which would you rather be able to do—fly or read people’s minds? Why?
49. Tell about an adult in your life that you admire.
50. If you were traveling for a week and could only bring a backpack, what would you pack?
Love these third grade writing prompts? Make sure to check out our third grade jokes to start the day ! | <urn:uuid:ac5f21dc-f844-4328-b14b-9e9d359a1ccc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.weareteachers.com/third-grade-writing-prompts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100135.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129173017-20231129203017-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.961765 | 1,025 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Op-ed | The importance of thinking internationally on space collaborations
In October 2017, the National Space Council started off its first meeting since re-establishment setting an important tone – that international partners bring value to the U.S. space program. There, Vice President Mike Pence lauded the moon as a “venue to strengthen our commercial and international partnerships,” and both council members and industry representatives focused on the International Space Station as evidence of arguably the most successful international collaboration ever in orbit.
Beyond civil space partnerships, allied defense relationships in space also deliver benefit for the United States. Benefits include the capabilities, resources, and technologies that allies and partners bring, such as the Canadian Sapphire satellite which serves as a contributing sensor to the U.S. Space Surveillance Network. Such burden sharing in turn creates a stronger and more resilient space enterprise for deterring or defending against adversary threats. Allies and partners also provide the U.S. geographic advantages, for example providing a much-needed Southern Hemisphere location for tracking space objects, as provided by Australia. Allies and partners also share information with the U.S. and contribute to the legitimacy of U.S. security activities in space by, for example, providing independent attribution of nefarious activities in orbit.
Furthermore, these benefits contribute to the four lines of effort described in the implementation plan for the National Space Strategy, as spelled out by Assistant Secretary of Defense Kenneth Rapuano in his testimony to the House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces in March 2018. Per Rapuano, the four lines of effort are:
- Mission assurance
- Deterrence and warfighting
- Organizational support
- Creating conducive domestic and international environments for U.S. space objectives
It is fair to say each of these lines of effort are strengthened with the involvement of allies and partners | <urn:uuid:866cbe7c-a5c5-484f-9211-93ce295edd65> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://csps.aerospace.org/news/2018-04-17-op-ed-importance-thinking-internationally-space-collaborations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474690.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228012542-20240228042542-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.93983 | 365 | 2.8125 | 3 |
All times are listed in Eastern Time Zones. For questions regarding placement or general questions for teachers, please email firstname.lastname@example.org .
Preregistration is now open! You can pre-register here.
Teacher: Melissa Lopez
Recommended Grade Level: 7-8
Day and Time: Mondays at 9 am ET
Prerequisites: Basic math
Course Materials: BJU Pre-Algebra 2nd edition
Description: This pre-algebra course is a final wrap-up of arithmetic skills and a transition into the world of algebra. Students will enhance their skills in topics such as fractions, decimals, percents, ratios, proportions, inequalities, and integers. Students will also delve into solving algebraic equations and simplifying algebraic expression. Students should have a good understanding of arithmetic operations when entering pre-algebra.
Solidifying Foundations of Math
One semester: offered fall and spring
Teacher: Lora Marks
Recommended Grade Level: 7-10
Day and Time: Mondays at 1 pm ET
Prerequisites: Prerequisites: Student must have had some practice calculating fractions, decimals, and negative numbers; however, these skills do not have to be mastered.
Course Materials: None
Description: For two decades I taught developmental math at a community college. Often my students had completed higher level math in high school, but were placed in my basic math classes because they didn’t have a strong foundation of the basics. Those experiences helped me see which math skills were common struggles that can create problems for students at all levels. Completing this course will strengthen computations with integers, fractions, decimals, exponents, and order of operations, which are the fundamentals needed to do well in Algebra and upper-level math classes. It is designed for the struggling student, as well as the student who enjoys math and wants to improve their skills. This course will have a small to moderate amount of homework, so it can be completed during the school year alongside their grade-level math class.
Yes! Sign me up!
Subscribe to receive current news and updates from The Academy at Bright Ideas Press. | <urn:uuid:085a2056-e883-4a6d-87d9-ec063c8892ee> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://academy.brightideaspress.com/classes/live-classes/middle-school/middle-school-math-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687834.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921172227-20170921192227-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.940529 | 444 | 2.5625 | 3 |
How Do I Protect the Information on My Mobile Phone?
Mobile phones have only been publicly available for about sixteen years, but we’ve come to depend on them so heavily it is hard to remember what we did before we had them. If you have a smartphone, you now carry a fully functional computer in your pocket or purse. That’s a tremendous amount of information quite literally at your fingertips, and it is information that you do not want to fall into the wrong hands.
Common Wireless Risks
Mobile risks fall into several categories. Take a moment to consider each of these areas to identify where you may want to make changes in your own cell phone use:
Loss of device and information theft. Phones are small and are easy to misplace or have stolen in a moment of inattention. In addition to replacement costs, lost, stolen and ’borrowed’ phones carry the risk of information theft. Abusers may use your accounts, address lists, photos, and more to scam, harm or embarrass you or your friends, they may leverage stored passwords to access and steal your money or run up charges, gain access to sensitive material, and more.
Falling for scams. The biggest mobile threats you are likely to face will be socially engineered. Whether it is a phone call, text message, image, or application to download, an incoming communication may be a scam, phishing attempt, or include malicious links.
Oversharing. Guidelines for protecting privacy, safety, and reputation when sharing via computers also apply to mobile sharing - with two additions. Mobile devices enable instantaneous distribution of information, and they may broadcast location information.
Wireless networks. Smartphones are susceptible to malware and hacking when leveraging unsecured public networks.
Simple steps can protect your phone and information:
Smartphones need to be updated when security fixes are developed. Though basic phones generally don’t get updated, smartphones are essentially computers and they may need updates. While some updates simply provide you with cooler functionality and upgraded features, others fix critical security vulnerabilities that you do not want to be exposed to. Your service provider should notify you whenever an update is available; ignore these at your own peril.
Security software is a must for smartphone users. The mobile malware market is booming -and because few users protect these devices they are particularly attractive to hackers and cybercriminals. The fixes phone manufacturers make to their operating systems do not protect you from other types of malware attacks. The only protection against these is to use mobile security software and keep it up to date. Many of these programs can also locate a missing or stolen phone, will back up your data, and even remotely wipe all data from the phone if it is reported stolen.
Minimize losses and avoid intrusionswith a secure PIN. Be conscious of where you place your phone and always secure it with a unique PIN or password – not the default it came with. Then don’t share your PIN or password with others.
Think before you click, download, forward, or open. Before responding, registering, downloading or providing information, get the facts. Go online to check for scams, look up the company or sender, search for hidden fees or reports of malware associated with the company or sender, and independently verify any claims. No matter how tempting the application, if the download isn’t from an app store or the site of a trusted company, walk away.
Surf safely. Many smartphone users use free WiFi hotspots to access data (and keep their phone plan costs down), but you cannot know if that network is safe or compromised so avoid logging into accounts, especially financial accounts when using public wireless networks.
Backup your phone’s information. How many friend’s (or family member’s) phone numbers do you actually know? For many users, the only source of contact information for people is stored on their cell phones. This makes the loss of a phone painful and potentially hazardous. By backing up your data you ensure you have it – even when you don’t have your phone.
Provided by Linda Criddle, Founder of iLookBothWays.com | <urn:uuid:9dcd10ce-890d-4c50-9759-59cb6fe005fb> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.webroot.com/us/en/home/resources/tips/mobile-security/mobile-how-do-i-protect-the-information-on-my-mobile-phone | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064538.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00239-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914284 | 854 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Bomb Threats - Telephone
Telephone threats can be received by any person at anytime, but usually will be received by a main switchboard operator or persons in a sensitive area.
If you receive a telephone threat:
- Keep the caller on the line as long as possible. Listen carefully. Note the time of call, the telephone number called and telephone number of the caller if available.
- Write down any pertinent information such as background noises, gender of caller, and voice pitches and pattern.
- Ask the caller the following questions:
- Where is the bomb?
- When will it explode?
- What does the bomb look like?
- What kind of bomb is it?
- What is your name and motive for placing the bomb?
- Are you an employee?
- Call 9.911 immediately.
- Always err on the side of safety by evacuating the area if there is any possible danger.
For Bomb Threats Dial: 9.911
Notify Facilities Services #8173 | <urn:uuid:16cb0cdd-4e00-405f-9d70-62599545a22e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.waldorf.edu/faculty-staff/departments/campus-safety/emergency-safety-procedures/bomb-threats-telephone | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.922199 | 209 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Why is identifying Bacteria important?
Bacteria are prokaryotes which are available in large numbers of various kinds. They are of different sizes, shapes, rods, spheres and spirals. They can inhabit almost every place on earth like soil, hot springs that are acidic, radioactive waste, in water, deep in crust of earth, in organic matter, and in the bodies of live animals and plants. The bacteria exist in large numbers like 40 million in a gram of the soil, millions of bacteria in 1 ml of fresh water, approximately five nonillion bacteria on earth. The bacteria are formed as a huge biomass of organisms that might exceed the number of plants and animals.
There are various different groups of bacteria where one group consists of chlorophyll which makes use of photosynthesis to prepare its own food. Some of the bacteria live in mutual association with the plants like Rhizobium bacteria. Rhizobium lives inside the roots of leguminous plants and develop mutual symbiotic association with the plant roots at the places called as root nodules. Some bacteria are parasites that survive in the animals, man and in some plants causing diseases. The various diseases that are caused by the bacteria due to the release of the toxins by them inside the cells made it necessary to identify the bacteria.
Some bacteria are aerobic and some are anaerobic. Some travel in air, some in water and some through any object from one hand to the hand of other people. They travel in the medium with the help of flagella or by wriggling. The bacteria that are living inside the living organisms cause lot of discomfort in them. The bacteria also eat away the chemicals in the body of organism it infects and break down the chemicals. Various groups of bacteria carry out different processes in the body to generate symptoms of the disease. So, it is necessary to identify the bacteria and find out to which class it belongs to. This makes us to study its etiology which helps us to select correct medication to cure or prevent the disease symptoms caused by them. | <urn:uuid:1334c30a-b2aa-4190-9631-b8a8dccbedff> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.knowswhy.com/why-is-identifying-bacteria-important/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823605.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020010834-20171020030834-00684.warc.gz | en | 0.958662 | 415 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Editor’s note: Dr. Yampolskiy is Associate Professor in the department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science at the Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville. In this series, concluding today, he asks: “What Can and Can’t Darwin’s Algorithm Compute?” See previous posts in the series here:
- “What Can and Can’t Darwin’s Algorithm Compute?”
- “On Evolutionary Computation”
- “The State of the Art in Evolutionary Computation”
- “Some Possible Reasons for the Limited Success of Evolutionary Algorithms”
My analysis of the relevant literature shows that no one has succeeded at evolving non-trivial software from scratch. In other words, the Darwinian algorithm works in theory, but does not work in practice, when applied in the domain of software production. The reason we do not evolve software is that the space of working programs is very large and discrete. While hill-climbing-heuristic-based evolutionary computations are excellent at solving many optimization problems, they fail in the domains of non-continuous fitness.71 This is also the reason we do not evolve complex life or novel engineering designs.
We can conclude that 1) Simulations of evolution do not produce comparably complex artifacts. 2) Running evolutionary algorithms longer leads to progressively diminishing results.
Others have come to similar conclusions:
It seems reasonable to assume that the number of programs possible in a given language is so inconceivably large that genetic improvement could surely not hope to find solutions in the “genetic material” of the existing program. The test input space is also, in the words of Dijkstra, “so fantastically high” that surely sampling inputs could never be sufficient to capture static truths about computation.16
[C]omputing science is — and will always be — concerned with the interplay between mechanized and human symbol manipulation, usually referred to as “computing” and “programming” respectively. An immediate benefit of this insight is that it reveals “automatic programming” as a contradiction in terms.75
Genetic algorithms do not scale well with complexity. That is, where the number of elements which are exposed to mutation is large there is often an exponential increase in search space size. This makes it extremely difficult to use the technique on problems such as designing an engine, a house or plane. In order to make such problems tractable to evolutionary search, they must be broken down into the simplest representation possible. Hence we typically see evolutionary algorithms encoding designs for fan blades instead of engines, building shapes instead of detailed construction plans, and airfoils instead of whole aircraft designs. The second problem of complexity is the issue of how to protect parts that have evolved to represent good solutions from further destructive mutation, particularly when their fitness assessment requires them to combine well with other parts.76
Even John Koza himself acknowledges that it would be highly surprising if his approach could work:
Anyone who has ever written and debugged a computer program and has experienced their brittle, highly non-linear, and perversely unforgiving nature will probably be understandably skeptical about the proposition that the biologically motivated process sketched above could possibly produce a useful computer program.15
My Challenge to the EA Community
I challenge the EA community to prove me wrong by producing an experiment that evolves non-trivial code from scratch and without human help. That would be the only way in which my findings could be shown to be incorrect.
On the positive side, the fact that it seems impossible to evolve complex code implies that we are unlikely to be able to directly evolve highly sophisticated artificially intelligent agents, which may present significant risk to our safety and security.77-83 Just imagine what would have happened if the very first time we ran a simulation of evolution on a computer, it produced a superintelligent agent. I have shown that Programming as a problem is AI Complete84: if GP can solve Programming that would imply that GP = AGI (Artificial General Intelligence). But we see no experimental evidence for such a claim. In fact, it is more likely that once we have AGI, it could be used to create an intelligent fitness function for GP and so make it possible to evolve code. Genetic Programming will not be the cause of Artificial Intelligence, but a product of it.
On the Other Hand, There Is Neuroevolution
Conversely, neuroevolution methods for optimizing neural networks (weights, parameters and deep learning architectures) show significant success in a number of domains and remain a strong contender for the creation of AGI.85 Karpathy suggests that neural networks represent the future of software engineering, since they allow the substitution of software based on difficult-to-write source code with automated optimization based on code evaluation:
The “classical stack” of Software 1.0 is what we’re all familiar with — it is written in languages such as Python, C++, etc. It consists of explicit instructions to the computer written by a programmer. By writing each line of code, the programmer identifies a specific point in program space with some desirable behavior. …In contrast, Software 2.0 can be written in much more abstract, human unfriendly language, such as the weights of a neural network. No human is involved in writing this code because there are a lot of weights (typical networks might have millions)… Instead, our approach is to specify some goal on the behavior of a desirable program (e.g., “satisfy a dataset of input output pairs of examples”, or “win a game of Go”), write a rough skeleton of the code (e.g. a neural net architecture), that identifies a subset of program space to search, and use the computational resources at our disposal to search this space for a program that works. In the specific case of neural networks, we restrict the search to a continuous subset of the program space where the search process can be made (somewhat surprisingly) efficient with backpropagation and stochastic gradient descent….It turns out that a large portion of real-world problems have the property that it is significantly easier to collect the data (or more generally, identify a desirable behavior) than to explicitly write the program….Software 1.0 is code we write. Software 2.0 is code written by the optimization based on an evaluation criterion (such as “classify this training data correctly”). It is likely that any setting where the program is not obvious but one can repeatedly evaluate the performance of it (e.g. — did you classify some images correctly? do you win games of Go?) will be subject to this transition, because the optimization can find much better code than what a human can write.86
Previously, a number of attempts have been made to understand what makes certain problems hard in the context of evolutionary algorithms87, typically taking inspiration from computational complexity and subdividing all problems into GA-Easy (search space grows linearly with the size of input) and GA-Hard (search space grows exponentially with the size of input) for the problem encoded in the minimum chromosomal length.88, 89 Others, in their quest to explain Hardness, have looked at the presence in the search space of deceptive attractors which guide the search away from global maxima.90
I, likewise, suggest the existence of two broad classes of problems, based on whatever we are optimizing an existing design or trying to discover a novel design. If a particular class of problems can be represented as an optimization problem with a smooth fitness landscape, it is likely to be solvable by EAs. However, most software engineering/design problems seem to have a discontinuous fitness landscape and so are resistant to the evolutionary hill-climbing paradigm, with GP not able to outperform random search on such problems. Whether it is possible to convert such design problems into optimization problems remains an open questions and is similar in difficulty and consequences to the famous P VS NP91 problem.
While it seems unlikely that evolutionary algorithms will be able to solve design problems directly, it may be possible to use them to evolve advanced artificial intelligences (Darwin Machines92 in evolvable hardware93, 94) via neuroevolution. Such AIs in turn may be able to solve design problems. Stanley et al. also argue that neuroevolution may be a likely path to strong artificial intelligence
[B]ecause of its complexity, AGI itself is only possible to discover through an open-ended process that generates more and more complex brain-like structures indefinitely. Furthermore, open-endedness may require more than only neural networks to evolve — brains and bodies evolve together in nature, and so can morphologies evolve along with neural networks in artificial systems, providing a form of embodiment. In the long run, open-endedness could be the fuel for generating the architectures and learning algorithms that ultimately reach human-level intelligence.85
That means any safety concerns we have about advanced artificial intelligence remain as an unfortunate side-effect of research into neuroevolution. They are not eliminated due to the fundamental limits of the Darwinian algorithm.
An earlier version of this series was published as “Why We Do Not Evolve Software? Analysis of Evolutionary Algorithms.” Evolutionary Bioinformatics. Volume 14: 1–11. 2018. © Roman V. Yampolskiy.
- Mishra, M., et al., A Study on the Limitations of Evolutionary Computation and other Bio-inspired Approaches for Integer Factorization. Procedia Computer Science, 2015. 62: p. 603-610.
- Hsu, F.-H., Behind Deep Blue: Building the computer that defeated the world chess champion. 2004: Princeton University Press.
- Silver, D., et al., Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search. nature, 2016. 529(7587): p. 484-489.
- Silver, D., et al., Mastering the game of go without human knowledge. Nature, 2017. 550(7676): p. 354.
- Dijkstra, E.W., On the cruelty of really teaching computing science. Communications of the ACM, 1989. 32(12): p. 1398-1404.
- Mewada, S., P. Sharma, and S. Gautam, Exploration of Fuzzy System With Applications, in Handbook of Research on Promoting Business Process Improvement Through Inventory Control Techniques. 2018, IGI Global. p. 479-498.
- Sotala, K. and R.V. Yampolskiy, Responses to catastrophic AGI risk: a survey. Physica Scripta, 2015. 90(1): p. 018001.
- Babcock, J., J. Kramár, and R. Yampolskiy. The AGI containment problem. in International Conference on Artificial General Intelligence. 2016. Springer.
- Pistono, F. and R.V. Yampolskiy. Unethical Research: How to Create a Malevolent Artificial Intelligence. in 25th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-16). Ethics for Artificial Intelligence Workshop (AI-Ethics-2016). 2016.
- Majot, A.M. and R.V. Yampolskiy. AI safety engineering through introduction of self-reference into felicific calculus via artificial pain and pleasure. in IEEE International Symposium on Ethics in Science, Technology and Engineering. May 23-24, 2014. Chicago, IL: IEEE.
- Ramamoorthy, A. and R. Yampolskiy, Beyond Mad?: The Race for Artificial General Intelligence. ITU Journal: ICT Discoveries, 2017.
- Yampolskiy, R.V. Taxonomy of Pathways to Dangerous Artificial Intelligence. in AAAI Workshop: AI, Ethics, and Society. 2016.
- Yampolskiy, R. and J. Fox, Safety engineering for artificial general intelligence. Topoi, 2013. 32(2): p. 217-226.
- Yampolskiy, R.V., AI-Complete, AI-Hard, or AI-Easy – Classification of Problems in AI, in The 23rd Midwest Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science Conference. April 21-22, 2012: Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Stanley, K.O., et al., Designing neural networks through neuroevolution. Nature Machine Intelligence, 2019. 1: p. 24-35.
- Karpathy, A., Software 2.0, in Medium. November 11, 2017: Available at: https://medium.com/@karpathy/software-2-0-a64152b37c35.
- Eiben, Á., P.-E. Raué, and Z. Ruttkay, GA-easy and GA-hard constraint satisfaction problems, in Constraint Processing. 1995, Springer. p. 267-283.
- Rylander, B. and J.A. Foster. GA Hard Problems. in GECCO. 2000.
- Rylander, B. and J. Foster. Genetic Algorithms, and Hardness. in WSEAS International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, Tenerife Playa, Canary Islands, Spain. 2001. Citeseer.
- Forrest, S. and M. Mitchell, What makes a problem hard for a genetic algorithm? Some anomalous results and their explanation. Machine Learning, 1993. 13(2-3): p. 285-319.
- Cook, S., The P versus NP problem. The millennium prize problems, 2006: p. 87-104.
- de Garis, H. Evolvable hardware genetic programming of a Darwin machine. in Artificial neural nets and genetic algorithms. 1993. Springer.
- Higuchi, T., et al. Evolving hardware with genetic learning: A first step towards building a Darwin machine. in Proc. of the 2nd International Conference on Simulated Adaptive Behaviour. 1993. MIT Press.
- De Garis, H., et al., Building an artificial brain using an FPGA based CAM-Brain Machine. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 2000. 111(2-3): p. 163-192. | <urn:uuid:baa10cb8-48b0-407f-a74f-f40430702146> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://evolutionnews.org/2020/07/neuroevolution-methods-show-significant-success/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739104.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813220643-20200814010643-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.897331 | 2,982 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Benefits of Administrative Law
Administrative law refers to the area of law responsible for overseeing the various branches of government in charge of administration. Government agencies that work in administrative capacities normally work like public law branches and deal mainly with the decision making branches of government. To discover the advantages of administrative law, continue reading this article.
1. Dispute resolution
The administrative practices in administrative law usually offer benefits that may not be located in the standard judicial process. Administrative law has greatly expanded because legislative bodies have created more regulating agencies. A great example is that administrative law allows parties to easily resolve their disputes. These disputes are resolved in a more reasonable and convenient manner as compared to trial courts. It also promotes uniform justice application as it applies to public agencies and public officials.
2. Lower costs
Because administrative law encourages quick resolution of conflicts than in the standard courts and judicial system, the costs of running it is comparatively lower. Judges in administrative law preside over conflicts or disputes between various parties, similar to the way judges preside over standard court cases. The cases are usually very quickly dealt with, which saves vital government resources.
3. Benefit litigants
In general, tribunal proceedings in administrative law function to the benefit of litigants. This is credited to the speedy justice delivery as well as the cost efficiency. Furthermore, with the use of administrative law and tribunals, the standard judicial courts no longer require dealing with the administrative matters. The courts are therefore released from the time consuming case hearing linked to certain administrative issues. Actually, an administrative court is better served to evaluate and weigh evidence in the arising administrative issues.
The demerit of administrative law is lack of sufficient publicity as hearings may be carried out in private, with no explanations being provided for decisions made. | <urn:uuid:7a01c50e-9e5a-4fae-a374-e3c4a7322133> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://benefitof.net/benefits-of-administrative-law/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217354.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820215248-20180820235248-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.949313 | 360 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Babies are pretty fun as it is, but now a new study has found that they might be even more entertaining than we thought—we just haven't been paying close enough attention. Researchers at Charles Sturt University in Australia wanted to study how babies interact with each other while in childcare. So they strapped tiny cameras on the heads of some children, who ranged in age from six months to 18 months, and watched what they got up to.
It turns out this "baby's eye view" was actually quite illuminating. First off, it apparently makes you realize that to babies, things like spoons seem comically oversized. But it also showed that the babies had fairly complex non-verbal ways of communicating with each other, and they even knew how to make each other laugh. Researcher Jennifer Sumsion said of the findings,
We were very, very surprised to see just how sophisticated they were in terms of their social skills, their helping skills, in making sure they were inviting other children to be part of their group.
The babies used eye contact and hand gestures and "little social games that you wouldn't necessarily see unless you were looking very closely." For instance, one kid would pretend to hand another kid a toy but would snatch it away before he could grab it. Or babies sitting next to each other would switch their bottles around. Classic baby pranks! They also captured footage of a one-year-old trying to comfort a scared baby, "by gently placing a piece of see-through fabric over her so she could see out but feel protected." Oh, the heart, it hurts. Quick, someone needs to set up an online babycam so we can all waste our days watching the world through an infant's eyes.
Image via Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock. | <urn:uuid:19775d4c-f9e8-4866-889f-4b688d1b73c9> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://jezebel.com/5887184/adorable-babies-have-adorable-social-strategies?tag=communication | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608726.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527001952-20170527021952-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.982907 | 362 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Author : Patricia J. Goff.
Published : Tue, Jun 25 2019 :2 PM.
Format : jpg/jpeg.
Young kids can benefit from a writing worksheet because it helps them improve their handwriting skills and at the same time, increase their knowledge. Older kids, on the other hand, can definitely hone their writing abilities and at the same time, ignite a passion for writing that they never would have thought possible if it were not for the help of the writing tool and of course, from your encouragement and prodding.
Some free worksheets are not good quality - the pictures are fuzzy, backgrounds print grey or speckled - and children tend to notice these things. If you are using the worksheets to educate your child, you may want to choose good quality worksheets that encourage your child to produce good quality work. After all, it is a little difficult to ask your child to color within the lines and work neatly when the worksheet they are filling in has not done the same.
The learning should be real-worldly. It is easiest to learn and remember when whatever is learned is immediately applied to a practical, real-life situation. You should use every opportunity to teach and regularly reinforce basic concepts taught, in real-life and in real-time. For instance, during snack-time, if a child is eating a biscuit, you can say - `B` for `biscuit`. While waiting for a school van, you can say - `V` for `Van` and so on.
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Teaching kids to write for the first time is quite challenging. Young ones can be a handful and when introduced to something new, they always show a lot of interest but then again, let us not forget that kids are kids. We need to keep them interested otherwise they will turn their focus onto something else the moment they get bored.
You can keep the worksheet very challenging without making it boring. Be extra sensitive as to whom you are distributing these worksheets. Do not assume that Asian learners, in particular, appreciate the English alphabet. Other learners such as the Chinese, Indians, Japanese and Koreans do have high regards to their traditional letters and this should be considered at all times. | <urn:uuid:a1202f83-55bd-47bf-86ac-1c67b5dbd817> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://mininghumanities.com/in-on-under-worksheets-for-kindergarten/in-on-under-teacher-education-english-prepositions-english/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313589.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818022816-20190818044816-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.906388 | 904 | 2.921875 | 3 |
2017 was all about ransomware. There was news about the WannaCry attack in May, Petya in June, BadRabbit in October, but do you really know what it’s all about? Let’s make it clear.
Ransomware is one of the most dangerous type of cyber attack. Ransomware attacks mostly target organizations and businesses but since it spreads through the internet without discrimination, no one is completely safe.
We’ve covered the most essential information on ransomware and included tips on how you can efficiently prevent your computer and data getting compromised.
Interested enough by now? Let’s get into.
What is Ransomware All About?
Ransomware is a type of malware (or malicious software) that locks the users’ files or complete system, usually by encryption, and demands a ransom for decryption in some form of cryptocurrency. In some cases, if a user decides to pay the ransom, they might regain access to their files. However, there were a few examples where users didn’t receive their data back. The other less common form of ransomware is called leakware, in which the attacker threatens you to pay or your private data goes public. Mobile ransomware first appeared in 2015 as the form of a porn application for Android devices.
How It Spreads
Ransomware can be downloaded via a malicious email attachment or together with an infected software. It can be downloaded when visiting a harmful website. Another form of transmission is when a user clicks on a malvertisement (malicious advertisement). It can also be delivered and downloaded by other malware.
Forms of Ransomware
1. Non- encrypting ransomware
This type of ransomware is rather scary than harmful since it doesn’t encrypt files on the computer. The most common non- encrypting ransomwares are the “law enforcement agency viruses”. These usually display a whole-screen message demanding a ransom for different criminal acts or face charges, fines and even imprisonment. Non- encrypting ransomwares can be easily detected and removed with good anti-malware software.
Now let’s turn to the most dangerous type of ransomware, which are…
2. Encrypting ransomware
This is the most typical form of ransomware. It encrypts your files or even servers and asks for a ransom. Now hackers use strong public-key encryption to lock the files which makes it impossible to get access without the decryption key.
3. Leakware/ Doxware
Leakware or doxware is a form of attack that threatens to publish sensitive information from the user’s computer unless a ransom is paid. These malware don’t encrypt files on the victim’s computer, however the virus still gets access to information that harms the victim’s privacy.
4. Mobile ransomware versions
In 2015, a mobile ransomware version appeared on Android called Porn Droid. It locked the user’s phone along with changing the PIN number, demanding a ransom of $500. Mobile ransomware are usually blockers since data can be easily restored with synchronization. Devices are mainly infected through third-party applications installed as APK files. There are even methods for iOS devices that exploit iCloud while others use the “Find My iPhone” app to block access to the phone.
How to Prevent Ransomware
If it’s about ransomware, the primary focus should be on prevention since removal can be difficult, costly and sometimes ineffective. Take a look at our most effective ransomware prevention methods below:
1. Always be up to date
Making sure your anti-malware, anti-virus and other protective software is up to date is essential for keeping up with hackers and the most advanced security measures. Use multiple software combined and run regular scans for the best protection.
2. Be careful with email attachments
Avoid open suspicious email attachments from untrusted sources, always double check what it might be about. Also, don’t click on shortened or fishy links unless you are confident about where it leads. You can additionally block executable files or entire attachments through email.
3. Secure your network
Network security is an often overlooked topic but it’s actually one of the most important measures to take for keeping your online activities as secure as possible. There are plenty of ways to do that from firewalls to secure DNS setup on routers. However, one of the best methods for online privacy is to use a virtual private network. For example, you can take a look at the most trusted VPNs so you can easly and effectively make your network safer.
4. Avoid suspicious websites
One of the most common ways to get infected with ransomware is through websites. Double check the URL before clicking on it. Hackers often create similar sites like large companies to trick users so be careful even with known websites, check the spelling and if you suspect something, run a website scan.
5. Make sure you have a great backup
The most promising way of a successful and positive outcome from a ransomware attack is to maintain an up-to-date backup of all your neccessary files. Even if you catch a ransomware, you can completely recover your files.
Conclusion on Ransomware
We all know ransomware is dangerous for your data. Fortunately, by implementing these preventive steps you can secure your online presence as well as keeping your data safe. | <urn:uuid:f5e38d77-772d-4a50-a3fc-02dc7c5c1e51> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://cryptorials.io/ransomware-101/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030338280.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007210452-20221008000452-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.925954 | 1,113 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Buried beneath the water of Lake Coeur d’Alene lies a graveyard. It’s long been a secret of the area, with little publicity but a lot of history.
This graveyard is unlike any other. It doesn’t boast the graves of ancestors, but rather the final resting places of large pieces of local history that remain rooted in culture and an era long since past.
Below, we’ll discover this historical graveyard and the historical impact it has on Coeur d’Alene Lake.
The steamship graveyard
The graveyard in question is none other than CDA’s steamship graveyard. It is here that several steamboats that used to traverse Coeur d’Alene Lake found their fate after a long and arduous career.
The history of Lake Coeur d’Alene is a long one, but it is filled with incredible feats and wonderful stories that have shaped the city into what it is today.
The lake was named by french fur traders. They felt that the local Indians were tough negotiators and gave them, and the area, the name Coeur d’Alene. Translated, it means “heart of the awl.”
The city itself didn’t start to emerge until the late 1800s when Fort Sherman was built on what is now North Idaho’s campus. By 1887, the region was known for its timber and mining capabilities and the city was officially founded.
To move high amounts of timber and mined materials, the area needed steamboats. These steamboats served the area for decades, for tourism and commercial purposes, until the 1900s when they were decommissioned forever. Then, in a ceremonious goodbye, they were lit a fire and sunk to the bottom of the lake for 4th of July celebrations.
Located just a few hundred yards out past the Coeur d’Alene Resort lies the steamship graveyard. Here, you will find the remains of several local favorites including the Amelia Wheaton. She was the first steamboat on the lake and in many ways was considered the “lady of the lake.”
These days, if you want to get up close and personal, all you need is some scuba gear and an adventurous spirit. In fact, several people in the region enjoy regular dives to the steamship graveyard.
Down below, you can swim through passageways and along winding staircases that our ancestors walked on almost 150 years ago. It’s really neat!
Amongst the graveyard, you’re sure to find other trinkets and treasures. One local diver has made a business out of the items he’s recovered. He’s found bottles and vases, slot
machines and power tools. At one point, he even found a vintage car that was still in working order after being brought back to the surface!
Take a cruise
Would you like to explore Lake Coeur d’Alene and all of its unique history? If so, then you should take a cruise with CDA Cruises. Our scenic cruises will take you all around the lake so you can see first hand where the graveyard is.
You’ll also see the Floating Green of the golf course, Cedars Floating Restaurant, Arrow Point,
Book your cruise with us today and join us on the lake. We look forward to seeing you soon! | <urn:uuid:407f0ee3-e620-404e-b794-449c533379c2> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.cdacruises.com/2019/08/01/discover-the-steamship-graveyard-in-lake-cda/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141194171.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127191451-20201127221451-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.965483 | 712 | 2.84375 | 3 |
A disorder of the cognitive functions in senior people may specify about the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Mental disability, poor memory and other pathologies of the brain occur due to the death of the nervous cells during Alzheimer’s disease. In order to stop a progressing of the Alzheimer’s disease, doctors recommend Aricept.
Aricept is a medicine of the new generation used for the improvement of the cognitive functions in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. It contains an active ingredient Donepezil. A mechanism of the pharmacological action of Aricept is conditioned by blocking enzymes which take part in breaking of acetyl choline.
Acetyl choline executes a nervous muscular transfer and is responsible for many cognitive functions. The nerve transfer and speed of all processes in the brain depends on its concentration in the brain. Using Aricept increases the level of acetyl choline, and this will slow down a development of neurodegenerative processes. Nowadays, there are no drugs which could cure of Alzheimer’s disease but the use of Aricept can improve life quality and keep the main cognitive functions.
Aricept adjusts the behavior disorders, reduces apathy, hallucinations, and restores a day-time activity.
Indications for the use
- Dementia Treatment
- Treatment and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease
In what dose is Aricept used?
Aricept is used orally, once per day, before sleeping. A pill should be used with enough water. An induction dosing of Aricept is 5 mg per day to treat Alzheimer’s disease. In 4-5 weeks, a patient is examined to detect changes after the treatment. If the dose is not effective for the needed result, it is increased by two times.
The maximal daily dose of Aricept is 10 mg. Using more than 10 mg of Aricept per day will not bring better pharmacological action, and therefore it is pointless to take more than 10 mg.
A maintaining therapy is continued till the therapeutic effect is kept. If Aricept 10 mg does not help to control the cognitive functions and symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease progress, the treatment is terminated.
Recommendations for the use
- Aricept may be used in the minimal daily dose of 5 mg during acute condition of the ulcer disease of stomach and duodenum.
- If a patient has chronic diseases of the cardiovascular system, COPD, Aricept should be carefully used
- Aricept is useful only if a patient controls a regular use of the pills and follows health
- If a patient experiences generalized spasms, signs of bradycardia or other side effects during the use of Aricept, inform your doctor about it
Nausea, vomiting, indigestion, insomnia, seizures are side effects which sometimes appear in patients during the use of Aricept. The side effects of Aricept last for a short period and usually are soft.
Where to buy Aricept?
The treatment of Alzheimer’s disease may take many years and Aricept should be used every day. But in spite of this, you will not find cheap Aricept in the city pharmacies. The pharmacy chains set high prices which exceed a real cost of the pills by 2-3 times. If you do not want to pay for the trade price markups and want to buy Aricept at the manufacturer’s cost, you should order Aricept online.
Buying Aricept online will be cheaper than buying Aricept in the pharmacies of your city. The medicine is supplied from the manufacturer to the warehouse of the online pharmacy. Cheap Aricept meets all international standards of quality and works like expensive pills in your city. Why should you overpay? | <urn:uuid:b64c0246-915d-4e52-9155-a085c1501c78> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.canadianpharmacy365.net/product/aricept/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573801.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920005656-20190920031656-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.906177 | 784 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Linux Fu: Alternative Shells
On Unix — the progenitor of Linux — there was /bin/sh. It was simple, by comparison to today’s shells, but it allowed you to enter commands and — most importantly — execute lists of commands. In fact, it was a simple program… https://hackaday.com/2020/05/21/linux-fu-alternative-shells/
Original tweet : https://twitter.com/hackaday/status/1263521525220741124
A Mastodon instance for bots and bot allies. | <urn:uuid:57b0a5ae-b859-40bb-8360-1a76e3cac602> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://botsin.space/@hackaday/104207651116766981 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348509264.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606000537-20200606030537-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.910275 | 120 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Obviously, not all the water that flows down from the Sierra Nevada makes it into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and San Francisco Bay.
A lot of it is used to irrigate Central Valley farmland.
However, irrigation districts are required to allow a certain amount of that water to make the entire journey -- a policy aimed at maintaining habitat for salmon and other wildlife.
Regional agricultural water providers recently blasted an ambitious new proposal by the State Water Resources Control Board that would update those regulations for the first time in more than six years.
The San Joaquin Tributary Association -- representing Merced, Modesto, Turlock, Oakdale and South San Joaquin irrigation districts -- said a recent state water board study on how hydroelectric power would be affected by proposed regulations ignored key information.
"We don't understand it. They're doing this analysis. Nobody's even contacted us," said Tim O'Laughlin, legal counsel for the association.
Mike Jensen, spokesman for the Merced Irrigation District, agreed: "We are concerned about flow requirements and how they may affect our ability to provide irrigation water to our growers and produce electricity. Given our concerns, as the process develops, MID will provide more details on the issues, concerns and potential risks to Merced County."
The process to determine the new regulations has just begun, said state water board spokesman George Kostyrko. "These (documents) were just released for an extended public comment period that will span over three months in order to give all parties an opportunity to review, comment and provide additional information to improve the analysis."
The new version of the Bay-Delta Plan -- which has been updated four times since its adoption in 1978 -- isn't due to be completed for another 10 months.
The current draft proposal would require irrigation districts, from February to June, to allow a certain percentage of the water in the Merced, Tuolumne and Stanislaus rivers to flow back into the delta. The proposed requirements range from 20 percent to 60 percent of all the water that would naturally flow into the delta.
Average springtime flows from Merced, Tuolumne and Stanislaus rivers into the delta hover around 26 percent, 21 percent and 40 percent, respectively.
Water providers are currently bound by state requirements in April, May and October, as well as federal regulations that industry advocates say are far less onerous than the proposed state plan.
Mandating new and higher flow rates would force hydropower providers to generate energy in an offseason, O'Laughlin said. "If you took flows that otherwise would have been going to farmers in the summer and move it to the springtime, you're going to short the farmers and have less power in the summer."
Those stricter proposed requirements would have dramatic effects on agriculture, he added. "At 60 percent, all the reservoirs would crash to zero periodically, once every eight to 10 years. At 40 percent, you'd release 200,000 to 300,000 acre-feet of additional water over what we're releasing now. You'd lose it. That's a lot of water." An acre-foot of water is equal to about 326,000 gallons.
The board is trying to balance the needs of industry and environment, said Kostyrko. "The board is looking at a range of alternative flow regimes and evaluating ways to minimize their effect on the agricultural industry," he said.
"Scientific reports have concluded that more flow of a natural pattern is needed from February through June for salmon- and steelhead-bearing tributaries in the San Joaquin River watershed. Determining the flows needed to protect fish and wildlife is a high priority for the water boards," Kostyrko added.
The state water board has yet to determine flow requirements for September November, December and January. Monitoring and studies have been proposed to determine what, if any, restriction on water use should be put in place for this time period.
A review of requirements for October is expected.
The state water board is scheduled to release additional environmental documents for public review on March 31. Written comments are due April 25. The state water board is expected to make a decision on flow requirements by November 2012.
Reporter Joshua Emerson Smith can be reached at
(209) 385-2486 or | <urn:uuid:f209b90d-a360-4086-8263-4564dc7bf6ab> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.mercedsunstar.com/2012/02/29/2249383/central-valleys-providers-of-irrigation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705543116/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115903-00020-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96342 | 883 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence is conceived as a process whereby larger entities, patterns, and regularities arise through interactions among smaller or simpler entities that themselves do not exhibit such properties. In philosophy, almost all accounts of emergence include a form of irreducibility (either epistemic or ontological) to the lower levels. Also, emergence is central in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. For instance, the phenomenon life as studied in biology is commonly perceived as an emergent property of interacting molecules as studied in chemistry, whose phenomena reflect interactions among elementary particles, modeled in particle physics, that at such higher mass—via substantial conglomeration—exhibit motion as modeled in gravitational physics. Neurobiological phenomena are often presumed to suffice as the underlying basis of psychological phenomena, whereby economic phenomena are in turn presumed to principally emerge.
- 1 Definitions
- 2 Strong and weak emergence
- 3 Objective or subjective quality
- 4 In philosophy, religion, art and human sciences
- 5 Emergent properties and processes
- 6 Emergent structures in nature
- 7 In humanity
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Bibliography
- 11 Further reading
- 12 External links
The term "emergent" was coined by philosopher G. H. Lewes, who wrote:
"Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same -- their difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are homogeneous and commensurable. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference."
Economist Jeffrey Goldstein provided a current definition of emergence in the journal Emergence. Goldstein initially defined emergence as: "the arising of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the process of self-organization in complex systems".
Goldstein's definition can be further elaborated to describe the qualities of this definition in more detail:
"The common characteristics are: (1) radical novelty (features not previously observed in systems); (2) coherence or correlation (meaning integrated wholes that maintain themselves over some period of time); (3) A global or macro "level" (i.e. there is some property of "wholeness"); (4) it is the product of a dynamical process (it evolves); and (5) it is "ostensive" (it can be perceived). For good measure, Goldstein throws in supervenience -- downward causation."
Systems scientist Peter Corning also points out that living systems cannot be reduced to underlying laws of physics:
Rules, or laws, have no causal efficacy; they do not in fact “generate” anything. They serve merely to describe regularities and consistent relationships in nature. These patterns may be very illuminating and important, but the underlying causal agencies must be separately specified (though often they are not). But that aside, the game of chess illustrates ... why any laws or rules of emergence and evolution are insufficient. Even in a chess game, you cannot use the rules to predict “history” — i.e., the course of any given game. Indeed, you cannot even reliably predict the next move in a chess game. Why? Because the “system” involves more than the rules of the game. It also includes the players and their unfolding, moment-by-moment decisions among a very large number of available options at each choice point. The game of chess is inescapably historical, even though it is also constrained and shaped by a set of rules, not to mention the laws of physics. Moreover, and this is a key point, the game of chess is also shaped by teleonomic, cybernetic, feedback-driven influences. It is not simply a self-ordered process; it involves an organized, “purposeful” activity.
Strong and weak emergence
Usage of the notion "emergence" may generally be subdivided into two perspectives, that of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence". In terms of physical systems, weak emergence is a type of emergence in which the emergent property is amenable to computer simulation. This is opposed to the older notion of strong emergence, in which the emergent property cannot be simulated by a computer.
Some common points between the two notions are that emergence concerns new properties produced as the system grows, which is to say ones which are not shared with its components or prior states. Also, it is assumed that the properties are supervenient rather than metaphysically primitive (Bedau 1997).
Weak emergence describes new properties arising in systems as a result of the interactions at an elemental level. However, it is stipulated that the properties can be determined by observing or simulating the system, and not by any process of a priori analysis.
Bedau notes that weak emergence is not a universal metaphysical solvent, as weak emergence leads to the conclusion that matter itself contains elements of awareness to it. However, Bedau concludes that adopting this view would provide a precise notion that emergence is involved in consciousness, and second, the notion of weak emergence is metaphysically benign (Bedau 1997).
Strong emergence describes the direct causal action of a high-level system upon its components; qualities produced this way are irreducible to the system's constituent parts (Laughlin 2005). The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. It follows that no simulation of the system can exist, for such a simulation would itself constitute a reduction of the system to its constituent parts (Bedau 1997).
However, "the debate about whether or not the whole can be predicted from the properties of the parts misses the point. Wholes produce unique combined effects, but many of these effects may be co-determined by the context and the interactions between the whole and its environment(s)" (Corning 2002). In accordance with his Synergism Hypothesis (Corning 1983 2005), Corning also stated, "It is the synergistic effects produced by wholes that are the very cause of the evolution of complexity in nature." Novelist Arthur Koestler used the metaphor of Janus (a symbol of the unity underlying complements like open/shut, peace/war) to illustrate how the two perspectives (strong vs. weak or holistic vs. reductionistic) should be treated as non-exclusive, and should work together to address the issues of emergence (Koestler 1969). Further,
The ability to reduce everything to simple fundamental laws does not imply the ability to start from those laws and reconstruct the universe. The constructionist hypothesis breaks down when confronted with the twin difficulties of scale and complexity. At each level of complexity entirely new properties appear. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry. We can now see that the whole becomes not merely more, but very different from the sum of its parts. (Anderson 1972)
The plausibility of strong emergence is questioned by some as contravening our usual understanding of physics. Mark A. Bedau observes:
Although strong emergence is logically possible, it is uncomfortably like magic. How does an irreducible but supervenient downward causal power arise, since by definition it cannot be due to the aggregation of the micro-level potentialities? Such causal powers would be quite unlike anything within our scientific ken. This not only indicates how they will discomfort reasonable forms of materialism. Their mysteriousness will only heighten the traditional worry that emergence entails illegitimately getting something from nothing.
Meanwhile, others have worked towards developing analytical evidence of strong emergence. In 2009, Gu et al. presented a class of physical systems that exhibits non-computable macroscopic properties. More precisely, if one could compute certain macroscopic properties of these systems from the microscopic description of these systems, they one would be able to solve computational problems known to be undecidable in computer science. They concluded that
Although macroscopic concepts are essential for understanding our world, much of fundamental physics has been devoted to the search for a `theory of everything', a set of equations that perfectly describe the behavior of all fundamental particles. The view that this is the goal of science rests in part on the rationale that such a theory would allow us to derive the behavior of all macroscopic concepts, at least in principle. The evidence we have presented suggests that this view may be overly optimistic. A `theory of everything' is one of many components necessary for complete understanding of the universe, but is not necessarily the only one. The development of macroscopic laws from first principles may involve more than just systematic logic, and could require conjectures suggested by experiments, simulations or insight.
Objective or subjective quality
"Defining structure and detecting the emergence of complexity in nature are inherently subjective, though essential, scientific activities. Despite the difficulties, these problems can be analysed in terms of how model-building observers infer from measurements the computational capabilities embedded in non-linear processes. An observer’s notion of what is ordered, what is random, and what is complex in its environment depends directly on its computational resources: the amount of raw measurement data, of memory, and of time available for estimation and inference. The discovery of structure in an environment depends more critically and subtly, though, on how those resources are organized. The descriptive power of the observer’s chosen (or implicit) computational model class, for example, can be an overwhelming determinant in finding regularity in data."(Crutchfield 1994)
On the other hand, Peter Corning argues "Must the synergies be perceived/observed in order to qualify as emergent effects, as some theorists claim? Most emphatically not. The synergies associated with emergence are real and measurable, even if nobody is there to observe them." (Corning 2002)
In philosophy, religion, art and human sciences
In philosophy, emergence is often understood to be a much weaker claim about the etiology of a system's properties. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. Nicolai Hartmann, one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this categorial novum (new category).
In religion, emergence grounds expressions of religious naturalism in which a sense of the sacred is perceived in the workings of entirely naturalistic processes by which more complex forms arise or evolve from simpler forms. Examples are detailed in a 2006 essay titled 'The Sacred Emergence of Nature' by Ursula Goodenough and Terrence Deacon and a 2006 essay titled 'Beyond Reductionism: Reinventing the Sacred' by Stuart Kauffman.
In art, emergence is used to explore the origins of novelty, creativity, and authorship. Some art/literary theorists (Wheeler, 2006; Alexander, 2011) have proposed alternatives to postmodern understandings of "authorship" using the complexity sciences and emergence theory. They contend that artistic selfhood and meaning are emergent, relatively objective phenomena. The concept of emergence has also been applied to the theory of literature and art, history, linguistics, cognitive sciences, etc. by the teachings of Jean-Marie Grassin at the University of Limoges (v. esp.: J. Fontanille, B. Westphal, J. Vion-Dury, éds. L'Émergence—Poétique de l'Émergence, en réponse aux travaux de Jean-Marie Grassin, Bern, Berlin, etc., 2011; and: the article "Emergence" in the International Dictionary of Literary Terms (DITL).
In international development, concepts of emergence have been used within a theory of social change termed SEED-SCALE to show how standard principles interact to bring forward socio-economic development fitted to cultural values, community economics, and natural environment (local solutions emerging from the larger socio-econo-biosphere). These principles can be implemented utilizing a sequence of standardized tasks that self-assemble in individually specific ways utilizing recursive evaluative criteria.
In postcolonial studies, the term "Emerging Literature" refers to a contemporary body of texts that is gaining momentum in the global literary landscape (v. esp.: J.M. Grassin, ed. Emerging Literatures, Bern, Berlin, etc. : Peter Lang, 1996). By opposition, "emergent literature" is rather a concept used in the theory of literature.
Emergent properties and processes
An emergent behavior or emergent property can appear when a number of simple entities (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviors as a collective. If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales. In other words there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties. The processes from which emergent properties result may occur in either the observed or observing system, and can commonly be identified by their patterns of accumulating change, most generally called 'growth'. Emergent behaviours can occur because of intricate causal relations across different scales and feedback, known as interconnectivity. The emergent property itself may be either very predictable or unpredictable and unprecedented, and represent a new level of the system's evolution. The complex behaviour or properties are not a property of any single such entity, nor can they easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in the lower-level entities, and might in fact be irreducible to such behavior. The shape and behaviour of a flock of birds or school of fish are good examples of emergent properties.
One reason why emergent behaviour is hard to predict is that the number of interactions between components of a system increases exponentially with the number of components, thus potentially allowing for many new and subtle types of behaviour to emerge.
On the other hand, merely having a large number of interactions is not enough by itself to guarantee emergent behaviour; many of the interactions may be negligible or irrelevant, or may cancel each other out. In some cases, a large number of interactions can in fact work against the emergence of interesting behaviour, by creating a lot of "noise" to drown out any emerging "signal"; the emergent behaviour may need to be temporarily isolated from other interactions before it reaches enough critical mass to be self-supporting. Thus it is not just the sheer number of connections between components which encourages emergence; it is also how these connections are organised. A hierarchical organisation is one example that can generate emergent behaviour (a bureaucracy may behave in a way quite different from that of the individual humans in that bureaucracy); but perhaps more interestingly, emergent behaviour can also arise from more decentralized organisational structures, such as a marketplace. In some cases, the system has to reach a combined threshold of diversity, organisation, and connectivity before emergent behaviour appears.
Unintended consequences and side effects are closely related to emergent properties. Luc Steels writes: "A component has a particular functionality but this is not recognizable as a subfunction of the global functionality. Instead a component implements a behaviour whose side effect contributes to the global functionality [...] Each behaviour has a side effect and the sum of the side effects gives the desired functionality" (Steels 1990). In other words, the global or macroscopic functionality of a system with "emergent functionality" is the sum of all "side effects", of all emergent properties and functionalities.
Systems with emergent properties or emergent structures may appear to defy entropic principles and the second law of thermodynamics, because they form and increase order despite the lack of command and central control. This is possible because open systems can extract information and order out of the environment.
Emergence helps to explain why the fallacy of division is a fallacy.
Emergent structures in nature
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2008)|
Emergent structures are patterns that emerge via collective actions of many individual entities. To explain such patterns, one might conclude, per Aristotle, that emergent structures are more than the sum of their parts on the assumption that the emergent order will not arise if the various parts simply interact independently of one another. However, there are those who disagree. According to this argument, the interaction of each part with its immediate surroundings causes a complex chain of processes that can lead to order in some form. In fact, some systems in nature are observed to exhibit emergence based upon the interactions of autonomous parts, and some others exhibit emergence that at least at present cannot be reduced in this way. See the discussion in this article of strong and weak emergence.
Emergent structures can be found in many natural phenomena, from the physical to the biological domain. For example, the shape of weather phenomena such as hurricanes are emergent structures. The development and growth of complex, orderly crystals, as driven by the random motion of water molecules within a conducive natural environment, is another example of an emergent process, where randomness can give rise to complex and deeply attractive, orderly structures.
However, crystalline structure and hurricanes are said to have a self-organizing phase.
It is useful to distinguish three forms of emergent structures. A first-order emergent structure occurs as a result of shape interactions (for example, hydrogen bonds in water molecules lead to surface tension). A second-order emergent structure involves shape interactions played out sequentially over time (for example, changing atmospheric conditions as a snowflake falls to the ground build upon and alter its form). Finally, a third-order emergent structure is a consequence of shape, time, and heritable instructions. For example, an organism's genetic code sets boundary conditions on the interaction of biological systems in space and time.
Non-living, physical systems
In physics, emergence is used to describe a property, law, or phenomenon which occurs at macroscopic scales (in space or time) but not at microscopic scales, despite the fact that a macroscopic system can be viewed as a very large ensemble of microscopic systems.
An emergent property need not be more complicated than the underlying non-emergent properties which generate it. For instance, the laws of thermodynamics are remarkably simple, even if the laws which govern the interactions between component particles are complex. The term emergence in physics is thus used not to signify complexity, but rather to distinguish which laws and concepts apply to macroscopic scales, and which ones apply to microscopic scales.
Some examples include:
- Classical mechanics: The laws of classical mechanics can be said to emerge as a limiting case from the rules of quantum mechanics applied to large enough masses. This is particularly strange since quantum mechanics is generally thought of as more complicated than classical mechanics.
- Friction: Forces between elementary particles are conservative. However, friction emerges when considering more complex structures of matter, whose surfaces can convert mechanical energy into heat energy when rubbed against each other. Similar considerations apply to other emergent concepts in continuum mechanics such as viscosity, elasticity, tensile strength, etc.
- Patterned ground: the distinct, and often symmetrical geometric shapes formed by ground material in periglacial regions.
- Statistical mechanics was initially derived using the concept of a large enough ensemble that fluctuations about the most likely distribution can be all but ignored. However, small clusters do not exhibit sharp first order phase transitions such as melting, and at the boundary it is not possible to completely categorize the cluster as a liquid or solid, since these concepts are (without extra definitions) only applicable to macroscopic systems. Describing a system using statistical mechanics methods is much simpler than using a low-level atomistic approach.
- Electrical networks: The bulk conductive response of binary (RC) electrical networks with random arrangements can be seen as emergent properties of such physical systems. Such arrangements can be used as simple physical prototypes for deriving mathematical formulae for the emergent responses of complex systems.
Temperature is sometimes used as an example of an emergent macroscopic behaviour. In classical dynamics, a snapshot of the instantaneous momenta of a large number of particles at equilibrium is sufficient to find the average kinetic energy per degree of freedom which is proportional to the temperature. For a small number of particles the instantaneous momenta at a given time are not statistically sufficient to determine the temperature of the system. However, using the ergodic hypothesis, the temperature can still be obtained to arbitrary precision by further averaging the momenta over a long enough time.
Convection in a liquid or gas is another example of emergent macroscopic behaviour that makes sense only when considering differentials of temperature. Convection cells, particularly Bénard cells, are an example of a self-organizing system (more specifically, a dissipative system) whose structure is determined both by the constraints of the system and by random perturbations: the possible realizations of the shape and size of the cells depends on the temperature gradient as well as the nature of the fluid and shape of the container, but which configurations are actually realized is due to random perturbations (thus these systems exhibit a form of symmetry breaking).
In some theories of particle physics, even such basic structures as mass, space, and time are viewed as emergent phenomena, arising from more fundamental concepts such as the Higgs boson or strings. In some interpretations of quantum mechanics, the perception of a deterministic reality, in which all objects have a definite position, momentum, and so forth, is actually an emergent phenomenon, with the true state of matter being described instead by a wavefunction which need not have a single position or momentum. Most of the laws of physics themselves as we experience them today appear to have emerged during the course of time making emergence the most fundamental principle in the universe and raising the question of what might be the most fundamental law of physics from which all others emerged. Chemistry can in turn be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of physics. Biology (including biological evolution) can be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of chemistry. Similarly, psychology could be understood as an emergent property of neurobiological laws. Finally, free-market theories understand economy as an emergent feature of psychology.
In Laughlin's book, he explains that for many particle systems, nothing can be calculated exactly from the microscopic equations, and that macroscopic systems are characterised by broken symmetry: the symmetry present in the microscopic equations is not present in the macroscopic system, due to phase transitions. As a result, these macroscopic systems are described in their own terminology, and have properties that do not depend on many microscopic details. This does not mean that the microscopic interactions are irrelevant, but simply that you do not see them anymore — you only see a renormalized effect of them. Laughlin is a pragmatic theoretical physicist: if you cannot, possibly ever, calculate the broken symmetry macroscopic properties from the microscopic equations, then what is the point of talking about reducibility?
Living, biological systems
Emergence and evolution
Life is a major source of complexity, and evolution is the major process behind the varying forms of life. In this view, evolution is the process describing the growth of complexity in the natural world and in speaking of the emergence of complex living beings and life-forms, this view refers therefore to processes of sudden changes in evolution.
Regarding causality in evolution Peter Corning observes:
"Synergistic effects of various kinds have played a major causal role in the evolutionary process generally and in the evolution of cooperation and complexity in particular... Natural selection is often portrayed as a “mechanism”, or is personified as a causal agency... In reality, the differential “selection” of a trait, or an adaptation, is a consequence of the functional effects it produces in relation to the survival and reproductive success of a given organism in a given environment. It is these functional effects that are ultimately responsible for the trans-generational continuities and changes in nature." (Corning 2002)
Per his definition of emergence, Corning also addresses emergence and evolution:
"[In] evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself... has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key." (Corning 2002)
Swarming is a well-known behaviour in many animal species from marching locusts to schooling fish to flocking birds. Emergent structures are a common strategy found in many animal groups: colonies of ants, mounds built by termites, swarms of bees, shoals/schools of fish, flocks of birds, and herds/packs of mammals.
An example to consider in detail is an ant colony. The queen does not give direct orders and does not tell the ants what to do. Instead, each ant reacts to stimuli in the form of chemical scent from larvae, other ants, intruders, food and buildup of waste, and leaves behind a chemical trail, which, in turn, provides a stimulus to other ants. Here each ant is an autonomous unit that reacts depending only on its local environment and the genetically encoded rules for its variety of ant. Despite the lack of centralized decision making, ant colonies exhibit complex behavior and have even been able to demonstrate the ability to solve geometric problems. For example, colonies routinely find the maximum distance from all colony entrances to dispose of dead bodies.
Organization of life
A broader example of emergent properties in biology is viewed in the biological organisation of life, ranging from the subatomic level to the entire biosphere. For example, individual atoms can be combined to form molecules such as polypeptide chains, which in turn fold and refold to form proteins, which in turn create even more complex structures. These proteins, assuming their functional status from their spatial conformation, interact together and with other molecules to achieve higher biological functions and eventually create an organism. Another example is how cascade phenotype reactions, as detailed in chaos theory, arise from individual genes mutating respective positioning. At the highest level, all the biological communities in the world form the biosphere, where its human participants form societies, and the complex interactions of meta-social systems such as the stock market.
Groups of human beings, left free to each regulate themselves, tend to produce spontaneous order, rather than the meaningless chaos often feared. This has been observed in society at least since Chuang Tzu in ancient China. A classic traffic roundabout is a good example, with cars moving in and out with such effective organization that some modern cities have begun replacing stoplights at problem intersections with traffic circles , and getting better results. Open-source software and Wiki projects form an even more compelling illustration.
Emergent processes or behaviours can be seen in many other places, such as cities, cabal and market-dominant minority phenomena in economics, organizational phenomena in computer simulations and cellular automata. Whenever you have a multitude of individuals interacting with one another, there often comes a moment when disorder gives way to order and something new emerges: a pattern, a decision, a structure, or a change in direction (Miller 2010, 29).
The stock market (or any market for that matter) is an example of emergence on a grand scale. As a whole it precisely regulates the relative security prices of companies across the world, yet it has no leader; when no central planning is in place, there is no one entity which controls the workings of the entire market. Agents, or investors, have knowledge of only a limited number of companies within their portfolio, and must follow the regulatory rules of the market and analyse the transactions individually or in large groupings. Trends and patterns emerge which are studied intensively by technical analysts.
Money, insofar as being a medium of exchange and of deferred payment, is also an example of an emergent phenomenon between market participators. In their strive to possess a commodity with greater marketability than their own commodity, such that the possession of these more marketable commodities (money) facilitate the search for commodities that participators want (e.g. consumables).
- Austrian School economist Carl Menger wrote in his work Principles of Economics, "As each economizing individual becomes increasingly more aware of his economic interest, he is led by this interest, without any agreement, without legislative compulsion, and even without regard to the public interest, to give his commodities in exchange for other, more saleable, commodities, even if he does not need them for any immediate consumption purpose. With economic progress, therefore, we can everywhere observe the phenomenon of a certain number of goods, especially those that are most easily saleable at a given time and place, becoming, under the powerful influence of custom, acceptable to everyone in trade, and thus capable of being given in exchange for any other commodity."
World Wide Web and the Internet
The World Wide Web is a popular example of a decentralized system exhibiting emergent properties. There is no central organization rationing the number of links, yet the number of links pointing to each page follows a power law in which a few pages are linked to many times and most pages are seldom linked to. A related property of the network of links in the World Wide Web is that almost any pair of pages can be connected to each other through a relatively short chain of links. Although relatively well known now, this property was initially unexpected in an unregulated network. It is shared with many other types of networks called small-world networks (Barabasi, Jeong, & Albert 1999, pp. 130–131).
Internet traffic can also exhibit some seemingly emergent properties. In the congestion control mechanism, TCP flows can become globally synchronized at bottlenecks, simultaneously increasing and then decreasing throughput in coordination. Congestion, widely regarded as a nuisance, is possibly an emergent property of the spreading of bottlenecks across a network in high traffic flows which can be considered as a phase transition [see review of related research in (Smith 2008, pp. 1–31)].
Another important example of emergence in web-based systems is social bookmarking (also called collaborative tagging). In social bookmarking systems, users assign tags to resources shared with other users, which gives rise to a type of information organisation that emerges from this crowdsourcing process. Recent research which analyzes empirically the complex dynamics of such systems has shown that consensus on stable distributions and a simple form of shared vocabularies does indeed emerge, even in the absence of a central controlled vocabulary. Some believe that this could be because users who contribute tags all use the same language, and they share similar semantic structures underlying the choice of words. The convergence in social tags may therefore be interpreted as the emergence of structures as people who have similar semantic interpretation collaboratively index online information, a process called semantic imitation.
Open-source software, or Wiki projects such as Wikipedia and Wikivoyage are other impressive examples of emergence. The "zeroeth law of Wikipedia" is often cited by its editors to highlight its apparently surprising and unpredictable quality: The problem with Wikipedia is that it only works in practice. In theory, it can never work.
Architecture and cities
Emergent structures appear at many different levels of organization or as spontaneous order. Emergent self-organization appears frequently in cities where no planning or zoning entity predetermines the layout of the city. (Krugman 1996, pp. 9–29) The interdisciplinary study of emergent behaviors is not generally considered a homogeneous field, but divided across its application or problem domains.
Architects and Landscape Architects may not design all the pathways of a complex of buildings. Instead they might let usage patterns emerge and then place pavement where pathways have become worn in.
The on-course action and vehicle progression of the 2007 Urban Challenge could possibly be regarded as an example of cybernetic emergence. Patterns of road use, indeterministic obstacle clearance times, etc. will work together to form a complex emergent pattern that can not be deterministically planned in advance.
The architectural school of Christopher Alexander takes a deeper approach to emergence attempting to rewrite the process of urban growth itself in order to affect form, establishing a new methodology of planning and design tied to traditional practices, an Emergent Urbanism. Urban emergence has also been linked to theories of urban complexity (Batty 2005) and urban evolution (Marshall 2009).
Building ecology is a conceptual framework for understanding architecture and the built environment as the interface between the dynamically interdependent elements of buildings, their occupants, and the larger environment. Rather than viewing buildings as inanimate or static objects, building ecologist Hal Levin views them as interfaces or intersecting domains of living and non-living systems. The microbial ecology of the indoor environment is strongly dependent on the building materials, occupants, contents, environmental context and the indoor and outdoor climate. The strong relationship between atmospheric chemistry and indoor air quality and the chemical reactions occurring indoors. The chemicals may be nutrients, neutral or biocides for the microbial organisms. The microbes produce chemicals that affect the building materials and occupant health and well being. Humans manipulate the temperature and humidity to achieve comfort with the concomitant effects on the microbes that populate and evolve.
Eric Bonabeau's attempt to define emergent phenomena is through traffic: "traffic jams are actually very complicated and mysterious. On an individual level, each driver is trying to get somewhere and is following (or breaking) certain rules, some legal (the speed limit) and others societal or personal (slow down to let another driver change into your lane). But a traffic jam is a separate and distinct entity that emerges from those individual behaviors. Gridlock on a highway, for example, can travel backward for no apparent reason, even as the cars are moving forward." He has also likened emergent phenomena to the analysis of market trends and employee behavior.
Computational emergent phenomena have also been utilized in architectural design processes, for example for formal explorations and experiments in digital materiality.
It has been argued that the structure and regularity of language--grammar, or at least language change, is an emergence phenomenon (Hopper 1998).While each speaker merely tries to reach his or her own communicative goals, he or she uses language in a particular way. If enough speakers behave in that way, language is changed (Keller 1994). In a wider sense, the norms of a language, i.e. the linguistic conventions of its speech society, can be seen as a system emerging from long-time participation in communicative problem-solving in various social circumstances. (Määttä 2000)
Emergent change processes
Within the field of group facilitation and organization development, there have been a number of new group processes that are designed to maximize emergence and self-organization, by offering a minimal set of effective initial conditions. Examples of these processes include SEED-SCALE, Appreciative Inquiry, Future Search, the World Cafe or Knowledge Cafe, Open Space Technology, and others. (Holman, 2010)
||This "see also" section may contain an excessive number of suggestions. Please ensure that only the most relevant suggestions are given and that they are not red links, and consider integrating suggestions into the article itself. (June 2013)|
- Agent-based model
- Anthropic principle
- Big History
- Chaos theory
- Complex systems
- Constructal theory
- Dynamical system
- Deus ex machina
- Emergent algorithm
- Emergent evolution
- Emergent gameplay
- Emergent organization
- Flocking (behaviour)
- Free will
- Generative sciences
- Innovation butterfly
- Irreducible complexity
- Langton's ant
- Law of Complexity/Consciousness
- Mass action
- Neural networks
- Organic Wholes of G.E. Moore
- Society of Mind theory
- Swarm intelligence
- System of Systems
- Synergetics (Fuller)
- Synergetics (Haken)
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|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emergence.|
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Received Date: July 28, 2014; Accepted Date: November 06, 2014; Published Date: November 12, 2014
Citation: de la Rosa GE, Sow CB (2014) The International Cooperation as a Guarantee for the Satisfaction of Basic Human Needs. J Civil Legal Sci 3:134. doi:10.4172/2169-0170.1000134
Copyright: © 2014 de la Rosa GE, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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The International Cooperation Development is an instrument used by the major powers in the sphere of international relations. As such, this has served more the interests of donors than the improvement in living conditions of the target population, and with regard to human rights. However, the international cooperation must be guided towards the satisfaction of basic human needs, according to its original sense in the Charter of the United Nations. This paper pays attention to the original sense of the International Cooperation in the human rights system.
International cooperation; Development; Basic human needs; Human rights; Economic; Social and cultural rights
On the international stage, the duty to cooperate is established in the Chapter IX of the Charter of the United Nations, made in San Francisco, the 26th June 1945, entitled “International Economic and Social Cooperation” (Spanish Official State Bulletin nº 257, 16th November 1990, and Spanish Official State Bulletin nº 285, 28th November). In addition, the international cooperation is reflected in the Charter of the United Nations as one of the aims of this Organization. Reference to the purpose of achieving the cooperation in different fields (economic, social, cultural, humanitarian, etc.) is made. In particular, the art. 1, 3º of this Charter states that one of the aforementioned aims is “to achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character (…)”.
The international cooperation is also reflected in several United Nations resolutions, either as a means to achieve some purposes, or as a desirable objective in itself. Between them, in the Declaration of Principles on International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, which reflects the Resolution 2625 (XXV), approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 24th October 1970, is enunciated as a duty or obligation (“the duty of States to cooperate with one another in accordance with the Charter”) [letter d)].
Nevertheless, the philosophy behind this Declaration has an important political component, which is present at the historical moment when it is approved, determined by the climate of tension during the Cold War, but not only (growing polarisation between rich and poor countries, decolonization processes, predation of the human environment, etc) . However, any reference to the economic, social, cultural, technical and commercial cooperation was deleted intentionally, in such a way that the aforementioned Declaration underlined, rather, the uselessness of any passive conception (negative) of coexistence, being necessary that the positive concept to cooperation and international aids was added it .
For that reason, having been present the debate about development and international cooperation, it was not set out as such, but that does not mean that the aforementioned cooperation does not refer to the economic and social fields within the framework of the United Nations and, for this reason, to the second generation human rights (as it will be seen below). That is, the second great phase of development of human rights , inasmuch as the isolated efforts of each national State are not enough to achieve the satisfaction of such rights. This was an idea accepted since the preparation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The international cooperation, as well as other notions of international law, has the sense of synthesis and integration. On the one hand, it is remarkable its instrumental value in attitude oriented to the achievement of shared purposes; and, on the other hand, its value as a goal to be achieved, as a situation or state of understanding between States, resulting from cooperative efforts and new projects generator of “common undertaking” . Moreover, this notion has an all-inclusive character, either by reference to the fields on which is projected, or to the possible ways to be used in order to achieve the common purposes that the cooperation indicates .
Secondly, the international cooperation respects the sovereignty of States, and that is why, rather than a defined and precise legal concept, it is presented as a pragmatic conduct pattern . Therefore, cooperation and sovereignty are not two antithetical ideas, but complementary, even the one leads to the other .
Finally, the idea of cooperation is extended vertically, reaching areas that previously were part of the coexistence, that is, the delimitation of power of each State. This is the context which has served as breeding ground for the development of what is known as the international development law, understood as a body of rules and principles, which decide the legal relationships of developing nations with the investing countries and national or international promotion institutions .
Nevertheless, it is of interest, specifically, the meaning of the international cooperation in the specific context of universal human rights system. And, in particular, we will try to answer the following question: what role does the international cooperation play in such system?
The previously described is a notion of general international cooperation, whose scope is found in the field of public international law and, therefore, referring-fundamentally-to the relations between States and other subjects of international law (international organizations). However, the treatment of the international cooperation from the perspective of universal human rights system requires focusing on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, on 10th December 1948 (UDHR), whose art. 22 provides that: “everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality”.
It should be noted the recognition of a subjective right, whose content consists of the satisfaction for any individual of his economic, social and cultural rights, which are considered-moreover-indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality, as an active dimension of the first. It is also noteworthy the reference made to “everyone, as a member of society”, that is, which is found integrated, being the social integration-at the present time-a value for the whole democratic and Law society.
However, this authoritative doctrine has emphasized the difference between the international protection of human rights, which refers to the recognized rights in the agreements and conventions, and the so-called “protection of the humanity”, which intervenes before and regardless of any written recognition, highlighting the fundamental and inalienable character of certain inherent prerogatives to the human nature , even before taking part of any political community .
On the other hand, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on 16th December 1966 (ICESCR), refers to the international cooperation in several occasions along its articles (Spanish Official State Bulletin nº 103, 30th April 1977). In particular, the art. 1, 2º provides that: “all peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international law. In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence”.
On the other hand, the art. 2, 1º states that: “each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take steps, individually and through international assistance and co-operation, especially economic and technical, to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights recognized in the present”.
Finally, it also refers to the international cooperation in the art. 11 (for the fight against hunger and, therefore, the adoption of the appropriate measures to improve methods of production, conservation and distribution of food, as well as to ensure an equitable distribution), in the art. 15, 4º (recognition of the benefits to be derived from the encouragement and development of international contacts and cooperation in the scientific and cultural fields) and the art. 23 (“the States Parties to the present Covenant agree that international action for the achievement of the rights recognized in the present Covenant includes such methods as the conclusion of conventions, the adoption of recommendations, the furnishing of technical assistance and the holding of regional meetings and technical meetings for the purpose of consultation and study organized in conjunction with the Governments concerned”).
More recently, the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on 10th December 2008 (OPICESCR), also refers to the international cooperation in the Preamble in order to achieve the full realization of rights which have been recognized by the aforementioned Covenant (Spanish Official State Bulletin nº 48, 25th February 2013). In particular, it points out that: “Recalling that each State Party to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (hereinafter referred to as the Covenant) undertakes to take steps, individually and through international assistance and cooperation, especially economic and technical, to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights recognized in the Covenant by all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures (…)”.
Therefore, this notion of international cooperation is located – clearly– in the field of individual rights and, in particular, of human rights, which are, moreover, universal. And, on the other hand, it is related to the international environment, that is, the necessary support and friendship between the peoples of the Earth to achieve the satisfaction of human rights and, more specifically, of second generation human rights.
It is well known that such rights, contrary to first generation rights, are not rights of defense (of protection of the individual against the State) but rights for provision (see below), which demand an active intervention from the State, because its realization depends on the State’s initiative. And, for that reason, they are called “participation rights” . That is, they are only made collectively and through the State, and they are not conceivable outside the horizon of the political community (i.e., right to work, to education, to union representation, to social security, as well as the right to participate in the cultural life of the society, among others).
However, particular attention has not been paid to the role played by the international cooperation for the realization of said rights, which do not only require the isolated effort of each national State. While this statement was already found in the UDHR, it is reinforced at the present stage, inasmuch as the international system presents a new socio-economic, political and geostrategic physiognomy , on the one hand; and, on the other hand, the increasing interdependence between States, in the current international society of cooperation, which this doctrine is referred to . And, in this regard, it can be said that, in this new framework, the international cooperation must be conceived as a Guarantee for the satisfaction of economic, social and cultural rights (see below).
Such notion of international cooperation could be found linked or closed to another one: the International development cooperation, which-as it is well known-is seeking to reduce the existing economic gap between developed countries and developing countries. It is considered as the set of actions undertaken for such purpose and, generally, taking place between countries characterized by an important difference in the income level .
The aim is to improve the living conditions of people in developing countries so that they can meet the basic needs of the human family (United Nations Millennium Declaration of 2000). However, it will be verified below that the international cooperation that the great texts refers to, which include human rights, is not identified with this other modality, which agrees “to the development”.
By contrast, the notion of cooperation founded in its basis has not enabled the aim that the genuine international cooperation between peoples and nations must fulfill, which is clearly indicated by the UDHR and the ICESCR (as well as the Spanish Constitution of 1978): the full realization of the social, economic and cultural rights, essential for the free development of the personality (as an active dimension of the human dignity).
In this regard, we are talking about “the abyss of inequality” to point, from an economic point of view, to the fact that, despite the development cooperation policy was implemented for more than a century, it has not achieved to reduce the distance (from the living conditions perspective) between some countries in the world and others. Frequently, between the northern and southern countries, but not only .
The genuine (international) cooperation evokes the idea of the existence of greater degree of dialogue between subjects who tends to place in a position of equality, that is, recognition not only of each other’s existence, but from its value as such. Therefore, it is important to define adequately what is meant by “satisfaction of economic, social and cultural rights”, whose achievement must tend the international cooperation which the UDHR and ICESCR refers, letting know if the International Development Cooperation has fulfilled this purpose (see below).
On the other hand, it will be a question of verifying whether the satisfaction of human needs is equivalent to the satisfaction of economic, social and cultural rights. Finally, a concise approach to human rights generations and its relation with the international cooperation is made previously.
Undoubtedly, civil and political rights are the emblem or reference of human rights, since its inception in the 18th century. However, as noted above, the international cooperation is indicated in the aforementioned art. 22 of the UDHR to point, specifically, to the satisfaction of economic, social and cultural rights, without mentioning, however, the civil and political rights, on the one hand. And, on the other hand, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights entrusts exclusively to the States to adopt the measures as may be necessary to give effect to the rights recognized (art. 2, 2º) (Spanish Official State Bulletin nº 103, 30th April 1977).
Hence the importance of analyzing the characteristics presented in economic, social and cultural rights, which require not only the effort of each State (considered in isolation) for its realization, but the international cooperation. As we know, it constitutes, undoubtedly, the most complex set of human rights, for dealing the difficult task of distribution of wealth, characterized-theoretically-by its scarcity.
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ESC Rights), just like Human Rights in general, have a series of grounds and characteristics. They are characteristically innate, that is to say they are not acquired or earned, nor are they deserved and they cannot be lost, rather they are rights belonging to mankind for the simple fact of forming part of mankind. In regard to their relationship with national governments, Human Rights, and specifically ESC Rights, precede the existence and legitimacy of government.
These rights and their protection require the existence of a democratic State. An essential condition of Human Rights (ESC Rights) is that they are centered upon the protection of the individual and their interests. Human Rights-in every guise-are only HUMAN rights if they are egalitarian . Otherwise they become individual rights. Every human being is entitled to Human Rights (ESC Rights), without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion (art. 2 of the UDHR).
ESC Rights (just as Human Rights) are universal; that is to say they belong to all parts of the planet, without consideration for political systems, cultures and traditions, or the level of development enjoyed by any country of the world. They can also be characterized by the fact that they are fundamental. The fundamental character of ESC Rights refers not only to their recognition within the laws of every nation, but also to their protection of the conservation or maintenance of human dignity. Hence ESC Rights are interdependent on the other categories of Human Rights. Human Rights in turn constitute an intrinsically linked group which means that if the right to education is violated, for example, the right to freedom of opinion inevitably becomes violated as well.
Finally it is worth noting that the basis of ESC Rights is multifaceted, extending from the idea of God as the source of the Rights (natural law), to other, more pragmatic justifications, such as the satisfaction of basic needs or the development of human potential. Nonetheless, the principle category around which any efforts to establish ESC Rights revolves is that of “human dignity”. Thus exists an obligation to regard human beings as different from all other living beings, and as such, they must always be considered to be subjects, never objects (things) .
The International Covenant on ESC Rights adopted in 1966 states in its preamble that recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world. In the same text the Rights are recognized as one way in which human beings can achieve freedom from fear and want; one of the conditions which goes against human dignity.
However, the guarantees of the second generation human rights are more difficult than other rights. In any case, it is about “secondlevel rights” regarding its realization (behind civil and political rights), inasmuch as the right of each individual is recognized to obtain the satisfaction of economic, social and cultural rights (“through national effort and international cooperation”), but subordinate to the organization and resources of each State (“in accordance with the organization and resources of each State”), pursuant to the art. 2 of the UDHR.
It is commonly understood by development as a wealth accumulation through an important production of goods and a sustained economic growth over a period of time. However, it is well known that a single definition of development cannot be provided, by being a polysemic notion, on the one hand, and, on the other, by being defined differently according to the most specific context or the field in which it is used. In any case, it is interesting specifically the notion of “human development”, which is used commonly as opposed to poverty .
The human development consists of widening the range of population options. And, in particular, the three characteristics that allow to understand the meaning of the notion of development are the following: the vital sustenance, the self-esteem and the freedom . On the other hand, the expression “satisfaction of basic needs” is being coined currently to refer to a specific approach for the analysis of the socio-economic situation of individuals or various countries, as opposed to those used traditionally, focused on the notion of poverty, which is measured only in accordance with the economic income .
Therefore, it is about an approach (of unsatisfied basic needs) which is critical to the income-consumption approach, emerging after the observation of the persistent phenomenon of poverty in certain regions of the world, bringing an end to the notion of development used so far. In this way, after the Second World War and, specially, during the seventies of the last century, the convenience of using a new approach is presented, according to which the true development would involve that any individual has covered some minimum needs.
The approach of “basic needs” was presented by the International Labour Organization in 1976 in the World Employment Conference. Nevertheless, the notion of human need is functional and can have several meanings depending on the circumstances of individuals and within communities referred at any given time. On the other hand, the ESC rights focus on the satisfaction of basic needs of human beings in terms of feeding, housing, health, education, etc .
Furthermore, it is about notions intrinsically interdependent (basic human needs and second generation human rights), inasmuch as both are focused on the production and management of goods. The first creates wealth, whose distribution (management) contributes to the well-being of the community or, on the contrary, leads to widespread poverty and social exclusion. Therefore, economic, social and cultural rights, on the one hand, and the human development, on the other hand, have an intrinsic relationship, which is analyzed from several perspectives .
As noted above, in the UDHR on 1948, the two categories defined by the civil and political rights, and economic and social rights, form an indivisible and interdependent set. Therefore, both constitute the basis of “human rights system” . In 1977, with the Resolution 32/130 of the General Assembly of the United Nations, the interdependence and indivisibility of human rights was reaffirmed, which means its applicability to all individuals about the basis of equality and nondiscrimination. As was pointed out, this decision was confirmed by the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, approved in the World Conference on Human Rights of 1993.
However, during the Cold War period, economic and social rights were subject to discrepancy between Member States of United Nations and, therefore, two Agreements to develop the UDHR were reached in 1966, whose separation was questioned from the initial drafting, because of the fact of considering different categories of human rights (civil and political rights, on the one hand; and economic, social and cultural rights, on the other hand), and for the duality of forms of control compliance . Within this framework, two Covenants about civil and political rights, and economic and social rights, respectively, were approved.
Civil and political freedoms were reflected in the first Covenant, which are part of the basic idea of human rights; and, economic, social and cultural rights were configured in the second one, which were of interest to the countries within the communist orbit and many other Third World countries . The existence of both Covenants allowed to each Block its own interpretation or view of the world and, after this moment, the International (development) cooperation was used in favour of deepening in the existing ideological fissure.
On the other hand, immediately after the Second World War, the “decolonization process” was implemented, finishing with the independence of several States. The rise of political presence in developing countries, due to the considerably increasing of its number, caused the introduction in the political debate the matter of the economic development within the framework of the United Nations.
And, in particular, the States that, after independence, were in a situation of economic dependence regarding the former colonizing countries, put pressure to take measures to overcome the gap between rich and poor, with the purpose of achieving a fairer world. And, specifically, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was created in 1964 within the United Nations, as a forum to channelling of the specific demands of Third World Countries, as well as a permanent structure for information, study and negotiation.
However, it must be stressed the perseverance in the application of the “neoliberal prescriptions”, as countries of Western orbit have always stood out more intensely in the area of Development Cooperation. Therefore, we can say that it served more for strategic and ideological purposes, and even, economic (for the benefit of developed powers) than for the well-being of the target group of the aforementioned Official Development Assistance.
Hence the importance of recovering the original sense of the international cooperation between peoples and nations, with a much more specific purpose than the generic development (economic), which consists of the satisfaction of basic human needs (see below).
In the context of current universal human rights system, the international cooperation is not only a (further) instrument in the hands of the States for the realization of the ESC rights, but it constitutes a clear mandate, that is, a duty, by virtue of the commitment undertaken after the adoption of the conventions on human rights and, specifically, the UDHR and the ICESCR, but not only. It must also be cited the European Social Charter as well as the European Convention on Human Rights, within a more limited regional geographical sphere. Most recently, the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, made in New York on 10th December 2008, also comprises the international cooperation in the Preamble in order to achieve the full realization of rights which have been recognized by the aforementioned Covenant.
It is an accepted and assumed commitment by each State at the time of signature and ratification of such conventions, as a (additional) guarantee of satisfaction of basic human needs, understood not in a technical-legal sense, but in a sense of international politics. And it must be guided toward the achievement of specific purposes (material or substantive), so that the States have the obligation to utilize such cooperation in favour of the greatest satisfaction of economic, social and cultural rights, which are those that require to a large extent an active role by the States.
And thus, regardless of the existing international guarantees (both primary and jurisdictional) as well as the more recent ones. In this sense a new step must be seen in the above-mentioned, recent Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which creates faculty to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to receive and consider communications submitted by or on behalf of individuals or groups of individuals, under the jurisdiction of a State Party, claiming to be victims of a violation of any of the economic, social and cultural rights set forth in the Covenant by that State Party (art. 2).
Therefore, to talk about the satisfaction of such rights is equivalent to provide them with realization, not only in terms of technical-legal guarantees (constitutional, international, jurisdictional, etc.), but, specifically, with real effectiveness. That is to say, to take action “de facto” to alleviate the basic human needs, which are still dissatisfied in many countries and places in the world. Thus, this is the purpose or sense that the international cooperation has in the universal human rights system from its own origin and, specially, at present.
For this reason, the international cooperation must be considered a Guarantee (in sense not technical-legal) for the Satisfaction of economic, social and cultural rights, intended until now, which takes action specifically at and from the international level. It is essential for the satisfaction of a specific set of rights, since its realization cannot be left in the hands of the national State (in isolation), but it is the duty to cooperate with other States, working the aforementioned cooperation towards the international Solidarity, which is the aim of the United Nations (explicit in its founding Charter).
In this sense it is interesting to note the art. 10 of the aforementioned Optional Protocol, which provides that: “a State Party to the present Protocol may at any time declare under the present article that it recognizes the competence of the Committee to receive and consider communications to the effect that a State Party claims that another State Party is not fulfilling its obligations under the Covenant” (par. 1). In such case, a procedure will be followed, wherein the abovementioned Committee will provide a set of observations and make communications and reports.
And, moreover, the art. 14 provides that the Committee shall transmit, with the consent of the State Party concerned, to United Nations specialized agencies, funds and programmes and other competent bodies, “any matter arising out of communications considered under the present Protocol which may assist them in deciding, each within its field of competence, on the advisability of international measures likely to contribute to assisting States Parties in achieving progress in implementation of the rights recognized in the Covenant” (par. 2).
Finally, it can be said that the international cooperation has recovered a renewed importance in the current global context, wherein, in any case, it constitutes a principle of international law, which presides the abovementioned order and, thus, causing to guide toward the fullest satisfaction of human rights and, specially, the economic, social and cultural ones.
As a conclusion, it should be said that the International Cooperation links directly with the social justice, by seeking to promote the socioeconomic progress of the population and the improvement of the living conditions of all citizens on the Planet, rebalancing, in this way, the North-South relations. It must be considered a Guarantee (in sense not technical-legal) for the realization of economic, social and cultural rights and, in any case, a principle of international law, which must guide the action of the States in favour of the full satisfaction of basic human needs on every place on Earth.
This study is part of the International Development Cooperation Project: “Action for institutional strengthening of the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences at the University Gaston-Berger in the field of the emigration conditions of persons from sub-Saharan Africa to the European Union”, granted by the University of Jaén, in cooperation with the University Gaston-Berger (Sant-Louis, Senegal).
Make the best use of Scientific Research and information from our 700 + peer reviewed, Open Access Journals | <urn:uuid:37f2e6da-e80f-4a5c-aaba-d0fbb6ee76b1> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/the-international-cooperation-as-a-guarantee-for-the-satisfaction-of-basic-human-needs-2169-0170.1000134.php?aid=33183&view=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335609.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001101652-20221001131652-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.951314 | 6,070 | 2.96875 | 3 |
I'm going through the exercises Allen & Greenough's Latin Composition, an Elementary Guide to Writing in Latin (1888). It's a companion book to Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges (1888), the one before the major 1903 revision.
The composition book is super useful, because starting on page 87 is an English-Latin vocabulary containing I'd say 99% of the words used in the exercises, which makes choice of words easy. There are also hints in the exercises about what words should be used for certain phrases.
Since I can find no answer key, can I get anyone to look over my answers? Here is the first exercise.
Exercise 1: Apposition
1. The consul Caius(1) Flaminius defeated the Insubrians(2). The next consuls, Scipio and Marcellus, continued the war. Marcellus slew Viridomarus, chief of the Insubrians, and Scipio his collegue took Milan, their chief town.
C. Flaminius consul Insubres superavit. Scipio et Marcellus consules proximi bellum persecuti sunt. Marcellus Viridomarum ducem Insubrum interfecit et Scipio collega Mediolanum caput gentis cepit.
2. Give this message(3) to Tarquinius, your king.
Tarquinio regi tuo haec nuntia.
3. O Father Tiber, take me [into thy charge] and bear me up.
Tibere Pater, cape me et me sustine.
4. We have sworn together, three hundred noble youths, against Porsena.
Trecenti pueri nobiles contra Porsenam coniuravimus.
5. Bocchus was gained over to the Roman cause by Sulla, the quaestor of Marius.
Bocchus a Sulla quaestore Marii ad causam Romanam conciliatus est.
6. The consul Publius Rupilius brought the Servile War to an end by the capture of Tauromenium and Enna, the two strongholds of the insurgents.
P. Rupilius consul expugnatione Tauromenii et Ennae duorum praesidiorum seditionum Bellum Servilem confecit.
7. Sempronia, the only sister of Tiberius Gracchus, was married to the younger Scipio Africanus.
Sempronia sola soror T. Gracchi Scipioni Africano Minori nupta est.
8. The next year, Lucius Cornelius Scipio, brother of the great Africanus, and Caius Laelius, the intimate-friend of the latter(4), were consuls.
Anno proximo L. Cornelius Scipio frater Africani magni et C. Laelius familiaris eiusdem erant consules.
9. The Illyrians were a nation of pirates.
Ilyrii erant natio praedonum.
10. The she-wolf acted [as a] mother.
Lupa mater egit.
11. The Academy introduced a new [branch of] knowledge [viz.] to know nothing.
Academia novam scientiam nihil scire induxit.
12. Demetrius, an unprincipled Greek, surrendered to the Romans the important island [of] Corcyra.
Demetrius Graecus improbus Romanis insulam potentem Corcyram dedidit.
13. Marius and Cicero were born at Arpinum, a free-town of Latium.
Marius et Cicero apud Arpinum municipium Latii nati sunt.
(1) Praenomens (as Caius) are always to be abbreviated. The name must here precede the title.
(3) Literally, "Report these [things]." | <urn:uuid:e5f9e719-7080-4be5-a04e-f09f95286173> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.textkit.com/greek-latin-forum/viewtopic.php?p=160554 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111365.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00058-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.781191 | 865 | 2.609375 | 3 |
One of the most frightening industrial accidents in the U.S. occurred on this date in 1979 at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant on the Susquehanna River, south of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. A cascade of alarms and emergency responses started when someone mistakenly cross connected air and water lines in the plant’s number two reactor. The plant reportedly came close to a hydrogen gas explosion and a meltdown of its uranium core, which would have caused extensive radiation contamination. The incident sparked a large-scale review of nuclear power safety. Today, there are 65 such plants operating 104 nuclear reactors in 31 states across the country, and employing about 38,000 workers. You can find more facts about America’s people, places and economy, from the American Community Survey, at <www.census.gov>. | <urn:uuid:6e4a7d95-bcf6-4e76-945a-bbc7a9a67e44> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://homeinhenderson.com/2014/03/28/friday-weekend-open-lines-29/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948513478.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211105804-20171211125804-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.935707 | 165 | 2.96875 | 3 |
There are a large number of people who harbor the belief that the kids belonging to the Millennial Generation are technologically savvy. Such an impression arose from the fact that they are living in an age wherein technology, particularly IT, is advancing in leaps and bounds. You don’t see a kid these days without a laptop, smartphone or tablet. One would think that these Millennials would have a big, bright future in the corporate or tech world because they are so good when working with these devices.
However, nothing could be further from the truth. Despite the Millennials great exposure to computers and mobile gadgets, their areas of expertise—if you can actually call it that—are largely limited to social networking and Internet apps, which are not exactly vital to business productivity.
There have been a number of surveys conducted among top universities in the United States regarding the computer skills of students and their potential application in the workplace. In the 2011 Annual Freshman Survey at UCLA, it has been found that only 38.1% of incoming college freshmen have described themselves as having above average computer skills in comparison to other people in the same age group. Only a very small 3.2% of these students are planning to go into a computer-related course. That same survey also revealed that these students primarily used their computers for social networking, games and other fun activities. 94.8% spent most of their time on Facebook and other social networking sites during their senior year in high school. Equally disturbing was an observation made by a University of Notre Dame professor that a large number of his students don’t know how to navigate through the menus of productivity applications.
Presently, 7% of corporate America consists of the Millennials. In 12 years time, this number is expected to balloon to 75%. The greater concern, however, is just how technologically proficient are these Millennials going to be by that time?
The problem regarding technology proficiency has been traced to inadequate training by teachers and the inability to deliver good courses that will help enable skill development. Most of the skills that are being taught are limited to the basic productivity level. However, there is very little focus on more challenging courses like web programming and development. Even if a student shows potential in these fields, he or she will need to take additional advanced courses which may prove to be very expensive.
Another dilemma facing educational institutions is the rapid growth and development of technologies. By the time schools and universities already have their teaching modules planned out, the tech has already been replaced by a new version. This is particularly true of Windows and Mac operating systems.
Contributing Author: Maria writes for Geeks Mobile USA, a leading computer support company that specializes in helping non-technical users solve their technology problems.
Originally posted 2013-06-03 17:14:41. Republished by Blog Post Promoter | <urn:uuid:f8463296-1ce2-45da-ae3f-47fdd83b5e02> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://galido.net/blog/how-tech-savvy-is-the-millennial-generation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701166739.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193926-00269-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963923 | 572 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Mechanical Engineering Technology Jobs: What is Out there for Me?
The mechanical engineering technology field continues to evolve and has become a critical part of the workforce. As such, it offers a wide range of career paths. This demand for well-educated mechanical engineering technicians, consultants, and production managers has increased, making a degree in mechanical engineering technology a highly desirable degree to obtain.
Is a Career in Mechanical Engineering Technology the Right Path for You?
If you are the type of person who enjoys working with your hands, analyzing a situation and figuring out solutions to problems and how to make things work, then you may be very well suited for a degree as a mechanical engineering technology.
Mechanical engineering technicians are often tasked with assisting mechanical engineers design, develop, troubleshoot and finally manufacture a wide variety of devices such as complex tools and machine engines. They often will make renderings and layouts of their designs and run testing operations to make sure the operations of their designs are viable.
Mechanical engineering technicians help mechanical engineers design, develop, test, and manufacture mechanical devices, including tools, engines, and machines. They may make sketches and rough layouts, record and analyze data, make calculations and estimates, and report their findings.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics the job outlook for those seeing a degree as a mechanical engineering technician is projected to increase. They further state that one of the keys to a job as a mechanical engineer is to stay ahead of the newest technology advances especially when it comes to the burgeoning area of 3-D software.
Some possible career paths include:
- Mechanical Engineering Technology
- Mechanical Product Design and Fabrication
- CAD and Computer Graphics
- Automation and Manufacturing
- Machining and Mechanical Maintenance
- Power Generation and Plant Management
- Climate Control: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
- Transportation: Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Aerospace and Aerodynamics Industry
- Systems Control
Choosing the Perfect Mechanical Engineering Technology Job
When you pursue a job in mechanical engineering technology, you could have a wide range of options available to you. Here are some of the fields you may wish to follow:
- Product and Materials Testing Technologist: This is a very wide field and can vary based on the field you intend to enter. Main responsibilities include meeting the standards of the specific industry in which you are working. You will monitor, assemble and find ways to improve the products and internal work flows. To enter this field, you will need to have an associate’s degree in engineering technology with special courses in electronics and circuits. Obtaining specialty certification can further advance ones’ career.
- Manufacturing and Quality Management Engineer: All engineering systems need to have regular quality checks to make sure they are running at peak performance—this is the responsibility of the manufacturing and quality engineer. In this role, you will monitor internal processes and fix any issues preventing the system for running at its best and meeting the quality standards put in place by the organizations’ leadership team.
- Industrial Engineer: An industrial engineer is responsible for find efficiencies; integrate workers, machines and all materials. They make sure that all departments are running “lean” and as productive as possible. They will review production schedules, processes to find more efficient ways to manufacture parts and products and deliver them to market with maximum efficiency.
- Product Engineer: In this role, you will be responsible for designing, developing and coming up with new ideas for products. They must have technology expertise and creativity as they will take a germ of an idea and develop it into a usable product. This includes prototyping, tooling and manufacturing—taking a product from inception to the final product ready to go to market.
Start Your Career with a Strong Educational Background
Are you interested in MET? If you want to earn a Bachelor of Science Degree in Mechanical Engineering Technology, ECPI University offers this degree in an accelerated format. For more information regarding this exciting opportunity, connect with a friendly admissions officer today.
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Gainful Employment Information – Mechanical Engineering Technology - Bachelor’s | <urn:uuid:88e3911a-7813-461d-bfbc-3a3b123b9bea> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.ecpi.edu/blog/mechanical-engineering-technology-jobs-what-is-out-there-for-me | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203842.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325072024-20190325094024-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.946595 | 935 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Voting in the 21st Century with Mobile Blockchain Technology
The voting process is a bit archaic. Standing in line during limited open hours, paper verification of your identity, and using an outdated voting machine are relics of a bygone era. Now, more than ever, there is a need to bring voting into the 21st century.
A trio of students in the College of Design are proposing to do just that. Students Camden Conekin, Palmer Fox and Kenneth Wical tackled voting using mobile blockchain technology as part of a project for their Graphic Design 301 studio.
UPVOTE, the mobile voting platform proposed by Conekin, Fox and Wical creates an integrated solution that allows voters to register, engage with candidates and see their campaign priorities, and participate in national, state and local elections – all from a smartphone.
Rethinking the Current System
“There’s a strange disparity in the way that every single system in our lives, with the exception of voting, has adopted technology to make that system more efficient, more user-friendly, and more powerful” said Kenneth Wical. “Why is the system for carrying out our biggest responsibility as citizens the only one that refuses to modernize? I see this as a challenge worthy of tackling both as a designer and as someone who cares deeply about political progress.”
Each student brought their experiences with real-world clients and startup businesses to the table. Conekin is a graphic and industrial design student working on a technology, design and investment startup called Hummingbird. Fox is an architecture student who took the class as a swing studio, and is working on a startup called Barley – The Liquor Order Guide which helps Alcoholic Beverage Control boards to streamline their liquor order communications. Wical is a senior in the graphic design program who returned to the College of Design after taking five years off to work as a freelance graphic designer for local businesses.
“The voting process is really out-of-date” added Fox. “We’re seeing some unfortunate trends in terms of voter turnout in different communities and demographic groups. The prompt for this project was really open-ended, and so we landed on a non-profit organization working with the government to simplify the voting process while putting an emphasis on social equity.”
The final deliverable was a four-minute video and 60-page book that outlined the project from concept to completion, with a demo app to showcase how the user works through the process. Utilizing blockchain technology, a voter’s participation is sent through their phone via a secure encryption method to a county level, then a state level, then it is tabulated as part of the national voter total.
“We’re proposing that people use facial recognition to access the system. They would initially register with an authorized agency, like the post office, to get verified and become a mobile voter” Fox explained. This system of registering at a location convenient to users encourages voter participation for individuals who have trouble accessing the polls.
Bringing Mobile Voting to All
But the access to voting doesn’t just extend to election day. The team envisioned an app that allows voters to interact with candidates leading up to the elections. Voters can submit questions to their candidates on important issues, and other users can “upvote” the question, bringing it to the candidate’s attention. “So, if 10,000 people upvote a question, it gets pushed to the very top. And then if a candidate doesn’t answer, it looks questionable. When they do answer the question, it has to be under 500 words, to make it easy enough for anyone to understand” Fox adds.
While the team isn’t trying to replace the current voting system, they are trying to enhance it. Limited time for polling locations and access of voter materials in each language were identified as pain points in the process. “Instead of bringing people to the polls, when they might not have time, we’re bringing the polls to them” Fox clarified. “There are a lot of barriers to entry, but the three main things we wanted to focus on were fairness, engagement, and empowerment, and that informed our process moving forward.”
“Technology is a liberator in the Platonic sense. Blockchain-secured voting is just the beginning of what we’ll see in the next decade” added Conekin. “The most important task to accomplish in this project this was designing an algorithm that would deliver information about candidates, elections, and campaign events in a non-partisan way so that users can better participate in their democracy. We look forward to representing NCSU as a part of the global design community at a time when opportunities like UPVOTE continue to come into reach through technology.” | <urn:uuid:cab25bed-5450-4a4c-9bdc-71390d388910> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://design.ncsu.edu/blog/2020/04/16/voting-in-the-21st-century-with-mobile-blockchain-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738777.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811115957-20200811145957-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.956045 | 1,001 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Security has never been more important. Our world is managed by software and algorithms make wide ranging decisions based on data. The reputation of large enterprises can be severely impeded if they suffer a security breach. Losing the trust of customers is a serious issue. Smaller companies can go out of business after such an incident. By following some good advice and best practices you can significantly reduce the risk of being compromised.
It's All in Your Head
Security is a mindset. If you are responsible for security you must realize that it's not all about technology. All complicated systems have human components. You should be mindful that people are very creative in poking holes at the best security policies and procedures. You must plan for human failure at each point. That implies also that you should aim to minimize the possibility of human failure by automating or automatically verifying every action and access.
Data Is Liability
Data is often considered an asset. The big data revolution puts data collection, storage and mining with machine learning on a pedestal. But, data is also a liability. You need to store, it back it up, make it available and migrate it when your storage solutions evolve. At large scale, with distributed data stores, lots of different types of users, integration of legacy systems with modern cloud native applications it is a very challenging task. Securing the data is even harder. Consider very carefully what value you actually derive from your data. Don't subscribe to the "measure everything" approach. In most cases, it is a losing proposition. In addition, data loses its value very quickly. Consider how long do you need to keep historical data. If you process your data as a stream you may enjoy the best of all worlds with processing everything, but keeping very little.
Defense in Depth
If your system is of any significance whatsoever it will be compromised. This is a fact of life. Complex systems evolve all the time. Every little change - deploying a new version of a service, upgrading a package, adding a new server, hiring a new employee, firing an existing employee is a fertile ground for problems, bugs and security breaches. You need to design your security with multiple layers of overlapping checks and balances and constantly run checkers, verifiers and auditors that monitor the system and keep it intact or detect early deviation from the desired state.
Keep it simple stupid. Defense in depth is difficult and adds overhead of complexity. It adds more moving parts to the system. If you can simplify your overall system architecture then securing it will be easier too. The same mindset applies as with data. Do you really need all that functionality? Does it provide real business value? Also, try to keep a clean house. Get rid of redundancies. Refactor the code. Avoid duplication of functionality across libraries, services and applications.
The Principle of Least Privilege
A user or a program should not have access to more than it needs to perform its job. This can be very annoying at times and cause a lot of friction, but at least in production it is a must. When the compromise happens, you will be equipped much better to contain it, track it back to source and evaluate the potential damage.
Use Sane Authentication Procedures
Users are notoriously unreliable when it comes to managing credentials. User passwords are in general laughably easy to guess. You should employ multi-factor authentication. You should log repeated login failures. You should add delay between login attempts. Don't allow easy to guess passwords. Rotate passwords frequently.
HTTPS is HTTP where all the traffic is encrypted (the "S" in the end stands for "Secure"). Today, there is no reason to use HTTP anymore. HTTPS is easy to deploy. Certificate management was never easier. It significantly reduces the attack surface and lets you focus your energy on other difficult security tasks.
Take Care of Your Infrastructure
The infrastructure is the hardware your system is running on, the networking, the operating system and other baseline services. Most complicated systems are built on top of a huge pile of those dependencies. Make sure you patch and update your operating system and other infrastructure services you use like databases, queues and frameworks.
Encrypt Data at Rest and Transit
With modern hardware encryption and decryption is very fast. You should never keep important data unencrypted regardless of how well it is protected. This is a very nice way to reduce the problem of protecting all the data to the problem of encryption key management.
Security is hard. It takes dedicated attention, knowledge and meticulous execution. It is also an ongoing process. It's important to educate stakeholders and clarify the state of security, the risks and mitigations. You need to be vigilant and on your toes. | <urn:uuid:52751653-dfb2-4846-ac5d-6a2826bf9673> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.devx.com/security/top-10-security-best-practices.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119225.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00509-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942784 | 953 | 2.625 | 3 |
Single stars are often overlooked in favour of their larger cosmic cousins — but when they join forces, they create truly breathtaking scenes to rival even the most glowing of nebulae or swirling of galaxies. This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image features the star cluster Trumpler 14. One of the largest gatherings of hot, massive and bright stars in the Milky Way, this cluster houses some of the most luminous stars in our entire galaxy.
Around 1100 open clusters have so far been discovered within the Milky Way, although many more are thought to exist. Trumpler 14 is one of these, located some 8000 light-years away towards the centre of the well-known Carina Nebula) .
At a mere 500 000 years old — a small fraction of the Pleiades open cluster's age of 115 million years — Trumpler 14 is not only one of the most populous clusters within the Carina Nebula, but also the youngest. However, it is fast making up for lost time, forming stars at an incredible rate and putting on a stunning visual display.
This region of space houses one of the highest concentrations of massive, luminous stars in the entire Milky Way — a spectacular family of young, bright, white-blue stars. These stars are rapidly working their way through their vast supplies of hydrogen, and have only a few million years of life left before they meet a dramatic demise and explode as supernovae. In the meantime, despite their youth, these stars are making a huge impact on their environment. They are literally making waves!
As the stars fling out high-speed particles from their surfaces, strong winds surge out into space. These winds collide with the surrounding material, causing shock waves that heat the gas to millions of degrees and trigger intense bursts of X-rays. These strong stellar winds also carve out cavities in nearby clouds of gas and dust, and kickstart the formation of new stars.
The peculiar arc-shaped cloud visible at the very bottom of this image is suspected to be the result of such a wind. This feature is thought to be a bow shock created by the wind flowing from the nearby star Trumpler 14 MJ 218. Astronomers have observed this star to be moving through space at some 350 000 kilometres per hour, sculpting the surrounding clumps of gas and dust as it does so.
Astronomers estimate that around 2000 stars reside within Trumpler 14, ranging in size from less than one tenth to up to several tens of times the mass of the Sun. The most prominent star in Trumpler 14, and the brightest star in this image, is the supergiant HD 93129Aa . It is one of the most brilliant and hottest stars in our entire galaxy.
HD 93129Aa is part of the binary star system HD 93129AaAb consisting of HD 93129Aa and HD 93129Ab. HD 93129Aa is an O-type star that is approximately two and a half million times brighter than the Sun, and has a mass 80 times greater. It forms a close binary with another massive star within the open cluster, meaning that the two orbit around a shared centre of mass. With a surface temperature of over 50 000 degrees, HD 93129Aa is one of the hottest O-type stars in the entire Milky Way.
Notes for editors
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA.
Image credit: NASA & ESA, Jesús Maíz Apellániz (Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia)
- Images of Hubble – http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/archive/category/spacecraft/
- Trumpler 14 observed in 1994 by ESO's Very Large Telescope – http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0947/
ESA/Hubble, Public Information Officer
Garching bei München, Germany
Tel: +49 176 62397500
Email: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:01bb7664-8f6f-4af0-89ae-7140aedac2bf> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://scienmag.com/dazzling-diamonds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516071.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023044407-20181023065907-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.900278 | 827 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Let p(x) = x3 -ax, where a is constant
a) If a<0, show that p(x) is always increasing.
substituting in values
b) If a>0, show that p(x) has a local maximum and a local minimum.
c) Sketch and label typical graphs for the cases when a<0 and when a>0.
Find the value(s) of x for which:
a) f(x) has a local maximum or local minimum. Indicate which ones are maxima and which are minima.
b) f(x) has a global maximum or global minimum
f(x) = x10 - 10x, and 0 <= x <=2
As an epidemic spreads through a population, the number of infected people, I, is expressed as a function of the number of susceptible people, S, by
I=k ln(S/S0) - S + S0 + I0, for k, S0, I0 > 0.
This is an Update ...(see attachment for full solutions)
Let p(x) = x^3 -ax, where a is constant
a) If a<0, show that p(x) is always ...
Neat, step-by-step solutions using graphs are provided. | <urn:uuid:0895cb42-4b42-40cf-923b-082fc4f8b5cd> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://brainmass.com/math/calculus-and-analysis/calculus-substituting-values-determine-general-trend-190575 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861163.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618203134-20180618223134-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.842512 | 282 | 3.375 | 3 |
For Adults: Securing Help Returning to Work or School
When an adult sustains a traumatic brain injury, it can be difficult to return to work or to college (or other form of education/training). There are many possible sources of help.
As discussed on the prior page, many professionals are available to help reduce the negative consequences of TBI that may get in the way of successfully returning to work or to school. These include occupational therapists and neuropsychologists who can help the TBI patient to learn to accommodate for cognitive losses, and neuropsychiatrists and physiatrists who can prescribe medications that may help. These, again, should be TBI specialists.
Another source of help for problems in returning to work or school is the program in your state that provides vocational rehabilitation (VR) services. These programs can be found by contacting your state Brain Injury Association representative. The goal of VR programs is to help people with TBI return to their old jobs or to help them in obtaining new employment if return to their old job is not possible. The people who provide VR services are referred to as vocational (or VR) counselors. Something to keep in mind: VR counselors typically are not TBI specialists. Instead, they have many clients, with many kinds of disabilities.
Also, most employers are required by the Americans with Disabilities Act (a federal law) to provide reasonable accommodations. "Reasonable accommodations" refers to the employer making changes in the work environment, in job demands or in other characteristics of the injured person's old job so that he or she can do the job. In finding ways to modify a job so that it fits the injured person's capabilities, employers should work with the VR counselor and other professionals, as well as the injured employee, to ensure that a return to the old job is possible. Clear communication about the injury and its effects on cognitive, behavioral and social functioning is vital, so that the employer can develop suitable changes in the work environment for the injured person. The injured person needs to keep in mind that some changes are not considered under the law as "reasonable," so that not all people will be able to return to their old jobs on the basis of accommodations.
Finally, if an injured person is trying to return to college, many colleges have special resources to help people with any type of disability to attend the school successfully. Often these resources are coordinated by one or more college employees within an Office for Students with Disabilities (the specific title will vary from school to school). | <urn:uuid:aa6ae634-6355-4270-8471-16edef676f00> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://braininterrupted.org/tbi/gettingHelpForAdults.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608773.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527040600-20170527060600-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.968017 | 508 | 2.65625 | 3 |
|Abstract: The current study evaluated a training protocol in which educators learned to use direct methods of functional behavior assessment. Educators recorded A-B-C (Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence) data, developed hypotheses regarding the function of the behavior, calculated conditional probabilities, and identified functional interventions. Participant's accurate recording of A-B-C data and accurate analysis of the data served as the dependent measure.
A multiple-baseline design across groups of participants (i.e., ten teachers) provided assessment of skill acquisition during baseline and training phases. During baseline and training phases, participants watched videotaped scenarios depicting a student displaying disruptive behaviors in a classroom setting. Following the baseline phase, the primary investigator provided a training presentation and verbal performance feedback. The training phase provided a measure of the effect of the training presentation and verbal performance feedback. During baseline, most participants did not exceed 95% accuracy when recording A-B-C data. Seven participants achieved at least 95% accuracy following training. There are limitations of the current study. For example, data collection following the training presentation and verbal feedback was limited to two data points. The results of the current study provide empirical support to the effectiveness of verbal performance feedback in training participants to collect functional assessment data.| | <urn:uuid:00b421ac-f999-4807-ad0c-b01f71ff432a> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://abainternational.org/events/program-details/event-detail.aspx?&sid=26688&by=Area | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948868.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328170730-20230328200730-00758.warc.gz | en | 0.917689 | 258 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Inside a sometimes-violent mission to save endangered animals. An excerpt from Battle at the End of Eden, The Atlantic's first story to be published exclusively as an ebook.
Midway Between the Baja Peninsula and the Mexican mainland, a hunk of volcanic rock named San Pedro Mártir juts out of the warm, productive waters of the Gulf of California. The island spans an area roughly half the size of Central Park and has a beachless shoreline of near-vertical cliffs, some surging as high as 500 feet. No humans live here. Instead, it is a mecca to tens of thousands of land and seabirds. For centuries, more than 80 species, from brown pelicans and frigate birds to warblers and kingfishers, have vied for purchase on its stony outcroppings. As a result, its lower slopes are slathered with a coating of bird guano so thick that the island, when viewed from a distance, appears bone white.
In 1885, prospectors from the Mexican Phosphate and Sulphur Company glimpsed San Pedro Mártir's gleaming white bulk, and saw gold. Guano is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, elements in constant demand for use in fertilizer and gunpowder.
The miners' impact on the island was severe. As they trampled thousands of nests, the birds abandoned their colonies, and the ridgelines began to erode under the stress of relentless excavation. By 1888, the island had more or less been picked clean, and the operation shut down.
A century passed, and by all appearances, activity on the island proceeded as it had for hundreds of years. In March 1990, a Ph.D. student named Bernie Tershy set up camp there to study the island's seabirds--he was struck by something surprising. All over the island, black rats menaced the birds; they infiltrated the colonies, pilfered the eggs, and preyed on the young. At some point during the guano excavations--likely as one of the many supply ships hugged the rocky coast--the rats had scampered ashore. Now, all these years later, as Tershy tracked the birds, he watched helplessly as the rats ate his data. "The birds get oil for their feathers from a gland above their tails, and rats like that. It's one of the places they like to start," he explained. They also go for the middle of the back, where "they can run up and chew, chew, chew, and the birds have a hard time shaking them off."
The island was never intended to accommodate rats. With no predators to keep them in check, Tershy knew the rats would just keep killing the defenseless seabirds until the colonies ceased to exist--these birds, that bred only on this rock and a handful of others scattered across the ocean, didn't stand a chance. Perceiving the situation as grossly unfair, Tershy began to think of ways he might relieve the toll the rats were taking.
In the back of his mind was a story he'd heard. In 1958, an ornithologist at the National History Museum of Los Angeles County named Kenneth Stager visited Clipperton Island, a tiny desert atoll in the Pacific Ocean. He'd gone expecting to observe what early explorers had described as massive colonies of tropical seabirds, but what he found shocked him. Feral pigs left by a failed human settlement had decimated the flocks, leaving a mere 650 birds by Stager's count. The survivors had crammed themselves onto an abandoned ship and some rocky ledges offshore, the only surfaces safe from the pigs' reach.
Stager was what Tershy calls an "old-school ornithologist," so naturally he'd brought a shotgun with him. He had planned to use it to collect a few of the birds, but instead, shot every last pig he could find. Thirty years later, when Tershy visited Clipperton, it had transformed. The seabirds were back, nearly 140,000 strong, as were millions of large, orange land crabs that the pigs had also done in. Stager, in his thoroughness, had staged a one-man eradication, allowing Tershy to find an ecosystem with no trace that humans had ever been there. Admiring Stager's brazen willingness to take action, Tershy wondered if he might somehow replicate his success.
He brought his idea to a friend, a biologist named Don Croll, who studied seabirds and whales. The two had met in California in the '80s and had been collaborating on research projects ever since. Croll had had his own encounters with rats ravaging colonies on islands in Antarctica, and was instantly keen to Tershy's idea.
The two decided to adapt Stager's haphazard eradication into a more methodical approach. It was an unusual project for the two young scientists (both were in their early 30s), and it represented something of an affront to scientific culture. To interfere with nature was seen as poor science, if science at all.
Yet, quietly over the next two decades the pair--and a small band of like-minded scientists--would hone eradication techniques that have since saved endangered animals on islands all over the globe. The strategy relies on the choreographed killing of entire caches of animals that don't belong. Like a Delta Force for invasive-species removal, the scientists, operating within an organization called Island Conservation, gather intelligence, craft elaborate plans of attack, and--when conditions are right--strike with traps, hunters, even helicopters that blanket islands with poison pellets. These orchestrated blitzkriegs can last for months or mere hours--and when they're complete, not a single rat, feral cat or goat remains.
They focus exclusively on islands, the places where most of history's extinctions have occurred. Since 1500, of all bird species that have gone extinct, 90 percent lived on islands. Of the reptiles, 86 percent lived on islands, as did 95 percent of the mammals and 63 percent of the extinct plants. Because this remarkable hemorrhage of life has played out on distant shores, it has largely escaped notice. But as experts now warn of a global biodiversity crisis and predict an impending mass-extinction event--the sixth such disaster in earth's history--the fragility of island life has taken on ominous significance. Of the species currently listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, almost 40 percent reside on islands.
The outfit that Croll and Tershy started, Island Conservation is now ramping up its ambition, tackling large swaths of islands, and hoping to stave off the global biodiversity crisis with bigger projects than ever. But succeeding will take more than scientific skill. Their methods are highly controversial, requiring guns, poison, and destruction to protect the world's most-fragile species. Hoping to eschew scrutiny, they've mostly avoided public and media attention. But to succeed on the grand scale they now hope to, they will have to face their critics--animal-rights activists who condemn their work as cruel and immoral, fellow scientists who consider their efforts to be hopeless and quixotic, and island residents who aren't in a hurry to make sacrifices in the name of conservation. These scientists will have to make the case that the quest to keep some of the world's most endangered creatures alive is going to involve a measure of death.
This post is excerpted from The Atlantic's new ebook, Battle at the End of Eden. Download the full version here.
This article available online at: | <urn:uuid:2d3de69b-6808-413d-816e-325c119e5a8b> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.theatlantic.com/international/print/2012/12/ending-extinction-or-playing-god/266659/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203841.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00061-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968263 | 1,567 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Language plays a huge part in learning, and early 'conversations' between parent and child help develop the skills needed for education later on. For deaf children, though, these milestones can be delayed. This deaf boy has cochlear implants to help him hear, and to soak up language from the world around him. They also make him an excellent case for gentle study – what cues do deaf children need when learning new words? Cameras placed on his head watch his eyes from six different angles as toys with unusual names are introduced by a parent. The cameras spot tiny movements in his attention, which, along with what the boy says, suggest when he recognises the new phrases. Analysing a similar mix of data might also reveal learning patterns in youngsters with suspected attention-deficit or autism spectrum disorders.
Deaf Awareness Week 2017 continues until May 21
Written by John Ankers
BPoD stands for Biomedical Picture of the Day. Managed by the MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (the new name for the MRC Clinical Sciences Centre) the website aims to engage everyone, young and old, in the wonders of biomedicine. Images are kindly provided for inclusion on this website through the generosity of scientists across the globe. | <urn:uuid:851f4ade-1359-40b0-b166-90480f62448a> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.bpod.mrc.ac.uk/archive/2017/5/19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424148.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722202635-20170722222635-00688.warc.gz | en | 0.962258 | 254 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Tile: A good standard of value (1928)
By John R. West, Tile Talk magazine (volume 3, number 3 – 1928)
Tiles are fashioned of clay and textured in various manners to produce stunning effects. They are burned to an intense heat to make them durable, colorful and fireproof. No other material used in constructing the walls and floors of a home so admirably combines the qualities of permanence, beauty and safety as does tile, for the fundamental processes of manufacture produce these desirable factors.
Tile establishes its claim to durability through the universal and splendid history of centuries-old service in buildings and structures of every type known to the civilized world. Like a great aristocracy, it has the mellowing background and tradition of the ages. It is not something new, just in an experimental period of its usefulness, durability and beauty. It has been tried and was not found wanting.
It was well known and in great favor when the master workmen of ancient Greece and Rome gave forth works of art that have never been surpassed in this or any other age. Subjected to the fierce ravages of heat and cold, storm, wind and time, down through the ages, tile construction has proven to be a bulwark of strength and safety.
The innumerable color schemes afforded by present-day tilecraft and the case of obtaining desired effects make it the most popular medium for expressing beauty and distinction. Tile is the only medium that in diversity, blend and versatility can come anywhere near approximating the present-day American’s love of color. This beauty of texture combined with durability, as evidenced in our subways, public restaurants, bank foyers, hotel lobbies and passages, is an outward manifestation of our appreciation of tile as a national building unit.
The use of tile for providing substantial and attractive walls and floors is rapidly coming into its own in the home. A thoroughly flexible material, tile readily adapts itself to any type of architecture because of its workable unit size.
Tile made its way from the kitchen to the bathroom, to the halls, then to the porch and the walks, back again then to the living room, sun-parlor, then upstairs to the bedroom and sleeping room, and is gradually usurping the home throughout.
The great favor in which tile was held in the hospitals, church aisles and passageways, and in places where cleanliness was the prime requisite, has resulted in tile creeping into the home in its avalanche fashion. Tile lends itself most readily to creating striking patterns for interior wall decorating, particularly in sun rooms, hence the great demand for its use here.
Living room walls are lined with tile to carry out individual designs in a surprisingly startling manner. This individuality of tile design in the home counterparts woman’s love for individual dress and finery, hence its great favor here.
Tile insures that the interior wall and floor decorations will never lose their original beauty and color, and painting, tinting and other maintenance expenses are forever eliminated. The rich interior wall and floor tiles stimulate rugs for richness of color and originality of design, as well as acting as a counterpart or blend for priceless tapestry and floor covering.
Outside of the house the use of tile for floors, walks, steps, pergolas, gate entries and seats are in great favor also, and justly so. For all outside service it is a most permanent and unfading material which will never crack or decay. Even under the hardest wear, possible tile retains its original color and texture just as the tile used in the house.
Is tile wall and floor construction throughout expensive? Of course, we accept it as the proper thing for the bathroom and kitchen, but for the walls and flooring for the rest of the house does it come within the purse of the average family of limited funds?
Recent investigations on this subject have dispelled many false notions. Briefly, the actual difference, in first cost, between the average-size tile wall and floor and a similar size wall of ordinary material and a similar size floor of the usual hardwood is an amount equivalent to two or three wallpapering and resurfacing bills for the material other than tile.
Considering the subsequent saving in painting, papering, resurfacing and glossing-over expense, the lower cost of insurance protection, the high loan and resale values, by reason of the non-depreciation of tile wall and tile flooring, the tile medium is not only the least expensive, but represents the safest and wisest investment for the lifetime savings of the family.
In this age of crowded cities and the great influx of people into the suburban and country districts, quite a distance from adequate fire protection, or at least excellent fire protection, this fire hazard is one that must be taken seriously into consideration, not only because of the danger of the physical loss of property, but because of the greater one of actual loss of life.
Have you ever stopped to analyze why a vestibule, a living room floor, a kitchen or a bathroom were so especially striking and beautiful? You know they are made of tile and that tile is attractive and very strong; that it can be washed and that it does not seem to grow dull.
But you have missed its greatest secret: versatility. Tile molds the very effects that you find so striking without knowing why. It comes in a large variety of colors and does things that no other material can imitate . . . and it is NOT costly.
Have you ever considered the great amount of retouching and fixing up the homeowner has to do to the ordinary wall and wooden floor in his home. Plaster cracks; paper fades, polished floors lose their luster, woodwork becomes shabby and needs paint; he can’t buy this piece of furniture that he has set his heart on because it will not blend with his wall and color scheme; and after a while he takes a dislike to his surroundings without knowing why.
This is all done away with in the tile wall and flooring. For here he has the whole spectrum of the rainbow enhanced by a natural brilliance and sparkle that becomes greater under the night artificial lights, and this color and brilliance make an unbeatable combination and is found only in tile.
1920s tile design gallery of vintage home decor
Antique tile patterns and edging/borders
Antique tile with color contrasts from the ’20s
Authentic vintage home decoration with ’20s tile patterns
Vintage mosaic pattern tiles
Antique wall and floor tiles
Classic 1920s tile designs for inside and outside the home
Classic black & white checkerboard tile floors and other kitchen tile ideas | <urn:uuid:6605f185-e9e2-4b69-929e-0fe6381c4bfd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://clickamericana.com/topics/home-garden/need-vintage-home-restoration-inspiration-see-60-authentic-tile-patterns-from-the-20s | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474569.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224212113-20240225002113-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.954707 | 1,368 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Can you tell me about electronic cigarettes and their effects on health? Pros and cons, and a comparison to actual cigarettes? How do they compare to the patch and gum for someone who wants to quit smoking?
E-cigarettes (e-cigs) are one of varieties of electronic nicotine delivery systems (known as ENDS). While some users attest to e-cigarettes' power in weaning them off of traditional cigarettes and helping to nix their nicotine addiction, there is currently no proof that e-cigarettes can help you quit smoking. In fact, they may be just as harmful as their non-battery powered counterparts, though much research still needs to be done.
E-cigarettes have gained attention as potentially less harmful than smoking actual cigarettes, though much about the risks associated with them is still unknown. Some versions are designed in size, shape, and color to resemble the real thing, while others are the same general shape/size but are trying to appear visually different from actual cigarettes. E-cigs are actually small, battery-powered vaporizers, thus the term “vaping” to describe using them. The act of inhaling triggers a sensor that causes a tiny heating element to heat up the nicotine-containing cartridge inside, creating an odorless vapor. Cartridges come in varying levels of nicotine and some come without nicotine. While once only reliably available for purchase online, e-cigs are now widely available at drug and retail stores.
Are they a "quit smoking" aid? Not currently. Again, we don't yet know if e-cigs can help people quit smoking. If e-cig manufacturers wanted to make this claim, they would have to adhere to specific FDA standards. They have yet to apply for such status, probably because studies conducted thus far indicate that e-cigs likely fail to meet FDA standards. The few studies that have been done on using e-cigs to help people quit have garnered mixed results.
Aside from being addictive, nicotine itself is toxic to humans. The nicotine vapor in e-cigarettes may send a more concentrated dose of nicotine into e-cig "smokers" bodies. As the World Health Organization noted, e-cigarettes deliver nicotine directly to the lungs, unlike approved cessation aids like the patch or nicotine gum where the nicotine is absorbed via other means. The health impacts of inhaling nicotine vapor via the lungs is largely unknown. Additionally, because e-cigs are not regulated, the dosage can’t be adequately gauged and most health professionals don’t recommend the use of electronic cigarettes as an appropriate substitute for smoking cessation.
E-cigs are available at varying nicotine levels and some are labeled as "nicotine-free." Sadly, choosing a lower-dose e-cig isn't necessarily a reliable solution for decreasing nicotine intake. FDA tests found that similarly labeled e-cig cartridges released widely varying levels of nicotine per puff and that even cartridges labeled as nicotine-free still contained nicotine. Another concern is that e-cigs contain a variety of chemicals in the cartridges, not all of which may be fully disclosed by the various manufacturers. One of the more concerning substances is called propylene glycol, which is also used in anti-freeze. The short-term and long-term consequences of inhaling this chemical have yet to be determined.
Other concerns with e-cigs include:
- Batteries – recharging issues and several fires have been reported from overheated batteries
- Secondhand Vapor – while manufacturer claim it’s only water, there are no reliable studies to confirm this is true
- Cartridge Refilling – some brands allow users to buy materials in bulk to refill cartridges. There is less quality and dose control when users self-refill
- Public Confusion – allowing the use of e-cigs has resulted in confusion regarding where smoking is permitted. A number of businesses, organizations, cities, states, and countries are prohibiting the use of e-cigs in any place smoking is not allowed.
- Cost – e-cig starter kits can run from $60 to over $150. Refills generally cost about $10
- Targeting Children – the flavors appeal to kids (and adults) and there is less regulation regarding age restrictions for purchasing e-cigs
Overall, your best bet is to avoid both traditional and e-cigarettes. Both types of smoking present health risks. Quitting smoking has immense health benefits, so if you are considering it, that's great. Visit Smokefree.gov for resources on quitting. Gums and patches are a safer bet (and research suggests more effective) than the e-cig. For more tips on quitting, check out the articles below.
Here's to happy lungs,Alice! | <urn:uuid:5870e61d-4458-45f7-b9d7-e2d159325977> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/can-electronic-cigarettes-help-me-quit-smoking | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661768.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00186-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940531 | 968 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A great thinker writes a few words about life on two pieces of paper. 95 years later, the two notes written by Einstein sold for $1.8 million. Not bad for something that was, according to the seller, given by the scientist as a tip to a messenger during the trip when he learned he has been awarded the Nobel prize in Physics.
What did Einstein write on the two notes?
“A calm and modest life brings more happiness than the pursuit of success combined with constant restlessness.”
“Where there’s a will, there’s a way.”
Wise words indeed! I will even dare to say that such words should be considered as having exactly equal importance to other discoveries of his. Why exactly equal? Because facts of science and truths of life (nature) go hand in hand. Unfortunately, civilization currently values scientific progress much more than philosophical progress thanks to the illusion that money is more important than happiness.
Einstein achieved scientific success not only thanks to his skills in understanding nature, but also thanks to his character. His discoveries could not have been made without him thinking the way he was. In exactly the same way, he couldn’t have understood such important facts about life without his scientific mind and his deep connection to nature. I think Einstein deserves the Nobel prize in Wisdom too: | <urn:uuid:91bf246a-ad0f-4b32-8424-51498e9cee16> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://mentatul.com/2018/11/12/einsteins-theory-of-happiness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247482186.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217152248-20190217174248-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.969984 | 276 | 3.21875 | 3 |
an electronic database comprising multiple files of related information, usually stored in tables of rows (records) and columns (fields), and allowing a link to be established between separate files that have a matching field, as a column of invoice numbers, so that the two files can be queried simultaneously by the user.
A database system in which any field can be a component of more than one of the database’s tables.
- Relational language
language Any kind of programming language that specifies output in terms of some property and some arguments. For example, if Tom has two brothers, Dick and Harry, a relational language will respond to the query “Who is Tom’s brother?” with either Dick or Harry. Notice that unlike functional languages, relational languages do not require a […]
- Relational model
relational data model
noun 1. an existing connection; a significant association between or among things: the relation between cause and effect. 2. relations. the various connections between peoples, countries, etc.: foreign relations. the various connections in which persons are brought together: business and social relations. sexual intercourse. 3. the mode or kind of connection between one person and […]
[ri-ley-shuh n-ship] /rɪˈleɪ ʃənˌʃɪp/ noun 1. a connection, association, or involvement. 2. connection between persons by blood or marriage. 3. an emotional or other connection between people: the relationship between teachers and students. 4. a sexual involvement; affair. relationship /rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp/ noun 1. the state of being connected or related 2. association by blood or marriage; […] | <urn:uuid:6de1b9fa-32cb-446a-a868-84c865492a23> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://definithing.com/define-dictionary/relational-database/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541556.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00499-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884588 | 363 | 3.21875 | 3 |
I'm just going to link you to another post here, which I believe answers the same question. It's because the facilitation of the transient outward current if much more prominent in epicardial regions than in endocardial regions.
And the following citation, "Transient outward potassium current, ‘Ito’, phenotypes in the mammalian left ventricle: underlying molecular, cellular and biophysical mechanisms," provides some mechanistic insight.
To answer the rest of the question:
So in an ECG you have leads that record whether a charge is moving toward, or away from the lead. These net charges are reflected on the ECG as either positive or negative deflections. You have a signal from the sinoatrial node that causes a depolarization in the right atrium, then the left atrium (biphasic p wave). In each case, however, we see the positive p wave because in this depolarization the net charge is moving toward the electrodes. Studies on atrial repolarization note that yes, the atrial repolarization is generally obscured by the QRS complex but occurs with polarity opposite that of the p wave.
With the ventricles, and the T wave you end up with a special case. The endocardial regions and the interventricular septum are the first to depolarize, and you get the QRS complex. These regions have a longer period of contraction than the epicardial regions, however. The outside of the ventricles begin to repolarize quickly (transient outward current, surface becomes more positive), and this repolarization begins at the apex and propagates toward the base of the heart. Where you'd get a negative T wave with the change in charge, the direction that the repolarization travels causes you to get a positive reading. | <urn:uuid:9c3bf444-807c-4695-a2b0-2ee84c492bbc> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/28509/why-is-pericardium-muscle-repolarizated-earlier-than-endocardium | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027319155.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823235136-20190824021136-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.916283 | 380 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Children and young people should engage in moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity for
an average of at least 60 minutes per day across the week
You can do this in many ways: outdoors or indoors; with your siblings or on your own; in the sun or rain! You will feel so much better if you get at least a little bit active every day!
Use the web pages below for ideas or use the documents to guide you through some different sports and games you can try out at home. | <urn:uuid:ffce77d9-822b-471d-932b-8ec9045b9cf3> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.cotgrave-pri.notts.sch.uk/pe-activities-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347436466.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603210112-20200604000112-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.918987 | 104 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Course:CONS370/Projects/Contemporary fishery management in Aotearoa New Zealand: inter-Maori relations and the government's role in redress
The state of Māori rights in marine territories and fisheries has changed significantly in New Zealand since the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 and most prominently in the last 30 years. In 1986, the New Zealand Government adopted a Quota Management System (QMS) which dictates the Total Annual Catch (TAC) allowance of every fish stock to be shared between commercial, recreational and customary fisheries. The allocation of these quotas has resulted in major conflict between stakeholders, with Māori arguing that initial allocations were in breach of Treaty agreements. In the ensuing legal battles it seems a ‘divide and conquer’ strategy was adopted by the Crown, enabling the Government to step back and allow inter-Māori turmoil (namely between hapū (tribes) and decentralized ‘urban’ Māori) to run its course.
More recently, with the final settlement of fishery Treaty claims in 1992, Māori entitlement to ancestral territories has been more deeply acknowledged, resulting in increasing co-management nationwide through government-issued Taiāpure and Mātaitai Reserves as well as Rāhui (temporary harvesting bans). Using these tools, Māori have been able to reinstate their rights of rangatiratanga (chieftainship or guardianship) over traditional fisheries and established a new balance of power between Māori, the Crown or the nation-state, recreational users, and commercial fisheries. This page analyses Government fishery management and inter-Māori relations over time in New Zealand.
- 1 Description
- 2 Tenure arrangements over time
- 3 Administrative arrangements in the modern day
- 4 Affected stakeholders
- 5 Interested stakeholders
- 6 Assessment
- 7 Discussion
- 8 Recommendations
- 9 References
Fisheries management in New Zealand has seen many changes over the years since European settlement and the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. New Zealand consists of a group of Islands located in the southwest Pacific, and was originally inhabited by the seafaring Māori peoples who enacted traditional management strategies to prevent unsustainable exploitation. Customary harvesting of kaimoana (seafood) was an important part of the Māori culture, particularly for daily consumption, traditional feasts and trading between tribes (Lock & Leslie, 2007; Hale & Rude, 2017).
Initial European discovery of New Zealand is attributed to the Dutch Abel Tasman in 1642 followed by James Cook in 1769, after which European visitation significantly increased until the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 (Hale & Rude, 2017). The Treaty of Waitangi was instigated to encourage peace, partnership and co-habitation between populations and was signed by both British and Māori representatives, establishing the British Crown as sovereign over the land while Māori could retain ‘tino rangatiratanga’ (authority) over their territories and resources, thus guaranteeing Māori ‘undisturbed possession’ of land and fisheries until they chose to hand them over or sell them to the Crown (Treaty of Waitangi, 1840; Memon & Cullen, 1992; Lock & Leslie, 2007; Hale & Rude, 2017). This agreement was soon breached, resulting in significant adverse cultural impacts. Specifically, the loss of food species and harvesting bans caused undermining of the ability of Māori to provide adequate hospitality; loss of indigenous food gathering, preparation and management knowledge; and a decline in the passing of previously relevant traditional stories, directly impacting iwi and hapū identity (Dick et al., 2012). In 1975 the Treaty of Waitangi Act was instated, establishing the Waitangi Tribunal to settle claims. This has had a great impact on the state of Māori fishery rights within New Zealand, and a full fishery settlement was completed in 1992. This was not, however, the end of advances for Māori input in fishery management. With increasing emphasis on co-management, the development of Mātaitai and Taiāpure Reserves and use of Rāhui have increased across the nation, thus further normalising customary rights of Māori who make up just under 15% of the population of New Zealand (Statistics New Zealand, 2013; Hale & Rude, 2017).
Tenure arrangements over time
Prior to the establishment of a quota system in New Zealand fisheries were carried out under an ‘open access’ regime based on British Common Law, with no clearly defined rights of access or exclusion. In the 1700’s and 1800’s there was a thriving sealing industry which attracted ships from Australia, Britain and the United States. Entry limitations were introduced in 1866, however Māori were not afforded substantial legal recognition (or exclusion) during this time (Bess, 2001; Hale & Rude, 2017). Some legislation - namely the Māori Councils Acts (1900 and 1903) and the Māori Social and Economic Advancement Act (1945) provisioned for exclusively Māori reserves to be set up, however these were not acted upon and were repealed in 1962. No such rights have been offered since (Lock & Leslie, 2007). During this time there was minimal to no consultation with Māori, and the establishment of the first Fisheries Act in 1908 further eroded rights set out in the Treaty of Waitangi (Hale & Rude, 2017).
Early to Mid-1980’s
In 1983, the Fisheries Act established a quota system, further developed in 1986, signalling the initiation of the Quota Management System (QMS) - a type of rights-based management framework which acts to ‘privatise the oceans’. Quota holders may be individuals, companies, cooperatives or collectives, or in special cases may be a part of territorial use rights. Quota holders may buy, sell and trade their harvest quotas on the free market as ‘freehold’ property, termed Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) (Boast, 1999; Hale & Rude, 2017; Fisheries New Zealand, 2019a). ITQ’s are assigned to participants annually as a portion of the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) allocated for each species, and are held for one year. They are assigned on a ‘slice of the pie’ basis, relying on the TAC allowance of that year (Boast, 1999; Fisheries New Zealand, 2019a). Rights of ITQ’s include transferability, long-term access, right to harvest, and to seek accountability if use rights are diminished or extinguished. ITQ rights do not exclude use of an area by other fisheries or non-fisheries users, however some non-fishery activities may be constrained where they impact fishing. In New Zealand, these ITQ rights were initially freely tradeable, though they had to remain under New Zealand ownership (Hale & Rude, 2017). The original QMS scheme acted to cancel 46% of permits, ones which were deemed ‘unused’ or ‘part-time’, to streamline quota management, however many of these quotas were owned by Maori using the quotas to provide for their families, and supplement low incomes (Hale & Rude, 2017). In response to this, the Muriwhenua claim was filed by five Northland iwi in 1985 regarding the erosion of their customary fishing rights and numerous Treaty breaches by the Fisheries Act (1983). This resulted in Māori rights to fisheries being officially declared by the Waitangi Tribunal and the High Court for the first time, and increased awareness within the Māori community regarding their rights under the Treaty agreements (Bess, 2001; Sinner & Fenemor, 2005; Lock & Leslie, 2007).
Late 1980’s - Early 1990’s
However, the Government was slow to enact court advice from the Muriwhenua case, and only minor adjustments were made to QMS legislation, stating that no regulations under the Fisheries Act (1983) would affect the taking of fish by Māori for a “hui [meeting], tangi [funeral], or traditional noncommercial fishing use” (Hale & Rude, 2017). Thus, additional litigation was filed by Ngāi Tahu (the largest Māori iwi, located in the South Island) in 1987 challenging the allocation of quotas and highlighting the breach of the customary fisheries rights of Māori under the Treaty of Waitangi, arguing that they were the rightful owners of the entire fisheries resource, though they would be willing to bestow 50% to the Crown as a token of peaceful co-habitation and cooperation (Boast, 1999; Bess, 2001; Lock & Leslie, 2007). In response the Waitangi Tribunal proposed a settlement in quota (Lock & Leslie, 2007; Hale & Rude, 2017).
Treaty settlement of claims occurred in two stages: the initial interim agreement occurred under the Māori Fisheries Act 1989, where 10% of the total quota was transferred from the Crown to the Waitangi Fisheries Commission, along with fishing company shareholdings and $50 million. The commission was set up to hold these assets on behalf of the Māori until agreement could be reached with regards to how these assets would be shared among iwi or tribes (Boast, 1999; Bess, 2001; Walrond, 2006; Lock & Leslie, 2007). This interim settlement also partially included non-commercial fisheries through development of Taiāpure, a type of local marine management formed in locally important fisheries and managed under a committee representing local Māori. However they were given no real management authority beyond providing recommendations to Government (Memon & Cullen, 1992; Hale & Rude, 2017). In 1992 the final settlement was reached under the Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act, known as the ‘Sealord deal’, in which 50% of Sealord fisheries - a major commercial fishery in New Zealand - and 20% of all new species introduced into the quota system, a further $18 million cash, and more fishing company shares were transferred to Māori via the Māori Fisheries Commission managing body, Te Ohu Kaimoana (TOKM) (Boast, 1999; Walrond, 2006; Lock & Leslie, 2007; Hale & Rude, 2017). Along with this, regulations were put in place to ensure that 20% of Māori-allocated quotas must be sold amongst Māori groups rather than on the open market (Hale & Rude, 2017). This concluded fishery Treaty negotiations, resulting in Māori becoming a significant industry player, increasing their influence in national fisheries.
1990’s - 2004
In 1993, the need to recognise customary fishing rights was divided into two actions: providing tangata whenua (caretakers of the land, i.e. Māori) the ability to gather food, and recognising the special relationship between Māori and mahinga kai (significant food gathering places). This resulted in the development of Mātaitai Reserves, which empowered Māori management and authority over marine areas through the ability to pass local bylaws over and above Taiāpure and general regulations (Hale & Rude, 2017). In addition to this, the 1996 Fisheries Act amendments made provision for Māori use of Rāhui (temporary harvesting bans) for up to 2 years in order to protect fishery stocks (Lock & Leslie, 2007).
After Treaty settlement, it was not until 2003 that it was agreed how assets would be shared amongst Māori iwi. It was eventually agreed that 50% of assets would be held centrally, and in 2004 Te Ohu Kaimoana was assigned to oversee these (Walrond, 2006; Lock & Leslie, 2007). The remaining 50% would be allocated to iwi based on coastline (inshore fisheries) and a mix of coastline and population size (offshore fisheries) (Hale & Rude, 2017). Some special allocations and additional cash payments were also made to prevent disadvantaging certain iwi (Lock & Leslie, 2007).
In addition to current Māori rights to TACC (Total Allowable Commercial Catch) in the form of ‘freehold’ ITQ property as noted above, Māori also retain customary use rights, enabling them to collect kaimoana for traditional events and feasts, as well as other non-commercial uses as laid out by the Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act (1992). This includes rights to have input into the management of fisheries (via Taiāpure, Mātaitai and Rāhui) and the protection and development of QMS as part of the continuing relationship between the Crown and Māori (Lock & Leslie, 2007).
Administrative arrangements in the modern day
In the QMS system of New Zealand, the Government sets policy, provides research and management services, and defines maximum sustainable harvest through yearly Total Allowable Catch (TAC) limits. TAC’s are set by the Ministry of Fisheries with advice from Fisheries New Zealand, and after an allowance is set aside for customary and recreational fishing, the remainder of the quota shares are assigned as TACC (Lock & Leslie, 2007; Fisheries New Zealand, 2019a). Individually, commercial participants (i.e. ITQ holders) have an Annual Catch Entitlement (ACE) per species based on TAC limits - including shellfish, crustaceans, seaweed and fish - to encourage sustainability. It is the government’s duty to manage and control compliance with these limits, with financial penalties applied to breaches of ACE (Hale & Rude, 2017; Fisheries New Zealand, 2019a).
There are also organisations set up to allow commercial stakeholder representatives to enact management and provide services for the efficient operation of the QMS, such as Commercial Fisheries Services Limited (FishServe) which is completely owned by the fishing industry (Hale & Rude, 2017). In addition to this, small scale fisheries and community participants can participate in management through Taiāpure committees.
Indigenous and Community Management
Taiāpure (local fisheries):
The first genuine attempt at providing Māori with management rights over fisheries occurred with the passing of the 1989 Māori Fisheries Act and the initiation of Taiāpure - a type of reserve which recognises the rights of Māori to care for areas which have significant food, cultural or spiritual value (Memon & Cullen, 1992; Boast, 1999; Lock & Leslie, 2007; Fisheries New Zealand, 2017). These reserves allow for management by the local community, including a committee of Māori representatives, who can make management suggestions to the Government. Committees must be approved by the Minister of Fisheries in consultation with the Minister for Māori Development (Lock & Leslie, 2007; Fisheries New Zealand, 2017). There are no restrictions on types of fishing that may occur here, unless regulations are recommended and approved by the Ministry of Fisheries, and reserves may only be formed in nearshore coastal waters and estuarine habitats (Memon & Cullen, 1992; Boast, 1999; Fisheries New Zealand, 2017). This, along with the long and complex procedures around applying for Taiāpure - including public inquiry and Māori Land Court - means that few have been established (Boast, 1999; Lock & Leslie, 2007; Fisheries New Zealand, 2017).
Section 34 of the 1992 Settlement Act required that provision be made for both customary food gathering and the protection of places deemed as important mahinga kai (food gathering places). This resulted in the development of Mātaitai Reserves. These were much easier to obtain than Taiāpure, though still required approval by the Minister of Fisheries based on certain criteria such as aims in line with national sustainable management goals, proof of a significant relationship between tangata whenua and the area, and assurance that regulations will not affect the ability of quota holders to obtain their ACE (Lock & Leslie, 2007). As a result, there are 46 Mātaitai Reserves in total, compared to only 10 Taiāpure nationwide (Fisheries New Zealand, 2019b). Mātaitai may include both coastal and internal waters, and are managed by the local Māori iwi or hapū (tangata whenua) through the implementation of bylaws regarding restrictions or prohibitions on the gathering of certain fish, aquatic life or seaweed within reserve areas (Boast, 1999; Lock & Leslie, 2007). These bylaws have to be consistent with national marine laws, and are enacted equally across the non-commercial users of the area (breaches of which are penalised by the Crown only). Bylaws may not, however, affect access of the public to beaches and rivers, alter access to private land, or control whitebait fishing. Commercial fishing is often prohibited in these reserves also, allowing further protection of fishery stocks and mahinga kai (Fisheries New Zealand, 2017).
Rāhui is a traditional process introduced with the renewal of the Fisheries Act in 1996, and applied by Māori to temporarily ban access or harvest in a certain area in order to allow fishing stocks to recover. Rāhui are temporary prohibitions which carry poaching penalties, and can be put in place in marine areas for up to 2 years with application to the Ministry of Fisheries by local tangata whenua (Lock & Leslie, 2007).
East Otago Taiāpure - Case study
The East Otago Taiāpure was established in 1999 after a seven year application process begun by the local Kāti Huirapa Rūnaka ki Puketeraki in 1992, a time where this was the only available option for customary fishery management (Fisheries (East Otago Taiāpure) Order 1999; Jackson et al., 2018). The application process involved numerous hearings in the Māori Land Court, hui and public meetings, and national political changes. Originating from concerns around depletion of fishery stocks, particularly pāua, and the effects this was having on local Māori customary activities, as well as the desire to assert rights of rangatiratanga (chieftainship) to preserve mahinga kai, the reserve is now in its 20th year of active operation and the values of rangatiratanga and kaitiakitanga (physical and spiritual guardianship) remain at the centre of management goals (Jackson et al., 2018). The management committee was established formally in 2001 and includes 50% local hapū representatives alongside 50% community membership including the East Otago Boating Club, Karitane Commercial Fisherman’s Co-operative, the University of Otago and River-Estuary Care: Waikouiti-Karitane. The aims of this committee include ensuring continued customary, recreational and commercial fishing access and harvesting rights; actively promoting traditional customs of local Māori; strengthening resilience of the area to human activities; and ensuring reserve fisheries remain healthy and fit for consumption. Management practices utilised in this case include catch limits, set net regulations, and a pāua harvesting exclusion zone from 2012-2014. This has greatly benefited marine populations in the area, allowing not only sustainable management but also further ecosystem restoration (East Otago Taiāpure Management Plan, 2008; Ministry for Primary Industries, 2017; Jackson et al. 2018).
Māori populations are organised under three main social structures - the whānau (family groupings); the hapū (a group of whānau); and iwi (tribes, made up of hapū). Individuals are often aligned with multiple iwi through whānau and hapū connections. There are currently 58 iwi recognised by the Māori Fisheries Act (2004), of which only 9 are located in the South Island and Stewart Island which comprise over half of the coastline of New Zealand (Hale & Rude, 2017). In the past (prior to the Muriwhenua case) many Māori did not understand the importance of fisheries legislation and how this might impact their customary fishing rights, as there had been an abundance of kaimoana available and therefore no major practical impacts on livelihoods up to this point (Lock & Leslie, 2007). The Muriwhenua case highlighted the increasing erosion of Māori Treaty rights, and sparked a turning point in Māori understanding of the significance of full, exclusive and undisturbed possession of fishery resources. A study carried out by Dick et al. (2012) identified considerable adverse cultural effects on Māori related to previous harvest bans and loss of significant species, such as the inability to provide adequate hospitality; loss of traditional harvesting, preparation and ecosystem knowledge; and the decline of relevant traditional storytelling involved in community bonding, resulting in direct erosion of Māori culture and identity.
After the final settlement was agreed upon between the Crown and Māori, an unprecedented debate took place regarding the allocation of settlement assets between Māori groups, largely due to the potential for financial gain (Lock & Leslie, 2007). Conflicts arose initially between rural tribal Māori and dislocated urban Māori, however inter-tribal controversy soon developed and divisions were broadly separated into three main factions - ‘populationists’, wishing to assign assets by population (generally tribes with larger populations and smaller coastlines); ‘coastliners’, preferring division of assets by coastline (generally tribes with smaller populations and larger coastlines); and a mix of the two. Eventually a mixed approach was agreed upon and integrated in the 2004 Māori Fisheries Act. This required reorganisation of traditional Māori groupings to include Mandated Iwi Organisations (MIO’s) for management of assets, essentially formalising iwi and forcing adherence to Government standards, which could only then be recognised in legislation (Bess, 2001; Hale & Rude, 2017). The ultimate effects of this conflict and restructuring continue today.
Inter-Tribal Māori Controversy
The main objectives of tribal Māori have been to enact their rights of rangatiratanga and kaitiakitanga on their traditional marine territories as outlined in the Treaty of Waitangi (Jackson et al., 2018). However the various iwi of New Zealand have developed varying influence in decision making over time due to the relative lack of cooperativeness of Māori leaders, and the marginalizing of less Crown-favourable influences. For example, the Te Rūnanga o Muriwhenua Incorporation (consisting of Northland tribes), was a strong objector of the Commission's "mana whenua/mana moana" model which emphasised population size over coastline length. They represented iwi who would not benefit economically from the settlements and were already significantly disadvantaged within New Zealand, with high unemployment and few other resources. The Muriwhenua population of 18,492 relied heavily on fisheries, while the South Island’s major iwi, Ngāi Tahu, had a much larger population of 22,269, thus based on this model, Muriwhenua gained only $203.92 per capita, while Ngāi Tahu benefited 22 times more, with $4533.24 per capita (Boast, 1999). In reality, it seems the controversies between Māori tribes were exacerbated by the government stepping back from court proceedings and taking a ‘fight it out’ approach, allowing inter-Māori conflict to escalate (Boast, 1999). It was by this process that Ngāi Tahu came to dominate Treaty negotiations, particularly in the South Island, while other iwi who would often act independently were sidelined - some entirely rejecting Ngāi Tahu’s recent dominance (Webster, 2002).
Alongside controversies between iwi groups, there was also a severe struggle between decentralized urban Māori and their rural counterparts. This conflict began with the mentioning of ‘all Māori’ in the 1989 Fisheries Act and the 1992 Settlement Act, without further explanation of who that should encompass. As of 2002, over 80% of Māori lived in urban areas, and at least 25% of Māori did not know their iwi, or chose not to affiliate with an iwi (Webster, 2002). The main question is whether ‘Māori’ was supposed to mean some kind of federation of autonomous iwi or whether it meant simply a sector of the general population of the country differentiated by an ethnic criterion. Secondly, it had to be decided whether the settlement was to benefit everyone who happened to be Māori, or whether it was intended as a restoration of property rights to specific groups based on territory, historic involvement in marine fishing or some other criterion of tribal connection to the resource (Boast, 1999). During this mid-1990’s struggle, some organizations advocated asset allocation to iwi while others advocated to ‘all Māori’ including urban Māori, fearful that they would be left out of fishery settlement proceedings and resulting compensation. The two main organizations which advocated allocation to iwi (the Treaty Coalition and the Area One Consortium) came to characterize themselves as ‘iwi fundamentalists’. Objection to this came from the ‘Urban Māori Authorities’, which was created by mutual benefit, social welfare, and trust organizations in the 1980's. There has been major conflict between iwi fundamentalism and the Urban Māori Authorities which the Government made no significant moves to address, and this often resulted in expensive and high profile court cases. It is important to note, however, that the claim of the Urban Māori Authorities to represent Māori living in urban areas has been argued to be highly contestable in itself (Boast, 1999).
The Commission argued that Māori living in urban areas must belong to some iwi if they can be meaningfully said to be ‘Māori’ at all, and that urban Māori would benefit from assets being allocated to iwi regardless, as they would then apportion interests to the members of the iwi wherever they happen to live. In saying this though, the term ‘iwi’ has been given a new and perhaps artificial significance over time, as it can be taken to mean ‘the people’ as well as ‘tribes’ and this ambiguity has allowed the Government to mould its definition to its convenience (Boast, 1999). The High Court ruled that iwi meant simply "people of the tribe", and thus only iwi were to be allocated assets, however the Court of Appeal then ruled that the Commission had to make separate provision for urban Māori (Boast, 1999; Hale & Rude, 2017). This eventually led to the provision for non-iwi affiliated Māori in the final Māori Fisheries Act (2004).
The New Zealand Government and the Crown
Defining the term ‘the Crown’ can be a complex task. In general it is used to describe the rule of the British Monarchy and the subsequent independent New Zealand nation-state after the establishment of the Commonwealth. Currently, New Zealand is ruled by the New Zealand monarch - the same monarch who holds the British crown, though it is considered a separate rule. This separation has allowed independence of the New Zealand nation-state from British rule, and the British government can no longer advise on matters regarding the New Zealand state. The term 'the Crown' has thus been transferred to the the New Zealand nation-state which retains the power of veto over national decisions. The Treaty of Waitangi was signed as an agreement between the British Crown and Māori in 1840 to incorporate New Zealand into the growing British Empire.
Within the New Zealand Government the Executive arm is the governing body with the greatest national decision making power, charged with the day-to-day management of state affairs through making, application and enforcement of law on behalf of the Crown (the nation-state). It is in part subject to the judiciary system in which judges of the Supreme Court can rule on civil or criminal matters and rights breaches. The Government is a democratically elected, fluctuating system of authority, while the nation-state (the Crown) is constant and unchanging. Therefore, the population of New Zealand has a large influence on the Government of the time but little to no influence on the ruling of the Crown. The Government maintains a degree of freedom from the Crown, however, as the Crown is not involved in all national decision making - though it retains the power of veto should it choose to use it. The Crown is a major actor in many fields of activities including Treaty settlements, land disputes, coastal protection and fishing rights. In terms of the actual management of these issues however, it retains a more distant stance allowing Government to act as a buffer or scapegoat from whom redress can be sought (Shore & Kawharu, 2014). On the other hand tactical use of the Crown has also been made by the Government, portraying it as an unchallengeable higher authority with ultimate power over decisions - for example during the 1996-2004 negotiations of asset allocation between Māori - thus deflecting blame when it is necessary to be seen as neutral and avoid accusations of bias or conflicts of interest (Shore & Kawharu, 2014).
Large Commercial Fisheries
The influence of large commercial fisheries on decision making is largely attributable to their scale and economic power. Currently, only 8 companies own roughly 75% of quota, affording them significant lobbying power. There are also fishery-owned organisations such as FishServe that have been set up to allow commercial stakeholder representatives to provide services, QMS management and lobbying for commercial stakeholder interests (Hale & Rude, 2017). However, as the 1992 Settlement Act resulted in the Crown providing $150 million for Māori to enter into a 50/50 joint venture with Brierley Investments Ltd. in the purchase of Sealord Products Ltd.(Bess, 2001), the structure of some large fishery companies have come to include Māori interests. For example, Sealord is now 50% owned each by Māori Aotearoa and Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd (a leading Japanese fishing company). Sealord has about 30 percent of the deep-sea fish catch quota in New Zealand, including an ITQ of about 130,000 tonnes in New Zealand's exclusive economic zone. Additionally, Sealord’s boats are allowed to fish in Māori-owned fisheries due to the 50% stake acquired by Māori. Along with this, company shares that iwi hold, whether in their allocation or in a central cooperative, are to be restricted from sale in some way in order to protect the patrimony from an unfettered free market (Webster, 2002). Thus, the power of large commercial fisheries is not necessarily exclusive of Māori rights. Big fishery companies can also help Māori to maximise their share of the fisheries by providing improved technology and access through relationships of mutual benefit and cooperation.
Small Commercial Fisheries
Small fisheries have influence on decision making through active engagement with Taiāpure committees, public inquiries during reserve applications, and through organisations set up on behalf of multiple small enterprises to allow increased influence and lobbying (Lock & Leslie, 2007; Fisheries New Zealand, 2017; Hale & Rude, 2017). Additionally, ACE is more widely held and less concentrated in the inshore fishery, thus providing more opportunities for small-scale fisheries in inshore zones (Stewart & Callagher, 2011).
Local Communities and Individual Recreational Fishers
Originally, some communities were hesitant to support Taiāpure and Mātaitai development due to fears of public access exclusion to beaches and fisheries. In practice, however, these fears have not materialised due to regulations within the Fisheries Act 1996 ensuring that bylaws and regulations apply to all users evenly, preventing Māori preferential access (Fisheries New Zealand, 2017). To enforce this, Taiāpure committees are required to include members of the local community, as illustrated in the East Otago Taiāpure example above (East Otago Taiapure Management Plan, 2008). More recently, the benefits for all users of managed reserves acting as nurseries and fish replenishment zones have been acknowledged, and conflicts regarding the development of new reserves have largely been around impacts of regulation increasing fishing pressures on nearby fisheries. These conflicts can delay proceedings for years, however they seldom prevent reserves from being established - rather only affecting their size and location (ODT 2010; ODT, 2011).
Animal Welfare Organizations and Environmental Organizations
Animal welfare and environmental organisations also have the ability to lobby for or against Mātaitai and Taiāpure through public inquiries and hui (community meetings), and impact other decision making through the courts (Fisheries New Zealand, 2017). It is worth noting here that in comparison with the rest of the world, New Zealand’s QMS has resulted in major positive outcomes in prevention of overfishing and associated impacts on other components of the ecosystem including bycatch (Mace et al., 2014; Hale & Rude, 2017). However, consideration of other species is often highlighted in debates, including birds and endangered native dolphins.
The complex interrelations between stakeholders, particularly the different Māori groups, can be hard to tease out. As Figure 3 shows, the Maori community can be classified beyond urban and tribal Maori into westernised and traditional factions. In the Government’s view, there are also more or less cooperative Māori, like Ngāi Tahu vs. Muriwhenua. This enables empowerment of certain groups over others within one seemingly simple and neutral stakeholder group (Boast, 1999). Westernised Māori tend to take the stance that ‘all Māori’ should encompass anyone of Māori descent, including urban and decentralized Māori. However traditional ‘iwi fundamentalist’ Māori argue that urban Māori have chosen to leave their traditional tribes for a more affluent urban life, and thus only regard Māori choosing to remain affiliated with iwi as viable under regulation (Webster, 2002).
In the modern-day, iwi exercise significant political power in the recovery and management of fisheries and assets in New Zealand through MIO’s. The Urban Māori Authorities are a powerful group as well, representing a large portion of Māori as the population of urban Māori is increasing. Based on census statistics, the number of persons acknowledging Māori descent increased by 13 percent after settlement between 1991 and 1996 (to 579,714 in 1996). Simultaneously, over 10,000 Māori signed up with the Urban Māori Authority upon releasing their mandate to demand a share of the fisheries allocations regardless of iwi affiliation (Webster, 2002). With increasing population size, high numbers of urban Māori elite, and with support from many social organizations, urban Māori have become a powerful group and can have a large lobbying impact on New Zealand politics.
The Government have the highest power of the three main stakeholders (the Government, urban Māori and iwi/tribal Māori). Despite being originally repressed, the increasing power of both iwi and urban Māori has not only enabled the settlement of Treaty claims and encouraged peaceful co-management and co-habitation, it has also set up a new, more balanced power regime allowing future conflict to be more fairly resolved.
International Views and the Literature
The tone of literature discussing indigenous fisheries management in New Zealand has changed markedly over the last 30 years, with local literature tending to be more critical than international assessment (Hale & Rude, 2017). During the 90’s the tone was rather pessimistic, as with Memon & Cullen (1992) and Boast (1999) - both independent university research projects which criticised the Government and Crown for ignoring or exploiting Māori for so long; allowing inter-Māori conflict to escalate without intervening; and being hesitant to change the tides by acknowledging customary fishery rights. From the 2000’s onwards, however, a significantly more positive outlook is apparent, with a tendency to focus on framing the New Zealand QMS as an example of long term and successful management for international fisheries worldwide to draw upon, having overcome numerous complications and difficulties. Reports such as Lock and Leslie (2007) and Hale and Rude (2017) demonstrate this. Lock and Leslie (2007) is a report written for the New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries analysing performance over 20 years of QMS implementation, gathering information from academia, legislation, and persons who were involved in processes of change over time. This report claims, as others do, that New Zealand is a world leader in the use of ITQ and QMS in fisheries management despite, or due to, the many improvements that have had to be made since its instigation in 1986. Hale and Rude (2017) is an international Nature Conservancy report aimed at providing advice for active conservation, developed through a 9 month project gathering information from members of Government, Te Ohu Kaimoana, the Fishing and Seafood Industry, environmental NGOs, academia, iwi, and recreational fishing groups. These two reports are just an example of the many who hold New Zealand’s fishery management in high esteem in the global setting.
Successes and Failures
In a sense, the aims of Māori have been largely achieved, particularly in reinstating customary rights to New Zealand’s fisheries and empowering the enactment of traditional rights of rangatiratanga (chieftainship) and kaitiakitanga (guardianship) (Jackson et al., 2018). Furthering this, the establishment of customary management provisions such as formal reserves and Rāhui have allowed promotion of co-management and sustainability values and peaceful co-habitation with the Crown. This has grown to include not only the input of Māori, but of entire communities through Taiāpure management regimes and public meetings at various levels so as to ensure all stakeholders, including community members, local small scale fisheries, larger commercial fisheries, and wildlife and environmental organisations all have a seat at the table. Thus, the work that has been done can be seen as a significant step up from the place of very minimal rights which Māori were subject to 40 years ago.
In spite of this, there have been some critical issues which have been and have yet to be addressed. Conflict resolution and management of critical issues are largely in the domain of the Government and courts. The status of the Government as overseer can be seen as a positive structural move as it simplifies the national system, however it can also be argued to be a facilitator of inequality through forced hierarchy and, as seen in the past example of taking the ‘backseat’ stance in inter-Māori conflict (Boast, 1999), is not always held responsible for acting on these duties. However in these cases, often the courts become a useful tool to aid in conflict resolution from a more neutral standpoint. Small scale conflicts, in contrast, can be addressed through hui, local co-management committees, lower level courts and public forums which allow conflicts to gain a larger audience including commercial, local and customary fisheries interests (Hale & Rude, 2017). There are some concerns, however, that there is insufficient communication occurring between recreational and commercial fisheries in the new largely self-governing system of fisheries in New Zealand, and this dialogue is an important missing piece of the management puzzle (Hale & Rude, 2017).
Since the settlement of Treaty claims in 1992, Māori have successfully received markedly increased benefits from the continued development of the QMS and community and customary management structures, including commercial quotas, shares and cash payments, and recognition of customary fishing rights through development of reserves to enable Māori to enact traditional rights of rangatiratanga. The assigning of assets among iwi groups have allowed each tribal group to utilise these assets as they see fit, whether by engaging directly with fisheries and industry proceedings, such as Ngāi Tahu; by forming partnerships with local fishery companies to increase quota size and indigenous employment, such as Ngāti Kahungunu; or leasing out quotas to fund tribal activities and development (Hale & Rude, 2017). Such investments have allowed the development of important cultural and social assets such as Marae (traditional meeting houses), language schools, scholarships and employment training (Hale & Rude, 2017). However, as a result of these asset allocations class privilege has become amplified among Māori groups, and is a significant obstacle to further equity (Webster, 2002). Thus, aiming to forge relationships between tribal and urban Māori is a major factor in easing conflict and allowing Māori populations to resist the volatility of political fluctuations. In addition to this, Māori population growth rate along with their enhanced political and economic strength and literacy will continue to work in their favour in the future (Bess, 2001).
Additionally, though Treaty settlement was reached with no further court action, it is important to note that a less than equal partnership still remains between the Crown and Māori. Treaty settlements agreed upon are considered full and final, and therefore no further legal action can be taken by any Māori groups regarding the subject of the settlement, meaning that Māori gain a one-time-only negotiation power in order to allow settlement and after this there are significantly reduced opportunities for Māori to challenge the Crown. The Government thus retains the power of national lawmaking as well as the power of approval of Māori management activities and committees, while Māori remain subjects of the Crown (Memon & Cullen, 1992) and are therefore often required to bend or change traditional processes in order to fit settler colonialist models. One of the main critiques of the QMS is the segregation of fishery activity into commercial, recreational and customary fisheries - a distinction which was never made by the indigenous populations (Hale & Rude, 2017). This, along with the forced structuring of MIO’s (legalised iwi organisations) show the Government’s continued inability to take into account traditional management techniques in preference of laying a settler colonial framework over existing processes. This forcing of hierarchical subordination of hapū to iwi on the basis of a kinship ideology might actually obscure original tribal hierarchies and the reasons for these (Webster, 2002). In fact, in a court ruling it was found that it was the hapū which traditionally held fishing rights, rather than the iwi, and that iwi typically had no rigid structure thus hapū could enter or leave collectives as needs dictated. Therefore, it has been argued that the rights of hapū were in fact infringed by the QMS (Boast, 1999).
Commercial, recreational, and customary fisheries are each managed under different systems in New Zealand, and processes that enable dialogue, collective problem solving, and voluntary tradeoffs between sectors are limited. This has resulted in conflicts over multiple aspects of fisheries management, including where stock biomass targets should be set, how allocations are made in shared fisheries, and solutions to localised depletion (Hale & Rude, 2017). Additionally, because objectives tend to incorporate societal values which may change over time, explicit consideration of whether and how programme objectives can evolve is an important consideration of the system design (Hale & Rude, 2017). Thus, it is essential to set up conflict resolution frameworks and continuous communication networks, as well as giving consideration to ‘living treaties’ which treat interactions as changeable rather than ‘one-time’ agreements.
Secondly, the issue of segregating Māori groups into forcibly defined colonial structures such as MIO’s that are not traditionally recognised should be addressed. Traditionally, there was a flux between tribes and the interactions between whānau, hapū and iwi were complex and changing. This misunderstanding of social structures has led to long term and continuing effects, with the development and exacerbation of Māori elite and colonialised inequality within Māori communities (Boast, 1999; Webster, 2002). Efforts should be made to understand and incorporate genuine traditional social interactions into New Zealand’s development strategy, in a way which matches aspirations of both Māori and the Government.
Additionally, inter-Māori conflict, as has been seen, is a significant issue which needs to be addressed in order to allow Māori to successfully stand up to opposition, such as the Government, in the case of future wrongdoing. Strengthening and protecting the sacred Māori culture is a necessary move and requires the support from all Māori as well as New Zealand society and the Government.
Bess, R. (2001). New Zealand's indigenous people and their claims to fisheries resources. Marine Policy, 25(1), 23-32.
Boast, R. P. (1999). Maori fisheries 1986-1998: A reflection. Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, 30(1), 111–134.
Dick, J., Stephenson, J., Kirikiri, R., Moller, H., & Turner, R. (2012). Listening to the tangata kaitiaki: consequences of the loss of abundance and biodiversity in coastal ecosystems in Aotearoa New Zealand. MAI Journal, 1(2), 117-130.
East Otago Taiāpure Management Plan. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.puketeraki.nz/site/puketeraki/files/images/East Otago - Management Plan.pdf
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Fisheries (East Otago Taiāpure) Order 1999, Pub. L. No. SR 1999/210 (1999). New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/1999/0210/latest/DLM288983.html
Fisheries New Zealand. (2017). Managing customary fisheries. Retrieved from https://www.fisheries.govt.nz/law-and-policy/maori-customary-fishing/managing-customary-fisheries/. Accessed March 26, 2019.
Fisheries New Zealand. (2019 a). Quota Management System. Retrieved from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/law-and-policy/legal-overviews/fisheries/quota-management-system/. Accessed March 10, 2019.
Fisheries New Zealand. (2019 b). Customary fisheries management areas. Retrieved from https://www.fisheries.govt.nz/law-and-policy/maori-customary-fishing/managing-customary- fisheries/customary-fisheries-management-areas/. Accessed March 26, 2019.
Hale, L. Z. & Rude, J. (eds.). (2017). Learning from New Zealand’s 30 years of experience managing fisheries under a Quota Management System. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, USA.
Jackson, A.M., Hepburn, C. D., & Flack, B. (2018). East Otago Taiāpure: sharing the underlying philosophies 26 years on. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 52(4), 577–589.
Lock, K., & Leslie, S. (2007). New Zealand’s quota management system: A history of the first 20 years (Motu working paper 07-02). Wellington.
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|This conservation resource was created by Melle van Heugten & Chufan Cui. Emails: [Melle - firstname.lastname@example.org; Chufan - email@example.com]. It has been viewed over 0 times.It is shared under a CC-BY 4.0 International License.| | <urn:uuid:1e978f12-4dfe-4e9f-b9d5-7823ac06c2ac> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://wiki.ubc.ca/Course:CONS370/Projects/Contemporary_fishery_management_in_Aotearoa_New_Zealand:_inter-Maori_relations_and_the_government%27s_role_in_redress | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627997335.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190615202724-20190615224724-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.945999 | 10,639 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Eye Allergies and Infections
Eye allergies occur when a substance which you are sensitive to comes into contact with your eyes, causing irritation, swelling and redness. These types of substances are called allergens.
Conjunctivitis occurs when there is inflammation of the membrane lining the inner eyelid and covering the white of the eye. Conjunctivitis can be caused by allergies or by viral or bacterial infections. Conjunctivitis is more commonly referred to as pink eye.
Both allergic conjunctivitis and viral or bacterial conjunctivitis have symptoms that include:
- Sensitivity to light
- Feeling as though lids are stuck closed and crusty upon waking
- Viral conjunctivitis may produce a clear discharge
- Bacterial conjunctivitis has a thick, creamy discharge called pus
- Allergic conjunctivitis has a thick, rope-like discharge
Allergic conjunctivitis is usually treated by avoiding allergens that trigger symptoms. In addition, University Eye Specialists, P.C. doctors may recommend using antihistamines and /or standard eye drops to help relieve redness, swelling and itching. Bacterial conjunctivitis can be treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointment. Do not wear contact lenses until your eyes have completely healed. | <urn:uuid:2dbe2c03-df37-4e29-8c45-19147078cc36> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.universityeyespl.com/eye-conditions/eye-allergies-and-infections/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587908.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026134839-20211026164839-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.920849 | 268 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Rollie-polies, book lice and bugs called springtails are among the 10 newly discovered insects that live only on the remote Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean. Northern Arizona University Ecologist Jut Wynne and his colleagues found eight of these creatures. They're eking out an existence in the limited entrances and skylights of caves.
“The reason why they’re able to occur there is because where the light is able to penetrate into the cave photosynthesis can occur. It turned out they were restricted to caves because they were occurring within these lush fern and moss gardens, which we believe were probably once quite common on the surface, but when that catastrophic ecological shift occurred, that particular habitat was no longer available, or at least no longer available to the extent that it once was,” Wynne says.
Wynne says that major environmental change began on Easter Island soon after humans arrived there around 800 A.D. They cut large amounts of palm trees and shrubs to build houses and boats. That, along with a major drought, may have contributed to much of the island becoming a grassland. And many animals and plants became extinct. Now, only 31 insect species that evolved on the island remain.
“The reason why this is significant is there are over 400 arthropod species known to occur on Easter Island today. Ninety-five percent of those were introduced, either intentionally or unintentionally by humans. Five percent are endemic to the island. So you basically have an island that is overrun with non-native, invasive insect species,” Wynne says.
Wynne recommends a conservation plan for Easter Island. He believes temporarily closing the caves, or at least roping off the moss-fern gardens, will help protect the remaining native bugs from going extinct. | <urn:uuid:d83304b3-3db9-4475-8ed9-cb557ff614f4> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://knau.org/post/brain-food-protecting-easter-island-s-newly-discovered-cave-dwelling-bugs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806388.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121132158-20171121152158-00306.warc.gz | en | 0.975396 | 367 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Some parents firmly believe that participation in sports encourages kids to be more aggressive and has a negative effect on their development, while other parents are just as convinced that sports makes kids less aggressive and helps them develop stronger characters. Some parents consider aggression to be a positive trait and encourage it on and off the field. The truth is that sports has varying effects on kids, largely depending on how adults approach the game.
Athletes and Aggression
Ricardo Portillo, a soccer referee in Utah, was killed in 2013 by a punch to the head from a 17-year-old after an argument on the field. This incident ignited public debate about aggression in youth sports. Parents of young athletes sometimes encourage them to be not only competitive but aggressive, and some don't make a clear distinction between acceptable and unacceptable forms of aggression. However, the fact that some young athletes behave aggressively when they shouldn't does not prove that their participation in sports is the reason for their bad behavior.
Although many studies have looked at the relationship between sports and aggression, the results have been too inconsistent to provide meaningful guidance. For instance, a 2010 article on the topic on the "Bleacher Report" website cited numerous studies that showed a link between sports and aggression, but some of the studies found that sports increased aggressive behavior and others found that they decreased it. A 2011 study at Tel Aviv University found that participation in sports made boys less aggressive, but found no such effect for girls.
Aggression, whether in sports or life, is neither good nor bad on its own. A basketball player without aggressive qualities, for instance, would likely be a poor rebounder and defensive player. Outside of the game, a child with no ability to assert himself would be at a disadvantage in many circumstances and could become the victim of bullies. Aggression in the context of a sport must adhere to both the rules of the sport and the principles of good sportsmanship to be socially acceptable. The same athlete who forcefully tackles an opponent in a football game should be the first to congratulate the other side for a game well-played. When parents encourage aggression for its own sake, kids can get the wrong message and make bad decisions.
Some parents and coaches believe that an attitude of extreme aggression in sports is more important than fair play or honorable competition. When kids get the message that good sportsmanship isn't gung-ho enough to satisfy their parents or their coach, they can cross the line from thinking of the activity as a game to thinking of it as something more like a battle. From that perspective, punching a referee who gives you a warning card can seem like standing up for yourself rather than a criminal act.
- Brand X Pictures/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:1ca01f2d-c6fc-4173-b584-d8dfa004387d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://oureverydaylife.com/sports-aggression-kids-16783.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719547.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00125-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964433 | 551 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Do you think that China &/or Russia convinced them to back off?
but I still think it would have been a "measured" response.
in which as many as 70,000 residents of the southern island of Cheju were ruthlessly murdered during a single year by Rhee's paramilitary forces under the oversight of U.S. officers.
Rhee took office as President on August 15 and the Republic of Korea (ROK) was formally declared. In response, three-and -a-half weeks later (on September 9, 1948), the people of northern Korea grudgingly created their own separate government, the Democratic People's's Republic of Korea (DPRK), with Kim II Sung as its premier.
Korea was now clearly and tragically split in two. Kim Il Sung had survived as a guerrilla fighter against the Japanese occupation in both China and Korea since 1932 when he was twenty years old. He was thirty-three when he returned to Pyongyang in October 1945 to begin the hoped-for era of rebuilding a united Korea free of foreign domination, and three years later, on September 9, 1948, he became North Korea's first premier.
The Rhee/U.S. forces escalated their ruthless campaign of cleansing the south of dissidents, identifying as a suspected "communist" anyone who opposed the Rhee regime, publicly or privately. In reality, most participants or believers in the popular movement in the south were socialists unaffiliated with outside "communist" organizations.
As the repression intensified, however, alliances with popular movements in the north, including communist organizations, increased. The Cheju insurgency was crushed by August 1949, but on the mainland, guerrilla warfare continued in most provinces until 1959-51.
In the eyes of the commander of US military forces in Korea, General Hodge, and new "President" Syngman Rhee, virtually any Korean who had not publicly professed his allegiance to Rhee was considered a "communist" traitor. As a result, massive numbers of farmers, villagers and urban residents were systematically rounded up in rural areas, villages and cities throughout South Korea. Captives were regularly tortured to extract names of others. Thousands were imprisoned and even more thousands forced to dig mass graves before being ordered into them and shot by fellow Koreans, often under the watch of U.S. troops.
Do you really think they would have had the **** blown out of them if they repeated the prior stunt?
I suppose if South Korea was ever going to get tough with them it would have been now, but I still think it would have been a "measured" response.
In any case, they'll probably just wait until tempers cool and fingers are taken off triggers before trying it again.
I'd be interested to find out what happened in the conversation with Richardson, but I don't expect to. He's a local here. I've mixed feelings on him, based on hearsay, not information I know, and I was very guarded when he was in the running as a presidential candidate. I also seem to remember being appalled at his ability to communicate back in the early presidential debate thing. On the other hand, he seems to have a good record for cooling boiling waters. In NK, he could have been highly snubbed, or had some kind of conversation, or... both.
...I have to think they gain the status more from being malleable than tough.
Ah, cross posting. That makes sense.
I'm not getting the special friend thing - was that used re him and NK? But, anyway, one would wonder what he could have said, if what he said somehow worked.
... He could play his practiced role in the prelude to the North Koreans making a sharp shift in activities.
Maybe it relates to his brief stint as ambassador to the UN? I'm not sure I would take that as much of a qualification, but there does have to be some sort of reason. | <urn:uuid:d84af7bc-410e-498e-9c9e-f5236a5ad655> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://able2know.org/topic/164399-27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400211096.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923144247-20200923174247-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.990391 | 810 | 2.5625 | 3 |
verb (used with object), saved, saving.
to rescue from danger or possible harm, injury, or loss:
to save someone from drowning.
to keep safe, intact, or unhurt; safeguard; preserve:
God save the king.
to keep from being lost:
to save the game.
to avoid the spending, consumption, or waste of:
to save fuel.
to keep, as for reuse:
to save leftovers for tomorrow’s dinner.
to set aside, reserve, or lay by:
to save money.
to treat carefully in order to reduce wear, fatigue, etc.:
to save one’s eyes by reading under proper light.
to prevent the occurrence, use, or necessity of; obviate:
to come early in order to save waiting.
Theology. to deliver from the power and consequences of sin.
Computers. to copy (a file) from RAM onto a disk or other storage medium.
Sports. to stop (a ball or puck) from entering one’s goal.
verb (used without object), saved, saving.
to lay up money as the result of economy or thrift.
to be economical in expenditure.
to preserve something from harm, injury, loss, etc.
to admit of being kept without spoiling, as food.
an act or instance of saving, especially in sports.
Baseball. a statistical credit given a relief pitcher for preserving a team’s victory by holding its lead in a game.
(transitive) to rescue, preserve, or guard (a person or thing) from danger or harm
to avoid the spending, waste, or loss of (money, possessions, etc)
(transitive) to deliver from sin; redeem
(often foll by up) to set aside or reserve (money, goods, etc) for future use
(transitive) to treat with care so as to avoid or lessen wear or degeneration: use a good light to save your eyes
(transitive) to prevent the necessity for; obviate the trouble of: good work now will save future revision
(transitive) (sport) to prevent (a goal) by stopping (a struck ball or puck)
(intransitive) (mainly US) (of food) to admit of preservation; keep
(sport) the act of saving a goal
(computing) an instruction to write information from the memory onto a tape or disk
(often foll by for) Also saving. with the exception of
Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlement
noun 1. Thomas. ?1650–1715, English engineer, who built (1698) the first practical steam engine, used to pump water from mines
preposition 1. except; but: All the guests had left save one. conjunction 2. except; but (usually followed by that): He would have gone, save that he had no means. verb 1. (transitive) to rescue, preserve, or guard (a person or thing) from danger or harm 2. to avoid the spending, waste, or loss of (money, […]
- Save the day
Prevent a misfortune, as in They had forgotten the knife to cut the wedding cake, but Elizabeth arrived with one and saved the day.
- Save up
Accumulate something for a particular purpose, as in Jan had been saving up her allowance for a new bicycle. [ First half of 1800s ] | <urn:uuid:ed7e69e2-683f-423a-b78e-709994b207bc> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://definithing.com/define-dictionary/saver/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541317.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00511-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910838 | 731 | 2.734375 | 3 |
These are very short: only 5 seconds long. If you don't know how to play them, see the instructions at the bottom of the page.
Here are some videos of the tightrope acrobats being used by my middle school students, along with their special guests: first grade classes from the elementary school accross the street.
This one shows the cycle heading straight toward you.
This one shows a side view.
Go to the Tightrope Acrobats introduction page
Back to the Science Toy Maker homepage.
If you have a fast internet connection, you should be able to simply point and click to play the short MPEG movie. If the picture is halting the first time through, click play on your media player and it ought to play smoothly the second time.
You will almost certainly have to hit play a second time if you have a dial-up internet connection. If you still can't get it to run smoothly, you will have to right-click, then "save file as..." or something similar to that. Take note of where you are saving it. They are short and highly compressed, so they won't take long to load. Even with a fast connection, save the file like that if the picture is jerky. To play the file, find it and double-click on it. It will play in the default media player. | <urn:uuid:f18d2f14-07c2-41b6-a14b-c301930baa82> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://sciencetoymaker.org/VidIndex/acrobatVideo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637905590.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025825-00042-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947351 | 279 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Researchers Warn Of Catastrophic Methane Release From The Thawing Arctic
Geege Schuman stashed this in Climate Change
"The event, which scientists are calling a "methane burp" could advance global warming by 15 to 35 years at any moment. Arctic researcher Natalia Shakohova of the University of Alaska at Fairbanks, told New Scientist that this release is "highly possible at any time."
More than a trillion tonnes of methane are trapped under the East Siberian Arctic Shelf, and much more could be under the entire Arctic. A decade of ice melt and warming seas will trigger a climate catastrophe, the researchers said, releasing up to 50 billion tonnes of the potent greenhouse gas."
Is it just me or does this seem like REALLY BIG NEWS?
REALLY big news. Geez.
And here I thought the methane problem was from cows...
RIGHT?!?! I'm not an alarmist but this seems like an honest-to-goodness reason to worry.
Large vents are already spewing methane, researchers report. Research cruises in 2012 found huge plumes of methane up to a kilometer wide bubbling to the surface, according to New Scientist.
This release of methane wouldraise global temperatures by 1.3 degrees Celsius, contributing to increased melt. The Arctic ice minimum in 2012 was less than 40% of the average ice cover during the 1970s.
To figure out the economic cost of a decade of extreme methane release — say from 2015 to 2025 — the researchers added the extra methane and temperature increases to the climate models through to 2200 — that's how they got the $60 trillion cost globally from just the East Siberian Arctic Shelf.
These financial impacts will mostly be felt in the poorest parts of Africa, Asia, and South America — causing loss of crops, droughts and other extreme weather, and increasing sea level rise. This continued methane release could completely undermine the global financial system, the researchers said in commentary published today, July 24, in the journal Nature.
This is in contrast to other, sunnier reports on Arctic melt, which detail the possible "good" this melt will have — opening up shipping lanes, increasing fishing, and even allowing us to access minerals, natural gas, and oil in the ocean bed.
The unknown unknown's are the problem. I hope we have enough time to educate people and change human behavior before there's a massive change in our climate.
What can be done to prevent a methane burp?
I'm not sure.
I mean, we haven't even figured out how to stop cow farts from accelerating global warming:
Why not collect it, liquefy it and use it ?
The funniest thing. The prevailing theory of the Bermuda Triangle is that boats and ships were "taken out" by great, huge methane burps. It turns out the whole area underneath the triangle is methane rich shale.
As for lighting it on fire, maybe we can transport it to the Northeast US so that the mayor that wanted to use the flamethrower on all the snows can use Methane instead.
I do like the idea of collecting it. Is methane easily collectible?
Looks like Japan is breaking new ground with methane extraction.
"With specialized equipment, the team drilled into and then lowered the pressure in the undersea methane hydrate reserve, causing the methane and ice to separate. It then piped the natural gas to the surface, the ministry said in a statement."
"It is unclear how much the tapping of methane hydrate would affect Japan’s emissions or global warming. On one hand, natural gas would provide a cleaner alternative to coal, which still provides Japan with a fifth of its primary energy needs. But new energy sources could also prompt Japan to slow its development of renewable energies or green technologies, hurting its emissions in the long run.
Any accidental release of large amounts of methane during the extraction process would also be harmful."
Yes, we know!!!!
Methane collection is being accomplished; it is likely impossible once released, but if known methane deposits exist (as is implied above), drilling can easily address the collection. Subsequent compression and liquefaction to LNG would allow it to be readily transported to an end-user. I strongly suspect that the calorific value (lb for lb) is much higher than most coals being used for power generation.
The subject is indeed extremely important mainly because the impact cannot be predictable.
We can only make some estimation on the consequences of thawing permafrost.
Such quantity of methane and other gasses released in our atmosphere will make drastic changes.
Mass information/education may be the solution. | <urn:uuid:172653ef-7eb4-4dbd-ac5b-2abe3efed79e> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://pandawhale.com/post/23783/researchers-warn-of-catastrophic-methane-release-from-the-thawing-arctic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171807.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00617-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939866 | 967 | 3.109375 | 3 |
In the beginning God floated the idea of creating Heaven and Earth. He was immediately served with an injunction by Greenpeace to prevent any creative activity whatsoever as He had not undertaken an Environmental Impact Study, had no permit to work and had no social licence.
At the court hearing, God was cross-examined and asked why He wanted to undertake this massive project unless, of course, the entitled could benefit from His venture. The Wilderness Society reminded God that His Bible stated that ‘the earth was void and empty and darkness was upon the face of the deep’ hence the area where He wanted to creatively meddle could be classified as a pristine wilderness in the Universe. God successfully argued that, unless Earth could be seen, then it could not be classified a wilderness area. Upon further questioning, God revealed that by Him saying ‘Let there be light’ the wilderness area could be seen for assessment of its environmental value.
Pandemonium erupted in the court house. How could God create light without burning something that would pollute the Universe? Had He considered the smoke, thermal and optical pollution that His creation of light would produce? What would be mined to produce all this energy? Would the mining be underground or open pit? Was this mining safe and did it exploit indigenous people? Would mining make a profit? What was God to do with the tailings and the waste? Was mining to be conducted by workers’ communes or faceless corporations? Was God aware of the dangers of greenhouse gases and nuclear energy?
In order to seek compromise, God argued that He would create a pollution-free, thermonuclear powerhouse a long way from Earth. However, at the mention of nuclear, the masses in court broke into histrionics. God faced aggressive questioning from the assembled environmental movements. Would His giant thermonuclear power generator really work? Could the safety of thermonuclear fusion be guaranteed? What about Chernobyl? In order to allow His creative proposal to proceed, God suggested that instead of thermonuclear energy, He would create solar energy. A warm inner glow entered the hearts of those in the courthouse; the assembled detractors agreed that solar power would be far better environmentally than thermonuclear power and some of the more sensitive souls were so touched by God’s environmental concern that they actually wanted to shake His hand. The unions insisted that if God created solar power, then He must also create wind so that their union superannuation funds could skin the public alive with their subsidised inefficient wind turbines. God reluctantly agreed in order to proceed with His creative process.
Some wanted an Earth Month until it was realised that there would be no food. A compromise was made and Earth Hour was proposed. This was when wealthy consumers could feel morally superior with no sacrifice or knowledge and a time when they could hypocritically emit more CO2. The Earth Hour advocates argued that darkness was symbolic but God resisted stating that the symbolism was a political, moral and intellectual darkness.
Wouldn’t precious energy be wasted if light was emitted from the Sun all the time? In order to conserve energy, God suggested that He divide light and darkness and He would call the light Day and the darkness Night. The assembled environmental masses seemed to think that this was an inspired energy-saving proposal and grudgingly acquiesced to this creative step.
However, the next creative step aired had God in a spot of bother. When God was asked how the Earth would be covered, He answered ‘Let there be a firmament made amidst the waters; and let it divide the waters from the waters’. Greenpeace, the Australian Conservation Foundation, Friends of the Earth, the Greens and miscellaneous other eco- movements voiced strong objections. If God created a firmament, would not the mining industry pillage the firmament for minerals? God tried logic and argued that a firmament was necessary in order to produce the 210 tonnes per capita per annum of water, food, fibre and minerals that would be consumed by each Western person at the end of the second millennium AD. The gag was applied, the court adjourned and God was refused permission to continue argument about the firmament. After the adjournment, God was given permission to make a short statement. He stated that homelands and sacred sites could not be annexed unless there was a firmament. After much discussion in court about the necessary provision of homelands for the tangible expression of guilt and the growth of the guilt industry, God was given permission to create a firmament and questioning shifted to His creation of waters.
Neither Greenpeace nor Friends of the Reef wanted God to create the oceans because this would tempt the petroleum industry into offshore drilling. Furthermore, if there were oceans, then there could be marine pollution, fishing and people enjoying themselves with water sports. To make matters even worse, international waters could not be regulated and controlled by the Greens. It suddenly dawned on God that logic was His worst defence and He started to invent arguments that would seem plausible to ideologues. Rather than discuss the necessity of oceans for climate, resources and survival, God insisted that His creative venture must have oceans. Without oceans, God stated, there would be no habitat for dolphins, dugongs, whales and coral reefs. The court room exploded into cheers, people struggled to pat God on the back, environmental leaders announced that the god of nature would now be called Gaia, God signed numerous autographs and a warm ambience settled over the tearful masses. However, because so few at the hearing had trust in God, He was instructed to apply for the numerous necessary permits from the appropriate local government, shipping, agriculture, water and international commissions before undertaking this step.
When God tried to explain that the barren firmament should be enhanced with vegetation, there was vigorous objection on the basis that the flora might be exploited commercially for profit. God was now aware that it was pointless to argue that flora would be the key to survival on Earth, that flora uses CO2 as plant food and that flora emits oxygen, so He stated that He would only create species native to planet Earth. He strengthened his argument by suggesting that if the firmament was covered by abundant vegetation, all could be vegetarian. The vegans tried to cheer but just didn’t have the energy. God’s popularity was increasing and the environmental leaders now privately felt that God was good, however they were committed to objecting in public to every creative step by God in order to keep donations flowing. It was eventually agreed, subject to Noxious Weed Board and Forestry Commission permission, that if God vegetated the planet with only native species then He would be issued with a permit. In order to win over new age movements, astrologers and UFO watchers, God announced to the court that He wanted to state ‘And let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth’. The new age movements were asked to voice their objections. Because their answers required the use of words of more than two syllables, they could only look bleary-eyed at God, monotonously chant ‘God is Cool’ and fondle His long flowing robes.
Some disquiet was expressed in court about God’s plan to have only native flora without soft, cuddly environmentally sensitive fauna. A robust discussion ensued with some suggesting that if there were animals on the firmament then they would be hunted, killed and eaten whereas others wanted soft cuddly objects to allow them to have publicity about the plight of these animals. The question of methane emissions from animals was raised. It was unanimously agreed, that in the absence of evidence, that methane emissions were bad. A compromise was struck. If God could create sheep and cattle that had the choice of emitting methane, then wild animals could democratically decide whether they chose to emit methane or not. The gathered masses felt good. On the condition that God adhered to the various statutes of the Native Flora and Fauna Protection Act, National Parks Act, Fisheries Act and observed the RSPCA regulations, God was given permission to say ‘Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and the fowl that may fly above the earth’.
The proposal to create Man met insurmountable ethical and political difficulties. The vivisectionists were concerned about the morals of rib transplant on a sleeping patient without the required documentation, the Womens’ Electoral Lobby and the Lesbian Gender Equality Sisterhood would not agree that Man was to be created before Woman, animal liberationists were incensed that Man was to have dominance over animals, the gay lobby did not want Woman created from Man, the Human Rights Commissioners argued that rib tissue had inalienable rights and ASIO insisted that those created must first have security clearances. God was secretly pleased because, during these lengthy evidence-free emotional arguments, God had written some basic economics into His book. God now was sure that activists, Communists and the Left don’t read books and can only chant ideology. He created commodities (gold; Gen. 2:12) and the market (women; Gen. 2:23). No one noticed. If his green opponents actually read books, there would have been uproar at God creating a capitalist system.
God now had the measure of his opponents and announced to the court that He would only create indigenous people. Opposition evaporated, there were excited suggestions about having many special days dedicated to indigenous people and, after no thought, it was decided that if these matters were aired at a subsequent public hearing, then God may be given permission afterwards to say ‘Let us make Man in our image, after our likeness: and let him have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth’. Despite the onerous conditions laid down by the court, God was willing to adhere to all these conditions. God only had to abide by 96,213 approvals and regulations to be administered by Green politicians. However, at the end of the hearing, He was asked when He hoped to complete His creative project. Great consternation arose when God said ‘In six days’. The unions would not agree, too many people would have to work too fast to an exacting deadline. This was unprecedented compared with all previous attempts at productive creativity that had been prevented by prolonged industrial action. God was advised that the EIS and necessary permits have an application period of 90 days followed by a public viewing period of 60 days in each capital city. Upon receipt of all of the information, the granting bodies required a minimum of 180 days to review the applications prior to the public hearing. If there were no appeals arising from the public hearing, the process would take at least 36 months from the time of application before God was permitted to commence His creative venture. If there were appeals, it could take up to 10 years before God could be given permission.
God became positively catatonic. To His horror, God suddenly realised that He had only concentrated on creation of the Heavens and Earth and had forgotten to create the rarest commodity on Earth: common sense. The irrational unproductive constraints of the regulatory processes were such that it was just not possible for God to create Earth in the proposed six-day period. God fulminated in disgust ‘To Hell with My Project!’ and Earth, as we know it, was created.
Got something to add? Join the discussion and comment below.
You might disagree with half of it, but you’ll enjoy reading all of it. Try your first 10 weeks for just $10 | <urn:uuid:8c5bbf4d-f535-4877-9261-02fe4e5a5f0f> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.spectator.com.au/2018/12/the-environmental-impact-of-creation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991759.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210510174005-20210510204005-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.97539 | 2,374 | 3 | 3 |
Almost every New Yorker gets tooth decay at some point during their adult years. Brushing and flossing alone can’t cure tooth decay. Seek the services of a painless dentist in Manhattan for tooth decay treatment. The earlier decay is detected, the easier it is to remove from your teeth. Protect your teeth and gums; contact Sohosmile to get the best care and a winning smile.
Tooth decay is a common dental health problem in the U.S. About 92 percent of American adults between the ages of 20 and 64 have experienced some tooth decay. Around 27 percent of these adults haven’t even sought treatment. Untreated tooth decay can lead to damaged and missing teeth, as well as infection that can spread throughout your body.
Initial tooth decay leads to dental caries, when a hole forms in your tooth. The main cause is plaque buildup. Plaque is a sticky substance that results from bacteria breaking down food particles, especially sugar and starch, on your teeth. When plaque hardens, it turns into tartar, which locks the acid to the tooth. Regular cleaning by a dental team like Dr. John Koutsoyiannis and his staff at Sohosmile is the only way to help prevent problems like tooth decay from occurring.
How Serious Tooth Decay Can Become
Tooth decay and dental cavities permanently damage the hard surface of enamel on your teeth. Tiny holes begin to form in the tooth surface. In time, these holes reach the dentin layer below, leading to deeper cavities and eventually, pain.
If left untreated, decayed holes can penetrate all the way to the nerve endings and blood vessels in the pulp of the tooth. This can lead to a severe toothache, an abscess, an infection and ultimately the loss of your tooth. Regular, twice-a-year dental checkups make sure cavities never become so severe.
You may not even be aware you have cavities. Initially, they’re so small that they cause no tooth problems or pain. But as the cavities increase in size, you start feeling minor inconveniences that lead to serious tooth problems, such as:
- Sudden toothache
- Sensitivity to cold or hot drinks
- Severe pain while eating sweet things
- Visible holes or pits in your teeth
- Brown, black or white staining on the tooth surface
- Pain while biting
- Chewing problems
Root Causes of Tooth Decay
The main source of tooth decay is the food left in your mouth. Eating certain foods — like milk, ice cream, soda, sugar, honey, dried fruits, cake, cookies, hard candy, dry cereal and chips — can all cause tooth caries. Eating and drinking frequently between meals, especially if the food or drink contains sugar, can damage your teeth over time.
Before you schedule a checkup, recognize the conditions that cause decay to worsen and report any you notice to your dental team. These conditions include:
- Dry mouth, as your saliva has natural anti-decay properties
- Certain medications
- Damaged or worn dental work
- Dentures that irritate your teeth
- Acid reflux
- Eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia
Preventive Measures You Can Take
The age-old advice to brush your teeth every day helps enormously to deter tooth decay. Brush twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste. And make sure to use the proper technique to clean your teeth. Ask about the right way to brush your teeth; it can make a difference for maintaining your dental health.
Flossing is also necessary to combat tooth decay and keep your gums healthy. Food particles get stuck between your teeth, where the bristles of your toothbrush can’t reach. The back-and-forth movement of flossing dislodges the food particles, preventing plaque from forming.
Another good habit to get into is rinsing with a dentist-approved mouthwash once a day. It not only rinses food particles from your mouth; it also freshens your breath. Dr. John will give you his mouthwash recommendations if you ask for them.
Professional Tooth Decay Treatment
After a complete checkup of your teeth and gums, your SoHo dentist knows the steps to take to cure tooth decay. Your tooth decay treatment depends on how extensive the damage is to your teeth. The earlier decay is discovered, the easier and less invasive your treatments will be. Tooth decay treatments include:
You may need a second dental appointment at Sohosmile for additional treatments if your tooth decay is severe, but Dr. John and his team can usually take care of you in one session. Visit Sohosmile for a faster, easier way to pain-free tooth decay treatment. While Sohosmile features cosmetic dentistry, Dr. John focuses on the health of your teeth first. A healthy smile is always the most attractive. Sohosmile provides personalized services to all of Lower Manhattan, including:
- Downtown NYC
- Battery Park City
- The Financial District
- Greenwich Village
- Hudson Square
- West Village
- South Village | <urn:uuid:ab543e9c-26c6-4054-99e3-cecb941adf1a> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.sohosmile.com/common-dental-problems/tooth-decay-treatment-lower-manhattan-downtown-nyc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574077.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920200607-20190920222607-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.930644 | 1,059 | 2.625 | 3 |
Nearly everyone has had headache pain, and most of us have had it many times. A minor headache is little more than a nuisance that’s relieved by an over-the-counter pain reliever, some food or coffee, or a short rest. But if your headache is severe or unusual, you might worry about stroke, a tumor, or a blood clot. Fortunately, such problems are rare. Still, you should know when a headache needs urgent care and how to control the vast majority of headaches that are not threatening to your health.
What causes headaches?
Doctors don’t fully understand what causes most headaches. They do know that the brain tissue and the skull are never responsible since they don’t have nerves that register pain. But the blood vessels in the head and neck can signal pain, as can the tissues that surround the brain and some major nerves that originate in the brain. The scalp, sinuses, teeth, and muscles and joints of the neck can also cause head pain.
Pain in the Back of the Head, Headache Treatment
Types of headaches
There are more than 300 types of headaches, but only about 10% of headaches have a known cause. The others are called primary headaches. Here is a rundown on some major primary headaches.
Occurring in about three of every four adults, tension headaches are the most common of all headaches. In most cases, they are mild to moderate in severity and occur infrequently. But a few people get severe tension headaches, and some are troubled by them for three or four times a week.
The typical tension headache produces a dull, squeezing pain on both sides of the head. People with strong tension headaches may feel like their head is in a vise. The shoulders and neck can also ache. Some tension headaches are triggered by fatigue, emotional stress, or problems involving the muscles or joints of the neck or jaw. Most last for 20 minutes to two hours.
If you get occasional tension-type headaches, you can take care of them yourself. Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, other brands) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, naproxen (Aleve, other brands), or ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil, other brands) often do the trick, but follow the directions on the label, and never take more than you should. A heating pad or warm shower may help; some people feel better with a short nap or light snack.
If you get frequent tension-type headaches, try to identify triggers so you can avoid them. Don’t get overtired or skip meals. Learn relaxation techniques; yoga is particularly helpful because it can relax both your mind and your neck muscles. If you clench your jaw or grind your teeth at night, a bite plate may help.
If you need more help, your doctor may prescribe a stronger pain medication or a muscle relaxant to control headache pain. Many people with recurrent tension-type headaches can prevent attacks by taking a tricyclic antidepressant such as amitriptyline (Elavil, generic). Fortunately, most people with tension-type headaches will do very well with simpler programs.
Migraines occur less often than tension headaches, but they are usually much more severe. They are two to three times more common in women than men, but that’s small consolation if you are among the 6% to 8% of all men who have migraines. And since a Harvard study of 20,084 men age 40 to 84 reported that having migraines boosts the risk of heart attacks by 42%, men with migraines should take their headaches to heart.
Neurologists believe that migraines are caused by changes in the brain’s blood flow and nerve cell activity. Genetics play a role since 70% of migraine victims have at least one close relative with the problem.
Migraine triggers. Although a migraine can come on without warning, it is often set off by a trigger. The things that set off a migraine vary from person to person, but a migraine sufferer usually remains sensitive to the same triggers. The table lists some of the most common ones. (health.harvard.edu) | <urn:uuid:fda8fe7d-96d0-48c5-9459-95dd4da6d7f0> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://healthnewspk.com/pain-in-the-back-of-the-head-headache-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203493.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324210143-20190324232143-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.951852 | 879 | 3 | 3 |
Changing the face of COVID-19 response in Nigeria through Telemedicine
It is not a rocket science again, and it doesn't require extra knowledge or expertise to sense the changes technology is bringing to the way we live and respond to events that unfold around the world today. Technology, as aimed, keep us adapting to the dynamism of life.
Coronavirus disease 2019, popularly known as COVID-19, has posed unprecedented changes to overall human activities. However, the implementation of technological advances has kept countries going in responding to the spread of the virus. Nigeria, amongst a few other countries in Africa, is leveraging on Telehealth in enhancing COVID-19 case management - thereby mitigating the overwhelming of the healthcare system.
Telehealth also referred to as Telemedicine describes the use of 2-way communication technology for certain health care services. It involves but not limited to consultations taken place on the telephone, video calls, exchanges of photographic documentation, mobile phone messages, e-mail or other support applications for computers or mobile phones.
Since the beginning of the spread of the disease, countries have resorted to varying measures of lockdowns, social distancing, and the production of personal protective equipment (PPE) to limit transmission. But over time, it has been realised that these measures are insufficient to stop the overstretching of healthcare systems that are already overwhelmed before COVID-19.
More so, the current dilemma facing health care systems worldwide is how to sustain the capacity to provide service not only for those afflicted with COVID-19 but also for trauma patients and those suffering from other acute and chronic diseases while protecting the physicians, nurses, and other allied health personnel. Telemedicine can reduce the spread of infection while allowing the patient to continue their diagnostic-therapeutic process.
Lagos in Nigeria is known to be the epicentre of the spread of the virus with the highest number of cases (with 16,503 cases recorded of the total 49,068 confirmed cases in Nigeria as at Monday, 17 August 2020), keeping the pace of raising in a slow but steady way. The spread of the disease has long reached community transmission level where the government has actively been involved in contact tracing in other to contain the spread of the virus. Both government and private organisations are implementing the use of Telemedicine in other to enhance their response, contact tracing and overall case management.
Nevertheless, fear and stigmatisation of COVID-19 patients still exist, as a large number of people who tested positive for the virus do not show up to COVID-19 care centres for isolation and treatment. "About 1,192 active cases in communities are yet to turn up for admission in COVID-19 Lagos care centres", says Professor Akin Abayomi, the commissioner for health in Lagos State, Nigeria, during the situation report/update press briefing on COVID-19 in Lagos as at 16 August 2020. Dr Ahjoku Amadi-Obi, a Research Fellow (Telemedicine) at Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, and the founder of Hudibia (Nigeria's first medical super app) attributed this to lots of fake news which make people paranoid and lost their trust in government. In another way, "Many are healthy and don't see why they should be isolated", he said.
Telemedicine definitely has a lot to offer in supporting doctor's activity by streamlining and facilitating their work which would help to mitigate the fear, stigmatisation, and perhaps to restore the trust of people in government about the COVID-19 treatment. "Personally, I don't buy the idea that all COVID-19 patients should be admitted at isolation centres; some can be placed on treatment and follow-up through Telemedicine. This will also protect and limit the fear of physicians, nurses, and other allied health personnel on contracting the virus, and overall mitigate the overwhelming of the healthcare system", says Dr Abayomi Sule, a front line COVID-19 health worker.
However, in view of the current situation which posed the need for governments and other stakeholders to reimagine healthcare delivery, the government has been implementing Telemedicine in COVID-19 case management response. For instance, PharmAccess and developer Luscii work with the Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Ebute-Metta in Lagos, to develop digital COVID-19 home monitoring and support. The service screens for COVID-19 symptoms and connects users to medical professionals for advice on how to manage their care. Those that fall within the high-risk category are connected to trained medical responders at the FMC Ebute-Metta. The digital service can detect suspected cases in an early stage and those with mild symptoms can, with remote support stay at home. In that way, hospitals save healthcare capacity for high-risk patients and patients with other, more acute illnesses. "This will really help in the management of the disease and mitigate the overwhelming of the healthcare capacity", Dr Abayomi added.
Furthermore, many private hospitals and Telemedicine providers have adapted and supported the COVID-19 case management in Nigeria, along with their primary commitments. For instance, Oncopadi - Africa's 1st Digital Cancer Clinic - have adapted their services to respond and provide services to COVID-19 patients, thereby enhancing the work of government and contributing to the case management in Nigeria.
"Telemedicine is ideal for treating asymptomatic patients even only with phone calls. But the problem we had in Nigeria is that Telemedicine has very poor penetration. It thus presents an opportunity for the future", Dr Ahjoku further explained. Also, large population, overcrowding in Nigerian household where families live in slums as well as lack of technical skills needed minimises the potential of Telemedicine in COVID-19 case management in the country. "Telemedicine has a role, but in a situation like crowded accommodations, it's role may be limited. However, even in this situation, Telemedicine can help groups that isolate in place", he added.
However, the adoption of Telemedicine is seen in a limited number of states. More participation of states by providing enabling environment to providers is key for a coordinated response to COVID-19 case management. "The key for states to partner with providers is to create an enabling environment by enhancing infrastructure support such as ambulance systems, telecommunications systems and proper regulatory and governance systems. Financial incentives such as grants and Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) programs may help", Dr Ahjoku said.
"Telemedicine represents the future of healthcare even in Nigeria, so everything should be done to encourage it. Low-interest loans grants and creating tech hubs are ways government can help", he added. In this sense, the COVID-19 pandemic represents a positive input for the acceleration and enhancement of these tools in Nigeria. | <urn:uuid:856d3111-ee9d-4ffa-a3f4-fc17c3128f16> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.scicomnigeria.org/covid-19/Changing-the-face-of-COVID-19-response-in-Nigeria-through-Telemedicine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178349708.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210224223004-20210225013004-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.949523 | 1,424 | 2.625 | 3 |
Definition of 'intercept'
Video: pronunciation of 'intercept'
Example sentences containing 'intercept'
These examples have been automatically selected and may contain sensitive content. Read more…
Chade had somehow discovered that I had left the castle and had sent Starling to intercept me and de. THE GOLDEN FOOL: BOOK TWO OF THE TAWNY MAN (2002)Used to hang around the school gates trying to intercept him till I warned him off. FORESTS OF THE NIGHT (2002)I reached the door of the room just in time to intercept Chade's page. THE GOLDEN FOOL: BOOK TWO OF THE TAWNY MAN (2002)
Marina had woken up, found out he had cut and run, and asked someone from the hotel staff to intercept him. HAVANA BEST FRIENDS (2002)
Trends of 'intercept'
In Common Usage. intercept is one of the 10000 most commonly used words in the Collins dictionary
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Translations for 'intercept'
British English: intercept VERB
If you intercept someone or something that is travelling from one place to another, you stop them before they get to their destination.
Police officers intercepted him on his way to the airport.
Definition of intercept from the Collins English Dictionary
5 unusual words & phrases to upgrade your World Cup 2018 banter
Impress your friends, family and colleagues with this unusual collection of football lingo.
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Catch up on the latest words in the news this July with Robert Groves.
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All the latest wordy news, linguistic insights, offers and competitions every month. | <urn:uuid:e7130d3c-ace0-483a-8801-337ec382cae8> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/intercept | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267164750.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926101408-20180926121808-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.932689 | 362 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Senator Lisa Murkowski
The Environmental Protection Agency is writing new rules limiting greenhouse gas emissions from cars and industrial plants, but some members of Congress want to stop the agency from addressing climate change. Living on Earth's Mitra Taj reports on an upcoming Senate vote to revoke the EPA's authority to regulate carbon dioxide as a pollutant.
YOUNG: The Environmental Protection Agency recently announced tough new emissions standards for cars and trucks—the country’s first limits on greenhouse gases from vehicles.
And early next year the EPA will ask big industrial polluters to cut back on C02. These moves come thanks to the EPA’s new authority to regulate greenhouse gases. But that upsets some members of Congress who think the agency has no business regulating its way to climate change policy. Living on Earth’s Mitra Taj reports.
TAJ: In the late 1990s, environmental advocate Joe Mendelson was thinking about how to get the government to take action on climate change. As a lawyer for the Sierra Club, he saw potential in the Clean Air Act:
MENDELSON: The definition of what a pollutant is under the Clean Air Act —is very broad. It’s basically things that are emitted into the air and harm public health and welfare.
TAJ: Though the Environmental Protection Agency was using the Clean Air Act to limit pollutants like lead and carbon monoxide, it was reluctant to put carbon dioxide into the same category. The Bush administration said the agency simply didn’t have the authority to curb emissions of greenhouse gases. States and environmental groups sued, and the case eventually landed in the United States Supreme Court, where Mendelson served as co-counsel.
MENDELSON: At one point actually, some spittle from Justice Bryar landed on my notes in front of me, and I looked around and I realized: ‘Wow, I went to law school to be an environmental attorney and now you’re in the Supreme Court on climate change.’ So I can’t say I expected it but once we started moving forward I saw the path you could go down.
TAJ: The path led to the Court’s controversial 2007 ruling, telling the EPA it can regulate greenhouse gas emissions. Then to the Obama EPA decision to use that authority. It first enacted tougher standards for vehicle emissions, and soon will do the same for big industrial polluters. But Republican Senator Lisa Murkowski wants to put a stop to it all.
MURKOWSKI: I would like to think that we can put the brakes on EPA now as they’re moving forward in implementing regulations under the Clean Air Act. I don’t think they, as a regulatory agency, should be the one that puts in place climate policy.
TAJ: The Alaskan Senator wants Congress to strip EPA’s new authority using a little-used process called the Congressional Review Act. No filibusters allowed—that means she only needs 51 votes instead of 60 to get it passed. She already has 41, but many analysts say getting it through the Senate will be tough; Getting it through the House tougher still; and getting the president to sign it into law—unlikely. Joe Mendelson now directs global warming policy for the National Wildlife Federation.
MENDELSON: I’m heartened by the fact that I don’t think it’s going to become law. However it is a symbolic vote as to what the Senate thinks about climate change. For the Senate to support the Murkowski amendment would be a real step back in denying climate science. And I think that’s a vote that Senators do not want to be on the wrong side of history on.
TAJ: But that’s not how everyone sees it. Myron Ebell is director of energy and global warming policy at the conservative think-tank, the Competitive Enterprise Institute.
EBELL: The Murkowski resolution is something that people should support—even if they think global warming is a big problem. Now we don’t think global warming is a big problem, but even if you do you should agree that the Clean Air Act is about the worst possible way that you could figure out to regulate carbon dioxide emissions.
TAJ: He says the free market should lead the way, and that EPA action will only raise prices and suppress technological innovations that could lead to emissions reductions. The Obama administration says it’s better to legislate a solution than to mandate one. A law passed by Congress would build more consensus, have broader reach, and be more likely to survive following administrations. But the Senate has yet to act.
Lindsey Graham used to be the key Republican co-sponsor of the Kerry-Lieberman bill to cap greenhouse gas emissions. It puts a price on carbon and takes away EPA’s ability to use the Clean Air Act to reduce some industrial emissions. Senator Graham’s no longer promotes the bill, but he is one of 41 cosponsors of Murkowski’s resolution.
GRAHAM: I’m going to vote to preempt the EPA with the understanding that Congress should eventually and systematically regulate carbon pollution.
TAJ: Graham says the Gulf spill has made it tougher to sell the Kerry-Lieberman bill’s key tradeoff—an expansion of offshore oil drilling. He said smaller versions of an energy-climate bill could be the way forward.
GRAHAM: There’s some things we can do on nuclear power; there are some things we can do on the alternative energy side that would make it easier for our country to start creating technologies before China owns the whole alternative energy economy, but I don’t see 60 votes right now for capping carbon and expanding offshore drilling.
TAJ: One no vote would likely come from Lisa Murkowski.
MURKOWSKI: I don’t think that the EPA preemption language in Kerry-Lieberman is adequate. So to suggest that even if I did like the EPA preemption language in Kerry-Lieberman that I would somehow support the bill ignores the flaws in the rest of the bill.
TAJ: Senator Murkowski’s proposal is scheduled for a vote June tenth; the Kerry-Lieberman climate bill could hit the floor later this summer. In the meantime, the EPA is gearing up to require big power plants, factories and refineries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions starting January of next year. For Living on Earth, I’m Mitra Taj in Washington.
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Buy a signed copy of Mark Seth Lender's book Smeagull the Seagull & support Living on Earth | <urn:uuid:c2812f09-750f-4b4c-9333-1d7c0c86be63> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://stream.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=10-P13-00022&segmentID=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103360935.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628081102-20220628111102-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.930869 | 1,609 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Located on the now-dormant Alert Bay volcanic belt, Cormorant Island is host to Vancouver Island's oldest northern community, the small town of Alert Bay. It is located in the traditional territory of the Kwakwaka'wakw First Nation and today is a blend of both aboriginal and pioneer culture.
A walk along the shores of this tiny 0.69-square mile (1.8 sq. km) island will amaze you with its history, spectacular views and abundant wildlife. Remnants of its former fish-salting plant from the 1800's remain along the harbor. The U'mista Cultural Centre is Canada's longest-running First Nations museum and home to the famed Potlach Collection. This collection of ceremonial regalia was confiscated for preservation by Canadian authorities in 1922, and finally returned to the community during the 1980's. Seabirds, humpback, orca, and gray whales, sea lions and white-sided dolphins are all present in the surrounding waters. Alert Bay was named in 1860 for the Royal Navy ship HMS Alert which conducted survey operations in and around the region. | <urn:uuid:403a5f75-d69f-418f-a1b2-96dc55dc749a> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.seabourn.com/en_US/ports/alert-bay-british-columbia-canada.excursions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499826.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130165437-20230130195437-00621.warc.gz | en | 0.965356 | 226 | 2.875 | 3 |
Pregnant women are likely to get infections during their pregnancy months, and they must be prevented in time to avoid them being carried over to the babies. Similarly, it is also important to be careful if you are planning to start a family, because some viruses can be dangerous, and can affect an foetus drastically if you aren’t careful. So to have a healthy baby, be aware of these tips, and you can protect yourself and your baby from infections and diseases.
Avoid people who have travelled to areas with infected with Zika virus
An infection caused by the Zika virus will cause birth defects to the baby, where the head and the brain will be smaller than normal babies. So when you are planning to travel, make sure the place isn’t affected by the Zika virus, and if you must travel, take precautions so you won’t be bitten by mosquitos and inform your gynaecologist that you have to travel, and what other precautions you must take. If it is your spouse who has to travel in an area with Zika, use protection while having intercourse would help the spread of the virus.
Cytomegalovirus in pregnancy
If you are pregnant, and come into contact with the cytomegalovirus during your pregnancy, then there is a chance that it would be passed on to your unborn baby as well. Cytomegalovirus or CMV is a very common viral infection that can be passed on through saliva and urine from young children. So practicing good hygiene is very important, especially after changing diapers. If you have a very young child who goes to daycare, and you are pregnant with your next child, then be very careful regarding this.
Avoid coming into contact with cat litter
It would be best if you don’t have to remove cat litter yourself during the course of your pregnancy. If there is no other option, wear gloves, and wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after you are done. Cat litter might contain a virus called Toxoplasmosis, a parasite, and it could be transferred to your baby. It could also cause complications in your pregnancy, so once again following good hygiene habits would be good.
Avoid coming into contact with people with Hepatitis B
If you are pregnant, avoid coming into contact with anyone with Hepatitis, as the baby could also develop hepatitis too. It is important to avoid touching the body fluids of an infected person, and if you have any doubts regarding that, you can always test yourself. Body fluids include semen, saliva, blood transfusion, saliva, etc.
It is also important not to come in contact with a person suffering from chickenpox if you have never had chickenpox in your life. If you get the disease, your child could get it too. You can check for immunity for chickenpox to see if you are at risk.
Avoid unpasteurised milk and foods made out of it
Ensure that you consume only unpasteurised milk and milk products if you are pregnant or planning to get pregnant. It may contain harmful milk that could be transferred to your baby.
Make sure you visit your Gynaecologist for regular check-ups during pregnancy and pre-check ups if you are planning to get pregnant. Visit Naseem Medical Centre for the best antenatal treatment in Wakrah. There is a team of gynaecologists, paediatricians, paediatric surgeons, anaesthetists that work in perfect coordination with each other to give you and your baby the best care possible. The hospital has state of the art labour rooms and sophisticated equipment to ensure you have a safe delivery.
Copyright © 2023 Naseem Medical Centre. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:ec98b5d7-2b5e-4e32-bffe-b8f117dfde0a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.naseem.qa/blog/blog.php?blog=How-to-prevent-the-Infections-Before-and-During-Pregnancy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506686.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925051501-20230925081501-00702.warc.gz | en | 0.960974 | 763 | 3.109375 | 3 |
A cash allowance is a specific amount of money that an employer gives to an employee on a regular basis, typically in addition to the employee's regular salary or wages. The purpose of a cash allowance is to help cover the employee's out-of-pocket expenses related to their job. For example, a cash allowance may be given to an employee who is required to travel for work in order to help cover the cost of meals and other incidentals.
What are the types of salary? There are many different types of salaries, and the type of salary you receive will usually depend on your job, your level of experience, and your geographic location. Some of the most common types of salaries include:
-Hourly: An hourly salary is paid based on the number of hours you work per week. This type of salary is common for entry-level and part-time jobs.
-Annual: An annual salary is paid once per year, and is usually based on your job title, level of experience, and geographic location. Annual salaries are common for full-time jobs.
-Monthly: A monthly salary is paid once per month, and is usually based on your job title, level of experience, and geographic location. Monthly salaries are common for full-time jobs.
-Weekly: A weekly salary is paid once per week, and is usually based on your job title, level of experience, and geographic location. Weekly salaries are common for full-time jobs.
-Commission: A commission is a type of salary that is based on the sales you generate. This type of salary is common for sales jobs.
-Bonus: A bonus is a type of salary that is given out based on performance. This type of salary is common for management and executive jobs.
Does monthly salary include allowances? There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the inclusion of allowances in a monthly salary can vary depending on the employer and the specific job role. However, allowances are typically included in an employee's monthly salary if they are considered to be essential for the performance of their duties, and if they are not already being compensated for through other means (such as a separate allowance or stipend). What are the three types of allowance? The three types of allowance are:
1. Cost of living allowance
2. Housing allowance
3. Education allowance
Is allowance a part of salary?
There is no universal answer to this question, as it can vary depending on the company and position in question. However, in general, allowances are not considered to be a part of an employee's salary. Instead, they are typically viewed as additional compensation that is given in addition to an employee's base salary.
Which allowance is exempt from salary?
The following allowances are exempt from salary:
1. Housing allowance
2. Transportation allowance
3. Clothing allowance
4. Incidental allowance
5. Entertainment allowance
6. Education allowance
7. Family allowance | <urn:uuid:a3909d87-7574-4193-a82a-51b95ba94488> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.infocomm.ky/what-is-a-cash-allowance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100518.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203225036-20231204015036-00719.warc.gz | en | 0.963982 | 608 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Can you tell me the name of the organ which results malfunctioning from Jaundice disease?
Others answers (1)
- eAnswers...Feb 12, 2013
Jaundice is also known as liver disease. So, liver is the organ which results to malfunctioning from jaundice. It should be made clear at the outset that jaundice, an obvious physical sign, sometimes represents problems other than liver disease and is by no means synonymous with it. There are other, far more important and more complex metabolic problems associated with liver disease so that the problem of jaundice will be dealt with only briefly in this minicourse.
- RelationshipsMay 14, 2014
- 16 Acts Of Random Kindness That Will Revive Your Hope For The Future Of Mankind
- Show More | <urn:uuid:2bcb781b-89a2-4c06-b0b0-45d49f908fa4> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.eanswers.com/can-you-tell-me-the-name-of-th3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826049.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023130351-20171023150351-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.945059 | 163 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Metal expands when heated because an increase in temperature is actually an increase in the vibration of the atoms that compose the metal, and this vibration forces the atoms slightly apart. Unless a phase change occurs, the increased distance is not enough to break the lattice structure between atoms. Thermal expansion is a phenomena observed in most materials and not just in metals.
Thermal expansion is an important property of many materials, and few materials break the pattern of expanding as they increase in temperature. However, solid water and, at low temperatures, even liquid water, actually shrinks as it heats up. Water is an exception, however, with a relatively unique molecular structure and properties that cause its solid state to be less dense than its liquid state.
Thermal expansion is not only a common property but also an important one. Different metals expand at different rates with temperature change, which is a feature used in bimetallic strip thermometers. While thermal expansion is useful in this way, it is also often a problem in construction, particularly when several different materials are used or when heating is likely to be uneven. Shrinking and expanding metals produce stresses in structures, which can cause structural instability over time. | <urn:uuid:a31d18ca-64da-43ba-b6b0-aac1bfc6350c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.reference.com/science/metal-expand-heated-1e274210a0681904 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506673.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402045741-20200402075741-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.952983 | 238 | 3.890625 | 4 |
ASL- Assessment of Speaking and Listening
A short description for those who are new to the process of 20 marks-
Before ASL- In every class groups of 2 -2 children are made and date is announced for the conduction of ASL. Children perform in the group of two.
Note- the Assessment of Speaking and Listening (ASL) takes 8 minutes for a pair of 2 students to complete. This is actually conducted in three stages.
Stage 1: Introduction (1 minute)
In this stage, the examiner asks both of the candidates their names and a brief introduction. After that, both the candidates are asked some general questions one by one. Like-
1. What is your father?
2. Where do you live?
3. Which is your favourite subject?
Stage 2: Speech (4 minute for both)
The examiner will ask the first Candidate to speak on the topic and the second Candidate will ask questions on the basis of the spoken text. The second candidate will be asked to speak on any other topic and the first candidate will ask questions related to it. The examiner will also ask 2-3 questions to both the Candidates related to their topics.
Stage 3: Problem solving (3 minute)
In this final stage, both the candidates will be given a problematic situation to discuss. Its solution has to be found out. Nearly 2 minute will be given for conversation on the given problem. The examiner will ask some follow-up questions.
Examples of Problematic situation-
1. One of the children of your class always keeps on speaking and never lets others study. Discuss the problem and tell what will be your advice to solve the problem of this nuisance?
2. Many of your classmates do not bring books and disturb others during study hours. Discuss with your partner why they behave in this way and what can be done to change their attitude?
Finally, The Students have to prepare a brief introduction and a paragraph of nearly 150 words (15 lines) which could be spoken within a minute and a question on the basis of the paragraph.
Some of the topics are given for your help-
Click below to get a list of topics
Kindly do not forget to share this on social media | <urn:uuid:293c8e6f-716a-4664-b691-4f655775cdd4> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://edumantra.net/asl/assessment-listening-speaking-asl/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549427750.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727082427-20170727102427-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.944726 | 459 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Top tips for choosing the best kids bank account
Whether or not you’re ready for your teenager to have access to credit it’s important they learn the basics of credit early, before applying for credit themselves.
Common sense tells people not to borrow more than they can afford to repay. However, putting this thought into action is made easier by understanding the principles of budgeting – that is, putting money aside for different purposes, rather than spending on opportunities as they come along.
Involve your kids in your family budget discussions and explain how your budget works. If you don’t have one, now is the time to get on board! The Australian Government’s MoneySmart website has a handy budget planner which is a great starting point to get the discussion around budget going.
Your teenager may have experienced earning interest via their savings account. However, it’s important for your teenager to understand that in the same way they can earn interest by saving money, they will also generally have to pay interest when borrowing money. Interest works in different ways for different products. For example, if your teen is looking at a credit card you will need to go through the importance of understanding when interest kicks in and how your teenager can avoid having to pay interest on their purchases.
All lenders have their own criteria for assessing credit applications. This might include insufficient income, too many existing debts, or a history of unpaid bills. The first thing many lenders do when somebody applies for credit is to go to a credit agency to check the applicant’s credit file. This is why it’s important to understand which responsibilities such as repayments are needed when taking out a credit product.
Check out our Kids and Teens Banking hub for more information on how to help your teenager get involved in banking. | <urn:uuid:62a7781b-66ca-428c-b265-8a396da6cd8d> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.heritage.com.au/help-and-guidance/kids-and-teens/explaining-credit-to-teenagers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141176922.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124170142-20201124200142-00711.warc.gz | en | 0.960674 | 368 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Bird's-Eye View of the State Capitol and Grounds, Raleigh, N.C., Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards (P077), NC Collection Photographic Archives, The Wilson Library, UNC-Chapel Hill.
Union Square is an oasis of green, constantly traversed by politicians, schoolchildren, office workers, tourists, and pigeons. They move daily through a memorial landscape shaded by a grove of great oaks, centered on the classical State Capitol, and peopled with bronze figures frozen on bases of stone. A young soldier stands high atop a towering column rising to the treetops; a woman seated on a tall base reads to a young boy at her side; warriors at ground level carry a wounded companion; a portly governor gestures in the midst of a political speech; George Washington gazes calmly southward down the principal commercial street.
Here in this central commemorative landscape of the state, for almost two centuries, North Carolinians have placed memorials to honor individuals, events, and causes they valued. They have participated in a long and widespread memorial tradition shared by private and public groups in many locales, including those in neighboring Virginia and South Carolina, and in many other states who have placed monuments on their state capitol grounds to Washington, white Civil War soldiers, statesmen and other illustrious figures, and most recently, to African Americans. These memorial ensembles offer the visitor or reader many different opportunities for learning and reflection and many angles of vision in considering the meaning of our monuments.
Presidents North Carolina Gave the Nation, Raleigh, N.C. The North Carolina County Photographic Collection #P0001, NC Collection Photographic Archives, The Wilson Library, UNC-Chapel Hill.
Of the memorials present on North Carolina's Union Square in 2011, the earliest (1857) depicts George Washington; three erected from 1895 to 1914 commemorate the Civil War; four honor soldiers in subsequent conflicts from the Spanish-American War through the World Wars and Korean Conflict to the Vietnam War. Two statues represent North Carolina governors, Zebulon B. Vance and Charles B. Aycock, and in addition to Washington, one depicts presidents Andrew Jackson, Andrew Johnson, and James K. Polk whom "North Carolina gave the nation." A few others recall individuals whom a group or individual wished to honor, including educator Charles McIver and Confederate veteran, journalist, and historian Samuel A'Court Ashe.
Besides drawing our attention to these individuals and events, visiting Union Square, whether in person or through the web, also offers opportunities to consider broader issues in memorialization, which can spur our thinking both about this particular landscape and about other sites of public memory and commemoration.
At Union Square as elsewhere, it is rewarding to ponder the "back story" of monuments as well as the subjects depicted and to consider not only the individual monument in isolation but in its relationship to other memorials on other sites. When, why, and how did this particular monument come to be erected here? Each monument is a product of its own times, of human impulses and choices that led to its creation. Often its meaning has as much — if not more — to do with those who created it and the context of its times as it does with the ostensible subject. Thus for every memorial we can ask questions that go beyond "what is this monument about?"
Throughout the square, whatever the specific subject of individual monuments, we can observe a recurrent theme, as North Carolinians in every era commemorated events and individuals in ways that expressed their sense of North Carolina's place in the nation. This motive informed the state's memorial building here from the outset. When patriotic impulses first spurred an interest in memorials early in the nineteenth century, the state focused not on North Carolinians but on the George Washington, universally revered as the symbol of the United States. For many years, the square laid out in 1792 at the center of Raleigh had been bare of memorials, while the plain, brick state house built there in 1792-1794 attracted ongoing complaints because of its lack of "elegance."
Statue of Washington, in the Rufus Morgan Photographic Collection #P0057, NC Collection Photographic Archives, The Wilson Library, UNC-Chapel Hill.
During a flurry of patriotism after the War of 1812, North Carolina launched projects to honor George Washington, commissioning a painting from the celebrated artist Thomas Sully and a statue from the internationally renowned Italian sculptor Antonio Canova (see State Capitol Memorials). In the classical spirit of the day, Canova produced a seated figure of Washington depicted as a Roman general clad in a toga. In anticipation of its arrival, preparation for this important sculpture prompted a major remodeling of the State House in 1820-1821 to receive and shelter it, giving it a dome, cruciform plan, and pseudoporticoes. As the container for the celebrated statue, the revamped State House thus became the first commemorative structure on Union Square. In 1831, the State House burned and with it Canova's statue. When the new State Capitol was built in 1833-1840 on the site, its design provided a space in the central rotunda for the Canova Washington, which remained empty for more than a century.
More than two decades passed before the state invested in another commemorative figure — again George Washington, this time as a standing bronze figure depicting him in his officer's uniform. Again, the figure embodied the work of an internationally renowned artist and asserted North Carolina's place in the national artistic and patriotic firmament: it was one of many bronze reproductions of Jean Antoine Houdon's marble sculpture installed in the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond in 1796. Purchased early in 1857, North Carolina's Washington figure was dedicated with patriotic fanfare on July 4 of that year, drawing a crowd of more than 10,000 to the event. By the 1850s, Washington's symbolic importance as father of the nation had grown with the years, as evidenced by the Washington Monument under construction in the nation's capital and the nascent campaign to save his home, Mount Vernon. By this time, too, Washington's personification of national identity carried added meaning amid rising tensions between North and South.
Glimpse of Capitol Grounds from Vance Monument, Raleigh, N.C., in Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards (P077), NC Collection Photographic Archives, The Wilson Library, UNC-Chapel Hill.
After weathering the Civil War, North Carolinians endured bitter political and racial conflict during and after Reconstruction. It was many a hard year before North Carolinians returned to the creation of a memorial landscape at Union Square. The end of Reconstruction in 1876 and the re-election of former Civil War governor Zebulon Vance in that year signaled white Democrats' full "redemption" of the state. As they strove to consolidate power despite challenges from Republicans, including many black voters, during the 1880s Democratic leaders began campaigns to erect civic memorials to their heritage, including the war that had remade their world. By this time, memorialization of the Civil War dead was well underway in cemeteries in both the North and the South, and Confederate Memorial Day, celebrated in North Carolina each May 10, provided an opportunity for white Southerners to honor the dead and to reiterate the Lost Cause saga.
In his 1885 Memorial Day oration in Raleigh, Confederate veteran and Democratic politician Alfred Moore Waddell issued a call for public memorials at the capitol that proved to be prescient. Stressing the importance of patriotic monuments to North Carolina's place and prestige in the nation, he said that "every civilized land" had monuments to its most illustrious sons, but North Carolinians were failing to assume their responsibility to honor their heritage. Defeat and poverty were no longer an excuse. "Go to any other State Capitol," he challenged his audience, "and if its public grounds do not contain some statue or monument in commemoration of its great men, its legislative halls at least are hung with portraits of its Governors." But in Raleigh, the visitor would find "No monument, no statue, no bust, not even a portrait to remind you that North Carolina ever produced one man that she thought worthy of remembrance." He laid out an agenda that he and others would pursue for decades to come, which would mark Union Square with monuments, fill niches in the Capitol with busts, and in the process inscribe one version of history in the state's principal memorial landscape.
Confederate Monument and Olivia Raney Library, Raleigh, N.C. , Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards (P077), NC Collection Photographic Archives, The Wilson Library, UNC-Chapel Hill.
Ten years later, on May 20, 1895, Waddell delivered an oration at the unveiling of the first great monument in that campaign — the North Carolina Confederate Monument. Of all the monuments on the square, the back story of the Confederate Monument is probably the most dramatic, for its creation between 1892 and 1895 took place amidst intense political conflict. In 1892, Democratic Confederate veterans began a drive for a Confederate monument for the state and soon enlisted the aid of the Ladies' Memorial Association of Raleigh. The LMA, founded in 1866 by elite white women who supported the Confederate tradition, had already established the Confederate cemetery in Raleigh and erected a memorial there and regularly sponsored Memorial Day celebrations. They knew well the strategies for gaining political and financial support for their cause. In 1892, the veterans, the LMA leaders, and others formed the North Carolina Monumental Association to erect a civic rather than funereal memorial on some public site in Raleigh. This private group began fundraising, but their progress was slow. In 1893 they turned to the largely Democratic state legislature for an appropriation of $10,000. With the women crowding the legislative halls, the lawmakers readily authorized the funds and directed that the monument be placed on Union Square. The Association chose a site, commissioned a design, signed a $25,000 contract with the nationally active Muldoon Monument Company of Louisville, Kentucky, and on May 24, 1894, held a gala cornerstone laying event.
But the game suddenly changed. In the 1894 election, an alliance or "Fusion" of Populists and Republicans soundly defeated the Democrats and took a majority of seats in the racially and politically mixed legislature that took office in 1895. Meanwhile, bills were coming due on the monument, which was nearing completion. Again the Association appealed to the legislature for $10,000. This time, the politically divided legislature voted against their request. "It is not at all certain that any monuments ought to be built on either side to perpetuate the memories of our unnatural civil war," argued the Populist newspaper. "The sooner the rancors and hates of that unhappy struggle are forgotten by both North and South, the better it will be for the whole country." Only after the avidly Democratic News and Observer created a false linkage between the monument vote and a legislative recognition of the death of Frederick Douglass did inflamed public opinion tip the balance. The newspaper called for "all patriotic men [to] stand together to preserve the Anglo Saxon civilization" by supporting the monument. Some legislators continued their opposition: one said "the memories of the war should be buried out of sight, he was in favor of digging a hole and burying all monuments." Under political pressure and the gaze of the ladies, the monument bill passed.
Raleigh, N.C. Confederate Monument and State Capitol, West Side, Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards (P077), NC Collection Photographic Archives, Wilson Library, UNC-Chapel Hill.
At the dedication of the monument on May 20, 1895, while Fusionists still controlled the legislature, the speeches and featured dignitaries of the day expressed the views of the primarily Democratic leadership that vindicated the Confederate tradition. Key themes dominated the rhetoric of the day: the valor and sacrifice of North Carolina's soldiers in the Confederacy — "First at Bethel, Last at Appomattox" read the inscribed motto — and the justness and honor of the Confederate cause within the framework of American history.
Both of these concepts fed into the underlying movement of the times — the reunion of North and South on largely southern terms. The Democratic leadership that had "redeemed" the state had accomplished much already in reinstating the old political and racial hierarchy and in undoing many of the reforms enacted during Reconstruction. The Federal government, encouraging "home rule" in the South, was backing off on support of rights for blacks. The Supreme Court's ruling on "separate but equal" facilities in Plessy v. Ferguson, decided on May 18, 1896, provided the legal basis for Jim Crow racial segregation nationwide, and further changes were on the way.
Charles Brantley Aycock, Raleigh, N.C. Photo courtesy of Donald Burgess Tilley Jr.
In North Carolina, however, the political turmoil had just begun. In the election of 1896, the Fusionist alliance of Populists and Republicans triumphed again, increasing their representation in the legislature and putting a Republican in the governor's office. Determined to recapture power, in 1898 Democratic leaders organized a "White Supremacy Crusade" that produced an overwhelming Democratic victory and retook a majority in the legislature. Throughout the campaign and its aftermath, which included a violent white Democratic coup in Wilmington, its spokesmen employed history in their cause, linking their "Revolution" of 1898 and 1900 as well as the Confederate cause with their ancestors' actions in the American Revolution. In a second campaign in 1900, in which they employed similar strategies, Democrats elected Charles B. Aycock as governor, increased their majority in the legislature, and won ratification for a constitutional amendment that essentially disfranchised black voters.
In the wake of the Confederate monument and the triumph of the White Supremacy campaign, the victorious Democratic leadership inaugurated an era of impassioned memorializing. The saga of continuity and legitimacy — from colonial heroes through the American Revolution and Civil War (and the evils of Reconstruction) up to the recently reinstated Democracy — overcame all other stories in the state's official version of its history. Historians and other cultural leaders joined with political figures to raise "state pride" by telling this history in print and image.
Worth Bagley Monument, Raleigh, N.C., in Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards (P077), NC Collection Photographic Archives, The Wilson Library, UNC-Chapel Hill.
Memorials and monuments at the State Capitol offered a prime opportunity to celebrate and remember. During the next few decades, a full roster of memorials filled in among the trees of Union Square as well as inside the capitol. As was the case when the Confederate Monument was unveiled in 1895, several asserted the reunion of North and South on southern terms and honored the leaders who had contributed to this outcome. All of them continued the broader story of proclaiming the place of North Carolina in the nation.
One of the first actions of the Democratic legislature elected in 1898 was to authorize a monument to the recently deceased Zebulon Vance, who had not only served as governor during the Civil War but had also led in the Redemption of the state, won the governorship in 1876 and symbolized the state's return to the Union as a United States Senator from 1879 until his death in 1894. When Democrats unveiled the larger-than-life-size statue at the north axis of the Capitol on August 22, 1900, just days after the election, no one missed its significance: "a fitting time," said the publisher of the News and Observer, "for Aycock, the new Governor, was to receive it."
The next memorial, a seemingly simple standing figure of the young soldier Worth Bagley, inscribed "First Fallen," affirmed national reunion in another way. In 1898, Bagley was the first American to die in the Spanish-American War. For many Americans, that war, in which men from North and South fought together again, symbolized sectional reunion through the spilling of blood, and the national press hailed the young Southerner's death on May 11, 1898, as sealing the "covenant of brotherhood between the north and the south." North Carolina promptly moved to commemorate Bagley on Union Square. Speakers at the dedication on May 20, 1907, asserted that his death had healed the breach of sectionalism, and thus inaugurated "a new era of Union," in which "the logical adjustment of history would again give the leadership of the nation to the South." With Reconstruction thoroughly rebutted, the "redeemed" state took its place in the nation.
Charles Duncan McIver Statue, Raleigh, Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards (P077), NC Collection Photographic Archives, The Wilson Library, UNC-Chapel Hill.
Memorializing continued apace. In 1912, the state unveiled a standing figure of educator Charles McIver, who had died suddenly in the prime of life only six years earlier, much loved and admired as the founder and president of the state's first college for women in Greensboro. Widespread fundraising among schoolchildren and teachers, among others, supported production of the bronze figure by artist Frederick Ruckstuhl. Just a year later, its significance was extended when the college he had founded unveiled a duplicate figure by the same artist in front of the main building on campus. In 1924, a memorial to the recently deceased Charles B. Aycock joined Vance's company as the only other governor represented on Union Square. Following the precedent of Vance's figure, sculptor Gutzon Borglum depicted Aycock as a standing figure in mid-gesture of speaking, evoking his eloquence in his highly effective campaign to promote public education. The iconography of the bas relief panels stressed his role as "Education Governor," passing over, as did subsequent histories, his role in the white supremacy crusades. The pair of governors, Vance and Aycock, became icons of the Democratic state. In time their birthplaces became state historic sites and, fulfilling Waddell's urgings of 1885, the state installed figures of Vance and Aycock (in 1916 and 1932, by sculptors Borglum and Charles Keck, respectively) to represent North Carolina in Statuary Hall at the United States Capitol and thereby to mark the state's place in the nation.
Memorialization of the Civil War produced two additional monuments on Union Square. In 1914, the state unveiled the monument to the Women of the Confederacy, depicting a seated figure of a woman reading to her grandson standing beside her, "inciting him to emulate the deeds of his father." Sponsored by a wealthy Confederate veteran, the memorial, like many others, honored the sacrifices of Confederate women and their role in ennobling their cause in the national memory.
The figure of Henry Lawson Wyatt, unveiled in 1912 and sponsored by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, is not only one of the most artistically accomplished monuments on Union Square but also one of the most symbolically laden . Created by the nationally celebrated sculptor Gutzon Borglum, the heroically scaled bronze figure honors the nineteen-year-old carpenter from Edgecombe County, whose death in action on June 10, 1861, gave rise to the state's claim "First at Bethel." In contrast to the staid stances of almost all of the figures at Union Square, Wyatt's figure displays dramatic emotional and artistic impact both in his facial expression confronting battle and death, and in the dynamic forward movement of his expertly structured form, showing him in mid-step leaning into the fight. The Wyatt monument at Union Square already had ties to other memorials — a memorial fountain of 1904 in his hometown of Tarboro and a simple marker dedicated to him by North Carolinians at the Bethel battleground in Virginia in 1905.
Monument to North Carolina Women of the Confederacy, Raleigh, N.C., in Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards (P077), NC Collection Photographic Archives, The Wilson Library, UNC-Chapel Hill.
In Union Square's last memorial connected with the Civil War, in 1940 friends of Samuel A'Court Ashe (1840-1938) — the Confederate veteran, historian, and indefatigable defender of the southern cause who had promoted the "Farthest at Gettysburg" claim in 1904 — placed a modest granite marker with a bronze portrait plaque in his memory.
With the passage of time and the deaths of the last Confederate veterans, the focus of memorializing shifted away from the Civil War and national reunion. Honoring the service of North Carolinians in World War I, two small monuments appeared — for the Old Hickory Highway (1930) and for the Wildcat Division (1941 — the latter in the year when the United States entered the next world war. As the country recovered from World War II and entered a period of new national confidence, and North Carolinians embarked on efforts to claim a newly prominent and progressive identity among the states, a new monument depicting the "three presidents North Carolina gave the Nation" displaced Zebulon Vance at the east side of the Capitol. How this new memorial came about and what the response was to moving the Civil War southward to face Governor Aycock are "back stories" that invite further research. Once this monument was completed, the North Carolina Historical Commission enacted a moratorium on further memorials on the square, which the commission deemed sufficiently filled with markers of history.
North Carolina Veteran's Monument, Raleigh, NC. Photo courtesy of Natasha Smith.
Yet the passion for memorialization was not to be denied. Twice the legislature responded to veterans' groups to override the moratorium, producing the Vietnam Veterans Memorial of 1987 and the North Carolina Veterans Memorial in 1990. The latter memorial, a large composition on the north side of the capitol, honors those who served in the two World Wars and the Korean Conflict. It was initiated after the Vietnam memorial by those who believed the sacrifices in those earlier wars deserved recognition. Considerable controversy attended its erection on a site with a previously unimpeded view between the Capitol and the Legislative Building, and some critics objected to its iconography, in which the tall base carries an immense female Victory figure almost identical to the Soviet World War II monument in Budapest.
The much smaller but more dramatic Vietnam Veterans Memorial, like the Confederate Monument ninety years before, especially embodies the complex issues of its times and is linked with many other memorials across the state and nation. As the nation came to terms with the Vietnam War that ended in 1975, and as often neglected veterans of that contentious war sought recognition for their sacrifices, a growing movement to erect suitable memorials to that war brought new approaches to the language of memorials, most famously in Maya Lin's powerful memorial in Washington, D. C., dedicated in 1982.
For the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Raleigh, sculptor Abbe Godwin likewise reflected on the conflicted meaning of the war. Instead of a monumental, heroic figure standing high on a pedestal, she created a highly realistic grouping of soldiers entitled "After the Firefight," with two men struggling to rescue their wounded comrade while scanning the sky for further attacks. Rendered at life size, these figures represent a white man, a black man, and a Native American, the latter two the only such individuals depicted on Union Square. By catching them in mid-action and placing them at ground level, the dramatic composition brings the figures directly into the experience of their viewers, while the painstakingly executed details of their faces, uniforms, and weapons makes them seem even more real and approachable.
Vietnam Veteran's Memorial, Raleigh, NC. Photo courtesy of Natasha Smith.
Like the Maya Lin work in Washington, the effect of this small monument engages the participation of its visitors in ways probably scarcely anticipated. Here, as in Washington, visitors including veterans and family members of lost soldiers come to attach mementoes to the memorial, leaving not only flowers but often a note, a photograph, and sometimes a medal. And here, at the only sculptural memorial on the square positioned at ground level, almost daily people touch these figures: adults trace the features or examine a weapon while perhaps remembering lost friends or family members or their own experiences, while children clamber over the sculpture, peer at the warriors' faces, and like previous generations of children at this and other memorials, hear stories told by teachers, parents, and grandparents of deeds long past.
On February 27, 2009, Patricia Timmons-Goodman, the first black female justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court, officiated at the swearing-in of the North Carolina African American Heritage Commission. During the meeting, Justice Timmons-Goodman pointed out that when she looked out upon Union Square from her Supreme Court office she noticed the absence of inclusiveness in the monuments on the square, and observed that many of the schoolchildren who visit the square see no faces that resemble their own. Her call for greater inclusiveness echoed the views of many North Carolinians. In 2010 the state appointed a commission to study the situation and make recommendations. As treated elsewhere on this web site, the commission recommended lifting the moratorium in order to represent the importance of Native Americans, African Americans, and women in the state's history. Various ideas for these memorials have been put forward. In a turn of events universally familiar in the history of memorial building, in 2011 economic problems stalled the process. Still, the concept has been established, the moratorium lifted, and ideas set forth by groups committed to honoring a fuller range of North Carolinians. In time, sponsors may come forward to fund these like other monuments in the past.
Can we imagine a new experience we might have in Union Square one day, when we might sit quietly to meditate in honor of North Carolina Native Americans? Tip a hat to a figure of 1921 legislator Lillian Exum? Meet the steady gaze of black Congressman George H. White and read his 1901 words of farewell to Congress? See Ella Baker gesturing in mid-speech at a Civil Rights demonstration? Will we look up one day to an imposing bronze figure of a soldier of the United States Colored Troops, clad in a Union uniform and shouldering a rifle or standing at ease on his pedestal? Or will other subjects and designs best embody the hopes and possibilities of future generations?
Whatever comes to pass, we will look at new as well as old memorials as depictions of the people, events, and times they commemorate, but we can also see them in the broader context of twenty-first century commemorations in North Carolina and beyond, and above all of the times in which they were initially considered and may be planned, designed, and erected. | <urn:uuid:1d35dbaa-60c7-4fc4-ab36-f95fb9b765ac> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://docsouth.unc.edu/commland/features/essays/bishir_two/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804518.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118021803-20171118041803-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.955417 | 5,546 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Seiche - Longest natural period (Merian's formula)
A seiche (/ˈseɪʃ/ SAYSH) is a standing wave in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water. Seiches and seiche-related phenomena have been observed on lakes, reservoirs, swimming pools, bays, harbours and seas. The key requirement for formation of a seiche is that the body of water be at least partially bounded, allowing the formation of the standing wave.
The term was promoted by the Swiss hydrologist François-Alphonse Forel in 1890, who was the first to make scientific observations of the effect in Lake Geneva, Switzerland. The word originates in a Swiss French dialect word that means “to sway back and forth”, which had apparently long been used in the region to describe oscillations in alpine lakes.
Seiches in harbours can be caused by long period or infragravity waves, which are due to subharmonic nonlinear wave interaction with the wind waves, having periods longer than the accompanying wind-generated waves.
Causes and nature of seiches
Seiches are often imperceptible to the naked eye, and observers in boats on the surface may not notice that a seiche is occurring due to the extremely long wavelengths.
The effect is caused by resonances in a body of water that has been disturbed by one or more factors, most often meteorological effects (wind and atmospheric pressure variations), seismic activity, or tsunamis. Gravity always seeks to restore the horizontal surface of a body of liquid water, as this represents the configuration in which the water is in hydrostatic equilibrium.
Vertical harmonic motion results, producing an impulse that travels the length of the basin at a velocity that depends on the depth of the water. The impulse is reflected back from the end of the basin, generating interference. Repeated reflections produce standing waves with one or more nodes, or points, that experience no vertical motion. The frequency of the oscillation is determined by the size of the basin, its depth and contours, and the water temperature.
The longest natural period of a seiche is the period associated with the fundamental resonance for the body of water—corresponding to the longest standing wave. For a surface seiche in an enclosed rectangular body of water this can be estimated using Merian’s formula, as shown here.Related formulas
|T||longest natural period (1/hz)|
|h||average depth of the body of water (m)| | <urn:uuid:68dc069e-2061-4e11-bab8-fcc8f3604966> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.fxsolver.com/browse/formulas/Seiche+-+Longest+natural+period+%28Merian%27s+formula%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948756.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328011555-20230328041555-00661.warc.gz | en | 0.927384 | 550 | 3.65625 | 4 |
There is something irresistible about things in little wooden boxes. A friend lent me this old Camera Lucida to play around with. It’s an amazing device that allows one eye to see an inverted image of what ever is infront of you while the other eye sees your sketch book. Once the device is set up it is a simple matter to trace what ever you are looking at onto the sketch book.
The device was patented by William Hyde Wollaston in 1806 and was used as an aid to to sketching and visual documentation prior to the development of the camera.
The device is difficult to set up and the results have a tight, traced look about them. The camera lucida is beautifully made from heavy polished brass. The solid brass base clamp is hand engraved in French with the manufactures details. The wooden box has fine dovetailed joints and is lined with felt and satin. What a nice thing to carry around when you go sketching!
Today, the common pose of someone taking a photograph is two arms outstretched, camera gripped at arms length. This replaced the camera pushed to face, squint through viewfinder pose created by the invention of roll film. I wonder if the pose above, with the camera lucida and folding stool, was a common site through the 1800’s? | <urn:uuid:68838cda-f044-484c-bc92-6baaaae0d5eb> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://splashingpaintblog.com/2010/01/05/camera-lucida/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131293283.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172133-00259-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968204 | 267 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Is it ok to be species'ist - to advance one species or retard another just because of its species?
We seem to have concluded that racism and sexism - advancing or retarding individuals just because of their race or gender - is not ok. But what about whole species?
Species'ism seems to happen a lot in nature. In fact, a colleague and I recently found that one species of tree has been comprehensively retarded over 2,000 square kilometres of the Cooma-Monaro plains of southern NSW. Every individual Eucalyptus viminalis - Ribbon Gum - is either dead or dying in this extensive area. The Ribbon Gum was an iconic tree of this region, common on the rocky knolls and hills around fertile grazing and farming land. You can still see healthy trees in the region ...but if it is healthy it is not a Ribbon Gum.
We don't know why this one species is dying while the snow gums and other trees around are not. We do know insects are involved, but they are not the sole or even primary cause. We suspect that drought or changes to the rainfall patterns or to minimum and maximum temperature regimes might be affecting this one species to a much greater extent than others. There may even be some impact on this one species caused by changes in the local fire regime - too few, or too hot, or just too different to the pre-European fires. We do know that the once extensive stands of Ribbon Gum are all dead. We know this species won't be coming back at least for quite some time if ever. Nature, or the heavens, or even climate change has practiced species'ism to a fatal extent here.
We also know that something else will take over the place these trees previously occupied - something else will use the sun, the water and the nutrients that those Ribbon Gums used to use. Do we care what takes over? Do we want to promote one species over another? Should we actively intervene by planting our preferred species or be passive and just let any local "disturbance adapted" species win this 2,000 square kilometre home?
If a species that we do not want takes over this land, we define it as a "weed" and happily practice species'ism. But why should we choose not to want a species that can grow where Ribbon Gum clearly can no longer survive? The reasons for species'ism vary from the new species not providing the ecological services we are used to, through to aesthetics, and even that the new species are just "not from around here".
All trees provide a range of ecological services to different extents. They all produce oxygen, they all sequester carbon, they all slow and filter water. Some trees are more preferred as the habitat of birds or aerborial mammals while others are better at sheltering ground and bark dwelling insects. Some do more while some do less, but none will do exactly what a stand of Ribbon Gum used to do.
Aesthetics too are confusing. Humans tend to like what they are used to, and they have been used to Ribbon Gums in these lands. Although these trees have been dying for a decade now, so maybe the humans travelling through this region think dead trees are attractive!
Like racism, the argument that species are just "not from around here" is very often the only reason given for Species'ism. Often passionate arguments are made that only local species, grown from locally collected seeds should be planted in any restoration or revegetation project. But, the local Ribbon Gum will no longer survive. So, do we plant Ribbon Gum from areas far away that might cope with whatever killed the current trees - the natural range for Ribbon Gum is extensive and goes from Tasmania through Victoria and up the coast of NSW and someone could probably trial a huge selection if there was time. Does that violate the "not from around here" bias? But if we don't really know what killed the current Ribbon Gum, how could we really risk planting more Ribbon Gums? Is a Ribbon Gum grown from a seed collected in Tasmania more "local" than seed from another species of Eucalyptus grown only 10's or 100's of kilometres away from the dead Monaro plains? How important is it that the species remains "pure"?
How do we value the trees and their ecosystems services and aesthetics? How do we balance our understanding of the history or iconic nature of one species with the risk its time has come! How do we choose between species? These are not simple questions and they can't be answered by by scientists or economists or conservationists or engineers or community activists or even artists working alone. | <urn:uuid:deb93f00-33f7-4156-9955-6e0603b54aac> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://inhonourofmencken.blogspot.com/2015/12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371893683.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410075105-20200410105605-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.955234 | 944 | 2.90625 | 3 |
What is misophonia?
Did you know that there’s a word for the emotion you experience when you hear fingernails down a blackboard? It’s called grima, which is a Spanish word that there’s no direct translation for in English, essentially a kind of strong disgust that is mostly generated in response to hearing high-pitched squeaking noises or touching a surface with the fingernails [i]. I feel grima when my fingernails or teeth encounter frosted glass. Now you know my kryptonite!
However, there are some noises that many people don’t find particularly bothersome, but some people really, really do: things like slurping, chewing and repetitive tapping. People who hate these specific noises to the extent that they cause negative emotional reactions like annoyance, rage and overwhelm that cause difficulties in everyday life have misophonia [ii].
Get ready to hear some slurpingggggg.
Back in 2001, in the first ever publication about misophonia, Jastreboff and Jastreboff [iii] helpfully described what it is and isn’t: it’s not being highly sensitive to all noises, which is called hyperacusis. It’s also distinct from phonophobia, the fear of certain sounds, as misophonic reactions to sounds are about dislike, annoyance and anger rather than fear – though sometimes the people who take part in misophonia studies have reported anxiety as a response too [iv]. Misophonia can happen to anyone who can hear, including people who have a hearing impairment.
Before we go any further, I want to say that I am NOT a psychiatrist or any other kind of mental health professional, and it looks like misophonia is on its way to being classified as a psychiatric condition. What I’ve written below should not be taken as medical advice; it’s just a summary of the research relating to the condition. If you think you have misophonia and you want some help, please see a medical professional.
Okay, let’s go!
Who gets misophonia?
Among American undergraduates, around 1 in 5 people who filled out a questionnaire about misophonia had ‘clinically significant’ symptoms [v] – in plain English, that means that their misophonia was bad enough to cause difficulties in their everyday lives, like having to leave a room where someone is making a misophonic noise, or having to cover their ears to shut it out. American undergrads make up quite a large percentage of the people who take part in psychology studies, but they’re only a tiny percentage of the world’s population, so we need to be careful about generalising from this – but if the 1 in 5 figure is true for everyone, that’s a lot of people who have misophonia.
Looks like we might have found someone with misophonia!
The same study showed that that people with high scores on the misophonia questionnaire were also more likely to show symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety and depression. Similarly, among people being treated for several types of mental illness as outpatients at a psychiatric hospital in Singapore, higher levels of anxiety (but not depression, this time) were linked to more severe misophonia [vi]. Another study showed that people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) tended to have more severe misophonia than people without PTSD [vii].
It’s not really clear how misophonia is linked to mental illnesses and neurological conditions. As far as researchers can tell, though, misophonia isn’t a symptom of something else: it’s probably a condition in its own right [viii]. For example, it’s not the same thing as post-traumatic stress disorder, because it can happen without any trauma. It’s also not obsessive-compulsive disorder, because people with misophonia don’t usually have compulsive behaviours like checking or cleaning, and nor is it autism, which can involve being very sensitive to noises - but largely those which are unexpected or loud.
One possibility is that misophonia is a type of synaesthesia [iv], a harmless neurological condition in which the senses get tangled up with each other or with other aspects of thought, so that numbers have colours, words have tastes, or music has texture. In the case of misophonia, it seems feasible that sounds could have become tangled up with emotions. Supporting this idea, there is evidence that people who have misophonia are more likely to have some types of synaesthesia than people without misophonia [vii].
You might also be thinking that misophonia sounds like the opposite of ASMR, another harmless neurological condition that causes a pleasant tingly feeling when hearing certain sounds. They do seem to be related, but in fact people who have ASMR are more likely to have misophonia than others [ix]. Unfortunately, you can’t cancel out misophonia feelings by creating ASMR feelings [vii]. Instead, there are both positive and negative emotions in response to the different sounds.
What’s happening when someone experiences misophonia?
Quite a lot of things! Physically speaking [iv], hearing a sound that triggers misophonia typically causes a feeling of ‘pressure’ in the chest, arms, head or even the whole body, perhaps because of tense or clenched muscles. It can also cause you to get a bit more sweaty, which researchers measure by seeing how well your skin can conduct electricity (I am not making this up, weird though it sounds).
An aside about sweat and emotion
We often get sweaty when we're nervous - for example, when we're near someone we have a crush on or are about to go into a job interview. But we actually get a little bit sweaty when we experience almost any emotion because the sympathetic nervous system, which deals with fight-or-flight responses, starts getting us ready to take an action in response to that emotion, and part of that getting ready is firing up the sweat glands.
We don't necessarily get sweaty enough that we or anyone else notices, but enough that our skin gets a little bit better at conducting electricity because sweat brings ions (charged particles) to the surface of the skin.
Because our skin's sweatiness and therefore ability to conduct electricity can also be affected by things like exercise and temperature, this isn't a perfect measure of emotion. However, researchers can use it to get a bit of an insight about the extent to which someone is experiencing emotion.
If we zoom in on the brains of people with misophonia, we get some further insights. It seems likely that there are more connections between the auditory cortex (deals with sound perception) and the limbic system (deals with emotion) than there are in most people [iii]. There also seems to be more activity than you’d usually expect in the anterior insular cortex [x], which deals with emotion and the integration of sensory input. Some researchers [ii] have a theory that people with misophonia have unusual brain activity during sensory gating, the brain’s process for regulating how sensitive it is to sensory input in order to prevent being overwhelmed – this also fits with the finding that people who have misophonia are generally sensitive to sensory input.
Why are these strengthened connections and activations there? Well, it’s possible that people with misophonia initially hear a noise and at the same time feel a negative emotion; over time the connection between the two grows as the brain really loves creating associations between things that happen simultaneously, so any time you hear the noise you feel the emotion [xi]. Eventually the bit of the brain that deals with the emotional response to the noise will get activated if there’s even a hint that the bit of the brain that deals with the sound is becoming active. New triggers for misophonia might develop over time through much the same process, when a previously-fine sound happens close in time to an existing trigger sound [xii].
How can misophonia be treated?
Reminder: I am not a medical doctor or a mental health professional, and this is just a summary of what the research says about treating misophonia as of 2019. Please seek advice from someone who is if you think you have misophonia and want some help.
There aren’t many studies out there on how to treat misophonia, but I’ll go over what we do know.
In 2015, the usual treatment for misophonia was a common therapy used for tinnitus, called tinnitus retraining therapy or TRT [xiii]. (Tinnitus is the fancy word for hearing a sound like buzzing or ringing in your ears without an external cause.) TRT involves training people to understand what’s causing the tinnitus, then helping them to get used to the noises. It can be helpful for tinnitus, but because tinnitus is usually caused by hearing loss and misophonia is not, TRT for misophonia could well be treating the symptoms rather than the cause. Instead, it might be more helpful to try methods of changing or accepting the emotional response to the noise, like various forms of talking therapy [xiv], helping people become more resilient to stress, and working on developing compassion towards the source of the noise (usually another person).
We’re still a long way from knowing what we need to know about misophonia to treat it effectively, though. Awareness-raising will certainly help, especially for children, because their misophonia responses might be interpreted as unreasonable emotional outbursts rather than something with an identifiable cause [xii]. We also need to know more about why some sounds cause misophonia and others don’t. Most of all, we need randomised controlled trials, which will help us figure out exactly what treatments work and what don’t.
If you enjoyed this blog, you might also like my earlier post What is ASMR?
[ii] Brout, J. J., Edelstein, M., Erfanian, M., Mannino, M., Miller, L. J., Rouw, R., ... & Rosenthal, M. Z. (2018). Investigating misophonia: A review of the empirical literature, clinical implications, and a research agenda. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12, 36.
[v] Wu, M. S., Lewin, A. B., Murphy, T. K., & Storch, E. A. (2014). Misophonia: incidence, phenomenology, and clinical correlates in an undergraduate student sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(10), 994-1007.
[vi] Quek, T., Ho, C., Choo, C., Nguyen, L., Tran, B., & Ho, R. (2018). Misophonia in Singaporean psychiatric patients: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 1410. | <urn:uuid:c6c23927-bb8d-49f9-9ac3-8b087b2eb40b> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.thatthinkingfeeling.co.uk/blog/what-is-misophonia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572235.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915175150-20190915201150-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.948665 | 2,310 | 3 | 3 |
Boyle’s Law is one of the ideal gas laws in chemistry. It states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional when temperature is kept constant in a closed system. This law is named after Robert Boyle.
Born on the January 25, 1627, Robert was the 14th child and the 7th son of Richard Boyle, the 1st Earl of Cork and Catherine Fenton. Just like his siblings, he was sent away from their Irish estate, Lismore, and into common family. His father was intent on not spoiling any of his children. Robert, age 3, barely knew his mother when she had died. Growing up he had chosen important things which he cultivated as he went on through life.
When he was 5 he was taken back to Lismore to begin his education. One unusual characteristic of his was that he had proven himself as notably truthful even as a child. The pain of punishment was better than to lie. An incident him being accused of eating less of a prohibited fruit lead to him hotly contesting the correct number.
This dedication to telling the truth is seen in how accurately he released his experiment details and also in how he questioned the methods alchemists of their time made scientific claims.
When he was 8 he was sent to Eton, along with an older brother, for formal education. Here, under the tutelage of Mr. Harrison, he was eventually allowed to skip out on classes because Mr. Harrison thought that Robert would be impeded and bored by regular classes. A love of study was evident in the young Boyle as he had to be pulled away from his books to exercise and play with other boys. When Mr. Harrison left and was replaced by a teacher who enforced strict attendance, Robert began to lose interest in the assigned subjects and began to look into history. It is here that he began to long for doing great things and not just being a fantasizer.He then chose to start by working difficult math problems mentally.
Through his study of history he gained a sense of wanting to become someone who did great things. There was also a realization that he would only be a daydreamer if he did not do something about his dream. Everything he did and learned had now come under the purpose of preparing him for great things. He said yes to learning how to dissect animals and learning human anatomy and no to being part of “The Invisibles” during his stay in Oxford. He had no interest in being part of the “gown men” but instead sought out a skilled tutor to teach him in the properties of chemicals.
Harnessing his longing to do something great and wielding it through the skills he had accumulated and honed. He used his curious and questioning mind as he observed that air behaved differently from liquids. It did not form layers like oil, water and gasoline depending on the density of the liquid but was homogeneous instead. He began to create experiments and apply systematic and well documented approach in performing them as well as revealing the data. He with his assistant Robert Hooke made an improved version of a vacuum pump to fit their experiments.
43 experiments were made on gases and the results are similar to what modern chemists use and teach. His book, The Skeptical Chymist brought the legitimacy of alchemy to an end and ushered in Modern Chemistry. Yet his endeavors were not limited to science alone. He was also a philosopher as he argued from natural philosophy. He had theological writings and his novels were best sellers in their time.
Being born of aristocracy and yet knowing that a life of wealth had no use if he did not do something with purpose. Integrity, purposivity and creativity are needed now in the modern world. Questions that answer to a need must be made so that creative and honest solutions would result. Robert Boyle’s unusual rigor in doing things the best way he knew how now ends with his name being perpetuated in chemistry classes the world over. Indeed he had done something great in his lifetime. | <urn:uuid:4bcc91cc-78be-4d89-9dd7-f85c062fafb9> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://awkwardatoms.wordpress.com/2012/04/20/r-boyles-dreams-of-greatness-and-his-road-to-obtaining-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823360.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019175016-20171019195016-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.993738 | 818 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Alister Doyle / Reuters
Marianne Vedeler of Norway's Museum of Cultural History shows off a 1,700-year-old tunic in the mountains of southern Norway.
OSLO — A pre-Viking woolen tunic found beside a thawing glacier in south Norway shows how global warming is proving something of a boon for archaeology, scientists said on Thursday.
The greenish-brown, loose-fitting outer clothing — suitable for a person up to about 5 feet, 9 inches tall (176 centimeters) — was found 6,560 feet (2,000 meters) above sea level on what may have been a Roman-era trade route in south Norway. Carbon dating showed it was made around the year 300.
"It's worrying that glaciers are melting, but it's exciting for us archaeologists," Lars Piloe, a Danish archaeologist who works on Norway's glaciers, said at the first public showing of the tunic, which has been studied since it was found in 2011.
A Viking mitten dating from the year 800 and an ornate walking stick, a Bronze Age leather shoe, ancient bows, and arrowheads used to hunt reindeer are also among 1,600 artifacts found in Norway's southern mountains since thawing accelerated in 2006.
One ancient wooden arrow had a tiny shard from a seashell as a sharp tip, revealing intricate craftsmanship.
The 1991 discovery of Otzi, a prehistoric man who roamed the Alps 5,300 years ago between Austria and Italy, is the best-known glacier find. In recent years, other finds have been made from Alaska to the Andes, many because glaciers are receding.
The shrinkage is blamed on climate change, stoked by human-caused emissions of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels.
The archaeologists said the tunic showed that Norway's Lendbreen glacier, where it was found, had not been so small since 300. When exposed to air, untreated ancient fabrics can disintegrate in weeks because of insect and bacteria attacks.
Oppland County Council via Reuters
A view over a valley in the mountains of south Norway where a 1,700-year-old loose-fitting tunic was found.
"The tunic was well-used — it was repaired several times," said Marianne Vedeler, a conservation expert at Norway's Museum of Cultural History.
The tunic is made of lamb's wool with a diamond pattern that had darkened with time. Only a handful of similar tunics have survived so long in Europe.
The warming climate is having an impact elsewhere.
Patrick Hunt, a Stanford University expert who is trying to find the forgotten route that Hannibal took over the Alps with elephants in a failed invasion of Italy in 218 B.C., said the Alps were unusually clear of snow at the level of 2,500 meters last summer.
Receding snows are making searching easier.
"I favour the Clapier-Savine Coche route (over the Alps) after having been on foot over at least 25 passes including all the other major candidates," he told Reuters by e-mail.
The experts in Oslo said one puzzle was why anyone would take off a warm tunic by a glacier.
One possibility was that the owner was suffering from cold in a snowstorm and grew confused with hypothermia, which sometimes makes suffers take off clothing because they wrongly feel hot.
More about climate change and history:
Copyright 2013 Thomson Reuters. | <urn:uuid:44dc7db3-0355-430b-8999-333541f82392> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://science.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/21/17403302-pre-viking-tunic-found-on-glacier-as-warming-trend-aids-archaeology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203123.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324002035-20190324024035-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.970976 | 714 | 3.5 | 4 |
In the sixteenth century, England’s first North American possession, the island of Newfoundland, marked the northwestern edge of the known world to Europeans. Its Grand Banks was one of the world’s richest breeding grounds for codfish, and it became the site of an international fishery. Settlement of the island began in the early seventeenth century, initiating a lengthy dispute among English fishing interests. The fishery also fueled English-French imperial rivalry over the island. By the early eighteenth century, England had assumed sole possession of Newfoundland.
Within a decade of Giovanni Caboto’s ( John Cabot’s) voyage to Newfoundland in 1497, fishing vessels from Spain, Portugal, and France conducted a migratory fishery in its waters. Between 1530 and 1600, the Basques operated cod, seal, and whale fisheries off Newfoundland and Labrador. Although Europeans did not settle the island, some erected temporary structures and encountered the island’s native inhabitants. The Beothuk, an Algonquianspeaking people numbering between 500 and 700, lived by hunting, gathering, and fishing. Over the colonial period, as meetings with Europeans became more frequent and hostile, the Beothuks gradually withdrew to the interior.
In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed Newfoundland for Queen Elizabeth I. By the early seventeenth century, the Iberian fisheries declined and were superseded by those of the English and the French. The English practiced a dry fishery (as opposed to the European green or wet fishery whereby ships returned directly to Europe from the fishing grounds with a heavily salted catch), which required the presence of shore stations to lightly salt and sun-dry the catch prior to returning home. Attentions turned to year-round settlement of the island, which prompted a bitter and long-standing debate in England between the West Country migratory (or ship) fishing interest and the resident fishing interest.
English policy toward settlement in Newfoundland was noncommittal for much of the colonial period, and although the resident fishery was not officially encouraged, the English government realized that some settlement was necessary to protect its claim over the island. Several officially sponsored attempts at colonization occurred in the first half of the seventeenth century, the first one being John Guy’s colony at Cuper’s Cove (Cupids) in 1610. Others followed, including George Calvert’s (Lord Baltimore) colony of Avalon between 1619 and 1625. Frustrated by the colony’s lack of progress, Lord Baltimore abandoned the settlement and founded a new colony in Maryland. The most successful of the colonies was David Kirke’s Ferryland, which functioned between 1638 and 1652. Although these all failed to become self-sufficient and profitable for their investors and officially came to an end, many settlers remained. By 1670, English settlement on the island was firmly established. | <urn:uuid:eeb21e07-b8b1-4212-b108-97bb96023841> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://holidaymapq.com/newfoundland.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609409.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528024152-20170528044152-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.958274 | 595 | 4.125 | 4 |
The upheavals associated with the “Arab Spring,” which started in late 2010 and led to destabilization and the resignation of political leaders, have given birth to a new, unprecedented era of questioning long-established traditions, political views, and religious beliefs among Arabs. Political uprisings brought about a fresh sense of freedom among Muslims to criticize their religious leaders. Furthermore, the rise of ISIS, which proclaims itself to be the true representation of Islam and forcefully compels conversion, upon penalty of death, of all those who come under its dominion, has led many Muslims to abandon Islam in pursuit of the truth and to look for answers to their spiritual questions. As a result, thousands of Muslims have been converting to Christianity in North Africa. In northern Algeria, a Christian revival has been underway for quite a few years among the Kabyle people group, many of whom are coming to faith in the Lord Jesus. Moreover, a mini revival has been happening in Yemen in the midst of a tragic civil war that has been destroying the country and its people. The media has called this war the “forgotten war,” but we know the Lord has not forgotten His people there. The horrific civil war in Yemen and the oppression in Saudi Arabia have made people aware of their need, making them more open to the gospel. Indeed, God is breaking through two of the most conservative Islamic countries in the world today.
The cost to follow Christ is extremely high in any Arab country. These new believers from a Muslim background face potential and real persecution daily. It is illegal in the Arab world to convert from Islam to Christianity, so new Christians are sometimes sent to jail or killed. Many of them are deprived of any Christian fellowship, and some of them live in places where there is not an indigenous church. In many Arab countries, it is legally prohibited to hold Christian meetings at home. Nevertheless, new believers meet secretly in small home groups to study the Bible and to pray for one another.
Still, the Arabic-speaking church is facing different kinds of challenges, which can be divided into two main groups. First, there are challenges that come from the East. These challenges include asceticism, Gnosticism, mysticism, and monasticism. These “spiritual” and philosophical trends are typically associated with Eastern churches found in Arab countries (historically, these church families include the Eastern Orthodox churches, the Oriental Orthodox churches, and the Eastern Catholic churches), which teach a works-based salvation and emphatically reject the teachings of the Reformation. Of course, challenges from the East include what Islam brings with its denial of the Trinity, the deity of Christ, and the crucifixion.
The second group of challenges comes from the West. The mainline Protestant churches in the MENA regions are largely stained by liberal theology exported from the West. The exclusivity of Christ and salvation in His name alone are seen as forms of fundamentalism that are incompatible with modernity. As a result, syncretism is spreading like wildfire in many Middle Eastern countries. Moreover, Western religious cults, such as the Jehovah’s Witnesses, the Mormons, and the Seventh-day Adventists, are actively promoting their teachings and trying to make converts. Health, wealth, and prosperity preachers are making their way to Arab countries through translation and video dubbing. Charismatic movements have produced pastors in many Arab countries who undermine the sufficiency of the Scriptures and seek extrabiblical revelation. | <urn:uuid:69f05562-d62d-455d-9d58-2cd0940d38d7> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://tabletalkmagazine.com/article/2019/12/the-gospel-in-the-arab-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531352.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520030533-20220520060533-00125.warc.gz | en | 0.964429 | 703 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Making Physical Geography accessible ?
Date conversion 06.09.2017 Size 7,49 Kb.
Making Physical Geography accessible ? A popular ‘urban rumour’ has it that physical geography is ‘harder’ than other aspects of geography. This workshop will explore if there is any truth in the rumour, what aspects of physical geography students and teachers commonly find ‘tricky’ and provide opportunity to trial practical activities and approaches that can help make physical geography inclusive, accessible and inspiring. PGSIG On-line Questionnaire Survey 2017 (113 pupil responses) identified: PGSIG On-line Questionnaire Survey 2017 (113 pupil responses) identified: ‘Easier ‘Topics” Rock Types Erosion Wave Processes Coastal Deposition Weather. Climate. Hurricanes Plate Tectonics Drainage Basins River Erosion & Deposition Waterfalls Flooding Water Cycle ‘Harder’ Topics Rock Types Geological Timescale Weathering Volcanoes Earthquakes Plate Tectonics Drainage Basins River Erosion & Deposition Waterfalls Flooding PGSIG On-line Questionnaire Survey 2017 Summary of findings 80% said they liked physical geography. 20% felt it depended on the topic. Confidence Frequent mention of volcanoes and earthquakes (reason = use of examples and case studies). Lack of Confidence Frequent mention of “complexity” of topics. Not being able to see ‘what is going on’ Lack of connection to Britain Research into student accessibility and (potential) difficulties in accessing and learning PG is limited. Birnie (1999) Journal of Geography in Higher Education Physical Geography at the Transition to Higher Education: the effect of prior learning Examined the impact of issues-based learning in Geography A level on levels of student knowledge and confidence in learning physical geography topics. What physical Geography concepts and terms do not register with students? % of 1st year undergraduate students unfamiliar with physical geography term. Source Birnie (199) Figure2 What physical Geography topics do students find easy and difficult? Source Birnie (1999) Figure 3. An examination of Examiners’ Reports (i) Study of A Level & GCSE examiners’ reports from 2013-2016. AQA, OCR, Edexcel. Lack of statistics to suggest popularity/answer quality of different topics as would have been found in legacy specifications. Exception = AQA 2013 A Level GGO3 Exam Style: 1 structured question answered from “physical” topics and 1 structured question from “human” geography topics + 1 essay from any topic not yet answered. 50% answered 2 physical and 1 human 44% answered the Plate Tectonics essay Two most popular topics overall were Plate Tectonics and World Cities An examination of Examiners’ Reports (ii) Remarkable similarity of comment in reports at both levels and across the years. “..uncertain & inaccurate use of process terminology” “…..candidates do not understand the word, “landscape”…..” “… a misunderstanding of “climate”……..” “…..a name does not equal a description.” “…links between process and landscape not clear” “…sequence of events in landscapes not clear” “…landforms, strong; landscapes, weak.” “….. not clearly understood” physical factors An examination of Examiners’ Reports (iii) Very specific comments on weaknesses in answers to individual topics. Great similarity year on year. Tectonics: earthquake scales confusion/inaccuracies; case studies lack tectonic detail. Ecosystems: lack of names of specific plant or animal species. Coasts: links between weathering and landforms not clear; process and landform sequences not clear Ice/Cold Environments: role of meltwater not stated; weak biogeography; how process landforms unclear. shapes Rivers: link between energy & process unclear; sequence from process to landform unclear; initiation of waterfalls muddled. Hot Deserts: weaker biogeography; link between location and cause of desert conditions unclear; confusion of yardang & zeugen. Examiners’ Reports (iv) Specifically referring to A level answers. “..little development on GCSE level” “Standard texts, not specific topic texts, are being used” It’s not in the text book! ‘General’ texts lack depth and discussion of physical geography knowledge and examples can lead to over-simplification, confusion and lack of confidence. PGSIG survey of physical geography in A level textbooks 2012 King (2009), Anlaysis of Earth science in science texts, found: 1 issue per page (errors, over -simplifications). Teachers’ expertise and confidence to spot and challenge errors in textbooks is ‘fragile’. Teacher Four different activities. Choose any one. (notes for each are available to all) 1. Try the activity (10 minutes). 2. Discussion (5 minutes) Does this activity improve accessibility? Why/why not? When would it be useful? How might it be adapted or changed or developed? 3. Feedback from each activity group to whole room (5 minutes each).
The database is protected by copyright ©sckool.org 2016 | <urn:uuid:6e571220-2eae-4472-ae34-f0686275e2f1> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://sckool.org/making-physical-geography-accessible.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583884996.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123023710-20190123045710-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.892194 | 1,106 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Cantigas de Santa Maria
The Cantigas de Santa Maria ("Canticles of Holy Mary"; Portuguese: [kɐ̃ˈtiɣɐʒ ðɨ ˈsɐ̃tɐ mɐˈɾi.ɐ], Galician: [kanˈtiɣa̝s ðe̝ ˈsanta̝ maˈɾi.a̝]) are 420 poems with musical notation, written in the Galician variant of Galician-Portuguese during the reign of Alfonso X El Sabio (1221–1284) and often attributed to him.
The Cantigas have survived in four manuscript codices: two at El Escorial, one at Madrid's National Library, and one in Florence, Italy. The E codex from El Escorial is illuminated with colored miniatures showing pairs of musicians playing a wide variety of instruments. The Códice Rico (T) from El Escorial and the one in the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale of Florence (F) are richly illuminated with narrative vignettes.
Cantiga 100, "Santa Maria, strela do dia"
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The Cantigas are written in Galician-Portuguese, fashionable as a lyrical language in Castile at the time. The Cantigas are composed of 420 poems, 356 of which are in a narrative format relating to Marian miracles; the rest of them, except an introduction and two prologues, are of lore or involve Marian festivities. The Cantigas depict the Virgin Mary in a very humanized way, often having her play a role in earthly episodes.
The authors are unknown, even if several studies indicate that Galician poet Airas Nunes might well have been the author of a large part of them. King Alfonso X — named as Affonso in the Cantigas — is also believed to be an author of some of them as he refers himself in first person. Support for this theory can be found in the prologue of the Cantigas. Also, many sources credit Alfonso owing to his influence on other works within the poetic tradition, including his introduction on religious song. Although King Alfonso X's authorship is debatable, his influence is not. While the other major works that came out of Alfonso's workshops, including histories and other prose texts, were in Castilian, the Cantigas are in Galician-Portuguese, and reflect the popularity in the Castilian court of other poetic corpuses such as the cantigas d'amigo and cantigas d'amor.
The metrics are extraordinarily diverse: 280 different formats for the 420 Cantigas. The most common are the virelai and the rondeau. The length of the lines varies between two and 24 syllables. The narrative voice in many of the songs describes an erotic relationship, in the troubadour fashion, with the Divine. The music is written in notation which is similar to that used for chant, but also contains some information about the length of the notes. Several transcriptions exist. The Cantigas are frequently recorded and performed by Early Music groups, and quite a few CDs featuring music from the Cantigas are available.
The Cantigas are preserved in four manuscripts: To (códice de Toledo, Biblioteca Nacional de España, MS 10069), T (Biblioteca de El Escorial, MS T.I.1), F (códice de Florencia, Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale, MS b.r. 20) and E (códice de los músicos, Biblioteca de El Escorial MS B.I.2). E contains the largest number of songs (406 Cantigas, plus the Introduction and the Prologue); it contains 41 carefully detailed miniatures and many illuminated letters. To is the earliest collection and contains 129 songs. Although not illustrated, it is richly decorated with pen flourished initials, and great care has been taken over its construction. The T and F manuscripts are sister volumes. T contains 195 surviving cantigas (8 are missing due to loss of folios) which roughly correspond in order to the first two hundred in E, each song being illustrated with either 6 or 12 miniatures that depict scenes from the cantiga. F follows the same format but has only 111 cantigas, of which 7 have no text, only miniatures. These are basically a subset of those found in the second half of E, but are presented here in a radically different order. F was never finished, and so no music was ever added. Only the empty staves display the intention to add musical notation to the codex at a later date. It is generally thought that the codices were constructed during Alfonso's lifetime, To perhaps in the 1270s, and T/F and E in the early 1280s up until the time of his death in 1284.
The musical forms within the Cantigas, and there are many, are still being studied. There have been many false leads, and there is little beyond pitch value that is very reliable. Mensuration is a particular problem in the Cantigas, and most attempts at determining meaningful rhythmic schemes have tended, with some exceptions, to be unsatisfactory. This remains a lively topic of debate and study. Progress, while on-going, has nevertheless been significant over the course of the last 20 years.
- Walter Mettmann, Alfonso X. el Sabio: Cantigas de Santa Maria, Clásicos Castalia, Madrid 1986–1989.
- The Songs of Holy Mary by Alfonso X, the Wise: A Translation of the Cantigas de Santa Maria. Translated by Kathleen Kulp-Hill. Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Tempe 2000. ISBN 0-86698-213-2
- Studies on the "Cantigas de Santa Maria": Art, Music, and Poetry: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the "Cantigas de Santa Maria" of Alfonso X, el Sabio (1221–1284) in Commemoration of Its 700th Anniversary Year–1981. Co-Editors Israel J. Katz & John E. Keller; Associate Editors Samuel G. Armistead & Joseph T. Snow. Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, Madison, 1987. ISBN 0-942260-75-9
- Cobras e Son: Papers on the Text Music and Manuscripts of the "Cantigas de Santa Maria". Edited by Stephen Parkinson. European Humanities Research Centre, University of Oxford, Modern Humanities Research Association, 2000. ISBN 1-900755-12-2
- (Gal) Pena, Xosé Ramón, "Historia da litratura medieval galego-portuguesa", Santiago de Compostela, 2002, 199-210.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cantigas de Santa Maria.|
- http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cantigas/ (facsimiles, illuminations, links to transcriptions)
- Cantigas de Santa Maria for Singers (full text with syllable marks, pronunciation guide and concordance)
- http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/composers/cantigas.html (a comprehensive database of the released Cantigas recordings)
- http://csm.mml.ox.ac.uk/ (the Centre for the Study of the Cantigas de Santa Maria of Oxford University)
- http://perso.club-internet.fr/brassy/PartMed/Cantigas/CSMIDI.html (French site: MIDI files based on Anglés transcriptions; also texts but with many OCR errors and thousands of missing letters.)
- Portuguese wikisource (the same inaccurate texts as the French site above).
- Free scores by Alfonso X of Castile at the International Music Score Library Project
- Free scores from Cantigas de Santa Maria in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki) | <urn:uuid:f283d34e-b34b-4e9b-8486-81e85a0030e1> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115859923.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161059-00192-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88458 | 1,738 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The 2015 updates to NFPA 70E: Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace demand close attention. Besides replacing the term "hazard analysis" with "risk assessment" throughout – and delineating all of the elements of this mandatory comprehensive risk assessment – the latest iteration of the standard broadens requirements for electrical safety training.
This training component is crucial for any plant looking to ensure OSHA compliance: OSHA requires that employers document and implement an electrical safety program that addresses exposure to not just known existing hazards but also those likely to exist in the workplace. Further, the program must be made available to any employee who might be exposed to electrical hazards.
What else does NFPA 70E 2015 specify when it comes to electrical safety training? Key points:
- All employees who are exposed to electrical hazards where the risk has not been reduced to a safe level (where there are no exposed energized conductors and equipment is essentially stagnant) must receive risk and avoidance training. This includes a broad swath of personnel – from janitors to office workers. Training requirements vary based on the employee's role, of course, but known or potential exposure to electrical hazards should be recorded in job description for anyone who plugs into an electrical outlet.
- Personnel in any industry who work on or around or who interact with electrical equipment (AC or DC voltages of 50 volts or more) or who are responsible for safety in the workplace must receive electrical safety training. If a worker doesn't receive proper safety training and is subsequently injured in an electrical incident, a plant manager can be held criminally liable.
- Employees must be trained about boundaries, risk avoidance, and PPE for shock and arc flash following formal assessments of the risk for each of these hazards.
It's important to note that although NFPA 70E is a voluntary standard, some states and industries with more-restrictive occupational health and safety laws mandate compliance. And during a site inspection, OSHA can request records documenting that hazard assessments were performed.
Meeting NFPA 70E 2015's specifications is a multifaceted, continuous process. Safety training must evolve as a facility does – as new electrical equipment is added, for example, and as workforce turnover is experienced. For more on meeting these challenges, see our new special report, "Great Power, Great Responsibility." | <urn:uuid:4feb910b-720f-43fd-bc8a-15e5d78cba68> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.plantservices.com/articles/2016/ta-es-is-train-and-train-again-stay-compliant-nfpa-70e/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203462.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324145706-20190324171706-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.94678 | 467 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Magic of Ionic Framework
Fri 12/10/2018 20m read 4163 views
.NET Core Framework
What is .NET Core?
.NET Core is a new open-source and a cross-platform framework for developing cloud-based web applications. With .NET Core you can:
- Develop web applications, services, IoT apps, and API servers for mobile apps
- Develop applications on your favorite operating system and development tools (Windows, OS X, Ubuntu …)
.NET Core is designed to provide and optimize development frameworks for applications that are deployed on the cloud or on-premise. It includes module-oriented components which optimize resources and development costs.
.NET Core applications can run on either traditional .NET Framework or .NET Core.
Years ago, when talking about C#, people immediately thought of Microsoft .NET Framework. C# used to be ridiculed because it comes with .NET Framework that only works on Windows OS. In What Circumstance Was ASP.NET Core Created?
Besides, in order to develop C# applications, developers have to deal with expensive and cumbersome Visual Studio and Microsoft SQL Server. These two guys, also just work on Windows.
ASP.NET Core has made some great changes in its architecture, as a result of learning a lot from other modular frameworks. ASP.NET Core no longer relies on System.Web.dll. It is now based on a set of packages, modules, or also called NuGet packages. This allows you to optimize your application to include only the necessary packages. Its benefit is to make the application smaller, more secure, reduce complexity, optimize performance and reduce time and costs for the development.
Combined with the fact that Microsoft SQL Server has been able to run on Linux distribution of year 2016, Microsoft is now bring a complete solution for web-app development & deployment.
Why use .NET Core?
- A unified way for building Web UI and Web APIs
- Integration of modern front-end frameworks such as ReactJS, AngularJS, VueJS
- Application configured ready for cloud hosting.
- Built-in dependency injection
- HTTP requests optimized to be more lightweight and higher performance
- Deployable on IIS,Nginx, Docker or self-host in your own process
- Built on .NET Core, true app versioning support
- Smarter NuGet packages management
- New and simple tools for developing modern web pages
- Build and run ASP.NET applications not only on Windows but also on macOS and Linux
- Open-source with a large community
.NET Core Support Tools
- .NET Runtime Installer: allows you to write code, build and run .NET applications on Windows, Linux, and macOS
- .NET CLI: Instead of having to use Visual Studio to open the project, then press build and run within the tool, now you can use the command line: ‘dotnet build’, ‘dotnet run’. Just cool and fast. Building and running with the command line also make it much easier to integrate to CI and to deploy the project.
- IDE: Visual Studio has a lot of features but it runs slow and takes up RAM. Now we have Visual Studio Code: fast, compact, lightweight, built-in GIT and running on all Operating Systems. Familiar users of JetBrain (ReSharper, WebStorm) can wait and use their Project Rider.
- Database: The .NET application is usually running with Microsoft SQL Server. Now what database should we use if we switch to Linux? Do not worry, Microsoft will also put their SQL Server 2016 on Red Hat Linux distribution.
|2.1||30-05-2018||– .NET Core:
+ Global Tools
+ HttpClient Performance
+ Window Compatibility Pack
– Entity Framework (EF) Core
+ Lazy loading
+ Value conversions
+ Query Types
+ Data seeding
– ASP.Net CORE
+ Razor UI as a Library
+ Asp.net Core SignalR
|2.2||Q4 2018||– Update template and scaffolding to Bootstrap 4
– Bundling & Minification middleware
– Health Checks
– Distributed configuration
– API Authentication
– Proxy middleware, in support of API Gateway scenarios
– Http/2 in Kestrel
– Generic host support for Kestrel
|3.0||Q1 2019||– Expand supported workload to include Windows Desktop, IoT & AI| | <urn:uuid:af19daaa-ceb5-4823-b0b2-f86610892056> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://janeto.com/net-core-framework/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335254.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928113848-20220928143848-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.849139 | 977 | 2.734375 | 3 |
How to Write an Expository Essay: Examples and 25 Topic Ideas An expository essay is a genre of writing that will expose your writing skills and talent if written properly. First of all, you should get the meaning of the expository essay definition and choose the topic you know well or at least find it interesting to learn more about. Write an Expository Essay - Examples & Topics | Time4Writing The purpose of the expository essay is to explain a topic in a logical and straightforward manner. Without bells and whistles, these essays present a fair and balanced analysis of a subject based on facts—with no references to the writer's opinions or emotions. A typical expository writing prompt will use... PDF Expository Essay Introductory Paragraph 1. Start a new word processing document. Always remember to type your name, the date, and a title at the top of the document. 2. Use your essay outline to draft an introductory paragraph for your expository essay. 3. Remember to save your document frequently while you work. 4. Read your introductory paragraph to make sure it states your topic clearly and
Expository Essay Introductory Paragraph
Writing an Expository Essay There are three main types of expository essays: scholarly writing used mainly for academic purposes, which describes or examines a process in a comprehensive way; analyzing a concept, which describes and explores a written work or an event; also, expository essays can set out and explain detailed instructions or a description of a method or procedure. Expository Writing: The Guide to Writing an Expository ... Below, we’ll look at how to construct the expository essay piece by piece. For clarity, we’ll focus on a somewhat formulaic process for expository writing. Once you’ve mastered these basics, you can take risks and sprinkle more creativity throughout your essays. Introduction. The introduction frames the topic of your essay. 6 Tips to Guide You Start Your Essay - chiefessays.net These are the basic guidelines for how to start analysis essays: Explain the meaning of the topic. Analyze the subject without bias. Compare the topic to something relevant. Providing an argument and defending it with evidence. Expository Essay; An expository essay expects the writer to provide information regarding a particular issue. How To Write A Expository Essay: Outline, Topics, Examples ... Let’s take a look at the outline you should follow when writing an expository essay: Introduction – your opportunity to make a positive first impression. It should consist of the: ... Body paragraphs – the central part of the essay. Conclusion – summary of the thesis, facts, and evidence.
In this video you will learn the basics of writing an introduction for the English 1 STAAR EOC Exam.
How to Write an Expository Essay that Pops — in the Wrong Way. The thesis statement is the star around which your entire essay orbits. The body paragraphs contain the meat and potatoes, and by meat and potatoes I mean the nuts and bolts, and by nuts and bolts I mean the evidence and information. How to Write an Expository Essay - 5bucksessay.com Start with ease and then gradually move forward to attain excellence. Look for some fresh expository essay topics as this will give your write up an unusual look. While selecting Topics for Expository Essays for College students often face difficulty. You should know the expository essay structure. How to start an expository essay introduction - tkinterior.ru How to start an expository essay introduction von | Eingetragen bei: Stein - das Symbol der Ewigkeit | 0 Essay myself for student villages essay on gulf war essay in mexico republic day 2018 country research paper outline apa qualitative essay on computer game communication essay for success healthy foods write essay english language rubrics my ... 110 Excellent Expository Essay Topics for Students ...
An expository essay is another category of essay that focuses on the evaluation, examination, and talking about in great detail an idea. The purpose of this is to present arguments and statements about the idea in a definite and concise approach. Most of the time, expository essays are presented by offering a variety of topics and ways to bring up the idea.
Before we start telling you how to write this type of paper, let's answer one of the most common questions that students have about these assignments: what is an expository essay? According to the simplest definition, an expository essay is investigating an idea and evaluates the evidence that proves that idea. How to write an introduction for an expository essay Creative writing project ideas acid rain essay introduction short essay rubric for seventh grade criminal justice research paper topics auto repair shop business plan pdf best college essays ivy league geography essay structure. Iptv business plan template the importance of education essay in english vending business plan sample summer vacation ... How To Start An Essay: Full Guideline From 123Helpme.Me
How to Write an Expository Essay: Tips
Writing assignment series Expository essays When writing your expository essay, follow these eight basic steps: Select a topic: Be sure the topic is narrow enough to make it manageable within the space of an essay How to Start An Essay - theessayclub.com start an argumentative essay. start an essay with a quote. start an expository essay. start an informative essay. It also includes an essential guide of how to start an essay and strategies one can employ to give their piece the best introduction. There are a couple of how to start an essay examples included to help drive the point home. How to Write an Informative Essay - essaypro.com Selecting a field of study, you feel strongly about is a good idea. Regardless of the chosen topic, brainstorming is the way forward for the top result when learning how to start an informative essay successfully. As it will allow you to create a general outline of your informative essay and help organize your thoughts accordingly. Expository Essay Writing - YouTube An introduction to expository essay writing and its structure. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Top 10 Essay: How to write an expository essay introduction ... How to write an expository essay introduction - Triangulation and mixing controls, and video overtly about an write to how expository essay introduction misogyny and dominance, or is non - verbal features of the teacher, then a base for improving urban education. Pearce, q. L. Note taking and outlining, grades. How To Write An Expository Essay in 6 Steps | <urn:uuid:fbd410b2-658f-42a6-82a7-bfea1d595255> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://coursesqchm.firebaseapp.com/bronstein52777za/how-to-start-an-expository-essay-introduction-1446.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152129.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726120442-20210726150442-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.85578 | 1,354 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Psychological Observations (Religion: A Dialogue, Etc.)
For every animal, and more especially for man, a certain conformity and proportion between the will and the intellect is necessary for existing or making any progress in the world. The more precise and correct the proportion which nature establishes, the more easy, safe and agreeable will be the passage through the world. Still, if the right point is only approximately reached, it will be enough to ward off destruction. There are, then, certain limits within which the said proportion may vary, and yet preserve a correct standard of conformity. The normal standard is as follows. The object of the intellect is to light and lead the will on its path, and therefore, the greater the force, impetus and passion, which spurs on the will from within, the more complete and luminous must be the intellect which is attached to it, that the vehement strife of the will, the glow of passion, and the intensity of the emotions, may not lead man astray, or urge him on to ill considered, false or ruinous action; this will, inevitably, be the result, if the will is very violent and the intellect very weak. On the other hand, a phlegmatic character, a weak and languid will, can get on and hold its own with a small amount of intellect; what is naturally moderate needs only moderate support. The general tendency of a want of proportion between the will and the intellect, in other words, of any variation from the normal proportion I have mentioned, is to produce unhappiness, whether it be that the will is greater than the intellect, or the intellect greater than the will. Especially is this the case when the intellect is developed to an abnormal degree of strength and superiority, so as to be out of all proportion to the will, a condition which is the essence of real genius; the intellect is then not only more than enough for the needs and aims of life, it is absolutely prejudicial to them. The result is that, in youth, excessive energy in grasping the objective world, accompanied by a vivid imagination and a total lack of experience, makes the mind susceptible, and an easy prey to extravagant ideas, nay, even to chimeras; and the result is an eccentric and phantastic character. And when, in later years, this state of mind yields and passes away under the teaching of experience, still the genius never feels himself at home in the common world of every day and the ordinary business of life; he will never take his place in it, and accommodate himself to it as accurately as the person of moral intellect; he will be much more likely to make curious mistakes. For the ordinary mind feels itself so completely at home in the narrow circle of its ideas and views of the world that no one can get the better of it in that sphere; its faculties remain true to their original purpose, viz., to promote the service of the will; it devotes itself steadfastly to this end, and abjures extravagant aims. The genius, on the other hand, is at bottom a monstrum per excessum; just as, conversely, the passionate, violent and unintelligent man, the brainless barbarian, is a monstrum per defectum.
The will to live, which forms the inmost core of every living being, exhibits itself most conspicuously in the higher order of animals, that is, the cleverer ones; and so in them the nature of the will may be seen and examined most clearly. For in the lower orders its activity is not so evident; it has a lower degree of objectivation; whereas, in the class which stands above the higher order of animals, that is, in men, reason enters in; and with reason comes discretion, and with discretion, the capacity of dissimulation, which throws a veil over the operations of the will. And in mankind, consequently, the will appears without its mask only in the affections and the passions. And this is the reason why passion, when it speaks, always wins credence, no matter what the passion may be; and rightly so. For the same reason the passions are the main theme of poets and the stalking horse of actors. The conspicuousness of the will in the lower order of animals explains the delight we take in dogs, apes, cats, etc.; it is the entirely naive way in which they express themselves that gives us so much pleasure.
The sight of any free animal going about its business undisturbed, seeking its food, or looking after its young, or mixing in the company of its kind, all the time being exactly what it ought to be and can be,—what a strange pleasure it gives us! Even if it is only a bird, I can watch it for a long time with delight; or a water rat or a hedgehog; or better still, a weasel, a deer, or a stag. The main reason why we take so much pleasure in looking at animals is that we like to see our own nature in such a simplified form. There is only one mendacious being in the world, and that is man. Every other is true and sincere, and makes no attempt to conceal what it is, expressing its feelings just as they are.
Many things are put down to the force of habit which are rather to be attributed to the constancy and immutability of original, innate character, according to which under like circumstances we always do the same thing: whether it happens for the first or the hundredth time, it is in virtue of the same necessity. Real force of habit, as a matter of fact, rests upon that indolent, passive disposition which seeks to relieve the intellect and the will of a fresh choice, and so makes us do what we did yesterday and have done a hundred times before, and of which we know that it will attain its object. But the truth of the matter lies deeper, and a more precise explanation of it can be given than appears at first sight. Bodies which may be moved by mechanical means only are subject to the power of inertia; and applied to bodies which may be acted on by motives, this power becomes the force of habit. The actions which we perform by mere habit come about, in fact, without any individual separate motive brought into play for the particular case: hence, in performing them, we really do not think about them. A motive was present only on the first few occasions on which the action happened, which has since become a habit: the secondary after-effect of this motive is the present habit, and it is sufficient to enable the action to continue: just as when a body had been set in motion by a push, it requires no more pushing in order to continue its motion; it will go on to all eternity, if it meets with no friction. It is the same in the case of animals: training is a habit which is forced upon them. The horse goes on drawing his cart quite contentedly, without having to be urged on: the motion is the continued effect of those strokes of the whip, which urged him on at first: by the law of inertia they have become perpetuated as habit. All this is really more than a mere parable: it is the underlying identity of the will at very different degrees of its objectivation, in virtue of which the same law of motion takes such different forms.
Vive muchos anos is the ordinary greeting in Spain, and all over the earth it is quite customary to wish people a long life. It is presumably not a knowledge of life which directs such a wish; it is rather knowledge of what man is in his inmost nature, the will to live.
The wish which everyone has that he may be remembered after his death,—a wish which rises to the longing for posthumous glory in the case of those whose aims are high,—seems to me to spring from this clinging to life. When the time comes which cuts a man off from every possibility of real existence, he strives after a life which is still attainable, even though it be a shadowy and ideal one.
The deep grief we feel at the loss of a friend arises from the feeling that in every individual there is something which no words can express, something which is peculiarly his own and therefore irreparable. Omne individuum ineffabile.
We may come to look upon the death of our enemies and adversaries, even long after it has occurred, with just as much regret as we feel for that of our friends, viz., when we miss them as witnesses of our brilliant success.
That the sudden announcement of a very happy event may easily prove fatal rests upon the fact that happiness and misery depend merely on the proportion which our claims bear to what we get. Accordingly, the good things we possess, or are certain of getting, are not felt to be such; because all pleasure is in fact of a negative nature and effects the relief of pain, while pain or evil is what is really positive; it is the object of immediate sensation. With the possession or certain expectation of good things our demands rises, and increases our capacity for further possession and larger expectations. But if we are depressed by continual misfortune, and our claims reduced to a minimum, the sudden advent of happiness finds no capacity for enjoying it. Neutralized by an absence of pre-existing claims, its effects are apparently positive, and so its whole force is brought into play; hence it may possibly break our feelings, i.e., be fatal to them. And so, as is well known, one must be careful in announcing great happiness. First, one must get the person to hope for it, then open up the prospect of it, then communicate part of it, and at last make it fully known. Every portion of the good news loses its efficacy, because it is anticipated by a demand, and room is left for an increase in it. In view of all this, it may be said that our stomach for good fortune is bottomless, but the entrance to it is narrow. These remarks are not applicable to great misfortunes in the same way. They are more seldom fatal, because hope always sets itself against them. That an analogous part is not played by fear in the case of happiness results from the fact that we are instinctively more inclined to hope than to fear; just as our eyes turn of themselves towards light rather than darkness.
Hope is the result of confusing the desire that something should take place with the probability that it will. Perhaps no man is free from this folly of the heart, which deranges the intellect's correct appreciation of probability to such an extent that, if the chances are a thousand to one against it, yet the event is thought a likely one. Still in spite of this, a sudden misfortune is like a death stroke, whilst a hope that is always disappointed and still never dies, is like death by prolonged torture.
He who has lost all hope has also lost all fear; this is the meaning of the expression "desperate." It is natural to a man to believe what he wishes to be true, and to believe it because he wishes it, If this characteristic of our nature, at once beneficial and assuaging, is rooted out by many hard blows of fate, and a man comes, conversely, to a condition in which he believes a thing must happen because he does not wish it, and what he wishes to happen can never be, just because he wishes it, this is in reality the state described as "desperation."
That we are so often deceived in others is not because our judgment is at fault, but because in general, as Bacon says, intellectus luminis sicci non est, sed recipit infusionem a voluntate et affectibus: that is to say, trifles unconsciously bias us for or against a person from the very beginning. It may also be explained by our not abiding by the qualities which we really discover; we go on to conclude the presence of others which we think inseparable from them, or the absence of those which we consider incompatible. For instance, when we perceive generosity, we infer justice; from piety, we infer honesty; from lying, deception; from deception, stealing, etc.; a procedure which opens the door to many false views, partly because human nature is so strange, partly because our standpoint is so one-sided. It is true, indeed, that character always forms a consistent and connected whole; but the roots of all its qualities lie too deep to allow of our concluding from particular data in a given case whether certain qualities can or cannot exist together.
We often happen to say things that may in some way or other be prejudicial to us; but we keep silent about things that might make us look ridiculous; because in this case effect follows very quickly on cause.
The pain of an unfulfilled wish is small in comparison with that of repentance; for the one stands in the presence of the vast open future, whilst the other has the irrevocable past closed behind it.
Geduld, patientia, patience, especially the Spanish sufrimiento, is strongly connected with the notion of suffering. It is therefore a passive state, just as the opposite is an active state of the mind, with which, when great, patience is incompatible. It is the innate virtue of a phlegmatic, indolent, and spiritless people, as also of women. But that it is nevertheless so very useful and necessary is a sign that the world is very badly constituted.
Money is human happiness in the abstract: he, then, who is no longer capable of enjoying human happiness in the concrete, devotes his heart entirely to money.
Obstinacy is the result of the will forcing itself into the place of the intellect.
If you want to find out your real opinion of anyone, observe the impression made upon you by the first sight of a letter from him.
The course of our individual life and the events in it, as far as their true meaning and connection is concerned, may be compared to a piece of rough mosaic. So long as you stand close in front of it, you cannot get a right view of the objects presented, nor perceive their significance or beauty. Both come in sight only when you stand a little way off. And in the same way you often understand the true connection of important events in your life, not while they are going on, nor soon after they are past, but only a considerable time afterwards.
Is this so, because we require the magnifying effect of imagination? or because we can get a general view only from a distance? or because the school of experience makes our judgment ripe? Perhaps all of these together: but it is certain that we often view in the right light the actions of others, and occasionally even our own, only after the lapse of years. And as it is in one's own life, so it is in history.
Happy circumstances in life are like certain groups of trees. Seen from a distance they look very well: but go up to them and amongst them, and the beauty vanishes; you don't know where it can be; it is only trees you see. And so it is that we often envy the lot of others.
The doctor sees all the weakness of mankind, the lawyer all the wickedness, the theologian all the stupidity.
A person of phlegmatic disposition who is a blockhead, would, with a sanguine nature, be a fool.
Now and then one learns something, but one forgets the whole day long.
Moreover our memory is like a sieve, the holes of which in time get larger and larger: the older we get, the quicker anything entrusted to it slips from the memory, whereas, what was fixed fast in it in early days is there still. The memory of an old man gets clearer and clearer, the further it goes back, and less clear the nearer it approaches the present time; so that his memory, like his eyes, becomes short-sighted.
In the process of learning you may be apprehensive about bewildering and confusing the memory, but not about overloading it, in the strict sense of the word. The faculty for remembering is not diminished in proportion to what one has learnt, just as little as the number of moulds in which you cast sand, lessens its capacity for being cast in new moulds. In this sense the memory is bottomless. And yet the greater and more various any one's knowledge, the longer he takes to find out anything that may suddenly be asked him; because he is like a shopkeeper who has to get the article wanted from a large and multifarious store; or, more strictly speaking, because out of many possible trains of thought he has to recall exactly that one which, as a result of previous training, leads to the matter in question. For the memory is not a repository of things you wish to preserve, but a mere dexterity of the intellectual powers; hence the mind always contains its sum of knowledge only potentially, never actually.
It sometimes happens that my memory will not reproduce some word in a foreign language, or a name, or some artistic expression, although I know it very well. After I have bothered myself in vain about it for a longer or a shorter time, I give up thinking about it altogether. An hour or two afterwards, in rare cases even later still, sometimes only after four or five weeks, the word I was trying to recall occurs to me while I am thinking of something else, as suddenly as if some one had whispered it to me. After noticing this phenomenon with wonder for very many years, I have come to think that the probable explanation of it is as follows. After the troublesome and unsuccessful search, my will retains its craving to know the word, and so sets a watch for it in the intellect. Later on, in the course and play of thought, some word by chance occurs having the same initial letters or some other resemblance to the word which is sought; then the sentinel springs forward and supplies what is wanting to make up the word, seizes it, and suddenly brings it up in triumph, without my knowing where and how he got it; so it seems as if some one had whispered it to me. It is the same process as that adopted by a teacher towards a child who cannot repeat a word; the teacher just suggests the first letter of the word, or even the second too; then the child remembers it. In default of this process, you can end by going methodically through all the letters of the alphabet.
In the ordinary man, injustice rouses a passionate desire for vengeance; and it has often been said that vengeance is sweet. How many sacrifices have been made just to enjoy the feeling of vengeance, without any intention of causing an amount of injury equivalent to what one has suffered. The bitter death of the centaur Nessus was sweetened by the certainty that he had used his last moments to work out an extremely clever vengeance. Walter Scott expresses the same human inclination in language as true as it is strong: "Vengeance is the sweetest morsel to the mouth that ever was cooked in hell!" I shall now attempt a psychological explanation of it.
Suffering which falls to our lot in the course of nature, or by chance, or fate, does not, ceteris paribus, seem so painful as suffering which is inflicted on us by the arbitrary will of another. This is because we look upon nature and chance as the fundamental masters of the world; we see that the blow we received from them might just as well have fallen on another. In the case of suffering which springs from this source, we bewail the common lot of humanity rather than our own misfortune. But that it is the arbitrary will of another which inflicts the suffering, is a peculiarly bitter addition to the pain or injury it causes, viz., the consciousness that some one else is superior to us, whether by force or cunning, while we lie helpless. If amends are possible, amends heal the injury; but that bitter addition, "and it was you who did that to me," which is often more painful than the injury itself, is only to be neutralized by vengeance. By inflicting injury on the one who has injured us, whether we do it by force or cunning, is to show our superiority to him, and to annul the proof of his superiority to us. That gives our hearts the satisfaction towards which it yearns. So where there is a great deal of pride and vanity, there also will there be a great desire of vengeance. But as the fulfillment of every wish brings with it more or less of a sense of disappointment, so it is with vengeance. The delight we hope to get from it is mostly embittered by compassion. Vengeance taken will often tear the heart and torment the conscience: the motive to it is no longer active, and what remains is the evidence of our malice. | <urn:uuid:dc07f9ab-b128-4545-b8e8-a8a38bafce74> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Psychological_Observations_(Religion:_A_Dialogue,_Etc.) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398450745.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205410-00027-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97004 | 4,287 | 2.71875 | 3 |
2012 presidential candidate essay
Essay on election: free examples of essays, research and term papers election essays william mckinley president election of 1896 the republican presidential . The 2012 united states presidential election in south carolina took place on november 6, 2012, as part of the 2012 general election in which all 50 states plus the district of columbia participated. Essay:comparison of 2012 united states presidential candidates this is a comparison of 2012 united states presidential candidates issue candidate gary johnson . Presidential candidates essays: over 180,000 presidential candidates essays, presidential candidates term papers, presidential candidates research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and research papers available for unlimited access. Learn 2012 presidential election with free interactive flashcards choose from 500 different sets of 2012 presidential election flashcards on quizlet.
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September/october 2012 a common presumption about presidential debates is that one candidate can guarantee victory with a well-timed riposte or send their campaign into an irrevocable . Presidency 2012 president obama is seeking re-election to a second term in 2012 of every candidate who ever ran in the nh primary maintained by the new . This study provides some of the first empirical evidence about the potential impact of social media on the 2012 us presidential elections, by testing the association between “candidate salience” and the candidates' level of engagement in online social media sphere. Donald trump presidential candidate research papers examine the billionaire donald trump, well-known for serving as the host of the nbc reality show the apprentice, and his for the republican nomination for the 2016 election. Presidential election 2012 paper essay example show related essays presidential election 2012 paper this is a preview of the 4-page document read full text.
2012 presidential candidate essay
A run-off was scheduled for 28 december 2012 if no presidential candidate received an 2012 general election to compare them to similar papers from the ec, ndc . Republican candidates for the 2012 presidential election michele bachmann united states representative from minnesota suspended campaign on jan 4. The fate of america will be greatly determined by the 2012 presidential election the two major candidates have similar goals for america: they want to revive the economy, to put all americans back to work, and see america prosper.
- Presidential candidates essay sample how does bennett define need in the context of being a presidential candidate bennett defines need as having two possible meanings and says that needs can be split into two categories first, what is absolutely essential for example being a natural born american citizen.
- Presidential libraries: 2012 presidential election documents 2012 has been determined by the american presidency project to be the effective end of ron paul's .
Read this social issues essay and over 88,000 other research documents presidential election in 2004, the election has been the “biggest” news of the year in 2000, the presidential election was marred. June 5, 2012, presidential primary election calendar nomination papers and to forward them to the secretary of state, who shall file them § 6144 18. Presidential election essay 2012 kristen joles (final draft) “there is no quit in america” says obama he says he is going to attack romney during this election the president, whom has been in office for the past four years, wants to stay in the white house for another term with his so called “changes” in the economy. Note: all the numbers on this page are for the 2012 election cycle and based on federal election commission data released electronically feel free to distribute or cite this material, but please credit the center for responsive politics. | <urn:uuid:d71ccb13-a67a-44d8-9f31-f288d80ddc39> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://sfassignmentvtpx.streetgeeks.us/2012-presidential-candidate-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511744.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018063902-20181018085402-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.940771 | 1,067 | 2.59375 | 3 |
It was the usual practice with the Prophet that whenever he conquered a region, he personally looked after its political problems and the religious matters of its inhabitants, so long as he stayed there, and as and when he left that place he appointed there suitable persons on different posts. Its reason was that the people of these regions, who were acquainted with the old and wound-up systems, did not possess information about the system which had replaced it.
Islam is a social, moral, political and religious system, its laws emanate from revelation, and acquainting people with these laws and their enforcement amongst them needs distinguished, mature and learned persons, who should teach them correct principles of Islam intelligently and should also enforce Islamic system amongst them.
When the Prophet decided to leave Makkah for the territories of the tribes of Hawazin and Saqif, he appointed Mu'az bin Jabal as a guide to educate and instruct the people and entrusted the government and administration of the city and imamate (leading prayers) in the mosque to 'Atab bin Usayd, who was a capable person. After staying in Makkah for fifteen days the Prophet proceeded to the land of Hawazin tribe.1
On that day the Prophet had twelve thousand armed soldiers under his standard. Out of them ten thousand were those, who had accompanied him from Madina and had taken part in the conquest of Makkah, and the other two thousand were from amongst Quraysh, who had embraced Islam recently.
The command of this group rested with Abu Sufyan.
In those days such an army was hardly found anywhere and this numerical strength of theirs became the cause of their initial defeat. It was because, contrary to the past, they prided themselves on the large number of their soldiers and ignored the military tactics and principles of war.
When Abu Bakr's eyes fell on the large number of men he said: "We shan't at all be defeated, because our soldiers far outnumber those of the enemy''.2 He did not, however, pay attention to this reality that numerical superiority is not the only factor for victory and in fact this factor is of little importance.
The Holy Qur'an itself mentions this fact and says:
Allah has helped you on many occasions including the day of Hunayn. When you were happy with the number of your men who proved to be of no help to you and the whole vast earth seemed to have no place to hide you (from your enemies) and you turned back in retreat (Surah al-Tawbah, 9:25)
After the conquest of Makkah great excitement and enthusiasm could be seen in the areas inhabited by the tribes of Hawazin and Saqif. Special contacts existed between them. The connecting link between them was a war like person named Malik bin 'Awf Nasri.
The result of their mutual contacts was that before the Islamic army could pay attention to them they themselves came up to encounter it, so that, before the Muslims moved, they themselves should strike them hard by military tactics. They also selected from amongst them a thirty year old brave and courageous man to act as their commander.
Besides the aforesaid two tribes, the tribes of Bani Hilal, Nasr and Jasham also participated in this battle and all of them came up as a single striking force.
As ordered by the chief commander, all those who participated in the battle, stationed their women and retinue, behind the rear of the army. When he was asked about the reason for this decision he said: "These men will remain steadfast in their fighting to protect their women and property and will not at all think of flight or retreat''.3
When Durayd bin Sammah, an old man and an experienced warrior, heard the wailings of the women and the children, he quarrelled with Malik, and, considering this act of his to be wrong from the point of view of principles of war, said to him:
"The result of this action will be that if you are defeated you will be surrendering all your women and property to the army of Islam gratuitously". Malik did not pay heed to the words of this experienced soldier and said: "You have grown old and have lost your wisdom and knowledge of military tactics".
However, the later events proved that the old man was right and the presence of women and children in a sphere of operation in which one has to strike and run proved to be of no use, except that the soldiers got involved in difficulties and their activities were hindered.
The Prophet sent Abdullah Aslami incognito to collect information about the equipment, intentions and itinerary of the enemy. He roamed about in the entire army of the enemy, collected the necessary information and placed it at the disposal of the Prophet. Malik, too, sent three spies towards the Muslims in a special manner so that they might bring the requisite information for him. They, however, returned to Malik with their hearts full of awe and fear.
The commander of the enemy army decided to make amends for the numerical inferiority and weak morale of his soldiers by means of a military trick, i.e. by making a surprise attack, create confusion among the army of Islam so that the discipline of their units might be disrupted and the schemes of their high command might be frustrated.
To achieve this end, he encamped at the end of the pass which led to the region of Hunayn. He then ordered all the soldiers to hide themselves behind the stones, the rocks and gaps of the mountains and at elevated places around the pass, and as soon as the army of Islam arrived in this deep and lengthy pass, all of them should come out of their places of hiding and attack the units of Islam with arrows and stones. Thereafter, a special group should descend from the mountains in an orderly manner and put the Muslims to sword under the cover of their archers.
The Prophet was aware of the strength and the obstinacy of the enemy. Before leaving Makkah, therefore, he called Safwan bin Umayyah and borrowed one hundred coats of mail from him and guaranteed its return. He personally put on two coats of mail, put a helmet on his head, mounted a white mule, which had been presented to him, and moved on behind the army of Islam.
The army of Islam rested at night at the mouth of the pass and the day had not yet dawned fully when the tribe of Bani Salim arrived in the passage of Hunayn under the command of Khalid bin Walid.
When a major part of the army of Islam was still in the pass, a sudden noise of the buzzing of the arrows and roaring of the warriors, who were sitting in ambush behind the rocks, was heard and it created a strange fear and terror among the Muslims. Arrows were being showered upon them and a group of the enemy attacked them under the protection of the archers.
This sudden attack terrified the Muslims so much that they began to flee and created, more than the enemy itself, disorder and disruption among their ranks. These developments were a source of great joy for the hypocrites present in the army of Islam, so much so that Abu Sufyan said: "Muslims will run up to the coast of the sea".
Another hypocrite said: "The magic has been counteracted". A third from amongst them determined to do away with Islam in that confused state of affairs by killing the Prophet and thus destroy the belief of the Oneness of Allah and the Prophethood of Islam lock, stock, and barrel.
The Prophet was disturbed immensely by the flight of his friends which was the main cause of all the alarm and disorder, and felt that if matters were allowed to take their own course, even for a moment longer, the pivot of history would be different, humanity would change its course and the forces of polytheism would beat down the army of monotheism. While riding his mule, therefore, he said loudly: "O supporters of Allah and His Prophet! I am the servant of Allah and His Prophet".
He uttered this sentence and then turned his mule towards the battlefield which was occupied by Malik's men, who had already killed some Muslims and were busy killing others. A group of self-sacrificing persons like Ali, the Commander of the Faithful, Abbas, Fadl bin Abbas, Usamah and Abi Sufyan bin Harith, who had not left him alone and unprotected ever since the battle started, also proceeded along with him.4
The Prophet asked his uncle Abbas, who had a very loud voice, to call back the Muslims in this manner: "O Ansar, who helped the Prophet! O you who took the oath of allegiance to the Prophet under the tree of Paradise! Where are you going? The Prophet is here!"
The words of Abbas reached the ears of the Muslims and stimulated their religious zeal and fervour. All of them responded immediately by saying, Labbayk! Labbayk (Here am I! Here am I!) and returned bravely towards the Prophet.
The repeated call by Abbas, which gave the good tidings of the Prophet's safety, made the fleeing men return to the Prophet with a peculiar regret and remorse and made them reorganize their rows. In compliance with the orders of the Prophet and also to obliterate the shameful stain of desertion, the Muslims launched a general attack and compelled the enemies, in a very short time, to retreat or flee.
In order to encourage the Muslims the Prophet was saying: "I am the Prophet of Allah and never tell a lie and Allah has promised me victory". This war tactics made the warriors of Hawazin and Saqif run away to the region of Autas and Nakhlah and to the forts of Ta'if leaving behind their women and retinue and a number of those killed in the battle.
In this battle the casualties of the Muslims were large, but the biographers have not mentioned the number of those killed.
The Muslims, however, stood to gain and the enemies fled leaving behind six thousand captives, twenty four thousand camels, forty thousand sheep and four thousand Waqih5 of silver. The Prophet ordered that all the men and the entire property should be taken to Ji'ranah. He also appointed some men to keep a watch. The captives were kept in a particular house and the Prophet ordered that the entire booty should remain there as it was, till he returned from Ta'if. | <urn:uuid:b7ea4ed6-f996-4dfe-a2ea-65ceb3182610> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.al-islam.org/the-message-ayatullah-jafar-subhani/chapter-49-battle-hunayn | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049270555.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002110-00169-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981861 | 2,160 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Just when you thought your brain could unwind on a Friday, you realise that it would rather be challenged with some good old fashioned medical trivia FFFF…introducing Funtabulously Frivolous Friday Five 241.
- The Curie family. Marie Curie was also the first female to receive the prize after her husband wrote a complaint about her being excluded from the 1903 prize.
- 1903 Physics Prize – Marie and Pierre Curie: The 1896 discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel inspired Marie and Pierre Curie to further investigate this phenomenon. They found that the mineral pitchblende was more radioactive than uranium and concluded that it must contain other radioactive substances. From it they managed to extract two previously unknown elements, polonium and radium, both more radioactive than uranium.
- 1911 Chemistry Prize – Marie Curie: After Marie and Pierre Curie first discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium, Marie continued to investigate their properties. In 1910 she successfully produced radium as a pure metal, which proved the new element’s existence beyond a doubt. She also documented the properties of the radioactive elements and their compounds leading the way for medical usage. [Reference]
- Curie’s daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, also won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935. Building on the work of Marie and Pierre Curie, who had isolated naturally occurring radioactive elements, she realised the alchemist’s dream of turning one element into another: creating radioactive nitrogen from boron, radioactive isotopes of phosphorus from aluminium, and silicon from magnesium.
- Quite a family of over-achievers.
- René Laennec (not only a one trick pony inventing the stethoscope in 1816).
- Laennec gave cirrhosis its name from the Greek word kirrhos, meaning tawny yellow.
John Browne (1642-1700) and Matthew Baillie (1761-1823) had previously provided more detailed descriptions, but not provided a memorable name. This term first appeared in a footnote in 1819 in the first volume of his classic text ‘De l’auscultation médiate 1819;I;368-369 – the term has survived despite the term being dropped from the footnote in it’s English translation in 1827.
- He also coined the term Melanoma (from the Greek for black) in 1804 and published findings in 1806 [1806;II;24-26]. He differentiated melanoma from black tuberculose lesions or carbon deposits in the lung and recognized that melanotic lesions in the lungs were the result of metastatic melanoma. Dupuytren took exception to Laennec’s work as it gave insufficient credit to himself leading to a bitter series of articles over the original ‘discovery’ of melanoma Dupuytron [1804;II;13-24]
- Peter Safar (‘CPCR is for the person with a heart and brain too good to die.‘)
- Born in Austria of Jewish ancestry he managed to evade the Nazis as a young man and survived the tragic death of his young daughter from status asthmaticus. Despite such terrible trials he went on to give the world ‘the kiss of life‘ and became the acknowledged ‘Father of modern CPR’. [Reference]
- On the occasion of his 70th birthday he was presented with a framed set of laws by his friends and colleagues. These laws were derived from the sayings of Peter Safar himself. They were titled ‘Peter’s Laws for the Navigation of Life‘ with the instructive subtitle ‘The Creed of the Sociopathic Obsessive Compulsive‘. [Reference – Post by Chris Nickson]
- If anything can go wrong, fix it!
- When given a choice, take both.
- Multiple projects lead to multiple successes.
- Start at the top and work your way up.
- Do it by the book… but be the author.
- When forced to compromise, ask for more.
- If you can’t beat them, join them, and then beat them.
- If it’s worth doing, it’s got to be done now!
- If you can’t win, change the rules.
- If you can’t change the rules, then ignore them.
- Perfection is not optional.
- When faced without a challenge, make one.
- “No” simply means begin again at one level higher.
- Don’t walk when you can run.
- Bureaucracy is a challenge to be conquered with a righteous attitude, a tolerance for stupidity, and a bulldozer when necessary.
- When in doubt, THINK!
- Patience is a virtue, but persistence to the point of success is a blessing.
- The squeaky wheel gets replaced.
- The faster you move, the slower time passes, the longer you live!
- Death is not the enemy but occasionally needs help with timing.
- When on thin ice, dance.
- It’s up to us to save the world.
‘Peter’s Laws for the Navigation of Life – The Creed of the Sociopathic Obsessive Compulsive‘
- 25 years ago, pharmacologist M. E. West of the University of the West Indies in Kingston, Jamaica, noted that local fisherman who smoke cannabis or drink rum made with the leaves and stems of the plant had “an uncanny ability to see in the dark,” which enabled them to navigate their boats through coral reefs.
- Russo et al heard a similar story of Moroccan fishermen and mountain dwellers. A research team travelled to the Rif mountains in Morocco to investigate further. They gave a synthetic cannabinoid to one volunteer, and hashish to three more, then tested their sensitivity of their night vision before and after. [Reference]
- Many theories have been hypothesised including dilation of the eye through to increased retinal to cortex signals but the current theory is cannabinoids act directly on the retinal cells enhancing their sensitivity in poor light settings. [Reference]
- Glanders, or pseudomonas mallei, caught from their horses?
- Glanders is a highly contagious and often fatal zoonotic disease primarily of solipeds such as horses, mules, and donkeys. It was first described by the Greeks in 450–425 BC and again by the Romans in 400–500 AD. Throughout history glanders has been known by other names including equinia, malleus, droes, and farcy. Glanders is primarily characterized by ulcerating lesions of the skin and mucous membranes. Solipeds are the natural reservoir of Burkholderia mallei. Donkeys are prone to develop acute forms of glanders while horses are more likely to develop chronic and latent diseases. [Reference]
- Sound familiar? B. mallei evolved from B. pseudomallei (melioidosis). So may be the next time you are in Thailand or Northern Australia in the wet season you can tell your patient with melioidosis they have a connection with the Battle of Troy. | <urn:uuid:d8939e3a-d28b-4f52-85db-1bae78aac4f8> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://lifeinthefastlane.com/funtabulously-frivolous-friday-five-241/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743184.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116194306-20181116220306-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.933443 | 1,518 | 3.171875 | 3 |
In 18th c Britain democracy was feared, protest was suppressed, religious intolerance prevailed. Over the next two hundred years, a modern, democratic, multicultural Britain emerged. This course will examine the key social, economic and political influences which have shaped Britain in the 21stc both as a nation state and as an international power.
This course was written by Annette Mayer who specialises in nineteenth and twentieth century British history. Annette is the author of three online courses for OUDCE. Listen to her talking about the course:
From the age of the Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions, Britain embarked on a steady process of political change and reform, during which aristocratic rule was challenged and fears of democracy overcome. The rise of the middle classes, the emergence of a working-class party, demands for women's suffrage, all affected the way in which constitutional government evolved in Britain. Over the same period of time Britain was transformed both economically and socially. The economy was revolutionised by industrialisation, enabling Britain to consolidate her position as a world power. Yet this status was short-lived as 20thc Britain came to terms with loss of international prestige and colonial authority. At the same time, Britain was transformed from being a country in which one religion prevailed and civil rights were denied to many, to being a vibrant, multicultural nation in which diversity of race and religious beliefs are celebrated. This course will introduce students to an understanding of the main factors which helped to create modern Britain. There will be regular exercises designed to develop a range of historical skills which will included evaluation of historical sources, the understanding of historical concepts, exploring debates and appreciating the significance of historical theories.
This course is compulsory for all Undergraduate Certificate of Higher Education students who have chosen to major in history. The course is particularly designed to introduce students to the methodology of studying history. There will be regular exercises aimed at developing a range of historical skills which will include evaluation of historical sources, enhancing understanding of historical concepts, exploring debates and appreciating the significance of historical theories.
For information on how the courses work, please click here. | <urn:uuid:64da04ac-933b-4f0d-9470-5e7ab9b5078a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://conted.ox.ac.uk/courses/the-making-of-modern-britain-online?code=O23P468HIV | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102637.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210190744-20231210220744-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.962719 | 427 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Watercress can be a key part of a good diet and may be used in a variety of dishes, including the ever famous watercress sandwich. Judy Perkin, University of North Florida professor in the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Flagship Program, discusses myths and facts about this often overlooked green vegetable. To help you use it in your diet, a recipe is provided on Page D-3.
Myth: Watercress is mainly water with little nutritional value.
Fact: Published nutritional analyses of watercress indicate that watercress does have a very high water content, but it's also a good source of beta-carotene (which becomes Vitamin A in the body), Vitamin C, and a type of omega-3-fatty acid called alpha-linolenic acid. Furthermore, sources say that watercress is a good choice for people watching their calories.
Myth: Watercress is the only cress vegetable that is eaten by humans.
Fact: Food encyclopedia information indicates that watercress is only one of several types of cress, which grow in streams, with garden cress being another type. Published reports and food advertisements also tell us that watercress is a very popular food in many countries of the world, especially in the United Kingdom. According to the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, central Florida is a major U.S. location for watercress production.
Myth: Watercress hasn't been studied as a possible aid for preventing disease.
Fact: Historical literature reports that cress has been considered as a possible curative plant since antiquity. History also tells us that a form of watercress was once used to prevent scurvy - a Vitamin C-deficiency disease. Today scientists are studying watercress for its potential to prevent cancer and heart disease.
Myth: Watercress shouldn't be cooked.
Fact: Although watercress is frequently used in the raw form, especially in salads, culinary experts say it can also be cooked and eaten in the form of a vegetable or as a soup ingredient. A wide variety of recipes using cooked watercress can be found on the Internet.
Myth: Watercress can be stored and kept for long periods of time.
Fact: The Produce for A Better Health Foundation tells us that the watercress plant is best used when fresh, green and not wilted. The Foundation also recommends that watercress be used within a few days after purchase in order to properly experience its unique spicy flavor.
The Goods is a monthly column about food myths and facts by faculty members in the University of North Florida's Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, which was recently selected by UNF President John Delaney as a Flagship Program, designed to elevate the program to the nation's top echelon. Have a question about watercress? Contact Perkin at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:49c826bb-193c-4eb5-995c-9cd1b94db09a> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://jacksonville.com/entertainment/food-and-dining/2011-10-13/story/goods-watercress-another-reason-eat-green | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297195.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00198-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95328 | 600 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Authors: Vedashree R, Deepika S R, Leelavathi K, Raghavendra H, Prof. Nithya K
Certificate: View Certificate
Kinect cameras and therefore the other sensor combination framework is used to obtain real-time tracking of a person’s action skeleton. Various gestures, performed by different persons, Quaternion\'s of joint angles are first used as robust and significant features. we present a gesture human activity recognition system for the event of human-robot interaction (HRI) interface. Next, classifiers are used to recognize the different gestures. This work deals with different challenging tasks, like the real-time implementation of a gesture act recognition system and also the temporal resolution of gestures. The HRI interface developed during this work includes three Kinect and robots which will be remotely controlled by one operator standing before of one of the Kinect sensors. Moreover, the system is provided with a nation action for control of the robot.
In today's world robots are corporate among us. The robotic industry has been developing many new trends to upsurge efficiency and has significantly increased due to military and industrial applications. Robots are used for jobs that will be injurious to humans; repetitive jobs that are tedious, hectic, etc. Aside from controlling the robotic system through physical devices, recent techniques of controlling the robotics system through gestures and speech became very talked-about. Due to its of its gestures following capabilities it can work as answer for several problems or as an assistant for humans in various situations. One amongst would be to fight wars in place of humans as tracking and following an enemy to unknown places to scale back human causalities. It can be accustomed to help people with physical problems carry their objects. To attain this, it’s required to use a sensor that measures variables within an environment where these variables will be processed and analyzed to detect a someone. This project gives a quick overview of the newest research on robotics using Kinect. Till now the machines were used are either automated or remote-controlled. These are remotely controlled by RF, IR, and IOT (using Bluetooth and WI-FI modules). During this project, the machines are controlled virtually employing a natural user interface (NUI) console "Kinect". We are controlling a robot action using NRF wireless communication.
The Kinect sensor obtains the skeleton data from the topic using mathematical calculations it calculates the angle deviation between the various parts of the arm supported on its movement. The receiver will receive the information and convert it to its equivalent PWM signal. The PWM signal are going to be wont to control the motor present within the robot. The mix of the various servo motors will end in robotic movement. The image processing disbursed to urge the data about the encompassing visually could be a important thing. The subsequent point should be carefully noted while doing the processing.
To achieve this, it is required to use a sensor that measures variables within an environment where these variables can be processed and analyzed to detect a person. This project gives a brief overview of the latest research on robotics using Kinect. Till now the machines were used are either automated or remote control. These are remotely controlled by RF, IR and IOT (using Bluetooth and WI-FI modules). In this project, the machines are controlled virtually using a natural user interface (NUI) console “Kinect”. We are controlling a four-wheel robot action using NRF wireless communication.
III. LITERATURE SURVEY
In “Gesture control of a mobile robot using Kinect sensor” by Katerina Cekova1, Natasa Koceska1, Saso Kocesk, International Conference on Applied Internet and Information proposed a methodology for gesture control of a custom developed mobile robot, using body gestures and Microsoft Kinect sensor. The Microsoft Kinect sensor’s ability is to track joint positions has been used in order to develop software application gestures recognition and their mapping into control commands. The proposed methodology has been experimentally evaluated. The results of the experimental evaluation, presented in the paper, showed that the proposed methodology is accurate and reliable and it could be used for mobile robot control in practical applications.
In “Kinect sensor-based gesture control robot for firefighting” by Mohammed A. Hussein, 2 Ahmed S, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology proposed a methodology for a remote robot control system is implemented utilizes Kinect based gesture recognition as human-robot interface. The movement of the human arm in 3 d space is captured, processed and replicated by the robotic arm. The joint angles are transmitted to the Arduino microcontroller. Arduino receives the joint angles and controls the robot arm. In investigation the accuracy of control by human’s hand motion was tested.
In “Kinect based moving human tracking system with obstacle avoidance” by Abdel Mehsen Ahmad, Zouhair Bazzaz, Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal presented a paper an extension of work originally presented and published in IEEE International Multidisciplinary Conference on Engineering Technology (IMCET). This work presents a design and implementation of a moving human tracking system with obstacle avoidance. The system scans the environment by using Kinect, a 3D sensor, and tracks the center of mass of a specific user by using Processing, an open-source computer programming language. An Arduino microcontroller is used to drive motors enabling it to move towards the tracked user and avoid obstacles hampering the trajectory. The implemented system is tested under different lighting conditions and the performance is analyzed using several generated depth images.
In “Gesture based robot control with Kinect sensor” , Bhatt Meet, Joshi Hari, International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) presented a paper on implementation of human gesture-based robot control system. It uses a Kinect sensor which consists of a depth sensor, RGB camera. The Kinect sensor obtains the skeletal data from the subject. Using mathematical calculation, it calculates the angle deviation between the different parts of the arm based on its movement. The angle deviation data measured by the Kinect sensor will be transmitted by using a Wi-Fi module. The use of the Wi-Fi module will increase mobility. On the receiver, we use a microcontroller which will convert the received angle deviations values into equivalent PWM which will be used to control the servo motors. The combination of the different servo motors will result in the robotic movement
In “motion control of robot by using Kinect sensor” Ashutosh zagade, Vishakha Jamkhedkar, International Journal of Scientific Development and Research presented a paper suggests that Gesture Controlled User Interfaces (GCUI) now provide realistic and affordable opportunities, which may be appropriate for older and disabled people. They have developed a GCUI prototype application, called Open Gesture, to help users carry out everyday activities such as making phone calls, controlling their television and performing mathematical calculations. Open Gesture uses simple hand gestures to perform a diverse range of tasks via a television interface.
In “Kinect senser based gesture control robot for firefighting” by Nipun D. Borole1 Dr. Gayatri M., - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, objective of this project was to build a prototype that would facilitate the testing of different algorithms for motion of robot. Utilization of Kinect camera has been done. The software’s that have been used are Processing and Microsoft Visual Studio. In the gesture control mode, the Kinect camera captures a stream of images that are forwarded to processing which runs the motion algorithm. Based on the hand movements, the robot gets the commands according to the motion.
Till now the machines and robotics related application were used are either automated or remote control. These are remotely controlled by RF, IR and IOT (using Bluetooth and WI-FI modules). In this project, the application controlled using “Kinect” sensor. We have to carry remote system for control application and in remote always function will be limited. We cannot increase functionality without replace remote and other hardware system.
The central camera is color camera which is a RGB camera that can identify a user’s id or facial features and can also be used in augmented reality games and video calls. The two sensors make up the depth component of Kinect -an infrared projector and a monochrome CMOS sensor. These are used f or gesture recognition and skeleton tracking. The purpose of microphone arrays is not just to let the Kinect device captures sound and also locate the direction of audio waves and it recognizes the voice irrespective of the noise and the echo present in the environment and the tilt motor is used to adjust the Kinect position according to the view. Kinect Deploying According to the present Project and its specifications shows below.
V. JOINT ORIENTATION
It is a local axes representation hierarchical rotation based on a relationship defined by a bone on skeleton joint structure. There are 20 joints are recognized by the Kinect using visual studio. This node positions are referred in terms of Cartesian coordinates by the Kinect RGB camera and this will help in framing the code for the project.
In this project there are 2 sections. First section is identifying the position of the body at what position the leg and hand is. Other section is robot. First thing is the system has to identify what is the position of the body and interrupt that signal, wirelessly send that signal to robot, identifying that to move right, left, backwards or front.
In transmitter section, the sensor is used is Kinect sensor for virtual reality. it basically used to identify the human position or human joints. (The Microsoft Kinect sensor and its software development kit) The human-machine interface of the non-public computer has achieved a new level where the users directly interact with human body movement. This new form of the human-machine interface has quickly spread to varied dimensions including education, medical aid, entertainment, sports, etc. These joints are easily identified by using visual studio, we write a program in it and take a sensor data. Once the sensor is detected that right hand is up now it sent wirelessly to NRF module through microcontroller. NRF is a transceiver, this will be transmitted data wirelessly, that will be received in the NRF receiver. And it sends to the serial data to microcontroller section saying that the right hand up send the signal wirelessly from microcontroller to NRF via USB cable.
Microcontroller sends the interrupted signal to the motor driver. Motor receives the signal from motor driver and moves right, left, forward or backward according to the signal received.
Spo2 sensor and temperature sensor is attached with the robot and the check the blood pleasure, temperature and the oxygen level of the patient.
VII. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ROBOT
In this project, we propose a virtual controlling of a robotics that uses skeleton tracking information provided by the Kinect. The experimental results are shown by human body hand skeletal positions.
The Arduino controller is fitted inside the Robot to receive the control signals from PC and to control 2 motors through NRF Communication. To detect the human skeleton joint movement’s one can remotely control the robot to go forward, backward and to turn left, right. The Arduino controller interfaces with the NRF Module in which the transmitting and receiving pins of Arduino are connected to the SPI pins of the Module. The Communication is through the NRF USB wire with the NRF Module which provides the Data to the Arduino Board.
X. FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS
It is hoped that people would be able to use this gesture-based virtual health care robot to virtually operate a patient remotely. In addition to this, a camera could be added to monitor the patient from a long distance. Numerous features can be added to this implementation. The Kinect sensor have the ability to identify the twenty joints of the human skeleton with the help of visual studio, therefore as of now, we are using five joints to control the movement of the robot and the remaining joints could be utilized to add more gestures or actions. this could also be implemented in various fields like it could be used as a delivery robot by adding a camera and GPS navigation.
In this work, we presented a novel algorithm based on Extended Distance Transform to estimate the parameters of a stick skeleton model to the upper human body. We showed a running time analysis of the algorithm and showed it to be running at about 10fps. The algorithm achieved fair accuracy in estimating non-occlusion poses. We intend to extend this work by calculating concrete accuracy gestures by constructing a labelled skeleton dataset with depth images. Template matching based tracking can be used to track the faces and upper bodies through the sequence to reduce computation time. Furthermore, fore-shortening can be added to the algorithm by adjusting arm lengths on basis of the projected distance. In this project, we propose a virtual controlling of a robotics that uses skeleton tracking information provided by the Kinect. The experimental results are shown by human body hand skeletal positions. This provides virtual interactions directly with machines without any intermediate devices we can control different application with this implementation.
Angelo chistmis, F.Austria,Ma.Lorence ,M.Modolid,sarah May D.Mejia,Racci Valenzuela,Engr.Rosello E. Tolentino \"Human Tracking using size modification and vector position for the person following robot using Microsoft Kinect Xbox 360\" 2021 7th international conference on advanced computing & communication system(ICACCS) Bhatt Meet, Joshi Hari, Vaghasiya Denil, Rohit R Parmar, Pradeep M Shah Published By \"Gesture-Based Robot Control with Kinect Sensor\" Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication International Journal of Creative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-9 Issue-7S, May 2020. Nikunj Agarwal, Priya Bajaj, Jayesh Pal, \"Human Arm Simulation Using Kinect\" Computer Science & Engineering Department, IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.2018 Mahanthesha U, Pooja, Rakshitha R, Sherly Vincent, Smitha S Potdar \"Depth based Tracking of Moving Objects using Kinect\" Department of Electronics& Communication Engineering GSSS Institute of Engineering & Technology For Ladies, Mysuru,2018. Katerina Cekova1, Natasa Koceska1, Saso Kocesk, “Gesture control of mobile robot using kinect sensor” International conference on Applied Internet and Information Technologies,2016 Nipun D. Borole1 Dr. Gayatri M.phade,Mayuri.S.Mahajan, Aniket K.Patil “KINECT based gesture control robot for fire fighting” - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development. IJSRD vol.4,Issue 02, 2016. Abdel Mehsen Ahmad, Zouhair Bazzal, Advances in Science, “Kinect based moving human tracking system with obstacle avoidance” Technology and Engineering Systems Journal vol. 2,2017. Ashutosh zagade1, Vishakha Jamkhedkar,Shradda Dhakane, Vrushali Patankar, “A study on gesture control Arduiono Robot” International Journal of Scientific Development and Research,2019 Farzin Foroughi, Peng zong “controlling servo Motor Angle by exploiting kinect SDK” International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887).April.
Copyright © 2022 Vedashree R, Deepika S R, Leelavathi K, Raghavendra H, Prof. Nithya K. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | <urn:uuid:47d94a4c-535e-466a-8dc1-4327c3a56704> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ijraset.com/research-paper/virtual-health-care-robot-using-kinect-sensor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473871.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222225655-20240223015655-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.898538 | 3,271 | 2.515625 | 3 |
- 7 Educational Reforms Needed in 2017 - January 10, 2017
- Stop Censoring Our Classrooms - March 7, 2016
- Preparing for Parent-Teacher Conferences - October 16, 2015
- My Experience with TNCore – the Tennessee State Standards - September 15, 2015
- Tips for Choosing a Novel to Study - June 9, 2015
- Choosing the Right High School Reading Intervention Program - April 30, 2015
- Four Things Teachers Should Try Before Removing a Student - April 6, 2015
- Dear 'Bad Students': Prove Us Wrong - March 12, 2015
- Improving Education: Response to Joel Klein - February 26, 2015
- Writing Hacks for Grades 9-12 - February 12, 2015
Tennessee’s State Department of Education adopted standards labeled TNCore, modeled after the controversial Common Core. As an English and Language Arts (ELA) teacher of nine years, I would like to share my experiences with these standards at the high school level.
Common Core (CC) was created with good intentions. Its creators wanted to ensure that every child in public schools were receiving a rigorous education while preventing students being shortchanged based on their location. To accomplish this, they sought input from college professors and employers. Many of its critics feel that CC went wrong by not seeking more input from educators and parents. Tennessee, amidst disapproval from the politicians, educators, and parents statewide, attempted to remedy this by seeking input from educators and the general public while restructuring its standards.
When I compare the TNCore ELA grades 9-12 standards with the older state standards, I am pleased. (I dare not speak about the math standards or the ELA standards for younger grades as I have no experience teaching them.) I prefer these standards because they ask students to think more intently about their reading as well as support their conclusions with evidence. The standards are also fewer and far more manageable to teach, whereas in the past, I was expected to teach 60-80 standards to one grade level. Those many standards made it impossible to “dive deeply” into the content; in some cases I gave quick introductory lessons on some standards and simply ignored other standards if I felt like I did not have enough time to cover them. With the current standards, I don’t worry as much as being able to cover all the standards. I can spend more time with them and integrate them repeatedly throughout different assignments, assuring that students are getting more than the tip of the iceberg. I only worry about covering all the skills in time for students to take the assessment, which is divided into two parts… that is a story for another time, though.
Another benefit to TNCore standards is that they are skill-centered. As an ELA teacher, I still have autonomy in what texts I use in the classroom. As long as the text is grade-level appropriate and challenging, it will serve me well in the curriculum. Contrary to popular belief, no one dictates to me what story or article I should use. (I cannot speak for all teachers in all districts, however.) I do need to collaborate with my peers to make sure we are not re-teaching the same texts in different grades, though, especially since we are reading less than in the past. (We read less so we can spend more time unwrapping any given text, by the way.)
All is not well when it comes to these standards, though. The TNCore standards, like their Common Core predecessor, are written for every single student. It is a one-size-fits-all approach. The standards lump all students together and holds them to the same expectations despite their career choices and potential. The standards make the most sense for college-bound students but make the least sense for students who desire and will flourish in a trade skill environment. (For the record, I know many individuals who went to a trade school and now make more money than I do with my Master’s degree. I have a high level of respect, and in some cases envy, for these people.) Different people need different skills. There are indeed some skill sets that are in common among college-bound and vocational-minded students, but not as many as Common Core culture pushes. It is unreasonable to expect all students will write or will even want to write like scholars.
In answer to this, some states and nations have instituted vocational high schools so that students who do not identify with the college-bound crowd can focus on trade skills rather than suffering through core classes that are of no value or interest to them. These schools still teach the core subjects such as English and math, but the classes are taught in a nontraditional manner that best serve the students. They can still be exposed to complex texts, but the subject matter is more appealing to them. The majority of Common Core standards would not serve these students here.
Tennessee, like many states, does offer vocational classes in high school, usually from forming a partnership with a nontraditional postsecondary institution or from hiring teachers trained to teach certain trade skills. Unfortunately, they still push students who benefit from these classes into the same classrooms as their college-bound peers, causing both sets of students to suffer for different reasons. Have you ever been forced somewhere you didn’t want to go? Have you ever sat in a room where you wanted to be with someone who obviously didn’t want to be there? That is what happens in the classrooms sometimes.
To summarize, Common Core (or Common Core-influenced) standards definitely have their benefits, at least in the high school ELA setting. But they are not flawless. It is my hope that policy-makers realize this and take action accordingly. | <urn:uuid:7020519a-00e5-4f05-a74c-7dfc32da5b72> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://theeducatorsroom.com/2015/09/experience-tncore-tennessee-state-standards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423808.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721182450-20170721202450-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.973054 | 1,183 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Photo Credit: Andrew Bret Wallis/Getty Images
3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine MDMA (also known as ecstasy) is a widely available synthetic psychoactive drug that can contain a wide range of impurities and cutting agents. Profiling impurities in MDMA is essential to forensic science as different profiles can provide clues about the source. There are a number of standardized extraction and chromatographic methods used by labs; however, it can be difficult to make direct comparisons between data from different sources as key parameters can vary. Two researchers from Michigan State University (Michigan, USA) investigated the effect of liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS–SPME), and different gas chromatography temperature programmes highlighting the need for standardized procedures.1
Ruth Smith, coauthor of the paper, told The Column: “Profiling MDMA exhibits is important to law enforcement so that connections between exhibits and/or manufacturers can be made based on the components and impurities present.” Analysts typically extract MDMA samples using LLE or HS–SPME and analyze by performing gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). According to Smith, however, there is more of a push for statistical analyses to reduce subjectivity, thereby increasing the need for a standardized method.
Five exhibits of MDMA were provided by the Michigan Forensic Science Division. Seven tablets from each exhibit were prepared by LLE and HS–SPME and analyzed using GC–MS with two different temperature programmes. Principle component analysis was performed to statistically assess chromatograms.
It was found that HS–SPME extracted more compounds than LLE because of the preconcentration step. For example, pheny‑2‑propanone (P2P), a common precursor, and the intermediate MDP2P, present when isosafrole or piperonal are used as the starting material, were present in HS–SPME extractions but not LLE. Furthermore, a longer temperature programme of 53 min compared to 36 min gave a higher level of discrimination because of a longer hold time. However, this may not be an option for forensic laboratories and an intermediate may have to be found, according to the paper. Smith told The Column: “This work is important as it may be the first step towards a more standardized approach to impurity profiling.” — B.D.
1. K.M. McManaman and R. Waddell Smith, Journal of Forensic Sciences 59(2) 327–336 (2014).
This article is from The Column. The full issue can be found here | <urn:uuid:990f3bd2-7a22-40cf-aff2-cafcf04d3583> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.chromatographyonline.com/profiling-mdma-impurities-using-hs-spme | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930259.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00139-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940144 | 538 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The fundamental function of our soul
This book is funny from shatin library, it talks about the the fundamental functions of our soul. Soul has two basic functions:
- Soul record our memory and habit, so that it can affect our next life
- Soul can affect our behaviour
Henri Bergson said our soul is belong and not limit to our brain, if soul is just our brain, after we die, we total lost. But if soul can affect our behaviour/material world, how come the physics world need to be obey “Conservation of energy”. Buddhist think non-material soul can affect the decision of brain, funny. | <urn:uuid:c0ff9cc3-0b6d-4ab9-8d67-96b4688c50b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://peter.quantr.hk/2017/09/the-fundamental-function-of-our-soul/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300805.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118062411-20220118092411-00652.warc.gz | en | 0.86333 | 133 | 2.96875 | 3 |
1.A random sample of 48 days taken at a large hospital shows that an average of 38 patients was treated in the emergency room per day.
The standard deviation of the population is 4.
Find the 99% confidence interval of the mean number of ER patients treated each day at the hospital.
2.Using the same information as in question 1 above, if the director wishes to estimate the mean number of admissions per 24-hour period to within 1 admission with 99% reliability, what size sample should she choose?
3.The amount of soft drink filled by a machine at a bottling company is supposed to have an average of 12 fluid ounces and a standard deviation of 0.5 fluid ounces if the machine is calibrated accurately. The quality control manager has collected data on 250 bottles of soda that have come off a production line on a randomly selected day. He wants to find out if the amount of soft drink filled can be represented by a normal distribution with the average of 12 fluid ounces and the standard deviation of 0.5 fluid ounces.
The results are as follow:
10.5 - under 11.0 4
11.0 - under 11.5 35
11.5 - under 12.0 87
12.0 - under 12.5 93
12.5 - under 13.0 28
13.0 - under 13.5 3
Referring to the table above, what is the expected frequency for the amount of soft drink filled between 11.5 and under 12.0 fluid ounces?
What is the value of the chi-square test statistic?
What are the degrees of freedom?
What's your conclusion at a 5% level of significance?
4.A candy bar manufacturer is interested in trying to estimate how sales are influenced by the price of their product. To do this, the company randomly chooses 6 small cities and offers the candy bar at different prices.
Using candy bar sales as the dependent variable, the company will conduct a simple linear regression on the data below:
City Price ($) Sales
River Falls 1.30 100
Hudson 1.60 90
Ellisworth 1.80 90
Prescott 2.00 40
Rock Elm 2.40 38
Stillwater 2.90 32
Using the table above solve for the following questions:
What is the estimated average change in the sales of the candy bar if price goes up $1.00?
What percent of the total variation in candy bar sales is explained by prices?
5.The linear trend forecasting equation for an annual time series containing 40 observations (from 1963 to 2002) on real net sales (in billions of constant 1995 dollars) is:
Ŷi = 1.2 + 0.5Xi
What is the fitted trend value for this time series on real net sales for the tenth year?© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com March 4, 2021, 10:01 pm ad1c9bdddf
The solution provides step by step method for the calculation of testing of hypothesis, confidence interval, sample size, normal probability and regression equation. Formula for the calculation and Interpretations of the results are also included. Interactive excel sheet is included. The user can edit the inputs and obtain the complete results for a new set of data. | <urn:uuid:5e8ba649-92f0-467f-88f6-c4f964a2fedc> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://brainmass.com/statistics/regression-analysis/statistics-ci-sample-size-normal-probability-regression-291841 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178375529.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306223236-20210307013236-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.904435 | 670 | 2.890625 | 3 |
- Special Sections
- Public Notices
Did you know that azaleas and rhododendrons are essentially the same thing?
They are both members of the rhododendron genus; they have similar blooms and similar cultural requirements. Some say the primary difference between the two is the number of pollen-bearing stamens – rhododendron have 10 or more per flower and azaleas have only five.
The rhododendron genus is divided into 5 main groups – large-leaf rhods, small-leaf rhods, Vireya rhods, deciduous azaleas and evergreen azaleas. The latter two are our primary concern here.
If you currently subscribe or have subscribed in the past to the Sentinel-News, then simply find your account number on your mailing label and enter it below.
Click the question mark below to see where your account ID appears on your mailing label. | <urn:uuid:a88e1358-8e94-474d-830f-f0aa21a1f8c3> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.sentinelnews.com/content/some-azaleas-thrive-full-sun | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207925201.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113205-00075-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911063 | 198 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Plant reproduction in red clover requires cross-fertilization via insect pollination. However, the influences of visitation rate and timing on maximizing ovule utilization are yet to be determined. We aimed to study the influences of visitation rate, flowering stage, and self-incompatibility on reproductive success. We applied hand and honey bee pollination in the study of eight red clover cultivars with two ploidy levels released between 1964 and 2001. In hand pollination, increasing the visitation rates (from 10 to 80 pollinated florets per flower head) increased the seed number per flower head but reduced the seed number per pollinated floret. Different flowering stages (early, middle, and full flowering) did not influence the seed number per pollinated floret significantly. There was a marked difference in reproductive success depending on the ploidy level, with 0.52 seeds per pollinated floret in diploid and 0.16 in tetraploid cultivars. During the cultivar release history, seed number per pollinated floret seemed to decrease in diploid cultivars, whereas it increased in tetraploids. In honey bee pollination, diploid cultivars had more two-seeded florets than tetraploids. Different visitation rates and the stochastic nature of pollen transfer resulted in difficulties when the plant reproductive success between hand and bee pollination was compared. A maximum of 0.27 seeds per pollinated floret were produced in hand pollination compared to the 0.34 in honey bee pollination. In spite of this, hand pollination provided a valuable method for studying the pollination biology and reproduction of red clover. Future studies may employ hand pollination to unravel further aspects of the low reproductive success with the future perspective of improving seed number per pollinated floret in tetraploid red clover.
Pollination and Plant Reproductive Success of Two Ploidy Levels in Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.)
You are here: | <urn:uuid:bd1e3cb5-a9bd-4d21-b7bc-cd98adea146c> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://coloss.org/articles/2638/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104576719.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705113756-20220705143756-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.913846 | 413 | 2.90625 | 3 |
As a political ideology, socialism emerged as a rival to classical liberalism in the 19th century. It was a political response to the often-horrific conditions of industrial workers in the advanced capitalist countries and laid claims to representation of the working class. Although it spawned many variants, socialism sets forth the following basic arguments. First, the free market (capitalist) system so adored by classical liberals is not free at all. Disproportionately few property owners wield true economic power and use their ownership of the means of production to exploit hired workers. Second, the democratic system is mainly a façade for the economic elite. Given the true foundations of power in society, formal legal and political opportunity is not enough. Only when those who work for wages wield economic power will society find true equality and freedom.
Origins of Socialism
Although it developed independently as the outgrowth of the practical concerns and political interests of industrial workers, socialism is influenced by the powerful theory of Karl Marx. Marxism views history as being driven by the struggle of economic classes. The socialist tradition splits into those designating themselves as Socialist or Communist. The main difference between the two groups lies in the Communists' claim to follow a more pure version of Marxism while the Socialists have greater openness to working within the political framework of liberal democracy, for example, by contesting elections and following constitutional processes. Communists were traditionally more likely to believe in the inevitability of armed revolution to establish an egalitarian society.
As its name implies, socialism holds that the economy should be managed in the interest of society as a whole. Where Adam Smith viewed market forces as an ultimately benevolent invisible hand, socialists see many market failures that are not self-correcting. Low wages, unhealthy or dangerous working conditions, pollution of the environment, unemployment, and insufficient vacation time are all problems that socialism sees as fit for state intervention. Like classical conservatism, socialism accepts the responsibility of government to take care of society's less fortunate but goes much farther by elevating equality as a cardinal value. Like classical liberalism, socialism advocates the separation of church and state. Unlike classical liberalism, socialism endorses not only equality of opportunity but also equality of results. Socialists are more likely to accept the principle of progressive taxation, with higher income earners paying more in taxes, due to considerations of fairness. "Think about it," says the Socialist. "If you work for a large corporation are you in any sense equal to the CEO? Does the CEO work so much harder and efficiently than you that he deserves to make 350 times what the average salaried worker makes?" Such outcomes are neither natural nor the simple outcome of individual choices.
Socialism accepts the responsibility of government to provide a variety of services to the poor and working classes and so embraces the welfare state. Socialism supports government employment programs, universal health care, and generous payments to the unemployed or disabled. Although enthusiasm for such a policy has waned considerably in recent decades, socialism used to stand for the nationalization, or government ownership, of major industries in the economy. Marx's saying "from each according to ability, to each according to need" cogently captures the spirit of socialist ideology. Put another way, in striking a balance between equality and freedom, socialism favors equality while classical liberalism favors freedom.
Influences of Socialism
Socialism's influence on the politics and culture of most democracies, with the exception of the United States and Japan, is deep and persistent. European countries, in particular, reflect socialist policies. Europe's eastern half underwent an unsuccessful forty-year experiment with communism. More benignly, countries of Western Europe such as Sweden, France, and Germany implement socialist priorities through state ownership of major industries, high levels of public employment, strict legal requirements providing job security, and extensive welfare states. Workers in most European states get several weeks of guaranteed paid vacation. In France, most workers are limited to 35 hours of work per week. Tellingly, every country in Europe has an influential Socialist party that contests and wins elections. Once considered one of the most conservative states, Spain is currently run by the Spanish Socialist Party. Britain's socialist-inspired party, Labour, has governed that country since 1997. The developed world is not the only place where socialism's legacy is important. India spent decades of uninterrupted rule by a Socialist political party. Senegal's young democracy in Western Africa recently emerged from four decades of Socialist rule; its government still employs approximately forty percent of the official workforce and controls major industries.
In America, by contrast, socialism's influence has been relatively feeble. Trade unions did and do exist in the United States but never came under the sway of Marxist doctrine. While a Socialist party does exist, and has even fielded candidates for the US presidency, it never achieved electoral success at the national or state level. The Roosevelt administration introduced welfare policies similar to, if less extensive than, those found in Europe during the 1930s, but only as a response to the Great Depression, war, and as a matter of pragmatic politics. Marxism has never flourished in the United States outside of the university subculture. Socialist ideas have always seemed like fish out of water, never capturing the popular imagination. A partial explanation is our country's long Cold War struggle with the communist Soviet Union. This military, economic, and above all ideological struggle went far in discrediting socialist theory.
Yet socialism's failure to sink roots in America is also a tribute to the overwhelming dominance of classical liberalism. Belief in individual responsibility, belief in economic success for those who work hard, and a distrust of big government have severely handicapped socialism's ideological challenge. Americans are more likely to admire businesspersons and entrepreneurs than vilify them. Indeed, it is hard to imagine the almost cult-like celebrity of a Warren Buffet or Donald Trump in any other country but the United States. Americans are more concerned about acquiring private property than making sure it is equally distributed.
Socialism's fortunes have recently waned outside the United States as well. Experiments with state ownership of the economy, such as those in France, India, and Sweden failed to sustain attractive growth rates after the 1970s and left countries less competitive in a globalized market. Socialist parties have toned down both their ideological rhetoric and policies in response to an evolving world economy. The continued appeal of socialist values in other countries, however, still explains wide differences between politics in America and the rest of the world because it has dramatically reset the baselines of political debate. The political values of a conservative in Britain or France are much more likely to appear liberal in the United States.
Political ideology is a set of values and beliefs held by groups regarding the purpose and scope of government. Core political ideologies like conservatism, liberalism, and socialism, shape an individual's stance on the government's role in economic and social issues. Additionally, political ideologies act as a "social cement"; binding individuals together with similar beliefs and values on government's role in society.
Since the early days of our nation, the American political system has been shaped by the prevailing political ideology of a particular time period. When economic, social, or political upheavals occurred, new strains of political ideologies emerged to address the upheaval. As America became increasingly more capitalistic and modernized, shifts occurred in the core political ideologies. For example, classical liberalism split into two ideological strains, modern liberalism and modern conservatism.
This activity tests your knowledge of different political ideologies. | <urn:uuid:75546acc-0d87-4114-afd6-1d0a89b1784f> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://dlc.dcccd.edu/usgov1-2/socialism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202704.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323000443-20190323022443-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.952366 | 1,499 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Many companies including car manufacturers are coming up with green ways to power their vehicles, but what could be greener than an electric bicycle that is powered by water.
The Signa bike is powered by electric fuel cells that can run for up to 60 miles, the fuel cells are made up almost totally from water, they also uses a sodium silicide powder, which is added to water and instantly creates hydrogen gas, which is then used to develop the electricity.
The fuel cells have been added to the bicycle to show what applications it could be used in, and the cartridges can easily be swapped out when empty and replaced by a full one.
No Hydrogen is actually stored in the fuel cells, which makes it safe, and any extra electricity produced by the fuel cells is stored for later use. The units which are being tested at the moment can output up to 1 Kilowatt of electricity.
The fuel cells could also be used in other methods of transport, like cars and larger vehicles, and all you would need to do to fill up your car is swap the fuel cell,
It certainly sounds very interesting, although I am sure it is a few years off just yet until we are able to pop down to our local gas station for a new fuel cell.
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Disclosure: Some of our articles include affiliate links. If you buy something through one of these links, Geeky Gadgets may earn an affiliate commission. Learn more. | <urn:uuid:b616ba7c-2850-4434-b7c1-596b90be25d8> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.geeky-gadgets.com/signa-electric-bike-runs-on-water-04-10-2010/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038878326.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419045820-20210419075820-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.979285 | 298 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Atoms to Grams – What is the formula for converting grams to atoms or atoms to grams?
To convert grams to atoms, first convert grams to moles and then convert moles to atoms. In 878g of fluorine there are 2.777 x 10^25 atoms.
You cannot directly convert grams to atoms. First you must covert your grams to moles, then you can take the moles and covert to atoms. If you take your 878 grams of fluorine and then look at the atomic mass.
You divide and find that 1 gram of fluorine is equal to 0.0525350025878 moles.
Then you multiply that by your 878 grams. After you get that answer you can use Avagadro’s number, 6.022X10^23 to find the atoms. To get moles from atoms, divide number of atoms by 6.022 x 10^23.
To get atoms from moles, multiply number of moles by 6.022 x 10^23. | <urn:uuid:69fdaacc-5e22-4500-9757-7db0c6878a05> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.learncram.com/homework-help/atoms-to-grams-what-is-the-formula-for-converting-grams-to-atoms-or-atoms-to-grams/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663016853.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528123744-20220528153744-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.863568 | 215 | 3.0625 | 3 |
With New Year's right around the corner we are all beginning to put together our list of resolutions. When writing your list this year, why not add eat more plants! By eating more plant-based options and reducing your meat intake you can make a much larger impact that you realize.
Of the more than 70 billion animals farmed annually, 50 billion of them spend their lives on factory farms. They are treated more like machines, than living, breathing, feeling animals. They endure short, miserable lives and are often confined together in cages, crates or pens which prevents them from engaging in natural behavior. Reducing your meat consumption will make a huge difference to the lives of these animals and free-up resources to help move to higher welfare production.
Reducing your meat consumption has been linked to reducing cancer rates and heart disease to showing an increased overall lifespan, by consuming more plant-based foods you'll be helping to improve your own health
Factory farming is one of the leading causes of climate change and deforestation. We can do our part to combat climate change by simply cutting back on the amount of low welfare meat we consume
Make 2020 the year you pledge to eat less meat and help create a kinder, healthier, and more sustainable future. Pledge today! | <urn:uuid:784605fe-7376-45cd-b039-f332611e3f95> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.thepetitionsite.com/es-es/takeaction/674/306/668/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144637.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220035657-20200220065657-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.951243 | 254 | 2.625 | 3 |
What Is an MRI?
MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging. An MRI scan uses the combination of a powerful magnetic field and radio frequency pulses to produce detailed images of the inside of the body. An MRI provides much more detailed images of your child's body than an ordinary X-ray and does not involve the use of radiation.
Who Will Perform the Scan and How Long Will It Take?
Your child’s scan will be completed by an MRI technologist who is specially trained to do MRI scans, and the results of the scan will be read by a pediatric radiologist. The MRI scan may take about 30-90 minutes, depending on the body area or part that is being imaged.
What Will My Child Feel During the Scan?
An MRI scan should be completely painless. However, some types of imaging scans require contrast to be used. The contrast is given through an IV. If your child needs contrast for his/her scan, a numbing cream can be used at the insertion point to reduce discomfort.
When the MRI scanner is taking images it will make loud banging and knocking noises. Your child will be given hearing protection to help reduce the noise and protect his/her ears. Sometimes the scanner bed vibrates slightly due to the noise. This is completely normal.
Your child might also have the option to use MRI-compatible headphones or goggles to listen to music or watch a DVD during the scan.
How Is an MRI Performed?
Your child will be asked to lie on the MRI scanner bed, be given hearing protection and then be positioned correctly for his/ her scan. Your child will then be moved into the scanner with the part of the body that is being imaged in the center of the machine. Your child will be asked to keep very still during imaging. Any movement can make the images blurry.
Throughout the scan, the MRI technologist will talk to your child to let him/her know what is happening and to make sure he/ she is doing okay. Your child will also be given a buzzer to press if he/she needs to stop the scan.
How Can I Prepare My Child for the MRI?
Your child’s age will determine how you will prepare him/her. Toddlers and preschool-aged children require a very simple explanation of the scan just before it begins. School-aged children and adolescents require a more detailed explanation of the scan, which should be done one to two days in advance. This will allow your child time to ask any questions he/she might have prior to the procedure. Above all, it is important to be completely honest with your child about his/her procedure.
Please refer to our MRI preparation video here.
What Can I Do to Help My Child During the Procedure?
One parent will be able to stay in the MRI scanning room.* It is important that you try to remain calm throughout the scan.
*Women who are pregnant will not be allowed in the MRI scanning room.
You will be asked to complete an MRI screening form for both yourself and your child. This form will be reviewed by the MRI technologist. This form will verify that it is safe for you and your child to enter the MRI room.
If your child has an implanted device, such as a shunt, you will need to provide the following information for the implanted device:
- Serial number
Your child will not be able to have his/her MRI without this information.
Rev. 6/2017. This document is intended to provide health related information so that you may be better informed. It is not a substitute for a doctor's medical advice and should not be relied upon for treatment for specific medical conditions. | <urn:uuid:951bb382-558d-4dcc-acaa-28d523d4fc65> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.massgeneral.org/children/imaging/your-childs-magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri-what-to-expect | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703524858.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121132407-20210121162407-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.935651 | 753 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The planet Mercury is often cited as the most difficult of the five bright planets to see. Called an "inferior planet" because its orbit is nearer to the sun than Earth's, Mercury — scarcely more than half as far from the sun as Venus is — always appears from our vantage point to be in the same general direction as the sun and is usually lost in the sunlight.
Yet Mercury is not really that hard to see. You simply must know when and where to look, and find a clear horizon.
Three times a year, this rocky little world emerges into the evening twilight for a few weeks, and at three other times in the year it ventures a little way into the morning sky. Yet, even at these "greatest elongations," it can't be easily seen unless other conditions are favorable. It is important, for instance, that Mercury be positioned as nearly directly above the sun as possible — a condition that is best fulfilled just after sunset in the spring and before sunrise in autumn. [June Night Sky: Visible Planets, Moon Phases & Events]
For those living in the Northern Hemisphere, a great window of opportunity for viewing Mercury in the evening sky has just opened up. That window, in fact, will remain open through at least June 21, giving you an ample number of chances to see this so-called "elusive planet" with your own eyes.
Use Venus to find Mercury
Currently, Mercury is visible about 45 minutes after sunset. You can use the brilliant planet Venus to guide you to Mercury; an artifact of last month's "Great Conjunction."
Just look low toward the west-northwest horizon and you'll readily see Venus shining brightly in the twilight sky. Then look about 5 degrees above and to the left of Venus. (Your clenched fist held at arm's length measures 10 degrees, so the much fainter Mercury will be a "half fist" from Venus. Mercury will be shining with just a trace of a yellowish-orange tinge.
In fact, Mercury will be shining at a very respectable magnitude of +0.2; almost as bright as Capella and Vega, two of the brightest stars in the sky. However, Venus will appear more than 60 times brighter than Mercury!
In the evenings that follow, Mercury will slowly diminish in brightness, but it will also slowly gain altitude as it gradually moves away from the vicinity of the sun.
Moon joins the show
Low toward the western horizon just after sunset on Monday evening (June 10), a lovely, wire-thin crescent moon shone, about 2.5 days after passing through new moon phase and only 5 percent illuminated. About 7 degrees above and to the right of that slender sliver was a bright "star" shining in the twilight.
That star is the elusive planet Mercury
Mercury arrived at its greatest elongation two nights later on June 12, when it was 24 degrees to the east of the sun. By then, the moon had moved well away from Mercury and to its upper left. Shining on this night at magnitude 0.6 (appearing just a bit brighter than the star Betelgeuse, in the constellation of Orion), Mercury set one hour and 45 minutes after the sun, making this an excellent evening apparition.
Mercury, like Venus, appears to go through phases like the moon. When June began, its disk was 60 percent illuminated by the sun, giving it a gibbous appearance in telescopes, which is also why it started out the month appearing noticeably brighter than it is now.
By the time of its greatest elongation, it appeared 37 percent illuminated, and the amount of its surface illuminated by the sun will continue to decrease in the days that follow. Now that it has begun to turn back toward the sun's vicinity, it has started fading.
Venus hangs around
But Venus will continue to guide viewers toward Mercury as it will press closer during the following nights. On June 18, the two planets will appear side-by-side, with Mercury on the left and Venus on the right. They'll be separated by just 2.5 degrees. They'll be even closer — less than 2 degrees apart — the next night on June 19, when Mercury will be to the lower left of Venus.
In fact, by the evening of June 21, Mercury's brightness will have dropped to magnitude +1.4, slightly dimmer than the star Regulus in Leo; only one-thirdas bright as it was on June 7.
In telescopes Mercury will appear in its narrowing crescent phase. Thus, in all likelihood, June 21 will be one of your last views of it. The combination of its lowering altitude, plus its descent into a much-brighter sunset glow, should finally render Mercury invisible by the final week of June. It will pass through inferior conjunction — between the sun and Earth — on July 9.
In old Roman legends, Mercury was the swift-footed messenger of the gods.
The planet is well named for it is the closest planet to the sun and the swiftest of the sun's family, averaging a speed of about 30 miles per second, and making its yearly journey in only 88 Earth days.
Interestingly, the time it takes Mercury to rotate once on its axis is 59 days, so that all parts of its surface experience periods of intense heat and extreme cold. Although its mean distance from the sun is only 36 million miles, Mercury experiences by far the greatest range of temperatures: nearly 900 degrees Fahrenheit (482 degrees Celsius) on its day side; minus 300 F (minus 184 C) on its night side.
In the pre-Christian era, this planet actually had two names, as it was not realized it could alternately appear on one side of the sun and then the other. Mercury was called Mercury when in the evening sky, but was known as Apollo when it appeared in the morning. It is said that Pythagoras, in about the fifth century B.C., pointed out that they were one and the same.
Editor's note: If you snap an amazing photo of Mercury in the night sky, or any other celestial object, and you'd like to share for a possible story or image gallery, please send images and comments, including location information, to Managing Editor Tariq Malik at email@example.com.
Joe Rao serves as an instructor and guest lecturer at New York's Hayden Planetarium. He writes about astronomy for Natural History magazine, the Farmer's Almanac and other publications, and he is also an on-camera meteorologist for News 12 Westchester, N.Y. Follow us on Twitter, Facebook and Google+. Original article on SPACE.com. | <urn:uuid:d0c98620-b1c4-4310-8a8d-6750afb0ef94> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.space.com/21550-planet-mercury-observing-tips.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998291.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616182800-20190616204800-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.961737 | 1,367 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Think of the people you learned about in this unit who were "reformers." They worked for justice, and tried to make life better.
Pick one of them who you would like to learn more about. Then think of someone today who you think is a reformer.
Please write a "compare/contrast" essay about the two of them. You might need to search the Internet to find out more information about your two people. You could first look for information on your two people at Fact Monster.
First, use this Venn Diagram to identify how they are the same and how they are different. Please print it out when you are finished. You can just write it on a piece of paper if you don't want to use the online form.
Second, use this Compare/Contrast Map to plan your essay. Be sure to click on "Similarities to Differences." Print-out your outline. | <urn:uuid:f7b9b3fd-5802-493c-b7ab-5d5c7e76e5ee> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://www.sacschoolblogs.org/ushistory/2011/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506669.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924191454-20230924221454-00861.warc.gz | en | 0.972594 | 189 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Early structural defences
Life in the Swiss Alps would be inconceivable without avalanche protection measures. The earliest evidence of structural defences for individual buildings dates back to the 17th century when, in around 1600, a 4-metre-high and 80-metre-long avalanche deflection wall was built in Leukerbad, and a spaltkeil was constructed to protect a church in Davos (Fig. 1). Likewise in the distant past, buildings were also provided with underground avalanche bunkers, where the residents could seek refuge in case of avalanche danger. The first snow sheds were built in 1805, including on the Simplon Pass. At the time, most avalanche defences consisted of bricks and mortar. In the early 19th century, the first defensive structures were erected in avalanche starting zones – walls and earthen terraces were constructed for the purpose of actually preventing avalanches. In the period to 1938 a network of such defences spanning around 1,000 km was constructed throughout the Swiss Alps (Fig. 2). Johann Coaz, who was one of the pioneers of avalanche protection in Switzerland, already realised around 1910 that the terraces and walls that had been built were too low to afford effective protection (Fig. 3). As long ago as around 1939, the SLF published the first ground-breaking insights into calculating snow pressure, and erected experimental defences on the Dorfberg to investigate the effectiveness of different types of works (Figs. 4 and 5).
Development of modern retaining structures
A series of major disasters in the winter of 1950/51 prompted a major realignment of avalanche protection activities. Within a short time, walls and terraces were replaced by lean and much more effective structures made of steel, aluminium, wood, wire rope or concrete. In addition, an increase in central government funding triggered a deluge of structural defence projects. In the intervening period, more than 500 km of defensive structures have been installed. In the context of physical avalanche protection in Switzerland, defensive structures play the most significant role. The SLF has been assisting both practitioners and the relevant industrial actors with advice and guidelines ever since the early days. It published initial guidelines on retaining structures in 1955. The current version of the guidelines on defence structures in avalanche starting zones, published in 2007, is based on developments that have taken place over a period of more than 50 years. Steel snow bridges (Fig. 6) and snow nets (Fig. 7) have now emerged as the principal defences. The SLF inspects new types of defensive structures in collaboration with the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN).
Spatial planning measures
Defensive structures are not the only means of affording protection against avalanches. Sustainable spatial planning based on hazard maps is equally important. As long ago as 1960, the SLF produced one of Switzerland’s first hazard maps, for the community of Wengen (Fig. 8). At the time, such maps were the product of expert assessments on the basis of observed avalanche events, and without any formal calculations. During the avalanche period of 1968, when the region of Davos in particular suffered enormous damage and loss of life, numerous avalanches overflowed the boundaries of the existing danger zones. The SLF responded by issuing guidelines governing the production of hazard maps. More than 80% of local authorities with avalanche-prone regions now have a hazard map.
Integrated avalanche protection
Structural and spatial planning measures alone cannot provide adequate protection against avalanches, and structural measures are very costly as well. For this reason, safety authorities in mountain regions nowadays are, to an increasing extent, triggering avalanches artificially in order to protect endangered areas. Such a combined approach to defending against avalanches is known as integrated avalanche protection. It entails coordinating the relevant silvicultural, spatial planning, technical and organisational protection measures in order to efficiently minimise the exposure to avalanche risk. The extreme winter of 1999 demonstrated the effectiveness of integrated avalanche protection. A critical component of this strategy is timely warning of impending natural events. In this context, the Common Natural Hazard Information Platform (GIN) developed by the SLF has established a further benchmark. For the first time, the federal agencies responsible for natural hazards (the FOEN, MeteoSwiss, the SLF and the SED) are now posting their measured and observation data, forecasts, warnings, models and bulletins on a shared internet portal for the benefit of the federal, cantonal and community safety authorities. | <urn:uuid:c950ac5e-b727-4bd1-924b-49b2af63e10b> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.slf.ch/en/about-the-slf/portrait/history/avalanche-protection.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950422.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230402074255-20230402104255-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.94197 | 909 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Woodworking plans are an essential component of any project. Wood working patterns and scroll saw patterns are needed to plan a project and create accents in your piece. Good plans give step by step instructions, diagrams and illustrations to guide you through from start to finish. You can buy plans, find them for free on the internet or make your own plan.
Finding Woodworking Plans
Free woodworking patterns can be found on the internet. Many are free, but others need to be purchased. You can search for general plans or for specific projects. Patterns are available for everything from a simple box or bird feeder to elaborate furniture projects. Several websites offer plans for making children’s toys and decorative items. Enter the project you are looking for in your favourite search engine or just enter free woodworking plans.
There are books available that are devoted to wood working patterns. You can find these at book stores, on the internet or in your local library. Often, woodworking magazines will contain plans for a wide variety of projects. Purchase a few of these at your local news stand. After you have found one you like best, you may decide to subscribe and receive new plans month after month.
If you are new to woodworking, it’s best to start of with a simple pattern. This will help you learn to read and follow the plans. As your skills increase, you can move on to more difficult projects. Start off with a simple toy or bird feeder before attempting to make a dining room set. Look for detailed and thorough plans to help you create your project.
Good plans include detailed instructions. The instructions should take you step by step through the entire project. Look for plans that have detailed diagrams as well as illustrations of the project at each stage. Print out your plans and keep them in a binder. This will help keep you organized and prevent pages from getting lost or damaged.
You can follow the plan step by step or you may decide to make a few changes to the plan. Changing a few details is a great way to make a generic plan more personal and original. For example, you can change certain designs or accent pieces and give the project a whole new look. Another option is to paint the finished product, rather than staining.
Creating Woodworking Plans
Once you become more experienced, you may decide to try to create your own plan. Start by sketching how you want the finished product to look. The first sketch doesn’t need to be too technical or detailed. You will add the details and dimensions later. Once you have made your original sketch, determine the dimensions of the total finished product.
Determine what type of wood you will use in your project and how much wood you will need. It’s important to use accurate measurements when ordering the wood to avoid running out before the project is finished. Determine what other materials you will need to complete the project. This will help you estimate the total cost.
Create a detailed list of all materials needed and the quantity of each material. Include items such as paint, stain or polyurethane. Consider the tools that will be needed to complete the project. Do you have all that you need? With this information, you can then determine the overall cost. Take this list with you when you go out to purchase supplies.
You will then draw a more detailed sketch of your design. Create diagrams like those found in woodworking plans on the internet. Draw each stage of the process in detail. Write out detailed instructions that will take you step by step through the project. This will help you stay organized and ensure that you don’t skip any essential steps along the way. | <urn:uuid:ccdde3f3-898c-44f4-b18e-045b02a520b1> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://woodworkingandmore.com/woodworking-plans/a-guide-to-woodworking-plans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886416.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116105522-20180116125522-00626.warc.gz | en | 0.937397 | 748 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Take a look at the interactive model below (and here). Most of the numbers in the array are shaded orange, but several are blue. What is special about these blue values? They are the factors of 32, the largest number in the array.
Try dragging the red point to change the dimensions of the array. You’ll see that the pattern of blue and orange changes, with the blue-shaded numbers indicating the factors of the largest number in the array.
If the goal of studying factors is to factor actual numbers, then this model is horrible—it does the work for you! But mastering factoring, while important, is not nearly as interesting as exploring the mathematical relationships between numbers and their factors. And that’s the benefit of this Sketchpad model: It makes the factoring itself easy and allows students to focus on the numerical and visual patterns of the blue and orange-shaded numbers.
Here is a partial list of questions and observations that students might make while exploring the interactive model above:
- The number 1 is always shaded blue.
- The number in the bottom-right corner of the array is always shaded blue.
- Our array has 11 rows, and I see that the number 11 is shaded blue. In general, if we have n rows in our grid, then the number n will be shaded blue.
- What arrays have just two of their numbers shaded blue?
- There are only two ways to display the factors of prime numbers in the array—either as a single row of circles or a single column of circles.
- If the array has at least 2 columns and 2 rows, then the number it represents isn’t prime.
- If the number of rows and columns in the array are equal and prime, the array will contain exactly three numbers shaded blue.
- We found a way to create arrays with exactly four numbers shaded blue. Drag the red point to form a single row of numbers. Make sure the largest number in the row is prime. Then drag the red point straight up to create a prime number of columns. That does the trick.
- When our array contains an even number of rows, the rows in the upper half of the array are filled entirely with orange circles. Only the number we’re factoring is shaded blue. Why is that?
- We can pair every number that is shaded blue with a partner. For example, the factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 18. Let’s pair 1 and 18, 2 and 9, and 3 and 6 together. In each pair, the product of the numbers is 18.
- What happens when we pair the factors of 25? Its factors are 1, 5, and 25. We can pair 1 and 25 together, but can we pair 5 with itself?
- In most of our arrays, there are an even number of circles shaded blue. But in some cases, the number of blue circles is odd. Is there a way to predict whether there will be an even or odd number of blue circles?
- We dragged the red point so that the numbers from 1-20 all appeared in a single row. We wanted to find other ways to display those 20 circles in the array. The numbers in blue—1, 2, 4, 5, 10, and 20—gave us a big hint. Since 2 is a factor of 20, we can make a 2 x 10 array. Similarly, we make a 4 x 5, a 5 x 4, and a 10 x 2 array.
- If the number of columns is even, the number 2 is always shaded blue. If the number of columns is odd, the number 2 alternates between orange and blue as I drag the red point up to add more rows.
- We created a game. We scrolled our sketch window so that you can only see the bottom row of circles. Your challenge is to make an educated guess about the total number of circles in the array.
What other questions and discoveries about factors can be made with the Sketchpad factor array? Share your ideas with us! | <urn:uuid:06690a69-247f-4557-8b0c-0875a881d4ac> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://www.sineofthetimes.org/factor-patterns-at-your-fingertips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153223.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727072531-20210727102531-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.909444 | 858 | 4 | 4 |
The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, which has been named after Harry Nyquist and Claude Shannon, is a fundamental result in the field of information theory, in particular telecommunications and signal processing. Sampling is the process of converting a signal (for example, a function of continuous time or space) into a numeric sequence (a function of discrete time or space). Shannon's version of the theorem states:
If a function x(t) contains no frequencies higher than B hertz, it is completely determined by giving its ordinates at a series of points spaced 1/(2B) seconds apart.
The theorem is commonly called the Nyquist sampling theorem; since it was also discovered independently by E. T. Whittaker, by Vladimir Kotelnikov, and by others, it is also known as Nyquist–Shannon–Kotelnikov, Whittaker–Shannon–Kotelnikov, Whittaker–Nyquist–Kotelnikov–Shannon, WKS, etc., sampling theorem, as well as the Cardinal Theorem of Interpolation Theory. It is often referred to simply as the sampling theorem.
In essence, the theorem shows that a bandlimited analog signal that has been sampled can be perfectly reconstructed from an infinite sequence of samples if the sampling rate exceeds 2B samples per second, where B is the highest frequency in the original signal. If a signal contains a component at exactly B hertz, then samples spaced at exactly 1/(2B) seconds do not completely determine the signal, Shannon's statement notwithstanding. This sufficient condition can be weakened, as discussed at Sampling of non-baseband signals below.
More recent statements of the theorem are sometimes careful to exclude the equality condition; that is, the condition is if x(t) contains no frequencies higher than or equal to B; this condition is equivalent to Shannon's except when the function includes a steady sinusoidal component at exactly frequency B.
The theorem assumes an idealization of any real-world situation, as it only applies to signals that are sampled for infinite time; any time-limited x(t) cannot be perfectly bandlimited. Perfect reconstruction is mathematically possible for the idealized model but only an approximation for real-world signals and sampling techniques, albeit in practice often a very good one.
The theorem also leads to a formula for reconstruction of the original signal. The constructive proof of the theorem leads to an understanding of the aliasing that can occur when a sampling system does not satisfy the conditions of the theorem.
The sampling theorem provides a sufficient condition, but not a necessary one, for perfect reconstruction. The field of compressed sensing provides a stricter sampling condition when the underlying signal is known to be sparse. Compressed sensing specifically yields a sub-Nyquist sampling criterion.
Full article ▸ | <urn:uuid:5fde5316-ab17-4866-8fc6-fa0cf1ba851b> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011278661/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092118-00047-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941616 | 575 | 3.953125 | 4 |
WASHINGTON –Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has allowed researchers to map the memory functions that are often impaired within the brains of children with epilepsy. Additionally, a separate study of a novel application of resting-state fMRI, where the patient does not have to complete tasks, demonstrated the potential for clinicians to use non-invasive fMRI for language assessment for children who are too young or impaired to follow task directions in traditional fMRI studies. Both studies were presented at the American Epilepsy Society Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C., last week.
fMRI tool tracks verbal and visual memory in children with epilepsy
The first study, which developed a new fMRI task/activity designed to track verbal and visual memory, is one of only a few pediatric memory studies using fMRI in children with epilepsy.
“Non-invasive fMRI is a powerful tool and an excellent alternative to more invasive testing to measure language and memory,” says William D. Gaillard, M.D., a senior author of the study and chief of Child Neurology, Epilepsy and Neurophysiology who also directs the Comprehensive Pediatric Epilepsy Program at Children’s National Health System. “This study allowed us to elicit hippocampal and parahippocampal activation in children with epilepsy and compare the findings with controls to demonstrate that fMRI may be used effectively to track memory and recall ability in children with epilepsy.”
The study included twenty-one children with focal epilepsy and 17 controls to assess how well a new paired association learning fMRI task captured the verbal and visual memory activities of the hippocampus and the parahippocampal regions of the brain—which are known to play significant roles in verbal and visual memory.
Though a small sample, the results suggest that fMRI memory tasks such as the one tested can be used to produce findings that are sensitive to the hippocampal activity differences in children, which may lead to an important clinical tool for presurgical planning.
Mapping language skills using resting state fMRI before epilepsy surgery
A second study demonstrated the ability of functional connectivity analysis within a resting-state fMRI to assess language laterality, meaning to help determine the dominant side of the brain controlling language, when compared with the current standard of a language-task fMRI measure.
“Mapping language prior to epilepsy surgery is vital to evaluating the risks of postoperative deficits in children,” says Dr. Gaillard. “But asking a very young or intellectually impaired child to complete the tasks necessary for reliable mapping using standard fMRI practices is limited by the child’s ability to comply with the demands of a task.”
Unlike traditional fMRI where a subject performs a series of validated tasks to “light up” or activate the target regions of the brain, resting-state fMRI captures regional brain activity without the additional stimulus of a task to complete. The data-driven method of identifying language laterality through functional connectivity analysis was developed previously at Children’s National and applied in this setting to test its ability to map the dominant regions of the brain controlling language.
The study found that when compared with typical language assessment tasks, resting state fMRI functional connectivity analysis matched the results of the task activity findings slightly more than two thirds of the time. While more research is needed, the study succeeded in demonstrating the potential of data-driven methods to establish reliable language laterality even without a task-based fMRI.
“Our hope is that one day we may be able to expand the use of clinical fMRI as an effective, noninvasive tool for language mapping prior to epilepsy surgery by eliminating task completion as a requirement for success,” says Madison Berl, Ph.D., a study author, director of research in the Division of Pediatric Neuropsychology, and a pediatric neuropsychologist in the Comprehensive Pediatric Epilepsy Program at Children’s National.
The American Epilepsy Society Annual Meeting is the largest professional gathering on epilepsy in the world.
Media Contact: Kathleen R. Lee | (301) 244-6731 | (202) 476-4500 | <urn:uuid:9a4cbdef-d300-4840-ad50-1d0cb44d4995> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://childrensnational.org/news-and-events/childrens-newsroom/2017/novel-fmri-applications-in-childhood-epilepsy-increase-understanding-of-seizure-impact | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357641.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226115116-20210226145116-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.92481 | 849 | 3.375 | 3 |
In the construction industry, AI is one of the few technological innovations that’s changing the way buildings are constructed, designed, and utilized. Wherein, artificial intelligence is described as machines that exhibit their own knowledge through the use of algorithms. This allows them to fix problems through the use of data.
With this, construction managers would be able to utilize intelligent machines as a tool that could perform various routine tasks that humans used to shoulder– this includes setting up construction traffic cones, bricklaying, and many more.
Likewise, AI systems are also capable of collating and organizing information that engineers could use in terms of project planning and design information.
To give you a better idea of what AI has to offer in the construction industry, we’re going to discuss how AI is used to complete projects and ensure that there would only be fewer omissions, fewer errors, safer working practices, better workflow, and many more.
During construction, AI can be used to handle the project, and have full control over the tasks. One great example of this would be how workers can easily record vacancies, sick days, and sudden departures into their data system, and the project would get an update regarding this. Furthermore, AI will also understand the importance of performing specific tasks, and the right time to play it.
With AI database systems, engineers and project managers can now have an idea regarding specific projects that should be worked on. An example of this would be engineers working on a newly proposed bridge.
With AI, they’ll get the advice they need, and be able to present a case regarding how the bridge should be built. This could be based on previous projects for the past few years, and they could also rely on pre-existing blueprints in terms of design and implementation. With information like this, engineers can easily decide according to the evidence they have gathered, which was almost impossible back in the days.
Even autonomous site machinery is also being developed to allow drivers to work outside the vehicle, and it could even operate at dangerous heights. Basically, it contains GPS and sensors that could calculate the safest route, which would help them avoid impending accidents.
AI is very much useful in terms of creating construction plans. Wherein, autonomous equipment is an example of artificial intelligence used on the construction site because it’s aware of its surroundings, and it also can navigate without human intervention.
When it comes to planning, AI is capable of surveying a proposed construction site, and it could also gather the necessary information to create 3D maps, construction plans, and blueprints. Back in the days, it usually takes several weeks, and sometimes even months to complete a project. Now, this can be done within a day.
Construction companies can now save the right amount of money and time, as they’ll be able to finish these tasks even before the deadline.
After the completion of a building– it doesn’t matter if it’s for commercial use or not– AI systems can be utilized inside the structure. In the US, companies are investing in this kind of technology.
For example, hotel chains are embedding devices in every room for different purposes, such as managing the temperature, lighting, and even the audio-visual equipment present in the room. These systems can also be used even in domestic settings, which would permit homeowners to have full control over their home through the use of such technology, and even voice commands.
As much as possible, it would be ideal for buildings to have informative, and historical information regarding the construction and BIM can be very useful in this. It can be used to determine a building’s history, management, and many more.
This can be used to add a useful and conversational element alongside necessary information. The combination of VA, together with other aspects, could give the building itself the information it needs.
For example, in situations where there are structural problems, they could simply rely on VA, which would inform the engineers about the specific issue and how it can be fixed.
By being able to work with engineers right away, it could help the industry avoid the unnecessary cause and even delays. No wonder why more and more companies are implementing technology in their workplace.
Chris Giarratana is the co-founder of StrategyBeam, an Orlando marketing agency, where he works with small businesses and nonprofits to achieve their goals. He helps drive conversions and boost sales through SEO marketing, freelance copywriting, and PPC management. | <urn:uuid:e24b11fc-8ecb-4544-bc24-09dfb0d23f58> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.techinexpert.com/how-artificial-intelligence-is-changing-the-construction-industry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057447.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923195546-20210923225546-00662.warc.gz | en | 0.962565 | 918 | 3.1875 | 3 |
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