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highly\teducated\tparticipants\tand\tthose\twith\thigh\n\tnet\tfamily\tincomes.\tFrequency\tof\thyperthyroidism\ntreatment\twas\thigher\tin\tolder\tthan\tin\tyounger\tindividuals.\tSociodemographic\tfactors\tstrongly\ninfluenced\tthe\tdiagnosis\tand\ttreatment\tof\tthyroid\tdisorders,\tincluding\tthe\tuse\tof\tlevothyr...
[ 0.009310896508395672, -0.036396414041519165, 0.06665245443582535, -0.033035166561603546, -0.0995851382613182, -0.012201913632452488, 0.09835165739059448, 0.0619201734662056, -0.06124300882220268, 0.07275351136922836, 0.06871357560157776, -0.011351147666573524, 0.008342049084603786, 0.02727...
(\nOlmos\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\nThyroid-related\tdiseases\toften\tare\tpoorly\tdiagnosed,\tand\tmuch\tabout\ttheir\ttreatment\trequires\ngreater\tclarification\tand\tstudy.\tFor\texample,\n\tradiation\texposure\tof\tthe\tthyroid\tat\ta\tyoung\tage\tis\ta\nrisk\tfactor\tfor\tthe\tdevelopment\tof\tthyroid\tcancer,\tlasting\...
[ -0.017286771908402443, -0.01077135931700468, 0.06583987176418304, -0.08609888702630997, -0.052511390298604965, -0.003071748884394765, 0.0861622616648674, 0.02680821530520916, -0.015692953020334244, 0.02664266899228096, 0.110661081969738, -0.00908348336815834, 0.06139339506626129, 0.0383172...
Sinnott\tet\tal,\n2010\n).\tEfforts\tto\treduce\texposure\tfrom\tmedical\tx-ray\texaminations\tcan\tprotect\tthe\tthyroid\tgland.\nGenetic\tfactors\tare\timplicated\tin\tendocrine\tautoimmune\tdiseases.\tRecent\tgenome-wide\tassociation\nstudies\t(GWAS)\thave\tenabled\tidentification\n\tof\trelevant\timmune\tresponse\t...
[ -0.004206244833767414, -0.052029773592948914, 0.06451074779033661, -0.06391500681638718, -0.13101030886173248, -0.0238149706274271, 0.06002701073884964, 0.03364204615354538, -0.019946392625570297, 0.05306234210729599, 0.09528153389692307, -0.03169950097799301, 0.012833268381655216, 0.00463...
of\trelevant\timmune\tresponse\tpathways;\tthe\tsame\tallele\nthat\tpredisposes\tsomeone\tto\ta\tcertain\tautoimmune\tdisease\tcan\tbe\tprotective\tin\tanother\t(\nWiebolt\tet\nal,\t2010\n).\tThus\tendocrine\tGWAS\tare\tneeded,\tespecially\tfor\tGraves’\tdisease,\tHashimoto’s\tthyroiditis,
[ -0.006065783556550741, -0.022173414006829262, 0.06386381387710571, -0.05706344172358513, -0.11049116402864456, 0.008150366134941578, 0.07756052166223526, 0.09368567913770676, -0.03379888832569122, 0.09414049983024597, 0.08452602475881577, -0.020764287561178207, 0.03359172120690346, 0.03466...
and\tAddison’s\tdisease.\tEach\tof\tthese\tdisorders\thas\tstages\tbeginning\twith\tgenetic\tsusceptibility,\nenvironmental\ttriggers,\tand\tactive\tautoimmunity,\n\tfollowed\tby\tmetabolic\tderangements\twith\tovert\nsymptoms\tof\tdisease\t(\nMichels\tand\tEisenbarth,\t2010\n).\tResearch\tis\tneeded\tto\tclarify\thow\...
[ 0.028122631832957268, -0.04939046874642372, 0.05286535620689392, -0.021383758634328842, -0.0732586607336998, 0.008322407491505146, 0.08009549230337143, -0.01600981131196022, -0.02482077293097973, 0.08199580758810043, 0.1194251999258995, -0.05160842835903168, 0.027176009491086006, 0.0276736...
interact\twith\tgenetics,\tespecially\tin\tthese\t\nautoimmune\tthyroid\tdisorders\t(AITDs)\n.\nThyroid\tphysiology\nThe\tthyroid\tgland\tis\ta\tsmall,\tbutterfly-shaped\tgland\tfound\tjust\tbelow\tthe\tAdam’s\tapple.\tAlthough\tit\nweighs\tless\tthan\tan\tounce,\tit\tproduces\thormones\tthat\n\tinfluence\tessentially\...
[ -0.009275083430111408, -0.0577317550778389, 0.06706339865922928, -0.06934862583875656, -0.1601223349571228, 0.0012654928723350167, 0.1046249121427536, 0.03152631223201752, 0.009245061315596104, 0.08744650334119797, 0.10473442822694778, -0.03837338089942932, 0.005443756002932787, 0.04144994...
influence\tessentially\tevery\torgan,\ttissue,\tand\ncell\tin\tthe\tbody,\tthus\thaving\tan\tenormous\teffect\ton\thealth.\tThe\tthyroid\tgland\tresponds\tto\t\nthyroid-\nstimulating\thormone\t(TSH)\n,\ta\thormone\tsecreted\tby\tthe\tpituitary\tgland.\tWhen\tstimulated,\tthe\nthyroid\tgland\tproduces\ttwo\tmain\thormon...
[ 0.010961765423417091, -0.04105277732014656, 0.04959813877940178, -0.058600760996341705, -0.08805038034915924, 0.020962174981832504, 0.04810180142521858, 0.035735081881284714, 0.016962919384241104, 0.07649494707584381, 0.1326858103275299, 0.013171322643756866, 0.06368988007307053, 0.0499852...
thyroxine\t(T\n4\n)\n,\ta\tthyroid\thormone\tnamed\tfor\tits\tfour\nmolecules\tof\tiodine,\tand\t\ntriiodothyronine\t(T\n3\n)\n,\ta\tthyroid\thormone\n\tnamed\tfor\tits\tthree\tmolecules\tof\niodine.\tT\n3\n\tis\tthe\tmost\tpredominant\tand\tactive\tform\tof\tthyroid\thormone\tthat\tthe\tbody\tcan\tuse.\tThe
[ -0.010457339696586132, -0.05728624016046524, 0.026381103321909904, -0.07018448412418365, -0.040637847036123276, 0.022151166573166847, 0.05188802629709244, 0.025379784405231476, 0.033586516976356506, 0.08534611016511917, 0.10038489103317261, -0.01115996204316616, 0.021542318165302277, 0.052...
thyroid\tgland\tregulates\tmany\tprocesses\tin\tthe\tbody,\tincluding\tfat\tand\tcarbohydrate\tmetabolism,\nbody\ttemperature,\tand\theart\trate.\tThe\tthyroid\talso\tproduces\t\ncalcitonin\n,\ta\thormone\tthat\thelps\nregulate\tthe\tamount\tof\tblood\tcalcium.\t\nReverse\tT\n3\n\t(rT\n3\n)\n,\tan\tisomer\tof\tT\n3\n,\...
[ 0.006648313719779253, -0.08911966532468796, 0.05473967641592026, -0.025425463914871216, -0.07947272807359695, 0.028642382472753525, 0.09490111470222473, 0.012346618808805943, -0.026755820959806442, 0.05978118255734444, 0.0973244458436966, -0.05009959265589714, 0.018323009833693504, 0.00940...
3\n\t(rT\n3\n)\n,\tan\tisomer\tof\tT\n3\n,\tis\tderived\n\tfrom\tT\n4\n\tthrough\nthe\taction\tof\tdeiodinase.\tAlthough\tthe\tbody\tcannot\tuse\trT\n3\n,\tit\tis\tnot\tsimply\tan\tinactive\tmetabolite\nwith\tno\tphysiologic\teffect\ton\tthe\tbody.\tThis\twill\tbe\tdiscussed\tmore\tlater\tin\tthe\tchapter.\tCommon\nrea...
[ 0.010074601508677006, -0.09175914525985718, 0.058331891894340515, -0.03376530855894089, -0.09276214241981506, 0.013705934397876263, 0.11364170163869858, -0.026418227702379227, 0.03101871907711029, 0.08110567182302475, 0.11262483149766922, -0.05035117268562317, 0.012611182406544685, 0.02860...
reasons\tfor\televated\trT\n3\n\tinclude\tinadequate\tiron\tlevels,\tchronic\tinflammation,\televated\tcortisol,\tand\nliver\tabnormalities\t(\nGomes-Lima\tand\tBurman,\t2018\n).\nThe\tsynthesis\tof\tthese\thormones\n\trequires\t\ntyrosine\n,\ta\tkey\tamino\tacid\tinvolved\tin\tthe\tproduction\tof
[ -0.0012255829060450196, -0.04290993511676788, 0.06669269502162933, -0.062226250767707825, -0.027081498876214027, 0.006824973970651627, 0.07039407640695572, -0.009194763377308846, 0.052407801151275635, 0.11805593222379684, 0.12211965769529343, -0.04733007773756981, 0.011486978270113468, 0.0...
requires\t\ntyrosine\n,\ta\tkey\tamino\tacid\tinvolved\tin\tthe\tproduction\tof\nthyroid\thormone,\tand\tthe\ttrace\tmineral\tiodine.\tWithin\tthe\tcells\tof\tthe\tthyroid\tgland,\tiodide\tis\noxidized\tto\tiodine\tby\thydrogen\tperoxide,\ta\treaction\ttermed\tthe\t\norganification\n\tof\tiodide.\tTwo\nadditional\tmole...
[ -0.0004968380671925843, -0.03412754461169243, 0.029371263459324837, -0.061860669404268265, -0.057530492544174194, 0.021331273019313812, 0.07420352846384048, 0.015095856972038746, 0.01061381958425045, 0.0843011811375618, 0.12493006885051727, -0.03532316908240318, 0.026296159252524376, 0.074...
thyroid\tperoxidase\n(TPO)\n,\tan\tenzyme\tin\tthe\tthyroid\tresponsible\n\tfor\tthyroid\thormone\tproduction.\tCompleted\tthyroid\nhormones\tare\treleased\tinto\tthe\tcirculation;\thowever,\tmetabolic\teffects\tof\tthyroid\thormones\tresult\nwhen\tthe\thormones\tultimately\toccupy\tspecific\tthyroid\treceptors.\tIt\ti...
[ -0.00009477910498389974, -0.06658188998699188, 0.0441918708384037, -0.05570848286151886, -0.029963141307234764, 0.035314202308654785, 0.06607287377119064, 0.05158040300011635, -0.04658837616443634, 0.08102866262197495, 0.09003006666898727, -0.05056208372116089, 0.028864793479442596, 0.0181...
to\tseven\ttimes\tmore\tT\n4\n\tto\tbind\tto\tthe\tnuclear\treceptors\tto\thave\ta\tphysiologic\teffect\tcompared\twith\nthe\tmore\tbiologically\tactive\tT\n3\n.\nThe\tbiosynthetic\n\tprocesses\tresulting\tin\tthe\tcreation\tof\tthyroid\thormones\twithin\tthe\tthyroid\tgland\nare\tcontrolled\tby\tfeedback\tmechanisms\t...
[ 0.005949131678789854, -0.10091874748468399, 0.03916064277291298, -0.012456749565899372, -0.08828504383563995, 0.03727281466126442, 0.04756386578083038, 0.015053994953632355, -0.025293992832303047, 0.0685008317232132, 0.08599262684583664, -0.025354797020554543, 0.030668899416923523, 0.02406...
hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid\taxis\t(HPT\naxis)\n.\tThe\tHPT\taxis\tis\tpart\tof\tthe\tendocrine\tsystem\tresponsible\tfor\tthe\tregulation\tof\tmetabolism.\tAs\nits\tname\tsuggests,\tit\tdepends\ton\tthe\t\nhypothalamus\n\t(a\ttiny,\tcone-shaped\tstructure\tlocated\tin\tthe\nlower\tcenter\tof\tthe\tbrain\tthat\n\tco...
[ 0.03098268434405327, -0.07175598293542862, 0.01847038045525551, -0.004187384154647589, -0.1177879199385643, 0.03654041141271591, 0.056284744292497635, 0.026796525344252586, -0.02736765146255493, 0.07802275568246841, 0.10821521282196045, -0.052171047776937485, 0.023275138810276985, 0.011221...
pituitary\tgland\n\t(the\tmaster\tgland\tof\tthe\tendocrine\tsystem\tlocated\tat\tthe\tbase\tof\tthe\tbrain),\tand\tthe\nthyroid\tgland\t(\nFig.\t30.1\n).
[ 0.0215806532651186, -0.028363222256302834, 0.01187950000166893, -0.05670686438679695, -0.09543472528457642, 0.007521129213273525, 0.09313499927520752, 0.08302564918994904, 0.00554213672876358, 0.057710207998752594, 0.1090054139494896, -0.044384535402059555, -0.014369543641805649, 0.0344693...
FIG.\t30.1\nThe\thypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid\taxis.\t\nTRH,\n\tThyrotropin-releasing\thormone;\t\nTSH,\n\tthyroid-\nstimulating\thormone.\nThe\thypothalamus\tproduces\tand\tsecretes\t\nthyrotropin-releasing\thormone\t(TRH)\n,\twhich\ttravels\nto\tthe\tpituitary\tgland,\tstimulating\tit\tto\trelease\tTSH,\twhich\tsig...
[ -0.00009545039938529953, -0.03380128741264343, 0.048002250492572784, -0.044140759855508804, -0.032922107726335526, 0.03356783092021942, 0.035300370305776596, 0.00904056616127491, -0.007785874884575605, 0.08188287913799286, 0.13908642530441284, -0.037777870893478394, 0.0304004717618227, -0....
synthetic\tmachinery.\tAlthough\tT\n4\n,\tT\n3\n,\tand\trT\n3\n\tare\tgenerated\twithin\tthe\tthyroid\n\tgland,\tT\n4\n\tis\nquantitatively\tthe\tmajor\tsecretory\tproduct.\tAll\tT\n4\n\tfound\tin\tcirculation\tis\tgenerated\tin\tthe\tthyroid\nunless\texogenously\tadministered\tvia\tthyroid\treplacement\tmedication\t(s...
[ -0.024182787165045738, -0.049753107130527496, 0.04735274240374565, -0.08407322317361832, -0.07143497467041016, -0.00269317370839417, 0.03660758584737778, 0.06709916144609451, -0.018132362514734268, 0.08238872140645981, 0.09991046786308289, -0.006796184927225113, 0.014724619686603546, 0.049...
Table\t30.2\n).\tProduction\tof\nT\n3\n\tand\trT\n3\n\twithin\tthe\tthyroid\tis\trelegated\tto\tvery\tsmall\tquantities\tand\tis\tnot\tconsidered\tsignificant\ncompared\twith\tperipheral\tproduction\tin\tother\tbody\ttissues\t(\nFig.\t30.2\n).\nFIG.\t30.2\nConstructing\tthyroid\thormones.\t(1)\tAccumulation\tof\tthe\tr...
[ -0.030357273295521736, -0.034666020423173904, 0.023880118504166603, -0.06741020083427429, -0.07923506200313568, -0.00005132839942234568, 0.02333730086684227, 0.021292729303240776, -0.001404679729603231, 0.1117575541138649, 0.12777289748191833, -0.06735727936029434, 0.008861764334142208, 0....
fabrication\tor\tsynthesis\tof\tthe\thormone,\tand\t(3)\tsecretion\tof\thormone\tinto\tthe\tblood\teither\tbound\tor\tas\tfree\tT\n4\n.\nWhen\tT\n4\n\tis\treleased\tfrom\tthe\tthyroid,\tit\tis\tprimarily\tin\ta\tbound\tform\twith\t\nthyroid-binding\nglobulin\t(TBG)\n,\ta\tprotein\tthat\ttransports\tthyroid\thormones\tt...
[ -0.03495916724205017, -0.06881021708250046, 0.035328783094882965, -0.10415130108594894, -0.0709787979722023, 0.02968481369316578, 0.07519444078207016, 0.03213834390044212, 0.00021939836733508855, 0.09132537245750427, 0.08861234039068222, 0.008641828782856464, 0.05038304999470711, 0.0299818...
with\tlesser\namounts\tbound\tto\tT\n4\n-binding\tprealbumin.\tIt\tis\testimated\tthat\tonly\t0.03%\tto\t0.05%\tof\tT\n4\n\twithin\tthe\ncirculatory\tsystem\tis\tin\ta\tfree\tor\tunbound\tform;\tthis\tunbound\tT\n4\n\tis\tcalled\t\nfree\tT\n4\n.\tIn\tperipheral\ntissues,\tapproximately\t70%\tof\tT\n4\n\tis\tconverted\t...
[ -0.01720072515308857, -0.040828146040439606, -0.04995658993721008, -0.059922266751527786, -0.0998634621500969, 0.00458905752748251, 0.06268201768398285, 0.01536509394645691, 0.01358678936958313, 0.08534860610961914, 0.11920986324548721, -0.008763142861425877, 0.05384437367320061, 0.0197129...
4\n\tis\tconverted\tto\tT\n3\n\tor\trT\n3\n\tor\teliminated.\tAs\tmentioned,\tT\n3\n\tis\nconsidered\tto\tbe\tthe\tmost\tmetabolically\tactive\tthyroid\thormone.\tAlthough\tsome\tT\n3\n\tis\tproduced\tin\n\tthe\nthyroid,\tapproximately\t80%\tto\t85%\tis\tgenerated\toutside\tthe\tthyroid\tgland,\tprimarily\tby\tconversi...
[ -0.0004424438811838627, -0.03815910965204239, 0.013145527802407742, -0.09378225356340408, -0.07801870256662369, -0.008959518745541573, 0.06486504524946213, 0.017683133482933044, -0.027608457952737808, 0.07546626776456833, 0.13264210522174835, -0.00423822458833456, 0.041283831000328064, -0....
via\ta\tdeiodinase\tenzyme\tfrom\tT\n4\n\tto\tT\n3\n\tin\tthe\tliver\tand\tkidneys.\tThe\tpituitary\tand\tnervous\tsystem\tare\nalso\tcapable\tof\tconverting\tT\n4\n\tto\tT\n3\n,\tand\tso\tare\tnot\treliant\ton\tT\n3\n\tproduced\tin\tthe\tliver\tor\tkidney.\nWithin\tthe\tliver\tand\tkidney,\tthe\tenzyme\tresponsible\tf...
[ -0.029992222785949707, -0.05332176014780998, 0.031112348660826683, 0.008016903884708881, -0.06588482111692429, 0.021149728447198868, 0.07698459923267365, 0.002848336473107338, -0.0080723837018013, 0.04141262546181679, 0.1234537735581398, -0.023049263283610344, -0.014900858514010906, 0.0603...
3\n\tis\ta\tselenium-dependent\nenzyme\tcalled\t\n5-deiodinase\n,\tan\tenzyme\tthat\tremoves\tone\tmolecule\tof\tiodine\tfrom\tT\n4\n\tto\tform\teither\nT\n3\n\tor\trT\n3\n\t(\nFig.\t30.3\n).\nFIG.\t30.3\nThyroid\tmetabolism.\nAssessment\tin\tthyroid\tdisorders\nAssessment\tbegins\twith\tan\tevaluation\tof\tthyroid\tst...
[ -0.026176124811172485, -0.06838952749967575, 0.012375498190522194, -0.03140606731176376, -0.048391375690698624, 0.011923572048544884, 0.08632774651050568, 0.05553801730275154, -0.056334879249334335, 0.050592001527547836, 0.12200260907411575, -0.02267489954829216, -0.00630353344604373, 0.03...
thyroid\tpanel.\tIn\tthe\tabsence\tof\ta\tfull\tthyroid\tpanel,\ta\tserum\tthyrotropin\t(also\tknown\tas\tTSH)\tis\tthe\nsingle\tbest\tscreening\ttest\tfor\tprimary\tthyroid\tdysfunction\tfor\tthe\tvast\tmajority\tof\toutpatient\tclinical\nsituations\t(\nGarber\tet\tal,\t2012\n).\tA\tTSH\ttest\tdoes\tnot\tscreen\tfor\t...
[ 0.022508244961500168, -0.08075737208127975, 0.027352817356586456, -0.08676963299512863, -0.08364325761795044, -0.012968877330422401, 0.06743966788053513, 0.04592902213335037, -0.01656516082584858, 0.039931997656822205, 0.08597555011510849, -0.018304983153939247, 0.054850589483976364, 0.033...
).\tA\tTSH\ttest\tdoes\tnot\tscreen\tfor\tautoimmune\tdisease.\tIf\tautoimmune\nthyroid\tdisease\tis\tsuspected,\tadditional\ttests\tmust\tbe\tdone\t(described\tmore\tbelow).\tAssessments\nalso\tmay\tinclude\ta\tdiet\thistory\tto\tevaluate\tmicronutrients\tpertaining\tto\tthyroid\thealth\talong\twith\tan
[ 0.008982506580650806, -0.042456433176994324, 0.046031054109334946, -0.084737628698349, -0.07683514058589935, -0.006624722853302956, 0.0899866446852684, 0.026360956951975822, -0.0220966674387455, 0.05072813108563423, 0.11393512785434723, -0.04432054981589317, 0.02956254594027996, 0.02015106...
evaluation\tof\tcalorie\tand\tcarbohydrate\tintake.\tIn\taddition,\tan\tassessment\tof\tdietary\tintake\tof\ngoitrogenic\t(thyroid-inhibiting)\tfoods\n\tmay\tbe\twarranted.\nLaboratory\tnorms:\tFunctional\tversus\tpathologic\tranges\nA\ttypical\t(statistical)\treference\trange\tfor\tTSH\tin\tmany\tlaboratories\tis\tapp...
[ 0.015992680564522743, -0.056966979056596756, 0.026116034016013145, 0.008805465884506702, 0.007145092356950045, 0.025824785232543945, 0.08207710832357407, 0.07234957814216614, 0.0031009367667138577, 0.036639388650655746, 0.07975549250841141, -0.04631698504090309, 0.02459651604294777, 0.0237...
mIU/L.\tIndividuals\twith\tTSH\tvalues\tgreater\tthan\t2\tmIU/L\thave\tan\tincreased\trisk\tof\tdeveloping\tovert\nhypothyroidism\tduring\tthe\tnext\t20\tyears.\tSubclinical\tautoimmune\tthyroid\tdisease\tis\tso\tcommon\tin\nthe\tpopulation\tthat\tlaboratory\n\treference\tranges\tderived\tfrom\ttesting\tapparently\thea...
[ 0.006454791408032179, -0.07420273125171661, 0.09095915406942368, -0.050953518599271774, -0.07723260670900345, 0.0021309833973646164, 0.07840550690889359, 0.02894243784248829, -0.007365730125457048, 0.08936748653650284, 0.14180737733840942, -0.05777240917086601, 0.03326708823442459, 0.02023...
reference\tranges\tderived\tfrom\ttesting\tapparently\thealthy\tsubjects\neasily\tcould\tbe\tmisconstrued\tfor\tthose\twith\tdisease.\tImportantly,\tseveral\tstudies\thave\tdetected\tan\nincrease\tin\tthyroid\tantibody\tpositivity\twith\tTSH\tconcentrations\toutside\tthe\tnarrow\trange\tof\t0.2\tto\n1.9\tmIU/L\t(\nFjae...
[ -0.022149214521050453, 0.004855115432292223, 0.0877622589468956, -0.041785333305597305, -0.049864865839481354, -0.026188060641288757, 0.06613823771476746, -0.0014863426331430674, 0.048047687858343124, 0.03807816654443741, 0.07891171425580978, -0.043473199009895325, 0.037533603608608246, 0....
1.9\tmIU/L\t(\nFjaellagaard\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\tThis\tfact\tprovides\tevidence\tthat\tTSH\tin\tthe\tupper\treference\nrange\toften\tis\tassociated\twith\tabnormal\n\tpathologic\tfindings\t(\nHak\tet\tal,\t2000\n;\t\nKhandelwal\tand\nTandon,\t2012\n;\t\nSaravanan\tet\tal,\t2002\n),\tmitochondrial\tdysfunction,\tand\tmor...
[ -0.02025616355240345, -0.04260852560400963, 0.08700740337371826, -0.04774220287799835, -0.11010321229696274, 0.012988357804715633, 0.06065493822097778, 0.03964759036898613, 0.02368740178644657, 0.05645539611577988, 0.09129511564970016, -0.041444383561611176, 0.03417380526661873, 0.04094785...
),\tmitochondrial\tdysfunction,\tand\tmorphologic\tskeletal\tmuscle\nalterations\tincluding\tmyalgia,\tmuscle\tcramps,\tand\tweakness\t(\nDunn\tet\tal,\t2009\n).\tAdditional\tevidence\nthat\tthyroid\tfunction\twithin\tthe\tlaboratory\treference\tranges\tcan\tbe\tassociated\twith\tadverse\noutcomes\tis\tshown\tin\t\nTab...
[ -0.010339821688830853, -0.05694057047367096, 0.09916392713785172, -0.042059533298015594, -0.11038590967655182, -0.011972895823419094, 0.111021026968956, 0.03291282802820206, 0.016419025138020515, 0.0396265834569931, 0.09612705558538437, -0.05221039429306984, 0.02290399931371212, 0.02486854...
outcomes\tis\tshown\tin\t\nTable\t30.1\n.\tConversely,\tdecreased\n\tTSH\tlevels\tcombined\twith\tnormal-to-high\tT\n4\nor\tT\n3\n\tlevels\tmay\tbe\tsuggestive\tof\thyperthyroidism\t(see\tThyroid\tFunction\tTests\tin\t\nAppendix\t13\n).
[ -0.00204278202727437, -0.0033522313460707664, 0.04985593631863594, -0.06880244612693787, -0.04756589233875275, 0.06545902043581009, 0.043701209127902985, 0.05373361334204674, 0.046266309916973114, 0.05925163999199867, 0.07700281590223312, 0.010930376127362251, 0.025103062391281128, 0.02312...
TABLE\t30.1\nVariation\tin\tThyroid\tFunction\tWithin\tReference\tRange\tand\tAdverse\tOutcomes\nTSH\t>2\tmIU/L\n*\nIncreased\t20-year\trisk\tof\thypothyroidism\nTSH\t>2\tmIU/L\n*\nIncreased\tfrequency\tof\tthyroid\tautoantibodies\nTSH\t>4\tmIU/L\n*\nIncreased\trisk\tof\theart\tdisease\nTSH\t2-4\tmIU/L\n*\nCholesterol\...
[ -0.005477773956954479, -0.051854997873306274, 0.003142155008390546, -0.07323355227708817, -0.045406002551317215, 0.00004550131779978983, -0.01429822202771902, 0.10758126527070999, -0.03884756937623024, 0.040782615542411804, 0.1070786565542221, -0.04268215596675873, 0.024781636893749237, -0...
Free\tT\n4\n\t<10.4\npmol/L\n†\nImpaired\tpsychomotor\tdevelopment\tof\tinfant\tif\toccurs\tin\tfirst\ttrimester\tof\npregnancy\nT\n3\n,\tThyroxine;\t\nTSH,\n\tthyroid-stimulating\thormone.\n*\nTypical\treference\tranges:\tTSH\t0.2-5.5\tmIU/L\n†\nTypical\treference\tranges:\tfree\tT\n4\n\t9.8-25\tpmol/L\nChanges\tin\t5...
[ -0.013112670741975307, -0.08381722867488861, 0.03321550041437149, -0.06462560594081879, -0.03169059008359909, 0.02999088726937771, 0.08689524978399277, 0.11369362473487854, -0.01873401738703251, 0.07800588756799698, 0.10596271604299545, -0.033880505710840225, 0.03345033526420593, 0.0341087...
poor\tnutrition,\tillness,\nselenium\tdeficiency,\tand\tcertain\tdrug\ttherapies.\tToxic\tmetals\tsuch\tas\tcadmium,\tmercury,\tand\tlead\nhave\tbeen\tassociated\twith\timpaired\thepatic\t5-deiodination\tin\tanimal\tmodels.\t(\nSoldin\tet\tal,\t2008\n).\nFree\tradicals\tare\talso\tinvolved\tin\tinhibition\tof\t5-deiodi...
[ 0.009683836251497269, -0.023689359426498413, 0.07259784638881683, 0.04143882170319557, -0.08943818509578705, 0.0009487410425208509, 0.06810121983289719, 0.04270587116479874, -0.023167423903942108, 0.06797090917825699, 0.1234515905380249, -0.06792224198579788, 0.010630210861563683, 0.027487...
disease\tsuch\tas\thepatic\tcirrhosis,\talterations\tin\thepatic\tdeiodination\tresulting\n\tin\tincreased\trT\n3\n\tand\ta\nsimultaneous\tdecrease\tin\tT\n3\n\tlevels\talso\thave\tbeen\tobserved\t(\nBox\t30.1\n\tand\tsee\t\nChapter\t28\n).\nBOX\t30.1\n5-Deiodinase\tInhibitors\nSelenium\tdeficiency\nInadequate\tprotein...
[ -0.022818097844719887, -0.11636854708194733, 0.054423678666353226, 0.019269544631242752, -0.03755635768175125, 0.0326751247048378, 0.038335856050252914, 0.09768002480268478, -0.06915087252855301, 0.08190002292394638, 0.09787312150001526, -0.024427173659205437, 0.007659053895622492, 0.05008...
High\tinsulin\nChronic\tillness\nStress\t(cortisol)\nCd,\tHg,\tPb,\tand\tother\theavy\tmetal\ttoxins\nCompromised\tliver\tor\tkidney\tfunction\nHypothyroidism\nOf\tthe\tdetected\tcases\tof\t\nhypothyroidism\n\t(underactive\tthyroid)\tmore\tthan\thalf\tare\tdue\tto\tan\nautoimmune\tdisorder\tcalled\t\nHashimoto’s\tthyro...
[ 0.0016906774835661054, -0.04536784812808037, 0.06479409337043762, 0.0013188059674575925, -0.07439374923706055, 0.024205030873417854, 0.09898412972688675, 0.06148524954915047, -0.05782291665673256, 0.06582190841436386, 0.07512185722589493, 0.0026977011002600193, 0.055317241698503494, 0.0189...
Hashimoto’s\tthyroiditis\n,\tin\twhich\tthe\timmune\tsystem\tattacks\tand\ndestroys\tthyroid\tgland\ttissue.\tA\tcommon\tclinical\tpresentation\tof\tpatients\twith\tfunctional\tchanges\tof\nthe\tendocrine\tsystem\tis\taltered\tthyroid\tfunction.\tIndeed\t\nsubclinical\n\thypothyroidism\trepresents\tthe\nfirst\tsigns\to...
[ 0.02540181763470173, -0.03380045294761658, 0.06255421042442322, -0.0668029710650444, -0.11784143000841141, -0.009691792540252209, 0.08048957586288452, 0.05817752331495285, -0.008619766682386398, 0.0773145854473114, 0.06783493608236313, 0.007591467350721359, 0.029152432456612587, -0.0026586...
first\tsigns\tof\tthyroid\thormone\tdysfunction\tfor\tmany\tindividuals.\n\tTypical\tsymptoms\tinclude\tlow\nenergy,\tcold\thands\tand\tfeet,\tfatigue,\thypercholesterolemia,\tmuscle\tpain,\tdepression,\tand\tcognitive\ndeficits\t(\nBox\t30.2\n).\tEvaluation\tof\tthyroid\thormone\tmetabolism\tis\tneeded\tbefore\tthyroi...
[ 0.005651814863085747, -0.06644470244646072, 0.018419213593006134, -0.04714127257466316, -0.08591688424348831, -0.004927736707031727, 0.034719254821538925, 0.09520971775054932, -0.013582097366452217, 0.05279865488409996, 0.09429534524679184, 0.002728789346292615, 0.043793078511953354, 0.021...
replacement\ttherapy.\nBOX\t30.2\nCommon\tSymptoms\tof\tHypothyroidism\tand\tHyperthyroidism\nHypothyroidism\nHyperthyroidism\nFatigue\nHeat\tintolerance,\tsweating\nForgetfulness\nWeight\tloss\nDepression\nAlterations\tin\tappetite\nHeavy\tmenses\nFrequent\tbowel\tmovements\nDry,\tcoarse\thair\nChanges\tin\tvision\nMo...
[ 0.004100858233869076, -0.01546740997582674, 0.08610406517982483, -0.016478266566991806, -0.04060450568795204, 0.022589104250073433, 0.08858159929513931, 0.003073530038818717, -0.07152243703603745, 0.05356670171022415, 0.07372590154409409, -0.019276684150099754, 0.032099924981594086, -0.019...
Changes\tin\tvision\nMood\tswings\nFatigue\tand\tmuscle\tweakness\nWeight\tgain\nMenstrual\tdisturbance\nHoarse\tvoice\nImpaired\tfertility\nDry,\tcoarse\tskin\nMental\tdisturbances\nConstipation\nSleep\tdisturbances\nTremors\nThyroid\tenlargement\nFrom\tShomon\tM:\t\nThyroid\tDisease\tSymptoms—Hypothyroidism\n\tand\tH...
[ 0.009032306261360645, -0.019654108211398125, 0.03826349601149559, -0.05339536443352699, -0.043921660631895065, -0.02733488194644451, 0.04817560315132141, 0.054267965257167816, -0.090091273188591, 0.04117044806480408, 0.051230404525995255, 0.029861977323889732, 0.022251687943935394, -0.0231...
and\tHyperthyroidism\n\t(website):\nhttp://thyroid.about.com/cs/basics_starthere/a/symptoms.htm\n,\t2008.
[ 0.012528757564723492, -0.02212694101035595, 0.022826984524726868, 0.025657938793301582, 0.04642237350344658, 0.02421731874346733, 0.009623675607144833, 0.025716496631503105, -0.0410081222653389, 0.005380810704082251, 0.023760246112942696, -0.01171315647661686, 0.02851979248225689, -0.01202...
Women\tare\tfive\tto\teight\ttimes\tmore\tlikely\tthan\tmen\tto\tsuffer\tfrom\thypothyroidism.\tIn\taddition,\nindividuals\twho\thave\tceliac\tdisease\tmay\tbe\tat\trisk\t(see\t\nClinical\tInsight:\n\tWas\tIt\tGluten\tThat\tCaused\nHer\tHypothyroidism?\n)\nCLINICAL\tINSIGHT\nGluten\tand\tHypothyroidism\nA\tcase\treport...
[ 0.007364821154624224, -0.012501797638833523, 0.07423744350671768, -0.03504587337374687, -0.04099450632929802, 0.02081022970378399, 0.0747748464345932, -0.028406227007508278, -0.0675729513168335, 0.09549850970506668, 0.10415104776620865, -0.04544399306178093, -0.0022888570092618465, -0.0356...
Gluten\tand\tHypothyroidism\nA\tcase\treport\tdescribed\ta\t23-year-old\n\twoman\twith\ta\tdiagnosis\tof\thypothyroidism\tcaused\tby\nHashimoto’s\tthyroiditis\tand\tautoimmune\tAddison’s\tdisease\twho\twas\tfound\tin\tevaluation\tto\thave\nelevated\tantiendomysial\tantibody\tlevels\t(a\tmarker\tof\tceliac\tdisease\t[CD...
[ -0.0195318590849638, -0.01186403352767229, 0.04806689918041229, -0.02029496245086193, -0.04458630457520485, 0.004056238569319248, 0.1030009463429451, 0.052558351308107376, -0.07445698231458664, 0.03190575912594795, 0.10966923832893372, -0.001031420542858541, 0.022574203088879585, 0.0079858...
period\ton\ta\tgluten-free\tdiet,\tthe\tpatient\tdemonstrated\tremarkable\tclinical\timprovement\tin\ther\ngastrointestinal\t(GI)-related\tsymptoms\tand,\tmore\timportantly,\n\tin\ther\tthyroid\tfunction.\tShe\nrequired\tprogressively\tless\tthyroid\tand\tadrenal\treplacement\ttherapy.\tAfter\t6\tmonths,\ther
[ -0.03892619535326958, -0.03928086534142494, 0.07733262330293655, -0.012580767273902893, -0.12121047079563141, -0.019897492602467537, 0.08006982505321503, 0.09690875560045242, -0.005191785283386707, -0.004189970437437296, 0.09082614630460739, -0.0015616967575624585, 0.020619617775082588, 0....
endomysial\tantibody\tlevel\tbecame\tnegative,\ther\tantithyroid\tantibody\ttiter\tdecreased\tsignificantly,\nand\tthyroid\tmedication\twas\tdiscontinued.\tThis\tcase\treport\tpoints\tout\tthe\tpotential\timportant\neffect\tof\ta\tgluten-free\tdiet\ton\tthyroid\tfunction,\tespecially\tin\tthe\tpresence\tof\tCD.
[ 0.025895170867443085, -0.05912249535322189, 0.06827542930841446, -0.06492681801319122, -0.13009612262248993, -0.02110252156853676, 0.11741478741168976, 0.05696415901184082, -0.0029835111927241087, 0.06172654405236244, 0.10511436313390732, -0.03409674018621445, 0.013379971496760845, 0.04626...
A\tnumber\tof\tstudies\tshow\tthe\timportance\tof\tgluten\tin\tthe\tinduction\tof\tendocrine\tautoantibodies\nand\torgan\tsystem\tdysfunction\tin\tadolescent\tceliac\tpatients\t(\nCassio\tet\tal,\t2010\n;\t\nMeloni\tet\tal,\n2009\n).\tFurthermore,\tthe\tgenetic\trisk\tfor\tCD\tis\tlargely\trelated\tto\thuman\tleukocyte...
[ -0.009639967232942581, -0.07330300658941269, 0.015752840787172318, -0.06847401708364487, -0.13059453666210175, 0.019932925701141357, 0.06372905522584915, 0.070155568420887, -0.008338968269526958, 0.0744524821639061, 0.12456084042787552, -0.007623644080013037, 0.018370293080806732, 0.049560...
genotypes,\twhich\tin\tturn\tis\tlinked\tto\tautoimmune\tthyroid\tdisease\t(\nBarker\tand\tLiu,\t2008\n).\nAccording\tto\tthe\tinternational\n\tmedical\tbibliography,\tautoimmune\tHashimoto’s\tthyroiditis\tand\tCD\nare\tclearly\tassociated\t(\nFreeman,\t2016\n).\tThis\tmight\tbe\texplained\tpartly\tby\tthe\tincreased
[ -0.016959011554718018, -0.029371680691838264, 0.07557079195976257, -0.06319252401590347, -0.07602854818105698, 0.001976389903575182, 0.07765376567840576, 0.04086491838097572, -0.07412198930978775, 0.05956427752971649, 0.13038542866706848, -0.0501149483025074, -0.023665999993681908, 0.02807...
Freeman,\t2016\n).\tThis\tmight\tbe\texplained\tpartly\tby\tthe\tincreased\nimmunosensitivity\tof\tCD\tpatients,\tas\tpart\tof\tan\tautoimmune\tpolyglandular\tsyndrome\t(APS),\tby\nthe\tdeficiency\tof\tkey\telements\tsuch\tas\tselenium\tand\tiodine\tdue\tto\tmalabsorption\t(\nStazi\tand\tTrinti,\n2010\n)\tor\tdue\tto\t...
[ -0.04996652528643608, -0.02794443629682064, 0.05072346329689026, -0.04581698402762413, -0.08902774751186371, 0.026637595146894455, 0.1324652135372162, 0.0448007695376873, -0.017824828624725342, 0.04494163766503334, 0.10456208884716034, -0.012687220238149166, 0.012645169161260128, 0.0553355...
(\nNaiyer\tet\tal,\t2008\n).\tBased\ton\nrecommendations\tfrom\ta\trecent\tmeta-analysis,\tall\tpatients\twith\tautoimmune\tHashimoto’s\nthyroiditis\tshould\tbe\tscreened\tfor\tCD,\tgiven\tthe\tincreased\tprevalence\tof\tthe\tcoexistence\tof\tthese\ntwo\tdisorders\t(\nRoy\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\tThis\tstudy\tadvocates\ttha...
[ -0.05144830420613289, 0.009666777215898037, 0.0790984034538269, -0.05829406902194023, -0.1127706840634346, -0.009948338381946087, 0.052552416920661926, 0.07581009715795517, -0.027860481292009354, 0.018099401146173477, 0.08126920461654663, -0.006568495184183121, 0.08675577491521835, 0.04468...
).\tThis\tstudy\tadvocates\tthat\tpatients\twith\tHashimoto’s\tthyroiditis\nundergo\tceliac\tserologic\ttests\t(serum\tIgA\tand\tIgG\tgliadin\tantibodies\t[AGA-IgA,\tAGA-IgG],\n\tIgA\ntransglutaminase\tantibodies\t[TGA],\tand\tserum\tIgA\tendomysium\tantibodies\t[EMA]),\tand\tthat\tif\tany\nof\tthe\tceliac\tserologic\t...
[ -0.02584465779364109, -0.016844073310494423, 0.024331433698534966, -0.03636977821588516, -0.11364436149597168, -0.018309375271201134, 0.11742015928030014, 0.08371910452842712, 0.005048001650720835, 0.014824005775153637, 0.10543901473283768, -0.006106528453528881, 0.028625477105379105, 0.05...
gastroduodenoscopy\tand\tduodenal\tbiopsy.\tIt\tmust\tbe\tconsidered\tthat\tpositive\tthyroid\tand\tceliac\ntests\tmight\trepresent\tan\tepiphenomenon\tbecause\tserum\tautoantibodies\tgenerally\tdo\tnot\treflect\ta\nclinical\tautoimmune\tdisease\n\t(\nLiontiris\tand\tMazokopakis,\t2017\n).\tIt\thas\tbeen\treported\ttha...
[ 0.00349194323644042, -0.06596800684928894, 0.05900616571307182, -0.04549988731741905, -0.0897696316242218, -0.008809350430965424, 0.1221274808049202, 0.03461231663823128, -0.03171911835670471, 0.042559728026390076, 0.10318178683519363, -0.009664718061685562, -0.020994752645492554, 0.030045...
Liontiris\tand\tMazokopakis,\t2017\n).\tIt\thas\tbeen\treported\tthat\tgluten-\ndependent\tdiabetes\tand\tthyroidal-related\tantibodies\twere\tfound\tin\tpatients\twith\tCD\tbut\twere\neliminated\tafter\tthe\timplementation\tof\ta\tgluten-free\tdiet\t(\nDuntas,\t2009\n).\tA\tgluten-free\tdiet\tmay\nbe\twarranted\tin\tc...
[ -0.04773468151688576, 0.0013678919058293104, 0.08657000958919525, -0.019086124375462532, -0.0625774934887886, 0.018265921622514725, 0.11895599961280823, 0.04083912447094917, -0.0241085235029459, 0.037151776254177094, 0.09397026896476746, -0.007775690406560898, 0.03912973403930664, 0.014448...
avoidance\tof\tgluten\tmay\treduce\tinflammation\tand\tauto-antibody\n\ttiters.\tSee\t\nChapter\t27\n\tfor\nadditional\tinformation\tabout\tCD.\nPathophysiology\nHashimoto’s\tthyroiditis\tis\tan\tautoimmune\tdisorder\tin\twhich\tthe\timmune\tsystem\tattacks\tand\tdestroys\nthe\tthyroid\tgland.\tIt\tis\tthe\tmost\tcommo...
[ 0.0211932472884655, -0.04627799987792969, 0.08190839737653732, -0.0471077635884285, -0.08938728272914886, 0.014410178177058697, 0.1140017956495285, 0.026413554325699806, -0.020633511245250702, 0.09099035710096359, 0.06427084654569626, -0.010434090159833431, 0.04397580772638321, 0.053907882...
thyroid\tgland\tbecomes\tnonfunctional,\twith\treactive\tparts\tof\tthe\tgland\tdeteriorating\tafter\tseveral\nyears.\tThyroid\tautoantibodies\n\tindicate\tthe\tbody’s\timmune\tsystem\tis\tattacking\titself\tand\twhether\tan\nautoimmune\tthyroid\tcondition\tis\tpresent,\tbe\tit\thypothyroidism\tor\thyperthyroidism,\tEp...
[ 0.020321577787399292, -0.03248816728591919, 0.06974320858716965, -0.05517781153321266, -0.06509346514940262, 0.013554989360272884, 0.07308369874954224, 0.030402163043618202, -0.038475628942251205, 0.08203563094139099, 0.0357733778655529, -0.017224855720996857, 0.04952625557780266, 0.006238...
virus\t(EBV)\thas\tbeen\timplicated\tas\ta\tcritical\tunderlying\tfactor\tin\tautoimmune\tthyroid\tdisease.\nJanegova\tet\tal\t(2015)\n\tdemonstrated\ta\thigh\tprevalence\tof\tEBV\tinfection\tin\tcases\tof\tHashimoto’s\nthyroiditis\t(80.7%)\tas\twell\tas\tin\tsamples\tof\n\tGraves’\tdisease\t(62.5%).\nSpecific\tantibod...
[ -0.03753037005662918, -0.009213967248797417, 0.05116595700383186, -0.06301934272050858, -0.051559075713157654, -0.020342938601970673, 0.07146482169628143, 0.08463486284017563, -0.05516292527318001, 0.07587947696447372, 0.04753817245364189, -0.018667912110686302, 0.07832028716802597, 0.0672...
Specific\tantibody\ttests\tidentify\tHashimoto’s\tthyroiditis.\t\nThyroid\tperoxidase\tantibodies\t(TPO\nAb)\n\tare\timmune\tcells\tthat\tindicate\tthe\timmune\tsystem\tis\tattacking\tTPO\tin\tthe\tthyroid\tgland.\tThe\nTPO\tAb\ttest\tis\tthe\tmost\timportant\tbecause\tTPO\tis\tthe\tenzyme\tresponsible\tfor\tthe\tprodu...
[ 0.012092435732483864, -0.012801466509699821, 0.08328511565923691, -0.07738495618104935, -0.08719120919704437, -0.002377233235165477, 0.09961409866809845, 0.042008236050605774, -0.03189046308398247, 0.10533496737480164, 0.10281813889741898, -0.047162014991045, 0.04625618830323219, 0.0412169...
thyroid\thormones,\tand\tthe\tmost\tfrequent\ttarget\tof\tattack\tin\tHashimoto’s.\t\nThyroglobulin\nantibodies\t(TGB\tAb)\n\tare\timmune\tcells\tthat\tindicate\tthe\timmune\tsystem\tis\tattacking\tthyroglobulin\nin\tthe\tthyroid\tgland.\tSometimes\tthis\ttest\tis\tnecessary\tas\twell\tbecause\tit\tis\tthe\tsecond\tmos...
[ 0.0015868556220084429, -0.04318961128592491, 0.07071828097105026, -0.06682790815830231, -0.10395599901676178, 0.019967753440141678, 0.07422619313001633, 0.011806381866335869, -0.0033846611622720957, 0.07298731058835983, 0.08885867893695831, -0.07483093440532684, 0.03154834732413292, -0.004...
target\tfor\tHashimoto’s\tdisease.\nSchmidt’s\tsyndrome\trefers\tto\thypothyroidism\twith\tother\tendocrine\tdisorders,\tincluding\tAddison’s\ndisease\t(adrenal\tinsufficiency),\thypoparathyroidism,\tand\tdiabetes\tmellitus,\tall\tof\twhich\tmay\n\tbe\nautoimmune\tin\tnature.\t\nEuthyroid\tsick\tsyndrome\n\tis\thypothy...
[ 0.020632008090615273, 0.0014887322904542089, 0.059227049350738525, -0.033545564860105515, -0.04915387183427811, 0.02603866346180439, 0.07697587460279465, 0.016503768041729927, -0.0449250191450119, 0.06030668690800667, 0.07325012981891632, -0.019648650661110878, 0.06437968462705612, 0.00718...
Euthyroid\tsick\tsyndrome\n\tis\thypothyroidism\tassociated\twith\ta\tsevere\nsystemic\tillness\tthat\tcauses\tdecreased\tperipheral\tconversion\tof\tT\n4\n\tto\tT\n3\n,\tan\tincreased\tconversion\tof\nT\n3\n\tto\tthe\tinactive\trT\n3\n,\tand\tdecreased\tbinding\tof\tthyroid\thormones.\tConditions\tcommonly\tassociated
[ 0.04568878561258316, -0.03374619409441948, 0.08496847003698349, -0.04607836902141571, -0.0820854902267456, 0.0035164770670235157, 0.10316044092178345, -0.0051021454855799675, -0.04110398143529892, 0.0851082056760788, 0.09692761301994324, -0.041724398732185364, 0.0347762405872345, 0.0171218...
with\tthis\tsyndrome\tinclude\tprotein-calorie\tmalnutrition,\tsurgical\ttrauma,\tmyocardial\tinfarction,\nchronic\n\trenal\tfailure,\tdiabetic\tketoacidosis,\tanorexia\tnervosa,\tcirrhosis,\tthermal\tinjury,\tand\tsepsis.\nOnce\tthe\tunderlying\tcause\tis\ttreated,\tthe\tcondition\tusually\tis\tresolved\t(see\t\nPatho...
[ 0.018035927787423134, -0.03460858017206192, 0.03009513020515442, 0.006982284598052502, -0.10463234037160873, -0.025630004703998566, 0.08018513768911362, 0.09309953451156616, -0.016613945364952087, 0.022625964134931564, 0.032801635563373566, -0.01604866236448288, 0.017146628350019455, 0.039...
Triggers\nAdrenal\tdysfunction\tand\toxidative\tstress.\nLow\tthyroid\tfunction\tis\talmost\talways\tsecondary\tto\tsome\tother\tcondition,\toften\tadrenal\tdysfunction\n(\nKaltsas\tet\tal,\t2010\n)\t(see\t\nAdrenal\tDisorders\n\tlater\tin\tthis\tchapter).\nAging.\nMaintaining\tthyroid\thormone\tfunction\tthroughout\tt...
[ 0.006450718734413385, -0.06975091248750687, 0.07775623351335526, -0.05011926591396332, -0.05731933191418648, 0.021797647699713707, 0.11435436457395554, 0.05596672371029854, 0.002594843739643693, 0.05269239842891693, 0.09875581413507462, -0.020136302337050438, 0.060874562710523605, 0.006027...
hallmark\tof\thealthy\taging.\tThe\tincidence\tof\thypothyroidism\t(underactive\n\tthyroid)\tincreases\twith\tage.\nBy\tage\t60,\t9%\tto\t17%\tof\tmen\tand\twomen\thave\tan\tunderactive\tthyroid.\tThe\tabsence\tof\tcirculating\nthyroid\tautoantibodies\tin\thealthy\tcentenarians\tis\tnoted.\tBecause\tunhealthy\taging\ti...
[ 0.003910970874130726, -0.020527277141809464, 0.0544528104364872, -0.03392745554447174, -0.05868891254067421, 0.004123989958316088, 0.1370747834444046, 0.04220722243189812, -0.03757905215024948, 0.0548187680542469, 0.08696873486042023, -0.030396729707717896, 0.011550555936992168, -0.0030901...
a\tprogressively\tincreasing\tprevalence\tof\torgan-specific\tand\tnon-organ-specific\tautoantibodies,\tthe\nabsence\tof\tthese\tantibodies\tmay\trepresent\ta\tsignificantly\treduced\trisk\n\tfor\tcardiovascular\tdisease\nand\tother\tchronic\tage-related\tdisorders.\nMenopause.\nThe\trelationship\tbetween\tthyroid\thor...
[ 0.0228358693420887, -0.036607012152671814, 0.06575829535722733, -0.046829335391521454, -0.13540025055408478, -0.013534008525311947, 0.0677638128399849, -0.026410292834043503, 0.005640312097966671, 0.06942053884267807, 0.11747263371944427, -0.05799045413732529, 0.0249129980802536, 0.0093294...
are\tfew\tstudies\ton\tthe\trelationship\tbetween\tthyroid\tfunction\tand\tmenopause\tspecifically.\tIn\taddition,\nthey\tdo\tnot\tnecessarily\tclarify\twhether\tmenopause\thas\tan\teffect\ton\tthyroid\tregardless\tof\taging,\ndespite\tthe\tfact\n\tthat\thypothyroid\tsymptoms\tand\tmenopause\tsymptoms\t(such\tas\thot\t...
[ 0.05665284022688866, -0.03631555289030075, 0.07437340915203094, -0.046921465545892715, -0.0644359290599823, 0.007337425369769335, 0.1122523620724678, 0.0810202956199646, -0.04446230083703995, 0.039928268641233444, 0.07554041594266891, -0.013044225983321667, 0.0581306628882885, 0.0392493344...
insomnia,\tirritability,\tand\tpalpitations)\tare\tcommonly\tconfused.\tAccording\tto\ta\treport\tfrom\tthe\nevaluation\tof\tthe\tStudy\tof\tWomen’s\tHealth\tAcross\tthe\tNation\t(SWAN),\tthyroid\tfunction\tdoes\tnot\nappear\tto\tbe\tdirectly\tinvolved\tin\tthe\tpathogenesis\tof\tmenopausal\tcomplications;\thowever,\nm...
[ 0.028033042326569557, -0.06325655430555344, 0.07807976007461548, 0.0287484098225832, -0.07486472278833389, 0.0034679723903536797, 0.11362747102975845, -0.004130612127482891, 0.01599724404513836, 0.00464582908898592, 0.06468583643436432, -0.01947275549173355, 0.0589887909591198, -0.00641866...
menopause\tmay\tmodify\tthe\tclinical\texpression\tof\tAITDs\n\tsuch\tas\tHashimoto’s\tthyroiditis\t(\nDel\tGhianda\net\tal,\t2014\n).\nPregnancy.\nThyroid\tdysfunction\thas\tbeen\trelated\tto\tobstetric\tcomplications\tsuch\tas\tpremature\tdelivery,\ngestational\thypertension,\tpreeclampsia,\tand\tplacental\tabruption...
[ -0.014967155642807484, -0.04502306133508682, 0.05556325241923332, -0.005307639949023724, -0.0637960359454155, 0.004649309441447258, 0.046579815447330475, 0.04636756703257561, -0.06758205592632294, 0.028856882825493813, 0.09370502829551697, 0.0187827255576849, 0.0420498363673687, 0.00380299...
United\tStates\tis\tdiagnosed\twith\thypothyroidism\tduring\tpregnancy.\tOut\tof\tevery\t100\tmiscarriages,\tsix\nare\tassociated\twith\tthyroid\thormone\n\tdeficiency\tduring\tpregnancy,\tup\tto\t18%\tof\twomen\tare\ndiagnosed\twith\tpostpartum\tthyroiditis,\tand\tapproximately\t25%\tof\twomen\tdevelop\tpermanent\nhyp...
[ -0.005458151921629906, 0.008749048225581646, 0.027132298797369003, -0.05027284100651741, -0.02876957505941391, 0.03318355232477188, 0.04461326077580452, 0.03221997618675232, -0.04903139919042587, 0.07012870162725449, 0.0799265056848526, -0.011698598973453045, 0.028720494359731674, 0.014456...
hypothyroidism\t(\nDe\tVivo\tet\tal,\t2010\n;\t\nYassa\tet\tal,\t2010\n).\nGlobal\trecommendations\tfor\tiodine\tduring\tpregnancy\tare\t130-250\tmcg/d\tdepending\ton\tthe\ncountry.\tIn\tareas\tof\tsevere\tiodine\tdeficiency,\tmaternal\tand\tfetal\thypothyroxinemia\tcan\tcause\ncretinism\n\t(condition\n\tof\tstunted\tp...
[ -0.004247087053954601, -0.03581281378865242, 0.037142522633075714, -0.025359751656651497, -0.03296440467238426, 0.03572985902428627, 0.060384828597307205, 0.08193229138851166, -0.04218067228794098, 0.07523395866155624, 0.0959983542561531, -0.018045436590909958, 0.03653887286782265, 0.01575...
dietary\tiodine\tadequacy\tis\tessential\tduring\tpregnancy\t(see\t\nChapter\t14\n\tand\t\nTable\t14.8\n)\n(\nZimmermann,\t2009\n).
[ -0.005047512706369162, -0.030892610549926758, 0.017223792150616646, 0.05304582417011261, -0.08557487279176712, 0.05533630773425102, 0.06829564273357391, 0.05013762041926384, -0.045679111033678055, 0.03755559027194977, 0.07642938196659088, -0.04221704602241516, -0.08295048773288727, 0.04083...
Medical\tmanagement\nWhen\tthe\tthyroid\tis\tunderactive\t(hypothyroidism)\tbecause\tof\tautoimmune\tdisease\t(Hashimoto’s\ndisease),\tradioactive\tiodine\ttreatment,\tcongenital\tdefects,\tor\tsurgical\tremoval\t(thyroidectomy),\n\tthe\nconventional\tpharmacologic\tapproach\tfor\ttreatment\tis\tprescription\tthyroid\t...
[ 0.005240446887910366, -0.03231059014797211, 0.03914373740553856, -0.05724082142114639, -0.07062231004238129, 0.005125411320477724, 0.07145558297634125, 0.07552182674407959, -0.0191604346036911, 0.04738031327724457, 0.0906614363193512, 0.03621850535273552, 0.01670067012310028, -0.0075559751...
medication.\t\nTable\t30.2\n\tprovides\tan\toverview\tof\tkey\tforms\tof\tthyroid\thormone\treplacement.\tWith\tthe\nfurther\telucidation\tof\tthe\teffects\tof\tgenetics,\tnew\tagents\tare\tlikely\tto\tbecome\tavailable\tas\tadjunct\ntherapy.\nTABLE\t30.2\nPharmacologic\tTreatments\tfor\tHypothyroidism\nMedication\nBra...
[ -0.02813938818871975, -0.04616681858897209, 0.04972517117857933, -0.06994349509477615, -0.053496867418289185, 0.018678147345781326, 0.09487567842006683, 0.08627504855394363, -0.05509953200817108, 0.06737358868122101, 0.07881064713001251, 0.03457256034016609, 0.01605660654604435, 0.03346155...
Name\nMedication\nGeneric\tName\nUse\tand\tComments\nSynthroid,\nLevoxyl\nLevothyroxine—\n(synthetic\tT\n4\n)\nMost\tcommonly\tprescribed\tsynthetic\tform\tof\tthyroid\thormone\nreplacement\tdrug\t(thyroxine)\tthat\tprovides\ta\tsteady\tdose\tof\tT\n4\n\tfor\tthe\nbody\tto\tconvert\tto\tT\n3\n.\tAvailable\tin\ta\twide\...
[ -0.04468383267521858, -0.04016157239675522, 0.03616802766919136, -0.08528347313404083, -0.025541070848703384, 0.016278067603707314, 0.07332383096218109, 0.023163562640547752, -0.049078360199928284, 0.05612277239561081, 0.07830823212862015, -0.02486930415034294, 0.050780847668647766, 0.0142...
ingredients\tinclude\tlactose\tand\tcornstarch.\nTirosint\nLevothyroxine\nA\tsynthetic\tform\tof\treplacement\thormone\tthat\tincludes\n\tonly\tthree\ninactive\tingredients:\tgelatin,\tglycerin,\tand\twater.\nIs\tproduced\tin\ta\tdedicated\tfacility\tto\teliminate\tthe\trisk\tof\tcross-\nexposure.\nCytomel\nLiothyronin...
[ -0.03079335391521454, -0.04428444802761078, 0.040111664682626724, -0.05497250705957413, -0.02427244745194912, 0.05757472291588783, 0.04089881479740143, 0.03804183006286621, -0.010374023579061031, 0.0525042898952961, 0.04823467135429382, -0.06356893479824066, -0.005738618317991495, 0.026905...
Cytomel\nLiothyronine—\n(synthetic\tT\n3\n)\nSynthetic\tform\tof\tT\n3\n,\twhich\tcan\talso\tbe\tcompounded.\nSometimes\tprescribed\tin\taddition\tto\tT\n4\n.\tOnly\teffective\tfor\napproximately\t10\thours\tand\tmust\tbe\ttaken\ttwice\tdaily.\nArmour\nThyroid\nDesiccated\nnatural\nthyroid\nPrepared\n\tfrom\tdried\tor\...
[ -0.0230842437595129, -0.08071988075971603, 0.029529569670557976, -0.07616250962018967, -0.07473823428153992, 0.020240139216184616, 0.04920310527086258, 0.05691121891140938, -0.028866944834589958, 0.07848211377859116, 0.09319651871919632, -0.02698085829615593, 0.04922066628932953, 0.0589102...
Prepared\n\tfrom\tdried\tor\tpowdered\tporcine\t(pig)\tor\tmixed\tbeef\tand\tpork\nthyroid\tgland\tfor\ttherapeutic\tuse.\nAvailable\tby\tprescription\tand\tfrequently\tused\tas\tan\talternative\tto\nsynthetic\tthyroid\tdrugs.\nAll\tbrands\tcontain\ta\tmixture\tof\tapproximately\t80%\tT\n4\n\tand\t20%\tT\n3\n.\nDifficu...
[ 0.0024394269566982985, -0.006473913788795471, -0.0009787059389054775, -0.03451985493302345, -0.08954115957021713, -0.015904167667031288, 0.08033311367034912, 0.029516499489545822, -0.03846757113933563, 0.04778771847486496, 0.10065963864326477, -0.019805163145065308, 0.07113741338253021, 0....
4\n\tand\t20%\tT\n3\n.\nDifficult\tto\tstandardize.\nCompounded\tT\n3\n\tmedication\tis\tavailable\tas\ta\ttime-released\tformula.\nCompounded\tmedications\tare\tfrequently\tnot\tinsurance\n\tcovered\tbut\nare\tless\texpensive\tthan\tstandard\tmedications.\nWP\tThyroid,\nNature-\nThroid\nDesiccated\nnatural\nthyroid\nP...
[ 0.022890783846378326, -0.03581181913614273, 0.053893037140369415, -0.05094851553440094, -0.08807607740163803, 0.013008099980652332, 0.07021977007389069, 0.056260719895362854, -0.008955766446888447, 0.0762864276766777, 0.1012720912694931, -0.0259401835501194, 0.036134567111730576, 0.0356043...
4\n,\tT\n3\n,\tT\n2\n,\tand\tT\n1\n,\nwhich\tmay\tbe\tbeneficial\tfor\tthose\twho\thave\tdifficulty\twith\tT\n4\n-T\n3\nconversion.\nAvailable\tin\t8-13\tdifferent\tstrengths,\tranging\tfrom\tlow\tto\thigh\nconcentrations.\nThyrolar\nLiotrix—\n(synthetic\tT\n4\n-\nT\n3\ncombination)\nSynthetic\tcombination\tof\tT\n4\n\...
[ -0.027427030727267265, -0.0454716794192791, -0.009485970251262188, -0.10359571129083633, -0.06356000900268555, -0.00769919715821743, 0.04035729914903641, 0.02433241531252861, -0.03937283903360367, 0.05578530207276344, 0.06829563528299332, -0.0109305614605546, 0.006997799500823021, 0.042838...
3.\nSometimes\tused\tin\tlieu\tof\tArmour\tThyroid\tbecause\tof\tproblem\twith\nstandardization.\nT\n3\n,\tTriiodothyronine;\t\nT\n4\n,\tthyroxine.\nFrom\tShomon\tM:\t\nWhat\tis\tthe\tbest\tthyroid\tdrug?\n\t(website):\t\nhttp://thyroid.about.com/cs/thyroiddrugs/a/bestdrug.htm\n,\t2014.\nMedical\tnutrition\ttherapy
[ -0.01837698370218277, -0.11661374568939209, 0.005215105134993792, -0.0631292387843132, 0.03811056166887283, 0.03302011638879776, 0.05811743810772896, 0.0852251723408699, -0.033713966608047485, 0.018517473712563515, 0.034235380589962006, 0.011274722404778004, 0.08521036058664322, 0.03691682...
,\t2014.\nMedical\tnutrition\ttherapy\nSeveral\tnutrients\tare\tinvolved\tin\tthyroid\thealth,\tparticularly\tiodine\tand\tselenium.\n\tBecause\tof\tthe\ncritical\trole\tof\tiodine\tin\tthe\tsynthesis\tof\tthyroid\thormone,\tthis\ttrace\tmineral\thas\treceived\tthe\tmost\nattention\thistorically\twith\trespect\tto\tthy...
[ -0.010795743204653263, -0.061848606914281845, 0.006638620980083942, -0.019744617864489555, -0.04838073253631592, 0.028819913044571877, 0.04874350503087044, 0.045781996101140976, -0.03827856108546257, 0.04177319258451462, 0.11235357820987701, -0.033326905220746994, 0.039987724274396896, 0.0...
iron,\tselenium,\tvitamin\tA,\tand\tpossibly\tzinc\tmay\tinteract\twith\tiodine\tstatus\tand\tthyroid\tfunction\n(\nHess,\t2010\n;\t\nKöhrle,\t2013\n).\nFasting\tor\trestrictive\tdiets.\nCalorie\tand\tcarbohydrate\n\trestriction\tmay\treduce\tsubstantially\tthyroid\thormone\tactivity.\tThis\tvaries
[ 0.0015005681198090315, -0.049043938517570496, 0.05483901500701904, 0.04985179007053375, -0.02689766138792038, 0.015881359577178955, 0.11666078865528107, 0.010260626673698425, -0.04257629066705704, 0.05674787610769272, 0.09280082583427429, -0.03933790698647499, -0.0049028554931283, 0.008556...
widely\tbetween\tindividuals.\tGenetics,\tobesity,\tgender,\tand\tthe\tmacronutrient\tcontent\tof\tthe\nhypocaloric\tdiet\tinfluence\tthe\tresponse.\tNutritional\tstatus\tand\tenergy\texpenditure\tinfluence\tthyroid\nfunction\tcentrally\tat\tthe\tlevel\tof\tTSH\tsecretion,\tdeiodination,\tand\tpossibly\telsewhere.\tBec...
[ 0.04427473247051239, -0.07539789378643036, 0.06451647728681564, -0.026999058201909065, -0.08127542585134506, 0.03051842749118805, 0.14137299358844757, 0.04362652450799942, -0.0014343361835926771, 0.06551238894462585, 0.10802410542964935, -0.04140789061784744, 0.027482161298394203, 0.036583...
increase\tof\trT\n3\n\tis\tfound\tat\tthe\n\texpense\tof\tT\n3\n\tduring\tcaloric\trestriction,\tit\tis\tpossible\tthat\tthe\thepatic\npathways\tplay\ta\tsubstantial\trole\tin\tmetabolic\tcontrol\tduring\tenergy\tbalance.\tHowever,\twhen\tcaloric\nrestriction\tis\tlonger\tthan\t3\tweeks,\tT\n4\n\tand\trT\n3\n\tlevels\t...
[ 0.04089393466711044, -0.10438865423202515, 0.02651124820113182, -0.03381441906094551, -0.11367741227149963, 0.021020952612161636, 0.057711198925971985, 0.056923672556877136, -0.038746993988752365, 0.05711023136973381, 0.08923394978046417, -0.0030973334796726704, 0.0552634671330452, 0.04449...
4\n\tand\trT\n3\n\tlevels\treturn\tto\tnormal\tvalues\t(\nDe\tVries\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\nFasting\talso\texerts\ta\tpowerful\tinfluence\ton\tthe\tmetabolism\tof\tthyroid\thormones\tto\tsave\tenergy\tand\nlimit\tcatabolism.\tMild\n\televations\tin\tendogenous\tcortisol\tlevels\tmay\tbe\tpartly\tresponsible.\tFasting\ndecr...
[ 0.018208863213658333, -0.055029068142175674, 0.09332200139760971, -0.03262043744325638, -0.08234994858503342, 0.020738108083605766, 0.09837988764047623, 0.010898842476308346, -0.01633412018418312, 0.05841945484280586, 0.12959346175193787, -0.0397910438477993, 0.02744213305413723, 0.0309280...
decreases\tserum\tT\n3\n\tand\tT\n4\n\tconcentrations,\twhereas\tintrahepatic\tthyroid\thormone\tconcentrations\nremain\tunchanged.\tHowever,\tketones\tgenerated\tfrom\tcalorie\tdeprivation\tdo\tnot\tappear\tto\tsuppress\nT\n3\n\tgeneration\tand\thepatic\t5-deiodinase\tactivity.\tIt\tappears\tthat\tfasting-induced\tcha...
[ 0.039568278938531876, -0.1003265231847763, 0.025261713191866875, 0.02574617974460125, -0.04398321732878685, 0.021484574303030968, 0.001031685620546341, 0.10017809271812439, -0.008132395334541798, 0.04592880234122276, 0.04889367148280144, 0.014278707094490528, 0.046403128653764725, 0.040621...
thyroid\thormone\tmetabolism\tare\tnot\n\tregulated\tvia\tthe\thepatic\tautonomic\tinput\tin\ta\tmajor\tway\tand\nmore\tlikely\treflect\ta\tdirect\teffect\tof\thumoral\tfactors\t(factors\tthat\tare\ttransported\tby\tthe\tcirculatory\nsystem)\ton\tthe\thepatocyte.\tOverall\tduring\tfasting,\tthere\tis\ta\tdown\tregulati...
[ 0.04583148658275604, -0.09284187853336334, 0.04934164136648178, -0.03257560729980469, -0.09963211417198181, 0.021971818059682846, 0.05255180969834328, 0.003745246445760131, -0.020571965724229813, 0.07927567511796951, 0.08123462647199631, -0.04504822939634323, 0.020660866051912308, 0.008140...
is\tassumed\tto\trepresent\tan\tenergy-saving\tmechanism,\tinstrumental\tin\ttimes\tof\tfood\tshortage\t(\nDe\nVries\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\nGoitrogens.\nCyanogenic\tplant\tfoods\t(cauliflower,\tbroccoli,\tcabbage,\tBrussels\tsprouts,\tmustard\tseed,\tturnip,\nradish,\tbamboo\tshoot,\tand\tcassava)\texert\tantithyroid\tact...
[ 0.014461210928857327, -0.040406640619039536, 0.017235305160284042, -0.01519039273262024, -0.039863064885139465, 0.039862923324108124, 0.10351832211017609, 0.03004002384841442, -0.027412472292780876, 0.02997680753469467, 0.14321619272232056, -0.08114894479513168, 0.04249896854162216, -0.005...
The\thydrolysis\tof\tbioactive\tcompounds\tcalled\tglucosinolates\tfound\tin\tcruciferous\tvegetables\tmay\nyield\t\ngoitrin\n,\ta\tcompound\tknown\tto\tinterfere\twith\tthyroid\thormone\tsynthesis.\tThe\thydrolysis\tof\nindole\tglucosinolates\n\tresults\tin\tthe\trelease\tof\tthiocyanate\tions,\twhich\tcan\tcompete\tw...
[ 0.01328763086348772, -0.06722436845302582, 0.04189194366335869, -0.0696367397904396, -0.058563828468322754, 0.051332663744688034, 0.03128262609243393, -0.01160782016813755, 0.026774128898978233, 0.08818486332893372, 0.09344112128019333, -0.0023741330951452255, 0.031537897884845734, 0.02271...
uptake\tby\tthe\tthyroid\tgland.\tIncreased\texposure\tto\tthiocyanate\tions\tfrom\tcruciferous\tvegetable\nconsumption,\thowever,\tdoes\tnot\tincrease\tthe\trisk\tof\thypothyroidism\tunless\taccompanied\tby\tiodine\ndeficiency.\tHowever,\tsteaming,\tcooking,\tor\tfermenting\tmay\treduce\tthe\tlevels\tof\tgoitrogens\ti...
[ 0.02355360798537731, -0.08152832835912704, 0.05781638249754906, -0.04639425873756409, -0.057828884571790695, 0.013758290559053421, 0.05638951063156128, 0.008044924587011337, -0.03517306223511696, 0.0644683688879013, 0.13096046447753906, -0.045537009835243225, 0.07346729934215546, 0.0030958...
goitrogenic\tfoods\t(\nJagminder\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\nSoybean,\tan\timportant\tsource\tof\tprotein\tin\tmany\tdeveloping\tcountries,\talso\thas\tgoitrogenic\nproperties\twhen\tiodine\tintake\tis\tlimited.\tThe\tisoflavones,\tgenistein\tand\tdaidzein,\tinhibit\tthe\tactivity\nof\tTPO\tand\tcan\tlower\tthyroid\thormone\ts...
[ 0.008672735653817654, -0.04443388804793358, 0.03527826443314552, -0.006081052124500275, -0.07525255531072617, 0.021827448159456253, 0.08776859194040298, -0.001616672263480723, -0.005184215493500233, 0.05181008204817772, 0.1405867040157318, -0.052380990236997604, 0.007440378423780203, 0.016...
interrupt\tthe\tenterohepatic\tcycle\tof\tthyroid\thormone\tmetabolism.\tHowever,\thigh\tintakes\tof\tsoy\nisoflavones\n\tdo\tnot\tappear\tto\tincrease\tthe\trisk\tof\thypothyroidism\twhen\tiodine\tconsumption\tis\nadequate.\nSince\tthe\taddition\tof\tiodine\tto\tsoy-based\tformulas\tin\tthe\t1960s,\tthere\thave\tbeen\...
[ 0.010592682287096977, -0.07973131537437439, 0.06774049997329712, -0.06897268444299698, -0.10765457898378372, 0.008820552378892899, 0.055172149091959, 0.04344313219189644, -0.04943317919969559, 0.08246181160211563, 0.06957051903009415, -0.02004477195441723, 0.002320235362276435, 0.016538543...
of\thypothyroidism\tdeveloping\tin\tsoy\tformula–fed\tinfants.\tSoybeans\tare\tby\tfar\tthe\tmost\tconcentrated\nsource\tof\tisoflavones\tin\tthe\thuman\tdiet.\tSmall\tamounts\tare\tfound\tin\ta\tnumber\tof\tlegumes,\tgrains,\nand\tvegetables.\n\tAverage\tdietary\tisoflavone\tintakes\tin\tAsian\tcountries,\tin\tparticu...
[ 0.008194481022655964, 0.013596268370747566, 0.05156443640589714, -0.045732852071523666, -0.08511947840452194, 0.003665477503091097, 0.046269506216049194, -0.02722717449069023, 0.008592488244175911, 0.0567629374563694, 0.08217792958021164, -0.06739591062068939, -0.0027082650922238827, -0.02...
China,\trange\tfrom\t11\tto\t47\tmg/day\tbecause\tof\tintake\tof\tthe\ttraditional\tfoods\tmade\tfrom\tsoybeans,\nincluding\ttofu,\ttempeh,\tmiso,\tand\tmatte,\twhereas\tintakes\tare\tconsiderably\tlower\tin\tWestern\ncountries\t(2\tmg/day).\tSoy\tproducts\t(meat\tsubstitutes,\tsoy\tmilk,\tsoy\tcheese,\tand\tsoy\tyogur...
[ -0.019188519567251205, 0.011733252555131912, 0.06280264258384705, 0.01851458102464676, -0.04516757279634476, -0.029631514102220535, 0.06826206296682358, -0.025456193834543228, -0.05950943008065224, 0.004103479441255331, 0.15410691499710083, -0.12112576514482498, 0.00938222836703062, -0.012...
however,\tare\tgaining\tpopularity\n\tin\tWestern\tcountries.\tAlthough\tresearch\thas\tnot\tdetermined\tthe\nexact\teffect\tof\tsoy\ton\tthe\tmetabolic\tfate\tof\tthyroid\thormones,\texcessive\tsoy\tconsumption\tis\tbest\napproached\tcautiously\tin\tthose\twith\tsuspected\timpairment\tof\tthyroid\tmetabolic\tpathways....
[ 0.04298558086156845, -0.09711369127035141, 0.07545793056488037, -0.04417215287685394, -0.11767146736383438, -0.03742862492799759, 0.09443191438913345, -0.026137474924325943, 0.0021906597539782524, 0.060003019869327545, 0.10923919081687927, -0.02063826657831669, 0.06809345632791519, 0.01526...
Iodine.\nAs\ta\ttrace\telement,\tiodine\tis\tpresent\tin\tthe\thuman\tbody\tin\tamounts\tof\t10\tto\t15\tmg,\tand\t70%\tto\t80%\nof\tit\tis\tlocated\tin\tthe\tthyroid\tgland.\n\tNinety\tpercent\tof\tit\tis\torganically\tbound\tto\ta\tprotein\tproduced\tin\nthe\tthyroid\tgland\tcalled\tthyroglobulin\t(Tg).\tIodide\tis\t...
[ 0.0009026453481055796, -0.07181759178638458, 0.032612960785627365, -0.0806489884853363, -0.06510652601718903, -0.034839555621147156, 0.10924331843852997, 0.0848824605345726, -0.010906513780355453, 0.057684820145368576, 0.1206616684794426, -0.021941406652331352, 0.01618439331650734, 0.06865...
produce\tthe\tbiochemically\tactive\tthyroid\thormones\tT\n4\n\tand\tT\n3\n\t(see\t\nFig.\t30.2\n).\tThe\tthyroid\tgland\tmust\ncapture\tan\testimated\tminimum\tof\t60\tmcg\tof\tiodide\t(the\tionic\tform\tof\tiodine)\tdaily\tto\tensure\tan\nadequate\tsupply\tfor\tthe\tproduction\n\tof\tthyroid\thormone\t(\nGropper\tand...
[ -0.03744151443243027, -0.030554629862308502, 0.0071893539279699326, -0.091435506939888, -0.07003751397132874, 0.031481631100177765, 0.037125688046216965, 0.056829944252967834, 0.0026717016007751226, 0.08353181183338165, 0.11452094465494156, -0.05956126004457474, 0.027089901268482208, 0.053...
of\tthyroid\thormone\t(\nGropper\tand\tSmith,\t2012\n).\tInadequate\nintake\tof\tiodine\timpairs\tthyroid\tfunction\tand\tresults\tin\ta\tspectrum\tof\tdisorders.\tRandomized\ncontrolled\tintervention\ttrials\tin\tiodine-deficient\tpopulations\thave\tshown\tthat\tproviding\tiron\talong\nwith\tiodine\tresults\tin\tgreat...
[ -0.010537597350776196, -0.06930319964885712, 0.04413599520921707, -0.0624324195086956, -0.08146806061267853, 0.0006644889363087714, 0.09851142764091492, 0.0733041912317276, -0.0005075084627605975, 0.09234625846147537, 0.09295417368412018, -0.0148319061845541, 0.051518429070711136, 0.049130...
alone\t(\nHess,\t2010\n).\tIt\tis\talso\tvital\tto\tthyroid\tfunction,\n\tas\tit\tis\ta\tmajor\tcofactor\tand\tstimulator\tfor\tthe\nenzyme\tTPO.\nIn\tautoimmune\tHashimoto’s\tthyroiditis,\tsupplementing\twith\tiodine\tmay\texacerbate\tthe\tcondition.\nBecause\tiodine\tstimulates\tproduction\tof\tTPO,\tthis\tin\tturn\t...
[ -0.020408855751156807, -0.05050008371472359, 0.05003315210342407, -0.057228460907936096, -0.0660625770688057, 0.019612222909927368, 0.09242238849401474, 0.07015546411275864, -0.005737250670790672, 0.06400453299283981, 0.13569027185440063, -0.007964803837239742, 0.07602553069591522, 0.02698...
dramatically,\tindicating\tan\tautoimmune\tflare-up.\tSome\tpeople\tdevelop\tsymptoms\tof\tan\toveractive\nthyroid,\twhereas\tothers\thave\tno\tsymptoms\tdespite\ttests\n\tshowing\tan\televated\tlevel\tof\tTPO\tAbs.\nTherefore\tone\tmust\tbe\tcautious\tregarding\tthe\tuse\tof\thigh-dose\tiodine;\thowever,\ta\tclinical\...
[ 0.06861905008554459, -0.043865516781806946, 0.10464796423912048, -0.04910355061292648, -0.10479670017957687, -0.02422749437391758, 0.11529754102230072, 0.007875327952206135, -0.03446430712938309, 0.05504351481795311, 0.07646877318620682, -0.027271714061498642, 0.0393933467566967, 0.0126921...
and/or\tassessment\t(such\tas\tUI\texcretion\tlaboratories)\tmay\thelp\treveal\twhether\tiodine\nsupplementation\tis\twarranted.\tFurthermore,\talthough\tiodine\tdeficiency\tis\tthe\tmost\tcommon\tcause\tof\nhypothyroidism\tfor\tmost\tof\tthe\tworld’s\tpopulation\t(\nMelse-Boonstra\tand\tJaiswal,\t2010\n),\tin\tthe\tUn...
[ 0.026742588728666306, -0.01646708883345127, 0.061177510768175125, -0.04329170659184456, -0.08167234063148499, 0.010029847733676434, 0.04771440103650093, -0.024295348674058914, 0.01821642927825451, 0.08471943438053131, 0.11753690242767334, -0.029081858694553375, 0.03797641023993492, 0.00290...