0 stringlengths 12 494 | embeddings listlengths 384 384 |
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highly\teducated\tparticipants\tand\tthose\twith\thigh\n\tnet\tfamily\tincomes.\tFrequency\tof\thyperthyroidism\ntreatment\twas\thigher\tin\tolder\tthan\tin\tyounger\tindividuals.\tSociodemographic\tfactors\tstrongly\ninfluenced\tthe\tdiagnosis\tand\ttreatment\tof\tthyroid\tdisorders,\tincluding\tthe\tuse\tof\tlevothyr... | [
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(\nOlmos\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\nThyroid-related\tdiseases\toften\tare\tpoorly\tdiagnosed,\tand\tmuch\tabout\ttheir\ttreatment\trequires\ngreater\tclarification\tand\tstudy.\tFor\texample,\n\tradiation\texposure\tof\tthe\tthyroid\tat\ta\tyoung\tage\tis\ta\nrisk\tfactor\tfor\tthe\tdevelopment\tof\tthyroid\tcancer,\tlasting\... | [
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Sinnott\tet\tal,\n2010\n).\tEfforts\tto\treduce\texposure\tfrom\tmedical\tx-ray\texaminations\tcan\tprotect\tthe\tthyroid\tgland.\nGenetic\tfactors\tare\timplicated\tin\tendocrine\tautoimmune\tdiseases.\tRecent\tgenome-wide\tassociation\nstudies\t(GWAS)\thave\tenabled\tidentification\n\tof\trelevant\timmune\tresponse\t... | [
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of\trelevant\timmune\tresponse\tpathways;\tthe\tsame\tallele\nthat\tpredisposes\tsomeone\tto\ta\tcertain\tautoimmune\tdisease\tcan\tbe\tprotective\tin\tanother\t(\nWiebolt\tet\nal,\t2010\n).\tThus\tendocrine\tGWAS\tare\tneeded,\tespecially\tfor\tGraves’\tdisease,\tHashimoto’s\tthyroiditis, | [
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and\tAddison’s\tdisease.\tEach\tof\tthese\tdisorders\thas\tstages\tbeginning\twith\tgenetic\tsusceptibility,\nenvironmental\ttriggers,\tand\tactive\tautoimmunity,\n\tfollowed\tby\tmetabolic\tderangements\twith\tovert\nsymptoms\tof\tdisease\t(\nMichels\tand\tEisenbarth,\t2010\n).\tResearch\tis\tneeded\tto\tclarify\thow\... | [
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interact\twith\tgenetics,\tespecially\tin\tthese\t\nautoimmune\tthyroid\tdisorders\t(AITDs)\n.\nThyroid\tphysiology\nThe\tthyroid\tgland\tis\ta\tsmall,\tbutterfly-shaped\tgland\tfound\tjust\tbelow\tthe\tAdam’s\tapple.\tAlthough\tit\nweighs\tless\tthan\tan\tounce,\tit\tproduces\thormones\tthat\n\tinfluence\tessentially\... | [
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influence\tessentially\tevery\torgan,\ttissue,\tand\ncell\tin\tthe\tbody,\tthus\thaving\tan\tenormous\teffect\ton\thealth.\tThe\tthyroid\tgland\tresponds\tto\t\nthyroid-\nstimulating\thormone\t(TSH)\n,\ta\thormone\tsecreted\tby\tthe\tpituitary\tgland.\tWhen\tstimulated,\tthe\nthyroid\tgland\tproduces\ttwo\tmain\thormon... | [
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0.0499852... |
thyroxine\t(T\n4\n)\n,\ta\tthyroid\thormone\tnamed\tfor\tits\tfour\nmolecules\tof\tiodine,\tand\t\ntriiodothyronine\t(T\n3\n)\n,\ta\tthyroid\thormone\n\tnamed\tfor\tits\tthree\tmolecules\tof\niodine.\tT\n3\n\tis\tthe\tmost\tpredominant\tand\tactive\tform\tof\tthyroid\thormone\tthat\tthe\tbody\tcan\tuse.\tThe | [
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0.052... |
thyroid\tgland\tregulates\tmany\tprocesses\tin\tthe\tbody,\tincluding\tfat\tand\tcarbohydrate\tmetabolism,\nbody\ttemperature,\tand\theart\trate.\tThe\tthyroid\talso\tproduces\t\ncalcitonin\n,\ta\thormone\tthat\thelps\nregulate\tthe\tamount\tof\tblood\tcalcium.\t\nReverse\tT\n3\n\t(rT\n3\n)\n,\tan\tisomer\tof\tT\n3\n,\... | [
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0.00940... |
3\n\t(rT\n3\n)\n,\tan\tisomer\tof\tT\n3\n,\tis\tderived\n\tfrom\tT\n4\n\tthrough\nthe\taction\tof\tdeiodinase.\tAlthough\tthe\tbody\tcannot\tuse\trT\n3\n,\tit\tis\tnot\tsimply\tan\tinactive\tmetabolite\nwith\tno\tphysiologic\teffect\ton\tthe\tbody.\tThis\twill\tbe\tdiscussed\tmore\tlater\tin\tthe\tchapter.\tCommon\nrea... | [
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0.02860... |
reasons\tfor\televated\trT\n3\n\tinclude\tinadequate\tiron\tlevels,\tchronic\tinflammation,\televated\tcortisol,\tand\nliver\tabnormalities\t(\nGomes-Lima\tand\tBurman,\t2018\n).\nThe\tsynthesis\tof\tthese\thormones\n\trequires\t\ntyrosine\n,\ta\tkey\tamino\tacid\tinvolved\tin\tthe\tproduction\tof | [
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requires\t\ntyrosine\n,\ta\tkey\tamino\tacid\tinvolved\tin\tthe\tproduction\tof\nthyroid\thormone,\tand\tthe\ttrace\tmineral\tiodine.\tWithin\tthe\tcells\tof\tthe\tthyroid\tgland,\tiodide\tis\noxidized\tto\tiodine\tby\thydrogen\tperoxide,\ta\treaction\ttermed\tthe\t\norganification\n\tof\tiodide.\tTwo\nadditional\tmole... | [
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0.074... |
thyroid\tperoxidase\n(TPO)\n,\tan\tenzyme\tin\tthe\tthyroid\tresponsible\n\tfor\tthyroid\thormone\tproduction.\tCompleted\tthyroid\nhormones\tare\treleased\tinto\tthe\tcirculation;\thowever,\tmetabolic\teffects\tof\tthyroid\thormones\tresult\nwhen\tthe\thormones\tultimately\toccupy\tspecific\tthyroid\treceptors.\tIt\ti... | [
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to\tseven\ttimes\tmore\tT\n4\n\tto\tbind\tto\tthe\tnuclear\treceptors\tto\thave\ta\tphysiologic\teffect\tcompared\twith\nthe\tmore\tbiologically\tactive\tT\n3\n.\nThe\tbiosynthetic\n\tprocesses\tresulting\tin\tthe\tcreation\tof\tthyroid\thormones\twithin\tthe\tthyroid\tgland\nare\tcontrolled\tby\tfeedback\tmechanisms\t... | [
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0.02406... |
hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid\taxis\t(HPT\naxis)\n.\tThe\tHPT\taxis\tis\tpart\tof\tthe\tendocrine\tsystem\tresponsible\tfor\tthe\tregulation\tof\tmetabolism.\tAs\nits\tname\tsuggests,\tit\tdepends\ton\tthe\t\nhypothalamus\n\t(a\ttiny,\tcone-shaped\tstructure\tlocated\tin\tthe\nlower\tcenter\tof\tthe\tbrain\tthat\n\tco... | [
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0.011221... |
pituitary\tgland\n\t(the\tmaster\tgland\tof\tthe\tendocrine\tsystem\tlocated\tat\tthe\tbase\tof\tthe\tbrain),\tand\tthe\nthyroid\tgland\t(\nFig.\t30.1\n). | [
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FIG.\t30.1\nThe\thypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid\taxis.\t\nTRH,\n\tThyrotropin-releasing\thormone;\t\nTSH,\n\tthyroid-\nstimulating\thormone.\nThe\thypothalamus\tproduces\tand\tsecretes\t\nthyrotropin-releasing\thormone\t(TRH)\n,\twhich\ttravels\nto\tthe\tpituitary\tgland,\tstimulating\tit\tto\trelease\tTSH,\twhich\tsig... | [
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synthetic\tmachinery.\tAlthough\tT\n4\n,\tT\n3\n,\tand\trT\n3\n\tare\tgenerated\twithin\tthe\tthyroid\n\tgland,\tT\n4\n\tis\nquantitatively\tthe\tmajor\tsecretory\tproduct.\tAll\tT\n4\n\tfound\tin\tcirculation\tis\tgenerated\tin\tthe\tthyroid\nunless\texogenously\tadministered\tvia\tthyroid\treplacement\tmedication\t(s... | [
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0.049... |
Table\t30.2\n).\tProduction\tof\nT\n3\n\tand\trT\n3\n\twithin\tthe\tthyroid\tis\trelegated\tto\tvery\tsmall\tquantities\tand\tis\tnot\tconsidered\tsignificant\ncompared\twith\tperipheral\tproduction\tin\tother\tbody\ttissues\t(\nFig.\t30.2\n).\nFIG.\t30.2\nConstructing\tthyroid\thormones.\t(1)\tAccumulation\tof\tthe\tr... | [
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0.12777289748191833,
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fabrication\tor\tsynthesis\tof\tthe\thormone,\tand\t(3)\tsecretion\tof\thormone\tinto\tthe\tblood\teither\tbound\tor\tas\tfree\tT\n4\n.\nWhen\tT\n4\n\tis\treleased\tfrom\tthe\tthyroid,\tit\tis\tprimarily\tin\ta\tbound\tform\twith\t\nthyroid-binding\nglobulin\t(TBG)\n,\ta\tprotein\tthat\ttransports\tthyroid\thormones\tt... | [
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0.00021939836733508855,
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0.08861234039068222,
0.008641828782856464,
0.05038304999470711,
0.0299818... |
with\tlesser\namounts\tbound\tto\tT\n4\n-binding\tprealbumin.\tIt\tis\testimated\tthat\tonly\t0.03%\tto\t0.05%\tof\tT\n4\n\twithin\tthe\ncirculatory\tsystem\tis\tin\ta\tfree\tor\tunbound\tform;\tthis\tunbound\tT\n4\n\tis\tcalled\t\nfree\tT\n4\n.\tIn\tperipheral\ntissues,\tapproximately\t70%\tof\tT\n4\n\tis\tconverted\t... | [
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0.01536509394645691,
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0.08534860610961914,
0.11920986324548721,
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0.0197129... |
4\n\tis\tconverted\tto\tT\n3\n\tor\trT\n3\n\tor\teliminated.\tAs\tmentioned,\tT\n3\n\tis\nconsidered\tto\tbe\tthe\tmost\tmetabolically\tactive\tthyroid\thormone.\tAlthough\tsome\tT\n3\n\tis\tproduced\tin\n\tthe\nthyroid,\tapproximately\t80%\tto\t85%\tis\tgenerated\toutside\tthe\tthyroid\tgland,\tprimarily\tby\tconversi... | [
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0.013145527802407742,
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0.06486504524946213,
0.017683133482933044,
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0.07546626776456833,
0.13264210522174835,
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0.041283831000328064,
-0.... |
via\ta\tdeiodinase\tenzyme\tfrom\tT\n4\n\tto\tT\n3\n\tin\tthe\tliver\tand\tkidneys.\tThe\tpituitary\tand\tnervous\tsystem\tare\nalso\tcapable\tof\tconverting\tT\n4\n\tto\tT\n3\n,\tand\tso\tare\tnot\treliant\ton\tT\n3\n\tproduced\tin\tthe\tliver\tor\tkidney.\nWithin\tthe\tliver\tand\tkidney,\tthe\tenzyme\tresponsible\tf... | [
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0.031112348660826683,
0.008016903884708881,
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0.021149728447198868,
0.07698459923267365,
0.002848336473107338,
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0.04141262546181679,
0.1234537735581398,
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0.0603... |
3\n\tis\ta\tselenium-dependent\nenzyme\tcalled\t\n5-deiodinase\n,\tan\tenzyme\tthat\tremoves\tone\tmolecule\tof\tiodine\tfrom\tT\n4\n\tto\tform\teither\nT\n3\n\tor\trT\n3\n\t(\nFig.\t30.3\n).\nFIG.\t30.3\nThyroid\tmetabolism.\nAssessment\tin\tthyroid\tdisorders\nAssessment\tbegins\twith\tan\tevaluation\tof\tthyroid\tst... | [
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0.012375498190522194,
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0.011923572048544884,
0.08632774651050568,
0.05553801730275154,
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0.050592001527547836,
0.12200260907411575,
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0.03... |
thyroid\tpanel.\tIn\tthe\tabsence\tof\ta\tfull\tthyroid\tpanel,\ta\tserum\tthyrotropin\t(also\tknown\tas\tTSH)\tis\tthe\nsingle\tbest\tscreening\ttest\tfor\tprimary\tthyroid\tdysfunction\tfor\tthe\tvast\tmajority\tof\toutpatient\tclinical\nsituations\t(\nGarber\tet\tal,\t2012\n).\tA\tTSH\ttest\tdoes\tnot\tscreen\tfor\t... | [
0.022508244961500168,
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0.027352817356586456,
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0.06743966788053513,
0.04592902213335037,
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0.039931997656822205,
0.08597555011510849,
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0.054850589483976364,
0.033... |
).\tA\tTSH\ttest\tdoes\tnot\tscreen\tfor\tautoimmune\tdisease.\tIf\tautoimmune\nthyroid\tdisease\tis\tsuspected,\tadditional\ttests\tmust\tbe\tdone\t(described\tmore\tbelow).\tAssessments\nalso\tmay\tinclude\ta\tdiet\thistory\tto\tevaluate\tmicronutrients\tpertaining\tto\tthyroid\thealth\talong\twith\tan | [
0.008982506580650806,
-0.042456433176994324,
0.046031054109334946,
-0.084737628698349,
-0.07683514058589935,
-0.006624722853302956,
0.0899866446852684,
0.026360956951975822,
-0.0220966674387455,
0.05072813108563423,
0.11393512785434723,
-0.04432054981589317,
0.02956254594027996,
0.02015106... |
evaluation\tof\tcalorie\tand\tcarbohydrate\tintake.\tIn\taddition,\tan\tassessment\tof\tdietary\tintake\tof\ngoitrogenic\t(thyroid-inhibiting)\tfoods\n\tmay\tbe\twarranted.\nLaboratory\tnorms:\tFunctional\tversus\tpathologic\tranges\nA\ttypical\t(statistical)\treference\trange\tfor\tTSH\tin\tmany\tlaboratories\tis\tapp... | [
0.015992680564522743,
-0.056966979056596756,
0.026116034016013145,
0.008805465884506702,
0.007145092356950045,
0.025824785232543945,
0.08207710832357407,
0.07234957814216614,
0.0031009367667138577,
0.036639388650655746,
0.07975549250841141,
-0.04631698504090309,
0.02459651604294777,
0.0237... |
mIU/L.\tIndividuals\twith\tTSH\tvalues\tgreater\tthan\t2\tmIU/L\thave\tan\tincreased\trisk\tof\tdeveloping\tovert\nhypothyroidism\tduring\tthe\tnext\t20\tyears.\tSubclinical\tautoimmune\tthyroid\tdisease\tis\tso\tcommon\tin\nthe\tpopulation\tthat\tlaboratory\n\treference\tranges\tderived\tfrom\ttesting\tapparently\thea... | [
0.006454791408032179,
-0.07420273125171661,
0.09095915406942368,
-0.050953518599271774,
-0.07723260670900345,
0.0021309833973646164,
0.07840550690889359,
0.02894243784248829,
-0.007365730125457048,
0.08936748653650284,
0.14180737733840942,
-0.05777240917086601,
0.03326708823442459,
0.02023... |
reference\tranges\tderived\tfrom\ttesting\tapparently\thealthy\tsubjects\neasily\tcould\tbe\tmisconstrued\tfor\tthose\twith\tdisease.\tImportantly,\tseveral\tstudies\thave\tdetected\tan\nincrease\tin\tthyroid\tantibody\tpositivity\twith\tTSH\tconcentrations\toutside\tthe\tnarrow\trange\tof\t0.2\tto\n1.9\tmIU/L\t(\nFjae... | [
-0.022149214521050453,
0.004855115432292223,
0.0877622589468956,
-0.041785333305597305,
-0.049864865839481354,
-0.026188060641288757,
0.06613823771476746,
-0.0014863426331430674,
0.048047687858343124,
0.03807816654443741,
0.07891171425580978,
-0.043473199009895325,
0.037533603608608246,
0.... |
1.9\tmIU/L\t(\nFjaellagaard\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\tThis\tfact\tprovides\tevidence\tthat\tTSH\tin\tthe\tupper\treference\nrange\toften\tis\tassociated\twith\tabnormal\n\tpathologic\tfindings\t(\nHak\tet\tal,\t2000\n;\t\nKhandelwal\tand\nTandon,\t2012\n;\t\nSaravanan\tet\tal,\t2002\n),\tmitochondrial\tdysfunction,\tand\tmor... | [
-0.02025616355240345,
-0.04260852560400963,
0.08700740337371826,
-0.04774220287799835,
-0.11010321229696274,
0.012988357804715633,
0.06065493822097778,
0.03964759036898613,
0.02368740178644657,
0.05645539611577988,
0.09129511564970016,
-0.041444383561611176,
0.03417380526661873,
0.04094785... |
),\tmitochondrial\tdysfunction,\tand\tmorphologic\tskeletal\tmuscle\nalterations\tincluding\tmyalgia,\tmuscle\tcramps,\tand\tweakness\t(\nDunn\tet\tal,\t2009\n).\tAdditional\tevidence\nthat\tthyroid\tfunction\twithin\tthe\tlaboratory\treference\tranges\tcan\tbe\tassociated\twith\tadverse\noutcomes\tis\tshown\tin\t\nTab... | [
-0.010339821688830853,
-0.05694057047367096,
0.09916392713785172,
-0.042059533298015594,
-0.11038590967655182,
-0.011972895823419094,
0.111021026968956,
0.03291282802820206,
0.016419025138020515,
0.0396265834569931,
0.09612705558538437,
-0.05221039429306984,
0.02290399931371212,
0.02486854... |
outcomes\tis\tshown\tin\t\nTable\t30.1\n.\tConversely,\tdecreased\n\tTSH\tlevels\tcombined\twith\tnormal-to-high\tT\n4\nor\tT\n3\n\tlevels\tmay\tbe\tsuggestive\tof\thyperthyroidism\t(see\tThyroid\tFunction\tTests\tin\t\nAppendix\t13\n). | [
-0.00204278202727437,
-0.0033522313460707664,
0.04985593631863594,
-0.06880244612693787,
-0.04756589233875275,
0.06545902043581009,
0.043701209127902985,
0.05373361334204674,
0.046266309916973114,
0.05925163999199867,
0.07700281590223312,
0.010930376127362251,
0.025103062391281128,
0.02312... |
TABLE\t30.1\nVariation\tin\tThyroid\tFunction\tWithin\tReference\tRange\tand\tAdverse\tOutcomes\nTSH\t>2\tmIU/L\n*\nIncreased\t20-year\trisk\tof\thypothyroidism\nTSH\t>2\tmIU/L\n*\nIncreased\tfrequency\tof\tthyroid\tautoantibodies\nTSH\t>4\tmIU/L\n*\nIncreased\trisk\tof\theart\tdisease\nTSH\t2-4\tmIU/L\n*\nCholesterol\... | [
-0.005477773956954479,
-0.051854997873306274,
0.003142155008390546,
-0.07323355227708817,
-0.045406002551317215,
0.00004550131779978983,
-0.01429822202771902,
0.10758126527070999,
-0.03884756937623024,
0.040782615542411804,
0.1070786565542221,
-0.04268215596675873,
0.024781636893749237,
-0... |
Free\tT\n4\n\t<10.4\npmol/L\n†\nImpaired\tpsychomotor\tdevelopment\tof\tinfant\tif\toccurs\tin\tfirst\ttrimester\tof\npregnancy\nT\n3\n,\tThyroxine;\t\nTSH,\n\tthyroid-stimulating\thormone.\n*\nTypical\treference\tranges:\tTSH\t0.2-5.5\tmIU/L\n†\nTypical\treference\tranges:\tfree\tT\n4\n\t9.8-25\tpmol/L\nChanges\tin\t5... | [
-0.013112670741975307,
-0.08381722867488861,
0.03321550041437149,
-0.06462560594081879,
-0.03169059008359909,
0.02999088726937771,
0.08689524978399277,
0.11369362473487854,
-0.01873401738703251,
0.07800588756799698,
0.10596271604299545,
-0.033880505710840225,
0.03345033526420593,
0.0341087... |
poor\tnutrition,\tillness,\nselenium\tdeficiency,\tand\tcertain\tdrug\ttherapies.\tToxic\tmetals\tsuch\tas\tcadmium,\tmercury,\tand\tlead\nhave\tbeen\tassociated\twith\timpaired\thepatic\t5-deiodination\tin\tanimal\tmodels.\t(\nSoldin\tet\tal,\t2008\n).\nFree\tradicals\tare\talso\tinvolved\tin\tinhibition\tof\t5-deiodi... | [
0.009683836251497269,
-0.023689359426498413,
0.07259784638881683,
0.04143882170319557,
-0.08943818509578705,
0.0009487410425208509,
0.06810121983289719,
0.04270587116479874,
-0.023167423903942108,
0.06797090917825699,
0.1234515905380249,
-0.06792224198579788,
0.010630210861563683,
0.027487... |
disease\tsuch\tas\thepatic\tcirrhosis,\talterations\tin\thepatic\tdeiodination\tresulting\n\tin\tincreased\trT\n3\n\tand\ta\nsimultaneous\tdecrease\tin\tT\n3\n\tlevels\talso\thave\tbeen\tobserved\t(\nBox\t30.1\n\tand\tsee\t\nChapter\t28\n).\nBOX\t30.1\n5-Deiodinase\tInhibitors\nSelenium\tdeficiency\nInadequate\tprotein... | [
-0.022818097844719887,
-0.11636854708194733,
0.054423678666353226,
0.019269544631242752,
-0.03755635768175125,
0.0326751247048378,
0.038335856050252914,
0.09768002480268478,
-0.06915087252855301,
0.08190002292394638,
0.09787312150001526,
-0.024427173659205437,
0.007659053895622492,
0.05008... |
High\tinsulin\nChronic\tillness\nStress\t(cortisol)\nCd,\tHg,\tPb,\tand\tother\theavy\tmetal\ttoxins\nCompromised\tliver\tor\tkidney\tfunction\nHypothyroidism\nOf\tthe\tdetected\tcases\tof\t\nhypothyroidism\n\t(underactive\tthyroid)\tmore\tthan\thalf\tare\tdue\tto\tan\nautoimmune\tdisorder\tcalled\t\nHashimoto’s\tthyro... | [
0.0016906774835661054,
-0.04536784812808037,
0.06479409337043762,
0.0013188059674575925,
-0.07439374923706055,
0.024205030873417854,
0.09898412972688675,
0.06148524954915047,
-0.05782291665673256,
0.06582190841436386,
0.07512185722589493,
0.0026977011002600193,
0.055317241698503494,
0.0189... |
Hashimoto’s\tthyroiditis\n,\tin\twhich\tthe\timmune\tsystem\tattacks\tand\ndestroys\tthyroid\tgland\ttissue.\tA\tcommon\tclinical\tpresentation\tof\tpatients\twith\tfunctional\tchanges\tof\nthe\tendocrine\tsystem\tis\taltered\tthyroid\tfunction.\tIndeed\t\nsubclinical\n\thypothyroidism\trepresents\tthe\nfirst\tsigns\to... | [
0.02540181763470173,
-0.03380045294761658,
0.06255421042442322,
-0.0668029710650444,
-0.11784143000841141,
-0.009691792540252209,
0.08048957586288452,
0.05817752331495285,
-0.008619766682386398,
0.0773145854473114,
0.06783493608236313,
0.007591467350721359,
0.029152432456612587,
-0.0026586... |
first\tsigns\tof\tthyroid\thormone\tdysfunction\tfor\tmany\tindividuals.\n\tTypical\tsymptoms\tinclude\tlow\nenergy,\tcold\thands\tand\tfeet,\tfatigue,\thypercholesterolemia,\tmuscle\tpain,\tdepression,\tand\tcognitive\ndeficits\t(\nBox\t30.2\n).\tEvaluation\tof\tthyroid\thormone\tmetabolism\tis\tneeded\tbefore\tthyroi... | [
0.005651814863085747,
-0.06644470244646072,
0.018419213593006134,
-0.04714127257466316,
-0.08591688424348831,
-0.004927736707031727,
0.034719254821538925,
0.09520971775054932,
-0.013582097366452217,
0.05279865488409996,
0.09429534524679184,
0.002728789346292615,
0.043793078511953354,
0.021... |
replacement\ttherapy.\nBOX\t30.2\nCommon\tSymptoms\tof\tHypothyroidism\tand\tHyperthyroidism\nHypothyroidism\nHyperthyroidism\nFatigue\nHeat\tintolerance,\tsweating\nForgetfulness\nWeight\tloss\nDepression\nAlterations\tin\tappetite\nHeavy\tmenses\nFrequent\tbowel\tmovements\nDry,\tcoarse\thair\nChanges\tin\tvision\nMo... | [
0.004100858233869076,
-0.01546740997582674,
0.08610406517982483,
-0.016478266566991806,
-0.04060450568795204,
0.022589104250073433,
0.08858159929513931,
0.003073530038818717,
-0.07152243703603745,
0.05356670171022415,
0.07372590154409409,
-0.019276684150099754,
0.032099924981594086,
-0.019... |
Changes\tin\tvision\nMood\tswings\nFatigue\tand\tmuscle\tweakness\nWeight\tgain\nMenstrual\tdisturbance\nHoarse\tvoice\nImpaired\tfertility\nDry,\tcoarse\tskin\nMental\tdisturbances\nConstipation\nSleep\tdisturbances\nTremors\nThyroid\tenlargement\nFrom\tShomon\tM:\t\nThyroid\tDisease\tSymptoms—Hypothyroidism\n\tand\tH... | [
0.009032306261360645,
-0.019654108211398125,
0.03826349601149559,
-0.05339536443352699,
-0.043921660631895065,
-0.02733488194644451,
0.04817560315132141,
0.054267965257167816,
-0.090091273188591,
0.04117044806480408,
0.051230404525995255,
0.029861977323889732,
0.022251687943935394,
-0.0231... |
and\tHyperthyroidism\n\t(website):\nhttp://thyroid.about.com/cs/basics_starthere/a/symptoms.htm\n,\t2008. | [
0.012528757564723492,
-0.02212694101035595,
0.022826984524726868,
0.025657938793301582,
0.04642237350344658,
0.02421731874346733,
0.009623675607144833,
0.025716496631503105,
-0.0410081222653389,
0.005380810704082251,
0.023760246112942696,
-0.01171315647661686,
0.02851979248225689,
-0.01202... |
Women\tare\tfive\tto\teight\ttimes\tmore\tlikely\tthan\tmen\tto\tsuffer\tfrom\thypothyroidism.\tIn\taddition,\nindividuals\twho\thave\tceliac\tdisease\tmay\tbe\tat\trisk\t(see\t\nClinical\tInsight:\n\tWas\tIt\tGluten\tThat\tCaused\nHer\tHypothyroidism?\n)\nCLINICAL\tINSIGHT\nGluten\tand\tHypothyroidism\nA\tcase\treport... | [
0.007364821154624224,
-0.012501797638833523,
0.07423744350671768,
-0.03504587337374687,
-0.04099450632929802,
0.02081022970378399,
0.0747748464345932,
-0.028406227007508278,
-0.0675729513168335,
0.09549850970506668,
0.10415104776620865,
-0.04544399306178093,
-0.0022888570092618465,
-0.0356... |
Gluten\tand\tHypothyroidism\nA\tcase\treport\tdescribed\ta\t23-year-old\n\twoman\twith\ta\tdiagnosis\tof\thypothyroidism\tcaused\tby\nHashimoto’s\tthyroiditis\tand\tautoimmune\tAddison’s\tdisease\twho\twas\tfound\tin\tevaluation\tto\thave\nelevated\tantiendomysial\tantibody\tlevels\t(a\tmarker\tof\tceliac\tdisease\t[CD... | [
-0.0195318590849638,
-0.01186403352767229,
0.04806689918041229,
-0.02029496245086193,
-0.04458630457520485,
0.004056238569319248,
0.1030009463429451,
0.052558351308107376,
-0.07445698231458664,
0.03190575912594795,
0.10966923832893372,
-0.001031420542858541,
0.022574203088879585,
0.0079858... |
period\ton\ta\tgluten-free\tdiet,\tthe\tpatient\tdemonstrated\tremarkable\tclinical\timprovement\tin\ther\ngastrointestinal\t(GI)-related\tsymptoms\tand,\tmore\timportantly,\n\tin\ther\tthyroid\tfunction.\tShe\nrequired\tprogressively\tless\tthyroid\tand\tadrenal\treplacement\ttherapy.\tAfter\t6\tmonths,\ther | [
-0.03892619535326958,
-0.03928086534142494,
0.07733262330293655,
-0.012580767273902893,
-0.12121047079563141,
-0.019897492602467537,
0.08006982505321503,
0.09690875560045242,
-0.005191785283386707,
-0.004189970437437296,
0.09082614630460739,
-0.0015616967575624585,
0.020619617775082588,
0.... |
endomysial\tantibody\tlevel\tbecame\tnegative,\ther\tantithyroid\tantibody\ttiter\tdecreased\tsignificantly,\nand\tthyroid\tmedication\twas\tdiscontinued.\tThis\tcase\treport\tpoints\tout\tthe\tpotential\timportant\neffect\tof\ta\tgluten-free\tdiet\ton\tthyroid\tfunction,\tespecially\tin\tthe\tpresence\tof\tCD. | [
0.025895170867443085,
-0.05912249535322189,
0.06827542930841446,
-0.06492681801319122,
-0.13009612262248993,
-0.02110252156853676,
0.11741478741168976,
0.05696415901184082,
-0.0029835111927241087,
0.06172654405236244,
0.10511436313390732,
-0.03409674018621445,
0.013379971496760845,
0.04626... |
A\tnumber\tof\tstudies\tshow\tthe\timportance\tof\tgluten\tin\tthe\tinduction\tof\tendocrine\tautoantibodies\nand\torgan\tsystem\tdysfunction\tin\tadolescent\tceliac\tpatients\t(\nCassio\tet\tal,\t2010\n;\t\nMeloni\tet\tal,\n2009\n).\tFurthermore,\tthe\tgenetic\trisk\tfor\tCD\tis\tlargely\trelated\tto\thuman\tleukocyte... | [
-0.009639967232942581,
-0.07330300658941269,
0.015752840787172318,
-0.06847401708364487,
-0.13059453666210175,
0.019932925701141357,
0.06372905522584915,
0.070155568420887,
-0.008338968269526958,
0.0744524821639061,
0.12456084042787552,
-0.007623644080013037,
0.018370293080806732,
0.049560... |
genotypes,\twhich\tin\tturn\tis\tlinked\tto\tautoimmune\tthyroid\tdisease\t(\nBarker\tand\tLiu,\t2008\n).\nAccording\tto\tthe\tinternational\n\tmedical\tbibliography,\tautoimmune\tHashimoto’s\tthyroiditis\tand\tCD\nare\tclearly\tassociated\t(\nFreeman,\t2016\n).\tThis\tmight\tbe\texplained\tpartly\tby\tthe\tincreased | [
-0.016959011554718018,
-0.029371680691838264,
0.07557079195976257,
-0.06319252401590347,
-0.07602854818105698,
0.001976389903575182,
0.07765376567840576,
0.04086491838097572,
-0.07412198930978775,
0.05956427752971649,
0.13038542866706848,
-0.0501149483025074,
-0.023665999993681908,
0.02807... |
Freeman,\t2016\n).\tThis\tmight\tbe\texplained\tpartly\tby\tthe\tincreased\nimmunosensitivity\tof\tCD\tpatients,\tas\tpart\tof\tan\tautoimmune\tpolyglandular\tsyndrome\t(APS),\tby\nthe\tdeficiency\tof\tkey\telements\tsuch\tas\tselenium\tand\tiodine\tdue\tto\tmalabsorption\t(\nStazi\tand\tTrinti,\n2010\n)\tor\tdue\tto\t... | [
-0.04996652528643608,
-0.02794443629682064,
0.05072346329689026,
-0.04581698402762413,
-0.08902774751186371,
0.026637595146894455,
0.1324652135372162,
0.0448007695376873,
-0.017824828624725342,
0.04494163766503334,
0.10456208884716034,
-0.012687220238149166,
0.012645169161260128,
0.0553355... |
(\nNaiyer\tet\tal,\t2008\n).\tBased\ton\nrecommendations\tfrom\ta\trecent\tmeta-analysis,\tall\tpatients\twith\tautoimmune\tHashimoto’s\nthyroiditis\tshould\tbe\tscreened\tfor\tCD,\tgiven\tthe\tincreased\tprevalence\tof\tthe\tcoexistence\tof\tthese\ntwo\tdisorders\t(\nRoy\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\tThis\tstudy\tadvocates\ttha... | [
-0.05144830420613289,
0.009666777215898037,
0.0790984034538269,
-0.05829406902194023,
-0.1127706840634346,
-0.009948338381946087,
0.052552416920661926,
0.07581009715795517,
-0.027860481292009354,
0.018099401146173477,
0.08126920461654663,
-0.006568495184183121,
0.08675577491521835,
0.04468... |
).\tThis\tstudy\tadvocates\tthat\tpatients\twith\tHashimoto’s\tthyroiditis\nundergo\tceliac\tserologic\ttests\t(serum\tIgA\tand\tIgG\tgliadin\tantibodies\t[AGA-IgA,\tAGA-IgG],\n\tIgA\ntransglutaminase\tantibodies\t[TGA],\tand\tserum\tIgA\tendomysium\tantibodies\t[EMA]),\tand\tthat\tif\tany\nof\tthe\tceliac\tserologic\t... | [
-0.02584465779364109,
-0.016844073310494423,
0.024331433698534966,
-0.03636977821588516,
-0.11364436149597168,
-0.018309375271201134,
0.11742015928030014,
0.08371910452842712,
0.005048001650720835,
0.014824005775153637,
0.10543901473283768,
-0.006106528453528881,
0.028625477105379105,
0.05... |
gastroduodenoscopy\tand\tduodenal\tbiopsy.\tIt\tmust\tbe\tconsidered\tthat\tpositive\tthyroid\tand\tceliac\ntests\tmight\trepresent\tan\tepiphenomenon\tbecause\tserum\tautoantibodies\tgenerally\tdo\tnot\treflect\ta\nclinical\tautoimmune\tdisease\n\t(\nLiontiris\tand\tMazokopakis,\t2017\n).\tIt\thas\tbeen\treported\ttha... | [
0.00349194323644042,
-0.06596800684928894,
0.05900616571307182,
-0.04549988731741905,
-0.0897696316242218,
-0.008809350430965424,
0.1221274808049202,
0.03461231663823128,
-0.03171911835670471,
0.042559728026390076,
0.10318178683519363,
-0.009664718061685562,
-0.020994752645492554,
0.030045... |
Liontiris\tand\tMazokopakis,\t2017\n).\tIt\thas\tbeen\treported\tthat\tgluten-\ndependent\tdiabetes\tand\tthyroidal-related\tantibodies\twere\tfound\tin\tpatients\twith\tCD\tbut\twere\neliminated\tafter\tthe\timplementation\tof\ta\tgluten-free\tdiet\t(\nDuntas,\t2009\n).\tA\tgluten-free\tdiet\tmay\nbe\twarranted\tin\tc... | [
-0.04773468151688576,
0.0013678919058293104,
0.08657000958919525,
-0.019086124375462532,
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0.018265921622514725,
0.11895599961280823,
0.04083912447094917,
-0.0241085235029459,
0.037151776254177094,
0.09397026896476746,
-0.007775690406560898,
0.03912973403930664,
0.014448... |
avoidance\tof\tgluten\tmay\treduce\tinflammation\tand\tauto-antibody\n\ttiters.\tSee\t\nChapter\t27\n\tfor\nadditional\tinformation\tabout\tCD.\nPathophysiology\nHashimoto’s\tthyroiditis\tis\tan\tautoimmune\tdisorder\tin\twhich\tthe\timmune\tsystem\tattacks\tand\tdestroys\nthe\tthyroid\tgland.\tIt\tis\tthe\tmost\tcommo... | [
0.0211932472884655,
-0.04627799987792969,
0.08190839737653732,
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0.014410178177058697,
0.1140017956495285,
0.026413554325699806,
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0.09099035710096359,
0.06427084654569626,
-0.010434090159833431,
0.04397580772638321,
0.053907882... |
thyroid\tgland\tbecomes\tnonfunctional,\twith\treactive\tparts\tof\tthe\tgland\tdeteriorating\tafter\tseveral\nyears.\tThyroid\tautoantibodies\n\tindicate\tthe\tbody’s\timmune\tsystem\tis\tattacking\titself\tand\twhether\tan\nautoimmune\tthyroid\tcondition\tis\tpresent,\tbe\tit\thypothyroidism\tor\thyperthyroidism,\tEp... | [
0.020321577787399292,
-0.03248816728591919,
0.06974320858716965,
-0.05517781153321266,
-0.06509346514940262,
0.013554989360272884,
0.07308369874954224,
0.030402163043618202,
-0.038475628942251205,
0.08203563094139099,
0.0357733778655529,
-0.017224855720996857,
0.04952625557780266,
0.006238... |
virus\t(EBV)\thas\tbeen\timplicated\tas\ta\tcritical\tunderlying\tfactor\tin\tautoimmune\tthyroid\tdisease.\nJanegova\tet\tal\t(2015)\n\tdemonstrated\ta\thigh\tprevalence\tof\tEBV\tinfection\tin\tcases\tof\tHashimoto’s\nthyroiditis\t(80.7%)\tas\twell\tas\tin\tsamples\tof\n\tGraves’\tdisease\t(62.5%).\nSpecific\tantibod... | [
-0.03753037005662918,
-0.009213967248797417,
0.05116595700383186,
-0.06301934272050858,
-0.051559075713157654,
-0.020342938601970673,
0.07146482169628143,
0.08463486284017563,
-0.05516292527318001,
0.07587947696447372,
0.04753817245364189,
-0.018667912110686302,
0.07832028716802597,
0.0672... |
Specific\tantibody\ttests\tidentify\tHashimoto’s\tthyroiditis.\t\nThyroid\tperoxidase\tantibodies\t(TPO\nAb)\n\tare\timmune\tcells\tthat\tindicate\tthe\timmune\tsystem\tis\tattacking\tTPO\tin\tthe\tthyroid\tgland.\tThe\nTPO\tAb\ttest\tis\tthe\tmost\timportant\tbecause\tTPO\tis\tthe\tenzyme\tresponsible\tfor\tthe\tprodu... | [
0.012092435732483864,
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0.08328511565923691,
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0.09961409866809845,
0.042008236050605774,
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0.10533496737480164,
0.10281813889741898,
-0.047162014991045,
0.04625618830323219,
0.0412169... |
thyroid\thormones,\tand\tthe\tmost\tfrequent\ttarget\tof\tattack\tin\tHashimoto’s.\t\nThyroglobulin\nantibodies\t(TGB\tAb)\n\tare\timmune\tcells\tthat\tindicate\tthe\timmune\tsystem\tis\tattacking\tthyroglobulin\nin\tthe\tthyroid\tgland.\tSometimes\tthis\ttest\tis\tnecessary\tas\twell\tbecause\tit\tis\tthe\tsecond\tmos... | [
0.0015868556220084429,
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0.07071828097105026,
-0.06682790815830231,
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0.019967753440141678,
0.07422619313001633,
0.011806381866335869,
-0.0033846611622720957,
0.07298731058835983,
0.08885867893695831,
-0.07483093440532684,
0.03154834732413292,
-0.004... |
target\tfor\tHashimoto’s\tdisease.\nSchmidt’s\tsyndrome\trefers\tto\thypothyroidism\twith\tother\tendocrine\tdisorders,\tincluding\tAddison’s\ndisease\t(adrenal\tinsufficiency),\thypoparathyroidism,\tand\tdiabetes\tmellitus,\tall\tof\twhich\tmay\n\tbe\nautoimmune\tin\tnature.\t\nEuthyroid\tsick\tsyndrome\n\tis\thypothy... | [
0.020632008090615273,
0.0014887322904542089,
0.059227049350738525,
-0.033545564860105515,
-0.04915387183427811,
0.02603866346180439,
0.07697587460279465,
0.016503768041729927,
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0.06030668690800667,
0.07325012981891632,
-0.019648650661110878,
0.06437968462705612,
0.00718... |
Euthyroid\tsick\tsyndrome\n\tis\thypothyroidism\tassociated\twith\ta\tsevere\nsystemic\tillness\tthat\tcauses\tdecreased\tperipheral\tconversion\tof\tT\n4\n\tto\tT\n3\n,\tan\tincreased\tconversion\tof\nT\n3\n\tto\tthe\tinactive\trT\n3\n,\tand\tdecreased\tbinding\tof\tthyroid\thormones.\tConditions\tcommonly\tassociated | [
0.04568878561258316,
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0.08496847003698349,
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0.10316044092178345,
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0.0851082056760788,
0.09692761301994324,
-0.041724398732185364,
0.0347762405872345,
0.0171218... |
with\tthis\tsyndrome\tinclude\tprotein-calorie\tmalnutrition,\tsurgical\ttrauma,\tmyocardial\tinfarction,\nchronic\n\trenal\tfailure,\tdiabetic\tketoacidosis,\tanorexia\tnervosa,\tcirrhosis,\tthermal\tinjury,\tand\tsepsis.\nOnce\tthe\tunderlying\tcause\tis\ttreated,\tthe\tcondition\tusually\tis\tresolved\t(see\t\nPatho... | [
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0.03009513020515442,
0.006982284598052502,
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0.08018513768911362,
0.09309953451156616,
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0.022625964134931564,
0.032801635563373566,
-0.01604866236448288,
0.017146628350019455,
0.039... |
Triggers\nAdrenal\tdysfunction\tand\toxidative\tstress.\nLow\tthyroid\tfunction\tis\talmost\talways\tsecondary\tto\tsome\tother\tcondition,\toften\tadrenal\tdysfunction\n(\nKaltsas\tet\tal,\t2010\n)\t(see\t\nAdrenal\tDisorders\n\tlater\tin\tthis\tchapter).\nAging.\nMaintaining\tthyroid\thormone\tfunction\tthroughout\tt... | [
0.006450718734413385,
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0.07775623351335526,
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0.021797647699713707,
0.11435436457395554,
0.05596672371029854,
0.002594843739643693,
0.05269239842891693,
0.09875581413507462,
-0.020136302337050438,
0.060874562710523605,
0.006027... |
hallmark\tof\thealthy\taging.\tThe\tincidence\tof\thypothyroidism\t(underactive\n\tthyroid)\tincreases\twith\tage.\nBy\tage\t60,\t9%\tto\t17%\tof\tmen\tand\twomen\thave\tan\tunderactive\tthyroid.\tThe\tabsence\tof\tcirculating\nthyroid\tautoantibodies\tin\thealthy\tcentenarians\tis\tnoted.\tBecause\tunhealthy\taging\ti... | [
0.003910970874130726,
-0.020527277141809464,
0.0544528104364872,
-0.03392745554447174,
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0.004123989958316088,
0.1370747834444046,
0.04220722243189812,
-0.03757905215024948,
0.0548187680542469,
0.08696873486042023,
-0.030396729707717896,
0.011550555936992168,
-0.0030901... |
a\tprogressively\tincreasing\tprevalence\tof\torgan-specific\tand\tnon-organ-specific\tautoantibodies,\tthe\nabsence\tof\tthese\tantibodies\tmay\trepresent\ta\tsignificantly\treduced\trisk\n\tfor\tcardiovascular\tdisease\nand\tother\tchronic\tage-related\tdisorders.\nMenopause.\nThe\trelationship\tbetween\tthyroid\thor... | [
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0.06575829535722733,
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0.0677638128399849,
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0.005640312097966671,
0.06942053884267807,
0.11747263371944427,
-0.05799045413732529,
0.0249129980802536,
0.0093294... |
are\tfew\tstudies\ton\tthe\trelationship\tbetween\tthyroid\tfunction\tand\tmenopause\tspecifically.\tIn\taddition,\nthey\tdo\tnot\tnecessarily\tclarify\twhether\tmenopause\thas\tan\teffect\ton\tthyroid\tregardless\tof\taging,\ndespite\tthe\tfact\n\tthat\thypothyroid\tsymptoms\tand\tmenopause\tsymptoms\t(such\tas\thot\t... | [
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0.07437340915203094,
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0.007337425369769335,
0.1122523620724678,
0.0810202956199646,
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0.039928268641233444,
0.07554041594266891,
-0.013044225983321667,
0.0581306628882885,
0.0392493344... |
insomnia,\tirritability,\tand\tpalpitations)\tare\tcommonly\tconfused.\tAccording\tto\ta\treport\tfrom\tthe\nevaluation\tof\tthe\tStudy\tof\tWomen’s\tHealth\tAcross\tthe\tNation\t(SWAN),\tthyroid\tfunction\tdoes\tnot\nappear\tto\tbe\tdirectly\tinvolved\tin\tthe\tpathogenesis\tof\tmenopausal\tcomplications;\thowever,\nm... | [
0.028033042326569557,
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0.07807976007461548,
0.0287484098225832,
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0.0034679723903536797,
0.11362747102975845,
-0.004130612127482891,
0.01599724404513836,
0.00464582908898592,
0.06468583643436432,
-0.01947275549173355,
0.0589887909591198,
-0.00641866... |
menopause\tmay\tmodify\tthe\tclinical\texpression\tof\tAITDs\n\tsuch\tas\tHashimoto’s\tthyroiditis\t(\nDel\tGhianda\net\tal,\t2014\n).\nPregnancy.\nThyroid\tdysfunction\thas\tbeen\trelated\tto\tobstetric\tcomplications\tsuch\tas\tpremature\tdelivery,\ngestational\thypertension,\tpreeclampsia,\tand\tplacental\tabruption... | [
-0.014967155642807484,
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0.05556325241923332,
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0.004649309441447258,
0.046579815447330475,
0.04636756703257561,
-0.06758205592632294,
0.028856882825493813,
0.09370502829551697,
0.0187827255576849,
0.0420498363673687,
0.00380299... |
United\tStates\tis\tdiagnosed\twith\thypothyroidism\tduring\tpregnancy.\tOut\tof\tevery\t100\tmiscarriages,\tsix\nare\tassociated\twith\tthyroid\thormone\n\tdeficiency\tduring\tpregnancy,\tup\tto\t18%\tof\twomen\tare\ndiagnosed\twith\tpostpartum\tthyroiditis,\tand\tapproximately\t25%\tof\twomen\tdevelop\tpermanent\nhyp... | [
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0.008749048225581646,
0.027132298797369003,
-0.05027284100651741,
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0.03318355232477188,
0.04461326077580452,
0.03221997618675232,
-0.04903139919042587,
0.07012870162725449,
0.0799265056848526,
-0.011698598973453045,
0.028720494359731674,
0.014456... |
hypothyroidism\t(\nDe\tVivo\tet\tal,\t2010\n;\t\nYassa\tet\tal,\t2010\n).\nGlobal\trecommendations\tfor\tiodine\tduring\tpregnancy\tare\t130-250\tmcg/d\tdepending\ton\tthe\ncountry.\tIn\tareas\tof\tsevere\tiodine\tdeficiency,\tmaternal\tand\tfetal\thypothyroxinemia\tcan\tcause\ncretinism\n\t(condition\n\tof\tstunted\tp... | [
-0.004247087053954601,
-0.03581281378865242,
0.037142522633075714,
-0.025359751656651497,
-0.03296440467238426,
0.03572985902428627,
0.060384828597307205,
0.08193229138851166,
-0.04218067228794098,
0.07523395866155624,
0.0959983542561531,
-0.018045436590909958,
0.03653887286782265,
0.01575... |
dietary\tiodine\tadequacy\tis\tessential\tduring\tpregnancy\t(see\t\nChapter\t14\n\tand\t\nTable\t14.8\n)\n(\nZimmermann,\t2009\n). | [
-0.005047512706369162,
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0.017223792150616646,
0.05304582417011261,
-0.08557487279176712,
0.05533630773425102,
0.06829564273357391,
0.05013762041926384,
-0.045679111033678055,
0.03755559027194977,
0.07642938196659088,
-0.04221704602241516,
-0.08295048773288727,
0.04083... |
Medical\tmanagement\nWhen\tthe\tthyroid\tis\tunderactive\t(hypothyroidism)\tbecause\tof\tautoimmune\tdisease\t(Hashimoto’s\ndisease),\tradioactive\tiodine\ttreatment,\tcongenital\tdefects,\tor\tsurgical\tremoval\t(thyroidectomy),\n\tthe\nconventional\tpharmacologic\tapproach\tfor\ttreatment\tis\tprescription\tthyroid\t... | [
0.005240446887910366,
-0.03231059014797211,
0.03914373740553856,
-0.05724082142114639,
-0.07062231004238129,
0.005125411320477724,
0.07145558297634125,
0.07552182674407959,
-0.0191604346036911,
0.04738031327724457,
0.0906614363193512,
0.03621850535273552,
0.01670067012310028,
-0.0075559751... |
medication.\t\nTable\t30.2\n\tprovides\tan\toverview\tof\tkey\tforms\tof\tthyroid\thormone\treplacement.\tWith\tthe\nfurther\telucidation\tof\tthe\teffects\tof\tgenetics,\tnew\tagents\tare\tlikely\tto\tbecome\tavailable\tas\tadjunct\ntherapy.\nTABLE\t30.2\nPharmacologic\tTreatments\tfor\tHypothyroidism\nMedication\nBra... | [
-0.02813938818871975,
-0.04616681858897209,
0.04972517117857933,
-0.06994349509477615,
-0.053496867418289185,
0.018678147345781326,
0.09487567842006683,
0.08627504855394363,
-0.05509953200817108,
0.06737358868122101,
0.07881064713001251,
0.03457256034016609,
0.01605660654604435,
0.03346155... |
Name\nMedication\nGeneric\tName\nUse\tand\tComments\nSynthroid,\nLevoxyl\nLevothyroxine—\n(synthetic\tT\n4\n)\nMost\tcommonly\tprescribed\tsynthetic\tform\tof\tthyroid\thormone\nreplacement\tdrug\t(thyroxine)\tthat\tprovides\ta\tsteady\tdose\tof\tT\n4\n\tfor\tthe\nbody\tto\tconvert\tto\tT\n3\n.\tAvailable\tin\ta\twide\... | [
-0.04468383267521858,
-0.04016157239675522,
0.03616802766919136,
-0.08528347313404083,
-0.025541070848703384,
0.016278067603707314,
0.07332383096218109,
0.023163562640547752,
-0.049078360199928284,
0.05612277239561081,
0.07830823212862015,
-0.02486930415034294,
0.050780847668647766,
0.0142... |
ingredients\tinclude\tlactose\tand\tcornstarch.\nTirosint\nLevothyroxine\nA\tsynthetic\tform\tof\treplacement\thormone\tthat\tincludes\n\tonly\tthree\ninactive\tingredients:\tgelatin,\tglycerin,\tand\twater.\nIs\tproduced\tin\ta\tdedicated\tfacility\tto\teliminate\tthe\trisk\tof\tcross-\nexposure.\nCytomel\nLiothyronin... | [
-0.03079335391521454,
-0.04428444802761078,
0.040111664682626724,
-0.05497250705957413,
-0.02427244745194912,
0.05757472291588783,
0.04089881479740143,
0.03804183006286621,
-0.010374023579061031,
0.0525042898952961,
0.04823467135429382,
-0.06356893479824066,
-0.005738618317991495,
0.026905... |
Cytomel\nLiothyronine—\n(synthetic\tT\n3\n)\nSynthetic\tform\tof\tT\n3\n,\twhich\tcan\talso\tbe\tcompounded.\nSometimes\tprescribed\tin\taddition\tto\tT\n4\n.\tOnly\teffective\tfor\napproximately\t10\thours\tand\tmust\tbe\ttaken\ttwice\tdaily.\nArmour\nThyroid\nDesiccated\nnatural\nthyroid\nPrepared\n\tfrom\tdried\tor\... | [
-0.0230842437595129,
-0.08071988075971603,
0.029529569670557976,
-0.07616250962018967,
-0.07473823428153992,
0.020240139216184616,
0.04920310527086258,
0.05691121891140938,
-0.028866944834589958,
0.07848211377859116,
0.09319651871919632,
-0.02698085829615593,
0.04922066628932953,
0.0589102... |
Prepared\n\tfrom\tdried\tor\tpowdered\tporcine\t(pig)\tor\tmixed\tbeef\tand\tpork\nthyroid\tgland\tfor\ttherapeutic\tuse.\nAvailable\tby\tprescription\tand\tfrequently\tused\tas\tan\talternative\tto\nsynthetic\tthyroid\tdrugs.\nAll\tbrands\tcontain\ta\tmixture\tof\tapproximately\t80%\tT\n4\n\tand\t20%\tT\n3\n.\nDifficu... | [
0.0024394269566982985,
-0.006473913788795471,
-0.0009787059389054775,
-0.03451985493302345,
-0.08954115957021713,
-0.015904167667031288,
0.08033311367034912,
0.029516499489545822,
-0.03846757113933563,
0.04778771847486496,
0.10065963864326477,
-0.019805163145065308,
0.07113741338253021,
0.... |
4\n\tand\t20%\tT\n3\n.\nDifficult\tto\tstandardize.\nCompounded\tT\n3\n\tmedication\tis\tavailable\tas\ta\ttime-released\tformula.\nCompounded\tmedications\tare\tfrequently\tnot\tinsurance\n\tcovered\tbut\nare\tless\texpensive\tthan\tstandard\tmedications.\nWP\tThyroid,\nNature-\nThroid\nDesiccated\nnatural\nthyroid\nP... | [
0.022890783846378326,
-0.03581181913614273,
0.053893037140369415,
-0.05094851553440094,
-0.08807607740163803,
0.013008099980652332,
0.07021977007389069,
0.056260719895362854,
-0.008955766446888447,
0.0762864276766777,
0.1012720912694931,
-0.0259401835501194,
0.036134567111730576,
0.0356043... |
4\n,\tT\n3\n,\tT\n2\n,\tand\tT\n1\n,\nwhich\tmay\tbe\tbeneficial\tfor\tthose\twho\thave\tdifficulty\twith\tT\n4\n-T\n3\nconversion.\nAvailable\tin\t8-13\tdifferent\tstrengths,\tranging\tfrom\tlow\tto\thigh\nconcentrations.\nThyrolar\nLiotrix—\n(synthetic\tT\n4\n-\nT\n3\ncombination)\nSynthetic\tcombination\tof\tT\n4\n\... | [
-0.027427030727267265,
-0.0454716794192791,
-0.009485970251262188,
-0.10359571129083633,
-0.06356000900268555,
-0.00769919715821743,
0.04035729914903641,
0.02433241531252861,
-0.03937283903360367,
0.05578530207276344,
0.06829563528299332,
-0.0109305614605546,
0.006997799500823021,
0.042838... |
3.\nSometimes\tused\tin\tlieu\tof\tArmour\tThyroid\tbecause\tof\tproblem\twith\nstandardization.\nT\n3\n,\tTriiodothyronine;\t\nT\n4\n,\tthyroxine.\nFrom\tShomon\tM:\t\nWhat\tis\tthe\tbest\tthyroid\tdrug?\n\t(website):\t\nhttp://thyroid.about.com/cs/thyroiddrugs/a/bestdrug.htm\n,\t2014.\nMedical\tnutrition\ttherapy | [
-0.01837698370218277,
-0.11661374568939209,
0.005215105134993792,
-0.0631292387843132,
0.03811056166887283,
0.03302011638879776,
0.05811743810772896,
0.0852251723408699,
-0.033713966608047485,
0.018517473712563515,
0.034235380589962006,
0.011274722404778004,
0.08521036058664322,
0.03691682... |
,\t2014.\nMedical\tnutrition\ttherapy\nSeveral\tnutrients\tare\tinvolved\tin\tthyroid\thealth,\tparticularly\tiodine\tand\tselenium.\n\tBecause\tof\tthe\ncritical\trole\tof\tiodine\tin\tthe\tsynthesis\tof\tthyroid\thormone,\tthis\ttrace\tmineral\thas\treceived\tthe\tmost\nattention\thistorically\twith\trespect\tto\tthy... | [
-0.010795743204653263,
-0.061848606914281845,
0.006638620980083942,
-0.019744617864489555,
-0.04838073253631592,
0.028819913044571877,
0.04874350503087044,
0.045781996101140976,
-0.03827856108546257,
0.04177319258451462,
0.11235357820987701,
-0.033326905220746994,
0.039987724274396896,
0.0... |
iron,\tselenium,\tvitamin\tA,\tand\tpossibly\tzinc\tmay\tinteract\twith\tiodine\tstatus\tand\tthyroid\tfunction\n(\nHess,\t2010\n;\t\nKöhrle,\t2013\n).\nFasting\tor\trestrictive\tdiets.\nCalorie\tand\tcarbohydrate\n\trestriction\tmay\treduce\tsubstantially\tthyroid\thormone\tactivity.\tThis\tvaries | [
0.0015005681198090315,
-0.049043938517570496,
0.05483901500701904,
0.04985179007053375,
-0.02689766138792038,
0.015881359577178955,
0.11666078865528107,
0.010260626673698425,
-0.04257629066705704,
0.05674787610769272,
0.09280082583427429,
-0.03933790698647499,
-0.0049028554931283,
0.008556... |
widely\tbetween\tindividuals.\tGenetics,\tobesity,\tgender,\tand\tthe\tmacronutrient\tcontent\tof\tthe\nhypocaloric\tdiet\tinfluence\tthe\tresponse.\tNutritional\tstatus\tand\tenergy\texpenditure\tinfluence\tthyroid\nfunction\tcentrally\tat\tthe\tlevel\tof\tTSH\tsecretion,\tdeiodination,\tand\tpossibly\telsewhere.\tBec... | [
0.04427473247051239,
-0.07539789378643036,
0.06451647728681564,
-0.026999058201909065,
-0.08127542585134506,
0.03051842749118805,
0.14137299358844757,
0.04362652450799942,
-0.0014343361835926771,
0.06551238894462585,
0.10802410542964935,
-0.04140789061784744,
0.027482161298394203,
0.036583... |
increase\tof\trT\n3\n\tis\tfound\tat\tthe\n\texpense\tof\tT\n3\n\tduring\tcaloric\trestriction,\tit\tis\tpossible\tthat\tthe\thepatic\npathways\tplay\ta\tsubstantial\trole\tin\tmetabolic\tcontrol\tduring\tenergy\tbalance.\tHowever,\twhen\tcaloric\nrestriction\tis\tlonger\tthan\t3\tweeks,\tT\n4\n\tand\trT\n3\n\tlevels\t... | [
0.04089393466711044,
-0.10438865423202515,
0.02651124820113182,
-0.03381441906094551,
-0.11367741227149963,
0.021020952612161636,
0.057711198925971985,
0.056923672556877136,
-0.038746993988752365,
0.05711023136973381,
0.08923394978046417,
-0.0030973334796726704,
0.0552634671330452,
0.04449... |
4\n\tand\trT\n3\n\tlevels\treturn\tto\tnormal\tvalues\t(\nDe\tVries\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\nFasting\talso\texerts\ta\tpowerful\tinfluence\ton\tthe\tmetabolism\tof\tthyroid\thormones\tto\tsave\tenergy\tand\nlimit\tcatabolism.\tMild\n\televations\tin\tendogenous\tcortisol\tlevels\tmay\tbe\tpartly\tresponsible.\tFasting\ndecr... | [
0.018208863213658333,
-0.055029068142175674,
0.09332200139760971,
-0.03262043744325638,
-0.08234994858503342,
0.020738108083605766,
0.09837988764047623,
0.010898842476308346,
-0.01633412018418312,
0.05841945484280586,
0.12959346175193787,
-0.0397910438477993,
0.02744213305413723,
0.0309280... |
decreases\tserum\tT\n3\n\tand\tT\n4\n\tconcentrations,\twhereas\tintrahepatic\tthyroid\thormone\tconcentrations\nremain\tunchanged.\tHowever,\tketones\tgenerated\tfrom\tcalorie\tdeprivation\tdo\tnot\tappear\tto\tsuppress\nT\n3\n\tgeneration\tand\thepatic\t5-deiodinase\tactivity.\tIt\tappears\tthat\tfasting-induced\tcha... | [
0.039568278938531876,
-0.1003265231847763,
0.025261713191866875,
0.02574617974460125,
-0.04398321732878685,
0.021484574303030968,
0.001031685620546341,
0.10017809271812439,
-0.008132395334541798,
0.04592880234122276,
0.04889367148280144,
0.014278707094490528,
0.046403128653764725,
0.040621... |
thyroid\thormone\tmetabolism\tare\tnot\n\tregulated\tvia\tthe\thepatic\tautonomic\tinput\tin\ta\tmajor\tway\tand\nmore\tlikely\treflect\ta\tdirect\teffect\tof\thumoral\tfactors\t(factors\tthat\tare\ttransported\tby\tthe\tcirculatory\nsystem)\ton\tthe\thepatocyte.\tOverall\tduring\tfasting,\tthere\tis\ta\tdown\tregulati... | [
0.04583148658275604,
-0.09284187853336334,
0.04934164136648178,
-0.03257560729980469,
-0.09963211417198181,
0.021971818059682846,
0.05255180969834328,
0.003745246445760131,
-0.020571965724229813,
0.07927567511796951,
0.08123462647199631,
-0.04504822939634323,
0.020660866051912308,
0.008140... |
is\tassumed\tto\trepresent\tan\tenergy-saving\tmechanism,\tinstrumental\tin\ttimes\tof\tfood\tshortage\t(\nDe\nVries\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\nGoitrogens.\nCyanogenic\tplant\tfoods\t(cauliflower,\tbroccoli,\tcabbage,\tBrussels\tsprouts,\tmustard\tseed,\tturnip,\nradish,\tbamboo\tshoot,\tand\tcassava)\texert\tantithyroid\tact... | [
0.014461210928857327,
-0.040406640619039536,
0.017235305160284042,
-0.01519039273262024,
-0.039863064885139465,
0.039862923324108124,
0.10351832211017609,
0.03004002384841442,
-0.027412472292780876,
0.02997680753469467,
0.14321619272232056,
-0.08114894479513168,
0.04249896854162216,
-0.005... |
The\thydrolysis\tof\tbioactive\tcompounds\tcalled\tglucosinolates\tfound\tin\tcruciferous\tvegetables\tmay\nyield\t\ngoitrin\n,\ta\tcompound\tknown\tto\tinterfere\twith\tthyroid\thormone\tsynthesis.\tThe\thydrolysis\tof\nindole\tglucosinolates\n\tresults\tin\tthe\trelease\tof\tthiocyanate\tions,\twhich\tcan\tcompete\tw... | [
0.01328763086348772,
-0.06722436845302582,
0.04189194366335869,
-0.0696367397904396,
-0.058563828468322754,
0.051332663744688034,
0.03128262609243393,
-0.01160782016813755,
0.026774128898978233,
0.08818486332893372,
0.09344112128019333,
-0.0023741330951452255,
0.031537897884845734,
0.02271... |
uptake\tby\tthe\tthyroid\tgland.\tIncreased\texposure\tto\tthiocyanate\tions\tfrom\tcruciferous\tvegetable\nconsumption,\thowever,\tdoes\tnot\tincrease\tthe\trisk\tof\thypothyroidism\tunless\taccompanied\tby\tiodine\ndeficiency.\tHowever,\tsteaming,\tcooking,\tor\tfermenting\tmay\treduce\tthe\tlevels\tof\tgoitrogens\ti... | [
0.02355360798537731,
-0.08152832835912704,
0.05781638249754906,
-0.04639425873756409,
-0.057828884571790695,
0.013758290559053421,
0.05638951063156128,
0.008044924587011337,
-0.03517306223511696,
0.0644683688879013,
0.13096046447753906,
-0.045537009835243225,
0.07346729934215546,
0.0030958... |
goitrogenic\tfoods\t(\nJagminder\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\nSoybean,\tan\timportant\tsource\tof\tprotein\tin\tmany\tdeveloping\tcountries,\talso\thas\tgoitrogenic\nproperties\twhen\tiodine\tintake\tis\tlimited.\tThe\tisoflavones,\tgenistein\tand\tdaidzein,\tinhibit\tthe\tactivity\nof\tTPO\tand\tcan\tlower\tthyroid\thormone\ts... | [
0.008672735653817654,
-0.04443388804793358,
0.03527826443314552,
-0.006081052124500275,
-0.07525255531072617,
0.021827448159456253,
0.08776859194040298,
-0.001616672263480723,
-0.005184215493500233,
0.05181008204817772,
0.1405867040157318,
-0.052380990236997604,
0.007440378423780203,
0.016... |
interrupt\tthe\tenterohepatic\tcycle\tof\tthyroid\thormone\tmetabolism.\tHowever,\thigh\tintakes\tof\tsoy\nisoflavones\n\tdo\tnot\tappear\tto\tincrease\tthe\trisk\tof\thypothyroidism\twhen\tiodine\tconsumption\tis\nadequate.\nSince\tthe\taddition\tof\tiodine\tto\tsoy-based\tformulas\tin\tthe\t1960s,\tthere\thave\tbeen\... | [
0.010592682287096977,
-0.07973131537437439,
0.06774049997329712,
-0.06897268444299698,
-0.10765457898378372,
0.008820552378892899,
0.055172149091959,
0.04344313219189644,
-0.04943317919969559,
0.08246181160211563,
0.06957051903009415,
-0.02004477195441723,
0.002320235362276435,
0.016538543... |
of\thypothyroidism\tdeveloping\tin\tsoy\tformula–fed\tinfants.\tSoybeans\tare\tby\tfar\tthe\tmost\tconcentrated\nsource\tof\tisoflavones\tin\tthe\thuman\tdiet.\tSmall\tamounts\tare\tfound\tin\ta\tnumber\tof\tlegumes,\tgrains,\nand\tvegetables.\n\tAverage\tdietary\tisoflavone\tintakes\tin\tAsian\tcountries,\tin\tparticu... | [
0.008194481022655964,
0.013596268370747566,
0.05156443640589714,
-0.045732852071523666,
-0.08511947840452194,
0.003665477503091097,
0.046269506216049194,
-0.02722717449069023,
0.008592488244175911,
0.0567629374563694,
0.08217792958021164,
-0.06739591062068939,
-0.0027082650922238827,
-0.02... |
China,\trange\tfrom\t11\tto\t47\tmg/day\tbecause\tof\tintake\tof\tthe\ttraditional\tfoods\tmade\tfrom\tsoybeans,\nincluding\ttofu,\ttempeh,\tmiso,\tand\tmatte,\twhereas\tintakes\tare\tconsiderably\tlower\tin\tWestern\ncountries\t(2\tmg/day).\tSoy\tproducts\t(meat\tsubstitutes,\tsoy\tmilk,\tsoy\tcheese,\tand\tsoy\tyogur... | [
-0.019188519567251205,
0.011733252555131912,
0.06280264258384705,
0.01851458102464676,
-0.04516757279634476,
-0.029631514102220535,
0.06826206296682358,
-0.025456193834543228,
-0.05950943008065224,
0.004103479441255331,
0.15410691499710083,
-0.12112576514482498,
0.00938222836703062,
-0.012... |
however,\tare\tgaining\tpopularity\n\tin\tWestern\tcountries.\tAlthough\tresearch\thas\tnot\tdetermined\tthe\nexact\teffect\tof\tsoy\ton\tthe\tmetabolic\tfate\tof\tthyroid\thormones,\texcessive\tsoy\tconsumption\tis\tbest\napproached\tcautiously\tin\tthose\twith\tsuspected\timpairment\tof\tthyroid\tmetabolic\tpathways.... | [
0.04298558086156845,
-0.09711369127035141,
0.07545793056488037,
-0.04417215287685394,
-0.11767146736383438,
-0.03742862492799759,
0.09443191438913345,
-0.026137474924325943,
0.0021906597539782524,
0.060003019869327545,
0.10923919081687927,
-0.02063826657831669,
0.06809345632791519,
0.01526... |
Iodine.\nAs\ta\ttrace\telement,\tiodine\tis\tpresent\tin\tthe\thuman\tbody\tin\tamounts\tof\t10\tto\t15\tmg,\tand\t70%\tto\t80%\nof\tit\tis\tlocated\tin\tthe\tthyroid\tgland.\n\tNinety\tpercent\tof\tit\tis\torganically\tbound\tto\ta\tprotein\tproduced\tin\nthe\tthyroid\tgland\tcalled\tthyroglobulin\t(Tg).\tIodide\tis\t... | [
0.0009026453481055796,
-0.07181759178638458,
0.032612960785627365,
-0.0806489884853363,
-0.06510652601718903,
-0.034839555621147156,
0.10924331843852997,
0.0848824605345726,
-0.010906513780355453,
0.057684820145368576,
0.1206616684794426,
-0.021941406652331352,
0.01618439331650734,
0.06865... |
produce\tthe\tbiochemically\tactive\tthyroid\thormones\tT\n4\n\tand\tT\n3\n\t(see\t\nFig.\t30.2\n).\tThe\tthyroid\tgland\tmust\ncapture\tan\testimated\tminimum\tof\t60\tmcg\tof\tiodide\t(the\tionic\tform\tof\tiodine)\tdaily\tto\tensure\tan\nadequate\tsupply\tfor\tthe\tproduction\n\tof\tthyroid\thormone\t(\nGropper\tand... | [
-0.03744151443243027,
-0.030554629862308502,
0.0071893539279699326,
-0.091435506939888,
-0.07003751397132874,
0.031481631100177765,
0.037125688046216965,
0.056829944252967834,
0.0026717016007751226,
0.08353181183338165,
0.11452094465494156,
-0.05956126004457474,
0.027089901268482208,
0.053... |
of\tthyroid\thormone\t(\nGropper\tand\tSmith,\t2012\n).\tInadequate\nintake\tof\tiodine\timpairs\tthyroid\tfunction\tand\tresults\tin\ta\tspectrum\tof\tdisorders.\tRandomized\ncontrolled\tintervention\ttrials\tin\tiodine-deficient\tpopulations\thave\tshown\tthat\tproviding\tiron\talong\nwith\tiodine\tresults\tin\tgreat... | [
-0.010537597350776196,
-0.06930319964885712,
0.04413599520921707,
-0.0624324195086956,
-0.08146806061267853,
0.0006644889363087714,
0.09851142764091492,
0.0733041912317276,
-0.0005075084627605975,
0.09234625846147537,
0.09295417368412018,
-0.0148319061845541,
0.051518429070711136,
0.049130... |
alone\t(\nHess,\t2010\n).\tIt\tis\talso\tvital\tto\tthyroid\tfunction,\n\tas\tit\tis\ta\tmajor\tcofactor\tand\tstimulator\tfor\tthe\nenzyme\tTPO.\nIn\tautoimmune\tHashimoto’s\tthyroiditis,\tsupplementing\twith\tiodine\tmay\texacerbate\tthe\tcondition.\nBecause\tiodine\tstimulates\tproduction\tof\tTPO,\tthis\tin\tturn\t... | [
-0.020408855751156807,
-0.05050008371472359,
0.05003315210342407,
-0.057228460907936096,
-0.0660625770688057,
0.019612222909927368,
0.09242238849401474,
0.07015546411275864,
-0.005737250670790672,
0.06400453299283981,
0.13569027185440063,
-0.007964803837239742,
0.07602553069591522,
0.02698... |
dramatically,\tindicating\tan\tautoimmune\tflare-up.\tSome\tpeople\tdevelop\tsymptoms\tof\tan\toveractive\nthyroid,\twhereas\tothers\thave\tno\tsymptoms\tdespite\ttests\n\tshowing\tan\televated\tlevel\tof\tTPO\tAbs.\nTherefore\tone\tmust\tbe\tcautious\tregarding\tthe\tuse\tof\thigh-dose\tiodine;\thowever,\ta\tclinical\... | [
0.06861905008554459,
-0.043865516781806946,
0.10464796423912048,
-0.04910355061292648,
-0.10479670017957687,
-0.02422749437391758,
0.11529754102230072,
0.007875327952206135,
-0.03446430712938309,
0.05504351481795311,
0.07646877318620682,
-0.027271714061498642,
0.0393933467566967,
0.0126921... |
and/or\tassessment\t(such\tas\tUI\texcretion\tlaboratories)\tmay\thelp\treveal\twhether\tiodine\nsupplementation\tis\twarranted.\tFurthermore,\talthough\tiodine\tdeficiency\tis\tthe\tmost\tcommon\tcause\tof\nhypothyroidism\tfor\tmost\tof\tthe\tworld’s\tpopulation\t(\nMelse-Boonstra\tand\tJaiswal,\t2010\n),\tin\tthe\tUn... | [
0.026742588728666306,
-0.01646708883345127,
0.061177510768175125,
-0.04329170659184456,
-0.08167234063148499,
0.010029847733676434,
0.04771440103650093,
-0.024295348674058914,
0.01821642927825451,
0.08471943438053131,
0.11753690242767334,
-0.029081858694553375,
0.03797641023993492,
0.00290... |
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