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indicator\tof\tfolate\tstatus\tthan\tserum\tfolate,\tbecause\tfolate\tis\tmuch\tmore\tconcentrated\tin\tRBCs\tthan\nin\tthe\tserum.\tRBC\tfolate\tmeasurement\tmore\tclosely\treflects\ttissue\tstores\tand\tis\tconsidered\n\tthe\tmost\nreliable\tindicator\tof\tfolate\tstatus.\tFolate\tis\tabsorbed\tin\tthe\tjejunum,\tand...
[ 0.0477433018386364, -0.05993806570768356, 0.021716058254241943, -0.05085601285099983, -0.11401224881410599, -0.001388111268170178, 0.09774838387966156, 0.0017220514127984643, -0.0027993086259812117, 0.05996932461857796, 0.07141359150409698, -0.039509840309619904, 0.025456981733441353, 0.02...
several\tcauses,\tbut\ta\tspecific\ttest\tfor\tfolate\tabsorption\tis\tnot\tavailable.\tThe\tpresence\tand\textent\tof\ndeficiency\tshould\tbe\tassessed\tin\tpatients\twith\tceliac\tdisease,\tthose\twho\thave\thad\tmalabsorptive\nbariatric\tsurgery,\tthose\twith\ta\thistory\tof\tlong-term\tuse\tof\tmedications\tsuch\ta...
[ 0.06257510185241699, -0.04249370098114014, 0.041892848908901215, -0.03059454821050167, -0.12717486917972565, 0.0038459310308098793, 0.07237740606069565, 0.012168257497251034, 0.013105910271406174, 0.035660095512866974, 0.09822158515453339, 0.005263367667794228, 0.03045043721795082, 0.03871...
and\nsulfasalazine,\tthose\twith\tchronic\talcohol\tconsumption,\tthose\twith\tmethyltetrahydrofolate\treductase\n(MTHFR)\tgenetic\tpolymorphisms,\tand\tthose\twith\trheumatoid\tarthritis\ttaking\tmethotrexate\t(see\nChapters\t5\n\tand\t\n8\n).\nVitamin\tB\n12\n\tassessment.\nVitamin\tB\n12\n\tis\tmeasured\tin\tthe\tse...
[ 0.017177661880850792, -0.06067394092679024, 0.061975352466106415, -0.010637028142809868, -0.0718705877661705, 0.018004605546593666, 0.05358404666185379, 0.07018237560987473, -0.03355209901928902, 0.0346507802605629, 0.06673428416252136, -0.013102010823786259, 0.021340593695640564, -0.00643...
information\tabout\tvitamin\tB\n12\n\tstatus\tas\tdoes\tthe\tRBC\tlevel.\n\tIf\tvitamin\tB\n12\n\tstatus\tis\tcompromised,\nintrinsic\tfactor\tantibodies\t(IFAB)\tand\tparietal\tcell\tantibodies\tare\tmeasured;\tthe\tpresence\tof\nantibodies\tsuggests\tthe\tmain\tcause\tof\tmacrocytic\tanemia.\tHistorically\tthe\tSchil...
[ 0.015663087368011475, -0.02200745791196823, 0.02622240222990513, -0.043610043823719025, -0.07645848393440247, 0.011135325767099857, 0.10331136733293533, 0.03275914490222931, -0.02390923723578453, 0.0747126117348671, 0.07992582768201828, -0.013323089107871056, 0.02179803140461445, 0.0068599...
detect\tdefects\tin\tvitamin\tB\n12\n\tabsorption;\tit\trarely\tis\tused\ttoday\tbecause\tthe\ttest\trequires\tthat\tthe\npatient\tbe\tgiven\tradioactive\tvitamin\tB\n12\n\t(see\t\nChapter\t32\n).\t\nMethylmalonic\tacid\t(MMA)\n\tlevels\tin\nserum\tor\turine\tare\tmore\tuseful\tto\tassess\tB\n12\n\tstatus.\nVitamin\tB\...
[ 0.0033066803589463234, -0.06582241505384445, 0.04610640928149223, -0.0897858664393425, -0.09479501098394394, -0.01642942614853382, 0.07738210260868073, 0.01138842012733221, -0.03763679042458534, 0.05239696428179741, 0.10823731124401093, -0.04716447740793228, 0.05041559413075447, 0.06345375...
12\n\tstatus.\nVitamin\tB\n12\n\tand\tmethylmalonic\tacid.\nOnce\ta\tgenetic\tor\tautoimmune\tcause\tis\truled\tout,\tthe\tmost\tstraightforward\tbiochemical\tmethod\tfor\ndifferentiating\tbetween\tfolate\tand\tvitamin\tB\n12\n\tdeficiencies\tis\tby\tmeasuring\tthe\tserum\tor\turinary\nMMA\tlevel.\tMMA\tis\tformed\tdur...
[ -0.0032079850789159536, -0.037758518010377884, 0.04817740619182587, -0.06510334461927414, -0.08135072141885757, 0.005909434519708157, 0.03148622810840607, 0.047224003821611404, -0.03824332728981972, 0.05464616417884827, 0.10495591163635254, -0.034501925110816956, 0.042104605585336685, 0.00...
acids.\n\tMMA\tis\tthe\tside\tproduct\tin\tthis\tmetabolic\tpathway\tthat\tincreases\twhen\tthe\tconversion\tof\nmethylmalonic\tcoenzyme\tA\t(CoA)\tto\tsuccinyl\tCoA\tis\tblocked\tby\tlack\tof\tvitamin\tB\n12\n,\ta\tcoenzyme\tfor\nthis\treaction.\tTherefore\tdeficiency\tleads\tto\tan\tincrease\tin\tthe\tMMA\tpool,\twhi...
[ 0.02991466037929058, -0.11480248719453812, 0.03807877376675606, -0.03930939733982086, -0.06970759481191635, 0.04649444669485092, 0.05329151451587677, 0.0321783609688282, -0.005632986780256033, 0.06338422000408173, 0.10174437612295151, -0.04065778851509094, 0.02776437997817993, 0.0648481547...
serum\tor\turinary\tMMA\tlevel.\tThe\turinary\tMMA\ttest\tis\tmore\tsensitive\tthan\tthe\tserum\tB\n12\n\ttest\nbecause\tit\tindicates\n\ttrue\ttissue\tB\n12\n\tdeficiency.\tThe\tserum\tMMA\ttest\tmay\tgive\tfalsely\thigh\tvalues\tin\nrenal\tinsufficiency\tand\tintravascular\tvolume\tdepletion.\tThe\turinary\tMMA\ttest...
[ 0.06425389647483826, -0.020083598792552948, 0.066875159740448, -0.04896660894155502, -0.08408121764659882, 0.0013393870322033763, 0.07573344558477402, 0.06170864775776863, -0.00584009662270546, 0.09397641569375992, 0.055835042148828506, -0.050353486090898514, 0.04760323837399483, 0.0676207...
12\ndeficiency\tassay\tthat\thas\tbeen\tvalidated\tas\ta\tscreening\ttool.\tHomocysteine\tand\tMMA\ttend\tto\tdetect\nimpending\tvitamin\tdeficiencies\tbetter\tthan\tthe\tstatic\tassays.\tThis\tis\tespecially\timportant\twhen\nassessing\tthe\tstatus\tof\tcertain\n\tpatients\tsuch\tas\tvegans\tor\tolder\tadults,\twho\tc...
[ 0.024061908945441246, -0.035144224762916565, 0.03191540017724037, -0.05198327451944351, -0.13383527100086212, 0.0006456110859289765, 0.043062474578619, 0.04716900736093521, -0.042995352298021317, 0.04010115936398506, 0.09172920137643814, 0.004904885310679674, 0.04202553257346153, 0.0174405...
patients\tsuch\tas\tvegans\tor\tolder\tadults,\twho\tcould\thave\tvitamin\tB\n12\ndeficiency\tassociated\twith\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem\timpairment.\nFat-soluble\tvitamins\nFat\tmalabsorption\toften\tresults\tin\timpaired\tabsorption\tof\tvitamins\tA,\tE,\tD,\tand\tK.\tFactors\tincluding
[ -0.028971781954169273, -0.09635397791862488, 0.060566116124391556, -0.01615118607878685, -0.1118679791688919, -0.017320942133665085, 0.07142385095357895, 0.07326170057058334, -0.04720478132367134, 0.031099984422326088, 0.08119314163923264, -0.028173550963401794, 0.003963259048759937, 0.078...
low\tluminal\tpH,\tbile\tsalts\tbelow\tthe\tcritical\tmicellar\tconcentration,\tand\tinadequate\ttriglyceride\nhydrolysis\tcan\tinterfere\twith\tnormal\tbile\n\tsalt\tmicelle\tformation,\tcausing\timpaired\tabsorption\tof\tfat-\nsoluble\tvitamins.\tIndividuals\twith\tfat\tmalabsorptive\tdisorders,\tincluding\tthose\twh...
[ 0.014631250873208046, -0.10551232844591141, 0.047122564166784286, -0.053354665637016296, -0.106987863779068, -0.04708914831280708, 0.08922643214464188, 0.07109146565198898, 0.013686573132872581, 0.03905068710446358, 0.10190801322460175, -0.045022498816251755, 0.02467900514602661, 0.0502728...
bariatric\tsurgery,\tare\tat\tgreatest\trisk\tof\tdeficiencies\tof\tfat-soluble\tvitamins.\tSee\t\nAppendix\t12\n\tfor\nfurther\tdiscussion\tof\ttests\tfor\tassessing\tspecific\tvitamin\tadequacy.
[ 0.03031330741941929, -0.09952905774116516, 0.04066384583711624, 0.02727448381483555, -0.09449335187673569, -0.004404730163514614, 0.07319957762956619, 0.0595208965241909, -0.08479397743940353, -0.033234111964702606, 0.018271159380674362, -0.019688844680786133, -0.004422808066010475, 0.0848...
Vitamin\tA\nVitamin\tA\tstatus\tcan\tbe\testimated\tusing\tserum\tretinol,\tand\tthe\n\tnormal\tlevel\tin\tadults\tis\t30\tto\t80\nmcg/dL.\tA\tprimary\tdeficiency\tof\tvitamin\tA\tcan\tresult\tfrom\tinadequate\tintake,\tfat\tmalabsorption,\tor\nliver\tdisorders.\tA\tsecondary\tdeficiency\tof\tvitamin\tA\tmay\tbe\tdue\t...
[ -0.03195606544613838, -0.08023969829082489, 0.02878347598016262, -0.020676711574196815, -0.04944976046681404, -0.007413666229695082, 0.07156249135732651, 0.05554797500371933, -0.062167346477508545, 0.027353044599294662, 0.11124259978532791, -0.027100389823317528, 0.028320392593741417, 0.01...
provitamin\tA\tcarotenoids\tor\tinterference\twith\tvitamin\tA\tabsorption,\tstorage,\tor\ttransport\t(e.g.,\nceliac\tdisease,\tcystic\tfibrosis,\tpancreatic\tinsufficiency,\tmalabsorptive\n\tweight\tloss\tsurgery,\tor\tbile\nduct\tobstruction).\tVitamin\tA\tdeficiency\tis\tcommon\tin\tprolonged\tmalnutrition\tand\trep...
[ -0.009261243976652622, -0.08888094127178192, 0.028030486777424812, 0.00922828633338213, -0.08804681897163391, 0.028027402237057686, 0.0935564786195755, 0.08148834854364395, -0.04087207838892937, 0.034230634570121765, 0.11514534056186676, -0.003930439241230488, 0.042037803679704666, 0.02450...
longer\tafter\tgastric\tbypass\tsurgery\tand\tbiliopancreatic\tweight\tloss\tsurgery\t(\nParrott\tet\tal,\t2017\n).\tThe\noxidative\tstress\tassociated\twith\tmajor\tsurgeries,\tincluding\tgastric\tbypass\tsurgery,\talso\tmay\tinterfere\nwith\tvitamin\tA\tabsorption\tand\tuse.\tBecause\tof\tshared\tabsorptive\n\tmechan...
[ 0.030832769349217415, -0.046129193156957626, 0.06431831419467926, -0.016428736969828606, -0.10414840281009674, -0.021752867847681046, 0.05428756773471832, 0.016045954078435898, -0.025581814348697662, 0.0490221343934536, 0.114543616771698, -0.030246689915657043, 0.028598379343748093, 0.0237...
mechanisms\twith\tvitamin\tD,\tserum\nretinol\talways\tshould\tbe\tassessed\tin\tthe\tpresence\tof\tvitamin\tD\tsupplementation.\nAcute\tor\tchronic\tvitamin\tA\ttoxicity\tis\tdefined\tas\tretinol\tlevels\tgreater\tthan\t100\tmcg/dL.\nHypervitaminosis\tA\thas\tbeen\treported\tin\talmost\t50%\tof\tpatients\ttaking\t150%...
[ -0.026866795495152473, -0.08829841017723083, 0.007698374334722757, -0.04295508936047554, -0.10159463435411453, -0.012119651772081852, 0.06074085459113121, 0.0806291252374649, 0.01483313087373972, 0.03171157464385033, 0.13083787262439728, 0.020134590566158295, 0.038013290613889694, 0.079273...
A,\tin\tthe\tform\tof\tretinol,\tbetween\t6\tto\t12\tmonths\tafter\tlaparoscopic\tsleeve\tgastrectomy\t(\nAarts\tet\tal,\n2011\n).\tChronic\tvitamin\tA\ttoxicities\tare\tassociated\twith\tloss\tof\thair;\tdry\tmucous\tmembranes;\tdry,\nrough\tskin;\tand\teven\tcortical\tbone\tloss\tand\tfractures\t(see\t\nAppendix\t12\...
[ -0.009343821555376053, -0.09195403754711151, 0.05631338804960251, -0.04615117982029915, -0.13396400213241577, -0.01566208340227604, 0.049112606793642044, 0.05875145643949509, 0.013775191269814968, 0.011205768212676048, 0.10065299272537231, 0.016137178987264633, 0.023806074634194374, 0.0519...
Appendix\t12\n).\nVitamin\tD\nIndividual\tvitamin\tD\tstatus\tcan\tbe\testimated\tby\tmeasuring\tplasma\t\n25\thydroxy\tvitamin\tD\n(25[OH]D\n3\n)\n\tlevels.\tCurrent\tclinical\tpractice\treference\tranges\thave\tbeen\tupdated\tby\tthe\tInstitute\tof\nMedicine\t(IOM,\t2011).\tTraditional\n\tlevels\tdefining\tvitamin\tD...
[ 0.0037876556161791086, -0.060287754982709885, 0.05877719819545746, -0.06123331934213638, -0.07273110002279282, -0.05264695733785629, -0.01576538383960724, 0.08567438274621964, -0.018848689272999763, 0.031551606953144073, 0.11104092001914978, 0.03887530043721199, 0.059913717210292816, -0.00...
levels\tdefining\tvitamin\tD\tsufficiency\thave\tbeen\tbased\ton\tthe\nlowest\tthreshold\tvalue\tfor\tplasma\t25(OH)D\n3\n\t(approximately\t80\tnmol/L\tor\t32\tng/mL)\tthat\tprevents\nsecondary\thyperparathyroidism,\tincreased\tbone\tturnover,\tbone\tmineral\tloss,\tor\tseasonal\tvariations
[ -0.005033576395362616, -0.06615641713142395, 0.058633919805288315, -0.03897504881024361, -0.06162947416305542, -0.0007511722506023943, -0.004585389979183674, 0.07803452759981155, -0.03207586705684662, 0.03223711624741554, 0.09893400222063065, -0.05595407262444496, 0.07003919780254364, 0.01...
in\tplasma\tparathyroid\thormone.\tThe\tIOM\treview\tconcluded\tthat\tindividuals\tare\tat\trisk\tof\tdeficiency\nat\tserum\t25(OH)D\n3\n\tlevels\tbelow\t30\tnmol\tor\t12\n\tng/mL\tand\tthat\tpractically\tall\tpersons\thave\tsufficient\nserum\tlevels\tat\t50\tnmol\tor\t20\tng/mL.\tThe\tAmerican\tGeriatric\tSociety\t(AG...
[ 0.013251838274300098, -0.010391497984528542, 0.07157453894615173, -0.06408913433551788, -0.0898701474070549, -0.015118959359824657, 0.032926078885793686, 0.040216974914073944, -0.011722401715815067, 0.08152098208665848, 0.14613746106624603, -0.05526715889573097, 0.015563868917524815, 0.005...
consensus\tstatement\ton\tvitamin\tD\tand\tcalcium\tsupplementation\tfor\treduction\tof\tfalls\tand\tfractures\nin\tadults\t65\tyears\tand\tolder\tand\tfor\thigh-risk\tpopulations\twith\tmalabsorption\tsyndromes,\tthose\nusing\tmedications\tthat\taccelerate\tvitamin\tD\tmetabolism,\tthe\n\tobese,\tand\tthose\twith\tmin...
[ 0.005865400191396475, -0.027305373921990395, 0.058473482728004456, -0.05248192697763443, -0.06401088088750839, -0.01795639470219612, 0.06674116104841232, 0.04328950494527817, 0.0026189680211246014, 0.062007833272218704, 0.0907634049654007, -0.005438796244561672, 0.07423204183578491, 0.0198...
obese,\tand\tthose\twith\tminimal\tsun\nexposure\t(\nAGS,\t2014\n).\nVitamin\tD\tsufficiency\tis\tdefined\tas\t25(OH)D\n3\n\tat\t75\tnmol/L,\tor\t30\tng/mL\t(\nAGS,\t2014\n).\tSerum\tlevels\neven\thigher\tat\t90\tto\t100\tnmol/L\t(36\tto\t40\tng/mL)\tare\trecommended\tby\tsome\t(\nBischoff-Ferrari,\n2014\n).\tThe\tU.S....
[ -0.07091738283634186, -0.02593793347477913, -0.00023022497771307826, 0.02094273827970028, -0.0435347743332386, -0.07096413522958755, 0.02972174994647503, 0.06766031682491302, -0.05032457038760185, -0.037395600229501724, 0.05656256899237633, -0.03128160908818245, 0.0224307831376791, 0.01602...
supplementation\twith\t400\tIU\tor\tless\tof\tvitamin\tD\tand\t1000\tmg\n\tor\tless\tof\tcalcium—or\tgreater\tthan\n400\tIU\tvitamin\tD\tor\tgreater\tthan\t1000\tmg\tcalcium—had\tno\tbenefit\tfor\tthe\tprimary\tprevention\tof\nfractures\tin\tcommunity-dwelling,\tpostmenopausal\twomen\twithout\ta\thistory\tof\tosteoporo...
[ -0.047430045902729034, 0.016202664002776146, 0.039431992918252945, -0.0009429259807802737, -0.0959521159529686, -0.009093099273741245, 0.02812650240957737, 0.05805844068527222, -0.02629583515226841, 0.0008445867570117116, 0.08570365607738495, -0.000991355744190514, 0.07153059542179108, 0.0...
increased\trisk\tfor\tfalls,\tor\ta\tdiagnosis\tof\tosteoporosis\t(\nUSPSTF,\t2018\n).\tOptimal\tlevels\tof\t25(OH)D\n3\nhave\tnot\tbeen\tdefined,\tand\tthe\tmeasurement\tof\tserum\tlevels\tlacks\tstandardization\n\tand\tcalibration.\nA\tvitamin\tD\tdeficiency\tmay\tbe\tdue\tto\tinadequate\tdietary\tintake,\tinadequate...
[ -0.01925019361078739, -0.04695872217416763, 0.05274286866188049, -0.023132512345910072, -0.058878522366285324, -0.044494885951280594, 0.026380522176623344, 0.07411695271730423, -0.0065498389303684235, 0.05640481412410736, 0.09294728934764862, -0.00216726609505713, 0.019911784678697586, 0.0...
or\tmalabsorption.\tDeficiency\tof\tvitamin\tD\talso\tcan\tlead\tto\tsecondary\tmalabsorption\tof\tcalcium.\nCalcium\tmalabsorption\toccurs\tin\tchronic\trenal\tfailure\tbecause\trenal\thydroxylation\tis\trequired\tto\nactivate\tvitamin\tD,\twhich\tpromotes\tsynthesis\tof\ta\tcalcium-binding\tprotein\tin\tintestinal\ta...
[ -0.024068383499979973, -0.09846342355012894, -0.0015046802582219243, -0.0536506325006485, -0.09308674186468124, -0.004122787620872259, 0.06809817999601364, 0.01010377611964941, 0.024747725576162338, 0.07795912772417068, 0.11129488050937653, -0.01560940034687519, 0.05756126716732979, 0.0551...
cells\t(see\t\nChapter\t34\n).\tVitamin\tD\ttoxicity\tis\trare,\tbut\tit\thas\tbeen\treported\tin\ta\tfew\tpatients\ttaking\nmegadoses\tof\tvitamin\tD.\tReported\tadverse\teffects\tinclude\thypercalcemia,\thyperphosphatemia,\nsuppressed\tparathyroid-hormone\tlevels,\tand\thypercalciuria\t(\nTaylor\tand\tDavies,\t2018\n...
[ -0.010776924900710583, -0.06960712373256683, 0.015285676345229149, -0.04434783011674881, -0.005891924258321524, 0.014086541719734669, 0.06184639036655426, 0.08006811141967773, -0.029992233961820602, 0.07573049515485764, 0.05138048529624939, 0.013392386958003044, 0.08305401355028152, 0.0318...
Taylor\tand\tDavies,\t2018\n).\nVitamin\tE\nVitamin\tE\tstatus\tcan\tbe\testimated\tby\tmeasuring\tserum\talpha-tocopherol\tor\tthe\tratio\tof\tserum\talpha-\ntocopherol\n\tto\ttotal\tserum\tlipids.\tA\tlow\tratio\tsuggests\tvitamin\tE\tdeficiency.\tDeficiencies\tare\nuncommon\tin\tthe\tdeveloped\tworld\texcept\tin\tin...
[ -0.01925380900502205, -0.07528162747621536, 0.034340083599090576, 0.007843689993023872, -0.030103452503681183, -0.05292227119207382, 0.06530749797821045, 0.05956633388996124, -0.04370656609535217, -0.02227160334587097, 0.09284405410289764, -0.02794136479496956, 0.02549191378057003, -0.0126...
symptoms\tof\ta\tvitamin\tE\tdeficiency\tinclude\tmild\themolytic\tanemia\tand\tnonspecific\tneurologic\neffects.\tIn\tadults,\talpha-tocopherol\tlevels\tless\tthan\t5\tμg/mL\t(<11.6\tμmol/L)\tare\tassociated\twith\ta\ndeficiency.\tIn\tadults\twith\n\thyperlipidemia,\ta\tlow\tratio\tof\tserum\talpha-tocopherol\tto\tlip...
[ -0.0021483711898326874, -0.049914464354515076, 0.02148880809545517, 0.0005697649321518838, -0.031329311430454254, -0.02211521752178669, 0.03649407997727394, 0.11113511025905609, -0.020573215559124947, 0.010312570258975029, 0.06738775223493576, -0.03934594988822937, 0.047709979116916656, 0....
total\tlipid)\tis\tthe\tmost\taccurate\tindicator.\nVitamin\tE\ttoxicity\tis\tuncommon,\tbut\tintakes\tof\tvitamin\tE\tgreater\tthan\t1000\tmg/d\tmay\tresult\tin\ta\nsignificant\tbleeding\trisk,\tespecially\tif\tthe\tindividual\tis\ttaking\tanticoagulation\tmedications.\tA\tmeta-\nanalysis\tof\tthe\trelationship\tbetwe...
[ 0.020126312971115112, -0.051934387534856796, 0.06505667418241501, -0.0342477411031723, -0.11573652178049088, -0.011308380402624607, 0.06783176958560944, 0.05499314144253731, -0.005500076338648796, 0.055296771228313446, 0.11156971007585526, -0.04104121774435043, 0.011150208301842213, 0.0156...
demonstrated\nthat\tsupplementation\twith\tvitamin\tE\tappears\tto\thave\tno\teffect\ton\tall-cause\tmortality\tat\tdoses\tup\tto\n5500\tIU/d\t(\nAbner\tet\tal,\t2011\n).\nVitamin\tK\nVitamin\tK\tstatus\tcan\tbe\testimated\tusing\tprothrombin\ttime\t(PT).\tPT\tis\tused\tto\tevaluate\tthe\tcommon
[ -0.09508142620325089, -0.04742709547281265, 0.03277505934238434, -0.05258038267493248, -0.03836996480822563, -0.0025634453631937504, 0.04633121192455292, 0.110321544110775, -0.03628450632095337, 0.019918562844395638, 0.08615050464868546, -0.016684964299201965, 0.02277546189725399, 0.017740...
pathway\tof\tblood\tclotting.\tThe\tsynthesis\tof\tclotting\tfactors\tII,\tVII,\tIX,\tand\tX\tare\tvitamin\tK\tdependent.\nOsteocalcin\n\tor\tbone\tG1a\tprotein\t(BGP),\n\ta\tbone\tturnover\tmarker,\tmay\talso\tbe\tused\tto\tassess\tvitamin\nK\tstatus.\tThe\tproduction\tof\tBGP\tis\tstimulated\tby\t1,25\tdihydroxy\tvit...
[ -0.07115872204303741, -0.06579980254173279, 0.0151670565828681, -0.08249509334564209, -0.02989336848258972, 0.01488284021615982, -0.008617323823273182, 0.007424402516335249, -0.0016796202398836613, 0.08593358099460602, 0.06922950595617294, -0.015990866348147392, 0.010420642793178558, 0.018...
2\nD\n3\n)\tand\ndepends\ton\tvitamin\tK.\tVitamin\tK\tincreases\tthe\tcarboxylation\tof\tosteocalcin\tor\tBGP,\tbut\tit\tdoes\tnot\nincrease\tits\toverall\trate\tof\tsynthesis.\tA\treduced\tvitamin\tK\tstatus\tis\tassociated\twith\treduced\tBGP\tor\nserum\tosteocalcin\tlevels.\tThis\trelationship\tmay\n\texplain\tthe\...
[ 0.00021848928008694202, -0.10019322484731674, 0.04995114728808403, -0.037043701857328415, -0.10450606048107147, 0.015542610548436642, 0.058809492737054825, -0.0034083628561347723, 0.002617673948407173, 0.08343062549829483, 0.10421283543109894, -0.04327601194381714, 0.03250671178102493, 0.0...
explain\tthe\tpathophysiologic\tfindings\tof\tvitamin\tK–\ndeficiency\tosteoporosis.\tThe\tfunction\tof\tosteocalcin\tis\tunclear;\thowever,\tit\tmay\texist\tas\ta\tdeposition\nsite\tfor\thydroxyapatite\tcrystals\tor\tit\talso\tmay\taffect\tenergy\tmetabolism\tvia\tthe\tproduction\tand\taction\nof\tinsulin\t(\nHammami,...
[ 0.0010130520677194, -0.030760398134589195, 0.05411660298705101, -0.036955855786800385, -0.06450054049491882, 0.03387901186943054, 0.032796554267406464, 0.03860241547226906, -0.004256533924490213, 0.08384700864553452, 0.08792814612388611, -0.009370533749461174, 0.015541504137217999, 0.06186...
Water-soluble\tvitamins\tand\ttrace\tminerals\nAscorbic\tacid\nAscorbic\tacid\tor\tvitamin\tC\tis\ta\twater-soluble\tvitamin\n\tand\talso\tan\tantioxidant.\tVitamin\tC\tstatus\tcan\nbe\tdetermined\tby\tmeasuring\tblood\tascorbic\tacid\tlevels.\tValues\tless\tthan\t6\tmg/dL\t(<34\tmicromol/L)\nsuggest\tinsufficiency\tan...
[ -0.02701202966272831, -0.09196092188358307, 0.037441644817590714, -0.004237401764839888, 0.010973315685987473, 0.027736587449908257, 0.057303536683321, 0.09125390648841858, -0.038822706788778305, 0.007945099845528603, 0.08310475945472717, -0.03099626861512661, 0.05305430293083191, 0.066553...
Deficiencies\tare\trare\tin\tdeveloped\tcountries\tunless\tself-imposed\tdietary\tintake\tis\thighly\trestrictive.\nSymptoms\tof\ta\tdeficiency\tinclude\tbleeding\tgums,\tloose\tteeth,\n\tpoor\twound\thealing,\tand\tperifollicular\nhemorrhages.\tToxicities\thave\tbeen\treported\tin\tindividuals\ttaking\tmore\tthan\t2\t...
[ 0.022213326767086983, -0.017188748344779015, 0.06688681244850159, 0.00034977009636349976, -0.07962547242641449, -0.01124663557857275, 0.05562850087881088, 0.08614180982112885, -0.07856661826372147, 0.04046734422445297, 0.08767746388912201, -0.03308834135532379, 0.006796641740947962, 0.0463...
period\tof\ttime.\tIndividuals\tconsuming\tmore\tthan\t1000\tmg\tof\tascorbic\tacid\tdaily\tmay\tincrease\ttheir\nrisk\tof\tkidney\tstones.\tRebound\tscurvy\tmay\toccur\tin\tindividuals\twho\tabruptly\tstop\ttaking\tmegadoses\nof\tascorbic\tacid\t(\nFerraro\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\nB-vitamins\nVitamin\tB\n12\n\tand\tfolate\...
[ -0.04391976818442345, -0.07292914390563965, 0.024360058829188347, -0.03875649720430374, -0.044514358043670654, 0.018700983375310898, 0.03371576964855194, 0.0550992451608181, -0.0912620797753334, 0.0023771305568516254, 0.0889924019575119, -0.05225202441215515, 0.02621893770992756, 0.0238035...
Frank\tdeficiencies\tof\tother\twater-soluble\tvitamins\tand\ttrace\tminerals\tare\tuncommon\tin\tpopulations\nthat\tconsume\ta\tvariety\tof\twhole\tfoods\tand\tfortified\tfoods.\tThiamin\tdeficiency\thas\tbeen\treported\tin\nindividuals\twho\tchronically\tconsume\thigh\tlevels\tof\talcohol\twith\tinadequate\tthiamin\t...
[ 0.014634553343057632, -0.06115737929940224, 0.04050713777542114, 0.00716376630589366, -0.029602909460663795, 0.03517259284853935, 0.05013947933912277, 0.03838754817843437, -0.06215859204530716, 0.009059755131602287, 0.11924055218696594, -0.0704815462231636, 0.023278124630451202, 0.03839007...
with\tpersistent\n\tvomiting,\tin\tthose\ton\thigh\tdoses\tof\tdiuretics\twith\tpoor\tintake,\tin\tthose\twith\timpaired\nabsorption\tbecause\tof\tdisease\tor\tsurgery,\tas\twell\tas\tindividuals\ton\tlong-term\tparenteral\tnutrition\n(PN)\twithout\tadequate\tvitamin\tadded.\tTo\tassess\tthiamin\tstatus,\tthiamin\tdiph...
[ 0.010901423171162605, -0.07525291293859482, 0.05905182659626007, -0.07613859325647354, -0.1795753836631775, -0.044316671788692474, 0.07262906432151794, 0.05773138627409935, -0.01598142459988594, 0.0507715567946434, 0.09141676872968674, -0.012978380545973778, 0.047641873359680176, 0.0418076...
is\tmeasured\tbecause\tplasma\tand\tserum\tlevels\treflect\trecent\tdietary\tchanges\tand\tmay\tbe\tmisleading.\nA\tdeficiency\tof\n\tthiamin\tresults\tin\teither\twet\tberiberi,\tdry\tberiberi,\tor\tWernicke\tencephalopathy\n(WE).\tSymptoms\tof\twet\tberiberi\tinclude\theart\tfailure,\ttachycardia,\tand\tlactic\tacido...
[ 0.059814658015966415, -0.06439999490976334, 0.029935631901025772, -0.001309795188717544, -0.06900788098573685, -0.018393168225884438, 0.08435390144586563, 0.03574967384338379, -0.04810227453708649, 0.04127371311187744, 0.09512850642204285, -0.019178779795765877, 0.06158817559480667, 0.0379...
dry\tberiberi\tare\tprimarily\tneurologic\tfindings\t(i.e.\tperipheral\tneuropathy,\timpairment\tof\tsensory,\nmotor,\tand\treflex\tfunctions).\tSymptoms\tof\tWE\tinclude\tabnormal\teye\tmovement,\tcerebellar\ndysfunction,\tand\tconfusion.\nSubclinical\tdeficiencies\tof\twater-soluble\tvitamins\tand\tother\ttrace\tmine...
[ -0.005361572839319706, -0.11841260641813278, 0.08106172829866409, -0.0006415104726329446, -0.07396064698696136, 0.003122590249404311, 0.06043289974331856, 0.06726416200399399, -0.059899359941482544, 0.02128021977841854, 0.06489553302526474, -0.034754395484924316, 0.03643476217985153, 0.075...
individuals.\tHowever,\tthe\tcurrent\tmethodologies\tfor\tevaluating\tnutritional\tstatus\tof\tthese\ncomponents\tare\texpensive\tand\tcontroversial.\tSee\t\nAppendix\t12\n\tfor\tfurther\tdiscussion\tof\ttests\tfor\nassessing\tspecific\tvitamin\tand\ttrace\tmineral\tadequacy.\nMarkers\tof\tbody\tcomposition\nCreatinine...
[ 0.053551044315099716, -0.08307293057441711, 0.04179178923368454, -0.0019650862086564302, -0.10047886520624161, 0.01304561272263527, 0.06645034998655319, -0.03536331281065941, 0.029750436544418335, 0.09009850770235062, 0.10235443711280823, -0.02671922743320465, 0.019226832315325737, 0.02609...
Markers\tof\tbody\tcomposition\nCreatinine\nCreatinine\n\tis\tformed\tfrom\tcreatine,\tfound\talmost\texclusively\tin\tmuscle\ttissue.\tSerum\tcreatinine\tis\nused\talong\twith\tblood\turea\tnitrogen\t(BUN)\tto\tassess\tkidney\tfunction\t(see\t\nChapter\t34\n).\tUrinary\ncreatinine\thas\tbeen\tused\tto\tassess\tsomatic...
[ 0.0010206276783719659, -0.07835520058870316, 0.05842442810535431, -0.05364498123526573, -0.11336230486631393, 0.014876862056553364, 0.08383212983608246, 0.029349930584430695, -0.03849710524082184, 0.06018504500389099, 0.10452668368816376, -0.04250708594918251, 0.024047480896115303, 0.02272...
amino\tacids\tglycine\tand\targinine\twith\taddition\tof\ta\tmethyl\tgroup\tfrom\tthe\tfolate-\tand\tcobalamin-\ndependent\tmethionine–SAM–homocystein\ne\tcycle.\tCreatine\tphosphate\tis\ta\thigh-energy\tphosphate\nbuffer\tthat\tprovides\ta\tconstant\tsupply\tof\tATP\tfor\tmuscle\tcontraction.\tWhen\tcreatine\tis
[ -0.01399585884064436, -0.09049142152070999, -0.013253534212708473, -0.05168039724230766, -0.05889439582824707, 0.03297235816717148, 0.08008047193288803, 0.05551690608263016, 0.00004714959504781291, 0.07751955091953278, 0.07009819895029068, -0.03924066200852394, 0.022661646828055382, 0.0457...
dephosphorylated,\tsome\tof\tit\tis\tconverted\tspontaneously\tto\tcreatinine\tby\tan\tirreversible,\nnonenzymatic\treaction.\tCreatinine\thas\tno\tspecific\tbiologic\tfunction;\tit\tis\treleased\tcontinuously\tfrom\nthe\tmuscle\tcells\tand\texcreted\tby\tthe\tkidneys\twith\n\tlittle\treabsorption.
[ 0.020346341654658318, -0.08471790701150894, 0.08304701000452042, -0.05496934801340103, -0.10391658544540405, -0.02911512367427349, 0.14843697845935822, 0.030692968517541885, 0.003925141878426075, 0.06295932084321976, 0.07753584533929825, -0.015494045801460743, 0.034738630056381226, 0.01694...
little\treabsorption.\nThe\tuse\tof\turinary\tcreatinine\tto\tassess\tsomatic\tprotein\tstatus\tis\tconfounded\tby\tomnivorous\tdiets.\nBecause\tcreatine\tis\tstored\tin\tmuscle,\tmuscle\tmeats\tare\trich\tsources.\tThe\tcreatinine\tformed\tfrom\ndietary\tcreatine\tcannot\tbe\tdistinguished\tfrom\tendogenously\tproduce...
[ 0.014308970421552658, -0.04294241964817047, 0.08017857372760773, -0.02809310145676136, -0.12688463926315308, 0.009586324915289879, 0.08515427261590958, -0.019717253744602203, 0.010938609018921852, 0.08042517304420471, 0.08077538758516312, -0.07677027583122253, 0.03654780983924866, 0.009910...
follows\ta\tmeat-restricted\tdiet,\tthe\tsize\tof\tthe\tsomatic\t(muscle)\tprotein\tpool\tis\tdirectly\n\tproportional\tto\nthe\tamount\tof\tcreatinine\texcreted.\tTherefore\tmen\tgenerally\thave\thigher\tserum\tlevels\tand\texcrete\nlarger\tamounts\tof\tcreatinine\tthan\twomen,\tand\tindividuals\twith\tgreater\tmuscul...
[ 0.02986246719956398, -0.04416738823056221, 0.08555632829666138, -0.029015112668275833, -0.08963050693273544, -0.006312559824436903, 0.10346820205450058, 0.04185928404331207, -0.02621457166969776, 0.0477161779999733, 0.0941767767071724, -0.028585560619831085, 0.013529780320823193, 0.0712329...
higher\tserum\tlevels\tand\texcrete\tlarger\tamounts\tthan\tthose\twho\tare\tless\tmuscular.\tTotal\tbody\tweight\nis\tnot\tproportional\tto\tcreatinine\texcretion,\tbut\tmuscle\tmass\tis.\tCreatinine\texcretion\trate\n\tis\trelated\tto\nmuscle\tmass\tand\tis\texpressed\tas\ta\tpercentage\tof\ta\tstandard\tvalue\tas\ts...
[ -0.011360861361026764, -0.035263583064079285, 0.04162643849849701, -0.01995440199971199, -0.10543568432331085, -0.03472363203763962, 0.09578567743301392, 0.04589405283331871, -0.016017485409975052, 0.03430258110165596, 0.1091344803571701, -0.033338021486997604, 0.06271298229694366, 0.01885...
equation\tfor\tcreatinine-height\tindex\t(CHI):\nCalculated\n\tCHI\tgreater\tthan\t80%\tis\tnormal,\t60%\tto\t80%\tsuggests\tmild\tskeletal\tmuscle\tdepletion,\n40%\tto\t60%\tsuggests\tmoderate\tdepletion,\tand\tless\tthan\t40%\tsuggests\tsevere\tdepletion\t(\nBlackburn\net\tal,\t1977\n).\nDaily\tcreatinine\texcretion\...
[ -0.021427970379590988, 0.00033494862145744264, 0.02872513234615326, 0.027543582022190094, -0.09732118248939514, -0.00884240958839655, 0.09702673554420471, 0.08410418778657913, -0.04061172530055046, 0.06237012892961502, 0.10724231600761414, -0.08044755458831787, 0.08754511177539825, 0.07039...
sweat.\tIn\taddition,\tthe\ttest\tis\tbased\ton\t24-hour\turine\tcollections,\twhich\tare\tdifficult\tto\tobtain.\nBecause\n\tof\tthese\tlimitations,\turinary\tcreatinine\tconcentration\tas\ta\tmarker\tof\tmuscle\tmass\thas\nlimited\tuse\tin\thealth\tcare\tsettings\tand\tis\tused\ttypically\tonly\tin\tresearch\t(\nTabl...
[ -0.005272250156849623, -0.0019598312210291624, 0.12277612090110779, 0.006057832855731249, -0.06567948311567307, -0.011555320583283901, 0.12913505733013153, -0.010147005319595337, -0.010045124217867851, 0.029587019234895706, 0.03661844879388809, -0.11848223209381104, 0.05890321731567383, -0...
TABLE\t5.6\nExpected\tUrinary\tCreatinine\tExcretions\tfor\tAdults\tBased\ton\tHeight\nADULT\tMALES\n*\nADULT\tFEMALES\n†\nHeight\t(cm)\nCreatinine\t(mg)\nHeight\t(cm)\nCreatinine\t(mg)\n157.5\n1288\n147.3\n830\n160.0\n1325\n149.9\n851\n162.6\n1359\n152.9\n875\n165.1\n1386\n154.9\n900\n167.6\n1426\n157.5\n925\n170.2\n1...
[ -0.014399921521544456, 0.0018088823417201638, -0.023076171055436134, -0.05528203770518303, -0.07664011418819427, -0.11511871963739395, -0.004500626120716333, 0.07139448821544647, -0.039204761385917664, 0.08484809100627899, 0.0350126288831234, -0.11524169892072678, 0.02007199451327324, 0.02...
160.0\n949\n172.7\n1513\n162.6\n977\n175.3\n1555\n165.1\n1006\n177.8\n1596\n167.6\n1044\n180.3\n1642\n170.2\n1076\n182.9\n1691\n172.7\n1109\n185.4\n1739\n175.3\n1141\n188.0\n1785\n177.8\n1174\n190.5\n1831\n180.3\n1206\n193.0\n1891\n182.9\n1240\n*\nCreatinine\tcoefficient\tmales\t23\tmg/kg\t“ideal”\tbody\tweight.\n†\nCr...
[ -0.005694301798939705, -0.011421116068959236, -0.03421519696712494, -0.05131949111819267, -0.050576597452163696, -0.09285442531108856, 0.0010635457001626492, 0.03347436711192131, -0.10189466178417206, 0.008483964949846268, 0.027339302003383636, -0.10179296880960464, -0.0003731431206688285, ...
Nitrogen\tbalance\nNitrogen\tbalance\tstudies\tare\tused\tprimarily\tin\tresearch\tstudies\tto\testimate\tthe\tbalance\tbetween\nexogenous\tnitrogen\tintake\t(orally,\tenterally,\tor\tparenterally)\tand\tremoval\tof\tnitrogen-containing\ncompounds\t(urinary,\tfecal,\twound),\tand\tother\tnitrogen\tsources.\tThese\tstud...
[ -0.024627404287457466, -0.06386233121156693, 0.008696799166500568, -0.052506476640701294, -0.06617005914449692, 0.02913455106317997, 0.06242517754435539, -0.026311956346035004, -0.029316244646906853, 0.06505505740642548, 0.0722573921084404, -0.04052312672138214, -0.052594833076000214, 0.02...
protein\tanabolism\tand\tcatabolism\tbecause\ttrue\tprotein\tturnover\tstudies\trequire\tconsumption\tof\nlabeled\t(stable\tisotope)\tprotein\tto\ttrack\tprotein\tuse.\tEven\tif\tuseful,\tnitrogen\tbalance\tstudies\tare\ndifficult\tbecause\tvalid\t24-hour\turine\tcollections\tare\ttedious\tunless\tthe\tpatient\thas\ta\...
[ -0.0023761121556162834, -0.0830192044377327, 0.04691282659769058, -0.02142978645861149, -0.07653023302555084, 0.02628885954618454, 0.08859686553478241, 0.0749480351805687, -0.0030802725814282894, 0.025296447798609734, 0.08425623178482056, -0.009906746447086334, 0.029712988063693047, 0.0640...
addition,\n\tchanges\tin\trenal\tfunction\tare\tcommon\tin\tpatients\twith\tinflammatory\tmetabolism,\tmaking\nstandard\tnitrogen\tbalance\tcalculations\tinaccurate\twithout\tcalculation\tof\tnitrogen\tretention\n(\nDickerson,\t2016\n).\tClinicians\tusing\tnitrogen\tbalance\tto\testimate\tprotein\tflux\tin\tcritically\...
[ -0.0020928767044097185, -0.054513558745384216, -0.0017358915647491813, -0.03906992822885513, -0.13055320084095, 0.019194459542632103, 0.07371247559785843, 0.05071873590350151, 0.008284639567136765, 0.03783457726240158, 0.0987870842218399, -0.02982594445347786, 0.017500221729278564, 0.04662...
must\tremember\tthe\tlimitations\tof\tthese\tstudies\tand\tthat\tpositive\tnitrogen\tbalance\tmay\tnot\tmean\nthat\tprotein\tcatabolism\n\thas\tdecreased,\tparticularly\tin\tinflammatory\t(disease\tand\ttrauma)\tconditions.\nChronic\tdisease\trisk\tassessment\nLipid\tindices\tof\tcardiovascular\trisk
[ 0.009904364123940468, -0.040526457130908966, 0.040589839220047, -0.06231065094470978, -0.09192405641078949, 0.022938108071684837, 0.0638062059879303, 0.029132282361388206, -0.03412064537405968, 0.09999363124370575, 0.11944649368524551, -0.06072881817817688, -0.007744527421891689, 0.0664844...
Chronic\tdisease\trisk\tassessment\nLipid\tindices\tof\tcardiovascular\trisk\nThe\tAmerican\tCollege\tof\tCardiology\t(ACC)\tand\tAmerican\tHeart\tAssociation\t(AHA)\treleased\tpractice\nguidelines\tfor\tthe\tassessment\tof\tcardiovascular\trisk\t(\nStone\tet\tal,\t2014\n).\tThese\tguidelines\tare\nreferred\tto\tas\tth...
[ -0.018306078389286995, -0.044264864176511765, 0.04767047241330147, -0.02772829867899418, -0.1485546976327896, 0.017766272649168968, 0.034692876040935516, 0.04034411534667015, -0.0017611730145290494, 0.059481363743543625, 0.09861057251691818, -0.04851025342941284, -0.0004374257114250213, 0....
referred\tto\tas\tthe\tAdult\tTreatment\tPanel\t4\t(ATP\t4)\n\tand\treplace\tthe\tAdult\tTreatment\tPanel\t3\t(ATP\t3).\nFour\thigh-risk\tgroups\tare\tidentified:\n•\t\nAdults\twith\tatherosclerotic\tcardiovascular\tdisease\t(ASCVD)\n•\t\nAdults\twith\tdiabetes,\taged\t40\tto\t75\tyears,\twith\tlow-density\tlipoprotein...
[ -0.0403936430811882, -0.04702051728963852, 0.000136835195007734, -0.018592584878206253, -0.05120337754487991, -0.07290489226579666, 0.04117274656891823, 0.141111359000206, 0.02114296704530716, -0.002404335420578718, 0.050676412880420685, 0.01971243880689144, 0.03427458554506302, 0.08085679...
189\tmg/dL\n•\t\nAdults\twith\tLDL\tcholesterol\tlevels\tof\tat\tleast\t190\tmg/dL\n•\t\nAdults\taged\t40\tto\t75\tyears\twho\thave\tLDL\tlevels\t70\tto\t189\tmg/dL\tand\tat\tleast\t7.5%\n\t10-year\nrisk\tof\tatherosclerotic\tcardiovascular\tdisease\nTen-year\trisk\tof\tatherosclerotic\tcardiovascular\tdisease\tis\tdet...
[ -0.0303453728556633, -0.053520314395427704, 0.01016328763216734, -0.03593296557664871, -0.09595627337694168, -0.08436740934848785, -0.003998175263404846, 0.11431112885475159, -0.0625355988740921, -0.013692385517060757, 0.07968232035636902, -0.048292793333530426, 0.006592568475753069, 0.037...
year\tgeneral\tcardiovascular\tdisease\trisk\tequations.\tRisk\tfactors\tinclude\tage,\tgender,\ttotal\ncholesterol,\thigh-density\tlipoprotein\t(HDL)\tcholesterol,\tsmoking\tstatus,\tsystolic\tblood\tpressure,\tand\ncurrent\ttreatment\tfor\thigh\tblood\tpressure\t(\nBox\t5.1\n).\tThe\tACC/AHA\tGuidelines\tdeemphasize\...
[ -0.04841712862253189, -0.04665267467498779, -0.02495167776942253, -0.02519799955189228, -0.10807719081640244, -0.031326860189437866, -0.01636272296309471, 0.07318659871816635, -0.02942553535103798, 0.008140685968101025, 0.06165897846221924, -0.029502827674150467, -0.004819378722459078, -0....
Box\t5.1\n).\tThe\tACC/AHA\tGuidelines\tdeemphasize\tuse\tof\nany\tmarkers\tother\tthan\tLDL\tcholesterol\tand\tHDL\tcholesterol.\tEmerging\trisk\tmarkers\tfor\natherosclerotic\tcardiovascular\tdisease\t(ACVD)\tthat\tare\tnot\trecommended\tin\tATP\t4\tinclude\ndifferentiating\tsubparticles\tof\tLDL\tby\tsize\tand\tgrou...
[ -0.05844650790095329, -0.04817184433341026, 0.0004002304340247065, -0.02532849833369255, -0.056218117475509644, -0.04181116819381714, 0.05604635924100876, 0.05636570230126381, -0.006944796536117792, 0.01310885138809681, 0.08797471970319748, 0.009225534275174141, 0.0059328810311853886, -0.0...
apolipoprotein\tE\t(apoE)\tphenotype.\tThe\tCholesterol\tExpert\tPanel\tdetermined\tthat\tthese\n\tmarkers\tare\nnot\tindependent\tmarkers\tfor\trisk\tand\tdo\tnot\tadd\tto\tprediction\tequations.\tOther\tresearchers\tpropose\nmathematical\tmodels\tthat\tpredict\tthe\trisk\tof\tplaque\tformation\tfor\tcombined\tlevels\...
[ -0.019657200202345848, -0.03534020483493805, 0.050577618181705475, -0.03838269039988518, -0.06742434948682785, -0.025919539853930473, 0.07125969231128693, -0.007021286524832249, -0.00479461532086134, 0.059273187071084976, 0.1057988777756691, -0.04232475534081459, 0.044762011617422104, 0.01...
(\nHao\tand\tFriedman,\t2014\n).\tHowever,\tthe\tSystematic\tReview\tfor\tthe\t2018\tAHA,\tACC,\tand\tnumerous\nprofessional\torganizations\tand\tsocieties\tpublished\t\nGuideline\ton\tthe\tManagement\tof\tBlood\nCholesterol\n.\tThese\tGuidelines\tproposed\tthe\tuse\tof\tnonstatin\tlipid\tmodifying\tmedications\tto\tre...
[ 0.0008808019920252264, -0.023993007838726044, 0.02431444264948368, -0.01662135124206543, -0.09711378812789917, -0.004899850580841303, 0.06133738160133362, -0.007844531908631325, 0.004639975260943174, 0.02680303528904915, 0.13091284036636353, -0.0014957322273403406, 0.014255973510444164, -0...
the\trisk\tof\tASCVD.\tPCSK9\tinhibitors\tand\tezetimibe\twere\tidentified\tas\tbeneficial,\tbut\tniacin\tand\ncholesterol-ester\tprotein\tinhibitors\twere\tnot\teffective\tin\treducing\tASCVD\trisk\t(\nGrundy\tet\tal,\t2018\n).
[ -0.05106199532747269, -0.0650610625743866, -0.023190073668956757, -0.07370375096797943, -0.07645193487405777, 0.01561310887336731, 0.05845024064183235, 0.061046142131090164, 0.02979111112654209, 0.015455114655196667, 0.11544583737850189, -0.06352265924215317, -0.02097000554203987, 0.001470...
BOX\t5.1\nLipid\tAnd\tLipoprotein\tAtherosclerotic\tCardiovascular\tRisk\nFactors\nLaboratory\ttest\tcutpoints\tused\tto\n\tcalculate\t10-year\trisk\tof\tACVD\nTotal\tcholesterol:\t>200\tmg/dL\nHDL:\t<40\tmg/dL\nLDL:\t>131\tmg/dL\nIn\tselected\thigh-risk\tindividuals,\tthese\tlaboratory\ttest\tcutpoints\tmay\tbe\tconsi...
[ -0.05562722310423851, -0.03511400893330574, 0.009245520457625389, -0.02819361351430416, -0.0777200311422348, -0.05302608385682106, 0.008083606138825417, 0.11076926440000534, -0.05474064126610756, -0.03592836111783981, 0.05088881775736809, -0.024277035146951675, 0.032199494540691376, 0.0017...
hs-CRP\tcutpoints\tused\tto\tassign\trisk\n•\t\n<1.0\tmg/L\t=\tlow\trisk\n•\t\n1.1-3.0\tmg/L\t=\taverage\trisk\n•\t\n3.1-9.9\tmg/L\t=\thigh\trisk\n•\t\n≥10\tmg/L\t=\tvery\thigh\trisk\n•\t\nIf\tinitial\tvalue\tis\t>3.0\tbut\t<10\tmg/L,\trepeat\tin\t2\tweeks\nLipoprotein-associated\tphospholipase\tA\n2\n\t(Lp-PLA\n2\n):\...
[ -0.05738705396652222, -0.0674055814743042, -0.00003098326124018058, -0.09024234861135483, -0.017917342483997345, 0.00461571104824543, 0.016811428591609, 0.14645351469516754, -0.02477646805346012, -0.02228633314371109, 0.06531727313995361, -0.03790563344955444, 0.08383874595165253, 0.000875...
intermediate\tor\thigh\trisk\nApolipoprotein\tA-1:\n\tMay\tbe\tused\tin\taddition\tto\tLDL-C\tmonitoring\tas\ta\tnon-HDL-C\tmarker\tin\npatients\twith\tserum\ttriglycerides\t≥200\tmg/dL;\tdecreased\tlevel\tis\tatherogenic\nApolipoprotein\tB/A\tratio:\n\tMay\tbe\tused\tin\taddition\tto\tLDL-C\tmonitoring\tas\ta\tnon-HDL...
[ -0.011091111227869987, -0.0905594453215599, 0.03175709769129753, -0.04346579685807228, -0.11934804171323776, -0.03541375696659088, 0.027985230088233948, 0.10309012234210968, -0.044545531272888184, -0.01856253109872341, 0.09862630069255829, -0.021468106657266617, 0.03169487789273262, 0.0272...
marker\tin\tpatients\twith\tserum\n\ttriglycerides\t≥200\tmg/dL\nOther\tlaboratory\ttest\tresults\tassociated\twith\tcardiovascular\trisk,\tbut\tnot\nrecommended\tin\tATP\t4\nVLDL\tdensity:\n\tRemnants\tare\tatherogenic\nLp(a):\n\tElevated\tlevels\tare\tatherogenic\nSerum\thomocysteine:\n\tIncreased\t=\tgreater\trisk\n...
[ 0.018088269978761673, -0.07071799039840698, 0.05171947553753853, -0.029761720448732376, -0.10868093371391296, -0.011981891468167305, 0.06537819653749466, 0.11036711186170578, -0.016498150303959846, 0.024304287508130074, 0.10110499709844589, -0.05345090478658676, -0.00895068421959877, 0.069...
Serum\thomocysteine:\n\tIncreased\t=\tgreater\trisk\nRBP4:\n\tElevated\tlevels\tmay\tidentify\tearly\tinsulin\tresistance\tand\tassociated\tcardiovascular\trisk\nfactors\nHDL\n,\tHigh-density\tlipoprotein;\t\nhs-CRP\n,\thigh-sensitivity\n\tC-reactive\tprotein;\t\nLDL\n,\t\nlow-density\tlipoprotein;\nLp(a)\n,\tlipoprote...
[ -0.011445840820670128, -0.07778392732143402, -0.02210630290210247, -0.04122808575630188, -0.04289483651518822, 0.0046680462546646595, 0.0166980791836977, 0.12736542522907257, -0.02307695522904396, 0.0292724147439003, 0.025955935940146446, -0.005836132448166609, 0.04959317669272423, 0.08348...
RBP4\n,\tretinol-binding\tprotein\t4;\t\nVLDL\n,\tvery\t\nlow-density\tlipoprotein.\nAdapted\tfrom\tStone\tNJ\tet\tal:\t2013\tACC/AHA\tguideline\ton\tthe\ttreatment\tof\tblood\tcholesterol\tto\treduce\natherosclerotic\tcardiovascular\trisk\tin\tadults:\ta\treport\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tCollege\tof\tCardiology/American\nHe...
[ -0.02317652478814125, -0.11384943127632141, -0.01955675147473812, -0.05161809176206589, -0.13188616931438446, 0.00481075793504715, 0.007182478904724121, 0.07800182700157166, 0.0025531358551234007, 0.016943180933594704, 0.0833834558725357, -0.007698250003159046, -0.00891533400863409, 0.0339...
Heart\tAssociation\tTask\tForce\ton\tpractice\n\tguidelines,\t\nCirculation\n\t129(25\tSuppl\t2):S1,\t2014.\nSee\t\nChapter\t32\n\tfor\tfurther\tdiscussion\tof\tthe\tlipid\tprofile\tand\tcardiovascular\trisk.\nThe\tNational\tLipid\tAssociation\t(NLA)\tExpert\tPanel\tpresents\tsomewhat\tdifferent\ttreatment\tgoals
[ -0.006556170526891947, -0.0701708048582077, 0.024757280945777893, -0.04493160545825958, -0.09528298676013947, -0.010091948322951794, 0.005057199392467737, 0.02653639391064644, 0.010635084472596645, 0.021090280264616013, 0.09372153878211975, -0.021527322009205818, -0.036618564277887344, 0.0...
from\tthe\tATP\t4.\tThe\tNLA\tincludes\ttreatment\tgoals\tfor\tnon–HDL\tcholesterol,\tLDL\tcholesterol,\tand\napoB\t(\nJacobson\tet\tal,\t2014\n;\tsee\t\nChapter\t32\n).\nPatients\tundergoing\n\tlipid\tassessments\tshould\tbe\tfasting\tfor\t12\thours\tat\tthe\ttime\tof\tblood\tsampling.\nFasting\tis\tnecessary\tprimari...
[ -0.010440029203891754, -0.03490276262164116, 0.03539684787392616, -0.009855205193161964, -0.11781621724367142, -0.004604464862495661, 0.06905543804168701, -0.004787594545632601, 0.015042221173644066, 0.013087554834783077, 0.11885342001914978, -0.04029218107461929, 0.028410717844963074, 0.0...
postprandial\tstate,\tand\tLDL\tcholesterol\tvalues\tare\tcalculated\tfrom\tmeasured\ttotal\tserum\tcholesterol\nand\tHDL\tcholesterol\tconcentrations.\tThis\tcalculation,\tbased\ton\tthe\tFriedewald\tequation,\tis\tmost\naccurate\twhen\ttriglyceride\tconcentrations\n\tare\tless\tthan\t400\tmg/dL.
[ -0.05259835347533226, -0.010757975280284882, -0.016596641391515732, -0.054780300706624985, -0.11868400126695633, -0.02279987558722496, 0.007579647935926914, 0.09983666241168976, 0.011341247707605362, -0.008373435586690903, 0.07984262704849243, -0.05116919428110123, 0.008986351080238819, -0...
accurate\twhen\ttriglyceride\tconcentrations\n\tare\tless\tthan\t400\tmg/dL.\nThe\tFriedewald\tequation\tgives\tan\testimate\tof\tfasting\tLDL\tcholesterol\tlevels\tthat\tis\tgenerally\nwithin\t4\tmg/dL\tof\tthe\ttrue\tvalue\twhen\ttriglyceride\tconcentrations\tare\tless\tthan\t400\tmg/dL\n(\nFriedewald,\t1972\n).\nDia...
[ -0.03209184482693672, -0.045475736260414124, 0.024339953437447548, -0.016859309747815132, -0.0755888894200325, -0.03544071689248085, 0.06651011109352112, 0.06318105757236481, -0.01915646903216839, -0.00974089466035366, 0.0755886361002922, -0.05871731415390968, -0.0035454649478197098, 0.006...
(\nFriedewald,\t1972\n).\nDiabetes\nIn\tadults\n\twith\tnormal\tglucose\tcontrol,\tapproximately\t4%\tto\t6%\tof\tthe\ttotal\tHgb\tis\tglycosylated.\tThe\npercent\tof\tthis\tglycohemoglobin\tor\t\nhemoglobin\tA1C\t(Hgb\tA1C)\n\tin\tthe\tblood\tis\trelated\tdirectly\tto\nthe\taverage\tblood\tglucose\tlevels\tfor\tthe\tp...
[ -0.021007848903536797, -0.0791703537106514, -0.040235865861177444, -0.020662039518356323, -0.07717832922935486, 0.006539925467222929, 0.09601238369941711, 0.04734295979142189, -0.02330206148326397, 0.040813639760017395, 0.0683838278055191, -0.016026027500629425, -0.02274482324719429, 0.001...
changes\tin\tglucose\tlevels.\tIt\tis\tuseful\tin\tdifferentiating\tbetween\tshort-term\thyperglycemia\tin\nindividuals\tunder\n\tstress\tor\twho\thave\thad\tan\tacute\tmyocardial\tinfarction\tand\tthose\twith\tdiabetes.\nHgb\tA1C\thas\tbeen\tadded\tas\ta\tdiagnostic\tcriterion\tfor\tdiagnosis\tof\tdiabetes\tmellitus\t...
[ -0.007893242873251438, -0.013976234942674637, 0.04928974434733391, -0.0010998855577781796, -0.03379281982779503, 0.015014945529401302, 0.07550768554210663, 0.024126702919602394, -0.008451614528894424, 0.04390660673379898, 0.06724577397108078, -0.034459080547094345, -0.018574703484773636, -...
value\tis\tconfirmed\tby\ta\trepeat\tHgb\tA1C\tabove\t6.5%,\tor\tplasma\tglucose\tabove\t200\tmg/dL\t(11\nmmol/L).\tHistorically,\tHgb\tA1C\twas\tnot\tused\tas\ta\tdiagnostic\tcriterion\tfor\tgestational\tdiabetes\nbecause\tof\tchanges\tin\tred\tcell\tturnover\n\t(\nAmerican\tDiabetes\tAssociation\t[ADA],\t2018\n).\tOt...
[ -0.03317497298121452, -0.019671298563480377, -0.0552494078874588, -0.009127810597419739, -0.08789338916540146, -0.03077693283557892, 0.12741360068321228, 0.0653374046087265, 0.04086897149682045, 0.04188179224729538, 0.05986326187849045, -0.03244953975081444, 0.014774340204894543, -0.019529...
(\nAmerican\tDiabetes\tAssociation\t[ADA],\t2018\n).\tOther\nresearchers\tsuggest\tthat\tcombined\tHgb\tA1C\tand\toral\tglucose\ttolerance\ttest\t(OGTT)\tmay\tbe\tuseful\tin\ndiagnosing\tgestational\tdiabetes\t(\nRenz\tet\tal,\t2015\n).\nHgb\tA1C\tcan\tbe\tcorrelated\twith\tdaily\tmean\tplasma\tglucose\t(\nBox\t5.2\n)....
[ -0.025105969980359077, -0.04242955520749092, 0.006390540394932032, -0.009659979492425919, -0.12161489576101303, -0.011240534484386444, 0.10211683809757233, 0.03910372778773308, -0.005033939611166716, 0.03914070501923561, 0.08584107458591461, -0.015077459625899792, -0.004826671443879604, 0....
Box\t5.2\n).\tEach\t1%\tchange\tin\tHgb\tA1C\nrepresents\tapproximately\t35\tmg/dL\tchange\tin\tmean\tplasma\tglucose.\tTest\tresults\tare\tuseful\tto\nprovide\n\tfeedback\tto\tpatients\tabout\tchanges\tthey\thave\tmade\tin\ttheir\tnutritional\tintakes\t(\nADA,\t2011\n).\nSee\t\nChapter\t29\n\tfor\tfurther\tdiscussion\...
[ -0.02629607915878296, -0.015730923041701317, 0.03840668126940727, -0.016291258856654167, -0.10823500901460648, 0.0102077042683959, 0.07964618504047394, 0.05122102051973343, -0.0055054714903235435, 0.02609630860388279, 0.07794452458620071, 0.014182139188051224, -0.012434915639460087, 0.0199...
BOX\t5.2\nCorrelation\tBetween\tA1C\tand\tMean\tPlasma\tGlucose\t(MPG)\nA1C\nApproximate\tMPG\t(mg/dL)\n4\n65\n5\n100\n6\n135\n7\n170\n8\n205\nInsulin\ttest\tresults\treflect\tboth\tendogenous\tand\texogenous\tinsulin.\tIt\tmay\talso\n\tbe\tused\tin\ndifferentiate\ttype\t1\tand\ttype\t2\tdiabetes,\tto\tdiagnose\ttype\t...
[ -0.04027519002556801, -0.048887938261032104, 0.041935380548238754, 0.0012658091727644205, -0.08129769563674927, 0.03536371514201164, 0.09616071730852127, -0.0004752290842588991, -0.042693156749010086, 0.051640309393405914, 0.06568983197212219, -0.019340602681040764, -0.006312647368758917, ...
production\tof\tinsulin\twith\ta\tconcurrent\tincrease\tin\tblood\tglucose.\tInsulin\ttesting\tis\tused\tto\tidentify\nthe\tetiology\tof\thypoglycemia\t(plasma\tglucose\t<\t55\tmg/dL)\tespecially\tif\tthere\tis\ta\tshortage\tof\tglucose\nto\tthe\tbrain\tdue\tto\thypoglycemia\tand\tthe\tpatient\tis\tunconscious\tdue\tto...
[ -0.026781529188156128, -0.030048584565520287, 0.021046582609415054, -0.008526861667633057, -0.07910173386335373, 0.03809120133519173, 0.08101699501276016, 0.06951635330915451, -0.02135293558239937, 0.045918215066194534, 0.07614222913980484, -0.012167398817837238, 0.04261961206793785, 0.020...
Conditions\nassociated\twith\televated\tinsulin\tlevels\tare\tmetabolic\tsyndrome\t(cluster\tof\tconditions\tassociated\twith\nthe\tdevelopment\tof\ttype\t2\tdiabetes\tand\tcardiovascular\tdisease),\tobesity,\tsteroid\tuse,\tacromegaly\n(abnormal\tgrowth\tof\thand\thands,\tfeet,\tand\tface\tcaused\tby\toverproduction\t...
[ 0.03048030287027359, -0.056860603392124176, 0.05253927782177925, -0.02491881139576435, -0.04855350777506828, -0.0020652448292821646, 0.03251667693257332, 0.06330186128616333, -0.022057220339775085, 0.07288767397403717, 0.11913583427667618, -0.04123669117689133, 0.022951504215598106, 0.0662...
pituitary\tgland),\tCushing’s\tsyndrome\t(complex\thormonal\tcondition\tmanifest\twith\tthinning\tskin,\nweakness,\tweight\tgain,\tbruising,\thypertension,\tdiabetes,\tosteopetrosis,\tfacial\tpuffiness),\ttype\t2\ndiabetes,\tinsulinoma\t(tumor\tof\tpancreas\tthat\tproduces\tan\texcess\tamount\tof\tinsulin).\tConditions
[ -0.00693443464115262, 0.0007668088655918837, 0.005394449457526207, 0.018690481781959534, -0.07040248066186905, -0.0019371332600712776, 0.12701046466827393, 0.07725241035223007, -0.002231967868283391, 0.023538129404187202, 0.042665835469961166, -0.029010087251663208, 0.01163365039974451, 0....
associated\twith\tdecreased\tinsulin\texcretion\tinclude\tsevere\tliver\tdisease,\ttype\t1\tdiabetes,\tand\tsevere\nheart\tfailure\t(\nBuppajarntham,\t2014\n).\nC-peptide\nC-peptide\tis\tan\tinsulin\tprecursor\tthat\tis\treleased\n\tfrom\tthe\tpancreatic\tbeta-cells\tduring\tcleavage\tof
[ -0.010378742590546608, -0.0956539586186409, -0.04767540097236633, -0.04531271383166313, -0.02191734127700329, 0.04995133727788925, 0.06827758252620697, 0.07006284594535828, 0.04618481919169426, 0.04592613875865936, 0.07285227626562119, -0.0333477221429348, -0.057410579174757004, 0.07657634...
from\tthe\tpancreatic\tbeta-cells\tduring\tcleavage\tof\ninsulin\tfrom\tproinsulin.\tIt\tis\texcreted\tby\tthe\tkidney\tand\thas\ta\thalf-life\t3\tto\t4\ttimes\tlonger\tthan\tthat\tof\ninsulin.\tC-peptide\tlevels\tare\televated\twith\tinsulinomas,\tsulfonylurea\tintoxication,\tinsulin\tresistance,
[ -0.0402367040514946, -0.06697667390108109, -0.025104742497205734, -0.03228071704506874, -0.047506023198366165, 0.04211433231830597, 0.07822893559932709, 0.09383433312177658, 0.017282377928495407, 0.058951057493686676, 0.0722523108124733, -0.029055029153823853, -0.0002714117581490427, 0.057...
and\tchronic\tkidney\tdisease.\tIt\tis\tsuppressed\tin\ttype\t1\tdiabetes,\tand\tinsulin-independent\nhypoglycemia.\tC-peptide\tshould\tbe\tmeasured\tin\tcombination\n\twith\tinsulin\tand\tproinsulin\tto\ndifferentiate\tbetween\tinsulin-dependent\thypoglycemia\tand\tinsulin-independent\thypoglycemia.\nPhysical\tassessm...
[ -0.04288792982697487, -0.06793102622032166, -0.00009113784471992403, -0.011705277487635612, -0.06826610863208771, 0.007743305992335081, 0.07514462620019913, 0.07810866832733154, -0.0015863749431446195, 0.06869770586490631, 0.04748472943902016, -0.009176555089652538, -0.027385268360376358, ...
Physical\tassessments\nAnthropometry\nAnthropometry\n\tinvolves\tobtaining\tphysical\tmeasurements\tof\tan\tindividual,\tcomparing\tthem\tto\nstandards\tthat\treflect\tthe\tgrowth\tand\tdevelopment\tof\tthat\tindividual,\tand\tusing\tthem\tfor\tevaluating\novernutrition,\tundernutrition,\tor\tthe\teffects\n\tof\tnutrit...
[ 0.06827525049448013, -0.05410965904593468, 0.08366192877292633, 0.015639757737517357, -0.06785871833562851, -0.009020428173244, 0.06327001005411148, -0.00738633843138814, -0.021451838314533234, 0.09173866361379623, 0.09644849598407745, -0.08152267336845398, 0.0036504575982689857, 0.0639062...
of\tnutrition\tpreventions\tover\ta\tperiod\tof\ttime.\tAccurate\nand\tconsistent\tmeasurements\trequire\ttraining\tin\tthe\tproper\ttechniques\tusing\tcalibrated\ninstruments.\tMeasurements\tof\taccuracy\tcan\tbe\testablished\tby\tseveral\tclinicians\ttaking\tthe\tsame\nmeasurement\tand\tcomparing\tresults.\tValuable\...
[ 0.037988804280757904, -0.01788908801972866, 0.05010557919740677, -0.007776618469506502, -0.09316010773181915, -0.014646545052528381, 0.07166385650634766, -0.01187071856111288, 0.01409523468464613, 0.08639205992221832, 0.05277697741985321, -0.07252583652734756, 0.06212267279624939, 0.024628...
weight,\tand\tgirth\tmeasurements.\tSkinfold\tthicknesses\tand\tcircumference\n\tmeasurements\tare\tused\tin\nsome\tsettings\tbut\tare\tassociated\twith\ta\thigher\trate\tof\tinconsistency.\tHead\tcircumference\tand\tlength\nare\tused\tin\tpediatric\tpopulations.\tBirth\tweight\tand\tethnic,\tfamilial,\tand\tenvironmen...
[ 0.03202306479215622, -0.008909409865736961, 0.08238071948289871, 0.06421611458063126, -0.062438059598207474, -0.03515240177512169, 0.09908849745988846, -0.0026687884237617254, -0.05991090089082718, 0.06329874694347382, 0.04681316018104553, -0.0781816616654396, -0.010232394561171532, 0.0270...
these\tparameters\tand\tshould\tbe\tconsidered\twhen\tanthropometric\tmeasures\tare\tevaluated.\nInterpretation\tof\theight\tand\tweight\tin\tchildren\tand\tteens\nCurrently,\treference\n\tstandards\tare\tbased\ton\ta\tstatistical\tsample\tof\tthe\tU.S.\tpopulation.\tThe\tWorld\nHealth\tOrganization\t(WHO)\tinternation...
[ 0.004648139700293541, -0.014260482043027878, 0.059634242206811905, -0.03200054541230202, -0.1143115907907486, -0.015877505764365196, 0.05689685791730881, 0.003986639436334372, -0.003559090895578265, 0.08868390321731567, 0.09030066430568695, -0.07652066648006439, 0.0046683973632752895, 0.03...
countries\tand\tethnic\tpopulations\tand\thave\tbeen\tadopted\tfor\tuse\tin\tnumerous\tcountries.\tIn\tthe\nUnited\tStates\tthe\texpert\treview\tpanel\tof\tWHO\tand\tCenters\tfor\tDisease\tControl\tand\tPrevention\n(CDC)\tgrowth\tcharts\trecommend\tthe\tWHO\tgrowth\tstandards\n\tfor\tchildren\taged\tless\tthan\t24\tmon...
[ 0.03166035935282707, -0.002662405837327242, 0.06129651144146919, -0.0465756356716156, -0.04753716662526131, -0.011063721030950546, 0.05384824424982071, -0.03716867044568062, 0.008190926164388657, 0.10197030007839203, 0.10624081641435623, -0.04992654174566269, 0.00795744825154543, 0.0147705...
and\tthe\tCDC\tgrowth\tcharts\tfor\tchildren\taged\t24\tmonths\tto\t18\tyears.\nHeight\tand\tweight\tmeasurements\tof\tchildren\tare\trecorded\tas\tpercentiles,\twhich\treflect\tthe\npercentage\tof\tthe\ttotal\tpopulation\tof\tchildren\tof\tthe\tsame\tsex\twho\tare\tat\tor\tbelow\tthe\tsame\theight
[ -0.005898004863411188, -0.034238602966070175, 0.0553244948387146, -0.05057092756032944, -0.09954294562339783, -0.023716092109680176, 0.06273621320724487, -0.010755165480077267, 0.030232956632971764, 0.07435403019189835, 0.08492352068424225, -0.05443546921014786, 0.04741605371236801, 0.0268...
or\tweight\tat\ta\tcertain\tage.\tChildren’s\tgrowth\tat\tevery\tage\tcan\tbe\tmonitored\tby\tmapping\tdata\ton\ngrowth\n\tcurves,\tknown\tas\t\nheight-for-age\n,\t\nlength-for-age\n,\t\nweight-for-age\n,\tand\t\nweight-for-length\ncurves.\t\nAppendix\t4\n\tprovides\tpediatric\tgrowth\tcharts\tand\tpercentile\tinterpre...
[ 0.02148655243217945, -0.006573617458343506, 0.05744566023349762, -0.009022295475006104, -0.10564183443784714, -0.013323654420673847, 0.06104856729507446, 0.0024463352747261524, -0.04892913997173309, 0.05823851749300957, 0.1330721527338028, -0.06272554397583008, 0.03517039865255356, 0.01855...
Length\tand\theight\nThe\tmethodology\tused\tfor\tdetermining\tthe\tlength\tor\theight\tof\tchildren\tis\tdetermined\tby\tthe\tage\tof\nthe\tchild.\tRecumbent\tlength\tmeasurements\tare\tused\tfor\tinfants\tand\tchildren\tyounger\tthan\t2\tor\t3\nyears\tof\tage.\n\tIdeally\tthese\tyoung\tchildren\tshould\tbe\tmeasured\...
[ 0.006378062069416046, -0.03150450438261032, 0.07763160765171051, -0.05342471972107887, -0.08397966623306274, -0.0034323011059314013, 0.067049041390419, -0.009451641701161861, -0.008792199194431305, 0.08522304892539978, 0.06771679222583771, -0.05126713588833809, 0.027554113417863846, 0.0355...
Fig.\n5.3\n.\tRecumbent\tlengths\tin\tchildren\tages\t2\tand\tyounger\tshould\tbe\trecorded\ton\tthe\tbirth\tto\t24-month\ngrowth\tgrids.\tStanding\theight\tis\tdetermined\tin\tchildren\tusing\ta\tmeasuring\trod,\tor\t\nstatiometer\n,\tand\nshould\tbe\trecorded\ton\tthe\t2-\tto\t20-year\tgrowth\tgrids,\tas\tin\t\nAppen...
[ -0.04909317195415497, -0.025035785511136055, 0.07291228324174881, -0.019723160192370415, -0.0710359588265419, 0.013419089838862419, 0.00025967892725020647, 0.009237688966095448, -0.018318472430109978, 0.08184517174959183, 0.12271776050329208, -0.07090770453214645, -0.009532374329864979, 0....
.\tSitting\theights\tmay\tbe\nmeasured\tin\tchildren\n\twho\tcannot\tstand\t(see\t\nFig.\t43.1\n).\tRecording\ton\tthe\tproper\tgrowth\tgrids
[ -0.0022038002498447895, -0.03260728344321251, 0.045742690563201904, -0.04192618280649185, -0.10281264036893845, 0.0007686592871323228, 0.06866054236888885, 0.029835417866706848, -0.000428042549174279, 0.07191892713308334, 0.11580411344766617, -0.06234635040163994, 0.005846705287694931, -0....
provides\ta\trecord\tof\ta\tchild’s\tgain\tin\theight\tover\ttime\tand\tcompares\tthe\tchild’s\theight\twith\tthat\tof\nother\tchildren\tof\tthe\tsame\tage.\tThe\trate\tof\tlength\tor\theight\tgain\treflects\tlong-term\tnutritional\nadequacy.\nFIG.\t5.3\nMeasurement\tof\tthe\tlength\tof\tan\tinfant.\nWeight
[ -0.012725956737995148, -0.0023210386279970407, 0.0726553350687027, -0.043412428349256516, -0.11224694550037384, 0.011587288230657578, 0.060438286513090134, 0.007989169098436832, -0.0140690291300416, 0.051093682646751404, 0.09572882205247879, -0.04546915367245674, -0.011521209962666035, 0.0...
adequacy.\nFIG.\t5.3\nMeasurement\tof\tthe\tlength\tof\tan\tinfant.\nWeight\nWeight\tin\tchildren\tand\tteens\tis\ta\tmore\tsensitive\tmeasure\tof\tnutritional\tadequacy\tthan\theight,\nbecause\tit\treflects\tmore\trecent\tnutritional\tintake\tand\tprovides\ta\trough\testimate\tof\toverall\tfat\tand
[ 0.05169549211859703, -0.034026045352220535, 0.08297085016965866, -0.003840080928057432, -0.07576371729373932, -0.010487714782357216, 0.0910169705748558, 0.00866423174738884, -0.014823329634964466, 0.09153186529874802, 0.08250926434993744, -0.03775613754987717, -0.007824116386473179, 0.0732...
muscle\treserves.\tFor\tchildren\twith\tlarger\tbodies\tor\tin\tthose\twith\tedema,\tweight\talone\tmakes\tit\ndifficult\tto\tassess\toverall\tnutritional\tstatus.\n\tWeight\tshould\tbe\trecorded\ton\tthe\tage-\tand\tgender-\nappropriate\tgrowth\tgrid.\nBody\tweight\tis\tinterpreted\tusing\tvarious\tmethods,\tincluding...
[ -0.020871423184871674, -0.041187725961208344, 0.0882256031036377, -0.009672382846474648, -0.11065606772899628, -0.027968592941761017, 0.08062572032213211, 0.0009982959600165486, -0.0694502741098404, 0.05665863677859306, 0.08417347818613052, -0.0687350407242775, 0.025262795388698578, -0.000...
body\tmass\tindex\t(BMI)\n,\tusual\nweight,\tand\tactual\tweight.\tBMI\tis\tused\tas\ta\tscreening\ttool\tto\tidentify\tchildren\tand\tteens\twho\tare\tat\nrisk\tfor\toverweight\tor\tunderweight.\tBMI\tdoes\tnot\tdistinguish\tbetween\texcess\tfat,\tmuscle,\tand\tbone\nmass\tor\tfat\tdistribution\tand\tshould\n\tbe\tcon...
[ -0.019320528954267502, -0.04085121303796768, 0.0543840192258358, 0.028864828869700432, -0.06778524070978165, -0.032545335590839386, 0.11026138067245483, -0.0057161045260727406, -0.07696928828954697, 0.022228268906474113, 0.08976681530475616, -0.06789876520633698, 0.016684282571077347, 0.03...
be\tconsidered\tin\tthe\tcontext\tof\tother\tgrowth\tassessment\nmeasurements.\tAlthough\tthe\tcalculation\tof\tBMI\tis\tthe\tsame\tfor\tadults\tand\tchildren,\tthe\ninterpretation\tof\tBMI\tis\tdifferent\tin\tchildren\tand\tteens.\tBMI\tis\tplotted\ton\tthe\tCDC\tBMI-for-age\ngrowth\tcharts\tfrom\twhich\ta\tpercentile...
[ 0.024113992229104042, -0.013360320590436459, 0.06941093504428864, -0.044009964913129807, -0.11516312509775162, 0.009489234536886215, 0.05403365567326546, -0.0062041678465902805, -0.027235856279730797, 0.07637348026037216, 0.08843611180782318, -0.05284440517425537, 0.06046171858906746, 0.01...