0 stringlengths 12 494 | embeddings listlengths 384 384 |
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chromosomes\t(autosomes)\tand\t2\tsex\tchromosomes\tfor\ta\ttotal\tof\t46\tchromosomes.\tDuring\tcell\ndivision\t(mitosis),\tall\t46\tchromosomes\tare\tduplicated\tand\tdistributed\tto\teach\tnew\tcell.\tDuring\nmeiosis,\tone\tmember\tof\teach\tof\tthe\tautosome\tand\tsex\tchromosome\tpairs\tis\tdistributed\tto\tan\teg... | [
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sperm.\tUpon\tfertilization,\tthe\tfull\tset\tof\t46\tchromosomes\tis\trestored.\nBecause\tgenes\tare\tcarried\ton\tchromosomes,\tthe\trules\tgoverning\tthe\tdistribution\tof\tchromosomes\nduring\tmitosis\tand\tmeiosis\tgovern\tthe\tdistribution\tof\tgenes\tand\tany\tchanges\t(mutations,\tgene\nvariants)\tthey\tmay\tco... | [
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describe\tthe\t\nmendelian\tinheritance\n\tof\ta\tgene,\tnamed\tafter\nGregor\tMendel,\twho\tfirst\tdeduced\tthat\tthe\tinheritance\tof\ttraits\twas\tgoverned\tby\ta\tpredictable\tset\tof\nrules.\tIt\tis\tpossible\tto\ttrack\ta\tmutation\tthrough\tmultiple\tgenerations\tby\tknowing\tthese\trules\tof | [
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0.0158... |
inheritance.\tThis\ttransmission\tis\tdepicted\ttypically\tas\ta\tpedigree\tand\tcan\tbe\tused\tto\tpredict\tthe\nprobability\tof\ta\tgenetic\tchange\tbeing\tinherited\n\tby\ta\tparticular\tfamily\tmember.\tWhen\tthe\tchange\ncauses\ta\tdisease,\ta\tpedigree\tcan\tbe\thelpful\tin\tpredicting\tthe\tprobability\tthat\tan... | [
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will\tinherit\tthe\tdisease.\tThe\tFamily\tHistory\tInitiative\tthrough\tthe\tCDC\toffers\thelpful\tonline\ttools\tfor\norganizing\tinformation\tabout\tyour\tfamily\thistory.\nMendelian\ttransmission\tcan\tbe\tautosomal\tor\tsex-linked,\tdominant\tor\trecessive.\tThere\tare\tfive\nclassic\tmodes\tof\tmendelian\tinherit... | [
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dominant,\tX-linked\trecessive,\tand\tY-linked.\tAn\tindividual’s\tgenotype\tobeys\tthe\tlaws\tof\tinheritance,\nbut\tthe\t\nphenotype\n\t(the\tobservable/measurable\texpression\tof\tthe\tgenotype)\tmay\tnot.\tEach\tgene\tin\nan\tindividual\tis\tpresent\tin\ttwo\tcopies\t(alleles),\tone\ton\teach\tchromosome\t(with\tth... | [
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0.04488... |
carried\n\ton\tthe\tmale\tX\tor\tY\tchromosome).\tWhen\tthe\talleles\tare\tthe\tsame\t(either\tboth\tare\tthe\tcommon\nor\tusual\tversion\tor\tboth\tare\tthe\tmutant\tor\tvariant\tform),\tthe\tindividual\tis\tsaid\tto\tbe\t\nhomozygous\n.\tIf\nthe\talleles\tare\tdifferent,\tthe\tindividual\tis\t\nheterozygous\n\t(also\... | [
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0.0559... |
(also\tcalled\ta\tcarrier).\nWhether\ta\tgene\tis\t\ndominant\n\tor\t\nrecessive\n\trefers\tto\twhether\ta\ttrait\tis\texpressed\t(can\tbe\nmeasured,\tobserved)\tin\ta\theterozygous\n\tindividual\twho\thas\tone\tcommon\tallele\tand\tone\tvariant\tallele.\nIf\ta\ttrait\tis\texpressed\twhen\tonly\ta\tsingle\tcopy\tof\ta\... | [
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dominant\t(i.e.,\tthe\tvariant\tallele\tdetermines\tthe\tphenotype).\tAlleles\tthat\tdo\tnot\tdominate\tthe\ngenotype\twhen\tonly\ta\tsingle\tcopy\tis\tpresent\tare\tcalled\trecessive.\tThe\tvariant\tallele\tis\tpresent\tin\tthe\ngenome,\tbut\tthe\ttrait\tis\tnot\texpressed\n\tunless\ttwo\tcopies\tof\tthis\tallele\tare... | [
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0.0126121... |
confounding\tthe\tnomenclature\tis\tthe\tconcept\tof\t\npenetrance\n.\tEven\twhen\ta\tpedigree\tsuggests\tthat\ta\ngene\tis\tpresent\tthat\tshould\tlead\tto\tthe\tindividual\tdisplaying\ta\tcertain\tphenotype,\tthe\tphenotype\n(often\ta\tdisease)\tmay\tnot\tbe\tevident.\tSuch\ta\tgene\tis\tsaid\tto\thave\treduced\tpene... | [
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0.0194902... |
not\teveryone\twho\thas\tthe\tgene\texpresses\tit\tin\ta\n\tform\tthat\tis\treadily\tmeasurable.\t“Measurable\tform”\nmuch\tdepends\ton\twhat\tis\table\tto\tbe\tmeasured\twith\tcurrent\ttechnology.\tMany\talleles\tthought\tto\tbe\nrecessive\t50\tyears\tago\tcan\tbe\tdetected\ttoday\tas\tthe\tresult\tof\tnew\tand\tmore\... | [
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0.0419... |
Penetrance\tis\tof\tinterest\tto\tnutrition\tprofessionals\tbecause\tit\tcan\talso\treflect\tthe\tinability\tof\ta\ngenetic\tvariation\tto\timpair\tfunction\tand\tcause\tdisease\n\tunless\tthe\tindividual\tis\texposed\tto\tspecific\nenvironmental\ttriggers,\tsuch\tas\tdiet\tand\tlifestyle\tfactors.\tModifying\tthese\tf... | [
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0.05141... |
improve\toutcomes\tfor\tthose\twith\tsuch\tvariants.\tExpect\tthe\tterminology\tto\tcontinue\tto\tbe\tupdated\tas\nknowledge\tadvances\tabout\tthe\tassociations\tamong\tgenes,\tlifestyle,\tand\tfunctional\toutcomes.\nMitochondrial\tinheritance\nMitochondria\tare\tsubcellular\torganelles\n\tthat\tare\tessential\tfor\ten... | [
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0.0365246... |
that\tare\tessential\tfor\tenergy\tproduction\tand\tare\tthought\tto\nhave\toriginated\tfrom\tbacteria\t(therefore\tno\tchromosomes).\tIn\taddition\tto\tgenetic\tmaterial\tin\tthe\nnucleus,\tthe\tmitochondria\tin\teach\tcell\talso\tcontain\tDNA.\tHuman\t\nmitochondrial\tDNA\t(mtDNA)\ncodes\tfor\t14\tproteins\tessential... | [
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0.0... |
RNAs\tand\t22\ttransfer\tRNAs\tneeded\tfor\tmitochondrial\n\tprotein\tsynthesis.\tThe\tremainder\tof\tthe\nproteins\tare\tcoded\tfor\tby\tnuclear\tDNA.\tIn\tcontrast\tto\tnuclear\tDNA,\tmtDNA\tis\tsmall\t(16,569\tbase\npairs),\tcircular,\tand\texists\tin\tmultiple\tcopies\twithin\teach\tmitochondrion,\tthe\tnumber\tvar... | [
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0.03565... |
cell\ttypes.\tAs\twith\tnuclear\tDNA,\tchanges\tin\tmtDNA\tcan\tlead\tto\tdisease.\nTraits\tresulting\tfrom\tmitochondrial\tgenes\thave\ta\tcharacteristic\tinheritance\tpattern;\tthey\n\tare\nnonmendelian\tbecause\tmitochondria\tand\ttheir\tgenetic\tmaterial\ttypically\tpass\tfrom\tmother\tto\tchild,\ncalled\t\nmitocho... | [
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0.0... |
called\t\nmitochondrial\tor\tmaternal\tinheritance\n.\tThis\tbiologic\tprinciple\thas\tbecome\tthe\tbasis\tfor\nanthropological\tstudies\tthat\ttrace\tlineage\tand\tpopulation\tmigration\tpatterns\tthrough\tthe\tcenturies.\nIt\talso\thas\tprovided\ta\tway\tto\ttrace\tfamilial\tdiseases\tcaused\tby\tchanges\tin\tmtDNA.\... | [
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0.0326... |
Epigenetic\tinheritance\nEpigenetic\tinheritance\n\tillustrates\tanother\tmechanism\tby\twhich\tgenetic\tinformation\tis\tpassed\nbetween\tgenerations.\tInheritance\toccurs\tby\tthe\tgenome\tbeing\tpassed\tby\tparents\tthrough\t\ngermline\n(egg\tand\tsperm)\tcells\tto\ttheir\toffspring.\t\nSomatic\n\t(body)\tcells\tals... | [
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0.016539... |
Somatic\n\t(body)\tcells\talso\tpass\ton\ttheir\tepigenetic\tmarks\neach\ttime\tthey\tdivide,\twhich\tis\tessential\tfor\tcells\tto\tmaintain\ttheir\tspecialization\t(as\theart\tcells,\nkidney\tcells,\n\tetc.).\nAn\timportant\tpoint\there\tis\tthat\tepigenetic\tmarks\tappear\tnot\tto\tbe\tpermanent\t(lifelong)\tat\tthe... | [
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0.0259471... |
of\tfertilization.\tLifestyle\tchoices\tthroughout\tthe\tlifespan\tcan\talter\tthese\tmarks\t(the\t\nepigenome\n)\tas\ta\nresult\tof\tthe\torganism\tresponding\tto\tinformation\tcommunicated\tfrom\tthe\tever-changing\nenvironment.\tThe\ttriggers\tmay\tbe\ttraditional\tnutrients,\tphytonutrients,\texercise,\tstress,\tsl... | [
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sufficiency,\n\tcytokines,\ttoxins,\thormones,\tand\tdrugs.\tThe\tfact\tthat\tepigenetic\tmarks\tare\tpassed\ton\tto | [
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daughter\tcells,\twhether\tgametes\tor\tsomatic\tcells,\tmeans\tthat\tany\tchanges\tin\tthe\tmarks\tcan\tbe\ninherited\tand\tcan\tinfluence\tgene\texpression\tin\tsubsequent\tgenerations.\tThe\tquality\tof\tour\tlifestyle\nchoices,\tand\ttheir\tappropriateness\tfor\tour\tparticular\tgenetic\tmakeup,\tmatters.\nEpigenet... | [
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Epigenetics\tis\tincreasingly\tconsidered\n\tto\tbe\tone\timportant\tfactor\tin\tsorting\tout\twhy\tthe\tpresence,\nin\tthe\tgenome,\tof\t\nsingle\tnucleotide\tpolymorphisms\n\t(SNPs)\tthat\tappear\tto\tbe\tstrongly\tassociated\nwith\ta\tparticular\tchronic\tdisorder\tare\ttypically\tnot\tsufficient\tto\tlead\tto\tchro... | [
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0.03955... |
of\tthese\tgene\tvariants,\ta\tchange\tin\ta\tnucleotide\tin\ta\tgenetic\tsequence,\tcan\tcause\tan\taberration\tin\ncoding\tof\tproteins\tand\tcan\tincrease\tthe\n\tsusceptibility\tfor\tdeveloping\ta\tchronic\tdisease—but\tthis\tis\nnot\ta\tguarantee.\tFood\tand\tother\tlifestyle\tchoices\tappear\tto\tbe\tessential\tt... | [
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0.0689... |
susceptibility\tfor\tchronic\tdisease\tand\tepigenetic\tmarks.\tWith\ttheir\tability\tto\tregulate\tgene\nexpression,\tfood\tand\tlifestyle\tchoices\tappear\tto\tbe\tat\tleast\tsome\tof\tthe\tunderlying\tmechanisms.\nGroundbreaking\tresearch\tdemonstrating\tthe\tinfluence\n\tof\tdiet\ton\tphysiologic\toutcomes\tand\tth... | [
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0.050950... |
connection\tto\tepigenetics\twas\tconducted\tby\t\nWaterland\tand\tJirtle\t(2003)\n,\tshowing\tthe\teffect\tof\nspecific\tnutrients\ton\tphenotype.\tSee\t\nBox\t6.7\n\tfor\tmore\tinformation\ton\tthese\texperiments.\nApplicability\tof\tthese\ttypes\tof\tfindings\tto\thuman\tbeings\tcan\tbe\tfound\tin\tstudies\tsuch\tas... | [
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0.1042812317609787,
-0.06426846981048584,
0.009164243005216122,
0.00... |
Hunger\tWinter\tFamilies\tStudy\t(\nRoseboom\tet\tal,\t2006\n;\t\nRooji\tet\tal,\t2010\n;\t\nBygren,\t2013\n).\tThe\tDutch\nHunger\tWinter\tstudy\tis\ta\tretrospective\tcohort\tstudy\tthat\tsupports\tthe\tpossibility\tof\ntransgenerational\tepigenetic\tinheritance\tin\thuman\tbeings\tas\twell\tas\tthe\timportance\tof\t... | [
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0.016370223835110664,
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nutrition.\tThis\tstudy\tinvestigated\tthe\toffspring\tof\tmothers\twho\twere\tpregnant\tduring\tthe\tDutch\nHunger\tWinter\tfamine\tthat\tfollowed\tWorld\tWar\tII.\tUndernutrition\tduring\tfetal\tdevelopment\tcould\tbe\ntraced\n\tto\thealth\tconsequences\tfor\tthese\tchildren\tduring\tlater\tlife.\tSee\t\nBox\t6.8\n\t... | [
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0.0006320488173514605,
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0.0748898908495903,
0.0006157440366223454,
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0.05626865103840828,
0.12275537848472595,
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0.029799481853842735,
-0.0034... |
for\tdetails.\nBOX\t6.7\nEpigenetic\tInheritance:\tInfluence\tof\tNutrition\nResearching\tthe\tunderlying\tgenetic\tand\tmetabolic\tbasis\tfor\ta\ttrait\tor\tdisease\trequires\tthe\tability\nto\tcontrol\ta\tnumber\tof\tthe\tvariables,\tsuch\tas\tmating,\tdiet,\tand\tother\tlifestyle\tchoices.\nFor\tthis\treason,\tmodel\... | [
0.022145746275782585,
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0.030304867774248123,
-0.04595903679728508,
-0.10004916042089462,
0.015554318204522133,
0.07128795236349106,
-0.05561182275414467,
-0.03145642578601837,
0.08583451062440872,
0.07827174663543701,
-0.05285801738500595,
0.06383291631937027,
-0.002591... |
can\tget\tan\tunderstanding\tof\nthe\tgenetic,\tbiochemical,\tand\tphysiological\tmechanisms\tprior\tto\tdesigning\thuman\tstudies.\tThe\nlaboratory\tmouse\thas\tbeen\tof\tparticular\tvalue\tbecause\tit\thas\ta\tsufficiently\tsimilar\toperating\nsystem\tto\tthat\tof\thuman\tbeings.\tThis\tfeature\thas\tallowed\tresearc... | [
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0.07041116803884506,
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0.07468113303184509,
0.0012868032790720463,
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0.11040731519460678,
0.08361277729272842,
-0.032104432582855225,
0.0060403430834412575,
0.030... |
studies\twhat\tis\tlikely\toccurring\tin\thuman\tbeings.\tIt\twas\tthrough\tthe\tuse\tof\tmice\twhose\tcoat\n\tcolor\ncould\tbe\tcontrolled\tthrough\tgenetic\tand\tdietary\tmanipulation\tthat\t\nWaterland\tand\tJirtle\t(2003)\nwere\table\tto\tprovide\tinsight\tinto\tthe\tcomplexity\tof\tepigenetics\tand\tits\theritabil... | [
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0.07422268390655518,
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0.08089049905538559,
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0.029437806457281113,
0.... |
The\tresearchers\tselected\ta\tstrain\tof\t\nmice\twith\ta\tmutation\tin\tthe\t\nAsip\n\tgene,\tmore\tcommonly\nreferred\tto\tas\tthe\t\nagouti\n\t(“a-goo-tee”)\tgene.\t\nThe\tmutation\tinvolved\tthe\tinsertion\tof\ta\tDNA\nfragment\tinto\tthe\t\npromoter\tregion\tof\tthe\tagouti\tgene.\tThe\tmutation\tis\tdesignated\t... | [
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0.10080479830503464,
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0.04431544244289398,
-0.014705... |
viable\tyellow\tallele)\tand\tit\tis\tdominant.\t\nGenetically\tidentical\t\nA\nvy/\nA\nvy\tmice\twith\tyellow\t\ncoats\twere\nbred\twith\t\na/a\n\twild-type\t(“normal”)\t\nmice\twith\tdark\tbrown\tcoats\tand\tfed\tthe\tstandard\tlaboratory\nmouse\t\nchow.\tThe\toffspring\t(F1\tgeneration)\twere\tgenetically\t\nA\nvy\n... | [
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0.10169524699449539,
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0.051086366176605225,
0.043335... |
A\nvy\n/a.\n\tSince\tthe\t\nA\nvy\tallele\tis\ndominant,\t\nall\n\tthe\toffspring\twere\texpected\tto\thave\tyellow\tcoats.\tInstead,\tthere\twas\ta\trange\tof\tcoat\ncolors\tvarying\tfrom\tyellow\tto\tyellow-brown\t(“mottled”)\tto\tbrown\tand\tthese\tcolors\tpersisted\tinto\nadulthood.\tThe\tinsightful\thypothesis\tof... | [
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0.05791833996772766,
0.0931863859295845,
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0.05050215125083923,
0.002967... |
for\tthe\tcoat\tcolor\tresults,\tpotentially\tcaused\tby\tmethylation\tof\tthe\t\nA\nvy\n\tallele,\tand\tthat\tthis\teffect\ncould\tbe\tinherited.\nThe\tresearchers\tthen\ttested\twhether\t\nmethylation\twas\tinvolved.\tThey\tdesigned\ta\tstudy\tin\twhich\ndark-coated\t\na\n/\na\n\tfemales\twere\tbred\tto\t\nA\nvy\n/A\... | [
0.00019173295004293323,
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0.08611567318439484,
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0.07918193936347961,
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0.0017240163870155811,
0.06880813837051392,
0.07268552482128143,
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0.047079335898160934,
0... |
A\nvy\n/A\nvy\tyellow\tmales.\tThe\tfemales\twere\tdivided\t\ninto\ttwo\ngroups.\tBoth\tgroups\treceived\tthe\tstandard\tlaboratory\t\nchow,\tbut\thalf\tthe\tmothers\treceived\ta\nsupplement\tof\tfolate,\t\nvitamin\tB\n12\n,\tcholine,\tand\tbetaine,\twhich\tprovided\ta\t\nmethyl\tdonor-rich\tdiet.\nThe\tsupplement\twas... | [
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0.06585968285799026,
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0.06448261439800262,
0.12420126050710678,
0.002223781542852521,
0.032251086086034775,
-0.01... |
mating\tand\tcontinued\tduring\tpregnancy\tand\tlactation.\nAll\tthe\t\noffspring\twere\t\nA\nvy\n/a.\n\tThe\tunsupplemented\tmothers\t\nhad\toffspring\twith\tyellow\tor\tyellow-\nbrown\tcoats,\tas\texpected.\tMost\t\nof\tthe\toffspring\tfrom\tthe\tmothers\ton\tthe\tmethyl-rich\tdiet,\nhowever,\thad\ta\tmottled\tcoat\t... | [
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0.15820468962192535,
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0.04215538501739502,
0.0118... |
pseudoagouti\n).\tClearly,\tthe\nmother’s\tdiet\n\taffected\tthe\tcoat\tcolor\tof\tthe\toffspring\tand\tthese\teffects\tpersisted\tinto\tadulthood.\nAn\tinvestigation\tinto\twhat\tmay\tbe\tcausing\tthe\tdifference\tin\tphenotype\tamong\tgenotypically\nidentical\tsiblings\tdetected\ta\tcorrelation\tbetween\tmottled\tcoa... | [
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0.08188090473413467,
0.12445726990699768,
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0.04442998394370079,
0.02634029... |
agouti\n\tgene,\twhich\tsuggested\tthat\tthe\tmethyl-rich\tdiet\tled\tto\tepigenetic\tsilencing\tof\tthe\t\nA\nvy\n\tallele.\nFurthermore,\tthis\teffect\n\tof\tdiet\twas\tclearly\theritable.\tIn\tsubsequent\texperiments\t(\nCropley\tet\tal,\n2006\n)\tfound\tthat\tfeeding\tthe\tfemales\tof\tthe\t“grandmother”\tgeneratio... | [
0.02923516184091568,
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0.07821442186832428,
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0.01416713185608387,
0.017419811338186264,
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0.07151416689157486,
0.14984874427318573,
-0.08879587054252625,
0.01320638507604599,
-0.0276733... |
enriching\tthe\tdaughter\toffspring’s\tdiet\tstill\tproduced\ta\tnumber\tof\tsecond-generation\toffspring\nwith\tmottled\tbrown\tcoats,\twhich\tsuggested\tthat\tthe\teffect\tthe\tdiet\thad\ton\tcoat\tcolor\tcould\tbe\ntransmitted\tto\tsucceeding\tgenerations.\n\tThese\tstudies\tlaid\tthe\tgroundwork\tfor\tresearch | [
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0.022503100335597992,
0.061870135366916656,
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0.07442695647478104,
-0.018... |
These\tstudies\tlaid\tthe\tgroundwork\tfor\tresearch\ninvestigating\tdiet\tand\tother\tlifestyle\tfactors\tfor\tpotential\ttransgenerational\teffects.\nBOX\t6.8\nEpigenetic\tInheritance:\tThe\tDutch\tFamine\tStudy\nA\tretrospective\tcohort\tstudy\tsuggests\tthat\tthe\texistence\tof\ttransgenerational\tepigenetic\ninher... | [
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0.09513772279024124,
0.006119904574006796,
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0.04608860984444618,
0.08729327470064163,
-0.04344690963625908,
-0.0067735277116298676,
0.0160... |
inheritance\tthat\twas\tseen\tin\tthe\tmouse\tstudies\t(see\t\nBox\t6.7\n)\talso\toccurred\tin\thumans.\tThe\tDutch\nHunger\tWinter\n\tFamilies\tStudy\tinvestigated\tover\t2414\toffspring\tof\tmothers\twho\twere\tpregnant\nduring\tthe\textreme\tfamine\tin\tthe\tNetherlands\tduring\tthe\tharsh\twinter\tof\t1944\tto\t194... | [
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0.0012296480126678944,
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0.08385542780160904,
0.10996556282043457,
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0.03870732709765434,
-0.0068... |
de\nRooij\tet\tal\tstudy\t(2010)\n\tprovides\tan\toverview\tof\tthe\thistory\tof\tthe\tfamine,\twhich\tresulted\tfrom\tthe\ncoalescence\tof\tthe\tfood\tembargo\tduring\tWorld\tWar\tII\tand\ta\tparticularly\tsevere\twinter\tthat | [
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0.05350111797451973,
0.003141063265502453,
0.050340596586465836,
0.03505227342247963,
0.10978177189826965,
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0.012923624366521835,
-0.016... |
decimated\tfood\tcrops.\tAll\tsocial\tclasses\n\twere\taffected.\tDaily\tcaloric\tintake\tat\tthe\tpeak\tof\tthe\nfamine\twas\textremely\tlow\tfor\tthe\tadult\tpopulation\t(estimated\tat\t400\tto\t800\tcalories/day).\nAlthough\tpregnant\twomen\twere\tallotted\textra\tfood,\tthere\twas\tinsufficient\tfood\tto\tmeet\tthe... | [
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0.06730342656373978,
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0.07842712849378586,
0.003806579625234008,
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0.07247212529182434,
0.12673042714595795,
-0.08989512920379639,
0.06855159252882004,
-0.022... |
The\tfamine\tperiod\twas\tfollowed\tby\tplentiful\tfood\tas\tthese\tchildren\tgrew\tto\tadulthood.\tStudies\tof\nadult\toffspring\tfrom\tthese\tmothers\tfound\televated\trates\tof\n\tcardiovascular\tdisease\tand\naccompanying\taltered\tlipid\tprofiles,\tobesity,\ttype\t2\tdiabetes,\tand\tage-associated\tcognitive\tdecl... | [
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0.10038193315267563,
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0.03929825499653816,
0.1133064404129982,
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0.04327039420604706,
0.038132... |
(\nRoseboom\tet\tal,\t2006\n;\t\nde\tRooij\tet\tal,\t2010\n;\t\nBygren,\t2013\n).\nAs\tregrettable\tin\tterms\tof\thuman\tsuffering\tas\tthe\tfamine\twas,\tit\thas\tgenerated\tvaluable\nunderstanding\tof\tthe\tdevelopmental\torigins\tof\thealth\tand\tdisease\tand\thas\tincreased\tawareness\tof\nthe\tcritical\tnature\to... | [
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0.04901925474405289,
0.021266017109155655,
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0.07083484530448914,
0.08294224739074707,
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0.0021130256354808807,
0.03569... |
the\tcritical\tnature\tof\tdiet\n\tand\tlifestyle\tduring\tthe\tprenatal\tperiod.\tFurther,\tresearchers\thave\tbeen\nable\tto\tcorrelate\tstarvation\tduring\tstages\tof\tgestation\twith\teffects\tof\tthe\tfamine\ton\toffspring\t(\nde\nRooji\tet\tal,\t2010\n).\tChildren\texposed\tto\tthe\tfamine\tin\tthe\tlatter\tthird... | [
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0.07051481306552887,
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0.06239476799964905,
0.0975416749715805,
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0.030395058915019035,
0.08192656189203262,
0.12289764732122421,
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0.09458991140127182,
0.003444... |
birth\tand\tremained\tsmall\tthroughout\tlife.\tImpaired\trenal\tfunction\twas\tcorrelated\twith\tthose\nexposed\tto\tstarvation\tduring\tmidpregnancy\n\t(\nRoseboom\tet\tal,\t2006\n).\tThose\texposed\tin\tthe\tearly\nstages\tof\tpregnancy\ttended\tto\thave\tthe\televated\trates\tof\tcardiovascular\tdisease,\tobesity,\... | [
-0.028238356113433838,
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0.0014643622562289238,
0.06325677782297134,
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0.06396355479955673,
0.12214414775371552,
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-0... |
cognitive\tdecline\tin\tadulthood\t(\nde\tRooji\tet\tal,\t2010\n).\tMore\trecently,\t\nFranke\tet\tal\t(2018)\n\thave\tused\nneuroimaging\tof\tthese\toffspring\tcompared\twith\thealthy\tindividuals\tof\tthe\tsame\tage\tand\tfound\nthat\tundernutrition\tduring\tearly\tgestation\tresulted\tin\tdistinct\n\tdifferences\tin... | [
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0.06774790585041046,
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0.06861182302236557,
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0.07652164250612259,
0.098137266933918,
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0.03780238702893257,
0.0149475... |
differences\tin\tbrain\tstructure\tas\nwell\tas\tpremature\tbrain\taging.\nChanges\tin\tepigenetic\tmarks\tare\tsuspected\tof\tcontributing\tto\tthe\thealth\toutcomes\tseen\twith\nundernutrition\tin\tprenatal\tlife.\tResearchers\tare\texamining\tprenatal\tand\tadult\tepigenetic\nsignatures\tin\thuman\tbeings\tand\tanim... | [
0.020406074821949005,
0.0030205294024199247,
0.04618538171052933,
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0.041690893471241,
0.011239547282457352,
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0.03757959231734276,
0.09933982044458389,
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0.04449053853750229,
0.0085955... |
influence\tof\tvarious\ttypes\tof\tstress\tduring\tthe\tprenatal\tperiod.\n\tA\trecent\treview\tby\t\nCao-Lei\tet\tal\n(2017)\n\tsummarizes\tthe\tcurrent\tunderstanding\tof\tthis\tassociation.\nAt\tthis\ttime,\tepigenetic\tinheritance\tis\tthe\tleast\tunderstood\tof\tthe\tmechanisms\tof\tinheritance\tbut\tis | [
0.06219865381717682,
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0.06844130903482437,
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-0.062094807624816895,
0.0802629292011261,
0.02194979414343834,
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0.08389825373888016,
0.11554890871047974,
-0.03704046830534935,
0.007071212865412235,
0.032974... |
under\tactive\tstudy\tglobally\tby\tnumerous\tlaboratories.\tAt\tleast\tthree\tmechanisms\tare\tinvolved:\nhistone\tmodification,\tDNA\tmodification,\tand\tnoncoding\tRNAs.\tAs\tdiscussed\tearlier,\tepigenetic\tmarks\nresulting\tfrom\thistone\tand\tDNA\tmodifications\tcan\tbe\tpassed\tdown\tthrough\tthe\tgenerations.\t... | [
0.0294883344322443,
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0.06714490801095963,
-0.03844214603304863,
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0.03516315668821335,
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0.06939443945884705,
0.07658039033412933,
-0.018836120143532753,
0.03990412876009941,
0.0060... |
far\tthe\treach\textends\tis\tnot\tyet\tknown,\tbut\tthere\tis\ta\tclear\tpattern\tat\tleast\tfrom\tgrandparents\tto\nchildren\tto\tgrandchildren.\tThe\timportance\there\tto\tnutrition\tprofessionals\tis\tthat\tfood\tand\tother\nlifestyle\tchoices\tmatter—what\tgrandparents\tate\thas\tthe\tpotential\tto\tinfluence\tsub... | [
0.0680936649441719,
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0.08545330911874771,
0.01327440608292818,
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0.015551027841866016,
0.04678371548652649,
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0.020774513483047485,
0.04699192941188812,
0.10677151381969452,
-0.030726129189133644,
-0.01028103195130825,
-0.001198... |
generations.\tThe\n\tdetails\tof\tthese\tprocesses\tare\tbeyond\tthe\tscope\tof\tthis\tchapter,\tbut\treaders\tshould\nbe\taware\tthat\tdiet\tand\tother\tlifestyle\tfactors\tare\tpowerful\tlevers\tfor\tchanging\tone’s\thealth\ntrajectory.\tAs\tsuch,\tthey\tare\tpowerful\ttools\tfor\timproving\tclients’\thealth. | [
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0.04880845919251442,
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0.031125282868742943,
0.04663454741239548,
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0.05325397849082947,
0.09795629233121872,
-0.049867428839206696,
0.08299542218446732,
-0.0... |
Expect\tthat,\tin\ttime,\tunderstanding\tepigenetic\tmechanisms\twill\tbe\tessential\tfor\tthe\tdevelopment\tof\neffective\tnutrition\ttherapy.\tCurrent\treviews\n\texplore\tepigenetic\tinheritance\tin\tmammals\tas\twell\tas\nother\tanimals\tand\tplants\tand\tin\tneurodevelopmental\tdisorders,\tincluding\tcurrent\tappl... | [
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0.09044632315635681,
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0.014695725403726101,
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0.09182187169790268,
0.12388569861650467,
-0.06333580613136292,
0.03484390303492546,
0.0387... |
autism\t(\nRadford,\t2018\n;\t\nDall’Aglio\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\nGenomic\timprinting\nTypically,\tthe\thuman\tgenome\tcontains\ttwo\tworking\tcopies\tof\teach\tgene,\tone\tcopy\tfrom\teach\tparent.\nFor\tsome\tgenes,\thowever,\tonly\tone\tcopy\tis\tswitched\ton\tand\ttranscribed.\tThe\tother\n\tcopy\tis | [
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0.07308010756969452,
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0.08226066082715988,
0.09691835194826126,
-0.0294171292334795,
-0.01062560360878706,
0.0492... |
copy\tis\nepigenetically\tsilenced\tthrough\tthe\taddition\tof\tchemical\tgroups.\tIn\tother\twords,\tgenes\tare\tsilenced\nin\ta\tparent-of-origin\tspecific\tmanner.\tEpigenetic\tmarks,\ttypically\tmethyl\tgroups,\tare\tadded\tin\torder\nto\tsilence\tparticular\tgenes\tin\tthe\tegg\tand\tother\tgenes\tin\tthe\tsperm.\... | [
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0.06542964279651642,
0.1224907636642456,
-0.07349201291799545,
0.022083401679992676,
-0.0009415... |
genomic\nimprinting\n.\nThe\tnucleotide\tsequences\tof\tthe\tsame\tgene\tin\tthe\tfather\tand\tthe\tmother\tare\n\tmuch\tthe\tsame\tbut\nnot\tidentical\tdue\tto\tvariations\toccurring\tover\ttime.\tOne\tparent\tmay\thave\ta\tsequence\tthat\tproduces\ta\nfunctional\tprotein\tfrom\tthat\tgene.\tThe\tother\tparent\tmay\th... | [
-0.026985492557287216,
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0.08666810393333435,
0.10981780290603638,
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0.... |
altered\tprotein\tthat\tleads\tto\timpaired\tfunction.\tIf\tthe\tfather’s\t(paternal)\tcopy\tof\tthe\tgene\tis\tthe\tone\nwith\tthe\tmutation\tand\tthe\tmother’s\t(maternal)\tcopy\tis\tnormal,\tthe\tnormal\tgene\tcan\n\tusually\ncompensate\tfor\tthe\tinfluence\tof\tthe\tmutated\tgene\t(and\tvice\tversa\tif\tthe\tmatern... | [
0.001564703183248639,
0.002626866800710559,
0.07620294392108917,
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0.0014930720208212733,
0.013577437028288841,
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0.0876147598028183,
0.09826567023992538,
-0.003911944571882486,
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-0.0... |
and\tthe\tpaternal\tcopy\tis\tnormal).\tHowever,\tif\tthe\tgene\tinvolved\tis\tone\tthat\tis\tepigenetically\tmarked\nand\tit’s\tthe\tnormal\tcopy\tthat’s\tsilenced,\tthere\twill\tbe\tinsufficient\tnormal\tprotein\tto\tcompensate\tand\ntypically\tdysfunction\tand\tdisease\tresult.\tWhat’s\tcritical\tis\twhich\tcopy,\tp... | [
0.045479655265808105,
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0.018661273643374443,
0.09620985388755798,
0.019110558554530144,
0.0059157307259738445,
0.09355393052101135,
0.08653657883405685,
-0.016323551535606384,
0.026261376217007637,
0.024... |
is\nactivated\tand\twhich\tis\tsilenced.\nImprinted\tgenes\tare\tparticularly\timportant\tin\tthe\tcontrol\tof\tnormal\tgrowth\tand\tdevelopment,\nincluding\tprenatal\tdevelopment,\tbrain\tdevelopment,\tand\tpostnatal\tmetabolism\t(\nGirardot\tet\tal,\t2013\n;\nPerez\tet\tal,\t2016\n;\t\nNilsson\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\tOnl... | [
-0.011273526586592197,
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-0.004181225784122944,
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0.026910405606031418,
0.08164897561073303,
0.04822988063097,
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0.0649043396115303,
0.14985743165016174,
-0.003494174452498555,
0.0058646718971431255,
0.0535... |
).\tOnly\ta\tsmall\tnumber\tof\tgenomic\timprinting\tabnormalities\nhave\tbeen\treported\tto\tdate.\tThe\treason\tis\tlikely\tthat\tthe\tbasis\tfor\tsuch\n\tabnormalities\tcan\tbe\tdifficult\nto\tdetect\tand\tconfirm.\tSee\t\nBox\t6.9\n\tfor\texamples\tof\ttwo\twell-known\thuman\tdisorders\tinvolving\ngenomic\timprinti... | [
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0.003310086438432336,
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0.07536419481039047,
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0.07885448634624481,
0.0984821766614914,
-0.016912858933210373,
0.06325331330299377,
0.0062... |
additional\texamples\tof\tgenomic\timprinting\tand\thuman\tdisease,\t\nKalish\tet\tal\t(2014)\n\texplores\tthe\trole\nof\timprinting\tin\tBeckwith-Wiedemann\tand\tRussell-Silver\tsyndromes.\tFifty\tpercent\tof\tindividuals\n\twith\nBeckwith-Wiedemann\tare\testimated\tto\thave\tmethylation\tdefects,\twhich\tsuggests\ta\... | [
-0.04200364649295807,
0.007971049286425114,
0.06775566935539246,
-0.001888475613668561,
0.006437228061258793,
-0.0030693102162331343,
0.05536089465022087,
0.005491191055625677,
-0.02044396474957466,
0.027485312893986702,
0.13339509069919586,
-0.03969372808933258,
0.018476078286767006,
-0.0... |
therapy\tin\taddressing\tfolate\tstatus\t(\nDagar\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\nBOX\t6.9\nGenomic\tImprinting:\tAngelman\tand\tPrader-Willi\tSyndromes\nTwo\texamples\tof\tknown\tdevelopmental\tdisorders\tarising\tfrom\tgenomic\timprinting\tabnormalities\nare\tAngelman’s\tand\tPrader-Willi’s\tsyndromes.\tBoth\tinvolve\ta\tmicrode... | [
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0.01839582808315754,
0.04609115421772003,
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0.046067699790000916,
0.0414872020483017,
0.03979182243347168,
-0.04372811317443848,
-0.0005135030951350927,
0.09063268452882767,
-0.017343150451779366,
-0.05520470812916756,
0.038... |
However,\tbecause\tof\tthe\tphenomenon\tof\tgenomic\timprinting,\twhich\tof\tthe\ttwo\tsyndromes\ndevelops\tis\tdue\tto\twhether\tthe\tdeletion\tis\tpassed\tfrom\tthe\tfather\tto\tthe\tchild\tor\tfrom\tthe\tmother\nto\tthe\tchild.\nAngelman’s\tsyndrome\tis\ta\tneurologic\tdisorder\twith\tdevelopmental\tdisabilities;\ts... | [
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0.02652309276163578,
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0.030688313767313957,
0.003077683737501502,
0.004050773568451405,
0.0648631677031517,
0.11641187220811844,
0.013908077031373978,
0.033202409744262695,
0.0715... |
impediments;\tjerky\tgait;\tand\ta\tsmiling,\tlaughing\tdemeanor.\tIn\tthis\tsyndrome\tthe\tgenomically\nimprinted\n\tgene\t\nUBE3A\n\tassociated\twith\tthe\tubiquitin\tpathway\tis\tinvolved.\tIn\tAngelman’s\nsyndrome\tthe\tpaternal\tcopy\tof\tthis\tgene\tis\tsilenced\tand\tthe\tmaternal\tcopy\tis\texpressed. | [
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0.11041926592588425,
0.04568849876523018,
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0.044450342655181885,
0.11143720895051956,
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0.009639063850045204,
0.020... |
If\tthe\tmaternal\tcopy\thas\ta\tmutation\tin\tthe\timprinted\tgene\tor,\tas\tin\tthe\tcase\tof\tthe\nmicrodeletion,\tthe\tgene\tis\tlost,\tthe\tgene\tis\tnot\tpresent\tand\tcannot\tproduce\tthe\tnormal\tprotein\nneeded.\tAngelman’s\tsyndrome\tdevelops.\nSimilarly,\tthe\t\nSNRPN\n\tgene\t(which\tplays\ta\trole\tin\tmRN... | [
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0.06647364795207977,
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0.022222619503736496,
0.07832755893468857,
0.03474147245287895,
0.05726625770330429,
0.03948095440864563,
0.08823846280574799,
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0.02945253998041153,
0.0361888... |
chromosome\t15\tmicrodeletion\tas\tthe\t\nUBE3A\n\tgene\tbut\tis\tassociated\twith\ta\tdifferent\ndevelopmental\tdisability,\tPrader-Willi’s\tsyndrome.\tIn\tthis\tcase\tthe\tmaternal\tcopy\tof\tthe\tgene\tis\nsilenced\tand\tthe\tpaternal\tcopy\tis\texpressed.\tWhen\tthe\tmicrodeletion\tis\ton\tthe\tpaternal\ncontributi... | [
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0.025519544258713722,
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0.01535892952233553,
0.04541963338851929,
0.014871392399072647,
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0.08723975718021393,
0.14215613901615143,
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0.02... |
contribution,\tthe\t\nSNRPN\n\tgene\tis\tlost\tto\tdeletion\tand\tthe\n\tmaternal\tgene\tis\tnot\texpressed.\nPrader-Willi’s\tsyndrome\tis\talso\tcharacterized\tby\tdevelopmental\tdisabilities,\tdecreased\tmuscle\ntone,\tand\tan\textreme\tdrive\tfor\tfood\t(see\t\nChapter\t43\n).\nIt\tis\tquite\tpossible\tthat\tthese\t... | [
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0.06136055290699005,
0.08733909577131271,
0.02173604629933834,
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0.06035232916474342,
0.1047733947634697,
0.005756393540650606,
0.029750928282737732,
0.066916... |
developmental\tdisabilities\tthat\tlikely\tinvolve\tgenomic\timprinting.\nCurrent\tresearch\tefforts\tare\tnow\twide-ranging\tbeyond\n\tchromosomal\tdisorders.\tThe\tpotential\trole\nof\tgenomic\timprinting\tis\tbeing\tinvestigated\tin\tnumerous\tdiseases\taffecting\tgrowth,\tdevelopment, | [
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0.008221453055739403,
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0.10457205772399902,
0.12183643132448196,
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0.083... |
and\tdifferentiation.\tA\tfew\texamples\tinclude\tcancer,\tautism\tspectrum\tdisorders,\tthe\tdevelopment\tof\nthe\tbrain\tand\tbrain\tdisorders,\tfood\tallergy,\tand\tassisted\treproductive\ttechnology\t(\nLiu\tet\tal,\t2018\n).\nX-inactivation\nAnother\tepigenetic\texample\tis\tX-inactivation,\n\twhich\tmay\tappear\t... | [
-0.0006244028336368501,
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0.044554512947797775,
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0.07579953968524933,
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0.06613501906394958,
0.13120783865451813,
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0.040910035371780396,
0.... |
which\tmay\tappear\tto\tbe\tan\texample\tof\tgenomic\nimprinting\tbut\tis\tnot.\tImprinting\tinvolves\tthe\tinactivation\tof\tworking\tgenes;\tX-inactivation\tinvolves\ninactivating\tan\tentire\tchromosome.\tFurther,\tthe\ttwo\tmechanisms\tare\tquite\tdifferent.\tThe\tneed\tfor\tX-\ninactivation\tstems\tfrom\thuman\tma... | [
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0.07038737833499908,
0.0037529694382101297,
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0.11168576776981354,
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0.00833963230252266,
0.049167778342962265,
0.12942443788051605,
-0.00898163765668869,
0.04563217610120773,
0.014... |
chromosomes.\tThe\tassumption\tis\tthat\thaving\ttwice\tthe\n\tamount\tof\tgene\texpression\tfrom\tthe\tX\nchromosome\twould\tbe\tinformation\toverload\tdue\tto\tthe\tlarge\tnumber\tof\tgenes\t(over\t1000).\tInstead,\none\tof\tthe\tX\tchromosomes\tin\tfemales\tis\tinactivated\tearly\tin\tdevelopment\tthrough\ta\tcombin... | [
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0.0355226993560791,
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0.043936632573604584,
0.009868567809462547,
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0.08688630908727646,
0.10540109127759933,
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-0.008328498341143131,
0.02... |
epigenetic\tmarks:\thypermethylation\tof\tthe\tDNA\tand\tcondensation\tof\tthe\tchromosome.\tThe\tchoice\tof\nwhether\tthe\tmother’s\tor\tthe\tfather’s\tX\tchromosome\tis\tinactivated\tappears\tto\n\tbe\trandom\tand\tvaries\nfrom\tcell\tto\tcell.\tThe\tselection\toccurs\tduring\tearly\tfetal\tdevelopment\tand\tcontinue... | [
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0.033114124089479446,
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0.02036317251622677,
0.06500668823719025,
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0.061025992035865784,
0.12794078886508942,
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0.010758579708635807,
0.... |
numerous\tcell\tdivisions\trequired.\tFemales\ttherefore\tare\tmosaics.\tIf\tthe\tactive\tX\tchromosome\tcarries\none\tor\tmore\tgenes\tassociated\twith\ta\tdisease\tand\tthere\tare\tsufficient\tnumbers\tof\tcells\texpressing\tthis\ngene,\tsymptoms\tcharacteristic\tof\tthat\tdisease\tmay\tbe\tobserved.\tSee\t\nBalaton\... | [
-0.02834760956466198,
-0.024024106562137604,
0.0555458664894104,
0.0036622125189751387,
-0.021594233810901642,
0.02470235340297222,
0.038346901535987854,
-0.009306110441684723,
0.03864502161741257,
0.05495962128043175,
0.09609969705343246,
0.012965312227606773,
0.07050337642431259,
-0.0355... |
Balaton\tet\tal\t(2018)\n\tfor\ta\treview\nof\tthe\tprocess\tof\tX-inactivation.\nGenetic\tvariation,\tinheritance,\tand\tdisease\nHistorically,\thuman\tgenetic\tresearch\tfocused\ton\tidentifying\tthe\tmechanisms\tby\twhich\ttraits\twere\npassed\tfrom\tparent\tto\tchild,\tsuch\tas\tphysical\ttraits\tor\tcertain\trare\... | [
-0.021107127889990807,
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0.0565815232694149,
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-0.011096138507127762,
0.08598600327968597,
-0.016794478520751,
0.0020621067378669977,
0.044927362352609634,
0.10966216772794724,
-0.029683750122785568,
0.046090204268693924,
0.000... |
extended\tfamilies.\tGenetic\tdiseases\twere\tconsidered\tto\tbe\ta\tseparate\tcategory\tof\tdisease,\tlimited\tto\nthose\n\trare\theritable\tdisorders\tthat\tresulted\teither\tfrom\tchanges\tto\ta\tsingle\tgene\tor\talterations\tat\tthe\nchromosomal\tlevel.\tEither\ttype\tof\tchange\tcan\thave\ta\tdevastating\teffect\... | [
0.016441339626908302,
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0.06730599701404572,
0.0003721888642758131,
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0.009648177772760391,
0.06516214460134506,
0.0031272154301404953,
-0.0129377581179142,
0.06400256603956223,
0.10426052659749985,
-0.026821255683898926,
0.04515387862920761,
0.02302... |
functional\tability\tof\tthe\tindividual.\nToday\tit\tis\trecognized\tthat\tmost\tdiseases\tare\tgenetic\tin\torigin,\teither\tfrom\terrors\tin\tthe\tDNA\nnucleotide\tsequence\tand\tthe\tinformation\tit\tencodes\tor\tfrom\talteration\tin\n\tthe\texpression\tof\tthis\ninformation\tand\tits\tconversion\tinto\tour\tfuncti... | [
0.008590079843997955,
-0.07769878953695297,
0.03986259177327156,
-0.035550568252801895,
-0.13542330265045166,
0.0067188856191933155,
0.06671205908060074,
0.0049618203192949295,
-0.006202180404216051,
0.09326265007257462,
0.08801167458295822,
-0.026582997292280197,
-0.005900947842746973,
0.... |
to\tthe\tchromosomal\tDNA,\tmtDNA,\tor\teven\ta\tsingle\tnucleotide,\thave\tthe\tpotential\tto\talter\tone\tor\nmore\tproteins\tthat\tmay\tbe\tcritical\tto\tthe\toperation\tof\tthe\tcells,\ttissues,\tand\torgans\tof\tthe\tbody.\nChanges\tto\tthe\tgenetic\tmaterial\tat\teach\tof\tthese\tlevels\tcan\thave\timportant\tcon... | [
-0.03227725625038147,
-0.07546668499708176,
0.038837987929582596,
-0.05766276270151138,
-0.13911551237106323,
-0.005221569444984198,
0.040197983384132385,
0.021543312817811966,
-0.0018318291986361146,
0.09555589407682419,
0.12123575806617737,
-0.00625236751511693,
0.02996314875781536,
0.03... |
to\tour\nmetabolic\tand\tfunctional\tabilities.\nAlthough\tDNA\tis\tphysically\tquite\tstable,\tchanges\tin\tthe\tnucleotide\tsequence\toccur.\tEach\ttime\ta\ncell\tdivides\tor\tan\tegg\tor\tsperm\tcell\tforms,\tthere’s\tthe\tpotential\tfor\terrors\tto\toccur\tin\tduplicating\tthe\nDNA\tor\tdistributing\tthe\tchromosom... | [
-0.0198527779430151,
-0.05416935682296753,
0.05117737874388695,
-0.03556852787733078,
-0.13373646140098572,
-0.015972383320331573,
0.04731098562479019,
-0.0033646291121840477,
-0.011696316301822662,
0.09050776064395905,
0.09182358533143997,
-0.04237879067659378,
0.02779916301369667,
0.0505... |
ultraviolet\tlight\tand\ttoxic\tchemicals\tcan\tcause\tbreaks\tin\tthe\n\tDNA\tand\tchanges\tmay\tbe\tintroduced\nduring\trepair.\tChanges\tto\tthe\tDNA\tare\tcommonly\treferred\tto\tas\t\nmutations\n\tbut\tthey’re\talso\tcalled\ngenetic\tvariations\n,\tgene\tvariants,\tor\tjust\t“variants.”\tThey\tmay\tinvolve\ta\tsin... | [
-0.027474818751215935,
-0.05146027356386185,
0.06019579619169235,
-0.03206156566739082,
-0.09665971994400024,
-0.006469074636697769,
0.051265060901641846,
0.018287237733602524,
0.00487895542755723,
0.08702004700899124,
0.12458935379981995,
-0.03892851248383522,
-0.020146196708083153,
0.048... |
segment\tof\ta\tchromosome,\tor\ta\twhole\tchromosome.\tAlthough\ta\tchange\tmay\tbe\tharmful\tto\tthe\norganism,\tit\tmay\talso\tbe\tneutral\tor\tbeneficial\tin\teffect.\tMutation\tis\tthe\tbasis\tfor\n\tevolution.\tWhen\ta\nchange\toccurs\tthat\tprovides\ta\tsurvival\tbenefit\tto\tthe\torganism,\tthat\torganism\tis\t... | [
0.03763047605752945,
-0.038532745093107224,
0.047340285032987595,
-0.04811356961727142,
-0.09743688255548477,
0.013715807348489761,
0.05975208804011345,
-0.05285398289561272,
0.022652536630630493,
0.07218897342681885,
0.10487077385187149,
-0.025398094207048416,
0.04507875442504883,
0.00955... |
maturity\tand\treproduce,\tand\tits\tdescendants\twill\tcontinue\tto\treproduce\tand\tcontribute\tthe\tmutation\nto\tthe\tgene\tpool\tthat\tcharacterizes\tthat\tpopulation.\nThe\torder\tof\tnucleotides\twithin\tthe\tDNA\tsequence\tdetermines\tthe\tamino\tacid\tsequence\tof\tthe\nprotein\tthat’s\tproduced.\tWhich\tamino... | [
-0.0032613896764814854,
-0.0673886388540268,
0.029197493568062782,
-0.05539964511990547,
-0.12140399217605591,
-0.021099040284752846,
0.05707789957523346,
-0.00900061335414648,
0.00072148023173213,
0.11931172013282776,
0.13826115429401398,
-0.07319119572639465,
-0.0142848314717412,
0.03926... |
acid\tis\taltered\tdetermines\tthe\tphysical\tconformation\t(shape)\nof\tthe\tprotein,\twhich\tinfluences\thow\tfunctional\tthe\tprotein\tis\t(\nFig.\t6.5\n).\tWhereas\tparticular\tchanges\n(mutations)\tin\tsome\tgenes\thave\ta\tdevastating\teffect\ton\tfunction\tand\tlead\tto\ta\tdisease,\tchanges\tin | [
-0.0007234978838823736,
-0.10021086037158966,
0.005613222718238831,
-0.038937877863645554,
-0.051621370017528534,
0.03642858937382698,
0.044179320335388184,
0.06411836296319962,
-0.00254764873534441,
0.054109007120132446,
0.1029866561293602,
-0.07738302648067474,
0.0027317919302731752,
0.0... |
other\tgenes\tmay\thave\ta\tmuch\tless\tdrastic\tfunctional\timpact\tor\tno\tapparent\teffect\tat\tall.\tSome\nchanges\tactually\timprove\tfunction,\tand\tmany\n\tsilent\tmutations\thave\tno\teffect.\tWhere\ton\tthe\ncontinuum\tthe\tindividual’s\tfunctional\tability\tfalls\tdepends\ton\t(1)\thow\tcritical\ta\tgene\tis\... | [
0.03139260783791542,
-0.06527142226696014,
0.080431267619133,
-0.008674092590808868,
-0.13551892340183258,
0.013890597969293594,
0.07689657807350159,
0.02438540942966938,
0.022844308987259865,
0.06504686176776886,
0.08202344924211502,
-0.04703420400619507,
0.04086034372448921,
0.0186800789... |
function\tof\tthe\torganism,\t(2)\twhether\ta\tgene\tis\texpressed\tat\tthe\tlevel\tneeded\tand\tat\tthe\tpoint\tin\ttime\nneeded,\tand\t(3)\twhere\tin\tthe\tgene\tthe\tchange\toccurs.\nA\tchange\tin\tthe\tDNA\tsequence\tcan\taffect\tthe\tproduction\tor\tthe\tfunction\tof\tthe\tencoded\tprotein | [
-0.020955311134457588,
-0.0434376522898674,
0.03677783161401749,
-0.060491058975458145,
-0.06108929216861725,
0.03219112008810043,
0.045680686831474304,
-0.01660618558526039,
0.05929230526089668,
0.09168406575918198,
0.08982609212398529,
-0.04018053784966469,
0.029259610921144485,
0.053812... |
and\tinfluence\tthat\tprotein’s\tability\tto\tfulfill\tits\tphysiologic\trole.\tEither\toutcome\tcan\tinfluence\tthe\nextent\tof\tdysfunction\tthat\toccurs.\tA\tclassic\texample\tis\tthe\t\nHBB\n\tgene,\twhich\tencodes\tthe\tbeta-\nsubunit\tof\themoglobin.\tA\tchange\tin\tthis\tgene\tinvolving\ta\tsingle\tnucleotide\tc... | [
0.013970430009067059,
-0.11484435200691223,
0.012256809510290623,
-0.0634949654340744,
-0.11628466099500656,
-0.007434296887367964,
0.06824728101491928,
0.04280786216259003,
-0.012490018270909786,
0.09698507189750671,
0.08011415600776672,
-0.016859950497746468,
0.00019813132530543953,
0.08... |
disease\tsickle\tcell\tanemia.\tThe\tvariant\tbeta-hemoglobin\tmolecule\tis\timpaired\tin\tits\tability\tto\tbind\nand\n\tdeliver\toxygen\tto\tcells.\tAdditionally,\tunder\tconditions\tof\tlow\toxygen,\tthe\themoglobin-carrying\nred\tblood\tcells\tassume\ta\trigid\tsickle\tshape,\twhich\tcan\tcause\tblockage\tof\tsmall... | [
-0.010509391315281391,
-0.05838065594434738,
0.000817282882053405,
-0.03884945809841156,
-0.09258174151182175,
0.015767419710755348,
0.11188443005084991,
0.043850675225257874,
-0.054410506039857864,
0.0922023132443428,
0.07941975444555283,
-0.012041199952363968,
0.039824679493904114,
0.038... |
commonly\tleading\tto\tsevere\tpain\tcrises\tbut\tsometimes\torgan\tdamage,\tstroke,\tand\teven\tdeath.\tAs\nknowledge\tand\ttechnology\trelated\tto\tthe\tconnections\tamong\tgenes,\tmutation,\tand\tdisease\thas\nprogressed,\tit\thas\n\tbecome\tclear\tthat\tthere\tis\ta\tspectrum\tof\tdisease\tseverity,\tdepending\ton\... | [
0.007825932465493679,
-0.07715468853712082,
0.032945696264505386,
-0.06645791977643967,
-0.08771497756242752,
0.0019892260897904634,
0.07622337341308594,
0.011014522984623909,
-0.001914783613756299,
0.07492733001708984,
0.09674414247274399,
-0.011941084638237953,
0.030720002949237823,
0.05... |
location\tof\tthe\taltered\tnucleotide\twithin\tthe\t\nHBB\n\tgene.\nClinically,\tthis\ttype\tof\tknowledge\thas\tbeen\thelpful\tin\texplaining\twhy\tindividuals\twith\ta\tmutation\tin\nthe\tsame\tgene\tcan\thave\tquite\tdifferent\tsymptoms.\tAs\tan\texample,\tover\ta\tthousand\tmutations\thave\nbeen\tidentified\tin\tt... | [
0.00008990267815534025,
-0.044450268149375916,
0.0354667566716671,
-0.04385954514145851,
-0.1307104378938675,
-0.003507643938064575,
0.07542825490236282,
-0.027722949162125587,
0.0159932691603899,
0.069216787815094,
0.1272738128900528,
-0.034412726759910583,
0.034537382423877716,
0.0252354... |
conductance\tregulator\ngene\t(\nCFTR\n).\tWhat\tis\tobserved\tclinically\t(the\tphenotype)\tis\ta\tspectrum\tof\tfunctional\toutcomes\nranging\tfrom\tsevere\tcystic\tfibrosis\tto\tmuch\tmilder\tdisease\t(see\t\nChapter\t33\n).\tClinicians\twill\tneed\tto\nlook\tmore\tfully\tinto\tthe\tgenetic\tmakeup\tof\tan\tindividu... | [
-0.0040274728089571,
-0.09404511004686356,
0.08669563382863998,
0.015724919736385345,
-0.09870220720767975,
0.0277162604033947,
0.09387152642011642,
0.057101771235466,
0.000527783646248281,
0.07676620781421661,
0.11475110799074173,
-0.036623138934373856,
0.009919045493006706,
0.06507234275... |
spectrum\tthe\tmutations\tfall.\tOf\tparticular\tinterest\tare\tthe\tfunctional\tconsequences\tof\n\tchanges\tin\tthe\nstructure\tof\tproteins\tcoded\tfor\tby\tgenes\tthat\tprovide\tthe\tmetabolic\tmachinery\tfor\tthe\tcells,\tsuch\tas\nenzymes,\treceptors,\ttransporters,\tantibodies,\thormones,\tneurotransmitters,\tan... | [
0.037021100521087646,
-0.0773315280675888,
0.01976640336215496,
-0.027270367369055748,
-0.12377656996250153,
0.03160678595304489,
0.10308685898780823,
0.0290994755923748,
0.012503786012530327,
0.08589232712984085,
0.10946659743785858,
-0.06172170862555504,
0.02418379858136177,
0.0564823672... |
Thus\ta\tgene\tcan\texist\tin\tslightly\tdifferent\tforms\tas\ta\tresult\tof\ta\tseemingly\tminor\tchange,\tsuch\tas\none\tnucleotide\treplacing\tanother.\tThe\tterm\tfor\tthe\tdifferent\tforms\tof\ta\tgene\tis\tallele\n\t(or\npolymorphism\n\tif\tmultiple\talleles\thave\tbeen\tdetected\tfor\ta\tgene).\tAs\ta\tresult,\t... | [
0.014360743574798107,
-0.04735228046774864,
0.04789847880601883,
-0.07159018516540527,
-0.1221710816025734,
0.009363260120153427,
0.02082008309662342,
0.008700397796928883,
0.0020153538789600134,
0.1270701140165329,
0.07137478142976761,
-0.04545352980494499,
-0.033963438123464584,
0.044532... |
products\twith\tdiffering\tamino\tacid\tsequences\t(isoforms)\tand\toften\tdifferent\tfunctions.\tPolymorphism\nis\tan\timportant\tconcept\tbecause\tit\texplains\twhy\thuman\tbeings,\talthough\t99.9%\talike\tgenetically,\tare\ndistinctly\tdifferent.\tThe\t0.1%\tdifference\tis\tsufficient\tto\texplain\tthe\tobvious\tphy... | [
-0.00041206408059224486,
-0.0457940511405468,
0.029996296390891075,
-0.031145308166742325,
-0.03769752010703087,
-0.0020569320768117905,
0.10178644955158234,
0.03712480887770653,
-0.003812441835179925,
0.02494869939982891,
0.10064959526062012,
-0.06037943810224533,
0.020577704533934593,
0.... |
among\nhumans.\tIt\tis\talso\tthe\tbasis\tfor\tmore\tsubtle\tdifferences\tthat\tmay\tnot\tbe\treadily\tobservable,\tsuch\tas\tin\nthe\tfunctional\tability\tof\ta\tkey\tmetabolic\tenzyme\tto\tcatalyze\tits\treaction.\tSuch\tvariations\tlikely\nunderlie\tmany\tof\tthe\tinconsistencies\tobserved\tin\ttherapeutic\toutcomes... | [
0.046709634363651276,
-0.09524454176425934,
0.06545116752386093,
-0.01873985305428505,
-0.08642811328172684,
0.030257895588874817,
0.044366512447595596,
-0.033874884247779846,
-0.009879400953650475,
0.0826471671462059,
0.09292186051607132,
-0.014540781266987324,
0.06205058470368385,
0.0089... |
intervention\tresearch.\tResearchers\taround\tthe\tworld\tare\tworking\tto\tmake\tthe\tconnections\tamong\ngene\n\tvariants,\thealth\tand\tdisease\toutcomes,\tand\teffective\ttherapeutic\tinterventions\twith\tthe\tgoal\tof\nimproving\thealth\toutcomes.\tDirectly\tediting\tthe\tgenome\tis\tone\tstrategy\tto\timprove\the... | [
0.017193511128425598,
-0.01631385087966919,
0.09790919721126556,
-0.05108870565891266,
-0.09329847991466522,
0.07034122198820114,
0.05066059157252312,
-0.0075386930257081985,
-0.029265878722071648,
0.05563906207680702,
0.043123502284288406,
0.01642516814172268,
0.030564745888113976,
-0.012... |
Box\n6.10\n\tto\tsee\thow\tthis\ttechnology\tis\tbeing\tapplied\tin\tresearch\tand\tmedicine.\nBOX\t6.10\nGenome\tEditing:\tCRISPR\nGenome\tediting\thas\tbeen\ta\tstaple\tof\tscience\tfiction\tfor\tmany\tyears.\tIn\treality,\tgene\tediting\n\thas\nbeen\ta\ttool\tof\tscientists\tto\tintroduce\tchanges\tin\tthe\tDNA\tof\... | [
0.006270299199968576,
-0.05354207754135132,
0.05442003533244133,
-0.03378618136048317,
-0.03296687453985214,
0.048843368887901306,
0.05292932316660881,
0.012197763659060001,
-0.03258409723639488,
0.05680026113986969,
0.060883838683366776,
0.021084396168589592,
-0.01753910817205906,
0.00816... |
fruit\tflies\tand\teven\tlarge\tmammals\tso\tthat\tthe\thealth\teffects\tof\tmutations\t(variants)\tcan\tbe\nstudied.\tGenome\tediting\thas\talso\tbeen\tdone\tto\ta\tvariety\tof\tfoods\tincluding\tcorn,\tsoybeans,\nzucchini,\tand\tsugar\tbeets.\tThe\tmethods\tfor\tintroducing\tthese\tmutations\thave\tbeen\tslow,\nexpen... | [
-0.013514412567019463,
-0.020093319937586784,
0.05917488783597946,
-0.017026381567120552,
-0.06322739273309708,
0.004202116280794144,
0.09008712321519852,
-0.040566977113485336,
0.018444029614329338,
0.06426804512739182,
0.14176911115646362,
-0.07943301647901535,
0.012363731861114502,
-0.0... |
expensive,\tand\timprecise,\tsometimes\n\tcreating\trandom\tvariants\t(such\tas\twith\tradiation)\tor\nrequiring\tmultiple\tgenerations\tto\tachieve\tthe\tdesired\toutcome.\nA\tnew\ttechnology\tcalled\tCRISPR\t(which\tstands\tfor\tclusters\tof\tregularly\tinterspaced\tshort\npalindromic\trepeats)\thas\tgiven\tscientist... | [
0.012231340631842613,
-0.03265373408794403,
0.0660526379942894,
-0.021751223132014275,
-0.128712460398674,
-0.008339157328009605,
0.10868320614099503,
0.00517673185095191,
0.009126122109591961,
0.06665807217359543,
0.10820086300373077,
-0.024202004075050354,
0.035498782992362976,
0.0248172... |
genome.\tAdapted\tfrom\tthe\tnatural\tantiviral\tdefense\tsystem\tin\tbacteria,\tCRISPR\tallows\tspecific\nareas\tof\tthe\tgenome\tto\tbe\tadded,\tremoved,\tor\tchanged.\tThe\tsystem\tuses\tsmall\tpieces\tof\tRNA\tto\nbind\tto\ta\tspecific\tlocation\tin\tthe\ttarget\tDNA,\twhich\tthen\tallows\ta\tCRISPR-associated\tpro... | [
-0.06379733234643936,
-0.037993598729372025,
-0.024755802005529404,
-0.06176692619919777,
-0.0653231143951416,
-0.018200555816292763,
-0.011780979111790657,
0.04185401648283005,
-0.02003432996571064,
0.04573296010494232,
0.11479635536670685,
-0.03375260531902313,
0.022896118462085724,
0.03... |
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