Split (1)

train · 729k rows

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Born: 1666, South Leith, Midlothian, Scotland. Died: December 25, 1784, New Jersey. Member of the Colonial Assembly: Philadelphia County, 1710-1711, 1716-1717, 1719-1720; Philadelphia City, 1717-1718. Affiliation: Anglican. William Trent was born in the year 1666 in Midlothian, Scotland, where he was baptized on October 28, 1666. Following in his father’s footsteps, Trent became involved in the mercantile trading business. By 1693 Trent had immigrated to Pennsylvania. After moving to Pennsylvania, he continued his mercantile business and expanded it into real estate investment. Trent married the former Mary Burge, and together the couple had 4 children: James, John, Maurice, and Mary. After the death of his first wife in 1708, Trent married his second wife, the former Mary Coddington, in 1710, and together the couple had 2 children, Thomas and William. Trent was asked to serve on the Provincial Council in 1704. He accepted the offer and served on the council until 1721. He also served as a justice of the Supreme Court in the years 1704, 1706, 1715, 1718, and 1720. Trent was elected to the Colonial Assembly in 1710, 1716, 1717, 1719, and 1720. In the Assembly, Trent worked on a number of bills including a bill to Petition the Queen for permission to import salt into Pennsylvania, a bill to amend supply regulations, and a bill to raise money for the Queen to use for military purposes. Trent was often involved in the debate as to whether Quakers should swear an oath or be allowed to use an affirmation. The Quakers opposition to oaths was based on a plain reading of Matthew 5:33-37, in which Jesus said, “swear not at all….But let your communication be, Yea, yea; Nay, nay: for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil.” (KJV) So the practice of swearing an oath would effectively ban Quakers from accessing some of the most basic institutions of government. Trent, an Anglican, initially was critical of the affirmation laws passed by the Assembly and the Quakers reluctance to engage in military for the defense of the colony; however, in just a few years, when British laws requiring an oath would have prohibited Quakers from testifying at trials, Trent, along with other prominent Anglicans, expressed support for the affirmation due to the impracticality of attempting to govern Pennsylvania without Quakers. Trent was elected the 16th Speaker of the Assembly on October 17, 1717, and was again elected Speaker for the 1719 term on October 14, 1719. During his first term as Speaker, the Assembly passed 16 laws — the most notable of which were acts that imposed taxes on imports. During his second term as Speaker, in the 1719 session, the Assembly’s legislative agenda was extremely light, and there were no bills enacted into law; however, the House did petition Governor William Keith to establish a Court of Chancery. The Governor agreed to do so and made himself the presiding Chancellor. Relocating to New Jersey in late 1721, Trent served in a number of political positions including justice of the peace, judge of the Court of Common Pleas, member of the New Jersey Assembly, Speaker of the New Jersey Assembly, and chief justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court. William Trent died on December 25, 1724, in New Jersey. His burial location is unknown.	<urn:uuid:43434750-7a09-4f49-ad03-c4d5a2d53320>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/SpeakerBios/SpeakerBio.cfm?id=132	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00361.warc.gz	en	0.980573	748	3.40625	3	[ -0.1855470836162567, 0.3379646837711334, 0.23866528272628784, -0.21775566041469574, -0.27757731080055237, 0.08265353739261627, 0.36655697226524353, 0.06662316620349884, -0.12791016697883606, 0.1730356514453888, -0.09169677644968033, -0.010315606370568275, 0.08635321259498596, 0.05338471010...	2	Born: 1666, South Leith, Midlothian, Scotland. Died: December 25, 1784, New Jersey. Member of the Colonial Assembly: Philadelphia County, 1710-1711, 1716-1717, 1719-1720; Philadelphia City, 1717-1718. Affiliation: Anglican. William Trent was born in the year 1666 in Midlothian, Scotland, where he was baptized on October 28, 1666. Following in his father’s footsteps, Trent became involved in the mercantile trading business. By 1693 Trent had immigrated to Pennsylvania. After moving to Pennsylvania, he continued his mercantile business and expanded it into real estate investment. Trent married the former Mary Burge, and together the couple had 4 children: James, John, Maurice, and Mary. After the death of his first wife in 1708, Trent married his second wife, the former Mary Coddington, in 1710, and together the couple had 2 children, Thomas and William. Trent was asked to serve on the Provincial Council in 1704. He accepted the offer and served on the council until 1721. He also served as a justice of the Supreme Court in the years 1704, 1706, 1715, 1718, and 1720. Trent was elected to the Colonial Assembly in 1710, 1716, 1717, 1719, and 1720. In the Assembly, Trent worked on a number of bills including a bill to Petition the Queen for permission to import salt into Pennsylvania, a bill to amend supply regulations, and a bill to raise money for the Queen to use for military purposes. Trent was often involved in the debate as to whether Quakers should swear an oath or be allowed to use an affirmation. The Quakers opposition to oaths was based on a plain reading of Matthew 5:33-37, in which Jesus said, “swear not at all….But let your communication be, Yea, yea; Nay, nay: for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil.” (KJV) So the practice of swearing an oath would effectively ban Quakers from accessing some of the most basic institutions of government. Trent, an Anglican, initially was critical of the affirmation laws passed by the Assembly and the Quakers reluctance to engage in military for the defense of the colony; however, in just a few years, when British laws requiring an oath would have prohibited Quakers from testifying at trials, Trent, along with other prominent Anglicans, expressed support for the affirmation due to the impracticality of attempting to govern Pennsylvania without Quakers. Trent was elected the 16th Speaker of the Assembly on October 17, 1717, and was again elected Speaker for the 1719 term on October 14, 1719. During his first term as Speaker, the Assembly passed 16 laws — the most notable of which were acts that imposed taxes on imports. During his second term as Speaker, in the 1719 session, the Assembly’s legislative agenda was extremely light, and there were no bills enacted into law; however, the House did petition Governor William Keith to establish a Court of Chancery. The Governor agreed to do so and made himself the presiding Chancellor. Relocating to New Jersey in late 1721, Trent served in a number of political positions including justice of the peace, judge of the Court of Common Pleas, member of the New Jersey Assembly, Speaker of the New Jersey Assembly, and chief justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court. William Trent died on December 25, 1724, in New Jersey. His burial location is unknown.	853	ENGLISH	1
The History Cat Classroom The story most of us have heard about the Pilgrims’ voyage to America is that of a band of brave religious rebels whose only crime was wearing stupid-looking hats and being poor Thanksgiving dinner planners. But the real story of the Pilgrim’s is the saga of England’s second permanent colony in America. Plymouth, Massachusetts 1620. The place that was soon to be transformed into Plymouth Plantation was hardly anything to write home about. A sandy beach, dense forest, rocky soil, and a harbor too shallow for even a small ship like the Mayflower to sail into. If the Pilgrims needed to resupply they would be forced to row a mile out to Cape Cod Bay. But at least the place had fresh water and no sign of hostile Indians. For now... But what gets left out of this saga is that a ragged bunch of religious nonconformists had chosen to set up their colony in the midst of a post-apocalyptic landscape. Naturally, the Pilgrims had no way of knowing that their new home was on the very spot where a plague, (likely bubonic) introduced by English fishermen, had killed off 90% of the native Pawtuxet people. The Pilgrims didn’t even have to dig to find the gruesome evidence. The bones, long picked clean by predators, were still lying right there on the beach. The survivors had left in such a hurry they hadn’t bothered to bury their dead. After poking around for a bit, William Bradford led the Pilgrims in a quick prayer and then got down to work. But you can excuse the Pilgrims for being callous. Death was now stalking them. Here they were, December 21, 1620, facing a wilderness full of wild animals and “savages”. Up until they landed, the Pilgrims had been lucky having not lost a single soul crossing the Atlantic but their luck had run out. A lack of food and fresh water were beginning to take their toll. Every day since landing, someone else had died-- including William Bradford’s wife, Dorothy who fell overboard and drowned. Some suggest that she committed suicide, unable to bear the isolation of their new home. The Mayflower was turned into a makeshift hospital as patients fell ill from colds, pneumonia and even worse scurvy-- a potentially fatal illness caused by vitamin C deficiency. If they didn’t find food and shelter fast the Plymouth crew would likely end up as a grisly reminder of the dangers that all first colonists faced. The only person to die on the Mayflower voyage was a member of the crew who had taunted the seasick passengers. The Pilgrims believed that God had punished him for his attitude. One of the first buildings that the Pilgrims threw up was their meeting house which served as part church, part city-hall, part community center. The original town of Plimoth Plantation is long gone. But the replica village gives us an authentic window into what life looked like back in the days when Puritans ran New England. Fire was a constant threat when your entire community was made of wood. All colonial homes kept their kitchens separated from the main house for this reason. But outbreaks were all too common in colonial America. The Mayflower Compact Drama But let’s back up a bit because we need to talk about who the Pilgrims were and why they traveled 2,000 miles to set up shop in the middle of a frozen Massachusetts forest. Before history came to call them Pilgrims they were known as Separatists because of their radically illegal plan to split with the Church of England and establish a religious utopia in the New World. After years of persecution, the Separatists had snuck out of England, first to Holland and now to America. When the colonists rolled up into Cape Cod on November 11, 1620, they had some serious issues to iron out. The most serious was that the Mayflower was 250 miles north of where they were supposed to be. Instead of the Hudson River where their charter had given them permission to settle they were now anchored off the coast of Massachusetts. Without a valid charter, the company legally would have the right to refuse to turn over the colony to them. Establishing a colony was an expensive and risky business. The Pilgrims weren’t the first Englishmen to try their luck in the New World. Roanoke and Popham had both flopped for their own reasons. Even Jamestown survived but could hardly be called a success story. The winter of 1609, the infamous "starving time", witnessed its people turning cannibal. The Pilgrims had plenty of faith but not much cash to fund the journey and so they were forced to suck it up and ask the Merchant Adventurers for a £1,700 loan -- an astronomical sum of money in those days. But the Pilgrims had more Bible sense than business sense. It turns out the Merchants weren't motivated by their godly mission after all. To pay for their voyage the Pilgrims had signed a legal contract called an indenture. To repay their loan the Pilgrims agreed to work four days a week for seven years harvesting furs and cod. Once the seven years were up the colony and the houses they lived in would belong to them-- free and clear. But with only weeks before their departure the Merchants did the classic bait-and-switch, demanding that the contract be changed to increase the number of workdays to six, while at the same time demanding that 61 Strangers be added to their little mix. Overnight the Pilgrims became a minority in their own utopia. The tension between the two groups had reached the breaking point before the passengers ever saw land. The Pilgrims were so different from the others. They were pious family types who spent their free time praying and holding Bible studies. Fleeing persecution had turned them into a tight-knit group. The Strangers, on the other hand, were single men who had been recruited to work with the Merchants. These guys were young and thrived on adventure. They liked to drink and gamble. And even though they were Anglicans they weren’t all that worried about keeping the Sabbath holy. The Pilgrims and Saints spent most of the ride over at each other’s’ throats. A power struggle was erupted over who would lead the colony. The Pilgrims had made it clear that once they reached land, Plymouth Colony would be run by their rules. New England was going to be a Puritan paradise, “a city on a hill”, a model of Christian perfection. The Merchants, whom the Puritans nicknamed ‘Strangers’’, couldn’t have cared less about their godly mission. In fact, they openly mocked them, gambled, swore, and drank heavily much to the Puritans annoyance. The Strangers had different goals for coming to America. They were drawn to the prospect of free land wealth. Or think of you think of Plymouth colony being a town where one half is Amish and the other biker gang and you get the picture of what it must have been like for these two to try and forge a community in the wilderness. Finding themselves at Cape Cod, 250 miles north of the Hudson River in New York. William Brewster-- one of the Pilgrim leaders-- was one the few with a University education drew up a document that would become the first model of self-government in the New World. More importantly to the passengers, the Mayflower Compact averted a crisis that would likely have splintered the colony into Saints and Strangers fighting for control. The Mayflower Compact was an agreement between all male colonists that they would create and abide by the laws for the good of the colony. Basically, this was the first form of democracy in the New World. Men regularly met in churches and meeting houses to debate and create laws unlike in Virginia where the governors had near total control over that colony. Surviving the Winter of 1620 Plymouth Colony almost didn’t last long enough to become anything more than a historical ghost story. That first winter of 1620-21 Plymouth Colony was hit hard. The Pilgrim’s had not bothered to bring extra food because they assumed (wrongly) that they would just show up and trade beads for choice Indian chow. Sound familiar? But the Pilgrims hadn’t counted on the introduction of smallpox to the natives of Massachusetts. The local Pokanokets played it safe by watching these foreigners from a distance. The only Indian corn the Pilgrims ate that winter is the stash they had stolen from another tribe further up the cape. That winter, half of the 102 original Pilgrims would die of a deadly combo: hunger, disease, and exposure to the cold and wet. Plymouth settlement came to a standstill-- with only seven of the nineteen houses built-- as every healthy person was on nursing duty. But, considering the horrors of Jamestown, they got off easy. After all, not a single Pilgrim became a cannibal. It was December 23rd before the stormy weather had eased up enough to give the Pilgrims an opportunity to start building their new settlement. A work party armed with axes and saws began the backbreaking task of felling trees and dragging them to the site. After two weeks, they had built their first house. It wasn’t much to look at. The walls were logs stacked and stuffed with branches and “cemented” together with mud. The windows were covered with oiled parchment. The chimney was little more than a hole in the thatched roof. The inside was dark and smoky and they had left their Keurig machine four hundred years in the future. But to appreciate what had been accomplished we have to consider that these individuals were working their tails off, weak from hunger, in the freezing cold of a New England winter. Two weeks later and Plymouth Colony now boasted of a single log cabin. But that first house was just the beginning. A community had to be created where only rocky soil and wilderness now stood. The town was planned out before it was even built. Nineteen houses would be added that winter along the main street with parallel alleys. With two rows of houses, the Pilgrims would be able to defend their settlement against an invasion-- Indian or European. A wooden platform was constructed to mount the cannons that they had brought with them. These cannons weren’t meant for protection against the native people but were pointed out towards the Bay in case the French or Dutch should suddenly show up and try to stomp out the little English settlement. For much of the colonial era, Europeans staked competing claims to most of North America and weren’t afraid to use violence to back them up. Strange Encounters of the Native Kind It wouldn’t be much of an exaggeration to say that since their arrival in November the Pilgrims lived their lives in fear of an Indian attack. They had already been attacked once by the same group whose corn they dug up. But for the last month they had waited in eerie silence with only a few rare sightings but no contact. The Indians of the area seemed to be avoiding them. And who could blame them, these pale strangers came from the same stock of the folks who had unleashed smallpox a few years back and now were setting up camp on top of a graveyard. That sort of thing would tend to freak anyone out. But March 16, was different. A lone Indian was spotted walking down the hill towards the settlement. The women and children were rushed inside the Common House for protection and the men reached for their guns. The Indian confidently walked into Plymouth like he owned the place, which as it turns out he did. The Pilgrim men moved to block his path. He stopped, gave them a military salute, and said “Welcome Englishmen!” Yeah, you can imagine the surprise on those faces. The English had just met the man who would save their half-starved settlement-- a man named Samoset who sat around the campfire eating duck and drinking hard liquor while giving the Pilgrim’s their first New World geography lesson. The people who controlled the land on which the Pilgrims were squatting were the Pokanokets led by a guy named Massasoit (pronounced Mass ah SOY), one of the principal chiefs in the area. It seems that the plague hadn’t been all that bad for everyone and the Pokanokets had been able to increase their standing during the chaos. When word got back to Massasoit of the strange people who wore buckles on their hats he was at a loss for how to respond. The English were a dangerous and temperamental bunch, the year before a crew of an English fishing boat had massacred a Pokanoket village for no apparent reason. Massasoit had a choice: wipe the settlement out before it became a threat or sit back and wait. Obviously, you know what his decision was. But why did he make it? Like most hunter-gatherers, the people of the New World were animists; meaning they put a lot of stock in the power of the spirit world, magic, and unseen forces. For much of that first winter, Massasoit had been holding meetings inside a swamp with his top shamans (holy men) in order to conjure up magic to drive the white men out. When that failed the answer became obvious to Massasoit. The Pilgrim’s magic must be stronger than his. So, to recap. Reason #1 for Massasoit's hesitation were his religious beliefs. But, reason #2 was a bit more down to earth. Massasoit had an adviser named Squanto who had convinced him that the Pilgrims could be used as a weapon to defeat the Narragansett-- the Pokanokets more powerful enemy in the Bay area. Sure, the Pilgrims might be a loose cannon but if Massasoit wanted to become the dominant chief in the area he would have to use unconventional means. Massasoit would, in fact, achieve his dream of merging the local tribes under his leadership. That tribe would come to be called the Wampanoag, who ironically would be fighting to defend its land from the very same people whom they were now making deals with. But that’s a story for later. When the two sides finally met they exchanged a few gifts and made some long-winded speeches that were made even more tedious because they had to wait for Squanto to translate. In the end, after the furs and copper knives were passed around the two sides made a defensive pact to protect one another against their enemies. And as of right now both groups had quite a few of those lying in wait in the woods. The Pilgrims made their first allies in the New World, but more importantly, they had secured a source of food. Like we had mentioned earlier, the soil of New England is terrible for growing crops. That is unless you have a few planting tricks up your sleeve. Squanto showed them how to grow corn using fish as fertilizer. He also showed them how to catch lobster and shuck oysters. Essentially, Squanto saved Plymouth. Mine eyes hath seen bare skin. Surely we are all doomed! By 1630, the Great Migration was in full swing and tens of thousands of English settlers poured into New England. Demands for food, housing, and a plot to farm led to demands for more land. Combine this land hunger with the fact that neither side fully understood each other’s' culture and you have a powder keg that is ready to blow. In 1636, the murder of a Boston merchant led to war with the powerful Pequot tribe who was accused (wrongfully) of committing the crime. The English allied with the Narragansett who also wanted to get rid of the Pequot and in the Battle of Mystic River massacred an entire Pequot village in a surprise night attack. Their huts were burned down, some with people still inside, and those who tried to flee were shot down and the survivors were sold to slave traders in the Caribbean. In 1671, the alliance between the Wampanoag and the English broke down and turned to war after the English continued to demand more and more native land. The last straw was when three Indians accused of murdering a settler were tried and executed by English law rather than Indian customs. Think of how an American might feel if they were sent to a Canadian prison after committing a crime in Maine. From the Native point of view, English law was meant for the English. A sachem named Metacomet rose up against the English during "King Philip's War". During this war, the Wampanoag and their allies fought the English and their Indian allies and both sides committed massacres and destroyed entire towns and villages. By the end of the war, half of the Native Americans in New England had either been killed or had fled west to the Great Lakes. Why the Pilgrims Matter? The Pilgrims weren't the first English settlers to come to the New World, and they weren't even the first successful settlement either. So why do we devote so much time to their story? The Pilgrims were the first wave of a new type of colonist. In contrast to the isolated plantation culture of the South, the New England colonies grew up around small farming communities and towns. Their towns grew into cities like Boston, Hartford, and Providence which by the 19th century had become centers of the industrial revolution--turning southern cotton into expensive cloth. The Puritans who came to New England were more educated than the average colonist. It was New England that passed America’s first laws for public schools. Harvard and Yale--big Ivy League schools today, got their start as Puritan colleges that trained their boys in medicine, law, and religion. It was in New England where colonists got to elect their local leaders and judges. It was in New England where the revolt over “”big government” led to the American Revolution. Basically, you could say that the New England way of life shaped modern America. The entire American Civil War was nothing more than a contest between two ways of life. The plantation slave society that began in Jamestown and the industrial urban America that was planted in Plymouth back in 1620. It took 600,000 deaths but the Civil war decided which of these two cultures would go on to shape the modern United States	<urn:uuid:0452162b-782e-4902-8982-a08aea29e87e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thehistorycat.com/copy-of-test-page-2	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00465.warc.gz	en	0.985649	3,853	3.703125	4	[ 0.44957467913627625, 0.03020482510328293, 0.3833227753639221, -0.06643616408109665, -0.24930879473686218, -0.2429354190826416, -0.23943480849266052, 0.7531335353851318, 0.04767877981066704, 0.3686187267303467, -0.2291814088821411, -0.009850846603512764, 0.0060679856687784195, 0.36557286977...	4	The History Cat Classroom The story most of us have heard about the Pilgrims’ voyage to America is that of a band of brave religious rebels whose only crime was wearing stupid-looking hats and being poor Thanksgiving dinner planners. But the real story of the Pilgrim’s is the saga of England’s second permanent colony in America. Plymouth, Massachusetts 1620. The place that was soon to be transformed into Plymouth Plantation was hardly anything to write home about. A sandy beach, dense forest, rocky soil, and a harbor too shallow for even a small ship like the Mayflower to sail into. If the Pilgrims needed to resupply they would be forced to row a mile out to Cape Cod Bay. But at least the place had fresh water and no sign of hostile Indians. For now... But what gets left out of this saga is that a ragged bunch of religious nonconformists had chosen to set up their colony in the midst of a post-apocalyptic landscape. Naturally, the Pilgrims had no way of knowing that their new home was on the very spot where a plague, (likely bubonic) introduced by English fishermen, had killed off 90% of the native Pawtuxet people. The Pilgrims didn’t even have to dig to find the gruesome evidence. The bones, long picked clean by predators, were still lying right there on the beach. The survivors had left in such a hurry they hadn’t bothered to bury their dead. After poking around for a bit, William Bradford led the Pilgrims in a quick prayer and then got down to work. But you can excuse the Pilgrims for being callous. Death was now stalking them. Here they were, December 21, 1620, facing a wilderness full of wild animals and “savages”. Up until they landed, the Pilgrims had been lucky having not lost a single soul crossing the Atlantic but their luck had run out. A lack of food and fresh water were beginning to take their toll. Every day since landing, someone else had died-- including William Bradford’s wife, Dorothy who fell overboard and drowned. Some suggest that she committed suicide, unable to bear the isolation of their new home. The Mayflower was turned into a makeshift hospital as patients fell ill from colds, pneumonia and even worse scurvy-- a potentially fatal illness caused by vitamin C deficiency. If they didn’t find food and shelter fast the Plymouth crew would likely end up as a grisly reminder of the dangers that all first colonists faced. The only person to die on the Mayflower voyage was a member of the crew who had taunted the seasick passengers. The Pilgrims believed that God had punished him for his attitude. One of the first buildings that the Pilgrims threw up was their meeting house which served as part church, part city-hall, part community center. The original town of Plimoth Plantation is long gone. But the replica village gives us an authentic window into what life looked like back in the days when Puritans ran New England. Fire was a constant threat when your entire community was made of wood. All colonial homes kept their kitchens separated from the main house for this reason. But outbreaks were all too common in colonial America. The Mayflower Compact Drama But let’s back up a bit because we need to talk about who the Pilgrims were and why they traveled 2,000 miles to set up shop in the middle of a frozen Massachusetts forest. Before history came to call them Pilgrims they were known as Separatists because of their radically illegal plan to split with the Church of England and establish a religious utopia in the New World. After years of persecution, the Separatists had snuck out of England, first to Holland and now to America. When the colonists rolled up into Cape Cod on November 11, 1620, they had some serious issues to iron out. The most serious was that the Mayflower was 250 miles north of where they were supposed to be. Instead of the Hudson River where their charter had given them permission to settle they were now anchored off the coast of Massachusetts. Without a valid charter, the company legally would have the right to refuse to turn over the colony to them. Establishing a colony was an expensive and risky business. The Pilgrims weren’t the first Englishmen to try their luck in the New World. Roanoke and Popham had both flopped for their own reasons. Even Jamestown survived but could hardly be called a success story. The winter of 1609, the infamous "starving time", witnessed its people turning cannibal. The Pilgrims had plenty of faith but not much cash to fund the journey and so they were forced to suck it up and ask the Merchant Adventurers for a £1,700 loan -- an astronomical sum of money in those days. But the Pilgrims had more Bible sense than business sense. It turns out the Merchants weren't motivated by their godly mission after all. To pay for their voyage the Pilgrims had signed a legal contract called an indenture. To repay their loan the Pilgrims agreed to work four days a week for seven years harvesting furs and cod. Once the seven years were up the colony and the houses they lived in would belong to them-- free and clear. But with only weeks before their departure the Merchants did the classic bait-and-switch, demanding that the contract be changed to increase the number of workdays to six, while at the same time demanding that 61 Strangers be added to their little mix. Overnight the Pilgrims became a minority in their own utopia. The tension between the two groups had reached the breaking point before the passengers ever saw land. The Pilgrims were so different from the others. They were pious family types who spent their free time praying and holding Bible studies. Fleeing persecution had turned them into a tight-knit group. The Strangers, on the other hand, were single men who had been recruited to work with the Merchants. These guys were young and thrived on adventure. They liked to drink and gamble. And even though they were Anglicans they weren’t all that worried about keeping the Sabbath holy. The Pilgrims and Saints spent most of the ride over at each other’s’ throats. A power struggle was erupted over who would lead the colony. The Pilgrims had made it clear that once they reached land, Plymouth Colony would be run by their rules. New England was going to be a Puritan paradise, “a city on a hill”, a model of Christian perfection. The Merchants, whom the Puritans nicknamed ‘Strangers’’, couldn’t have cared less about their godly mission. In fact, they openly mocked them, gambled, swore, and drank heavily much to the Puritans annoyance. The Strangers had different goals for coming to America. They were drawn to the prospect of free land wealth. Or think of you think of Plymouth colony being a town where one half is Amish and the other biker gang and you get the picture of what it must have been like for these two to try and forge a community in the wilderness. Finding themselves at Cape Cod, 250 miles north of the Hudson River in New York. William Brewster-- one of the Pilgrim leaders-- was one the few with a University education drew up a document that would become the first model of self-government in the New World. More importantly to the passengers, the Mayflower Compact averted a crisis that would likely have splintered the colony into Saints and Strangers fighting for control. The Mayflower Compact was an agreement between all male colonists that they would create and abide by the laws for the good of the colony. Basically, this was the first form of democracy in the New World. Men regularly met in churches and meeting houses to debate and create laws unlike in Virginia where the governors had near total control over that colony. Surviving the Winter of 1620 Plymouth Colony almost didn’t last long enough to become anything more than a historical ghost story. That first winter of 1620-21 Plymouth Colony was hit hard. The Pilgrim’s had not bothered to bring extra food because they assumed (wrongly) that they would just show up and trade beads for choice Indian chow. Sound familiar? But the Pilgrims hadn’t counted on the introduction of smallpox to the natives of Massachusetts. The local Pokanokets played it safe by watching these foreigners from a distance. The only Indian corn the Pilgrims ate that winter is the stash they had stolen from another tribe further up the cape. That winter, half of the 102 original Pilgrims would die of a deadly combo: hunger, disease, and exposure to the cold and wet. Plymouth settlement came to a standstill-- with only seven of the nineteen houses built-- as every healthy person was on nursing duty. But, considering the horrors of Jamestown, they got off easy. After all, not a single Pilgrim became a cannibal. It was December 23rd before the stormy weather had eased up enough to give the Pilgrims an opportunity to start building their new settlement. A work party armed with axes and saws began the backbreaking task of felling trees and dragging them to the site. After two weeks, they had built their first house. It wasn’t much to look at. The walls were logs stacked and stuffed with branches and “cemented” together with mud. The windows were covered with oiled parchment. The chimney was little more than a hole in the thatched roof. The inside was dark and smoky and they had left their Keurig machine four hundred years in the future. But to appreciate what had been accomplished we have to consider that these individuals were working their tails off, weak from hunger, in the freezing cold of a New England winter. Two weeks later and Plymouth Colony now boasted of a single log cabin. But that first house was just the beginning. A community had to be created where only rocky soil and wilderness now stood. The town was planned out before it was even built. Nineteen houses would be added that winter along the main street with parallel alleys. With two rows of houses, the Pilgrims would be able to defend their settlement against an invasion-- Indian or European. A wooden platform was constructed to mount the cannons that they had brought with them. These cannons weren’t meant for protection against the native people but were pointed out towards the Bay in case the French or Dutch should suddenly show up and try to stomp out the little English settlement. For much of the colonial era, Europeans staked competing claims to most of North America and weren’t afraid to use violence to back them up. Strange Encounters of the Native Kind It wouldn’t be much of an exaggeration to say that since their arrival in November the Pilgrims lived their lives in fear of an Indian attack. They had already been attacked once by the same group whose corn they dug up. But for the last month they had waited in eerie silence with only a few rare sightings but no contact. The Indians of the area seemed to be avoiding them. And who could blame them, these pale strangers came from the same stock of the folks who had unleashed smallpox a few years back and now were setting up camp on top of a graveyard. That sort of thing would tend to freak anyone out. But March 16, was different. A lone Indian was spotted walking down the hill towards the settlement. The women and children were rushed inside the Common House for protection and the men reached for their guns. The Indian confidently walked into Plymouth like he owned the place, which as it turns out he did. The Pilgrim men moved to block his path. He stopped, gave them a military salute, and said “Welcome Englishmen!” Yeah, you can imagine the surprise on those faces. The English had just met the man who would save their half-starved settlement-- a man named Samoset who sat around the campfire eating duck and drinking hard liquor while giving the Pilgrim’s their first New World geography lesson. The people who controlled the land on which the Pilgrims were squatting were the Pokanokets led by a guy named Massasoit (pronounced Mass ah SOY), one of the principal chiefs in the area. It seems that the plague hadn’t been all that bad for everyone and the Pokanokets had been able to increase their standing during the chaos. When word got back to Massasoit of the strange people who wore buckles on their hats he was at a loss for how to respond. The English were a dangerous and temperamental bunch, the year before a crew of an English fishing boat had massacred a Pokanoket village for no apparent reason. Massasoit had a choice: wipe the settlement out before it became a threat or sit back and wait. Obviously, you know what his decision was. But why did he make it? Like most hunter-gatherers, the people of the New World were animists; meaning they put a lot of stock in the power of the spirit world, magic, and unseen forces. For much of that first winter, Massasoit had been holding meetings inside a swamp with his top shamans (holy men) in order to conjure up magic to drive the white men out. When that failed the answer became obvious to Massasoit. The Pilgrim’s magic must be stronger than his. So, to recap. Reason #1 for Massasoit's hesitation were his religious beliefs. But, reason #2 was a bit more down to earth. Massasoit had an adviser named Squanto who had convinced him that the Pilgrims could be used as a weapon to defeat the Narragansett-- the Pokanokets more powerful enemy in the Bay area. Sure, the Pilgrims might be a loose cannon but if Massasoit wanted to become the dominant chief in the area he would have to use unconventional means. Massasoit would, in fact, achieve his dream of merging the local tribes under his leadership. That tribe would come to be called the Wampanoag, who ironically would be fighting to defend its land from the very same people whom they were now making deals with. But that’s a story for later. When the two sides finally met they exchanged a few gifts and made some long-winded speeches that were made even more tedious because they had to wait for Squanto to translate. In the end, after the furs and copper knives were passed around the two sides made a defensive pact to protect one another against their enemies. And as of right now both groups had quite a few of those lying in wait in the woods. The Pilgrims made their first allies in the New World, but more importantly, they had secured a source of food. Like we had mentioned earlier, the soil of New England is terrible for growing crops. That is unless you have a few planting tricks up your sleeve. Squanto showed them how to grow corn using fish as fertilizer. He also showed them how to catch lobster and shuck oysters. Essentially, Squanto saved Plymouth. Mine eyes hath seen bare skin. Surely we are all doomed! By 1630, the Great Migration was in full swing and tens of thousands of English settlers poured into New England. Demands for food, housing, and a plot to farm led to demands for more land. Combine this land hunger with the fact that neither side fully understood each other’s' culture and you have a powder keg that is ready to blow. In 1636, the murder of a Boston merchant led to war with the powerful Pequot tribe who was accused (wrongfully) of committing the crime. The English allied with the Narragansett who also wanted to get rid of the Pequot and in the Battle of Mystic River massacred an entire Pequot village in a surprise night attack. Their huts were burned down, some with people still inside, and those who tried to flee were shot down and the survivors were sold to slave traders in the Caribbean. In 1671, the alliance between the Wampanoag and the English broke down and turned to war after the English continued to demand more and more native land. The last straw was when three Indians accused of murdering a settler were tried and executed by English law rather than Indian customs. Think of how an American might feel if they were sent to a Canadian prison after committing a crime in Maine. From the Native point of view, English law was meant for the English. A sachem named Metacomet rose up against the English during "King Philip's War". During this war, the Wampanoag and their allies fought the English and their Indian allies and both sides committed massacres and destroyed entire towns and villages. By the end of the war, half of the Native Americans in New England had either been killed or had fled west to the Great Lakes. Why the Pilgrims Matter? The Pilgrims weren't the first English settlers to come to the New World, and they weren't even the first successful settlement either. So why do we devote so much time to their story? The Pilgrims were the first wave of a new type of colonist. In contrast to the isolated plantation culture of the South, the New England colonies grew up around small farming communities and towns. Their towns grew into cities like Boston, Hartford, and Providence which by the 19th century had become centers of the industrial revolution--turning southern cotton into expensive cloth. The Puritans who came to New England were more educated than the average colonist. It was New England that passed America’s first laws for public schools. Harvard and Yale--big Ivy League schools today, got their start as Puritan colleges that trained their boys in medicine, law, and religion. It was in New England where colonists got to elect their local leaders and judges. It was in New England where the revolt over “”big government” led to the American Revolution. Basically, you could say that the New England way of life shaped modern America. The entire American Civil War was nothing more than a contest between two ways of life. The plantation slave society that began in Jamestown and the industrial urban America that was planted in Plymouth back in 1620. It took 600,000 deaths but the Civil war decided which of these two cultures would go on to shape the modern United States	3,832	ENGLISH	1
A team of physicists about 14 years back gathered 12 of the world's most accurate clocks, set them up and watched them tick. They continued to watch the clocks tick as part of an important experiment to prove the laws that govern physics as they stand. The experiment, run by Bijunath Patla and his team at National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colorado, started to stare at clocks starting November 1999 and monitored about 450 million seconds, or about 14 years. Their study was finally published this week and the result of the experiment was quite profound, reports Wired. Between November 1999 to October 2014, Patla's team watched these atomic clocks constantly. They even managed to take the clock to different locations in the universe, without even leaving the lab. "We've moved the lab 14 times around the sun," says Patla. Every second, the planet is travelling through the universe, so technically, these measurements were made in different points. So, what was Patla and his team hoping to find with this test? They wanted to find out if Einstein's theory of general relativity actually holds true. According to the theory, which also demonstrates one of the most fundamental principles in physics- there is no place or time in the known universe that is "special", or does not fall into the laws that have been identified and put together here on Earth. General relativity covers everything from how planets orbit stars to how stars die, collide and produce ripples in the form of gravitational waves. Also, through time, the laws of physics remain unchanged- that is to say that it was the same when the universe was born about 13 billion years back and will remain the same in future as well. Physical laws govern how matter reacts and responds to forces and none of them has changed since they were first created, so a ball falling from a building, fell the same way in the 1600s and does so at the exact same rate today as well. Having said that, this experiment wanted to find out if this was actually true. How do we know for a fact that the laws of physics remain unchanged from day to day? Without actually testing it, saying that physical laws do not change is only an assumption, notes the report. What if humans are just unable to perceive changes as they happen? "The modifications might be very, very small," says physicist Nicolas Yunes of Montana State University, who was not involved in the experiment. "Everything we measure is approximate," he says. "If you're measuring distance with a ruler, you can only measure up to the accuracy of the ruler." If there are indeed minor changes happening, the only way to catch them is to perform highly accurate experiments again and again, in as many locations as possible. If outcomes change, then it is one way to see first hand that a law of physics has changed, even by a small margin. Patla's team decided to test it by looking at clocks and the way they tick for 14 years. Atomic clocks were chosen by the team because, according to the report, they are among the most accurate machines ever built by humans. They are used to tell time using the steady beat of an atom. Clocks used by the team were designed to emit light waves and oscillate several billion times every second. The clocks count these light cycles. They are also extremely accurate, notes the report. In fact, they are so accurate that they will not lose a second in millions of years. The experiment, however, was not just interested in keeping time, says the report. They were actually studying the light that came from within the atom inside the clock. Atom's electrons and nucleus have a measurable level of magnetism that causes a slight push and pulls on each other. The team wanted to observe this phenomenon. The clocks were placed in a temperature and climate controlled environment notes the report. "If the temperature changes more than 0.5 degrees, they'll get alarms to go fix it," says Patla. "Most of it is automated, but someone watches it all the time, and someone carries a beeper." Every single environmental effect can be covered and has been accounted for- including the Earth's gravity. Patla's team is now planning to continue this experiment all over again with upgraded clocks. They want to be able to look at this magnetic interaction within atoms with three times more precision than they have so far, notes the report.	<urn:uuid:68a0a339-56e8-457c-a3e8-50baf7a5d3b8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.ibtimes.co.in/physicists-stared-dozen-clocks-14-years-straight-heres-why-771019	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00055.warc.gz	en	0.98276	898	3.640625	4	[ -0.46144407987594604, -0.137985959649086, -0.2472090721130371, -0.03447943180799484, 0.10895247012376785, 0.03093433380126953, -0.0968552902340889, -0.16861745715141296, 0.388235867023468, -0.13577690720558167, 0.3619059920310974, -0.3133239448070526, -0.15234524011611938, 0.17661248147487...	1	A team of physicists about 14 years back gathered 12 of the world's most accurate clocks, set them up and watched them tick. They continued to watch the clocks tick as part of an important experiment to prove the laws that govern physics as they stand. The experiment, run by Bijunath Patla and his team at National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colorado, started to stare at clocks starting November 1999 and monitored about 450 million seconds, or about 14 years. Their study was finally published this week and the result of the experiment was quite profound, reports Wired. Between November 1999 to October 2014, Patla's team watched these atomic clocks constantly. They even managed to take the clock to different locations in the universe, without even leaving the lab. "We've moved the lab 14 times around the sun," says Patla. Every second, the planet is travelling through the universe, so technically, these measurements were made in different points. So, what was Patla and his team hoping to find with this test? They wanted to find out if Einstein's theory of general relativity actually holds true. According to the theory, which also demonstrates one of the most fundamental principles in physics- there is no place or time in the known universe that is "special", or does not fall into the laws that have been identified and put together here on Earth. General relativity covers everything from how planets orbit stars to how stars die, collide and produce ripples in the form of gravitational waves. Also, through time, the laws of physics remain unchanged- that is to say that it was the same when the universe was born about 13 billion years back and will remain the same in future as well. Physical laws govern how matter reacts and responds to forces and none of them has changed since they were first created, so a ball falling from a building, fell the same way in the 1600s and does so at the exact same rate today as well. Having said that, this experiment wanted to find out if this was actually true. How do we know for a fact that the laws of physics remain unchanged from day to day? Without actually testing it, saying that physical laws do not change is only an assumption, notes the report. What if humans are just unable to perceive changes as they happen? "The modifications might be very, very small," says physicist Nicolas Yunes of Montana State University, who was not involved in the experiment. "Everything we measure is approximate," he says. "If you're measuring distance with a ruler, you can only measure up to the accuracy of the ruler." If there are indeed minor changes happening, the only way to catch them is to perform highly accurate experiments again and again, in as many locations as possible. If outcomes change, then it is one way to see first hand that a law of physics has changed, even by a small margin. Patla's team decided to test it by looking at clocks and the way they tick for 14 years. Atomic clocks were chosen by the team because, according to the report, they are among the most accurate machines ever built by humans. They are used to tell time using the steady beat of an atom. Clocks used by the team were designed to emit light waves and oscillate several billion times every second. The clocks count these light cycles. They are also extremely accurate, notes the report. In fact, they are so accurate that they will not lose a second in millions of years. The experiment, however, was not just interested in keeping time, says the report. They were actually studying the light that came from within the atom inside the clock. Atom's electrons and nucleus have a measurable level of magnetism that causes a slight push and pulls on each other. The team wanted to observe this phenomenon. The clocks were placed in a temperature and climate controlled environment notes the report. "If the temperature changes more than 0.5 degrees, they'll get alarms to go fix it," says Patla. "Most of it is automated, but someone watches it all the time, and someone carries a beeper." Every single environmental effect can be covered and has been accounted for- including the Earth's gravity. Patla's team is now planning to continue this experiment all over again with upgraded clocks. They want to be able to look at this magnetic interaction within atoms with three times more precision than they have so far, notes the report.	918	ENGLISH	1
Listen to this article When: 1836 – 1894 Where: Born in China, settled in Denver Why Important: Chin Lin Sou was a leader in the Chinese American community and a successful businessperson in Denver. Chin Lin Sou was born in 1836 in southern China. Chin heard stories of opportunities in the American West. He moved to the United States in 1859 to work on the transcontinental railroad. Chin was fluent in Chinese and English. He was also over six feet tall! Because he was so tall, he was able to get a better job on the railroad as an overseer. The transcontinental railroad was completed on May 10, 1869. It meant better communication and travel for Americans. But it also meant the end of work for the Chinese laborers. Many, including Chin, left to look for work in gold mines. Chin moved to Black Hawk, Colorado in 1871. He was one of the first Chinese immigrants in Colorado.Chin became a supervisor in a mine.1 Miners toiled all day and rarely found gold. As a supervisor, however, Chin earned good money. With the money he earned, he was finally able to bring his wife to Colorado. They had been apart for ten years! He became very rich when he discovered two profitable mines and sold them. Chin and his family eventually moved to Denver. During this time, Chinese workers faced discrimination. Many Euro-Americans thought they were stealing American jobs. Anti-Chinese violence erupted in many cities, including Denver.2 Using his fluent English, Chin tried to find jobs for fellow Chinese but it was difficult. In 1882 the U.S. government made it even harder. It passed a law prohibiting Chinese immigrants from becoming citizens,3 which meant they could not defend themselves in court. Chin opened a successful trading company in Denver. The company imported food, clothing, and furniture from China. He became a well-known leader and was called the “Mayor of Chinatown.” Chin fell ill and died in Denver on August 10, 1894. His children also became leaders in the Chinese community of Colorado. Many of his descendants still live in the Denver area. Chin was honored with a stained-glass portrait in the old Supreme Court room in the Colorado State Capitol. Content Date: Jan. 1, 1836 to Jan. 1, 1894	<urn:uuid:7094c352-65d3-42e1-acef-95f83ab5805d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.coloradovirtuallibrary.org/digital-colorado/colorado-histories/beginnings/chin-lin-sou-a-pioneer-in-more-ways-than-one/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00510.warc.gz	en	0.987327	485	3.78125	4	[ -0.2909088134765625, 0.06534276902675629, 0.18470624089241028, 0.137364000082016, 0.0622994601726532, 0.1652119904756546, 0.42980313301086426, 0.012959742918610573, -0.28024765849113464, -0.33970576524734497, 0.26685863733291626, -0.2755312919616699, 0.14103031158447266, -0.087258674204349...	3	Listen to this article When: 1836 – 1894 Where: Born in China, settled in Denver Why Important: Chin Lin Sou was a leader in the Chinese American community and a successful businessperson in Denver. Chin Lin Sou was born in 1836 in southern China. Chin heard stories of opportunities in the American West. He moved to the United States in 1859 to work on the transcontinental railroad. Chin was fluent in Chinese and English. He was also over six feet tall! Because he was so tall, he was able to get a better job on the railroad as an overseer. The transcontinental railroad was completed on May 10, 1869. It meant better communication and travel for Americans. But it also meant the end of work for the Chinese laborers. Many, including Chin, left to look for work in gold mines. Chin moved to Black Hawk, Colorado in 1871. He was one of the first Chinese immigrants in Colorado.Chin became a supervisor in a mine.1 Miners toiled all day and rarely found gold. As a supervisor, however, Chin earned good money. With the money he earned, he was finally able to bring his wife to Colorado. They had been apart for ten years! He became very rich when he discovered two profitable mines and sold them. Chin and his family eventually moved to Denver. During this time, Chinese workers faced discrimination. Many Euro-Americans thought they were stealing American jobs. Anti-Chinese violence erupted in many cities, including Denver.2 Using his fluent English, Chin tried to find jobs for fellow Chinese but it was difficult. In 1882 the U.S. government made it even harder. It passed a law prohibiting Chinese immigrants from becoming citizens,3 which meant they could not defend themselves in court. Chin opened a successful trading company in Denver. The company imported food, clothing, and furniture from China. He became a well-known leader and was called the “Mayor of Chinatown.” Chin fell ill and died in Denver on August 10, 1894. His children also became leaders in the Chinese community of Colorado. Many of his descendants still live in the Denver area. Chin was honored with a stained-glass portrait in the old Supreme Court room in the Colorado State Capitol. Content Date: Jan. 1, 1836 to Jan. 1, 1894	510	ENGLISH	1
Baroque Macedonia and the Macedonian Revolts/Chapter 1 : The struggle for freedom The struggle for freedomEdit The ocean voyages of European mariners in the 15th and 16th centuries had a profound impact on world history. The secret of their success was technology and also the combining of mediterranean and northern European boat-building traditions, helped to expand this knowledge to other countries of the world. Many years later the adoption of navigational devices such as the astrolabe, the sextant and the magnetic compass helped captains and sailors move accurately over long distances at sea. During the 1680-1690's the naval advancements of some empires were greatly increasing, England was at the top of the list followed by the Russian Empire, 3rd was Sweden, 4th was the Spanish Empire, followed by France in 5th place, next was the United Provinces, in 6th place was Prussia, 7th place was the Royal Kingdom of Quebec, in 8th place was Portugal and later in 9th place was the Ottoman Empire. In 10th place was the Austrian Empire who happened to grasp a small region near the seas. Boat building involved skilled men, men with a trade such as woodworking or even fabric/textiles work. The Ottoman Empire had greatly fallen behind, not just in boat building but also in it's economy, over the years it began to borrow heavily from other European empires that were not at war. The Ottoman Empire was far to busy in trying to suppress rebellions or revolts within it's empire, revolutionaries from Serbia, Macedonia, Greece and Bulgaria all wanted freedom. From here and in a few years the Ottoman Empire went into a period known as Stagnation and this was quite common for an Empire that was always at war with internal revolutionary groups. The demographics of the region of Macedonia had altered numerous times, it was very common for a Macedonian family to be living in the outskirts of cities such as Uskup, Veles, and many other large cities that had a population of more than 50,000. The Ottoman families were seen living in Uskub, in great numbers. It was also common for Macedonian communities to relocate and live in villages, while the Ottoman families were mostly seen living in large cities. The lifestyle of Macedonians living in the countryside gave them an advantage in preparing for an uprising or a revolt. The Empire of Austria, was an impressive imperial kingdom, also known as the Habsburg Empire it flourished and become a prosperous growing faction or entity. It made advancements in numerous fields such as : medicine, physics, chemistry, construction, infrastructure and so on. Emperor Leopold I had just arrived back from a long trip, he was beginning to feel exhausted due to the travel earlier in the day to Salzburg for an important meeting with his general and his marshal. Emperor Leopold had issued a letter to his marshal regarding the deployment of Austrian troops to the Balkans. His marshal gave the letter to his general who was still working out a strategic operation to the campaign located within Bosnia, Serbia and Macedonia. The most reliable applicant to conduct the campaign in the Balkans was a general by the name of Silvio Piccolomini. General Picolomini was from Siena, Italy he was an Italian nobleman, serving in the Austrian Habsburg Army. The Austrian military police set out to track down Silvio Piccolomini who at the time was at his grapes estate. He loved producing his own wine from the grapes at his wine cellar. The military police entered his premises and began searching for Piccolomini, they entered the home of Piccolomini, but could not find him. So they went outside to the rear of the property, they noticed a door was left open leading to a wine cellar, so they proceeded cautiously, inside was Piccolomini pouring red wine in a large glass flask. Piccolomini was surprised and offered the men some home-made claret. The military police spoke with Piccolomini and gave him a uniform, Piccolomini agreed to take a horse carriage the next day to head for Klagenfurt to meet with his regiments. The Ottoman Empire, back in the late 17th century attempted to gain the lands of Austria, but the Habsburg Empire signed an alliance with the Prussian and Polish armies and were ready to defeat the mighty Turkish army at the Battle of Vienna in 1683. Piccolomini finally arrived at Klagenfurt where he began training his young and old troops. While back in Ottoman Macedonia, for the Macedonians weaponry was very limited and the Macedonian revolutionaries would use potassium nitrate mixed with sulphur and charcoal as gunpowder. This proved to be ineffective however it did manage to overcome the need for gunpowder. The Macedonian revolutionaries continued their efforts in making weapons, from gunpowder to wooden cannons. The cannons that were produced proved to be unreliable, because some of them would backfire and strike the soldier that was standing behind the cannon. So most of the cannons were very dangerous when put to great use, some would eventually rapture because of the excessive heat and pressure produced during the firing. The Turkish army was far superior in both numbers and equipment and their retaliation was brutal. The Ottoman Sultan was so pre-occupied with suppressing rebellions and uprisings that he required the assistance from other Ottoman Vassals. The Ottoman Sultan turned his attentions towards the Crimean Khanate so he ordered re-inforcements and it would take roughly 1 week for six galleons to cross the Black Sea and arrive to the port in Ottoman Bulgaria. One week later the Crimean tatars and muslims arrived and were required to head to the neareast headquarters for military training. The ports along the Black Sea were regarded as the busiest areas, merchant men and women were seen trading and selling items of value. Commodities such as gold and silver were very much in demand, not just in the Ottoman Empire but also all around the world. The long distance trades through sea and land tended to be in the hands of certain communities that had privileges, such communities as : Serbs, Macedonians, Jews, Greeks, Armenians and Ragusans all provided trading goods from wood products to silver products. Behind the military frontier this Ottoman world had settled down by the later sixteenth century into an effective, well - run and civilized sphere. The distinctive landscape of mosques, madrasas, caravanserai's, coffee houses, public baths, hospitals, fountains and markets dotted innumerable small towns maintained in many cases by the vakifs. A few months later Piccolomini prepared his men with water and food and set out going south towards Macedonia via Nis and the town of Prokuplje. Piccolomini had a total of 4,000 men, one thousand of them being Serbian, under the command of Antonije Znoric. Meanwhile back in Ottoman Macedonia, foreign propaganda particularly intensified through the schools, which were closely associated with the foreign churches scattered around many of the towns and cities within Macedonia. Despite this powerful foreign propaganda many Macedonians remained aware of their Macedonian ethnic origin and stood for recognition of a separate Macedonian nation by the world and creation of an independent Macedonian state. When Piccolomini set out from the Austrian Empire, his regiments were comprised of Austrian Hussars. Hussars were a light type of cavalry. The first written mention of the word Hussar or Huszar has been found in documents dating back in 1432 in southern Hungary. The Austrian Hussars wore a characteristic tight Dolman jacket with a loose hanging pelisse over jacket, as well as a busby hat. The route of the army under Piccolomini was long and exhausting, firstly the army had finally arrived to the city of Belgrade on the 8th of September, 1688. After crossing the region of Ottoman Bulgaria, the Crimean tatars and muslims or more appropriately the Ottoman turks finally arrived to Rumelia, the region of Macedonia was called Rumelia at that time. The largest Ottoman headquarters was located in Uskup, (Skopje) and this was where the Crimean tatars set up camp. The extra re-inforcements were welcomed by the Ottoman major of Uskup. Silvio Piccolomini was a man of great importance to the Habsburg Austrian Empire, he communicated with his Habsburg counterparts through letter writing. Piccolomini and his 4,000 troops marched south following the Morava river, soon he will enter the town of Nis. The Crimean Khan Selim Giray had roughly between 4,000 to 6,000 men, most of them were young and inexperienced however they were here to help suppress any revolt within Rumelia. The continuation of Macedonian traditions and culture persisted even through a region that was in turmoil and was struggling to overcome the grasp of the Ottoman domination. Components of the culture of the Macedonian Slavs was put forward. A Macedonian historian by the name of Krste Petkov Misirkov was the first to pose the question of the independent Macedonian culture, these were his words : There used to be and there still is an independent Macedonian culture, and it has been the strongest weapon in helping the Macedonians to preserve their present-day cultural matrix and survive all the reversals in the history of their fatherland : Not Byzantium, nor Bulgaria, nor Serbia, nor Turkey, could make changes in the character of the Macedonians of such a nature as to destroy their individuality and estrange them from their Slavic forefathers. Krste Petkov Misirkov has also in some of his writings, he identifies the Macedonians as a separate nation and the Macedonian as a separate South Slavic language. Krste Misirkov died in July, 1926 he was 51 when he passed away. As previously mentioned the Macedonian revolutionaries frequently began producing their own weapons, some weapons such as muskets were even purchased from a gunsmith that sold weapons at a reduced price. It was very rare for Macedonian revolutionaries to have at their disposal wooden or metal cannons, or even cannonballs. Back in the 17th Century it was very difficult to find a man or a women that specialized in the engineering and construction of cannons. So Macedonian revolutionaries were sometimes seen trading at open markets, or possibly involved stealing cannons from the Ottoman army. Revolutionaries were not armies and did not have the luxuries that a real army had. Revolutionaries were not experienced fighters, some were very young and some were very old. - Macedonia Yesterday And Today, MI-AN Publishing, Skopje 1998, pp.85-108 - Danubia, A Personal History of Habsburg Europe, Author - Simon Winder, 2013 p.123 - History And Archaeology Through Laboratory Examinations, Author : Tome Egumenoski & Aleksandar Donski, University of Goce Delchev, Shtip, North Macedonia, 2012 p.58. - K.Misirkov, Makedonska Kultura, 21.H.1923,2.	<urn:uuid:9529d3cc-814d-4ddb-86e1-2c5b0549c44d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Baroque_Macedonia_and_the_Macedonian_Revolts/Chapter_1_:_The_struggle_for_freedom	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00243.warc.gz	en	0.984609	2,301	3.515625	4	[ -0.008689381182193756, 0.15434390306472778, 0.38299670815467834, -0.07718878984451294, -0.10715579986572266, -0.3640673756599426, -0.1913847029209137, 0.6456442475318909, 0.06942804902791977, 0.05035139247775078, 0.009830079041421413, -0.10957285761833191, -0.04864823445677757, 0.120435856...	1	Baroque Macedonia and the Macedonian Revolts/Chapter 1 : The struggle for freedom The struggle for freedomEdit The ocean voyages of European mariners in the 15th and 16th centuries had a profound impact on world history. The secret of their success was technology and also the combining of mediterranean and northern European boat-building traditions, helped to expand this knowledge to other countries of the world. Many years later the adoption of navigational devices such as the astrolabe, the sextant and the magnetic compass helped captains and sailors move accurately over long distances at sea. During the 1680-1690's the naval advancements of some empires were greatly increasing, England was at the top of the list followed by the Russian Empire, 3rd was Sweden, 4th was the Spanish Empire, followed by France in 5th place, next was the United Provinces, in 6th place was Prussia, 7th place was the Royal Kingdom of Quebec, in 8th place was Portugal and later in 9th place was the Ottoman Empire. In 10th place was the Austrian Empire who happened to grasp a small region near the seas. Boat building involved skilled men, men with a trade such as woodworking or even fabric/textiles work. The Ottoman Empire had greatly fallen behind, not just in boat building but also in it's economy, over the years it began to borrow heavily from other European empires that were not at war. The Ottoman Empire was far to busy in trying to suppress rebellions or revolts within it's empire, revolutionaries from Serbia, Macedonia, Greece and Bulgaria all wanted freedom. From here and in a few years the Ottoman Empire went into a period known as Stagnation and this was quite common for an Empire that was always at war with internal revolutionary groups. The demographics of the region of Macedonia had altered numerous times, it was very common for a Macedonian family to be living in the outskirts of cities such as Uskup, Veles, and many other large cities that had a population of more than 50,000. The Ottoman families were seen living in Uskub, in great numbers. It was also common for Macedonian communities to relocate and live in villages, while the Ottoman families were mostly seen living in large cities. The lifestyle of Macedonians living in the countryside gave them an advantage in preparing for an uprising or a revolt. The Empire of Austria, was an impressive imperial kingdom, also known as the Habsburg Empire it flourished and become a prosperous growing faction or entity. It made advancements in numerous fields such as : medicine, physics, chemistry, construction, infrastructure and so on. Emperor Leopold I had just arrived back from a long trip, he was beginning to feel exhausted due to the travel earlier in the day to Salzburg for an important meeting with his general and his marshal. Emperor Leopold had issued a letter to his marshal regarding the deployment of Austrian troops to the Balkans. His marshal gave the letter to his general who was still working out a strategic operation to the campaign located within Bosnia, Serbia and Macedonia. The most reliable applicant to conduct the campaign in the Balkans was a general by the name of Silvio Piccolomini. General Picolomini was from Siena, Italy he was an Italian nobleman, serving in the Austrian Habsburg Army. The Austrian military police set out to track down Silvio Piccolomini who at the time was at his grapes estate. He loved producing his own wine from the grapes at his wine cellar. The military police entered his premises and began searching for Piccolomini, they entered the home of Piccolomini, but could not find him. So they went outside to the rear of the property, they noticed a door was left open leading to a wine cellar, so they proceeded cautiously, inside was Piccolomini pouring red wine in a large glass flask. Piccolomini was surprised and offered the men some home-made claret. The military police spoke with Piccolomini and gave him a uniform, Piccolomini agreed to take a horse carriage the next day to head for Klagenfurt to meet with his regiments. The Ottoman Empire, back in the late 17th century attempted to gain the lands of Austria, but the Habsburg Empire signed an alliance with the Prussian and Polish armies and were ready to defeat the mighty Turkish army at the Battle of Vienna in 1683. Piccolomini finally arrived at Klagenfurt where he began training his young and old troops. While back in Ottoman Macedonia, for the Macedonians weaponry was very limited and the Macedonian revolutionaries would use potassium nitrate mixed with sulphur and charcoal as gunpowder. This proved to be ineffective however it did manage to overcome the need for gunpowder. The Macedonian revolutionaries continued their efforts in making weapons, from gunpowder to wooden cannons. The cannons that were produced proved to be unreliable, because some of them would backfire and strike the soldier that was standing behind the cannon. So most of the cannons were very dangerous when put to great use, some would eventually rapture because of the excessive heat and pressure produced during the firing. The Turkish army was far superior in both numbers and equipment and their retaliation was brutal. The Ottoman Sultan was so pre-occupied with suppressing rebellions and uprisings that he required the assistance from other Ottoman Vassals. The Ottoman Sultan turned his attentions towards the Crimean Khanate so he ordered re-inforcements and it would take roughly 1 week for six galleons to cross the Black Sea and arrive to the port in Ottoman Bulgaria. One week later the Crimean tatars and muslims arrived and were required to head to the neareast headquarters for military training. The ports along the Black Sea were regarded as the busiest areas, merchant men and women were seen trading and selling items of value. Commodities such as gold and silver were very much in demand, not just in the Ottoman Empire but also all around the world. The long distance trades through sea and land tended to be in the hands of certain communities that had privileges, such communities as : Serbs, Macedonians, Jews, Greeks, Armenians and Ragusans all provided trading goods from wood products to silver products. Behind the military frontier this Ottoman world had settled down by the later sixteenth century into an effective, well - run and civilized sphere. The distinctive landscape of mosques, madrasas, caravanserai's, coffee houses, public baths, hospitals, fountains and markets dotted innumerable small towns maintained in many cases by the vakifs. A few months later Piccolomini prepared his men with water and food and set out going south towards Macedonia via Nis and the town of Prokuplje. Piccolomini had a total of 4,000 men, one thousand of them being Serbian, under the command of Antonije Znoric. Meanwhile back in Ottoman Macedonia, foreign propaganda particularly intensified through the schools, which were closely associated with the foreign churches scattered around many of the towns and cities within Macedonia. Despite this powerful foreign propaganda many Macedonians remained aware of their Macedonian ethnic origin and stood for recognition of a separate Macedonian nation by the world and creation of an independent Macedonian state. When Piccolomini set out from the Austrian Empire, his regiments were comprised of Austrian Hussars. Hussars were a light type of cavalry. The first written mention of the word Hussar or Huszar has been found in documents dating back in 1432 in southern Hungary. The Austrian Hussars wore a characteristic tight Dolman jacket with a loose hanging pelisse over jacket, as well as a busby hat. The route of the army under Piccolomini was long and exhausting, firstly the army had finally arrived to the city of Belgrade on the 8th of September, 1688. After crossing the region of Ottoman Bulgaria, the Crimean tatars and muslims or more appropriately the Ottoman turks finally arrived to Rumelia, the region of Macedonia was called Rumelia at that time. The largest Ottoman headquarters was located in Uskup, (Skopje) and this was where the Crimean tatars set up camp. The extra re-inforcements were welcomed by the Ottoman major of Uskup. Silvio Piccolomini was a man of great importance to the Habsburg Austrian Empire, he communicated with his Habsburg counterparts through letter writing. Piccolomini and his 4,000 troops marched south following the Morava river, soon he will enter the town of Nis. The Crimean Khan Selim Giray had roughly between 4,000 to 6,000 men, most of them were young and inexperienced however they were here to help suppress any revolt within Rumelia. The continuation of Macedonian traditions and culture persisted even through a region that was in turmoil and was struggling to overcome the grasp of the Ottoman domination. Components of the culture of the Macedonian Slavs was put forward. A Macedonian historian by the name of Krste Petkov Misirkov was the first to pose the question of the independent Macedonian culture, these were his words : There used to be and there still is an independent Macedonian culture, and it has been the strongest weapon in helping the Macedonians to preserve their present-day cultural matrix and survive all the reversals in the history of their fatherland : Not Byzantium, nor Bulgaria, nor Serbia, nor Turkey, could make changes in the character of the Macedonians of such a nature as to destroy their individuality and estrange them from their Slavic forefathers. Krste Petkov Misirkov has also in some of his writings, he identifies the Macedonians as a separate nation and the Macedonian as a separate South Slavic language. Krste Misirkov died in July, 1926 he was 51 when he passed away. As previously mentioned the Macedonian revolutionaries frequently began producing their own weapons, some weapons such as muskets were even purchased from a gunsmith that sold weapons at a reduced price. It was very rare for Macedonian revolutionaries to have at their disposal wooden or metal cannons, or even cannonballs. Back in the 17th Century it was very difficult to find a man or a women that specialized in the engineering and construction of cannons. So Macedonian revolutionaries were sometimes seen trading at open markets, or possibly involved stealing cannons from the Ottoman army. Revolutionaries were not armies and did not have the luxuries that a real army had. Revolutionaries were not experienced fighters, some were very young and some were very old. - Macedonia Yesterday And Today, MI-AN Publishing, Skopje 1998, pp.85-108 - Danubia, A Personal History of Habsburg Europe, Author - Simon Winder, 2013 p.123 - History And Archaeology Through Laboratory Examinations, Author : Tome Egumenoski & Aleksandar Donski, University of Goce Delchev, Shtip, North Macedonia, 2012 p.58. - K.Misirkov, Makedonska Kultura, 21.H.1923,2.	2,364	ENGLISH	1
An examination of the political career of franklin delano roosevelt as the president of the united s The nation's will sagged and its future seemed, at least to some, in doubt. As a result, his listeners felt that he was talking directly to them, understood their problems, and was taking action to address their needs. For his work on behalf of Wilson, Roosevelt was appointed assistant secretary of the navy in March This position put him at odds with much of the Wilson administration, which feared any steps that might appear to violate America's declared neutrality. Franklin d roosevelt accomplishments FDR and Cox lost the election. Insulated from the outside world and schooled at home by tutors until a teenager, Franklin had limited contact with his peers. Smith for president, but Smith lost the nomination to John W. Roosevelt tackled numerous wartime projects. Howe saw in the tall, handsome Roosevelt a politician with great promise, and he remained dedicated to Roosevelt for the rest of his life. The emotional break in their marriage was so severe that when Roosevelt asked Eleanor in —in light of his failing health—to come back home and live with him again, she refused. He ignored tradition and showed up in person to accept the nomination, following a flight to Chicago. His forceful leadership and many years in office inspired a term, the "imperial presidency," that would be applied to subsequent presidents with similar leadership styles. At Moscow in October , a postwar world security organization was agreed upon in principle by the Allied foreign ministers. Her father being dead, President Theodore Roosevelt gave his niece away. Roosevelt as president of the United States four consecutive times. Moreover, the American economy depended upon consumption, but because of the stagnation in wages, the collapse of agricultural markets, and rising unemployment all of which led to the growing gap between rich and poor , most Americans could not buy the products that made the economy hum. The couple had six children, of whom five survived infancy. The stress of World War II had taken its toll on his health, and in March,hospital tests indicated he had atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure. Franklin contemplated divorcing Eleanor, but Sara objected strongly and Lucy would not agree to marry a divorced man with five children. Jennifer Rosenberg is a historian, history fact-checker, and freelance writer who writes about 20th-century history topics. Up to this point, most presidents had limited themselves to serving a maximum of two terms, as set by the example of George Washington. InRoosevelt attended Groton School for boys, a prestigious Episcopal preparatory school in Massachusetts. based on 11 review	<urn:uuid:525d8588-6a21-4ac2-90ae-9e8cca462566>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://pylenabeqifazy.dellrichards.com/an-examination-of-the-political-career-of-franklin-delano-roosevelt-as-the-president-of-the-united-s9404203yr.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00211.warc.gz	en	0.981676	538	3.296875	3	[ -0.12288364768028259, 0.3390998840332031, 0.2203250229358673, -0.22823446989059448, 0.3627116084098816, 0.515981137752533, 0.07510677725076675, 0.08275169134140015, -0.14924824237823486, -0.26089954376220703, 0.5473788976669312, 0.484529972076416, 0.43938231468200684, 0.463117390871048, ...	2	An examination of the political career of franklin delano roosevelt as the president of the united s The nation's will sagged and its future seemed, at least to some, in doubt. As a result, his listeners felt that he was talking directly to them, understood their problems, and was taking action to address their needs. For his work on behalf of Wilson, Roosevelt was appointed assistant secretary of the navy in March This position put him at odds with much of the Wilson administration, which feared any steps that might appear to violate America's declared neutrality. Franklin d roosevelt accomplishments FDR and Cox lost the election. Insulated from the outside world and schooled at home by tutors until a teenager, Franklin had limited contact with his peers. Smith for president, but Smith lost the nomination to John W. Roosevelt tackled numerous wartime projects. Howe saw in the tall, handsome Roosevelt a politician with great promise, and he remained dedicated to Roosevelt for the rest of his life. The emotional break in their marriage was so severe that when Roosevelt asked Eleanor in —in light of his failing health—to come back home and live with him again, she refused. He ignored tradition and showed up in person to accept the nomination, following a flight to Chicago. His forceful leadership and many years in office inspired a term, the "imperial presidency," that would be applied to subsequent presidents with similar leadership styles. At Moscow in October , a postwar world security organization was agreed upon in principle by the Allied foreign ministers. Her father being dead, President Theodore Roosevelt gave his niece away. Roosevelt as president of the United States four consecutive times. Moreover, the American economy depended upon consumption, but because of the stagnation in wages, the collapse of agricultural markets, and rising unemployment all of which led to the growing gap between rich and poor , most Americans could not buy the products that made the economy hum. The couple had six children, of whom five survived infancy. The stress of World War II had taken its toll on his health, and in March,hospital tests indicated he had atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure. Franklin contemplated divorcing Eleanor, but Sara objected strongly and Lucy would not agree to marry a divorced man with five children. Jennifer Rosenberg is a historian, history fact-checker, and freelance writer who writes about 20th-century history topics. Up to this point, most presidents had limited themselves to serving a maximum of two terms, as set by the example of George Washington. InRoosevelt attended Groton School for boys, a prestigious Episcopal preparatory school in Massachusetts. based on 11 review	535	ENGLISH	1
Who Was Douglas MacArthur? After graduating from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1903, Douglas MacArthur fought in World War I, and in World War II was the commander of Allied forces in the Pacific. When he criticized President Harry Truman's handling of the Korean War, he was relieved of his command. MacArthur was born on an Army base in Little Rock, Arkansas, on January 26, 1880, into a family with a strong military history. His father, Arthur, was a captain at the time of Douglas’ birth, and had been decorated for his service in the Union Army during the Civil War. Douglas’ mother, Mary, was from Virginia, and her brothers had fought for the South during the Civil War. The base where Douglas was born was just the first of several military posts on which he would live during his youth. In 1893 his family moved to San Antonio, Texas, and MacArthur attended the West Texas Military Academy, where he began to show academic promise. He was also a member of several of the school’s sports teams. After high school, MacArthur enrolled in the United States Military Academy at West Point, where he excelled, and in 1903 he graduated with honors. Following graduation, MacArthur was commissioned as a junior officer in the Army Corps of Engineers and spent the next decade fulfilling a variety of duties. This early period in his military career was marked by frequent promotions and led to posts in countries around the world, including the Philippines, Japan, Mexico and, in 1914, France. World War I and After At the start of World War I, MacArthur was promoted to major and assigned to what were essentially intelligence and administrative units. However, after the United States declared war on Germany, the 42nd Division (the so-called “Rainbow Division,” a National Guard unit composed of soldiers from a number of states) was created, and MacArthur was promoted to colonel and put in its command. In 1918 he participated in the St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne and Sedan offensives, during which he repeatedly distinguished himself as a capable military leader. Upon returning from Europe, MacArthur became the superintendent of West Point, a post he held for the next three years. During this time he was promoted to brigadier general of the Army and also married his first wife, Louise Cromwell Brooks. For the rest of the 1920s, MacArthur again held various military posts and also headed the American Olympic Committee. He divorced Louise in 1929. In 1930, MacArthur was promoted to general and selected as the Army chief of staff. Over the next few years his efforts were primarily devoted to maintaining a military that, like the rest of the country, was crippled by the Great Depression. He also spoke frequently of what he considered to be the increasingly serious threat of Communism, both in the United States and abroad. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt chose MacArthur as his military adviser to the Philippines and sent him there to establish a defensive military force. MacArthur married his second wife, Jean Faircloth, in 1937, and the following year she gave birth to a son, Arthur. World War II and the Korean War In July 1941, MacArthur was recalled to active duty and became commander of U.S. forces in the Pacific. A Japanese invasion of the Philippines that same year drove MacArthur’s forces from the country, but in the years that followed, MacArthur launched a number of successful offensive operations against the Japanese military in the region. During this time, he was frequently and openly critical of his superiors’ decision to focus military resources on the war in Europe rather than in the Pacific. In 1945, at the end of the war, President Harry S. Truman appointed MacArthur supreme Allied commander. MacArthur was placed in charge of the formal surrender of Tokyo, and for the next six years, he remained in Japan to command the occupation forces there and to oversee the rebuilding of the country. When the North Korean army invaded South Korea in 1950, MacArthur was placed in command of the newly created United Nations forces and quickly drove back the attack. However, he failed to anticipate impending attacks by Chinese forces and was soon forced to retreat. In the aftermath of this defeat, MacArthur was vocal about his belief that the war should be expanded to include China, despite warnings from President Truman that he should keep his opinions to himself. Exasperated by MacArthur’s refusal to do so, Truman finally relieved him of his command in April 1951. The End of a Military Career MacArthur returned to the United States and settled in Washington, D.C. The American public welcomed him back as a hero, but Truman continued to be openly critical of his actions. MacArthur devoted much of his time to defending his actions in Korea and criticizing Truman’s inaction, accusing him of having allowed Communism to run rampant in the region. He was also considered as a potential Republican presidential candidate, though none of these exploratory campaigns ever developed further. In 1952, MacArthur met with Dwight Eisenhower, who had just been elected president, and advised him on how to end the Korean War. His decidedly extreme strategy, which included the use of atomic weapons, was rejected. Around this time, MacArthur and his wife moved to New York City, and he was elected chairman of the board for Remington Rand, a manufacturer of typewriters and early computers. Besides the duties that came with this post, MacArthur devoted his time to writing his memoirs, which would later be published as Reminiscences and serialized in Life magazine. He would also meet with presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson to advise them on military matters. Douglas MacArthur died in Washington, D.C., on April 5, 1964, at the age of 84. He was honored with a state funeral and was buried in the Douglas MacArthur Memorial in Norfolk, Virginia. The memorial is not only the resting place of MacArthur and his wife Jean, but also home to a museum collection documenting his life and military service. We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us!	<urn:uuid:9c47b109-28cb-4044-88bd-7c8dc55e28a0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.biography.com/political-figure/douglas-macarthur	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00234.warc.gz	en	0.989561	1,247	3.296875	3	[ -0.42627328634262085, 0.6469642519950867, 0.4856462776660919, -0.3033154606819153, -0.02621155045926571, 0.11708785593509674, 0.4204784631729126, 0.050702258944511414, -0.07841143012046814, -0.2717878520488739, 0.39103448390960693, -0.2598141133785248, 0.21738792955875397, 0.38283511996269...	10	Who Was Douglas MacArthur? After graduating from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1903, Douglas MacArthur fought in World War I, and in World War II was the commander of Allied forces in the Pacific. When he criticized President Harry Truman's handling of the Korean War, he was relieved of his command. MacArthur was born on an Army base in Little Rock, Arkansas, on January 26, 1880, into a family with a strong military history. His father, Arthur, was a captain at the time of Douglas’ birth, and had been decorated for his service in the Union Army during the Civil War. Douglas’ mother, Mary, was from Virginia, and her brothers had fought for the South during the Civil War. The base where Douglas was born was just the first of several military posts on which he would live during his youth. In 1893 his family moved to San Antonio, Texas, and MacArthur attended the West Texas Military Academy, where he began to show academic promise. He was also a member of several of the school’s sports teams. After high school, MacArthur enrolled in the United States Military Academy at West Point, where he excelled, and in 1903 he graduated with honors. Following graduation, MacArthur was commissioned as a junior officer in the Army Corps of Engineers and spent the next decade fulfilling a variety of duties. This early period in his military career was marked by frequent promotions and led to posts in countries around the world, including the Philippines, Japan, Mexico and, in 1914, France. World War I and After At the start of World War I, MacArthur was promoted to major and assigned to what were essentially intelligence and administrative units. However, after the United States declared war on Germany, the 42nd Division (the so-called “Rainbow Division,” a National Guard unit composed of soldiers from a number of states) was created, and MacArthur was promoted to colonel and put in its command. In 1918 he participated in the St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne and Sedan offensives, during which he repeatedly distinguished himself as a capable military leader. Upon returning from Europe, MacArthur became the superintendent of West Point, a post he held for the next three years. During this time he was promoted to brigadier general of the Army and also married his first wife, Louise Cromwell Brooks. For the rest of the 1920s, MacArthur again held various military posts and also headed the American Olympic Committee. He divorced Louise in 1929. In 1930, MacArthur was promoted to general and selected as the Army chief of staff. Over the next few years his efforts were primarily devoted to maintaining a military that, like the rest of the country, was crippled by the Great Depression. He also spoke frequently of what he considered to be the increasingly serious threat of Communism, both in the United States and abroad. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt chose MacArthur as his military adviser to the Philippines and sent him there to establish a defensive military force. MacArthur married his second wife, Jean Faircloth, in 1937, and the following year she gave birth to a son, Arthur. World War II and the Korean War In July 1941, MacArthur was recalled to active duty and became commander of U.S. forces in the Pacific. A Japanese invasion of the Philippines that same year drove MacArthur’s forces from the country, but in the years that followed, MacArthur launched a number of successful offensive operations against the Japanese military in the region. During this time, he was frequently and openly critical of his superiors’ decision to focus military resources on the war in Europe rather than in the Pacific. In 1945, at the end of the war, President Harry S. Truman appointed MacArthur supreme Allied commander. MacArthur was placed in charge of the formal surrender of Tokyo, and for the next six years, he remained in Japan to command the occupation forces there and to oversee the rebuilding of the country. When the North Korean army invaded South Korea in 1950, MacArthur was placed in command of the newly created United Nations forces and quickly drove back the attack. However, he failed to anticipate impending attacks by Chinese forces and was soon forced to retreat. In the aftermath of this defeat, MacArthur was vocal about his belief that the war should be expanded to include China, despite warnings from President Truman that he should keep his opinions to himself. Exasperated by MacArthur’s refusal to do so, Truman finally relieved him of his command in April 1951. The End of a Military Career MacArthur returned to the United States and settled in Washington, D.C. The American public welcomed him back as a hero, but Truman continued to be openly critical of his actions. MacArthur devoted much of his time to defending his actions in Korea and criticizing Truman’s inaction, accusing him of having allowed Communism to run rampant in the region. He was also considered as a potential Republican presidential candidate, though none of these exploratory campaigns ever developed further. In 1952, MacArthur met with Dwight Eisenhower, who had just been elected president, and advised him on how to end the Korean War. His decidedly extreme strategy, which included the use of atomic weapons, was rejected. Around this time, MacArthur and his wife moved to New York City, and he was elected chairman of the board for Remington Rand, a manufacturer of typewriters and early computers. Besides the duties that came with this post, MacArthur devoted his time to writing his memoirs, which would later be published as Reminiscences and serialized in Life magazine. He would also meet with presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson to advise them on military matters. Douglas MacArthur died in Washington, D.C., on April 5, 1964, at the age of 84. He was honored with a state funeral and was buried in the Douglas MacArthur Memorial in Norfolk, Virginia. The memorial is not only the resting place of MacArthur and his wife Jean, but also home to a museum collection documenting his life and military service. We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us!	1,321	ENGLISH	1
LECTURE BY FREDERICK DOUGLASS. – Very unexpectedly to our people, Frederick Douglass, the celebrated colored orator, stopped off here on Saturday, (on his return home from Chambersburg,) and in the evening he lectured in Rheem’s Hall, to an attentive audience. His subject was “San Domingo,” on which he discanted for a full hour and a half. Having accompanied the Commission sent out by President Grant to examine the island with a view of annexing it to the United States, he spoke of the country, its people, resources, tropical fruits, &c., with a good understanding and knowledge. He is not the “great orator” that his admires represent him to be; but yet he is an agreeable and forcible speaker, and a fair elocutionist. Of course he favors the annexation of San Domingo; all those sent out by Grant to visit this island of snakes, were pledged to report in favor of annexation before they left our own shores. The speaker, it must be confessed, made several good points in advocacy of annexation – as good, indeed, as could be made in behalf of a bad cause. During his speech, he frequently diverged from his subject to refer to himself personally and the colored race of America. In one sentence he hit someone hard. He said the Commission appointed by President Grant to visit San Domingo, was composed of distinguished and learned men. He was the only colored man in the party, but yet notwithstanding his color, he was recognized, in every respect, as an equal. He ate at the same table with the Commissioners, occupied the same state room in the ship’s cabin, and in San Domingo they occupied the same sleeping apartments. He was treated as a gentleman, just as all were treated. “But here in Carlisle, as well as in some other towns,” remarked the speaker, “I am not treated in this way; here caste is still recognized; here a man is denied certain privileges because of his color. I am not annoyed; I care little about it; am not much hurt on this account,” continued Douglass. “It is only a matter of time; we (the colored men) must wait patiently, and in the course of a few years we will be fully recognized as equals everywhere. There are many colors but only one humanity.” What did the speaker refer to? Where had he been snubbed in Carlisle? Upon inquiry, we learned that he had stopped at the “Bentz House,” a most excellent hotel kept by our Republican friend, Mr. Geo. Z. Bentz. Mr. Bentz very properly gave Douglass a good room in his house, but when supper was announced he just as properly informed his sable guest that he could not eat at the public table with his white boarders. Douglass, it was evident from his dejected look, had not expected this kind of treatment. The “Bentz House” has a Republican for its landlord, and nearly all if not all the boarders are also Republicans, and it was not much wonder then that Douglass felt disappointed. He said little, however, and consented to take his meals in his room by himself. With all their professions, then, we have in this circumstance positive evidence that the Radicals are just as loath to recognize negro-equality as the Democrats are. Put them to the test and they squirm like eels in the process of being skinned, when they are asked to take a seat at the same table with a negro. We don’t blame them; human nature is human nature; but we desire the “colored troops who fought bravely,” to note the facts here mentioned. Frederick Douglass is a man between sixty and seventy years of age. His hair is long, curly and quite white. He has more the appearance of a Spaniard than a negro. He says he is a mulatto, and perhaps he is, but he shows little if any of the negro character. He remained here over Sunday, and on Monday morning took the cars for his home in Washington.	<urn:uuid:516e2e2d-5f56-4b85-a8a4-a3d050da9e48>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/36809	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00250.warc.gz	en	0.990338	877	3.3125	3	[ -0.12656089663505554, 0.2675170302391052, 0.3577462434768677, 0.14227816462516785, 0.1588054746389389, -0.19212734699249268, 0.4328063130378723, -0.08696576952934265, -0.22897738218307495, 0.07016992568969727, 0.10086841881275177, -0.12534186244010925, -0.1575915366411209, 0.57385861873626...	10	LECTURE BY FREDERICK DOUGLASS. – Very unexpectedly to our people, Frederick Douglass, the celebrated colored orator, stopped off here on Saturday, (on his return home from Chambersburg,) and in the evening he lectured in Rheem’s Hall, to an attentive audience. His subject was “San Domingo,” on which he discanted for a full hour and a half. Having accompanied the Commission sent out by President Grant to examine the island with a view of annexing it to the United States, he spoke of the country, its people, resources, tropical fruits, &c., with a good understanding and knowledge. He is not the “great orator” that his admires represent him to be; but yet he is an agreeable and forcible speaker, and a fair elocutionist. Of course he favors the annexation of San Domingo; all those sent out by Grant to visit this island of snakes, were pledged to report in favor of annexation before they left our own shores. The speaker, it must be confessed, made several good points in advocacy of annexation – as good, indeed, as could be made in behalf of a bad cause. During his speech, he frequently diverged from his subject to refer to himself personally and the colored race of America. In one sentence he hit someone hard. He said the Commission appointed by President Grant to visit San Domingo, was composed of distinguished and learned men. He was the only colored man in the party, but yet notwithstanding his color, he was recognized, in every respect, as an equal. He ate at the same table with the Commissioners, occupied the same state room in the ship’s cabin, and in San Domingo they occupied the same sleeping apartments. He was treated as a gentleman, just as all were treated. “But here in Carlisle, as well as in some other towns,” remarked the speaker, “I am not treated in this way; here caste is still recognized; here a man is denied certain privileges because of his color. I am not annoyed; I care little about it; am not much hurt on this account,” continued Douglass. “It is only a matter of time; we (the colored men) must wait patiently, and in the course of a few years we will be fully recognized as equals everywhere. There are many colors but only one humanity.” What did the speaker refer to? Where had he been snubbed in Carlisle? Upon inquiry, we learned that he had stopped at the “Bentz House,” a most excellent hotel kept by our Republican friend, Mr. Geo. Z. Bentz. Mr. Bentz very properly gave Douglass a good room in his house, but when supper was announced he just as properly informed his sable guest that he could not eat at the public table with his white boarders. Douglass, it was evident from his dejected look, had not expected this kind of treatment. The “Bentz House” has a Republican for its landlord, and nearly all if not all the boarders are also Republicans, and it was not much wonder then that Douglass felt disappointed. He said little, however, and consented to take his meals in his room by himself. With all their professions, then, we have in this circumstance positive evidence that the Radicals are just as loath to recognize negro-equality as the Democrats are. Put them to the test and they squirm like eels in the process of being skinned, when they are asked to take a seat at the same table with a negro. We don’t blame them; human nature is human nature; but we desire the “colored troops who fought bravely,” to note the facts here mentioned. Frederick Douglass is a man between sixty and seventy years of age. His hair is long, curly and quite white. He has more the appearance of a Spaniard than a negro. He says he is a mulatto, and perhaps he is, but he shows little if any of the negro character. He remained here over Sunday, and on Monday morning took the cars for his home in Washington.	847	ENGLISH	1
Edward the Martyr Edward the Martyr was the King of England from 975 to 978. His reign was brutally cut short when he was murdered on 18 March 978. Edward became the king after his father King Edgar the Peaceful died, leaving behind a dispute about his successor. Edward had not been chosen by his father as his rightful heir to the throne and this put both him and his half-brother Æthelred II (also known as Æthelred the Unready) in contention for the leadership. Edward, despite being the elder son of King Edgar, was not recognized as the legitimate son. This was due to the fact that King Edgar had remarried and his new wife, Elfthryth, the mother of Æthelred II, had replaced Edward’s mother Ethelfled as the queen. As the tussle intensified, both the sons were backed by their respective supporters in their claim to the throne. Edward won as he was supported by the clerics and the archbishops of Canterbury and York. At that time, he was too young to understand the complexities of ruling a kingdom. He had not completed even three years of his reign when he was murdered for reasons unknown. He was ultimately recognized as a martyr and a saint in the Catholic Church. - Edward was the eldest child of King Edgar the Peaceful. The identity of his mother is not known for sure. According to Dunstan, the Archbishop of Canterbury, King Edgar was attracted to Ethelfled, a nun from Wilton Abbey, who he eventually seduced. Edward was reportedly born as a result of this affair around 962.Other accounts suggest that King Edgar was married to Æthelflæd, the daughter of an ealdorman of the East Anglians, and Edward was a result of this marriage.Continue Reading BelowDeath of King Edgar & Succession Dispute - King Edgar was a man of strong will and brought about many reforms which disturbed the general functioning of the monasteries as well as the churches. He dismissed many nobilities and provided loans as well as leases to monasteries to function better without the existing restraints.Many, including the Archbishop of Canterbury, Archbishop of York, and the Bishop of Winchester were among the powerful nobilities who used to control the monasteries and the churches.King Edgar died in July 975 without having chosen his rightful heir. Dunstan, the Archbishop of Canterbury, questioned the legitimacy of the marriage between King Edgar and his wife, Queen Dowager Ælfthryth. This directly put a question mark over the legitimacy of their son Æthelred’s claim to the throne.No clear law was available to select the deceased king’s rightful heir. Edgar’s sons Edward and Æthelred both claimed their right to the throne. On top of that, the powerful leaders not being unanimous in their choices made the succession war even more complicated.Edward was supported by Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, along with Dunstan’s trusted aid Oswald, Archbishop of York. Compromises were made and Edward was made the king.Æthelred was given lands which were reserved for the king and his sons; some of these lands had been previously given to the Benedictine monastery Abingdon Abbey by King Edgar. These lands were later forcibly repossessed for Æthelred by the leading nobles.Accession & Reign - Edward became the king with powerful backing from Dunstan and Oswald. There are different accounts available which portray conflicting images of Edward as the king.He was a teenager when he became the king. He was too young to handle the complexities of ruling a kingdom. Some reports from the priest Byrthferth from Ramsey Abbey state that Edward was an ill-tempered ruler who made his workers fearful of him.The Benedictine monk, Osbern, from Canterbury, gave a different picture of Edward. According to him, Edward was a very kind king who was admired by his aides. Despite being very young, he was wise enough to rule a kingdom.King Edward faced a great deal of unrest during his reign as the secular landowners in the north had conflicting political issues. The ealdormen of Mercia (Ælfhere) and East Anglia (Æthelwine) almost started a civil war despite the best efforts of the king and his wise advisor, the Archbishop Dustan.Some of the secular clerics, who had previously been dismissed by King Edgar, returned and took the places of the current clerics. The majority of the leases and loans which had been granted by King Edgar were rewritten by the clerics during the reign of King Edward.Death - According to the version given in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, King Edward was murdered on March 18, 978, while visiting his half-brother at Corfe Castle. While waiting for his entry to the castle on a horse, he was stabbed in the darkness of the evening.King Edward’s horse dragged his body into the dark while it ran away. The reasons behind his murder couldn’t be ascertained for sure. Also, his assassin was never found. Many believed it was his step-mother who had plotted the murder so that her son could sit on the throne.Edward's body was put to rest at Wareham until his step-brother Ælfhere, the then king, decided to rebury his remains with a lavish public ceremony at the Shaftesbury Abbey.King Edward was given the title of ‘Edward the Martyr’, an innocent young man who lost his life because of others’ greed. While reburying his remains, it was noticed that his body was intact, and this earned him sainthood. On the anniversary of his mortal demise, 18 March, Edward the Martyr’s feast day is celebrated. How To CiteArticle Title- Edward the Martyr BiographyAuthor- Editors, TheFamousPeople.comWebsite- TheFamousPeople.comURL- https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/edward-the-martyr-37387.phpLast Updated- November 21, 2019 People Also Viewed	<urn:uuid:99f9e2cb-b55d-4115-8a66-c8429af384d3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/edward-the-martyr-37387.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00459.warc.gz	en	0.991419	1,267	3.359375	3	[ -0.14531072974205017, 0.35819146037101746, 0.10304293036460876, 0.03403230756521225, -0.12208376824855804, -0.050766900181770325, 0.20543652772903442, -0.17198270559310913, 0.49486589431762695, -0.03339095041155815, -0.14771133661270142, -0.3020957410335541, 0.01424662210047245, -0.2176307...	1	Edward the Martyr Edward the Martyr was the King of England from 975 to 978. His reign was brutally cut short when he was murdered on 18 March 978. Edward became the king after his father King Edgar the Peaceful died, leaving behind a dispute about his successor. Edward had not been chosen by his father as his rightful heir to the throne and this put both him and his half-brother Æthelred II (also known as Æthelred the Unready) in contention for the leadership. Edward, despite being the elder son of King Edgar, was not recognized as the legitimate son. This was due to the fact that King Edgar had remarried and his new wife, Elfthryth, the mother of Æthelred II, had replaced Edward’s mother Ethelfled as the queen. As the tussle intensified, both the sons were backed by their respective supporters in their claim to the throne. Edward won as he was supported by the clerics and the archbishops of Canterbury and York. At that time, he was too young to understand the complexities of ruling a kingdom. He had not completed even three years of his reign when he was murdered for reasons unknown. He was ultimately recognized as a martyr and a saint in the Catholic Church. - Edward was the eldest child of King Edgar the Peaceful. The identity of his mother is not known for sure. According to Dunstan, the Archbishop of Canterbury, King Edgar was attracted to Ethelfled, a nun from Wilton Abbey, who he eventually seduced. Edward was reportedly born as a result of this affair around 962.Other accounts suggest that King Edgar was married to Æthelflæd, the daughter of an ealdorman of the East Anglians, and Edward was a result of this marriage.Continue Reading BelowDeath of King Edgar & Succession Dispute - King Edgar was a man of strong will and brought about many reforms which disturbed the general functioning of the monasteries as well as the churches. He dismissed many nobilities and provided loans as well as leases to monasteries to function better without the existing restraints.Many, including the Archbishop of Canterbury, Archbishop of York, and the Bishop of Winchester were among the powerful nobilities who used to control the monasteries and the churches.King Edgar died in July 975 without having chosen his rightful heir. Dunstan, the Archbishop of Canterbury, questioned the legitimacy of the marriage between King Edgar and his wife, Queen Dowager Ælfthryth. This directly put a question mark over the legitimacy of their son Æthelred’s claim to the throne.No clear law was available to select the deceased king’s rightful heir. Edgar’s sons Edward and Æthelred both claimed their right to the throne. On top of that, the powerful leaders not being unanimous in their choices made the succession war even more complicated.Edward was supported by Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, along with Dunstan’s trusted aid Oswald, Archbishop of York. Compromises were made and Edward was made the king.Æthelred was given lands which were reserved for the king and his sons; some of these lands had been previously given to the Benedictine monastery Abingdon Abbey by King Edgar. These lands were later forcibly repossessed for Æthelred by the leading nobles.Accession & Reign - Edward became the king with powerful backing from Dunstan and Oswald. There are different accounts available which portray conflicting images of Edward as the king.He was a teenager when he became the king. He was too young to handle the complexities of ruling a kingdom. Some reports from the priest Byrthferth from Ramsey Abbey state that Edward was an ill-tempered ruler who made his workers fearful of him.The Benedictine monk, Osbern, from Canterbury, gave a different picture of Edward. According to him, Edward was a very kind king who was admired by his aides. Despite being very young, he was wise enough to rule a kingdom.King Edward faced a great deal of unrest during his reign as the secular landowners in the north had conflicting political issues. The ealdormen of Mercia (Ælfhere) and East Anglia (Æthelwine) almost started a civil war despite the best efforts of the king and his wise advisor, the Archbishop Dustan.Some of the secular clerics, who had previously been dismissed by King Edgar, returned and took the places of the current clerics. The majority of the leases and loans which had been granted by King Edgar were rewritten by the clerics during the reign of King Edward.Death - According to the version given in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, King Edward was murdered on March 18, 978, while visiting his half-brother at Corfe Castle. While waiting for his entry to the castle on a horse, he was stabbed in the darkness of the evening.King Edward’s horse dragged his body into the dark while it ran away. The reasons behind his murder couldn’t be ascertained for sure. Also, his assassin was never found. Many believed it was his step-mother who had plotted the murder so that her son could sit on the throne.Edward's body was put to rest at Wareham until his step-brother Ælfhere, the then king, decided to rebury his remains with a lavish public ceremony at the Shaftesbury Abbey.King Edward was given the title of ‘Edward the Martyr’, an innocent young man who lost his life because of others’ greed. While reburying his remains, it was noticed that his body was intact, and this earned him sainthood. On the anniversary of his mortal demise, 18 March, Edward the Martyr’s feast day is celebrated. How To CiteArticle Title- Edward the Martyr BiographyAuthor- Editors, TheFamousPeople.comWebsite- TheFamousPeople.comURL- https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/edward-the-martyr-37387.phpLast Updated- November 21, 2019 People Also Viewed	1,273	ENGLISH	1
View This Storyboard as a Slide Show! Create your own! Copy this storyboard Like What You See? This storyboard was created with Confucius was born in Lu, China. He was a Chinese philospher at the time of the Easter Zhou Dynasty. Confucius taught ren, li, the five bonds, the five constants of confucianism, and much more. Confucius opened his home to people to learn from him. He said, "Generate new knowledge while mulling over the old and you become the teacher to others." Confucius would teach the people what he knew in his head and without a book. Soon after, Confucius's students would make a book about his teachings and what they had learned from him. After Confucius's death his teachings would be passed on through the history of China. Today the people of China would also study his teachings and take a test based upon his teachings. The test would determine if they would for work for the government or not. Over 12 Million Create My First Storyboard	<urn:uuid:46b6aaef-2f83-45e7-9b67-c53d97bb4818>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboards/52d48cd4/confucius	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606226.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121222429-20200122011429-00440.warc.gz	en	0.985121	227	3.671875	4	[ -0.3854406177997589, 0.1626979112625122, 0.552528440952301, -0.09265546500682831, -0.4377671778202057, 0.20167097449302673, 0.2572391927242279, 0.29102277755737305, 0.09978415071964264, -0.021588975563645363, 0.3142399787902832, -0.1796664148569107, 0.3690219521522522, 0.2920078635215759, ...	1	View This Storyboard as a Slide Show! Create your own! Copy this storyboard Like What You See? This storyboard was created with Confucius was born in Lu, China. He was a Chinese philospher at the time of the Easter Zhou Dynasty. Confucius taught ren, li, the five bonds, the five constants of confucianism, and much more. Confucius opened his home to people to learn from him. He said, "Generate new knowledge while mulling over the old and you become the teacher to others." Confucius would teach the people what he knew in his head and without a book. Soon after, Confucius's students would make a book about his teachings and what they had learned from him. After Confucius's death his teachings would be passed on through the history of China. Today the people of China would also study his teachings and take a test based upon his teachings. The test would determine if they would for work for the government or not. Over 12 Million Create My First Storyboard	217	ENGLISH	1
The Origin of Rudolph, The Red-nosed Reindeer Rudolph and Hermey. Source: (youtube.com) Most Christmas traditions, such as the nativity story, the Christmas tree, gift exchanges, even Santa and his elves, have roots in ancient history. The same cannot be said, however, for a certain reindeer with a very unique nose. Rudolph, the Red-nosed Reindeer was born from the imagination of a Montgomery Ward employee in the mid-twentieth century. It was 1939 and the United States was still suffering from the Great Depression. Department store chain Montgomery Ward was looking for a way to cut costs on the holiday promotions. They had a tradition of handing out free coloring books to children every Christmas, but this year they decided they could save money by creating their own coloring book rather than buying them from a third party. So, they turned to their copywriter, Robert L. May, to come up with the story for the coloring book. If they were looking for a children’s story full of holiday cheer, then May was probably not the best choice to write it. He was under a lot of emotional distress at the time as his wife was battling cancer and the medical bills had left them financially crippled. Nevertheless, he had a passion for writing and a four-year-old daughter named Barbara to serve as a consultant. Barbara was particularly fond of reindeer, so it was a natural choice for the story’s protagonist. The name Rudolph was chosen for the sake of alliteration. When May’s wife passed away in July 1939, the writing of his story provided a much-needed distraction from his grief. May had a number of influences that helped him to create his iconic tale. The rhyming couplets were borrowed from Clement Clarke Moore’s “A Visit from St. Nicholas.” The story’s plot pays homage to Hans Christian Andersen’s “The Ugly Duckling,” but was also inspired by May’s own childhood. May was frequently bullied as a child due to being the smallest kid in his class, as well as lacking coordination, and was therefore never picked for any of the school teams. As he wrote, May would run his ideas past his daughter for approval. May’s boss was initially skeptical of the idea of a reindeer with a red nose but approved the story once May’s friend Denver Gillen, who worked in Montgomery Ward’s art department, provided the illustrations. That December, 2.4 million copies of the coloring book were given out to the children. However, paper shortages caused by World War II caused the story to be shelved until the end of the war. It made a comeback in 1946 and this time 3.6 million copies were given out. In 1947, for reasons unknown, Montgomery Ward signed the copyright over to May and the story was printed commercially for the first time, accompanied by a range of Rudolph-themed merchandise including puzzles and snow globes. The next year, a nine-minute cartoon based on Rudolph was shown in theaters. In 1949, May’s brother-in-law, Johnny Marks, who was also a songwriter, created the lyrics and melody for the song, “Rudolph, the Red-nosed Reindeer.” It was recorded by Gene Autry and sold two million copies in the first year. Then in 1964, the TV special added Hermey the elf, along with the Abominable Snow Monster and the Land of Misfit Toys. While May initially left Montgomery Ward in 1951 to manage the distribution of his Rudolph merchandise, he returned seven years later to continue working as a copywriter, until his retirement in 1971. Like it? Share with your friends!	<urn:uuid:31d4211a-c641-4e38-acef-d0dbe7f2281b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://curioushistorian.com/the-origin-of-rudolph-the-red-nosed-reindeer	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251728207.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127205148-20200127235148-00218.warc.gz	en	0.987575	791	3.296875	3	[ -0.12594011425971985, 0.047691211104393005, -0.002552039921283722, 0.1331293284893036, -0.17347507178783417, -0.1178688034415245, -0.08624966442584991, 0.3317819833755493, -0.09249798208475113, -0.026232056319713593, 0.16652381420135498, 0.48167771100997925, 0.15342220664024353, 0.19619241...	20	The Origin of Rudolph, The Red-nosed Reindeer Rudolph and Hermey. Source: (youtube.com) Most Christmas traditions, such as the nativity story, the Christmas tree, gift exchanges, even Santa and his elves, have roots in ancient history. The same cannot be said, however, for a certain reindeer with a very unique nose. Rudolph, the Red-nosed Reindeer was born from the imagination of a Montgomery Ward employee in the mid-twentieth century. It was 1939 and the United States was still suffering from the Great Depression. Department store chain Montgomery Ward was looking for a way to cut costs on the holiday promotions. They had a tradition of handing out free coloring books to children every Christmas, but this year they decided they could save money by creating their own coloring book rather than buying them from a third party. So, they turned to their copywriter, Robert L. May, to come up with the story for the coloring book. If they were looking for a children’s story full of holiday cheer, then May was probably not the best choice to write it. He was under a lot of emotional distress at the time as his wife was battling cancer and the medical bills had left them financially crippled. Nevertheless, he had a passion for writing and a four-year-old daughter named Barbara to serve as a consultant. Barbara was particularly fond of reindeer, so it was a natural choice for the story’s protagonist. The name Rudolph was chosen for the sake of alliteration. When May’s wife passed away in July 1939, the writing of his story provided a much-needed distraction from his grief. May had a number of influences that helped him to create his iconic tale. The rhyming couplets were borrowed from Clement Clarke Moore’s “A Visit from St. Nicholas.” The story’s plot pays homage to Hans Christian Andersen’s “The Ugly Duckling,” but was also inspired by May’s own childhood. May was frequently bullied as a child due to being the smallest kid in his class, as well as lacking coordination, and was therefore never picked for any of the school teams. As he wrote, May would run his ideas past his daughter for approval. May’s boss was initially skeptical of the idea of a reindeer with a red nose but approved the story once May’s friend Denver Gillen, who worked in Montgomery Ward’s art department, provided the illustrations. That December, 2.4 million copies of the coloring book were given out to the children. However, paper shortages caused by World War II caused the story to be shelved until the end of the war. It made a comeback in 1946 and this time 3.6 million copies were given out. In 1947, for reasons unknown, Montgomery Ward signed the copyright over to May and the story was printed commercially for the first time, accompanied by a range of Rudolph-themed merchandise including puzzles and snow globes. The next year, a nine-minute cartoon based on Rudolph was shown in theaters. In 1949, May’s brother-in-law, Johnny Marks, who was also a songwriter, created the lyrics and melody for the song, “Rudolph, the Red-nosed Reindeer.” It was recorded by Gene Autry and sold two million copies in the first year. Then in 1964, the TV special added Hermey the elf, along with the Abominable Snow Monster and the Land of Misfit Toys. While May initially left Montgomery Ward in 1951 to manage the distribution of his Rudolph merchandise, he returned seven years later to continue working as a copywriter, until his retirement in 1971. Like it? Share with your friends!	772	ENGLISH	1
This week we learned of an exciting scientific discovery. Researchers used a 5700-year-old piece of “chewing gum,” to reconstruct the genome of the young woman who chewed it. But it wasn’t just her DNA they discovered in the gum. The gum was also full of the oral bacteria in the woman’s mouth when she chewed it. What was most striking about this discovery is not what they found, but what they didn’t find. While the woman had many bacteria we commonly associate with gum disease, she didn’t have any of the species most commonly associated with tooth cavities. Chewing Birch Pitch The “chewing gum,” in question isn’t what we’d normally imagine as gum. Instead, it was a piece of birch tar. The birch tar was discovered at a dig site in southern Denmark. About 6000 years ago, this site was a small village where people trapped fish in weirs, then speared them. In this village, a woman chewed a small piece of birch tar, perhaps the way teenagers today chew gum, or perhaps she was trying to soften it enough to use it as glue. Birch tar was a common glue, and it could be used to repair pottery or flint tools. She discarded the small piece of tar, and it was buried in the oxygen-poor soil. Revealing the Secrets of Ancient DNA She died, and her people all either died or moved away, letting the village fall into ruin, then forgetfulness. Eventually, it was rediscovered, and scientists were able to analyze the genetic information in the tar to find her genes as well as those of all the oral bacteria, viruses, and other organisms she had in her mouth, even a few bits of her most recent meal. They were able to determine that she had dark skin and blue eyes, and that her people had recently moved into the area. Her people were related to what scientists call the Western hunter-gatherers, a well-defined but vaguely named population of neolithic people. She was lactose intolerant. Traces of hazelnuts and duck were found in the gum, suggesting she had eaten them recently. Cavity-Causing Bacteria Missing While they found dozens of bacteria species in the chewing gum, many common species dentists recognize were missing, especially those bacteria related to cavities. The gum sample contained several bacteria associated with gum disease, including Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis, which has also been associated with Alzheimer’s disease risk. However, the gum didn’t contain any of the acid-producing species that we associate with tooth cavities, including Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, and numerous lactobacillus species. It’s likely that this is because her people rarely ate carbohydrates in any form, especially refined sugars. They were pre-agricultural people, as agriculture came late to prehistoric Denmark. They also didn’t keep cattle of any kind, and this contributed to both their being lactose intolerant and the absence of lactobacillus species. This is one of the main reasons why ancient people didn’t get as many cavities as we do, even though they don’t have any dentists, toothbrushes, or toothpaste. Keep Your Bacteria Under Control While ancient people didn’t need the help of a dentist to avoid cavities, modern people do. Cavity-causing bacteria are among the most common strains in our mouth, and if they’re not kept under control, they will produce damaging acid, leading to tooth decay. In addition to your regular oral hygiene routine, regular visits to the dentist can help protect your teeth from cavities.	<urn:uuid:59063cd7-1e3f-44d7-a3b8-99d2cc5106f3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.harrimandental.com/ancient-humans-lacked-cavity-causing-bacteria/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00196.warc.gz	en	0.983745	804	3.578125	4	[ -0.48078417778015137, 0.12180154025554657, 0.10429693758487701, 0.0680331140756607, 0.05337274447083473, -0.3148619830608368, 0.42054593563079834, 0.28419506549835205, -0.1414562165737152, 0.17727375030517578, 0.12840235233306885, -0.8160311579704285, 0.3970288634300232, 0.0271588228642940...	8	This week we learned of an exciting scientific discovery. Researchers used a 5700-year-old piece of “chewing gum,” to reconstruct the genome of the young woman who chewed it. But it wasn’t just her DNA they discovered in the gum. The gum was also full of the oral bacteria in the woman’s mouth when she chewed it. What was most striking about this discovery is not what they found, but what they didn’t find. While the woman had many bacteria we commonly associate with gum disease, she didn’t have any of the species most commonly associated with tooth cavities. Chewing Birch Pitch The “chewing gum,” in question isn’t what we’d normally imagine as gum. Instead, it was a piece of birch tar. The birch tar was discovered at a dig site in southern Denmark. About 6000 years ago, this site was a small village where people trapped fish in weirs, then speared them. In this village, a woman chewed a small piece of birch tar, perhaps the way teenagers today chew gum, or perhaps she was trying to soften it enough to use it as glue. Birch tar was a common glue, and it could be used to repair pottery or flint tools. She discarded the small piece of tar, and it was buried in the oxygen-poor soil. Revealing the Secrets of Ancient DNA She died, and her people all either died or moved away, letting the village fall into ruin, then forgetfulness. Eventually, it was rediscovered, and scientists were able to analyze the genetic information in the tar to find her genes as well as those of all the oral bacteria, viruses, and other organisms she had in her mouth, even a few bits of her most recent meal. They were able to determine that she had dark skin and blue eyes, and that her people had recently moved into the area. Her people were related to what scientists call the Western hunter-gatherers, a well-defined but vaguely named population of neolithic people. She was lactose intolerant. Traces of hazelnuts and duck were found in the gum, suggesting she had eaten them recently. Cavity-Causing Bacteria Missing While they found dozens of bacteria species in the chewing gum, many common species dentists recognize were missing, especially those bacteria related to cavities. The gum sample contained several bacteria associated with gum disease, including Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis, which has also been associated with Alzheimer’s disease risk. However, the gum didn’t contain any of the acid-producing species that we associate with tooth cavities, including Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, and numerous lactobacillus species. It’s likely that this is because her people rarely ate carbohydrates in any form, especially refined sugars. They were pre-agricultural people, as agriculture came late to prehistoric Denmark. They also didn’t keep cattle of any kind, and this contributed to both their being lactose intolerant and the absence of lactobacillus species. This is one of the main reasons why ancient people didn’t get as many cavities as we do, even though they don’t have any dentists, toothbrushes, or toothpaste. Keep Your Bacteria Under Control While ancient people didn’t need the help of a dentist to avoid cavities, modern people do. Cavity-causing bacteria are among the most common strains in our mouth, and if they’re not kept under control, they will produce damaging acid, leading to tooth decay. In addition to your regular oral hygiene routine, regular visits to the dentist can help protect your teeth from cavities.	754	ENGLISH	1
Humayun’s Tomb (हुमायूं का मकबरा) Humayun Tomb lies in the south-west part of the capital near the Nizamuddin which is a major tourist attraction and it was made by the order of Mughals only in 16th century. The tomb was made under the command of Humayun’s first wife Bega Begum who was also known by the name Haji Begum. The construction of the tomb was started in the year 1569. The architecture of the Humayun Tomb was Mirak Mirza Ghiyas and his son Sayyid Muhammad who were basically from Persia. Construction of Humayun’s Tomb The Humayun’s Tomb is made up by the use of red sandstone at a very much higher extent. The UNESCO had declared Humayun’s Tomb as World Heritage Site in the year 1993. Restoration work had been continued since then as the heritage has become old due to the changing environment and weather. The construction of Humayun’s Tomb had begun in the year 1565 and was completed in the year 1572. The total cost of construction came out to be around 1.5 million rupees. There is also Charbagh Garden which is in the form of a square and is spread over 13 hectares which is all around the monument. Somewhere in the 18th century all the gardens were replaced by vegetations all around who had settled within that area surrounding the Tomb. After the Britishers conquered India they redesigned the garden with constructing central pool in front of the Tomb. Grave of Humayun Humayun had died in the year 1556. Her wife decided to dedicate an Empire in the memory of his late husband Humayun. The location of Humayun Tomb was precisely chosen such that it should lie close to the river Yamuna and also to the Purana Qila (Old Fort). Haji Begum had supervised whole of the work of construction.	<urn:uuid:b086ec78-7008-4e73-b8a1-f01b62411840>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.indiaonmap.com/delhi/humayuns-tomb/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00261.warc.gz	en	0.988223	431	3.46875	3	[ -0.23344017565250397, 0.16538533568382263, 0.17707349359989166, -0.13385316729545593, -0.19845326244831085, -0.3192356824874878, 0.0587020106613636, -0.28617236018180847, -0.08566098660230637, -0.2645535469055176, -0.0856761783361435, -0.6861159801483154, 0.21824094653129578, 0.55805903673...	1	Humayun’s Tomb (हुमायूं का मकबरा) Humayun Tomb lies in the south-west part of the capital near the Nizamuddin which is a major tourist attraction and it was made by the order of Mughals only in 16th century. The tomb was made under the command of Humayun’s first wife Bega Begum who was also known by the name Haji Begum. The construction of the tomb was started in the year 1569. The architecture of the Humayun Tomb was Mirak Mirza Ghiyas and his son Sayyid Muhammad who were basically from Persia. Construction of Humayun’s Tomb The Humayun’s Tomb is made up by the use of red sandstone at a very much higher extent. The UNESCO had declared Humayun’s Tomb as World Heritage Site in the year 1993. Restoration work had been continued since then as the heritage has become old due to the changing environment and weather. The construction of Humayun’s Tomb had begun in the year 1565 and was completed in the year 1572. The total cost of construction came out to be around 1.5 million rupees. There is also Charbagh Garden which is in the form of a square and is spread over 13 hectares which is all around the monument. Somewhere in the 18th century all the gardens were replaced by vegetations all around who had settled within that area surrounding the Tomb. After the Britishers conquered India they redesigned the garden with constructing central pool in front of the Tomb. Grave of Humayun Humayun had died in the year 1556. Her wife decided to dedicate an Empire in the memory of his late husband Humayun. The location of Humayun Tomb was precisely chosen such that it should lie close to the river Yamuna and also to the Purana Qila (Old Fort). Haji Begum had supervised whole of the work of construction.	429	ENGLISH	1
What was the advantages and disadvantages of the King and his earls in Anglo Saxon and Norman England? Here are a few things that I managed to get from Pearsons. Hope it helps! Advantages: As a religious leader, people believed that God was guiding him. He was respected as a wise lawmaker. He was married to Edith, daughter of the rich and powerful Earl of Godwin. Disadvantages: He had been exiled in Normandy for most of his life, so had few supporters in England. He had no children to succeed him. He struggled to keep control of Earl Godwin. You can find out more here: https://www.pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk/secondary/History/11-16/EdexcelGCSEHistory91/Samples/Sample-chapters-for-Edexcel-GCSE-9-1-History/sample-pages-draft-anglo-saxon-and-norman-england-history-workbook.pdf It's a pretty cool sheet actually :) Get an answer in 5 minutes from expert tutors at Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial and more.	<urn:uuid:bbf0db83-77fa-43cb-9693-71daef865275>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://scoodle.co.uk/questions/in/history/what-was-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-the-king-and-his-earls-in-anglo-saxon-and-norman-england	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00142.warc.gz	en	0.980493	245	3.71875	4	[ -0.05108311399817467, 0.12040916085243225, 0.003593643894419074, -0.04859832301735878, 0.15727460384368896, -0.1563374251127243, 0.2712205648422241, 0.04489815607666969, 0.17526541650295258, -0.01630004681646824, -0.04196055233478546, -0.20534466207027435, 0.22012506425380707, -0.157306522...	3	What was the advantages and disadvantages of the King and his earls in Anglo Saxon and Norman England? Here are a few things that I managed to get from Pearsons. Hope it helps! Advantages: As a religious leader, people believed that God was guiding him. He was respected as a wise lawmaker. He was married to Edith, daughter of the rich and powerful Earl of Godwin. Disadvantages: He had been exiled in Normandy for most of his life, so had few supporters in England. He had no children to succeed him. He struggled to keep control of Earl Godwin. You can find out more here: https://www.pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk/secondary/History/11-16/EdexcelGCSEHistory91/Samples/Sample-chapters-for-Edexcel-GCSE-9-1-History/sample-pages-draft-anglo-saxon-and-norman-england-history-workbook.pdf It's a pretty cool sheet actually :) Get an answer in 5 minutes from expert tutors at Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial and more.	227	ENGLISH	1
The Visit of the Magi Now after Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king, magi from the east arrived in Jerusalem, saying, “Where is He who has been born King of the Jews? For we saw His star in the east and have come to worship Him.” When they saw the star, they rejoiced exceedingly with great joy. After coming into the house they saw the Child with Mary His mother; and they fell to the ground and worshipped Him. Then, opening their treasures, they presented to Him gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. (Matthew 2:1-2, 10-11, NASB) When did the Magi visit the Child Jesus? The popular tradition placed the visit of the Magi on the 6th of January, 13 days after his birth. The feast of the “three kings” caps the long christmas season especially in the Philippines on this particular date. Some place the visit right after the birth of Jesus as recorded in Matt. 2:1, “Now after Jesus was born in Bethlehem…” (NASB). This is probably the reason why the usual nativity scene we see everywhere depicts the magi surrounding the Child Jesus in a manger together with the shepherds and some animals. But none of these traditions is decisive. We can only speculate that it took place some time after the birth of Jesus up to the time he was two years old based on Matt. 2:16, “Then when Herod saw that he had been tricked by the magi, he became very enraged, and sent and slew all the male children who were in Bethlehem and all its vicinity, from two years old and under according to the time which he had determined from the magi.” (NASB) Who were these Magi? The tradition that these men were kings, that their names were Balthazar, Gaspar, Melchor has no biblical support. The NASB Study Bible defines “magi” as ‘a caste of wise men specializing in astronomy, astrology, and natural science. Perhaps they were from Persia or southern Arabia, both of which are east of the Holy Land.’ According to Barne’s “They were learned men of the Eastern nations, devoted to astronomy, to religion, and to medicine. They were held in high esteem by the Persian court, were admitted as counsellors, and followed the camps in war to give advice.” (Read more. Click here: https://kapeatkamalayan.com/2018/12/30/those-who-wait-for-the-consolation-of-israel-luke-28-38-matthew-21-12/) These magi were miraculously guided by what seems to be a “luminous meteor” (Barne’s) and brought them to the house where the child was. One proof that the magi did not visit Jesus at the manger is recorded in Matt. 2:11, “After coming into the house they saw the Child with Mary His mother; and they fell to the ground and worshipped Him. Then, opening their treasures, they presented to Him gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh.” (NASB) As mentioned above, they came some time later after Jesus’ birth and visited Him as a “child” in his “house” not in a manger. The gifts presented to Jesus perhaps gave rise to the tradition that there were three “wise men”. However, the Bible doesn’t say anything as to the number of the magi, and as defined above, they were certainly not kings. Halley’s Bible Handbook. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2000. MySword for Android. Riversoft Ministry, 2011-2019. Zondervan NASB Study Bible. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 1999.	<urn:uuid:22677f04-da74-4f77-8876-990e1dc4b104>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://kapeatkamalayan.com/2020/01/04/the-visit-of-the-magi/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00290.warc.gz	en	0.983377	847	3.453125	3	[ -0.07564796507358551, 0.63511061668396, 0.06357020139694214, -0.26578396558761597, 0.12753090262413025, 0.1334172487258911, 0.41336995363235474, 0.007444600109010935, -0.07702835649251938, -0.16717350482940674, -0.10100643336772919, 0.22495542466640472, 0.41391700506210327, 0.1680107116699...	6	The Visit of the Magi Now after Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king, magi from the east arrived in Jerusalem, saying, “Where is He who has been born King of the Jews? For we saw His star in the east and have come to worship Him.” When they saw the star, they rejoiced exceedingly with great joy. After coming into the house they saw the Child with Mary His mother; and they fell to the ground and worshipped Him. Then, opening their treasures, they presented to Him gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. (Matthew 2:1-2, 10-11, NASB) When did the Magi visit the Child Jesus? The popular tradition placed the visit of the Magi on the 6th of January, 13 days after his birth. The feast of the “three kings” caps the long christmas season especially in the Philippines on this particular date. Some place the visit right after the birth of Jesus as recorded in Matt. 2:1, “Now after Jesus was born in Bethlehem…” (NASB). This is probably the reason why the usual nativity scene we see everywhere depicts the magi surrounding the Child Jesus in a manger together with the shepherds and some animals. But none of these traditions is decisive. We can only speculate that it took place some time after the birth of Jesus up to the time he was two years old based on Matt. 2:16, “Then when Herod saw that he had been tricked by the magi, he became very enraged, and sent and slew all the male children who were in Bethlehem and all its vicinity, from two years old and under according to the time which he had determined from the magi.” (NASB) Who were these Magi? The tradition that these men were kings, that their names were Balthazar, Gaspar, Melchor has no biblical support. The NASB Study Bible defines “magi” as ‘a caste of wise men specializing in astronomy, astrology, and natural science. Perhaps they were from Persia or southern Arabia, both of which are east of the Holy Land.’ According to Barne’s “They were learned men of the Eastern nations, devoted to astronomy, to religion, and to medicine. They were held in high esteem by the Persian court, were admitted as counsellors, and followed the camps in war to give advice.” (Read more. Click here: https://kapeatkamalayan.com/2018/12/30/those-who-wait-for-the-consolation-of-israel-luke-28-38-matthew-21-12/) These magi were miraculously guided by what seems to be a “luminous meteor” (Barne’s) and brought them to the house where the child was. One proof that the magi did not visit Jesus at the manger is recorded in Matt. 2:11, “After coming into the house they saw the Child with Mary His mother; and they fell to the ground and worshipped Him. Then, opening their treasures, they presented to Him gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh.” (NASB) As mentioned above, they came some time later after Jesus’ birth and visited Him as a “child” in his “house” not in a manger. The gifts presented to Jesus perhaps gave rise to the tradition that there were three “wise men”. However, the Bible doesn’t say anything as to the number of the magi, and as defined above, they were certainly not kings. Halley’s Bible Handbook. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2000. MySword for Android. Riversoft Ministry, 2011-2019. Zondervan NASB Study Bible. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 1999.	828	ENGLISH	1
The Civil War Battle Decided By A General's MistakesHistorians/History tags: Civil War, military history, Lynchburg M. Andrew Holowchak, Ph.D., is a philosopher and historian, editor of "The Journal of Thomas Jefferson's Life and Times," and author/editor of 11 books and of over 80 published essays on Thomas Jefferson. He can be reached through https://www.thomasjeffersonsage.com. Downtown Lynchburg circa 1919 Lynchburg, Virginia, today displays many markers of its Civil War history. There are several signs in and around the city that indicate where Confederate forces were placed in defense of the city. There is a statue of a Confederate infantryman at the top of Monument Terrace. In Riverside Park, what is left of the hull of Marshall, which carried the body of dead Gen. Stonewall Jackson through Lynchburg, sits in an enclosed display near James River. At the junction where Fort Avenue splits, just beyond Vermont Avenue, and Memorial Avenue begins, there is a monument to Jubal Early. There too sit Fort Early just to the west of that juncture and Fort McCausland on what is today Langhorne Road, each having served as part of the outer defenses of Lynchburg, and each considered a Confederate hero of the battle. Finally, Samuel Hutter’s Sandusky residence, the headquarters of the Union’s leaders during the campaign, sits undisturbed down Sandusky Drive to the north of Fort Avenue. Why does Lynchburg display so many markers, ultimately in the cause of a losing effort? It was one of the most important Southern cities in the conduct of the war and was the only major Virginian city not to be captured by the North. By analysis of how the city was not captured, we gain an additional perspective on the military history of the Civil War and see in this instance the large consequences of following one’s inclinations instead of one’s orders. Lynchburg, Virginia, was deemed by both North and South to be a pivotal city in the conduct of the Civil War. It was centrally located in Virginia, where much of the fighting was conducted. Furthermore, it was, with its three railroads and the Kanawha Canal, an extraordinary transportational hub. Confederate troops would gather in Lynchburg to be sent via railroad to other places, and it was a strategic hub for supplies, and, with its numerous warehouses, a place to bring wounded soldiers from the South with the hopes of convalescence. Moreover, it was also near Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy. Yet with a wall of mountains to its northwest and the James River to the east, it was defensible. In spite of its significance, it was not until the summer of 1864 that the Civil War came to Lynchburg. Union Gen. David Hunter was tasked with capturing Lynchburg. Hunter had a history of conducting military affairs as he saw fit to do so, not as he was ordered to do. For instance, in 1862, he issued, without proper authority, an order to free all slaves in Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina. That order was quickly countermanded by President Lincoln. He also, and without authorization, began enlisting black soldiers from South Carolina to form 1stSouth Carolina. Lincoln again rescinded that order. In June 1864, Hunter and his men approached Lynchburg after leaving the Shenandoah Valley. The Confederate convalescents from the hospitals, under the command of invalid Gen. John C. Breckinridge, erected breastworks around the city in some effort to defend it and its citizens. Hunter was under orders to destroy the railroad and the canal at Lynchburg and generally to follow a scorched-earth policy vis-à-vis all industries that might be used to benefit the South on his way through Staunton to Lynchburg. Union Gen. Ulysses Grant wrote to Hunter: “The complete destruction of [the railroad] and of the canal on the James River are of great importance to us. You [are] to proceed to Lynchburg and commence there. It would be of great value to us to get possession of Lynchburg for a single day.” In a single day, Lynchburg’s infrastructure could be annihilated, thereby crippling the South’s capacity to transport goods, soldiers, and the ill and wounded. Yet again Hunter did as he pleased, not as he was commanded to do. As he moved southwest from Staunton, he tarried so that he could burn or destroy almost everything on his path to Lynchburg. He was sidetracked by several raids in Lexington where he remained from June 11 to June 14. He burned down the Virginia Military Institute and plundered Washington College—he even took a statue of Washington as part of this booty—and had plans to raze even more as he traveled—for instance, the University of Virginia. These raids were likely his undoing in the battle. Darrell Laurant writes in “The Battle of Lynchburg”: “The invaders were thwarted for a number of reasons, but chief among them, there was the failure of commanding general Hunter to cut this vital rail line north of the city when he had the opportunity.” Lynchburg, before the arrival of Confederate troops, was protected only by some 700 convalescent soldiers, under active command of the lame Gen. Francis Nichols. Thus, General Robert E. Lee ordered Gen. Jubal Early to assist the invalids Breckinridge and Nichols to defend Lynchburg. Breckinridge had Gen. D.H. Hill set up breastworks around the city. They too were aided by McCausland, who arrived in Lynchburg ahead of Hunter, and by John Imboden, who had a small remnant of cavalry, and the two had established a defensive posture to the southwest of Lynchburg, at a breastwork near the Quaker Meeting House, near Salem Turnpike. Early and the 2ndCorps arrived in Lynchburg early in the afternoon on Friday, June 17. With the railroad tracks maimed in several places, transit from Charlottesville to Lynchburg took five hours. Until Early arrived, McCausland and Imboden had kept Hunter’s troops, over 10 times their number, in check, but were slowly being driven back. Even with Early’s troops, the Confederates were still at a distinct numerical disadvantage—some 8,000 to 10,000 Confederate soldiers to some 16,000 to 18,000 Union soldiers—so Early ran trains all night along the tracks on June 17 in an effort to convince the Union troops that still more Confederates were arriving. Hunter wrote in his diary, “During the night the trains on the different railroads were heard running without intermission, while repeated cheers and the beating of drums indicated the arrival of large bodies of troops in the town.” Early’s ruse—to pretend that there were more Confederate soldiers than there were—worked. Hunter was convinced that he was fronted by superior numbers. Ammunition, he wrote in his diary, was also running short. After discussion of military affairs with colleagues from Sandusky, Hunter ordered an immediate withdrawal of Union troops on the night of June 18. Hunter later wrote Gen. Grant of his decision, “It had now become sufficiently evident that the enemy concentrated a force at least double the numerical strength of mine, and what added to the gravity of the situation was the fact that my troops had scarcely enough of ammunition left to sustain another well-contested battle.” Early, the following morning, attempted to retrace the retreat of Union soldiers, and did so with some success, as he soon caught the rear guard of the retreating blue-coats and killed a number of them. Yet the Union soldiers did escape to Salem and eventually to the mountains of what is now West Virginia. Grant however had requested that Hunter, if in retreat, go toward Washington, where his troops could be of use in defense of the city. He chose a safer route, because, he said, of his dearth of ammunition. Confederate Capt. Charles Blackford, who left behind a lengthy account of the battle that was published in 1901, challenged Hunter’s account of having inferior numbers and of being low on ammunition. Hunter knew that his numbers were superior—“he had scouts on both railroads and the country was filled with the vigilant spies who prided themselves on their cleverness”—and he was not low on ammunition. “It cannot be believed that a corps was short of ammunition which had been organized but a few weeks, a part only of which had been engaged at Piedmont, and which had fought no serious pitched battle, and the sheep, chickens, hogs and cattle they wantonly shot on their march could not have exhausted their supply. The corps would not have started had the ammunition been so scarce.” The Union, he maintained, was well-stocked with ammunition. He concluded that Hunter, more interested in campaigns where there was little chance of loss of life, was a coward. There is meat in Blackford’s assertions. Hunter could readily have arrived in Lynchburg by June 16, when he would have faced only the convalescent guard, the Silver Grays, and the few other men available to Breckinridge. Had he done so, Lynchburg would have fallen. Yet he tarried in Lexington to pillage and burn needlessly. He was also slowed by the constant burning and plundering of houses along the way which caused pain and loss to Southerners uninvolved in the fight and nowise advanced the North’s cause. Thus, one of the most significant cities for the fate of the South, Lynchburg, was not captured. Had Hunter arrived before Early and had he destroyed the railroad tracks and Kanawha Canal as he was ordered to do, the city would have fallen and the Civil War would likely have ended in 1864. And so, the real savior of Lynchburg was neither Early nor McCausland, but Hunter, about whom, scholars are in agreement, had ambitions much larger than his abilities. Perhaps Hill City ought to erect a monument in a prominent place in his honor. comments powered by Disqus - The Titanic Wreck Will Now Be Protected Under a 'Momentous Agreement' With the U.S. - Arrested for having sex with men, this gay civil rights leader could finally be pardoned in California - Ancient aboriginal aquaculture system older than Stonehenge uncovered by Australia wildfires - How the Government Came to Decide the Color of Your Food - In 1851, a Maryland Farmer Tried to Kidnap Free Blacks in Pennsylvania. He Wasn’t Expecting the Neighborhood to Fight Back - The Way We Write History Has Changed - Rethinking How We Train Historians - Building a digital archive for decaying paper documents, preserving centuries of records about enslaved people - The Radical Lives of Abolitionists - National Security Archive Releases USCYBERCOM documents which shed new light on the campaign to counter ISIS in cyberspace	<urn:uuid:552c1ba6-e4fe-4428-80bc-0487d2a72233>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://m.hnn.us/article/172526	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00399.warc.gz	en	0.982573	2,316	3.765625	4	[ -0.015746990218758583, 0.2297985553741455, 0.5862600207328796, 0.20365582406520844, -0.07709111273288727, -0.008967516012489796, -0.1734568327665329, 0.30170121788978577, -0.46301913261413574, 0.08592729270458221, 0.08874417841434479, -0.41277167201042175, -0.21627739071846008, 0.168565541...	1	The Civil War Battle Decided By A General's MistakesHistorians/History tags: Civil War, military history, Lynchburg M. Andrew Holowchak, Ph.D., is a philosopher and historian, editor of "The Journal of Thomas Jefferson's Life and Times," and author/editor of 11 books and of over 80 published essays on Thomas Jefferson. He can be reached through https://www.thomasjeffersonsage.com. Downtown Lynchburg circa 1919 Lynchburg, Virginia, today displays many markers of its Civil War history. There are several signs in and around the city that indicate where Confederate forces were placed in defense of the city. There is a statue of a Confederate infantryman at the top of Monument Terrace. In Riverside Park, what is left of the hull of Marshall, which carried the body of dead Gen. Stonewall Jackson through Lynchburg, sits in an enclosed display near James River. At the junction where Fort Avenue splits, just beyond Vermont Avenue, and Memorial Avenue begins, there is a monument to Jubal Early. There too sit Fort Early just to the west of that juncture and Fort McCausland on what is today Langhorne Road, each having served as part of the outer defenses of Lynchburg, and each considered a Confederate hero of the battle. Finally, Samuel Hutter’s Sandusky residence, the headquarters of the Union’s leaders during the campaign, sits undisturbed down Sandusky Drive to the north of Fort Avenue. Why does Lynchburg display so many markers, ultimately in the cause of a losing effort? It was one of the most important Southern cities in the conduct of the war and was the only major Virginian city not to be captured by the North. By analysis of how the city was not captured, we gain an additional perspective on the military history of the Civil War and see in this instance the large consequences of following one’s inclinations instead of one’s orders. Lynchburg, Virginia, was deemed by both North and South to be a pivotal city in the conduct of the Civil War. It was centrally located in Virginia, where much of the fighting was conducted. Furthermore, it was, with its three railroads and the Kanawha Canal, an extraordinary transportational hub. Confederate troops would gather in Lynchburg to be sent via railroad to other places, and it was a strategic hub for supplies, and, with its numerous warehouses, a place to bring wounded soldiers from the South with the hopes of convalescence. Moreover, it was also near Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy. Yet with a wall of mountains to its northwest and the James River to the east, it was defensible. In spite of its significance, it was not until the summer of 1864 that the Civil War came to Lynchburg. Union Gen. David Hunter was tasked with capturing Lynchburg. Hunter had a history of conducting military affairs as he saw fit to do so, not as he was ordered to do. For instance, in 1862, he issued, without proper authority, an order to free all slaves in Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina. That order was quickly countermanded by President Lincoln. He also, and without authorization, began enlisting black soldiers from South Carolina to form 1stSouth Carolina. Lincoln again rescinded that order. In June 1864, Hunter and his men approached Lynchburg after leaving the Shenandoah Valley. The Confederate convalescents from the hospitals, under the command of invalid Gen. John C. Breckinridge, erected breastworks around the city in some effort to defend it and its citizens. Hunter was under orders to destroy the railroad and the canal at Lynchburg and generally to follow a scorched-earth policy vis-à-vis all industries that might be used to benefit the South on his way through Staunton to Lynchburg. Union Gen. Ulysses Grant wrote to Hunter: “The complete destruction of [the railroad] and of the canal on the James River are of great importance to us. You [are] to proceed to Lynchburg and commence there. It would be of great value to us to get possession of Lynchburg for a single day.” In a single day, Lynchburg’s infrastructure could be annihilated, thereby crippling the South’s capacity to transport goods, soldiers, and the ill and wounded. Yet again Hunter did as he pleased, not as he was commanded to do. As he moved southwest from Staunton, he tarried so that he could burn or destroy almost everything on his path to Lynchburg. He was sidetracked by several raids in Lexington where he remained from June 11 to June 14. He burned down the Virginia Military Institute and plundered Washington College—he even took a statue of Washington as part of this booty—and had plans to raze even more as he traveled—for instance, the University of Virginia. These raids were likely his undoing in the battle. Darrell Laurant writes in “The Battle of Lynchburg”: “The invaders were thwarted for a number of reasons, but chief among them, there was the failure of commanding general Hunter to cut this vital rail line north of the city when he had the opportunity.” Lynchburg, before the arrival of Confederate troops, was protected only by some 700 convalescent soldiers, under active command of the lame Gen. Francis Nichols. Thus, General Robert E. Lee ordered Gen. Jubal Early to assist the invalids Breckinridge and Nichols to defend Lynchburg. Breckinridge had Gen. D.H. Hill set up breastworks around the city. They too were aided by McCausland, who arrived in Lynchburg ahead of Hunter, and by John Imboden, who had a small remnant of cavalry, and the two had established a defensive posture to the southwest of Lynchburg, at a breastwork near the Quaker Meeting House, near Salem Turnpike. Early and the 2ndCorps arrived in Lynchburg early in the afternoon on Friday, June 17. With the railroad tracks maimed in several places, transit from Charlottesville to Lynchburg took five hours. Until Early arrived, McCausland and Imboden had kept Hunter’s troops, over 10 times their number, in check, but were slowly being driven back. Even with Early’s troops, the Confederates were still at a distinct numerical disadvantage—some 8,000 to 10,000 Confederate soldiers to some 16,000 to 18,000 Union soldiers—so Early ran trains all night along the tracks on June 17 in an effort to convince the Union troops that still more Confederates were arriving. Hunter wrote in his diary, “During the night the trains on the different railroads were heard running without intermission, while repeated cheers and the beating of drums indicated the arrival of large bodies of troops in the town.” Early’s ruse—to pretend that there were more Confederate soldiers than there were—worked. Hunter was convinced that he was fronted by superior numbers. Ammunition, he wrote in his diary, was also running short. After discussion of military affairs with colleagues from Sandusky, Hunter ordered an immediate withdrawal of Union troops on the night of June 18. Hunter later wrote Gen. Grant of his decision, “It had now become sufficiently evident that the enemy concentrated a force at least double the numerical strength of mine, and what added to the gravity of the situation was the fact that my troops had scarcely enough of ammunition left to sustain another well-contested battle.” Early, the following morning, attempted to retrace the retreat of Union soldiers, and did so with some success, as he soon caught the rear guard of the retreating blue-coats and killed a number of them. Yet the Union soldiers did escape to Salem and eventually to the mountains of what is now West Virginia. Grant however had requested that Hunter, if in retreat, go toward Washington, where his troops could be of use in defense of the city. He chose a safer route, because, he said, of his dearth of ammunition. Confederate Capt. Charles Blackford, who left behind a lengthy account of the battle that was published in 1901, challenged Hunter’s account of having inferior numbers and of being low on ammunition. Hunter knew that his numbers were superior—“he had scouts on both railroads and the country was filled with the vigilant spies who prided themselves on their cleverness”—and he was not low on ammunition. “It cannot be believed that a corps was short of ammunition which had been organized but a few weeks, a part only of which had been engaged at Piedmont, and which had fought no serious pitched battle, and the sheep, chickens, hogs and cattle they wantonly shot on their march could not have exhausted their supply. The corps would not have started had the ammunition been so scarce.” The Union, he maintained, was well-stocked with ammunition. He concluded that Hunter, more interested in campaigns where there was little chance of loss of life, was a coward. There is meat in Blackford’s assertions. Hunter could readily have arrived in Lynchburg by June 16, when he would have faced only the convalescent guard, the Silver Grays, and the few other men available to Breckinridge. Had he done so, Lynchburg would have fallen. Yet he tarried in Lexington to pillage and burn needlessly. He was also slowed by the constant burning and plundering of houses along the way which caused pain and loss to Southerners uninvolved in the fight and nowise advanced the North’s cause. Thus, one of the most significant cities for the fate of the South, Lynchburg, was not captured. Had Hunter arrived before Early and had he destroyed the railroad tracks and Kanawha Canal as he was ordered to do, the city would have fallen and the Civil War would likely have ended in 1864. And so, the real savior of Lynchburg was neither Early nor McCausland, but Hunter, about whom, scholars are in agreement, had ambitions much larger than his abilities. Perhaps Hill City ought to erect a monument in a prominent place in his honor. comments powered by Disqus - The Titanic Wreck Will Now Be Protected Under a 'Momentous Agreement' With the U.S. - Arrested for having sex with men, this gay civil rights leader could finally be pardoned in California - Ancient aboriginal aquaculture system older than Stonehenge uncovered by Australia wildfires - How the Government Came to Decide the Color of Your Food - In 1851, a Maryland Farmer Tried to Kidnap Free Blacks in Pennsylvania. He Wasn’t Expecting the Neighborhood to Fight Back - The Way We Write History Has Changed - Rethinking How We Train Historians - Building a digital archive for decaying paper documents, preserving centuries of records about enslaved people - The Radical Lives of Abolitionists - National Security Archive Releases USCYBERCOM documents which shed new light on the campaign to counter ISIS in cyberspace	2,299	ENGLISH	1
The period between 1968 and 1977 saw a lot of turbulence all over West Germany. Also known as the “crisis years”, this was a time when Germany experienced upheavals, uprisings, and insurgencies. The Cold War militarism, authoritarianism, as well as colonialism in East and West Germany coupled with student radicalism in the United States set the stage for German student rebellion, mass meetings, tense negotiations and clashes with the police, resulting in political activism in German campuses. The role of the United States during the German student movement The involvement of political actors spread across Germany, mainly, speaking the language of democratization as well as human rights played an instrumental role in injecting concerns about neo-colonization and imperialistic tendencies of the United States. These concerns developed into political debates in several German universities. The international political situation was crucial in creating a connection between young people from different continents. Following the assassination of Congolese Prime Minister, Patrice Lumumba, including the protests of Iranian students across West Germany against shah’s policies, the air of revolution was all over universities in West Germany. The largest and most active student group, German Socialist Students Organization (SDS), demolished the statue of Hans Dominic, the commander of colonial troops in Cameroon. In many ways, they linked their acts to a number of events that were taking place in other parts of the world. Additionally, they considered themselves opponents to partners involved in the international project of de-centralizing the map of world politics, which included Europe and United States. Additionally, the students criticized the government for refusing to criticize military interventions done by the United States during the Cold War. Being children of the Cold War themselves, the students asked penetrative questions concerning the issues at hand. There was a transnational connection between West Germany in 1960s and the student movement in the United States. The protests’ tactics, influences, as well as individuals across the Atlantic, depicted the connection. The US students had a great influence on the West German students, especially the SDS members. This was evident at the drafting of the Port Huron Statement in 1962. The connection was further enhanced following years by cooperation on GI desertion campaigns as well as the travels of Black Panthers to West Germany in the late 1960s. Furthermore, the Fulbright exchange programs brought several critics of the US military power to West Germany. Additionally, the politics criticizing racism, as well as the US exchange students in the German Federal Republic became key partakers in the German student activism. Get paper of the TOP quality with 15% OFF for your 1st order!Order Now As a result of the co-operation, there were calls for “the other alliance” between US student activists and those in West Germany. This was to take place in the shadow of their governments’ partnership during the Cold War. Differences between German student movement and US student movements in the 1960s There were a number of differences between the German student movement and the US student movement in the 1960s. One of the differences was the nature of the “enemy”. In the United States, most of the students were basically against racism, thus, demanding equality. It was on this backdrop that the people like Martin Luther King Jr. arose to oppose the discrimination that was leveled against the African Americans. On the other hand, the German students were up against the Nazi sympathizers and collaborators who were still occupying positions of power and continuing to act with impunity, despite having committed atrocities. Additionally, while most of the protesters in the US were mainly US citizens, the German student movement was made of German students, including students from other countries, who had come to Germany on scholarship programs. Most of them were from developing countries in Africa, as well as from the Arab world like Iran. How the United States was perceived by German students As a result of the war which was going on in Vietnam, executed by the United States, German students had a poor perception of the United States. This was mainly because of the excessive military force that was being applied by the United States against the Vietnamese who had no military might. They blamed the United States for their intrusion into Vietnam, and especially for their acts of imperialistic belligerence in order to advance worldwide capitalism. Have your dreamed that your academic life would be full of fun and emotions? You would not miss parties, datings and trips... Instead of writing, you would play video games and chill? We have created this service for such students as you - who can write an assignment, but prefers to spent these unforgettable years in more pleasant way. We consider that being a student is the best period of YOUR life and we would help! Fill in the order form (less than 5 minutes), provide your paper requirements and enjoy your life!ORDER NOW! Why Mid-Terms.com is your BEST choice in custom writing? 24/7 Customer Support We have 24/7 customer support to help you. Feel free to drop us an email or contact via free Live Chat. We fully respect your integrity and all details will be kept wholly confidential throughout the process. Plagiarism Free Papers Our every paper is written from scratch. You would never meet the person with the same work. Save lots of cash with us! Placing an Order You Would Get Your Own Code Submit an order to get your referral code. This code will be unique for you and can be shared with your friends. Note, that this code would provide your friend with 17% exclusive discount! You will earn money if your friend would make an order, using your referral code. You will get a partial percentage of amount on every successful assignment completion (10% from his/her orders). Amazing Discount System 15% off for your first any order and lifetime discounts system! Additionally, the students saw capitalism as an indirect attempt to take control of the masses through market-based means. According to West German protesters, since the country was endowed with all they required to survive, the system of capitalism, which was being advanced by the United States, was an attempt to influence them to believe in the need for too much and gratuitous goods. Such views fostered and nurtured leftist movements. By and large, the perceptions of the German students were not correct and were somewhat distorted. This was because they believed that the foundations of capitalism were not correct. As a matter of fact, in the long run, the world abandoned communism and embraced the same capitalism, which they disregarded with a lot of dissatisfaction and mistrust. On the whole, student movements in the United States, as well as the global movement in opposition to the war in Vietnam, played a crucial role in the protest movements in German universities in the 1960s. Unfortunately, the radical students’ elements sought to realize their goals by means of political terrorism, leading to several attacks against police stations, banks, as well as the US military installations.	<urn:uuid:0b743872-8c9f-44cd-bda3-fadfe274120e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mid-terms.com/essays/the-student-movement-and-german-terrorism/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250605075.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121192553-20200121221553-00336.warc.gz	en	0.981367	1,427	3.65625	4	[ -0.20617283880710602, 0.5508581399917603, 0.04549404978752136, -0.1461484581232071, 0.26308536529541016, 0.46272051334381104, -0.18766389787197113, 0.08021494746208191, -0.17763258516788483, -0.36194005608558655, 0.17587552964687347, -0.018111350014805794, 0.1823507845401764, 0.23931933939...	2	The period between 1968 and 1977 saw a lot of turbulence all over West Germany. Also known as the “crisis years”, this was a time when Germany experienced upheavals, uprisings, and insurgencies. The Cold War militarism, authoritarianism, as well as colonialism in East and West Germany coupled with student radicalism in the United States set the stage for German student rebellion, mass meetings, tense negotiations and clashes with the police, resulting in political activism in German campuses. The role of the United States during the German student movement The involvement of political actors spread across Germany, mainly, speaking the language of democratization as well as human rights played an instrumental role in injecting concerns about neo-colonization and imperialistic tendencies of the United States. These concerns developed into political debates in several German universities. The international political situation was crucial in creating a connection between young people from different continents. Following the assassination of Congolese Prime Minister, Patrice Lumumba, including the protests of Iranian students across West Germany against shah’s policies, the air of revolution was all over universities in West Germany. The largest and most active student group, German Socialist Students Organization (SDS), demolished the statue of Hans Dominic, the commander of colonial troops in Cameroon. In many ways, they linked their acts to a number of events that were taking place in other parts of the world. Additionally, they considered themselves opponents to partners involved in the international project of de-centralizing the map of world politics, which included Europe and United States. Additionally, the students criticized the government for refusing to criticize military interventions done by the United States during the Cold War. Being children of the Cold War themselves, the students asked penetrative questions concerning the issues at hand. There was a transnational connection between West Germany in 1960s and the student movement in the United States. The protests’ tactics, influences, as well as individuals across the Atlantic, depicted the connection. The US students had a great influence on the West German students, especially the SDS members. This was evident at the drafting of the Port Huron Statement in 1962. The connection was further enhanced following years by cooperation on GI desertion campaigns as well as the travels of Black Panthers to West Germany in the late 1960s. Furthermore, the Fulbright exchange programs brought several critics of the US military power to West Germany. Additionally, the politics criticizing racism, as well as the US exchange students in the German Federal Republic became key partakers in the German student activism. Get paper of the TOP quality with 15% OFF for your 1st order!Order Now As a result of the co-operation, there were calls for “the other alliance” between US student activists and those in West Germany. This was to take place in the shadow of their governments’ partnership during the Cold War. Differences between German student movement and US student movements in the 1960s There were a number of differences between the German student movement and the US student movement in the 1960s. One of the differences was the nature of the “enemy”. In the United States, most of the students were basically against racism, thus, demanding equality. It was on this backdrop that the people like Martin Luther King Jr. arose to oppose the discrimination that was leveled against the African Americans. On the other hand, the German students were up against the Nazi sympathizers and collaborators who were still occupying positions of power and continuing to act with impunity, despite having committed atrocities. Additionally, while most of the protesters in the US were mainly US citizens, the German student movement was made of German students, including students from other countries, who had come to Germany on scholarship programs. Most of them were from developing countries in Africa, as well as from the Arab world like Iran. How the United States was perceived by German students As a result of the war which was going on in Vietnam, executed by the United States, German students had a poor perception of the United States. This was mainly because of the excessive military force that was being applied by the United States against the Vietnamese who had no military might. They blamed the United States for their intrusion into Vietnam, and especially for their acts of imperialistic belligerence in order to advance worldwide capitalism. Have your dreamed that your academic life would be full of fun and emotions? You would not miss parties, datings and trips... Instead of writing, you would play video games and chill? We have created this service for such students as you - who can write an assignment, but prefers to spent these unforgettable years in more pleasant way. We consider that being a student is the best period of YOUR life and we would help! Fill in the order form (less than 5 minutes), provide your paper requirements and enjoy your life!ORDER NOW! Why Mid-Terms.com is your BEST choice in custom writing? 24/7 Customer Support We have 24/7 customer support to help you. Feel free to drop us an email or contact via free Live Chat. We fully respect your integrity and all details will be kept wholly confidential throughout the process. Plagiarism Free Papers Our every paper is written from scratch. You would never meet the person with the same work. Save lots of cash with us! Placing an Order You Would Get Your Own Code Submit an order to get your referral code. This code will be unique for you and can be shared with your friends. Note, that this code would provide your friend with 17% exclusive discount! You will earn money if your friend would make an order, using your referral code. You will get a partial percentage of amount on every successful assignment completion (10% from his/her orders). Amazing Discount System 15% off for your first any order and lifetime discounts system! Additionally, the students saw capitalism as an indirect attempt to take control of the masses through market-based means. According to West German protesters, since the country was endowed with all they required to survive, the system of capitalism, which was being advanced by the United States, was an attempt to influence them to believe in the need for too much and gratuitous goods. Such views fostered and nurtured leftist movements. By and large, the perceptions of the German students were not correct and were somewhat distorted. This was because they believed that the foundations of capitalism were not correct. As a matter of fact, in the long run, the world abandoned communism and embraced the same capitalism, which they disregarded with a lot of dissatisfaction and mistrust. On the whole, student movements in the United States, as well as the global movement in opposition to the war in Vietnam, played a crucial role in the protest movements in German universities in the 1960s. Unfortunately, the radical students’ elements sought to realize their goals by means of political terrorism, leading to several attacks against police stations, banks, as well as the US military installations.	1,430	ENGLISH	1
Thomas Edison Facts Let’s learn about Thomas Edison? Read on! At the end, review our question sheet in the Activity section to test your knowledge of this very famous inventor. Thomas Edison was born February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio. He was the youngest of seven children. Wow that’s a lot of brothers and sisters to have. He was nicknamed “Al” and although he was a very busy, curious boy, he struggled at school and often got into trouble. His teacher called him “addled,” which means slow or dim. Well, little did they know what would happen! Edison’s mother, Nancy Mathews Elliott was frustrated with the school and knew her son could learn, so instead she taught him at home after he left school. He read books from the library and taught himself but learned to love reading and conducting experiments from his mother. He later remembered, “My mother was the making of me. She was so true, so sure of me; and I felt I had something to live for, someone I must not disappoint.” Ah, that’s awesome! Edison often entertained himself by taking things apart to see how they worked. Soon, he decided to become an inventor. When Edison was twelve, he started publishing and selling a newspaper to passengers on the train. Wow, that’s clever. Morse code was used across the world by the military, shipping and the rail system where messages could be sent by wires. Life and Career Eventually, he worked for the Union Army as a telegrapher. e was 22 years old when he filed his first patent for the Electrographic Vote Recorder which helped people in the US Congress record their votes in a quicker way than the voice vote system they used at the time. In 1870, he moved to New York City and improved the stock ticker. A stock ticker is a machine used by stock traders. When it made a “tick”, it meant a change in price of the items they were interested in. He soon formed his own company that created and made a new stock ticker. He also began working on the telegraph, and invented a version that could send four messages at once. In war time or emergencies, telegraphs saved lives. When the Titanic sunk in the Atlantic Ocean, a telegraph alerted rescuers to the disaster. When you think about how he was called slow at school, he certainly was one clever man. Family Life and Inventions Meanwhile, Edison married Mary Stillwell, had three children and moved his family to Menlo Park, New Jersey where he built his famous laboratory. He was called the “Wizard of Menlo Park” because of the many inventions and improvements that streamed out of the doors of his lab. The secret of his success was not only about his creativity, but in his ability to create a workplace where he could spark the creative abilities of other people. He worked extremely hard and registered 1,093 patents. A patent is a document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention. In 1877, Edison, with help from “muckers”, who were individuals around the world looking to make fortunes in America, he invented the phonograph. The phonograph was a machine that recorded the spoken voice and played it back by using the sound vibration of the voice which made a needle create indentations on a drum wrapped with tin foil. Later, Edison would adopt cylinders and discs to permanently record music. He perfected the phonograph by recording “Mary had a Little Lamb” on a piece of tin foil! How awesome is that? Edison and Electricity In 1878, Edison invented the light bulb for which he is most famous for. This is, however, not entirely true as the light bulb had been around for a number of years. However, he perfected it and made the light bulb practical and inexpensive. Edison later invented the entire electric utility system to deliver light to homes through a network of wires. He started the Edison Electric Light Company in October of 1878 and the world was never the same again. In 1884, after he had reached the dizzying heights of fame and fortune, his wife died. He remarried 20 year old Mina Miller in 1886 and had another three children. Edison continued to invent or improve products and make significant contributions to x-ray technology, storage batteries and movies. In Edison’s movie studio, technically known as a Kinetographic Theatre, but nicknamed “The Black Maria”. One person at a time could view 50 feet (15 meters) of film in about 20 seconds through a peep hole. Each Kinetoscope was about 4 feet (about 1 meter) tall, 20 inches square (50 centimeters square). A battery-operated lamp allowed the film to be lit up. He also invented the world’s first talking doll and revolutionized the cement kiln industry. His inventions changed the world forever. They still influence the way we live today! He won countless awards and was very famous. Edison worked until his death on October 18, 1931. Interesting Edison Facts - Before his Mom decided to teach him at home, Edison only attended school for 3 months. - In 1862, Edison saved a 3-year-old boy from being run over by a boxcar. That’s cool. - Thomas Edison would sleep for 4 hours only in a day and would work for 72 hours straight, especially when an experiment was about to be completed. Can you believe that? Activity Time – Test Your Knowledge! Test your knowledge of this subject with our quiz sheet! Questions about Thomas Edison (all answers found on this page)	<urn:uuid:ce09f27b-33d2-4702-bfe5-cf70831ebc66>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.coolkidfacts.com/thomas-edison-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00532.warc.gz	en	0.983953	1,212	3.4375	3	[ 0.008447317406535149, 0.1863202005624771, 0.43318483233451843, -0.03177613019943237, -0.38130149245262146, 0.2387658655643463, 0.7029117345809937, 0.2891843914985657, -0.16608944535255432, -0.12996843457221985, 0.05132414400577545, 0.23545421659946442, 0.18682441115379333, 0.14790448546409...	6	Thomas Edison Facts Let’s learn about Thomas Edison? Read on! At the end, review our question sheet in the Activity section to test your knowledge of this very famous inventor. Thomas Edison was born February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio. He was the youngest of seven children. Wow that’s a lot of brothers and sisters to have. He was nicknamed “Al” and although he was a very busy, curious boy, he struggled at school and often got into trouble. His teacher called him “addled,” which means slow or dim. Well, little did they know what would happen! Edison’s mother, Nancy Mathews Elliott was frustrated with the school and knew her son could learn, so instead she taught him at home after he left school. He read books from the library and taught himself but learned to love reading and conducting experiments from his mother. He later remembered, “My mother was the making of me. She was so true, so sure of me; and I felt I had something to live for, someone I must not disappoint.” Ah, that’s awesome! Edison often entertained himself by taking things apart to see how they worked. Soon, he decided to become an inventor. When Edison was twelve, he started publishing and selling a newspaper to passengers on the train. Wow, that’s clever. Morse code was used across the world by the military, shipping and the rail system where messages could be sent by wires. Life and Career Eventually, he worked for the Union Army as a telegrapher. e was 22 years old when he filed his first patent for the Electrographic Vote Recorder which helped people in the US Congress record their votes in a quicker way than the voice vote system they used at the time. In 1870, he moved to New York City and improved the stock ticker. A stock ticker is a machine used by stock traders. When it made a “tick”, it meant a change in price of the items they were interested in. He soon formed his own company that created and made a new stock ticker. He also began working on the telegraph, and invented a version that could send four messages at once. In war time or emergencies, telegraphs saved lives. When the Titanic sunk in the Atlantic Ocean, a telegraph alerted rescuers to the disaster. When you think about how he was called slow at school, he certainly was one clever man. Family Life and Inventions Meanwhile, Edison married Mary Stillwell, had three children and moved his family to Menlo Park, New Jersey where he built his famous laboratory. He was called the “Wizard of Menlo Park” because of the many inventions and improvements that streamed out of the doors of his lab. The secret of his success was not only about his creativity, but in his ability to create a workplace where he could spark the creative abilities of other people. He worked extremely hard and registered 1,093 patents. A patent is a document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention. In 1877, Edison, with help from “muckers”, who were individuals around the world looking to make fortunes in America, he invented the phonograph. The phonograph was a machine that recorded the spoken voice and played it back by using the sound vibration of the voice which made a needle create indentations on a drum wrapped with tin foil. Later, Edison would adopt cylinders and discs to permanently record music. He perfected the phonograph by recording “Mary had a Little Lamb” on a piece of tin foil! How awesome is that? Edison and Electricity In 1878, Edison invented the light bulb for which he is most famous for. This is, however, not entirely true as the light bulb had been around for a number of years. However, he perfected it and made the light bulb practical and inexpensive. Edison later invented the entire electric utility system to deliver light to homes through a network of wires. He started the Edison Electric Light Company in October of 1878 and the world was never the same again. In 1884, after he had reached the dizzying heights of fame and fortune, his wife died. He remarried 20 year old Mina Miller in 1886 and had another three children. Edison continued to invent or improve products and make significant contributions to x-ray technology, storage batteries and movies. In Edison’s movie studio, technically known as a Kinetographic Theatre, but nicknamed “The Black Maria”. One person at a time could view 50 feet (15 meters) of film in about 20 seconds through a peep hole. Each Kinetoscope was about 4 feet (about 1 meter) tall, 20 inches square (50 centimeters square). A battery-operated lamp allowed the film to be lit up. He also invented the world’s first talking doll and revolutionized the cement kiln industry. His inventions changed the world forever. They still influence the way we live today! He won countless awards and was very famous. Edison worked until his death on October 18, 1931. Interesting Edison Facts - Before his Mom decided to teach him at home, Edison only attended school for 3 months. - In 1862, Edison saved a 3-year-old boy from being run over by a boxcar. That’s cool. - Thomas Edison would sleep for 4 hours only in a day and would work for 72 hours straight, especially when an experiment was about to be completed. Can you believe that? Activity Time – Test Your Knowledge! Test your knowledge of this subject with our quiz sheet! Questions about Thomas Edison (all answers found on this page)	1,180	ENGLISH	1
The annual 6th grade science fair was held at Yavneh Academy, with students choosing “as seen on TV” products and creating hypotheses based on the advertisements. They researched the history of the product, chemical reactions that take place by using the product and/or engineering of the product. The 6th graders then went on to create their own procedures to test their hypotheses. Over a month-long period, the students worked as independent scientists to prove or disprove the advertisements for their products. In the end, the grade presented their findings to the 4th grade, and, in the evening, to their parents. After visiting the science fair, many people had a newfound knowledge on the various products often seen advertised on TV and in magazines. Need to know if a product truly works as said in the advertisement? Stop a Yavneh 6th grader and s/he will have an iron-clad scientific conclusion to share with you before your next purchase!	<urn:uuid:c5a6a216-b574-434e-8110-ca49a8c8c591>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://jewishlinknj.com/schools/7398-as-seen-on-tv-yavneh-academy-examines-science-behind-advertised-products	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00316.warc.gz	en	0.981395	200	3.3125	3	[ 0.002282813424244523, 0.30933877825737, -0.0021842585410922766, -0.3104458153247833, 0.10178099572658539, 0.1400400847196579, -0.022161995992064476, 0.7000579833984375, -0.013340805657207966, 0.09025806188583374, -0.006085467990487814, -0.2080618143081665, -0.2440110445022583, -0.011014684...	2	The annual 6th grade science fair was held at Yavneh Academy, with students choosing “as seen on TV” products and creating hypotheses based on the advertisements. They researched the history of the product, chemical reactions that take place by using the product and/or engineering of the product. The 6th graders then went on to create their own procedures to test their hypotheses. Over a month-long period, the students worked as independent scientists to prove or disprove the advertisements for their products. In the end, the grade presented their findings to the 4th grade, and, in the evening, to their parents. After visiting the science fair, many people had a newfound knowledge on the various products often seen advertised on TV and in magazines. Need to know if a product truly works as said in the advertisement? Stop a Yavneh 6th grader and s/he will have an iron-clad scientific conclusion to share with you before your next purchase!	195	ENGLISH	1
"As for" does mean concerning, but it is not synonymous with it. It has much more limited uses. Look at what Collins says about as for: You use as for and as to at the beginning of a sentence in order to introduce a slightly different subject that is still connected to the previous one. 1) You can use "as for" in the middle of a sentence, but not in the middle of your sentence, because you don't mean to introduce a different subject. 2) "There was a disagreement concerning the causes of the accident" is correct. You could also say, more simply, "There was a disagreement about the causes of the accident." 3) This looks like a correct use of as for, but as I said, as for means something different than you think. So your sentence starting with "as for" has a different meaning. Here's how we might use a sentence like that: "The accident happened at noon on Friday. It shut down production for two hours. We are working to establish greater fault tolerance, so that another accident like this does not impair our work. As for the causes of the accident, there was a disagreement." In that passage, the final sentence does not mean people disagreed about what caused the accident, it means a disagreement caused the accident. We would probably expect another sentence to follow: "As for the causes of the accident, there was a disagreement; two workers became angry and one pushed the other into the cheese extruder." The point is, "as for" functions mostly as a transition for one subject to another. First we're talking about the consequences of the accident, then we talk about the cause.	<urn:uuid:54370f22-a2c2-43e3-9118-475f24d7f675>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/184009/as-for-replaced-by-concerning-as-to-in-a-context	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00428.warc.gz	en	0.984948	345	3.5	4	[ -0.2998961806297302, -0.06356138736009598, 0.17818912863731384, -0.07407443225383759, -0.23997122049331665, -0.22124740481376648, 1.0051662921905518, 0.34816649556159973, 0.3289915919303894, -0.19291222095489502, 0.3517155051231384, -0.11281976103782654, -0.060885824263095856, 0.3575890660...	1	"As for" does mean concerning, but it is not synonymous with it. It has much more limited uses. Look at what Collins says about as for: You use as for and as to at the beginning of a sentence in order to introduce a slightly different subject that is still connected to the previous one. 1) You can use "as for" in the middle of a sentence, but not in the middle of your sentence, because you don't mean to introduce a different subject. 2) "There was a disagreement concerning the causes of the accident" is correct. You could also say, more simply, "There was a disagreement about the causes of the accident." 3) This looks like a correct use of as for, but as I said, as for means something different than you think. So your sentence starting with "as for" has a different meaning. Here's how we might use a sentence like that: "The accident happened at noon on Friday. It shut down production for two hours. We are working to establish greater fault tolerance, so that another accident like this does not impair our work. As for the causes of the accident, there was a disagreement." In that passage, the final sentence does not mean people disagreed about what caused the accident, it means a disagreement caused the accident. We would probably expect another sentence to follow: "As for the causes of the accident, there was a disagreement; two workers became angry and one pushed the other into the cheese extruder." The point is, "as for" functions mostly as a transition for one subject to another. First we're talking about the consequences of the accident, then we talk about the cause.	336	ENGLISH	1
Pride and Free Will Cause Tragedy Pride is one of the Seven Deadly Sins that most every human being struggles with at one point or another during the course of a lifetime. It is not always a negative trait, but if it is allowed to consume an individual’s life, it can have dire consequences; an overabundance of pride in one’s life can quickly turn a fairytale into a tragedy. Such disastrous consequences of pride are portrayed in many different pieces of literature, including the play Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe as well as the novel Lord Jim by Joseph Conrad. Both pieces are heart-wrenching tragedies about men who suffer from an overwhelming sense of pride that results in their tragic, fatal ends. In Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus, the best explanation for Faustus’s fall is a direct result of pride derived from the desire to rival and potentially exceed God’s power, while in Conrad’s Lord Jim, the main character’s tragic fate is a consequence of pride rooting from an unfortunately strong sense of romanticism; in both pieces the characters utilize their God-given right of free will in the choices they make leading up to their tragic misfortunes. There are many explanations for Faustus’s fall at the end of the play, but the most convincing argument for his debacle is that his end was caused by an extreme sense of pride as well as the consequential need for him to make all possible attempts to rival and exceed the powers of God. It is also evident throughout the reading that the devil is a very convincing creature, that Faustus has an obsession with pleasure, and that fate may play a role in his fall, but these arguments are not as well- supported in the text as is the latter. There are countless examples throughout the iece in which the role of pride plays a significant part in Faustus’s decisions that inevitably leads to his downfall. The first signs of Faustus’s desire at an attempt to rival God’s powers can be seen throughout scene one of the play. Faustus states that “The reward of sin is death’ and that “If we say that we have no sin we deceive ourselves, and there’s no truth in usm (Marlowe, 4). Here Faustus articulates his belief that all humans are damned to Hell because it is a part of human nature to sin. It is therefore silly to live an unadulterated life when the devilish practice of black magic ould bring fame and fortune to an individual during the brief period of mortal life on Earth. His argues that all humans are going to die so it would be logical to take advantage of what little time there is left. Faustus discusses how the practice of black magic could make him all-powerful and that “a sound magician is a mighty god” (Marlowe, 5). He is clearly admitting that in his attempts to learn black magic he is hoping that the skill will make him like God. This want and need to rival God is most definitely a result of his uneasiness regarding death combined with his hope hat being godly could give him a more pleasurable life on Earth and possibly even save him from his inevitable fate of eternal damnation. Faustus seems to crave ultimate control over his human life because he realizes that God dominates heaven and therefore has the final say on who will be granted eternal life in His kingdom. Faustus’s pride causes him to feel an unhealthy need for others to praise him and recognize his greatness. This pride is the reason why he is unable to settle for normal knowledge and the desire ne nas tor something more. The magician Valdes ells Faustus that if he learns and masters black magic that he will be able to achieve a renowned greatness that will be recognized around the globe, even going so far as to say that the skill will cause “all nations to canonize” them (Marlowe, 7). This is an interesting word choice seeing that selling one’s soul to the devil in order to obtain this skill does not seem to be proper grounds for sainthood in the eyes of the church. In any case, Faustus’s ego is fed by the praise he receives in light of his powers. All in all, Faustus’s downfall is largely a result of his overbearing sense of pride that stems rom both his fear of death as well as feelings of inferiority that together fuel his fatal need to become all-powerful. Throughout the plotline, Faustus is faced with a series of choices that are most definitely a result of God’s gift of free will to mankind. At the beginning of the story, Mephistophilis, being an eternal servant to Lucifer himself tries to convince Faustus to change his mind about selling his soul to the devil, but Faustus’s pride and need for power cause him to turn a blind eye to this voice of reason; he Justifies his decision by claiming that it is his belief that “hell’s a fable” (Marlowe, 22). Faustus is warned and well informed of the awful fate he will endure subsequent to a deal with Lucifer but still refuses to waver due to his extreme thirst for power. In addition, the clash of input from the good and evil angels clearly illustrates the internal struggles Faustus experiences during the course of his final last twenty-four years of his life. Even after selling his soul, the good angel informs Faustus that God will still be empathetic towards him if he chooses to repent for his sins (Marlowe, 25). He is given the promise of a second chance yet still makes the conscious decision of eclining this offer and maintains his loyalty to Luflcer; Faustus is again given the choice of eternal life with God and declines so he can continue practicing black magic. It is quite apparent that Faustus is fully aware and in control of the poor decisions he chooses to make throughout the play. If Faustus’s internal struggles throughout the play are not enough to prove that he is clearly acting out of free will, his realizations and thoughts prior to his downfall surely confirm this idea. Faustus admits to his scholar friends that God did indeed forbid him from selling his soul to the devil, but that he still decided to trade an ternal life in heaven in exchange for a mere twenty-four years off,’ain pleasure” (Marlowe, 54). He realizes that he made an error in Judgment and that it was own his choice to disobey God’s will; he has no one to blame but himself for the tragic fate he must endure. Even though at one point Faustus is threatened by the devil for seriously considering repenting to God, he still makes the awful decision time and time again to sell his soul to Lucifer and maintain their agreement. If all of this evidence put together is not proof of Faustus’s free will throughout his Journey, hen it is quite possible that no human being has been given the gift of free will. Although Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim is a tragedy that also stems from pride, the main character’s struggle with this issue is much more admirable than that of Faustus. As opposed to Faustus’s power-based pride, Jim’s pride appears to derive from his somewhat youthful and naive ideals about romanticism. In the novel, it is mentioned several times that Jim often daydreamed about committing heroic deeds; Jim had fantasies where he pictured himself “saving people from sinking ships” or “cutting way masts in a hurricane” (Conrad, 3 Jim’s dreams portray his role as a hopeless romantic who wants nothing but to be a hero and save the day. For Jim, a sense of pride comes from playing the hero and in turn helping others. Although Jim appears to be an honest man, his beliefs about himself are somewhat exaggerated and skewed. Whenever he is able to find a way he can portray himself as a hero, and hence impress others, he takes advantage because this is the only way he can feel a sense of pride. For example, he compares how he fell in love with Jewel and freed er from her abusive father as analogous to finding “somebody drowning in a dark place” (Conrad, 231). The way in which he talks about his relationship with Jewel makes him sound like a hero to others and therefore gives him that sense of pride he so desperately longs for. Jim’s devotion to romanticism and his complete and utter sense of failure when he realizes his goal is unattainable contributes to his eventual death. Shortly before his death He convinces the people of Patusan to let Brown and his men leave peacefully, thinking that his decision would continue to portray him as hero to the community (Conrad, 300). When this decision makes things worse for the people of Patusan, ending in death and destruction, Jim comes to the realization that his hero days are over for good. He turns himself over to Doramin, fully aware of the death sentence he will face when they meet (Conrad, 314). In a sense Jim commits suicide by romanticism; he is unable to live without the ideals of romanticism and would rather face death than have to continue on in such a world. However, Jim’s pride is similar to Faustus’s in that they both hold roots in the need to lease and impress others; both Faustus and Jim focus a bit excessively on how they are perceived in the eyes of their peers. In Jim’s case, he becomes so obsessed with being a hero and having a good reputation that it leads to his eventual downfall. His obsession explains why he feels so upset when he misses the opportunity to be the hero during a collision involving the boat he was working on (Conrad, 5). This is the first example that demonstrates Jim’s inability to feel a sense of self-pride if his actions are not valiant enough to make others proud of him. He was so extremely ough on himself after the Patna incident that he could not hold a steady Job and “with black ingratitude he would throw up the Job suddenly and depart;” whenever someone made a connection between him and the Patna he would completely uproot his life and flee from toa new town (Conrad, 2). Here, Jim is acting quite childish and self-centered in his assumption that everyone is focused on him and his shortcomings. He also refuses to take any responsibility for his actions nor will he let his peers know that he is indeed human and makes mistakes. His failed sense of ride becomes unreasonably intense at the thought of anyone knowing that he had not acted like a hero. Jim’s inability to let anyone think lesser of him is one of his biggest weaknesses. Similar to Doctor Faustus, Jim is also in control of his own destiny. Although his strong sense of pride definitely plays a large role in the decisions he makes and his ultimate fate, the decisions are entirely his to make. First of all, Jim has an opportunity prior to the verdict of his trial to “clear out” Just as “the skipper did,” but he refuses to do so; he would have felt like a coward if he had taken he easy way out (Marlowe, 59). Jim could have run away and escaped his fate at that point in time, but instead he used his own free will to make the decision to stay based on his sense of pride and romanticism. At the very end of the novel, Jim is taced witn yet another choice that would determine his tate. He coul d nave escaped from Patusan after the death of Dain Warts, but instead he decides that it is “time to finish this’ and he subsequently surrenders himself to Doramin (Conrad, 314). Again, Jim has to choice to save himself, but by God’s gift of free will, he decides not to run. He instead accepts his death with grace having realized that there was no hope left for him to fulfill his romanticism ideals; Jim’s pride diminishes when he is no longer capable of being a hero. Free will and pride are the two most prevalent factors contributing to the tragic fate of both Doctor Faustus and Jim. Although the two pieces of literature convey vastly different messages to the reader, they both show the struggles a man faces when dealing with death and tragedy.	<urn:uuid:19dd5956-1ebc-42fe-a3c5-70e520eac539>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://patentdebate.com/pride-and-free-will-cause-tragedy/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00357.warc.gz	en	0.980799	2,604	3.265625	3	[ -0.19898676872253418, 0.38270050287246704, 0.2543030381202698, -0.13460728526115417, -0.05914715677499771, 0.051735490560531616, 0.35471296310424805, 0.19280341267585754, 0.15636034309864044, -0.12160646915435791, -0.10781480371952057, -0.1998872458934784, 0.2575877010822296, -0.0748927071...	1	Pride and Free Will Cause Tragedy Pride is one of the Seven Deadly Sins that most every human being struggles with at one point or another during the course of a lifetime. It is not always a negative trait, but if it is allowed to consume an individual’s life, it can have dire consequences; an overabundance of pride in one’s life can quickly turn a fairytale into a tragedy. Such disastrous consequences of pride are portrayed in many different pieces of literature, including the play Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe as well as the novel Lord Jim by Joseph Conrad. Both pieces are heart-wrenching tragedies about men who suffer from an overwhelming sense of pride that results in their tragic, fatal ends. In Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus, the best explanation for Faustus’s fall is a direct result of pride derived from the desire to rival and potentially exceed God’s power, while in Conrad’s Lord Jim, the main character’s tragic fate is a consequence of pride rooting from an unfortunately strong sense of romanticism; in both pieces the characters utilize their God-given right of free will in the choices they make leading up to their tragic misfortunes. There are many explanations for Faustus’s fall at the end of the play, but the most convincing argument for his debacle is that his end was caused by an extreme sense of pride as well as the consequential need for him to make all possible attempts to rival and exceed the powers of God. It is also evident throughout the reading that the devil is a very convincing creature, that Faustus has an obsession with pleasure, and that fate may play a role in his fall, but these arguments are not as well- supported in the text as is the latter. There are countless examples throughout the iece in which the role of pride plays a significant part in Faustus’s decisions that inevitably leads to his downfall. The first signs of Faustus’s desire at an attempt to rival God’s powers can be seen throughout scene one of the play. Faustus states that “The reward of sin is death’ and that “If we say that we have no sin we deceive ourselves, and there’s no truth in usm (Marlowe, 4). Here Faustus articulates his belief that all humans are damned to Hell because it is a part of human nature to sin. It is therefore silly to live an unadulterated life when the devilish practice of black magic ould bring fame and fortune to an individual during the brief period of mortal life on Earth. His argues that all humans are going to die so it would be logical to take advantage of what little time there is left. Faustus discusses how the practice of black magic could make him all-powerful and that “a sound magician is a mighty god” (Marlowe, 5). He is clearly admitting that in his attempts to learn black magic he is hoping that the skill will make him like God. This want and need to rival God is most definitely a result of his uneasiness regarding death combined with his hope hat being godly could give him a more pleasurable life on Earth and possibly even save him from his inevitable fate of eternal damnation. Faustus seems to crave ultimate control over his human life because he realizes that God dominates heaven and therefore has the final say on who will be granted eternal life in His kingdom. Faustus’s pride causes him to feel an unhealthy need for others to praise him and recognize his greatness. This pride is the reason why he is unable to settle for normal knowledge and the desire ne nas tor something more. The magician Valdes ells Faustus that if he learns and masters black magic that he will be able to achieve a renowned greatness that will be recognized around the globe, even going so far as to say that the skill will cause “all nations to canonize” them (Marlowe, 7). This is an interesting word choice seeing that selling one’s soul to the devil in order to obtain this skill does not seem to be proper grounds for sainthood in the eyes of the church. In any case, Faustus’s ego is fed by the praise he receives in light of his powers. All in all, Faustus’s downfall is largely a result of his overbearing sense of pride that stems rom both his fear of death as well as feelings of inferiority that together fuel his fatal need to become all-powerful. Throughout the plotline, Faustus is faced with a series of choices that are most definitely a result of God’s gift of free will to mankind. At the beginning of the story, Mephistophilis, being an eternal servant to Lucifer himself tries to convince Faustus to change his mind about selling his soul to the devil, but Faustus’s pride and need for power cause him to turn a blind eye to this voice of reason; he Justifies his decision by claiming that it is his belief that “hell’s a fable” (Marlowe, 22). Faustus is warned and well informed of the awful fate he will endure subsequent to a deal with Lucifer but still refuses to waver due to his extreme thirst for power. In addition, the clash of input from the good and evil angels clearly illustrates the internal struggles Faustus experiences during the course of his final last twenty-four years of his life. Even after selling his soul, the good angel informs Faustus that God will still be empathetic towards him if he chooses to repent for his sins (Marlowe, 25). He is given the promise of a second chance yet still makes the conscious decision of eclining this offer and maintains his loyalty to Luflcer; Faustus is again given the choice of eternal life with God and declines so he can continue practicing black magic. It is quite apparent that Faustus is fully aware and in control of the poor decisions he chooses to make throughout the play. If Faustus’s internal struggles throughout the play are not enough to prove that he is clearly acting out of free will, his realizations and thoughts prior to his downfall surely confirm this idea. Faustus admits to his scholar friends that God did indeed forbid him from selling his soul to the devil, but that he still decided to trade an ternal life in heaven in exchange for a mere twenty-four years off,’ain pleasure” (Marlowe, 54). He realizes that he made an error in Judgment and that it was own his choice to disobey God’s will; he has no one to blame but himself for the tragic fate he must endure. Even though at one point Faustus is threatened by the devil for seriously considering repenting to God, he still makes the awful decision time and time again to sell his soul to Lucifer and maintain their agreement. If all of this evidence put together is not proof of Faustus’s free will throughout his Journey, hen it is quite possible that no human being has been given the gift of free will. Although Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim is a tragedy that also stems from pride, the main character’s struggle with this issue is much more admirable than that of Faustus. As opposed to Faustus’s power-based pride, Jim’s pride appears to derive from his somewhat youthful and naive ideals about romanticism. In the novel, it is mentioned several times that Jim often daydreamed about committing heroic deeds; Jim had fantasies where he pictured himself “saving people from sinking ships” or “cutting way masts in a hurricane” (Conrad, 3 Jim’s dreams portray his role as a hopeless romantic who wants nothing but to be a hero and save the day. For Jim, a sense of pride comes from playing the hero and in turn helping others. Although Jim appears to be an honest man, his beliefs about himself are somewhat exaggerated and skewed. Whenever he is able to find a way he can portray himself as a hero, and hence impress others, he takes advantage because this is the only way he can feel a sense of pride. For example, he compares how he fell in love with Jewel and freed er from her abusive father as analogous to finding “somebody drowning in a dark place” (Conrad, 231). The way in which he talks about his relationship with Jewel makes him sound like a hero to others and therefore gives him that sense of pride he so desperately longs for. Jim’s devotion to romanticism and his complete and utter sense of failure when he realizes his goal is unattainable contributes to his eventual death. Shortly before his death He convinces the people of Patusan to let Brown and his men leave peacefully, thinking that his decision would continue to portray him as hero to the community (Conrad, 300). When this decision makes things worse for the people of Patusan, ending in death and destruction, Jim comes to the realization that his hero days are over for good. He turns himself over to Doramin, fully aware of the death sentence he will face when they meet (Conrad, 314). In a sense Jim commits suicide by romanticism; he is unable to live without the ideals of romanticism and would rather face death than have to continue on in such a world. However, Jim’s pride is similar to Faustus’s in that they both hold roots in the need to lease and impress others; both Faustus and Jim focus a bit excessively on how they are perceived in the eyes of their peers. In Jim’s case, he becomes so obsessed with being a hero and having a good reputation that it leads to his eventual downfall. His obsession explains why he feels so upset when he misses the opportunity to be the hero during a collision involving the boat he was working on (Conrad, 5). This is the first example that demonstrates Jim’s inability to feel a sense of self-pride if his actions are not valiant enough to make others proud of him. He was so extremely ough on himself after the Patna incident that he could not hold a steady Job and “with black ingratitude he would throw up the Job suddenly and depart;” whenever someone made a connection between him and the Patna he would completely uproot his life and flee from toa new town (Conrad, 2). Here, Jim is acting quite childish and self-centered in his assumption that everyone is focused on him and his shortcomings. He also refuses to take any responsibility for his actions nor will he let his peers know that he is indeed human and makes mistakes. His failed sense of ride becomes unreasonably intense at the thought of anyone knowing that he had not acted like a hero. Jim’s inability to let anyone think lesser of him is one of his biggest weaknesses. Similar to Doctor Faustus, Jim is also in control of his own destiny. Although his strong sense of pride definitely plays a large role in the decisions he makes and his ultimate fate, the decisions are entirely his to make. First of all, Jim has an opportunity prior to the verdict of his trial to “clear out” Just as “the skipper did,” but he refuses to do so; he would have felt like a coward if he had taken he easy way out (Marlowe, 59). Jim could have run away and escaped his fate at that point in time, but instead he used his own free will to make the decision to stay based on his sense of pride and romanticism. At the very end of the novel, Jim is taced witn yet another choice that would determine his tate. He coul d nave escaped from Patusan after the death of Dain Warts, but instead he decides that it is “time to finish this’ and he subsequently surrenders himself to Doramin (Conrad, 314). Again, Jim has to choice to save himself, but by God’s gift of free will, he decides not to run. He instead accepts his death with grace having realized that there was no hope left for him to fulfill his romanticism ideals; Jim’s pride diminishes when he is no longer capable of being a hero. Free will and pride are the two most prevalent factors contributing to the tragic fate of both Doctor Faustus and Jim. Although the two pieces of literature convey vastly different messages to the reader, they both show the struggles a man faces when dealing with death and tragedy.	2,535	ENGLISH	1
Security Regional command Republican colour party in Dublin — March Beginnings[ edit ] In the early days of the Troubles —72the Provisional IRA was poorly armed, with only a handful of old weapons left over from the IRA's Border campaign of the s. In the first years of the conflict, the Provisionals' main activities were defending Irish nationalist areas from attacks. When loyalists retaliated by attacking the nationalist enclave of Short Strand in east Belfast, Billy McKeethe Provisionals' commander in Belfast, occupied St Matthew's Church and defended it in a five-hour gun battle with the loyalists, in what became known as the Battle of St Matthew's. One of his men was killed, he was badly wounded, and three loyalists were also killed. The Army was soon discredited in the eyes of many nationalists by incidents such as the Falls Curfew of Julywhen 3, British troops imposed martial law conditions on the nationalist lower Falls area of west Belfast. The first soldier to die was gunner Robert Curtis, killed by Billy Reid in a gun battle in February Charlie Hughes, commander of the Provisionals' D Company in the Lower Falls, was killed before a truce was brokered between the two factions. About half the total of British soldiers to die in the conflict were killed in the years — In the same year, they carried out 1, bomb attacks and 90 IRA members were killed. Thereafter, fortified police and military posts were built in republican areas throughout Northern Ireland. During the early s, a typical IRA operation involved sniping at British patrols and engaging them in fire-fights in urban areas of Belfast and Derry. These tactics produced casualties for both sides and for many civilian bystanders. The British Army study of the conflict later described this period —72as the 'insurgency phase' of the IRA's campaign. The most effective tactic the IRA developed for its bombing campaign was the car bombwhere large amounts of explosives were packed into a car, which was driven to its target and then detonated. From the tactical point of view, it tied down a great number of British troops in Belfast and other cities and major towns across Northern Ireland. Strategically, it hampered the British administration and government of the country, striking simultaneously at its economic structure. Examples include the bombing of the Abercorn restaurant in Belfast inin which two young Catholic women were killed and people injured, attributed to the IRA, which never acknowledged responsibility, as well as the bombing of the La Mon restaurant in County Down in Februarywhich resulted in the deaths of twelve Protestant civilian customers, and others maimed and injured. This proved so dangerous for British Army patrols that virtually all troops in the area had to be transported by helicopter, a policy which continued untilwhen the last British Army base was closed in South Armagh. The British government held secret talks with the Provisional IRA leadership in to try and secure a ceasefire based on a compromise settlement within Northern Ireland. The IRA leaders refused to consider a peace settlement that did not include a commitment to British withdrawal to be completed bya retreat of the British Army to barracks and a release of republican prisoners. The British refused and the talks ended. The republicans believed initially that this was the start of a long-term process of British withdrawal. However, after several months, many in the IRA came to believe that the British were trying to bring the Provisional movement into peaceful politics without giving them any guarantees. By earlythe IRA leadership, short of money, weapons and members, was on the brink of calling off the campaign. Between and3, people were charged with "terrorist offences". Instead, smaller but more specialised groups carried out sustained attritional attacks. In response to the ceasefire and the arrest of many IRA volunteers in its aftermath, the Provisionals re-organised their structures in into small cell-based units. While these were harder to infiltrate, the greater secrecy also caused a distance to develop between the IRA and sympathetic civilians. They also embarked on a strategy known as the "Long War" — a process of attrition based on the indefinite continuation of an armed campaign until the British government grew tired of the political, military and financial costs involved in staying in Northern Ireland. Another effective IRA tactic devised in the late s was the use of home-made mortars mounted on the back of trucks which were fired at police and army bases. These mortars were first tested in but did not kill anyone until However, many unionists argue that the IRA's campaign was sectarian and there are many incidents where the organisation targeted Protestant civilians. The s were the most violent years of the Troubles. As well as its campaign against the security forces, the IRA became involved, in the middle of the decade, in a "tit for tat" cycle of sectarian killings with loyalist paramilitaries. The worst examples of this occurred in and The IRA did not officially claim the killings, but justified them in a statement on 17 January"The Irish Republican Army has never initiated sectarian killings The loyalists revoked the agreement inafter the IRA killing of Lord Mountbatten, but the pact nevertheless halted the cycle of sectarian revenge killings until the late s, when the loyalist groups began killing Catholics again in large numbers. Most of these were Protestant and unionist, thus the killings were portrayed and perceived by many as a campaign of sectarian assassination. Boyle and Hadden argue that the allegations do not stand up to serious scrutiny, while nationalists object to the term on the grounds that it is not used by unionists to describe similar killings or expulsions of Catholics in areas where they form a minority. These workers were mostly, but not exclusively, Protestant. Patrick Gillespie, killed by proxy bomb in Coshquinwas Catholic, as were several judges, magistrates, and contractors assassinated by the IRA. However, the Army Council did not consent to a bombing campaign in England until earlyafter talks with the British government the previous year had broken down. The team were reported[ who?The first Irish Republican Army fought the British in the Irish War of Independence. The Anglo-Irish treaty concluding the war divided Ireland into a Catholic Irish Free State and Protestant Northern Ireland, which became the British province, Ulster. The bulk of the text is devoted to the origins and history of the Provisional IRA and thus concerned with developments after The first two chapters succinctly and skillfully provide an analytical narrative of physical force republicanism since the Easter Rising of Description. The Volunteer: Uniforms, Weapons and History of the Irish Republican Army, by James Durney. Many rare and archival photographs are included in this book. He was murdered four years ago at age 79 by members of the Irish Republican Army who planted a bomb in his sailboat off the Irish coast. It blew up when he went fishing with his grandchildren. April Easter Rising, Dublin: This is led by Patrick Pearse, who proclaims the "Irish Republic." War of Independence & . Irish republicanism (Irish: This was a turning point in Irish history, Nowadays the term 'Irish Republican Army' almost always denotes the Provisional IRA.	<urn:uuid:0ed07aed-6a5d-4c81-bd74-02ef55a1eddf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://qadyjavyfew.caninariojana.com/the-history-and-achievements-of-the-irish-republican-army-51284au.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00358.warc.gz	en	0.980503	1,461	3.265625	3	[ -0.13758017122745514, 0.007075579836964607, 0.21431580185890198, -0.141431525349617, 0.17192402482032776, 0.31049036979675293, 0.12801173329353333, -0.24001529812812805, -0.22230035066604614, -0.2932562232017517, 0.018390947952866554, -0.13541430234909058, 0.16610176861286163, 0.5591388940...	1	Security Regional command Republican colour party in Dublin — March Beginnings[ edit ] In the early days of the Troubles —72the Provisional IRA was poorly armed, with only a handful of old weapons left over from the IRA's Border campaign of the s. In the first years of the conflict, the Provisionals' main activities were defending Irish nationalist areas from attacks. When loyalists retaliated by attacking the nationalist enclave of Short Strand in east Belfast, Billy McKeethe Provisionals' commander in Belfast, occupied St Matthew's Church and defended it in a five-hour gun battle with the loyalists, in what became known as the Battle of St Matthew's. One of his men was killed, he was badly wounded, and three loyalists were also killed. The Army was soon discredited in the eyes of many nationalists by incidents such as the Falls Curfew of Julywhen 3, British troops imposed martial law conditions on the nationalist lower Falls area of west Belfast. The first soldier to die was gunner Robert Curtis, killed by Billy Reid in a gun battle in February Charlie Hughes, commander of the Provisionals' D Company in the Lower Falls, was killed before a truce was brokered between the two factions. About half the total of British soldiers to die in the conflict were killed in the years — In the same year, they carried out 1, bomb attacks and 90 IRA members were killed. Thereafter, fortified police and military posts were built in republican areas throughout Northern Ireland. During the early s, a typical IRA operation involved sniping at British patrols and engaging them in fire-fights in urban areas of Belfast and Derry. These tactics produced casualties for both sides and for many civilian bystanders. The British Army study of the conflict later described this period —72as the 'insurgency phase' of the IRA's campaign. The most effective tactic the IRA developed for its bombing campaign was the car bombwhere large amounts of explosives were packed into a car, which was driven to its target and then detonated. From the tactical point of view, it tied down a great number of British troops in Belfast and other cities and major towns across Northern Ireland. Strategically, it hampered the British administration and government of the country, striking simultaneously at its economic structure. Examples include the bombing of the Abercorn restaurant in Belfast inin which two young Catholic women were killed and people injured, attributed to the IRA, which never acknowledged responsibility, as well as the bombing of the La Mon restaurant in County Down in Februarywhich resulted in the deaths of twelve Protestant civilian customers, and others maimed and injured. This proved so dangerous for British Army patrols that virtually all troops in the area had to be transported by helicopter, a policy which continued untilwhen the last British Army base was closed in South Armagh. The British government held secret talks with the Provisional IRA leadership in to try and secure a ceasefire based on a compromise settlement within Northern Ireland. The IRA leaders refused to consider a peace settlement that did not include a commitment to British withdrawal to be completed bya retreat of the British Army to barracks and a release of republican prisoners. The British refused and the talks ended. The republicans believed initially that this was the start of a long-term process of British withdrawal. However, after several months, many in the IRA came to believe that the British were trying to bring the Provisional movement into peaceful politics without giving them any guarantees. By earlythe IRA leadership, short of money, weapons and members, was on the brink of calling off the campaign. Between and3, people were charged with "terrorist offences". Instead, smaller but more specialised groups carried out sustained attritional attacks. In response to the ceasefire and the arrest of many IRA volunteers in its aftermath, the Provisionals re-organised their structures in into small cell-based units. While these were harder to infiltrate, the greater secrecy also caused a distance to develop between the IRA and sympathetic civilians. They also embarked on a strategy known as the "Long War" — a process of attrition based on the indefinite continuation of an armed campaign until the British government grew tired of the political, military and financial costs involved in staying in Northern Ireland. Another effective IRA tactic devised in the late s was the use of home-made mortars mounted on the back of trucks which were fired at police and army bases. These mortars were first tested in but did not kill anyone until However, many unionists argue that the IRA's campaign was sectarian and there are many incidents where the organisation targeted Protestant civilians. The s were the most violent years of the Troubles. As well as its campaign against the security forces, the IRA became involved, in the middle of the decade, in a "tit for tat" cycle of sectarian killings with loyalist paramilitaries. The worst examples of this occurred in and The IRA did not officially claim the killings, but justified them in a statement on 17 January"The Irish Republican Army has never initiated sectarian killings The loyalists revoked the agreement inafter the IRA killing of Lord Mountbatten, but the pact nevertheless halted the cycle of sectarian revenge killings until the late s, when the loyalist groups began killing Catholics again in large numbers. Most of these were Protestant and unionist, thus the killings were portrayed and perceived by many as a campaign of sectarian assassination. Boyle and Hadden argue that the allegations do not stand up to serious scrutiny, while nationalists object to the term on the grounds that it is not used by unionists to describe similar killings or expulsions of Catholics in areas where they form a minority. These workers were mostly, but not exclusively, Protestant. Patrick Gillespie, killed by proxy bomb in Coshquinwas Catholic, as were several judges, magistrates, and contractors assassinated by the IRA. However, the Army Council did not consent to a bombing campaign in England until earlyafter talks with the British government the previous year had broken down. The team were reported[ who?The first Irish Republican Army fought the British in the Irish War of Independence. The Anglo-Irish treaty concluding the war divided Ireland into a Catholic Irish Free State and Protestant Northern Ireland, which became the British province, Ulster. The bulk of the text is devoted to the origins and history of the Provisional IRA and thus concerned with developments after The first two chapters succinctly and skillfully provide an analytical narrative of physical force republicanism since the Easter Rising of Description. The Volunteer: Uniforms, Weapons and History of the Irish Republican Army, by James Durney. Many rare and archival photographs are included in this book. He was murdered four years ago at age 79 by members of the Irish Republican Army who planted a bomb in his sailboat off the Irish coast. It blew up when he went fishing with his grandchildren. April Easter Rising, Dublin: This is led by Patrick Pearse, who proclaims the "Irish Republic." War of Independence & . Irish republicanism (Irish: This was a turning point in Irish history, Nowadays the term 'Irish Republican Army' almost always denotes the Provisional IRA.	1,446	ENGLISH	1
2-3 Reflection (2.3.5 Why did Congress and the president have conflict?… 2.3.5 Why did Congress and the president have conflict? They came into conflict because of all the things that Johnson wouldn’t do concerning Civil Rights. He wouldn't sign The Bill of Rights as well as other important documents. This caused tension between Congress and the president which eventually lead to the consideration of his impeachment. 2.3.1 Lincoln and Johnson reconstruction plan? Lincoln wanted to use the 10% plan. This was that as soon as 10% of registered voters in a state took an oath of allegiance to the Union, the state could hold a constitutional convention to rejoin the U.S. Johnson didn’t follow through with Lincoln’s plan after he was assassinated. He thought that each state had the right to decide how they reconstruct themselves. He let governors to help the states take the steps outlined by Lincoln for the readmission to the Union, but many of them were too lenient. As a result, black codes spread throughout the south and this was an attempt to take African American rights away. Also, as soon as the southerners took the allegiance, their land was returned to them as well at their rights but not their slaves. 2.3.7 Summary of each amendment All of these amendments were very important to the reconstruction of the United States. The 13th amendment abolished slavery and this was a very difficult thing for people to accept. It was ratified in 1865 and this was a very important move for the U.S. The 14th amendment says that if a person is born in the U.S. then they are a U.S. citizen and are protected by that laws. The 15th amendment states that all citizens have the right to vote no matter where they come from of who they are. These were all critical factors in the U.S. becoming what it is today. 2.3.3 Radical Reconstruction to Presidential Reconstruction The Radical Reconstruction people wanted blacks to have the same rights and opportunities as everyone else. People thought that the Confederate leaders should be punished for what they did in the war. Johnson also vetoed a Civil Rights Bill because he claimed it would bloat the government. People were mad because he was denying equality to the blacks. Now, the southerners who supported the Union were the new leaders. Although all these changes were happening, such as southern states rewriting their constitution and the ratification of the 14th amendment, President Johnson was the only thing standing in the way. With this knowledge, it was decided to impeach him. 2.3.8 Presidency of Ulysses S Grant As an army general, President Grant led the Union to victory against the Confederacy. He was a war hero and then became the 18th president of the USA. In the reconstruction process, he wanted to abolish slavery. He worked with Lincoln to reconstruct the country and often opposed Andrew Johnson's ideas. He was able to help lead the country to abolish slavery. 2.3.2 Reconstruction Timeline December 8, 1863 - Lincoln Lincoln introduced the 10% plan Early 1646 - Lincoln begins the reconstruction April 8, 1865 - Lincoln was assassinated and Johnson takes charge April 15, 1865 - 13 amendment is ratified December 6, 1965 - Black codes are put into effect 1866-1870 - In this time, all southern states are readmitted into the Union 2.3.6 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments 13th amendment: banned slavery and any involuntary servitude 14th amendment: all people naturalized or born in the U.S. are American citizens no matter race 15th: any U.S. citizen has the right to vote no matter race or color 2.3.4 Congress and Presidential conflict timeline April 1865: Johnson didn't want to put more radical officers in the cabinet. Congress started to object him May 29, 1865: Johnson received advice to wait for Congress before moving back with reconstructions plans and he did the opposite. February 19, 1866: Johnson vetoed a bill to extend the Freedman's Bureau. This caused his adversaries to vie him as a bigger opponent March 27, 1866: Johnson votes Civil Rights Bill August 1966: Johnson delivers a speech where he attacks the 14th amendment and Civil Rights March 2, 1867: Johnson vetoes Reconstruction Act of Congress and Congress overrides his veto	<urn:uuid:096177fe-5c78-4094-96aa-b359aadd62e3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://coggle.it/diagram/XIKRr7F_rCqrEb25/t/2-3-reflection	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251737572.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127235617-20200128025617-00427.warc.gz	en	0.982861	919	4.28125	4	[ -0.7111393213272095, -0.029406879097223282, 0.13746711611747742, 0.05643104016780853, -0.2253161519765854, 0.23464730381965637, 0.06813239306211472, 0.2254187911748886, -0.33799517154693604, 0.005045355763286352, 0.42063039541244507, 0.31431880593299866, 0.08406424522399902, 0.454280495643...	1	2-3 Reflection (2.3.5 Why did Congress and the president have conflict?… 2.3.5 Why did Congress and the president have conflict? They came into conflict because of all the things that Johnson wouldn’t do concerning Civil Rights. He wouldn't sign The Bill of Rights as well as other important documents. This caused tension between Congress and the president which eventually lead to the consideration of his impeachment. 2.3.1 Lincoln and Johnson reconstruction plan? Lincoln wanted to use the 10% plan. This was that as soon as 10% of registered voters in a state took an oath of allegiance to the Union, the state could hold a constitutional convention to rejoin the U.S. Johnson didn’t follow through with Lincoln’s plan after he was assassinated. He thought that each state had the right to decide how they reconstruct themselves. He let governors to help the states take the steps outlined by Lincoln for the readmission to the Union, but many of them were too lenient. As a result, black codes spread throughout the south and this was an attempt to take African American rights away. Also, as soon as the southerners took the allegiance, their land was returned to them as well at their rights but not their slaves. 2.3.7 Summary of each amendment All of these amendments were very important to the reconstruction of the United States. The 13th amendment abolished slavery and this was a very difficult thing for people to accept. It was ratified in 1865 and this was a very important move for the U.S. The 14th amendment says that if a person is born in the U.S. then they are a U.S. citizen and are protected by that laws. The 15th amendment states that all citizens have the right to vote no matter where they come from of who they are. These were all critical factors in the U.S. becoming what it is today. 2.3.3 Radical Reconstruction to Presidential Reconstruction The Radical Reconstruction people wanted blacks to have the same rights and opportunities as everyone else. People thought that the Confederate leaders should be punished for what they did in the war. Johnson also vetoed a Civil Rights Bill because he claimed it would bloat the government. People were mad because he was denying equality to the blacks. Now, the southerners who supported the Union were the new leaders. Although all these changes were happening, such as southern states rewriting their constitution and the ratification of the 14th amendment, President Johnson was the only thing standing in the way. With this knowledge, it was decided to impeach him. 2.3.8 Presidency of Ulysses S Grant As an army general, President Grant led the Union to victory against the Confederacy. He was a war hero and then became the 18th president of the USA. In the reconstruction process, he wanted to abolish slavery. He worked with Lincoln to reconstruct the country and often opposed Andrew Johnson's ideas. He was able to help lead the country to abolish slavery. 2.3.2 Reconstruction Timeline December 8, 1863 - Lincoln Lincoln introduced the 10% plan Early 1646 - Lincoln begins the reconstruction April 8, 1865 - Lincoln was assassinated and Johnson takes charge April 15, 1865 - 13 amendment is ratified December 6, 1965 - Black codes are put into effect 1866-1870 - In this time, all southern states are readmitted into the Union 2.3.6 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments 13th amendment: banned slavery and any involuntary servitude 14th amendment: all people naturalized or born in the U.S. are American citizens no matter race 15th: any U.S. citizen has the right to vote no matter race or color 2.3.4 Congress and Presidential conflict timeline April 1865: Johnson didn't want to put more radical officers in the cabinet. Congress started to object him May 29, 1865: Johnson received advice to wait for Congress before moving back with reconstructions plans and he did the opposite. February 19, 1866: Johnson vetoed a bill to extend the Freedman's Bureau. This caused his adversaries to vie him as a bigger opponent March 27, 1866: Johnson votes Civil Rights Bill August 1966: Johnson delivers a speech where he attacks the 14th amendment and Civil Rights March 2, 1867: Johnson vetoes Reconstruction Act of Congress and Congress overrides his veto	989	ENGLISH	1
Kitwanga is a small Northern community that has faced extreme economic difficulties in the past with saw mills closing and unemployment rates up to 90% in recent years. As a result, Kitwanga Elementary School has made building students’ resiliency the schools primary focus. One teacher started a cross-grade puppet theatre program as a way of further strengthening students’ social and emotional skills. They used a Northern Connections Grant to purchase a set of puppets and sound equipment. Students from Kindergarten to grade 7 were then invited to take part in workshops taught by a puppeteer, and practices in lead-up to a final performance for the community. What was the impact of the project? With the initiation of the puppet theatre program, teachers reported increased student engagement with school, cooperation and commitment, and, perhaps most importantly, a more developed sense of self-worth and enthusiasm about their abilities. Students reported feeling excited to go to school, interested in building their skills, and committed to getting along with others, following directions and having fun while being creative. Puppet theatre practices were sometimes held up to five days a week at students’ request! The teacher who ran the puppet theatre program reflected that the program’s success relied heavily on students’ commitment, help from outside the school, and support from administration and staff to build the show, encourage students to participate, and be flexible with having equipment in shared spaces for weeks at a time.	<urn:uuid:8d0eb01c-5bca-4832-9718-8c90626fcb0d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://healthyschoolsbc.ca/stories/using-puppets-to-build-social-and-emotional-skills/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00312.warc.gz	en	0.980235	295	3.390625	3	[ -0.23596853017807007, 0.08016596734523773, 0.4979730248451233, -0.22110353410243988, -0.22837285697460175, 0.13877467811107635, 0.0025714710354804993, 0.06945903599262238, -0.5530706644058228, -0.2571270763874054, 0.4808727204799652, -0.09285590797662735, 0.15233206748962402, 0.16108192503...	7	Kitwanga is a small Northern community that has faced extreme economic difficulties in the past with saw mills closing and unemployment rates up to 90% in recent years. As a result, Kitwanga Elementary School has made building students’ resiliency the schools primary focus. One teacher started a cross-grade puppet theatre program as a way of further strengthening students’ social and emotional skills. They used a Northern Connections Grant to purchase a set of puppets and sound equipment. Students from Kindergarten to grade 7 were then invited to take part in workshops taught by a puppeteer, and practices in lead-up to a final performance for the community. What was the impact of the project? With the initiation of the puppet theatre program, teachers reported increased student engagement with school, cooperation and commitment, and, perhaps most importantly, a more developed sense of self-worth and enthusiasm about their abilities. Students reported feeling excited to go to school, interested in building their skills, and committed to getting along with others, following directions and having fun while being creative. Puppet theatre practices were sometimes held up to five days a week at students’ request! The teacher who ran the puppet theatre program reflected that the program’s success relied heavily on students’ commitment, help from outside the school, and support from administration and staff to build the show, encourage students to participate, and be flexible with having equipment in shared spaces for weeks at a time.	286	ENGLISH	1
Abbott L. Lowell Abbott Lawrence Lowell (December 13, 1856 – January 6, 1943) was a U.S. educator and legal scholar. He was President of Harvard University from 1909 to 1933. With an “aristocratic sense of mission and self-certainty,” Lowell cut a large figure in American education and to some extent in public life as well. At Harvard University his years as president saw a remarkable expansion of the university in terms of the size of its physical infrastructure, its student body, and its endowment. His reform of undergraduate education established the system of majoring in a particular discipline that became the standard in American education. His progressive reputation in education derived principally from his insistence on integrating social classes at Harvard and preventing students of wealthy backgrounds from living apart from their less wealthy peers, a position for which he was sometimes termed “a traitor to his class.” He also recognized the university’s obligation to serve the surrounding community, particularly in making college courses available to and putting college degrees within the reach of local schoolteachers. He took the progressive side on certain public issues as well. He demonstrated outspoken support for academic freedom during World War I and played a prominent role in urging the public to support American participation in the League of Nations following the war. Yet his Harvard years saw two public disputes in which he argued for compromising basic principles of justice for the sake of his own personal vision of Harvard’s mission with respect to assimilating non-traditional students. In one instance, he tried to limit Jewish enrollment to 15% of the student body. In the other, he tried to ban African-American students from living in the Freshman Halls when all of Harvard’s new students were required to room there. In both cases the Harvard Board of Overseers insisted on the consistent application of liberal principles and overruled him. One historian summarized his complex personality and legacy with these words: “He played many characters—the rich man of simple tastes, the gentleman who loathed gentlemanly C’s, the passionate theorist of democracy whose personal conduct was suavely autocratic.” The interplay of democratic and patrician instincts, and especially his insistence on defending his positions when others found them indefensible, made him hard for his contemporaries to grasp. As one historian posed the question: “How could a consensus form around one who exasperated his friends as often as he confounded his enemies.”	<urn:uuid:2cab60f1-1e13-4a27-9f02-f3d4956be72c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://goodquotes.me/authors/abbott-l-lowell/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00322.warc.gz	en	0.980777	506	3.90625	4	[ -0.2844591736793518, 0.23863135278224945, -0.12807032465934753, -0.2541925013065338, -0.3586508333683014, 0.010662535205483437, 0.14947740733623505, -0.28496938943862915, 0.029302433133125305, 0.23692384362220764, 0.13222719728946686, 0.09971258044242859, 0.35524582862854004, -0.0782948508...	1	Abbott L. Lowell Abbott Lawrence Lowell (December 13, 1856 – January 6, 1943) was a U.S. educator and legal scholar. He was President of Harvard University from 1909 to 1933. With an “aristocratic sense of mission and self-certainty,” Lowell cut a large figure in American education and to some extent in public life as well. At Harvard University his years as president saw a remarkable expansion of the university in terms of the size of its physical infrastructure, its student body, and its endowment. His reform of undergraduate education established the system of majoring in a particular discipline that became the standard in American education. His progressive reputation in education derived principally from his insistence on integrating social classes at Harvard and preventing students of wealthy backgrounds from living apart from their less wealthy peers, a position for which he was sometimes termed “a traitor to his class.” He also recognized the university’s obligation to serve the surrounding community, particularly in making college courses available to and putting college degrees within the reach of local schoolteachers. He took the progressive side on certain public issues as well. He demonstrated outspoken support for academic freedom during World War I and played a prominent role in urging the public to support American participation in the League of Nations following the war. Yet his Harvard years saw two public disputes in which he argued for compromising basic principles of justice for the sake of his own personal vision of Harvard’s mission with respect to assimilating non-traditional students. In one instance, he tried to limit Jewish enrollment to 15% of the student body. In the other, he tried to ban African-American students from living in the Freshman Halls when all of Harvard’s new students were required to room there. In both cases the Harvard Board of Overseers insisted on the consistent application of liberal principles and overruled him. One historian summarized his complex personality and legacy with these words: “He played many characters—the rich man of simple tastes, the gentleman who loathed gentlemanly C’s, the passionate theorist of democracy whose personal conduct was suavely autocratic.” The interplay of democratic and patrician instincts, and especially his insistence on defending his positions when others found them indefensible, made him hard for his contemporaries to grasp. As one historian posed the question: “How could a consensus form around one who exasperated his friends as often as he confounded his enemies.”	506	ENGLISH	1
Schenck v. United States: The Background The case of Schenck v. United States took place in the year of 1919. This groundbreaking trial started with a man named Charles Schenck who was arrested for organizing a protest against the military draft undertaken by the Federal Government. The Government held the draft for World War I; random male citizens who were of age were selected to fight for the country in this enormous war. Charles Schenck, who was a member of the Socialist Party, distributed over 20,000 pamphlets to United States citizen to form a protest of the draft process. Schenck felt that the draft was a form of slavery and should be outlawed by a free country. During his organized protest; however, Schenck was arrested on the grounds that he was in direct violation of the Espionage Act. This law, which was passed in 1917, required that any protest or form of anti-government speech must be in line with the United States’ ability to protect the wellbeing of its citizens. The Federal Government believes that a person trying to spark a violent movement or cause uproar is in violation of the Espionage Act. As a result, Mr. Charles Schenck was arrested for his efforts in forming mass protests against the draft. Schenck v. United States: The Case Profile The case of Schenck v. United States took place from January 9th 1919 to January 10th. Schenck, who was found guilty in the original trial, appealed the charges by claiming the U.S. had sparked slave-like laws. Schenck pointed to the 13th Amendment as his main support; this Amendment outlawed slavery and forced service. Schenck stated that a military draft and forced enlistment may be classified as a measure of slavery. In addition to the provisions of the 13th Amendment, Charles Schenck also claimed that the government is not allowed to censor his writings. He believed that by censoring his works, the Government was violating his civil liberties of free speech and free expression which are both guaranteed by the United States Constitution. The Schenck v. United States case was decided on March 3rd of 1919. Although the original case found Schenck guilty, he appealed the charges and brought the Schenck v. United States case to the United States Supreme Court. Schenck v. United States: The Verdict In Schenck v. United States, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the government. The court distinguished between dangerous expressions and dangerous acts, stating that the sentiments expressed in Schenck’s writings were considered to be an immediate threat to the country’s safety and the wellbeing of its people.	<urn:uuid:8b3e1a89-84ae-44bd-b613-eb8b905c54c6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://kids.laws.com/schenck-v-united-states	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00215.warc.gz	en	0.984245	555	3.71875	4	[ -0.37466686964035034, 0.40019702911376953, -0.03962386026978493, -0.5480620861053467, -0.2982262969017029, 0.37595921754837036, 0.6162009239196777, -0.2041792869567871, -0.27699732780456543, -0.01606794074177742, -0.034756965935230255, 0.6287163496017456, 0.21268069744110107, 0.04444915428...	4	Schenck v. United States: The Background The case of Schenck v. United States took place in the year of 1919. This groundbreaking trial started with a man named Charles Schenck who was arrested for organizing a protest against the military draft undertaken by the Federal Government. The Government held the draft for World War I; random male citizens who were of age were selected to fight for the country in this enormous war. Charles Schenck, who was a member of the Socialist Party, distributed over 20,000 pamphlets to United States citizen to form a protest of the draft process. Schenck felt that the draft was a form of slavery and should be outlawed by a free country. During his organized protest; however, Schenck was arrested on the grounds that he was in direct violation of the Espionage Act. This law, which was passed in 1917, required that any protest or form of anti-government speech must be in line with the United States’ ability to protect the wellbeing of its citizens. The Federal Government believes that a person trying to spark a violent movement or cause uproar is in violation of the Espionage Act. As a result, Mr. Charles Schenck was arrested for his efforts in forming mass protests against the draft. Schenck v. United States: The Case Profile The case of Schenck v. United States took place from January 9th 1919 to January 10th. Schenck, who was found guilty in the original trial, appealed the charges by claiming the U.S. had sparked slave-like laws. Schenck pointed to the 13th Amendment as his main support; this Amendment outlawed slavery and forced service. Schenck stated that a military draft and forced enlistment may be classified as a measure of slavery. In addition to the provisions of the 13th Amendment, Charles Schenck also claimed that the government is not allowed to censor his writings. He believed that by censoring his works, the Government was violating his civil liberties of free speech and free expression which are both guaranteed by the United States Constitution. The Schenck v. United States case was decided on March 3rd of 1919. Although the original case found Schenck guilty, he appealed the charges and brought the Schenck v. United States case to the United States Supreme Court. Schenck v. United States: The Verdict In Schenck v. United States, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the government. The court distinguished between dangerous expressions and dangerous acts, stating that the sentiments expressed in Schenck’s writings were considered to be an immediate threat to the country’s safety and the wellbeing of its people.	573	ENGLISH	1
William Shakespeare is considered to be among the greatest playwrights that have ever lived. He has written dozens and dozens of brilliant plays, most of those plays have been made into movies. One such play that has been made into a movie is “Othello. ” The play “Othello” is one of Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies. It is about a black general in the Italian army, Othello, and what happened between him and his wife, Desdemona. The main villain in this play is Iago; who is a soldier under Othello’s command. Iago tells Othello numerous lies about Desdemona and Othello’s friend, and former right-hand man, Cassio. Shakespeare covers quite a few of the major issues that are still facing society today. These themes such as ethnicity, betrayal, and love are what make this play one of Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies. One of the more noticeable themes that Shakespeare discusses in this play is Ethnicity. Othello is a moor that somehow managed to climb his way up the ladder to the rank of general. At this time in history, blacks were considered to be barbarians, and murderous heathens. It is a very rare thing that a black man would be able to obtain the rank of general in a predominantly Caucasian army. It caused quite a bit of jealousy among the other officers serving under Othello. This element may have fueled the fire behind Iago’s lies and hatred for Othello. Another example when the ethnicity of Othello caused a problem was when he and Desdemona were married. Desdemona’s father is furious over his daughter marrying a moor. They even end up going to an Italian court to settle this matter. Normally Othello would have been executed for his actions, but because he was needed to lead the army he was allowed to stay married to Desdemona. This decision by the courts is another element that contributed to Iago’s betrayal, because if the court had ruled against Othello, Rodrigo wouldn’t have had a reason to pay Iago to spread his lies and deception. The Element that Shakespeare uses most in this play is Betrayal. There is one person at the center of most of the betrayal that takes place in the play—Iago. Iago has no loyalties to anyone throughout the entire story, not even to his own wife. He betrays every character at some point. He betrayed Cassio by getting him drunk and letting him shame himself in front of Othello. Then he betrays him further by telling him to go to Desdemona and plead his case with her so she will try to convince Othello to reinstate him. Iago even betrays his own wife when he gets her to steal Desdemona’s handkerchief, and leaves it in Cassio’s room. But, the person that he betrays most of all is Othello. Iago blatantly lies to Othello’s face with every word he speaks. Through Iago’s lies and manipulation, Othello begins to believe that Desdemona doesn’t love him and that she is in love with Cassio. Iago does such a good job at deceiving Othello, that Othello believes that the only way out of this situation is to kill his wife. Like most villains Iago’s treachery only leads to his own downfall. Iago isn’t the only character that betrays another person. Most of the other characters commit acts of betrayal that were much worse than the betrayals committed by Iago. Iago’s wife, Emilia, betrays her husband by telling Othello about the handkerchief that she stole for Iago. Even though it may have been the right thing to do this betrayal led to her and her husband’s deaths. Desdemona is the only one that seems innocent in this play, but she also contributes to the theme of betrayal. She lies to Othello about losing the handkerchief, and tells him that she still has it. This only furthers Othello’s suspicion that Desdemona is having an affair with his friend Cassio. But, Othello makes the largest betrayal of all when he believes the lies that Iago has told him rather than word of his own wife. Iago’s lies convince Othello that the only way to deal with the situation is to murder his wife. Not trusting a person that you love is one of the worst betrayals of all. Another theme that stands out in many Shakespearian plays is love. In “Othello” as in most of Shakespeare’s tragedies, love is one of the main driving force behind the actions of the main characters. Love was the reason why Desdemona lied to Othello about the missing handkerchief. Because, she knew how much it meant to him and she didn’t want to hurt him by telling him that she had lost it. Also Othello’s love for Desdemona might have been the reason that he went through with his betrayals. Desdemona’s betrayals wouldn’t have mattered as much to him if he didn’t love her. He also showed that he loved her when he killed himself after he found out that Iago had deceived him and that she was innocent. On the other hand Iago’s betrayals were fueled by nothing more than hate and greed. Ethnicity, betrayal, and love are difficult issues for the characters of the play to cope with. It ends up being too much for the characters and as in all of Shakespeare’s tragedies the majority of the people are killed. Shakespeare’s blending of these different elements is what made this play so enjoyable to watch. “Othello” is, by far, one of Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies.	<urn:uuid:b5297dd9-dc85-4d3d-add9-359ddd10edc6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://paperap.com/paper-on-analysis-of-the-tragedy-othello/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00518.warc.gz	en	0.986223	1,257	3.375	3	[ 0.06692750006914139, 0.10158269107341766, 0.44633063673973083, -0.19203975796699524, -0.43014681339263916, -0.2895399332046509, 0.515333890914917, 0.017418276518583298, -0.22560766339302063, -0.4943903684616089, 0.05972699448466301, -0.14647209644317627, -0.12733328342437744, 0.33629471063...	3	William Shakespeare is considered to be among the greatest playwrights that have ever lived. He has written dozens and dozens of brilliant plays, most of those plays have been made into movies. One such play that has been made into a movie is “Othello. ” The play “Othello” is one of Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies. It is about a black general in the Italian army, Othello, and what happened between him and his wife, Desdemona. The main villain in this play is Iago; who is a soldier under Othello’s command. Iago tells Othello numerous lies about Desdemona and Othello’s friend, and former right-hand man, Cassio. Shakespeare covers quite a few of the major issues that are still facing society today. These themes such as ethnicity, betrayal, and love are what make this play one of Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies. One of the more noticeable themes that Shakespeare discusses in this play is Ethnicity. Othello is a moor that somehow managed to climb his way up the ladder to the rank of general. At this time in history, blacks were considered to be barbarians, and murderous heathens. It is a very rare thing that a black man would be able to obtain the rank of general in a predominantly Caucasian army. It caused quite a bit of jealousy among the other officers serving under Othello. This element may have fueled the fire behind Iago’s lies and hatred for Othello. Another example when the ethnicity of Othello caused a problem was when he and Desdemona were married. Desdemona’s father is furious over his daughter marrying a moor. They even end up going to an Italian court to settle this matter. Normally Othello would have been executed for his actions, but because he was needed to lead the army he was allowed to stay married to Desdemona. This decision by the courts is another element that contributed to Iago’s betrayal, because if the court had ruled against Othello, Rodrigo wouldn’t have had a reason to pay Iago to spread his lies and deception. The Element that Shakespeare uses most in this play is Betrayal. There is one person at the center of most of the betrayal that takes place in the play—Iago. Iago has no loyalties to anyone throughout the entire story, not even to his own wife. He betrays every character at some point. He betrayed Cassio by getting him drunk and letting him shame himself in front of Othello. Then he betrays him further by telling him to go to Desdemona and plead his case with her so she will try to convince Othello to reinstate him. Iago even betrays his own wife when he gets her to steal Desdemona’s handkerchief, and leaves it in Cassio’s room. But, the person that he betrays most of all is Othello. Iago blatantly lies to Othello’s face with every word he speaks. Through Iago’s lies and manipulation, Othello begins to believe that Desdemona doesn’t love him and that she is in love with Cassio. Iago does such a good job at deceiving Othello, that Othello believes that the only way out of this situation is to kill his wife. Like most villains Iago’s treachery only leads to his own downfall. Iago isn’t the only character that betrays another person. Most of the other characters commit acts of betrayal that were much worse than the betrayals committed by Iago. Iago’s wife, Emilia, betrays her husband by telling Othello about the handkerchief that she stole for Iago. Even though it may have been the right thing to do this betrayal led to her and her husband’s deaths. Desdemona is the only one that seems innocent in this play, but she also contributes to the theme of betrayal. She lies to Othello about losing the handkerchief, and tells him that she still has it. This only furthers Othello’s suspicion that Desdemona is having an affair with his friend Cassio. But, Othello makes the largest betrayal of all when he believes the lies that Iago has told him rather than word of his own wife. Iago’s lies convince Othello that the only way to deal with the situation is to murder his wife. Not trusting a person that you love is one of the worst betrayals of all. Another theme that stands out in many Shakespearian plays is love. In “Othello” as in most of Shakespeare’s tragedies, love is one of the main driving force behind the actions of the main characters. Love was the reason why Desdemona lied to Othello about the missing handkerchief. Because, she knew how much it meant to him and she didn’t want to hurt him by telling him that she had lost it. Also Othello’s love for Desdemona might have been the reason that he went through with his betrayals. Desdemona’s betrayals wouldn’t have mattered as much to him if he didn’t love her. He also showed that he loved her when he killed himself after he found out that Iago had deceived him and that she was innocent. On the other hand Iago’s betrayals were fueled by nothing more than hate and greed. Ethnicity, betrayal, and love are difficult issues for the characters of the play to cope with. It ends up being too much for the characters and as in all of Shakespeare’s tragedies the majority of the people are killed. Shakespeare’s blending of these different elements is what made this play so enjoyable to watch. “Othello” is, by far, one of Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies.	1,184	ENGLISH	1
While tea was being carried into Western Europe over water routes by The East India Company, overland caravans by way of the Levant were bringing it to other parts of Europe. The first tea so to arrive was a gift of several chests brought by a Chinese embassy to the Russian court at Moscow in 1618. Eighteen arduous months were required for the journey, and if the Chinese hoped by this present to create a demand for their product, the journey was in vain, for the tea failed to win Russian friends at that time. For nearly a score of years after the arrival at Moscow of the imperial gift of tea, nothing of historical importance appears in connection with the early use of the drink in Europe. Twenty years later, in 1638, Vassily Starkoff, the Russian ambassador at the court of the Mogul Khan Altyn, partook of an infusion of tea, but declined a present of a quantity of it for his master, the Tsar Michael Romanoff, founder of the Romanoff dynasty. The Chinese leaf was considered something for which the Tsar would have no use.	<urn:uuid:b490574c-98d9-49db-a2fb-f385315f0bae>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/tea-blog/tea-comes-to-russia	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00344.warc.gz	en	0.981746	225	3.328125	3	[ -0.09850136190652847, -0.0997702032327652, 0.34068626165390015, -0.0020853569731116295, -0.2004396766424179, -0.029347514733672142, 0.6029981374740601, 0.029019836336374283, -0.1651047319173813, -0.06166253611445427, 0.14471767842769623, -0.2974465489387512, -0.14321951568126678, 0.2730904...	5	While tea was being carried into Western Europe over water routes by The East India Company, overland caravans by way of the Levant were bringing it to other parts of Europe. The first tea so to arrive was a gift of several chests brought by a Chinese embassy to the Russian court at Moscow in 1618. Eighteen arduous months were required for the journey, and if the Chinese hoped by this present to create a demand for their product, the journey was in vain, for the tea failed to win Russian friends at that time. For nearly a score of years after the arrival at Moscow of the imperial gift of tea, nothing of historical importance appears in connection with the early use of the drink in Europe. Twenty years later, in 1638, Vassily Starkoff, the Russian ambassador at the court of the Mogul Khan Altyn, partook of an infusion of tea, but declined a present of a quantity of it for his master, the Tsar Michael Romanoff, founder of the Romanoff dynasty. The Chinese leaf was considered something for which the Tsar would have no use.	230	ENGLISH	1
By January 1945 Hitler was doomed. The Russians were inexorably advancing into Germany, and the Allies were bombarding the country ceaselessly from the air. With little prospect of anything other than annihilation, Hitler retreated to the Führerbunker under Berlin’s Reich Chancellery. By April, 2.5 million Russian soldiers were in the capital, and towards the end of the month they were almost on top of the Führerbunker. Hitler knew that all was lost. Overnight on April 28 to 29 he married his longstanding mistress, Eva Braun. It was a small affair: a civil ceremony in the bunker’s map room with just Martin Bormann and Joseph and Magda Goebbels as witnesses. Afterwards he made his last will and final political statement, both signed at 4.00 a.m. The group had a subdued celebration breakfast, and later that day received news that Mussolini and his mistress, Clara Petacci, had been executed by Italian partisans before being strung upside down from an Esso petrol station. Hitler went around the bunker saying goodbye to the staff, then had Blondi, his Alsatian, and Braun’s spaniel both poisoned with cyanide. The following day, April 30, Field Marshal Keitel telephoned the bunker with news that the German army was unable to do anything to save Berlin. The Second World War was as good as over. Hitler and Braun retired to his private sitting room in the bunker with orders not to be disturbed. Their bodies were later discovered there. Hitler had a single gunshot wound to the head. Braun had taken cyanide. The corpses were carried upstairs to a private garden, where Goebbels, Bormann, and others oversaw them being doused in petrol and partially burned, before being interred in a shallow shell crater. The following day, 1 May, Joseph and Magda Goebbels poisoned their six children in the bunker, then killed themselves. Admiral Karl Dönitz assumed command as Reich President, and took to the radio to announce Hitler’s death. He informed the world that Hitler “fell for Germany, at his command post in the Reich Chancellery, fighting till his last breath against Bolshevism”. Soviet forces quickly overran the Reich Chancellery and bunker. They unearthed the hurriedly buried bodies of Hitler, Braun, and the Goebbels family, and took them all to a SMERSH camp at Magdeburg, where they reburied them. In June, the Soviets suggested that Hitler had not committed suicide. but had escaped. Rumours of submarines and a flight to Argentina or elsewhere proliferated. Allied intelligence officers interrogated the staff of the Führerbunker intensively to assemble a detailed picture of events, and were eventually satisfied that Hitler had committed suicide. After the war, the bodies of Hitler, Braun, and the Goebbels family were moved numerous times. Most experts believe the KGB exhumed and finally destroyed them in 1970, before scattering the ashes.	<urn:uuid:e0c53dc7-203a-40bc-8f4b-54c6a3deeec4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/04/30/day-1945-trapped-bunker-adolf-hitler-makes-will-retires-last/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00194.warc.gz	en	0.984119	644	3.359375	3	[ -0.19166603684425354, 0.6277968287467957, -0.06692910194396973, 0.2558518350124359, 0.302853524684906, 0.14280173182487488, 0.08642028272151947, 0.04361660033464432, -0.030093565583229065, -0.12771818041801453, 0.27626973390579224, -0.16877920925617218, 0.5953900814056396, 0.50740194320678...	3	By January 1945 Hitler was doomed. The Russians were inexorably advancing into Germany, and the Allies were bombarding the country ceaselessly from the air. With little prospect of anything other than annihilation, Hitler retreated to the Führerbunker under Berlin’s Reich Chancellery. By April, 2.5 million Russian soldiers were in the capital, and towards the end of the month they were almost on top of the Führerbunker. Hitler knew that all was lost. Overnight on April 28 to 29 he married his longstanding mistress, Eva Braun. It was a small affair: a civil ceremony in the bunker’s map room with just Martin Bormann and Joseph and Magda Goebbels as witnesses. Afterwards he made his last will and final political statement, both signed at 4.00 a.m. The group had a subdued celebration breakfast, and later that day received news that Mussolini and his mistress, Clara Petacci, had been executed by Italian partisans before being strung upside down from an Esso petrol station. Hitler went around the bunker saying goodbye to the staff, then had Blondi, his Alsatian, and Braun’s spaniel both poisoned with cyanide. The following day, April 30, Field Marshal Keitel telephoned the bunker with news that the German army was unable to do anything to save Berlin. The Second World War was as good as over. Hitler and Braun retired to his private sitting room in the bunker with orders not to be disturbed. Their bodies were later discovered there. Hitler had a single gunshot wound to the head. Braun had taken cyanide. The corpses were carried upstairs to a private garden, where Goebbels, Bormann, and others oversaw them being doused in petrol and partially burned, before being interred in a shallow shell crater. The following day, 1 May, Joseph and Magda Goebbels poisoned their six children in the bunker, then killed themselves. Admiral Karl Dönitz assumed command as Reich President, and took to the radio to announce Hitler’s death. He informed the world that Hitler “fell for Germany, at his command post in the Reich Chancellery, fighting till his last breath against Bolshevism”. Soviet forces quickly overran the Reich Chancellery and bunker. They unearthed the hurriedly buried bodies of Hitler, Braun, and the Goebbels family, and took them all to a SMERSH camp at Magdeburg, where they reburied them. In June, the Soviets suggested that Hitler had not committed suicide. but had escaped. Rumours of submarines and a flight to Argentina or elsewhere proliferated. Allied intelligence officers interrogated the staff of the Führerbunker intensively to assemble a detailed picture of events, and were eventually satisfied that Hitler had committed suicide. After the war, the bodies of Hitler, Braun, and the Goebbels family were moved numerous times. Most experts believe the KGB exhumed and finally destroyed them in 1970, before scattering the ashes.	632	ENGLISH	1
William Blake, the artist and poet, was born in Soho, London the 28th of November in 1757. His dad owned a hosiery shop and he was home schooled by his mother. At a young age he began seeing visions. Blake claimed he saw God and his angels watching over him while he played and did his daily chores. His parents didn't believe him and punished him for lying. When he was 9 or 10, he began drawing his encounters with God and the angels. He also expressed interest in becoming an artist, and his dad enrolled him in Henry Par's drawing school. He started writing at the age of 12 and studied studied mythology and British history. When he was 14 he became an apprentice for James Basire, an engraver to the Society of Antiquaries and the Royal Society. He served an apprentice for seven years, then became a journeyman copy engraver. William Blake was a great writer, artist and visionary. William Blake is one of the most renowned poets in the history of English literature. Blake is one of the the most important and influential writers in the English language today. He is also generally considered to be one of the key people who was responsible for the birth of the Romantic Movement in poetry. Although he always had a love for writing when he was young he didn't pick up writing until he was twenty-six years old. He began to read and study the works of Scandinavian poet Swedenborg, a philosophical rebel who refused and refuted the semi-materialistic philosophy that had grown popular in the late eighteenth century. He published his first book of poems called Political Sketches in 1782. During the time period of 1790-1800 Blake completed iconic works likeSongs of Experience, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, America: A Prophecy, Europe: A Prophecy, Visions of the Daughters of Albion, The Song of Los, and The Book of Urizen, all of which clearly demonstrated Blake's support of the Revolution. . In 1788, Blake experimented with relief etching, a method he used to produce most of his books, paintings and poems.	<urn:uuid:05422d39-f041-417c-aa34-fe6591665249>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/205146.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00226.warc.gz	en	0.991071	433	3.453125	3	[ 0.05681217089295387, -0.08311719447374344, 0.16841676831245422, 0.06646861135959625, -0.43364059925079346, -0.008919039741158485, 0.31854236125946045, -0.1410648226737976, 0.08569014072418213, 0.11420272290706635, -0.039186518639326096, -0.17168495059013367, 0.04941911622881889, 0.09535370...	3	William Blake, the artist and poet, was born in Soho, London the 28th of November in 1757. His dad owned a hosiery shop and he was home schooled by his mother. At a young age he began seeing visions. Blake claimed he saw God and his angels watching over him while he played and did his daily chores. His parents didn't believe him and punished him for lying. When he was 9 or 10, he began drawing his encounters with God and the angels. He also expressed interest in becoming an artist, and his dad enrolled him in Henry Par's drawing school. He started writing at the age of 12 and studied studied mythology and British history. When he was 14 he became an apprentice for James Basire, an engraver to the Society of Antiquaries and the Royal Society. He served an apprentice for seven years, then became a journeyman copy engraver. William Blake was a great writer, artist and visionary. William Blake is one of the most renowned poets in the history of English literature. Blake is one of the the most important and influential writers in the English language today. He is also generally considered to be one of the key people who was responsible for the birth of the Romantic Movement in poetry. Although he always had a love for writing when he was young he didn't pick up writing until he was twenty-six years old. He began to read and study the works of Scandinavian poet Swedenborg, a philosophical rebel who refused and refuted the semi-materialistic philosophy that had grown popular in the late eighteenth century. He published his first book of poems called Political Sketches in 1782. During the time period of 1790-1800 Blake completed iconic works likeSongs of Experience, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, America: A Prophecy, Europe: A Prophecy, Visions of the Daughters of Albion, The Song of Los, and The Book of Urizen, all of which clearly demonstrated Blake's support of the Revolution. . In 1788, Blake experimented with relief etching, a method he used to produce most of his books, paintings and poems.	453	ENGLISH	1
Alex Stone 8-2 11/20/03. Albert Einstein . Albert was one of few scientists that changed man's total view of the world. He set a number of theories about the physical world. These theories dealt from an atom to the far reaches of the universe. They showed such things as gravity, energy, matter, light, space, and time related. He was trying to explain a lot with only a few basic laws. He also worked out many of his theories in his mind, he used the most advanced types of mathematics to show how his ideas worked. The theories were so unusual and complicated that not many scientists understood them. As technology improved Einstein's work and theories were proved to be right. Some of the theories showed what would happen when scientists did certain things in their laboratories and whether it was safe to do it or not. Einstein was very shy as a child. He was very slow at learning, "he was a bit dim-witted."" Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 at Ulm, Germany, a year later he manufactured electrical supplies. Albert was never happy in school. He did not like to memorize facts and rules. He answered slowly when asked questions because he was very thoughtful. He also asked very difficult questions which made his teachers think that he was trying to make trouble. He was always very unhappy. When Albert was 5 he was given a compass with a magnetic needle from his father, which interested him. Albert's best subjects were Literature and mathematics. In his teenage years he read very deeply into and about science, which was when he already started to wonder about the universe.	<urn:uuid:ef900273-05bc-4f50-ae6a-e1c4ac7e0b86>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/67944.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00364.warc.gz	en	0.996335	330	3.453125	3	[ -0.14734743535518646, 0.15110599994659424, 0.1153048425912857, 0.0038299602456390858, -0.39812958240509033, -0.24521152675151825, 0.2877298593521118, 0.19882655143737793, -0.22921542823314667, -0.2023148387670517, 0.5044304728507996, -0.28007397055625916, -0.2119348794221878, 0.12413104623...	4	Alex Stone 8-2 11/20/03. Albert Einstein . Albert was one of few scientists that changed man's total view of the world. He set a number of theories about the physical world. These theories dealt from an atom to the far reaches of the universe. They showed such things as gravity, energy, matter, light, space, and time related. He was trying to explain a lot with only a few basic laws. He also worked out many of his theories in his mind, he used the most advanced types of mathematics to show how his ideas worked. The theories were so unusual and complicated that not many scientists understood them. As technology improved Einstein's work and theories were proved to be right. Some of the theories showed what would happen when scientists did certain things in their laboratories and whether it was safe to do it or not. Einstein was very shy as a child. He was very slow at learning, "he was a bit dim-witted."" Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 at Ulm, Germany, a year later he manufactured electrical supplies. Albert was never happy in school. He did not like to memorize facts and rules. He answered slowly when asked questions because he was very thoughtful. He also asked very difficult questions which made his teachers think that he was trying to make trouble. He was always very unhappy. When Albert was 5 he was given a compass with a magnetic needle from his father, which interested him. Albert's best subjects were Literature and mathematics. In his teenage years he read very deeply into and about science, which was when he already started to wonder about the universe.	338	ENGLISH	1
B. 1608 D. 1674 Of Man?s first disobedience, and the fruitOf that forbidden tree whose mortal tasteBrought death into the world, and all our woe.? Paradise Lost About John Milton John Milton was born in 1608 in Bread Street, Cheapside, the son of a composer and scrivener. He was educated at St Paul's School and Christ's College, Cambridge and seemed destined for the priesthood. However, at Cambridge he began to write poetry in Latin and Italian, as well as English; afterwards he began a period of private study as preparation for a life as a poet or clergyman. His first published work was his poem in praise of Shakespeare, printed anonymously in the second folio of 1632. Milton's father had been a trustee of The Blackfriars theatre where the company for whom Shakespeare wrote and acted, The King's Men, had performed; this is believed to have led to the invitation to Milton to write this tribute to his great predecessor. In 1637, he wrote 'Lycidas', an elegy for his friend, Edward King, who had drowned at sea, and began to prepare to write a great Christian poem. However, for the next twenty years he wrote no poetry in English apart from some sonnets, including ' On the late Massacre at Piedmont'. This was written in response to one of many atrocities perpetrated by supporters of the Catholic Church in their efforts to suppress a religious group known as the Waldensians who rejected the authority of the Pope. Its righteous fury prefigures Milton's later prose work in defence of freedom of thought and conscience. From 1642 onwards, with the outbreak of the Civil War, Milton's energies were diverted to public controversy in defence of liberty. He defended divorce, argued for press freedom, and attacked the excessive power and influence of bishops. After the execution of Charles 1 in 1649, he was appointed Latin Secretary to the Cromwellian Protectorate, writing pamphlets on behalf of the government. But by 1649 his sight was failing and by 1651 he was totally blind; nonetheless he continued in his work, assisted by a series of secretaries including the poet Andrew Marvell. His sonnet 'On his Blindness' accepts his disability without anger, drawing the reader to the famous final line 'They also serve who only stand and wait.' As though in proof of the argument of his sonnet on blindness, he at last wrote the great epic poem he had conceived twenty years before, 'Paradise Lost. This was published in 1667, by which time the monarchy had been restored, two of his books had been burnt in public for sedition, he had been arrested, fined then released into retirement. It tells the story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Its argument is stated by Milton in Book One: “To justify the ways of God to Man”. Its theme is Man's freedom to choose; the poem expresses in a different form the polemics of some of his earlier prose writing. 'Paradise Lost' is powerful and sonorous in some passages, in others subtly suggestive; it is unique in its seriousness of tone, ambition and scale. Milton died of gout in 1674 and was buried beside his father in St Giles', Cripplegate. 'Paradise Lost' caused little stir when published, and for many years Milton's reputation mostly rested on his prose work. However, by the late eighteenth century he was recognised as a master, giving inspiration to, among many other poets, Blake, Wordsworth and Keats. Poems by John Milton Read by Helen Dunmore	<urn:uuid:c485e2ff-bcba-48e2-87a2-0dd51601b33c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://poetryarchive.org/poet/john-milton/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00479.warc.gz	en	0.987642	762	3.671875	4	[ 0.1835518330335617, 0.16810017824172974, 0.11105772107839584, -0.05616425722837448, -0.19699078798294067, 0.10540054738521576, 0.15805763006210327, 0.1686495840549469, -0.06572076678276062, -0.011710655875504017, -0.3617429733276367, -0.0724392756819725, -0.04825513809919357, 0.19970983266...	4	B. 1608 D. 1674 Of Man?s first disobedience, and the fruitOf that forbidden tree whose mortal tasteBrought death into the world, and all our woe.? Paradise Lost About John Milton John Milton was born in 1608 in Bread Street, Cheapside, the son of a composer and scrivener. He was educated at St Paul's School and Christ's College, Cambridge and seemed destined for the priesthood. However, at Cambridge he began to write poetry in Latin and Italian, as well as English; afterwards he began a period of private study as preparation for a life as a poet or clergyman. His first published work was his poem in praise of Shakespeare, printed anonymously in the second folio of 1632. Milton's father had been a trustee of The Blackfriars theatre where the company for whom Shakespeare wrote and acted, The King's Men, had performed; this is believed to have led to the invitation to Milton to write this tribute to his great predecessor. In 1637, he wrote 'Lycidas', an elegy for his friend, Edward King, who had drowned at sea, and began to prepare to write a great Christian poem. However, for the next twenty years he wrote no poetry in English apart from some sonnets, including ' On the late Massacre at Piedmont'. This was written in response to one of many atrocities perpetrated by supporters of the Catholic Church in their efforts to suppress a religious group known as the Waldensians who rejected the authority of the Pope. Its righteous fury prefigures Milton's later prose work in defence of freedom of thought and conscience. From 1642 onwards, with the outbreak of the Civil War, Milton's energies were diverted to public controversy in defence of liberty. He defended divorce, argued for press freedom, and attacked the excessive power and influence of bishops. After the execution of Charles 1 in 1649, he was appointed Latin Secretary to the Cromwellian Protectorate, writing pamphlets on behalf of the government. But by 1649 his sight was failing and by 1651 he was totally blind; nonetheless he continued in his work, assisted by a series of secretaries including the poet Andrew Marvell. His sonnet 'On his Blindness' accepts his disability without anger, drawing the reader to the famous final line 'They also serve who only stand and wait.' As though in proof of the argument of his sonnet on blindness, he at last wrote the great epic poem he had conceived twenty years before, 'Paradise Lost. This was published in 1667, by which time the monarchy had been restored, two of his books had been burnt in public for sedition, he had been arrested, fined then released into retirement. It tells the story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Its argument is stated by Milton in Book One: “To justify the ways of God to Man”. Its theme is Man's freedom to choose; the poem expresses in a different form the polemics of some of his earlier prose writing. 'Paradise Lost' is powerful and sonorous in some passages, in others subtly suggestive; it is unique in its seriousness of tone, ambition and scale. Milton died of gout in 1674 and was buried beside his father in St Giles', Cripplegate. 'Paradise Lost' caused little stir when published, and for many years Milton's reputation mostly rested on his prose work. However, by the late eighteenth century he was recognised as a master, giving inspiration to, among many other poets, Blake, Wordsworth and Keats. Poems by John Milton Read by Helen Dunmore	789	ENGLISH	1
Unicorns have been represented in tapestries and paintings of many famous artists. There are many folklores and theories regarding the existence of a unicorn. A unicorn is a mythical and legendary animal depicted as a beautiful horse with a single horn on its forehead. It is believed that a unicorn has the hind legs of an antelope, the beard of a goat and a tail of a lion. A unicorn is a legendary animal mentioned in many of the Asian and European myths. Many scientists believe a unicorn could have been a distorted form of a rhinoceros. There are many theories based on this magnificent beast. However, there were no records of it being captured by anyone. People of medieval ages believed a unicorn runs silently through the forest and is a savage animal. However, a virgin could tame it. Hence, a unicorn is mainly associated with Virgin Mary. There is also a belief, if the horn of a unicorn were placed on an injury, it would heal the wound. In ancient times, it was believed unicorn’s horn was powerful enough to neutralize the effects of poison in food and drinks. Hence, many cups were made from these horns. However, there is no proof whether these cups were made from the horn of unicorns. Possessing even a fragment of a unicorn’s horn could prolong life of a person, according to the belief of the medieval period. Queen Elizabeth was presented with a narwhal tusk in 1577. During that period it was believed to be a unicorn’s horn. It was valued somewhere between 10,000 and 40,000 pounds. It is still considered as a royal treasure. A beautiful and carved “unicorn horn” was auctioned at Christie’s in London for half million pounds in 1994. Till late 18th century, it was a custom in France to carry a cup made from unicorn horn or a horn of unicorn to test whether the food and drinks were poisoned or not. History of Unicorn Unicorns are mentioned in the folklores of the medieval period. Though, there has been no mention about the unicorns in early Greek myth, it has been mentioned in Greek natural history because historians claim to have come across unicorns in India. The earliest description of a unicorn is found in the works of Ctesias. He has described a unicorn as an animal with a horn on the forehead which is colored white, red, and black. Aristotle had also mentioned unicorn in his works. He has mentioned two one-horned animals – oryx, believed to be an antelope, and an Indian ass. A Roman natural historian Pliny supported his views. Aelian, a Roman author and a rhetoric teacher mentions in his writing about the one-horned horses belonging to India. These horses were sometimes called “carcazonon” or “monoceros. “Carcazonon” in Arabic means “rhinoceros”. A Roman geographer, Strabo, has mentioned about one-horned horses with stag-like heads were found in ancient India. In Chinese mythology, a unicorn is known as a Ki-Lin or Chi-Lin. The ancient Chinese believed a unicorn to be represent great and good things and also as a harbinger of good fortune. According to one of the Chinese legends, Chi-Lin would appear at the time of birth of wise men and emperors. They also believed at the time of birth of a Chinese philosopher and thinker Confucius, a Chi-Lin appeared carrying a piece of imperial jade in its mouth. The prophecy of the baby was written on it. This happened as early as 2700 BC. Unicorn occupies a significant place in Chinese mythology. Chinese believed a Chi-Lin had a very long life and lived up to 1000 years. They considered a unicorn as an embodiment of wisdom and knowledge. Chi-Lin had a beautiful voice and he was extremely gentle animal. However, a Chinese unicorn never resembled a European unicorn. Chi-Lin was a combination of a lion and a dragon, the single horn was short and it grew backwards. The Old Testament of the bible also mention unicorns lived in the “Garden of Eden”. A few theologists claim unicorn perished in the Great Flood while some believe unicorns were good swimmers so survived the catastrophe. They are painted on the European biblical tapestries. The Vikings of Norway traded in the tooth of narwhal, a small whale found in the northern seas. They had not revealed from where they got this tooth for over 300 years. It was during the 17th century, the unicorn horns became popular and people were willing to pay heavily for a small fragment of a horn. It was believed to cure diseases and apparently helped prove whether a noble maiden was a virgin or not. Sightings Of Unicorns “The Traveler’s Tales”, a book written by Sir John Mandeville, narrates the adventures of a traveler. Here he has mentioned unicorn as real animal. His book was considered reliable for many years. Missionaries and monks till the mid 17th century often penned the real sightings of unicorn. The two famous warriors who were associated with the sightings of Unicorn were Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great. Historians state Alexander the Great had a few encounters with an animal called Bucephalus. It is said the head of the animal resembled a lion and the body that of a horse. Roman historians claim, Julius Caesar had once described unicorns as unique animals that looked like “ox-like stags”. He also mentioned a horn in the forehead that was straight and long. The unicorn is a mystical creature. Some of the seals found during the Indus Valley Civilization have portrayed an animal with a horn.	<urn:uuid:5a6a84bd-27bd-42b4-b1e1-e7e10c9d0b5d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mysticurious.com/unicorn-facts	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00526.warc.gz	en	0.984166	1,200	3.5	4	[ -0.06576657295227051, -0.11249219626188278, 0.22030720114707947, 0.04290744662284851, -0.09506691992282867, 0.03590577095746994, 0.0430135652422905, 0.26314738392829895, 0.21205301582813263, 0.3789549469947815, 0.0614449642598629, -0.7608846426010132, 0.20112645626068115, -0.30118745565414...	7	Unicorns have been represented in tapestries and paintings of many famous artists. There are many folklores and theories regarding the existence of a unicorn. A unicorn is a mythical and legendary animal depicted as a beautiful horse with a single horn on its forehead. It is believed that a unicorn has the hind legs of an antelope, the beard of a goat and a tail of a lion. A unicorn is a legendary animal mentioned in many of the Asian and European myths. Many scientists believe a unicorn could have been a distorted form of a rhinoceros. There are many theories based on this magnificent beast. However, there were no records of it being captured by anyone. People of medieval ages believed a unicorn runs silently through the forest and is a savage animal. However, a virgin could tame it. Hence, a unicorn is mainly associated with Virgin Mary. There is also a belief, if the horn of a unicorn were placed on an injury, it would heal the wound. In ancient times, it was believed unicorn’s horn was powerful enough to neutralize the effects of poison in food and drinks. Hence, many cups were made from these horns. However, there is no proof whether these cups were made from the horn of unicorns. Possessing even a fragment of a unicorn’s horn could prolong life of a person, according to the belief of the medieval period. Queen Elizabeth was presented with a narwhal tusk in 1577. During that period it was believed to be a unicorn’s horn. It was valued somewhere between 10,000 and 40,000 pounds. It is still considered as a royal treasure. A beautiful and carved “unicorn horn” was auctioned at Christie’s in London for half million pounds in 1994. Till late 18th century, it was a custom in France to carry a cup made from unicorn horn or a horn of unicorn to test whether the food and drinks were poisoned or not. History of Unicorn Unicorns are mentioned in the folklores of the medieval period. Though, there has been no mention about the unicorns in early Greek myth, it has been mentioned in Greek natural history because historians claim to have come across unicorns in India. The earliest description of a unicorn is found in the works of Ctesias. He has described a unicorn as an animal with a horn on the forehead which is colored white, red, and black. Aristotle had also mentioned unicorn in his works. He has mentioned two one-horned animals – oryx, believed to be an antelope, and an Indian ass. A Roman natural historian Pliny supported his views. Aelian, a Roman author and a rhetoric teacher mentions in his writing about the one-horned horses belonging to India. These horses were sometimes called “carcazonon” or “monoceros. “Carcazonon” in Arabic means “rhinoceros”. A Roman geographer, Strabo, has mentioned about one-horned horses with stag-like heads were found in ancient India. In Chinese mythology, a unicorn is known as a Ki-Lin or Chi-Lin. The ancient Chinese believed a unicorn to be represent great and good things and also as a harbinger of good fortune. According to one of the Chinese legends, Chi-Lin would appear at the time of birth of wise men and emperors. They also believed at the time of birth of a Chinese philosopher and thinker Confucius, a Chi-Lin appeared carrying a piece of imperial jade in its mouth. The prophecy of the baby was written on it. This happened as early as 2700 BC. Unicorn occupies a significant place in Chinese mythology. Chinese believed a Chi-Lin had a very long life and lived up to 1000 years. They considered a unicorn as an embodiment of wisdom and knowledge. Chi-Lin had a beautiful voice and he was extremely gentle animal. However, a Chinese unicorn never resembled a European unicorn. Chi-Lin was a combination of a lion and a dragon, the single horn was short and it grew backwards. The Old Testament of the bible also mention unicorns lived in the “Garden of Eden”. A few theologists claim unicorn perished in the Great Flood while some believe unicorns were good swimmers so survived the catastrophe. They are painted on the European biblical tapestries. The Vikings of Norway traded in the tooth of narwhal, a small whale found in the northern seas. They had not revealed from where they got this tooth for over 300 years. It was during the 17th century, the unicorn horns became popular and people were willing to pay heavily for a small fragment of a horn. It was believed to cure diseases and apparently helped prove whether a noble maiden was a virgin or not. Sightings Of Unicorns “The Traveler’s Tales”, a book written by Sir John Mandeville, narrates the adventures of a traveler. Here he has mentioned unicorn as real animal. His book was considered reliable for many years. Missionaries and monks till the mid 17th century often penned the real sightings of unicorn. The two famous warriors who were associated with the sightings of Unicorn were Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great. Historians state Alexander the Great had a few encounters with an animal called Bucephalus. It is said the head of the animal resembled a lion and the body that of a horse. Roman historians claim, Julius Caesar had once described unicorns as unique animals that looked like “ox-like stags”. He also mentioned a horn in the forehead that was straight and long. The unicorn is a mystical creature. Some of the seals found during the Indus Valley Civilization have portrayed an animal with a horn.	1,179	ENGLISH	1
The buzz surrounding Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) has been getting louder since 2012. Few people even remember that the first MOOC was hosted in 2008, long before the hype of 2012. The original MOOCs were all about connecting people and enabling them to learn. The xMOOCs of 2012 posed challenges largely because they focused much more on delivering learning content to people rather than on networked learning. Some assessments and monitoring of progress have been incorporated into MOOCs, even into the xMOOCs of 2012, but is this really new? The first online learning courses became visible to the public in the late 1990s when learning management systems such as WebCT were developed, but even these were also not the first online courses. Online courses were offered much earlier than this, using online technology MUDs (multi-user domains). These were mostly text-based environments where a few people could meet up at a pre-determined time to speak via text-chat. The graphics of the virtual world had to be described in words at that time, because the bandwidth and computers could not present graphics as they do today. The biggest differences between the learning management systems (LMSs) of the 1990s and the MOOCs of the 2010s are the scale and the acceptance of larger numbers of learners. When LMSs first emerged, they tried to emulate the face-to-face classroom with 25 or so learners. Educators argued that no more than this number could be effectively taught at one time. If this is the case, one may wonder how 400 people could be taught in an auditorium! MOOCs have broken the numbers barrier. It has been shown that thousands of people can be provided with learning content at the same time. With the advances in technology, bandwidth and computing power, thousands of people can complete questionnaires online and submit them for automated assessment. There is little new about the concept of multiple-choice assessments as these were used in classroom and traditional distance education settings decades earlier.. MOOCs are beginning to include ways to network people better, which may help to improve their reputation as viable learning environments. It might be that the evolution of the MOOCs will increase the numbers of people who are able to access useful courses, and the emerging systems of networked learning and assessment will help many people to develop new skills. The numbers are increasing due to cleverer use of technologies that are currently available. Older, more tried technologies such as print, telecommunications and online learning have been used as far as they can and the MOOC is just one more step in the evolution towards expanding learning opportunities. Submitted on 1 January 2014. First published on . Are MOOCs really "new"?	<urn:uuid:1561183c-35ff-4acc-aae8-ee9f2c2b68fd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://paulwest.org/are-moocs-really-new.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00273.warc.gz	en	0.980492	559	3.28125	3	[ -0.22951370477676392, -0.16342692077159882, 0.26302653551101685, -0.24278859794139862, -0.17721837759017944, 0.02511696331202984, -0.424431711435318, 0.15507599711418152, -0.04521861672401428, -0.1832907795906067, 0.3019487261772156, 0.13587777316570282, -0.052896469831466675, 0.2191411256...	2	The buzz surrounding Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) has been getting louder since 2012. Few people even remember that the first MOOC was hosted in 2008, long before the hype of 2012. The original MOOCs were all about connecting people and enabling them to learn. The xMOOCs of 2012 posed challenges largely because they focused much more on delivering learning content to people rather than on networked learning. Some assessments and monitoring of progress have been incorporated into MOOCs, even into the xMOOCs of 2012, but is this really new? The first online learning courses became visible to the public in the late 1990s when learning management systems such as WebCT were developed, but even these were also not the first online courses. Online courses were offered much earlier than this, using online technology MUDs (multi-user domains). These were mostly text-based environments where a few people could meet up at a pre-determined time to speak via text-chat. The graphics of the virtual world had to be described in words at that time, because the bandwidth and computers could not present graphics as they do today. The biggest differences between the learning management systems (LMSs) of the 1990s and the MOOCs of the 2010s are the scale and the acceptance of larger numbers of learners. When LMSs first emerged, they tried to emulate the face-to-face classroom with 25 or so learners. Educators argued that no more than this number could be effectively taught at one time. If this is the case, one may wonder how 400 people could be taught in an auditorium! MOOCs have broken the numbers barrier. It has been shown that thousands of people can be provided with learning content at the same time. With the advances in technology, bandwidth and computing power, thousands of people can complete questionnaires online and submit them for automated assessment. There is little new about the concept of multiple-choice assessments as these were used in classroom and traditional distance education settings decades earlier.. MOOCs are beginning to include ways to network people better, which may help to improve their reputation as viable learning environments. It might be that the evolution of the MOOCs will increase the numbers of people who are able to access useful courses, and the emerging systems of networked learning and assessment will help many people to develop new skills. The numbers are increasing due to cleverer use of technologies that are currently available. Older, more tried technologies such as print, telecommunications and online learning have been used as far as they can and the MOOC is just one more step in the evolution towards expanding learning opportunities. Submitted on 1 January 2014. First published on . Are MOOCs really "new"?	585	ENGLISH	1
“It happened that on the same day on which the sanctuary had been profaned by the foreigners, the purification of the sanctuary took place, that is, on the twenty-fifth day of the same month, which was Chislev. They celebrated it for eight days with rejoicing, in the manner of the festival of booths. They remembered how not long before, during the feast of booths, they had been wandering in the mountains and caves like wild animals. Therefore bearing ivy-wreathed wands and beautiful branches with also fronds of palm, they offered hymns of thanksgiving to him who had given success to the purifying of his own holy place. They decreed by public edict, ratified by vote, that the whole nation of the Jews should observe these days every year. Such then was the end of King Antiochus, who was called Epiphanes.” This is very reminiscent of 1 Maccabees, chapter 4. However, the festival of booths was usually in September, but Chislev is December. As they were not able to celebrate it then, they celebrated it here for 8 days. This might be the source of Hanukkah. This took place 2 years to the day that the profanation of the Temple took place. It is the same time frame as the story in Esther. Yet it is reminiscent of the restoration of the Temple of King Hezekiah in 2 Chronicles, chapter 29. Here there is an official decree that is voted upon. This is the first mention of any kind of vote. Previously, questions were answered by lot. Perhaps this is the Greek influence. Nevertheless, this is the end of King Antiochus IV as now they have a restored Temple in Jerusalem to celebrate and remember.	<urn:uuid:df8ce336-f8b1-4836-96c9-c08de1b7fab5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://efinne1540.wordpress.com/2015/06/16/the-celebration-2-macc-105-109/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251737572.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127235617-20200128025617-00481.warc.gz	en	0.986873	361	3.3125	3	[ -0.15597660839557648, 0.3327714502811432, 0.08617222309112549, 0.0021698037162423134, -0.4430782198905945, -0.17562738060951233, 0.2372567057609558, -0.0013718955451622605, 0.2613092064857483, 0.3546571433544159, -0.17470240592956543, 0.11595664918422699, -0.23878450691699982, 0.1975987106...	17	“It happened that on the same day on which the sanctuary had been profaned by the foreigners, the purification of the sanctuary took place, that is, on the twenty-fifth day of the same month, which was Chislev. They celebrated it for eight days with rejoicing, in the manner of the festival of booths. They remembered how not long before, during the feast of booths, they had been wandering in the mountains and caves like wild animals. Therefore bearing ivy-wreathed wands and beautiful branches with also fronds of palm, they offered hymns of thanksgiving to him who had given success to the purifying of his own holy place. They decreed by public edict, ratified by vote, that the whole nation of the Jews should observe these days every year. Such then was the end of King Antiochus, who was called Epiphanes.” This is very reminiscent of 1 Maccabees, chapter 4. However, the festival of booths was usually in September, but Chislev is December. As they were not able to celebrate it then, they celebrated it here for 8 days. This might be the source of Hanukkah. This took place 2 years to the day that the profanation of the Temple took place. It is the same time frame as the story in Esther. Yet it is reminiscent of the restoration of the Temple of King Hezekiah in 2 Chronicles, chapter 29. Here there is an official decree that is voted upon. This is the first mention of any kind of vote. Previously, questions were answered by lot. Perhaps this is the Greek influence. Nevertheless, this is the end of King Antiochus IV as now they have a restored Temple in Jerusalem to celebrate and remember.	364	ENGLISH	1
A storage house Like all buildings found on the traditional Norwegian farm, the stabbur had a clear purpose: it was a building designed for the storage of food. Sometimes, people also used it for the storage of precious clothing. Like most Norwegian buildings it was made of wood – using the old log cabin technique. The storehouse comes in many shapes and sizes. For the most part, it is instantly recognisable. Some of the existing buildings are very old – and some are beautifully crafted. The stabbur would typically consist of one or two floors – and was elevated from the ground – standing on stilts or pillars – made of wood or stone. They would be shaped in a certain way – often with a wide stone slate on top – preventing mice and other rodents from finding their way in. For the same reason, there would be a gap between the outside stairs – and the building itself. Husmann \| what is a cotter and a cotter’s holding? \| Norway Filled for a long, dark and cold winter Every autumn, the storehouse was filled to the brim, with food for a long – dark – and cold winter. The stabbur had no fireplace, so the food stored there had to tolerate low temperatures. More often than not there would be no windows in the stabbur walls. This was to make sure that it was as cool as possible during the summer – and not too cold during the winter. If the building had two floors, then flour and flatbread – butter and cheese – and dried, smoked or salted meat and fish – were often stored on the ground floor. The unground grain often on the top floor. Through his novels, the author Jacob Breda Bull paints images of nature and daily life in the old farming communities. In his book Eline Vangen – set in Rendalen in Østerdalen – he writes about the farmer, Trond, walking through his stabbur one autumn day. The storehouse was filled to the brim with all the food that the farm could provide. They were ready for the long winter ahead. Lock and key The storehouse door was often the only one with a lock. The mistress of the farm was the keeper of the key – a sign of her undisputed status. The old Viking laws The stabbur is mentioned as early as in the 900s, in the Gulating law. The stabbur was one of three buildings a tenant farmer had to make sure was in top shape, whenever ending his tenancy. The other two were the residential farmhouse and the cook and wash house (eldhuset or bryggerhuset). The lawmakers were very clear on one specific point: should you come across a man – in your storehouse – someone who had stolen from you – then you could strike him dead on the spot. A brutal entry, emphasising people’s need and right to protect their vital food supply. The bell tower Finding a bell tower at the top of the stabbur roof was not typical for all parts of Norway – but you would see them in many places. More so on the larger farms of the community. The bell had a practical purpose – but also an element of prestige. The bell was used to call the land-workers for food and rest. The following daily pattern comes from the farm Holstad in Ås, Akershus, Norway. It says a lot about the work rhythm on the farms in earlier times. The working day would begin at 06:00. The first bell of the day would be at 08.00 when it called the workers back in for breakfast after they had been tending to the domestic animals. It also tolled at 11.30 for dinner – and then again between 13.00 to 13.30, arousing the workers from their midday rest. Later it called them home for some food at 16:00 – and then lastly to mark the end of the working day at 19.00. The bell was usually only used during spring, summer and autumn. For many, the first sound of the bell was a cherished sign of spring. Maybe one day The old storehouse can be found on a large number of farms, even today – now often empty reminders of the past. The use of the buildings dramatically changed after the Second World War. Then electricity and modern appliances found their way into the old world. Who knows, maybe one day the storehouse will reclaim its age-old status, and once again play a vital role, in the life of the Norwegians. Main sources: “Vår gamle bondekultur 1” by Kristoffer Visted and Hilmar Stigum – J.W.Cappelens Forlag 1971, \| “Matklokka” by Andreas Ropeid – Norsk etnologisk gransking, 1985. \| “Eline Vangen” by Jacob Breda Bull – Gyldendal Norsk Forlag 1937.	<urn:uuid:498f0826-ee1a-48c3-9d8c-dfbf52557291>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://talknorway.no/stabbur-the-food-storehouse-on-the-old-norwegian-farm/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00031.warc.gz	en	0.980269	1,048	3.421875	3	[ 0.25266265869140625, 0.6261275410652161, 0.28530627489089966, 0.2678980231285095, 0.5493882894515991, -0.1611800491809845, -0.048690784722566605, -0.07222210615873337, -0.2472255378961563, -0.1220753937959671, -0.18543411791324615, -0.4392048120498657, -0.024976734071969986, 0.277013719081...	1	A storage house Like all buildings found on the traditional Norwegian farm, the stabbur had a clear purpose: it was a building designed for the storage of food. Sometimes, people also used it for the storage of precious clothing. Like most Norwegian buildings it was made of wood – using the old log cabin technique. The storehouse comes in many shapes and sizes. For the most part, it is instantly recognisable. Some of the existing buildings are very old – and some are beautifully crafted. The stabbur would typically consist of one or two floors – and was elevated from the ground – standing on stilts or pillars – made of wood or stone. They would be shaped in a certain way – often with a wide stone slate on top – preventing mice and other rodents from finding their way in. For the same reason, there would be a gap between the outside stairs – and the building itself. Husmann \| what is a cotter and a cotter’s holding? \| Norway Filled for a long, dark and cold winter Every autumn, the storehouse was filled to the brim, with food for a long – dark – and cold winter. The stabbur had no fireplace, so the food stored there had to tolerate low temperatures. More often than not there would be no windows in the stabbur walls. This was to make sure that it was as cool as possible during the summer – and not too cold during the winter. If the building had two floors, then flour and flatbread – butter and cheese – and dried, smoked or salted meat and fish – were often stored on the ground floor. The unground grain often on the top floor. Through his novels, the author Jacob Breda Bull paints images of nature and daily life in the old farming communities. In his book Eline Vangen – set in Rendalen in Østerdalen – he writes about the farmer, Trond, walking through his stabbur one autumn day. The storehouse was filled to the brim with all the food that the farm could provide. They were ready for the long winter ahead. Lock and key The storehouse door was often the only one with a lock. The mistress of the farm was the keeper of the key – a sign of her undisputed status. The old Viking laws The stabbur is mentioned as early as in the 900s, in the Gulating law. The stabbur was one of three buildings a tenant farmer had to make sure was in top shape, whenever ending his tenancy. The other two were the residential farmhouse and the cook and wash house (eldhuset or bryggerhuset). The lawmakers were very clear on one specific point: should you come across a man – in your storehouse – someone who had stolen from you – then you could strike him dead on the spot. A brutal entry, emphasising people’s need and right to protect their vital food supply. The bell tower Finding a bell tower at the top of the stabbur roof was not typical for all parts of Norway – but you would see them in many places. More so on the larger farms of the community. The bell had a practical purpose – but also an element of prestige. The bell was used to call the land-workers for food and rest. The following daily pattern comes from the farm Holstad in Ås, Akershus, Norway. It says a lot about the work rhythm on the farms in earlier times. The working day would begin at 06:00. The first bell of the day would be at 08.00 when it called the workers back in for breakfast after they had been tending to the domestic animals. It also tolled at 11.30 for dinner – and then again between 13.00 to 13.30, arousing the workers from their midday rest. Later it called them home for some food at 16:00 – and then lastly to mark the end of the working day at 19.00. The bell was usually only used during spring, summer and autumn. For many, the first sound of the bell was a cherished sign of spring. Maybe one day The old storehouse can be found on a large number of farms, even today – now often empty reminders of the past. The use of the buildings dramatically changed after the Second World War. Then electricity and modern appliances found their way into the old world. Who knows, maybe one day the storehouse will reclaim its age-old status, and once again play a vital role, in the life of the Norwegians. Main sources: “Vår gamle bondekultur 1” by Kristoffer Visted and Hilmar Stigum – J.W.Cappelens Forlag 1971, \| “Matklokka” by Andreas Ropeid – Norsk etnologisk gransking, 1985. \| “Eline Vangen” by Jacob Breda Bull – Gyldendal Norsk Forlag 1937.	1,042	ENGLISH	1
Crime and punishment are two concepts that are vital to the harmony and peaceful co-existence of a state. The goal of every society is that every inhabitant should pursue his interest and aspirations without fear or hindrance from another co-inhabitant. In securing this, every community of man has always put in place rules and norms that regulate the interaction of the inhabitants. Certain...Read more 9898 Crime and Punishment In 1865, Dostoevsky was heavily in debt, having taken on his brother Mikhail’s debts after he died and amassing his own through gambling. Desperate, he signed an agreement with bookseller F. T. Stellovsky, promising that if he did not hand Stellovsky a manuscript by November 1, 1866, Stellovsky would be given the rights to all Dostoevsky’s past and future works. Having done this, he fled abroad to escape his creditors in July of 1865. At this point, Dostoevsky had two works planned: “The Drunkards,” which was to be a long novel concerning what he called “the current problem of drunkenness.” The other sprang from an idea that had come to him in prison: an exploration of what he called “the psychological account of a crime.” Dostoevsky had expected to complete “The Drunkards” quickly but instead became immersed in the second work. In September of 1865 he sent a detailed outline of it to Mikhail Katkov, the editor of the Russian Herald. His original conception of the work was as a short novel told in the first person by the criminal, who commits murder “under the influence of some of those strange, ‘incomplete’ ideas which go floating about in the air,” as Dostoevsky put it. These “ideas” would be the radical social ideologies that gripped Russia in the 1860’s, particularly Nihilism, which was emerging around the time Dostoevsky was beginning work on what would be Crime and Punishment. (The Nihilists advocated the complete destruction of the social order, without giving any theory of what would replace it.) Dostoevsky’s own experimentation with social radicalism and his consequent imprisonment and suffering had a great impact on his voice and on the development of Crime and Punishment. Much of the book’s message revolves around his argument that the Western-influenced theories and emphasis on rationalism were not only incompatible with Russian society and history but even dangerous to them. The character of Raskolnikov is the vehicle through which Dostoevsky makes this point. In December of 1865, Dostoevsky wrote to his friend Baron Vrangel that this work had grown into “a big novel, in six parts. I had much of it written and ready by the end of November. I burned it all. Now I can confess it. I wasn’t pleased with it myself. A new form, a new plan captivated me and so I began over again.” The new version maintained much of the hero’s original characteristics, but it was not told in the first person and the plot was thickened to include the sub-stories of Dunya and Sonya. In January 1866 the first part of the novel appeared in the Russian Herald, but Dostoevsky still had some unresolved issues to work out. His extensive notes show him still trying to develop Sonya’s character (she was at one point rigorous and outspoken) and Raskolnikov’s motive for committing the crime. He continued to be busy with Crime and Punishment until the fall, when he had to rush to complete The Gambler for Stellovsky and, to the great benefit of mankind and world literature, save for himself the rights to his own work. Crime and Punishment was completed in November and published to prodigious success. Today, criminals are punished for their crimes by going to jail or prison or being on probation. But what was it like in Ancient Greece? After the Dark Ages, about 1200-900 BC, the Ancient Greeks had no official laws or punishments. Murders were settled by the victims family killing the murderer, but this was difficult if they were elderly or female. This often began endless blood feuds. It...Read more 4602 Lesson 1: 1. Raskolnikov lives under the roof directly above his landlady in a small, tight garret surrounded by dusty yellow wallpaper and with nothing but a “clumsy” couch, an unlevel table with three unpainted chairs, and a few books covered in dust from abandonment. The area where he resides in could be described as the lower end of the socio-economic spectrum. The inhabitants include...Read more 3188 The novels The Stranger by Albert Camus and Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky are both murder novels that explores the inner thoughts of the killers. Camus and Dostoevsky wrote novels that portrays a young man committing murder and how the young man faces the consequences and deals with the horrible crime the which he has committed. Albert Camus and Fyodor Dostoevsky uses two different...Read more 2641 The central theme of Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, is humans finding salvation through suffering. All of the characters in the work of literature experience some sort of internal or external suffering. The main character Raskolnikov must grow and realize this to overcome his conflicts and reach the salvation of peace within. Dostoevsky’s concentration and focus is on why...Read more 2068 Crime and Punishment – Raskolnikov’s Extraordinary Man Theory: In the novel, Crime and Punishment, the principle character, Raskolnikov, has unknowingly published a collection of his thoughts on crime and punishment via an article entitled “On Crime. ” Porfiry, who is trying to link Raskolnikov to a murder, has uncovered this article, read it, and tells Raskolnikov that...Read more 2048 During the Elizabethan Era, crime and punishment was a brutal source of punishments towards criminals. The term “crime and punishment” was a series of punishments and penalties the government gave towards the people who broke the laws. In William Harrison’s article “Crime and Punishment in Elizabethan England”, says that “the concept of incarcerating a person as punishment for a crime was a...Read more 1960 “If he has a conscience he will suffer for his mistake. That will be punishment-as well as the prison. ” (Dostoyevsky 336). Guilt is commonly understood to be an emotion that results as an outcome of an evil act. However, is it always this simple? No human being with any sense has the ability to commit an atrocious crime without some feeling of guilt or remorse afterwards. Gradually...Read more 1781 By saying this Raskolnikov suggests that men are capable of doing whatever they wish, and the only thing that holds them back are their fears. Because of this Raskolnikov wonders what man’s greatest fear is, and with that comes the one thing that no man is capable of doing.[/trx_quote] Quotes About Crime And Punishment This is a passage from the letter that Rodion’s mother sent to...Read more 1716 Dreams often connote mystery and fantasy. Somehow, they offer something complex for people to understand. It is as if they have their own incomprehensible language. It was only when Sigmund Freud revealed his theory in the nineteen century about dreams that people finally got answers for their questions. Although there are sound theories nowadays that one way or another explains the nature and...Read more 1610 In the Elizabethan era, doing a crime was the worst mistake of all, depending on how big your crime was, people had to know that their lives were at risk. Every crime was big before, even “crimes of treason and offenses against the state were treated with that murder and rape today. ”(Elizabethan Crime and Punishment) “Offenses such as manslaughter, robbery, rape, piracy and capital crimes...Read more 1547 Crime and Punishment: How does Hammurabi’s Code translate into modern society? In order to understand crime, it’s factors, and it’s transcendence through time, we must first realize the source of aggression. At some point during human history, man turned on himself and began attacking others within his species, whether it was a result of a territorial, sexual, or other type of conflict...Read more 1546	<urn:uuid:f38c4f5a-8729-4b5b-b736-06e16be09c21>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://freebooksummary.com/category/crime-and-punishment	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00426.warc.gz	en	0.980773	1,834	3.40625	3	[ -0.2252032607793808, -0.0769529640674591, -0.18211093544960022, -0.015656370669603348, -0.11167115718126297, -0.12754054367542267, 0.4037434756755829, 0.1575736701488495, 0.36528515815734863, -0.006527801975607872, -0.2919745147228241, 0.29783329367637634, -0.04491246119141579, 0.403377175...	1	Crime and punishment are two concepts that are vital to the harmony and peaceful co-existence of a state. The goal of every society is that every inhabitant should pursue his interest and aspirations without fear or hindrance from another co-inhabitant. In securing this, every community of man has always put in place rules and norms that regulate the interaction of the inhabitants. Certain...Read more 9898 Crime and Punishment In 1865, Dostoevsky was heavily in debt, having taken on his brother Mikhail’s debts after he died and amassing his own through gambling. Desperate, he signed an agreement with bookseller F. T. Stellovsky, promising that if he did not hand Stellovsky a manuscript by November 1, 1866, Stellovsky would be given the rights to all Dostoevsky’s past and future works. Having done this, he fled abroad to escape his creditors in July of 1865. At this point, Dostoevsky had two works planned: “The Drunkards,” which was to be a long novel concerning what he called “the current problem of drunkenness.” The other sprang from an idea that had come to him in prison: an exploration of what he called “the psychological account of a crime.” Dostoevsky had expected to complete “The Drunkards” quickly but instead became immersed in the second work. In September of 1865 he sent a detailed outline of it to Mikhail Katkov, the editor of the Russian Herald. His original conception of the work was as a short novel told in the first person by the criminal, who commits murder “under the influence of some of those strange, ‘incomplete’ ideas which go floating about in the air,” as Dostoevsky put it. These “ideas” would be the radical social ideologies that gripped Russia in the 1860’s, particularly Nihilism, which was emerging around the time Dostoevsky was beginning work on what would be Crime and Punishment. (The Nihilists advocated the complete destruction of the social order, without giving any theory of what would replace it.) Dostoevsky’s own experimentation with social radicalism and his consequent imprisonment and suffering had a great impact on his voice and on the development of Crime and Punishment. Much of the book’s message revolves around his argument that the Western-influenced theories and emphasis on rationalism were not only incompatible with Russian society and history but even dangerous to them. The character of Raskolnikov is the vehicle through which Dostoevsky makes this point. In December of 1865, Dostoevsky wrote to his friend Baron Vrangel that this work had grown into “a big novel, in six parts. I had much of it written and ready by the end of November. I burned it all. Now I can confess it. I wasn’t pleased with it myself. A new form, a new plan captivated me and so I began over again.” The new version maintained much of the hero’s original characteristics, but it was not told in the first person and the plot was thickened to include the sub-stories of Dunya and Sonya. In January 1866 the first part of the novel appeared in the Russian Herald, but Dostoevsky still had some unresolved issues to work out. His extensive notes show him still trying to develop Sonya’s character (she was at one point rigorous and outspoken) and Raskolnikov’s motive for committing the crime. He continued to be busy with Crime and Punishment until the fall, when he had to rush to complete The Gambler for Stellovsky and, to the great benefit of mankind and world literature, save for himself the rights to his own work. Crime and Punishment was completed in November and published to prodigious success. Today, criminals are punished for their crimes by going to jail or prison or being on probation. But what was it like in Ancient Greece? After the Dark Ages, about 1200-900 BC, the Ancient Greeks had no official laws or punishments. Murders were settled by the victims family killing the murderer, but this was difficult if they were elderly or female. This often began endless blood feuds. It...Read more 4602 Lesson 1: 1. Raskolnikov lives under the roof directly above his landlady in a small, tight garret surrounded by dusty yellow wallpaper and with nothing but a “clumsy” couch, an unlevel table with three unpainted chairs, and a few books covered in dust from abandonment. The area where he resides in could be described as the lower end of the socio-economic spectrum. The inhabitants include...Read more 3188 The novels The Stranger by Albert Camus and Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky are both murder novels that explores the inner thoughts of the killers. Camus and Dostoevsky wrote novels that portrays a young man committing murder and how the young man faces the consequences and deals with the horrible crime the which he has committed. Albert Camus and Fyodor Dostoevsky uses two different...Read more 2641 The central theme of Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, is humans finding salvation through suffering. All of the characters in the work of literature experience some sort of internal or external suffering. The main character Raskolnikov must grow and realize this to overcome his conflicts and reach the salvation of peace within. Dostoevsky’s concentration and focus is on why...Read more 2068 Crime and Punishment – Raskolnikov’s Extraordinary Man Theory: In the novel, Crime and Punishment, the principle character, Raskolnikov, has unknowingly published a collection of his thoughts on crime and punishment via an article entitled “On Crime. ” Porfiry, who is trying to link Raskolnikov to a murder, has uncovered this article, read it, and tells Raskolnikov that...Read more 2048 During the Elizabethan Era, crime and punishment was a brutal source of punishments towards criminals. The term “crime and punishment” was a series of punishments and penalties the government gave towards the people who broke the laws. In William Harrison’s article “Crime and Punishment in Elizabethan England”, says that “the concept of incarcerating a person as punishment for a crime was a...Read more 1960 “If he has a conscience he will suffer for his mistake. That will be punishment-as well as the prison. ” (Dostoyevsky 336). Guilt is commonly understood to be an emotion that results as an outcome of an evil act. However, is it always this simple? No human being with any sense has the ability to commit an atrocious crime without some feeling of guilt or remorse afterwards. Gradually...Read more 1781 By saying this Raskolnikov suggests that men are capable of doing whatever they wish, and the only thing that holds them back are their fears. Because of this Raskolnikov wonders what man’s greatest fear is, and with that comes the one thing that no man is capable of doing.[/trx_quote] Quotes About Crime And Punishment This is a passage from the letter that Rodion’s mother sent to...Read more 1716 Dreams often connote mystery and fantasy. Somehow, they offer something complex for people to understand. It is as if they have their own incomprehensible language. It was only when Sigmund Freud revealed his theory in the nineteen century about dreams that people finally got answers for their questions. Although there are sound theories nowadays that one way or another explains the nature and...Read more 1610 In the Elizabethan era, doing a crime was the worst mistake of all, depending on how big your crime was, people had to know that their lives were at risk. Every crime was big before, even “crimes of treason and offenses against the state were treated with that murder and rape today. ”(Elizabethan Crime and Punishment) “Offenses such as manslaughter, robbery, rape, piracy and capital crimes...Read more 1547 Crime and Punishment: How does Hammurabi’s Code translate into modern society? In order to understand crime, it’s factors, and it’s transcendence through time, we must first realize the source of aggression. At some point during human history, man turned on himself and began attacking others within his species, whether it was a result of a territorial, sexual, or other type of conflict...Read more 1546	1,835	ENGLISH	1
The Shah kings of Nepal, originally belonging to the Ruling House of Gorkha, played a very important part in bringing about the unification of Nepal. Just as Italy was united by the agency of the small Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, so was Nepal united by the rulers of Gorkha, the small hilly state 65 miles west of Kathmandu. We have seen that the credit for founding the Ruling House of Gurkha belongs to Dravya Shah. Long before Prtihvinarayan Shah embarked upon his ambitious scheme for the incorporation of the Valley in Kathmandu in his kingdom, he predecessors like Ram Shah had already established a name and reputation for themselves as just and far rulers not only among the people of Gorkha but also in the whole of the mountain region. Ram Shah’s name became a household word among the people in the entire mountain region because he had succeeded in introducing standard weights and measures that proved acceptable almost everywhere in the neighboring principalities. Ram Shah’s arbitration and disputes between the Kingdoms of hills were always sought for and accepted. The adage that’ if you do not receive justice, you have to go to Gorkha’ came into vogue about this time. Prithvi Narayan Shah was a descendant of Dravya Shah at the ninth generation and of Ram Shah at the seventh. The emergence of Prithvinarayan, as a strong monarch in the prevailing chaos and uncertainty at the time of breakdown of the tribal era, was a major factor in the growth of Nepalese nationalism. It was the Gorkhali conquest that gave the country unity and a strong central government. The present Kingdom of Nepal in itself stands as a lasting tribute to the foresight and vision of the Gorkhali rulers and, in a way, represents a full measure of their magnanimity. The military conquests and annexations of Prithvinarayan and his immediate successors are not so much remarkable in themselves as for the manner in which they led to fleeing of unity and patriotism among the people a whole. Members of the diverse tribes inhaling Nepal joined the Gokhali Army that was ever triumphantly on the march and thus became co-partners in the name tradition of Gorkha. It is of pride in the name and tradition of Gorkha. It is noteworthy that even to this day anyone coming from anywhere in Nepal, irrespective of his caste or religion passes for a Gurkha outside Nepal, and so great is the sense of pride felt by all the Nepalese for the name and tradition of Gorkha that even social and political organizations of the Nepalese domiciled in India and elsewhere are often called Gorkha. Prithvi Narayan Shah is the hero whose prowess the Nepalese nation owes its existence. By his valiant deeds, Prithvinarayan transformed Gorkhali nationalism into Nepali nationalism and made it immensely more potent and effective. Ram Shah had extended the kingdom of Gorkha to Rasuwa on the north and to the Trisuli River on the west. Prithvi Narayan in the late eighteenth century had very little hope of being able to extend his kingdom farther west because there it was bounded by big and powerful principalities like Palpa, Lamjung, and Parvat. Nothing was to be gained by proceeding towards the barren, bleak region of Tibet on the north. He had no means of extending towards the South. Only one direction remained open to him: eastwards, towards the Nepal Valley. Prithvi Narayan set himself to prepare for the conquest of Nuwakot towards the east as soon as he became King. After his conquest of Nuwakot, Prithvinarayan had the mountains caped and explored and set up outposts on the highest point. Once Kathmandu fell into his hands, it did not take him long to take possession of Patan and Bhadgaon. Thus, the Nepal valley came under the control of Prithvinarayan. A great nation was born. The Gorkhali nation transformed itself into the Nepalese nation. The brave Gorkhali and the artistic Newar became compatriots. Kathmandu now became the center of the loyalty and patriotism of the Magars Gurngs, Newars-all who now composed of the new nation of Nepal. The consolidation of this newly-acquired political power confronted Prithvinarayan with several problems. He has both internal and external enemies to face. Not long before he acquired control of the Kathmandu Valley, he had successfully repulsed the attack on its led by Kinloch through Sindhuli. Now he had to expel the Capuchin missionaries and the Gosains, who were settled in the valley and were plotting against the newly established state. The saying that ‘With the merchant comes to the musket, and with the Bible comes the bayonet’ had gained wide currency those days. As soon as Prithvinarayan was infirm to control of Nepal Valley, he set himself to the task of incorporating the Kirat land into his kingdom. Both sections of the ancient race of the Kirats-the Rais and the Limbus- accepted his dominance. In this way, the ancient glory of the Kirats also became a part of the new Nepali nation. And thus did the new nation acquire its cohesion, traditions and skills, its bravery and strength, its courage and vision. Prithvi Narayan was as great an administrator a he was a warrior. Towards the close of his rule, he worked hard at organizing the administration of his country. The prolonged period of the war had adversely affected trade with Tibet; he started a correspondence with Tashi Lama and Dalai Lama for restoring trade to its former prosperous condition, and trade depots were set up n different areas. The Nepalese people were granted a completed and full measure of religious freedom: Buddhist Newars were permitted to follow their traditional religious and social practices in peace. In 1775, shortly after he had set himself to the task of organizing a new administration and improving Nepal’s trade, Prithvi Narayan Shah died at the early age of fifty-five. His task was left unfinished. His immediate successors, Pratap Singh Shah and Bahadur Shah acting as Regent for Rana Bahadur Shah extended the bounds the Kingdom from Sikkim in the east to the Sutlej n the west, and a portion of the Terai was also incorporated in the Kingdom of Nepal. The Gorkhali Army reached Digrach and in the north which subsequently involved Nepal in a war with China in 1791. Prithvi Narayan Shah’s velour statesmanship and administrative qualities fill Nepalis with a sense of pride and glory. As a result of foresight and wisdom, a synthesis of Hinduism and Buddhism exits to this day in Nepal. The strong nation he created was to be for a long time the only free and independent Hindu national in the world. Excerpts of the article from a book Heros and Builders of Nepal by Rishikesh Shaha, published in 1965 by Oxford University Press.	<urn:uuid:c30aa70d-4f37-44c5-b51f-fd3f01b15df9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2020/01/11/prithvi-narayan-shah-rise-and-growth-nepali-nation/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00486.warc.gz	en	0.980701	1,474	3.390625	3	[ 0.11739470809698105, 0.6514685153961182, 0.28177276253700256, -0.20963449776172638, -0.7372591495513916, 0.0914561077952385, 0.3750563859939575, -0.344309002161026, 0.15818053483963013, -0.037339262664318085, -0.05908913165330887, -0.3689212203025818, 0.40247344970703125, 0.195625633001327...	5	The Shah kings of Nepal, originally belonging to the Ruling House of Gorkha, played a very important part in bringing about the unification of Nepal. Just as Italy was united by the agency of the small Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, so was Nepal united by the rulers of Gorkha, the small hilly state 65 miles west of Kathmandu. We have seen that the credit for founding the Ruling House of Gurkha belongs to Dravya Shah. Long before Prtihvinarayan Shah embarked upon his ambitious scheme for the incorporation of the Valley in Kathmandu in his kingdom, he predecessors like Ram Shah had already established a name and reputation for themselves as just and far rulers not only among the people of Gorkha but also in the whole of the mountain region. Ram Shah’s name became a household word among the people in the entire mountain region because he had succeeded in introducing standard weights and measures that proved acceptable almost everywhere in the neighboring principalities. Ram Shah’s arbitration and disputes between the Kingdoms of hills were always sought for and accepted. The adage that’ if you do not receive justice, you have to go to Gorkha’ came into vogue about this time. Prithvi Narayan Shah was a descendant of Dravya Shah at the ninth generation and of Ram Shah at the seventh. The emergence of Prithvinarayan, as a strong monarch in the prevailing chaos and uncertainty at the time of breakdown of the tribal era, was a major factor in the growth of Nepalese nationalism. It was the Gorkhali conquest that gave the country unity and a strong central government. The present Kingdom of Nepal in itself stands as a lasting tribute to the foresight and vision of the Gorkhali rulers and, in a way, represents a full measure of their magnanimity. The military conquests and annexations of Prithvinarayan and his immediate successors are not so much remarkable in themselves as for the manner in which they led to fleeing of unity and patriotism among the people a whole. Members of the diverse tribes inhaling Nepal joined the Gokhali Army that was ever triumphantly on the march and thus became co-partners in the name tradition of Gorkha. It is of pride in the name and tradition of Gorkha. It is noteworthy that even to this day anyone coming from anywhere in Nepal, irrespective of his caste or religion passes for a Gurkha outside Nepal, and so great is the sense of pride felt by all the Nepalese for the name and tradition of Gorkha that even social and political organizations of the Nepalese domiciled in India and elsewhere are often called Gorkha. Prithvi Narayan Shah is the hero whose prowess the Nepalese nation owes its existence. By his valiant deeds, Prithvinarayan transformed Gorkhali nationalism into Nepali nationalism and made it immensely more potent and effective. Ram Shah had extended the kingdom of Gorkha to Rasuwa on the north and to the Trisuli River on the west. Prithvi Narayan in the late eighteenth century had very little hope of being able to extend his kingdom farther west because there it was bounded by big and powerful principalities like Palpa, Lamjung, and Parvat. Nothing was to be gained by proceeding towards the barren, bleak region of Tibet on the north. He had no means of extending towards the South. Only one direction remained open to him: eastwards, towards the Nepal Valley. Prithvi Narayan set himself to prepare for the conquest of Nuwakot towards the east as soon as he became King. After his conquest of Nuwakot, Prithvinarayan had the mountains caped and explored and set up outposts on the highest point. Once Kathmandu fell into his hands, it did not take him long to take possession of Patan and Bhadgaon. Thus, the Nepal valley came under the control of Prithvinarayan. A great nation was born. The Gorkhali nation transformed itself into the Nepalese nation. The brave Gorkhali and the artistic Newar became compatriots. Kathmandu now became the center of the loyalty and patriotism of the Magars Gurngs, Newars-all who now composed of the new nation of Nepal. The consolidation of this newly-acquired political power confronted Prithvinarayan with several problems. He has both internal and external enemies to face. Not long before he acquired control of the Kathmandu Valley, he had successfully repulsed the attack on its led by Kinloch through Sindhuli. Now he had to expel the Capuchin missionaries and the Gosains, who were settled in the valley and were plotting against the newly established state. The saying that ‘With the merchant comes to the musket, and with the Bible comes the bayonet’ had gained wide currency those days. As soon as Prithvinarayan was infirm to control of Nepal Valley, he set himself to the task of incorporating the Kirat land into his kingdom. Both sections of the ancient race of the Kirats-the Rais and the Limbus- accepted his dominance. In this way, the ancient glory of the Kirats also became a part of the new Nepali nation. And thus did the new nation acquire its cohesion, traditions and skills, its bravery and strength, its courage and vision. Prithvi Narayan was as great an administrator a he was a warrior. Towards the close of his rule, he worked hard at organizing the administration of his country. The prolonged period of the war had adversely affected trade with Tibet; he started a correspondence with Tashi Lama and Dalai Lama for restoring trade to its former prosperous condition, and trade depots were set up n different areas. The Nepalese people were granted a completed and full measure of religious freedom: Buddhist Newars were permitted to follow their traditional religious and social practices in peace. In 1775, shortly after he had set himself to the task of organizing a new administration and improving Nepal’s trade, Prithvi Narayan Shah died at the early age of fifty-five. His task was left unfinished. His immediate successors, Pratap Singh Shah and Bahadur Shah acting as Regent for Rana Bahadur Shah extended the bounds the Kingdom from Sikkim in the east to the Sutlej n the west, and a portion of the Terai was also incorporated in the Kingdom of Nepal. The Gorkhali Army reached Digrach and in the north which subsequently involved Nepal in a war with China in 1791. Prithvi Narayan Shah’s velour statesmanship and administrative qualities fill Nepalis with a sense of pride and glory. As a result of foresight and wisdom, a synthesis of Hinduism and Buddhism exits to this day in Nepal. The strong nation he created was to be for a long time the only free and independent Hindu national in the world. Excerpts of the article from a book Heros and Builders of Nepal by Rishikesh Shaha, published in 1965 by Oxford University Press.	1,477	ENGLISH	1
Betsy M. Cowles File:Cowles, Betsey Mix.jpeg\| Portrait of Betsey Mix Cowles (1810-1876) from the 1909 edition of Henry Howe's "Historical Collection of Ohio." She was known for her contributions to education, abolitionism, and women's rights in Ohio. Betsey Mix Cowles is known for her contributions to education and the women's rights movement in Ohio. She was also quite active in the struggle to abolish slavery. In the late 1820s and early 1830s, Cowles and her sister began opening infant schools in northeastern Ohio. Infant schools were a predecessor to kindergartens. After obtaining a degree from Oberlin College in 1840s, Cowles began a career as a teacher. She taught at a number of grammar schools and served as a principal and superintendent in the Painesville, Ohio school system. Women did not often serve as superintendents of schools in the mid-nineteenth century. Even before she began teaching, Cowles was interested in the abolition of slavery. She became involved in a number of abolitionist organizations and often served in leadership positions. Beginning in 1835, Cowles served as the secretary of the Ashtabula Female Anti-Slavery Society. This was one of the largest anti-slavery organizations in the state and had more than four hundred members. She began giving speeches about abolitionism and gained a reputation as a public speaker. Former slave and prominent abolitionist Frederick Douglass respected her abilities. In addition to her interests in the state of Ohio, Cowles became well known at the national level as well. Many people believed that women should not speak in public, and Cowles's speeches left her open to criticism. In spite of this concern, she continued to actively participate in the anti-slavery movement. In addition to working for the end of slavery in the United States, Cowles criticized what she viewed as the hypocrisy of many Ohioans. While they were willing to oppose slavery, many people did not want to give civil rights to free blacks in Ohio. Cowles spoke out against the "Black Laws", which kept African Americans from voting in the state. At one point, she even quit a job when the school where she was working refused to admit black students. Cowles became interested in women's rights as well. In 1850, Ohioans held a women's rights convention in Salem, Ohio. The attendees elected Cowles as president of the convention. Ohio was planning to convene a new constitutional convention, and the delegates wanted women to have more rights in the new Constitution of 1851. In the late 1850s, Cowles's attention turned to higher education for women teachers. After briefly teaching at the McNeely Normal School in Hopedale, Ohio, she began teaching at the Illinois State Normal School in 1857. She retired from teaching in 1862 to Austinberg, Ohio. Betsey Mix Cowles died in 1876. - Booth, Stephane Elise. Buckeye Women: The History of Ohio's Daughters. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2001. - Geary, Linda L. Balanced in the Wind: A Biography of Betsey Mix Cowles. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1989. - Roseboom, Eugene H. The Civil War Era: 1850-1873. Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1944.	<urn:uuid:ab9b31cf-88c3-4851-8957-9eb437131191>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://ohiohistorycentral.org/index.php?title=Betsy_M._Cowles&oldid=27969	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00314.warc.gz	en	0.980622	705	3.734375	4	[ -0.1787663996219635, -0.27080535888671875, -0.09116324782371521, 0.16045106947422028, -0.11906145513057709, 0.15717005729675293, -0.15481825172901154, -0.24558837711811066, -0.1669681966304779, 0.14440567791461945, -0.2574461102485657, -0.43836644291877747, 0.01797577552497387, 0.136312931...	3	Betsy M. Cowles File:Cowles, Betsey Mix.jpeg\| Portrait of Betsey Mix Cowles (1810-1876) from the 1909 edition of Henry Howe's "Historical Collection of Ohio." She was known for her contributions to education, abolitionism, and women's rights in Ohio. Betsey Mix Cowles is known for her contributions to education and the women's rights movement in Ohio. She was also quite active in the struggle to abolish slavery. In the late 1820s and early 1830s, Cowles and her sister began opening infant schools in northeastern Ohio. Infant schools were a predecessor to kindergartens. After obtaining a degree from Oberlin College in 1840s, Cowles began a career as a teacher. She taught at a number of grammar schools and served as a principal and superintendent in the Painesville, Ohio school system. Women did not often serve as superintendents of schools in the mid-nineteenth century. Even before she began teaching, Cowles was interested in the abolition of slavery. She became involved in a number of abolitionist organizations and often served in leadership positions. Beginning in 1835, Cowles served as the secretary of the Ashtabula Female Anti-Slavery Society. This was one of the largest anti-slavery organizations in the state and had more than four hundred members. She began giving speeches about abolitionism and gained a reputation as a public speaker. Former slave and prominent abolitionist Frederick Douglass respected her abilities. In addition to her interests in the state of Ohio, Cowles became well known at the national level as well. Many people believed that women should not speak in public, and Cowles's speeches left her open to criticism. In spite of this concern, she continued to actively participate in the anti-slavery movement. In addition to working for the end of slavery in the United States, Cowles criticized what she viewed as the hypocrisy of many Ohioans. While they were willing to oppose slavery, many people did not want to give civil rights to free blacks in Ohio. Cowles spoke out against the "Black Laws", which kept African Americans from voting in the state. At one point, she even quit a job when the school where she was working refused to admit black students. Cowles became interested in women's rights as well. In 1850, Ohioans held a women's rights convention in Salem, Ohio. The attendees elected Cowles as president of the convention. Ohio was planning to convene a new constitutional convention, and the delegates wanted women to have more rights in the new Constitution of 1851. In the late 1850s, Cowles's attention turned to higher education for women teachers. After briefly teaching at the McNeely Normal School in Hopedale, Ohio, she began teaching at the Illinois State Normal School in 1857. She retired from teaching in 1862 to Austinberg, Ohio. Betsey Mix Cowles died in 1876. - Booth, Stephane Elise. Buckeye Women: The History of Ohio's Daughters. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2001. - Geary, Linda L. Balanced in the Wind: A Biography of Betsey Mix Cowles. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1989. - Roseboom, Eugene H. The Civil War Era: 1850-1873. Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1944.	750	ENGLISH	1
The origins of this thought experiment are not completely clear, but according to Marc Cohen (2004), it was first expressed in writing by Plutarch in the Vita Thesei. There exists a ship owned by Theseus, who was a brave warrior. Theseus’ ship was decided to be kept and maintained by the Greeks as a memorial of his life. However, over time the parts of the ship would decay and would require replacement. After a long time, every single part of the original ship of Theseus had been replaced by new parts. The question we need to answer is: Is this is ship still the ship of Theseus? If you answer yes, why? If no, when did it cease to be Theseus’ ship? After you consider your answer to the first thought experiment, consider this next thought experiment, which comes from Richard Swinburne (2010): Imagine I die due to a brain haemorrhage that is incurable today. My body is cryogenically frozen until a cure is discovered. During my time being frozen, an earthquake at the facility results in parts of my brain being broken apart, with some parts of my brain being lost forever. In the future, I am unfrozen, cured, and had all missing parts replaced and broken parts mended. When I wake up, I behave just as I did when I was previously alive. The question Swinburne asks us is: have I come back to life again? After considering your answer, think about whether these two thought experiments are comparable. Or are there too many relevant differences?	<urn:uuid:1ad124ae-dc76-4668-aecb-e13701676668>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://philosophycriticalthinking.com/2019/11/07/thought-experiment-the-ship-of-theseus/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00357.warc.gz	en	0.983692	329	3.4375	3	[ -0.4984217882156372, 0.22844839096069336, 0.07712085545063019, -0.18173302710056305, -0.16325043141841888, -0.1297301948070526, 0.23083077371120453, 0.3631870150566101, 0.05045642331242561, -0.31854742765426636, 0.21915197372436523, -0.3290606141090393, -0.2099171280860901, 0.2571604549884...	11	The origins of this thought experiment are not completely clear, but according to Marc Cohen (2004), it was first expressed in writing by Plutarch in the Vita Thesei. There exists a ship owned by Theseus, who was a brave warrior. Theseus’ ship was decided to be kept and maintained by the Greeks as a memorial of his life. However, over time the parts of the ship would decay and would require replacement. After a long time, every single part of the original ship of Theseus had been replaced by new parts. The question we need to answer is: Is this is ship still the ship of Theseus? If you answer yes, why? If no, when did it cease to be Theseus’ ship? After you consider your answer to the first thought experiment, consider this next thought experiment, which comes from Richard Swinburne (2010): Imagine I die due to a brain haemorrhage that is incurable today. My body is cryogenically frozen until a cure is discovered. During my time being frozen, an earthquake at the facility results in parts of my brain being broken apart, with some parts of my brain being lost forever. In the future, I am unfrozen, cured, and had all missing parts replaced and broken parts mended. When I wake up, I behave just as I did when I was previously alive. The question Swinburne asks us is: have I come back to life again? After considering your answer, think about whether these two thought experiments are comparable. Or are there too many relevant differences?	325	ENGLISH	1
The story was written by a woman called Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the 1900’s, the author was trying to show what the attitudes of men to women at that time were like and what they basic roles of women were with their fight to get equality with men. Gilman was treated badly mostly by men in her life due to one of the facts being that her father left her and her mother when Charlotte was young, therefore she wrote this story. She was a feminist; therefore this is a feminist tale. She was an early one due to the fact there weren’t many feminist authors at that time. CPG fought for the education of woman and felt they had a right to stand up and go against men. So basically the story is about the “turning” of women on men, where two women were betrayed and humiliated by one man and went out of their way to prove him wrong. CPG thought that women and men should be equal in all ways. She saw men treat her badly when she was young and she decided to turn on them and prove her worth. In the story she starts that Mrs. M was a highly educated person who had a PHD in college, so this depicts that CPG wanted women to have a fair education just like men instead of them becoming housewives. When CPG was little her father left her and her mother which left both of them in great debt. From that point on CPG became a stronger person, which to aspire to become a feminist, to stand up to the likes of men, it was this strength in which she most likely created the character Mrs. Marroner who at the end of the story shows herself as a powerful woman by leaving her husband and her husband being the weak person due to the fact that he was going to go back to his wife to plead for forgiveness. CPG basically wanted to see men and women on the same levels. When we first meet Mrs. Marroner we know that she is a wealthy person because of the surroundings she lives in for example her “Elaborate dress” and her “Soft carpeted, thick-curtained, and richly furnished” chamber. Which in contrast to Gerta is very high since Gerta only had a small room without the luxuries due to the fact that she is just a servant in the house (which also proves that Mrs. M is rich. ) Mrs. M is somewhat depicted as an independent character who is usually seen as working on her own and getting on by herself. She tries not to think of the worse since when she read the letter from her husband that had the 50 dollars in it; she thought that somehow that she had got the wrong letter. She is then deeply shocked when she finally realizes that the letter was actually for Gerta, and when she reads it figuring out that Gerta was actually pregnant, most of her sorrow turns to rage and her main instinct is to throw Gerta out of the house since Gerta had an affair with her husband. She then understands that this evidently was not Gerta’s fault and was her husbands since Gerta was always trained to be obedient and follow orders, so most likely she was forced into having sex with her husband so Mrs. M decides to think rationally about this and decides not to throw Gerta out of the house and recognizes her as a “victim” and therefore ignores her first emotional reaction towards finding out the truth behind this. We then realize that the two women are loving, trusting and affectionate and were the victims of a man’s callous actions which led them both into sorrow and also having highly emotional reactions at each other. Mrs. M asks herself rhetorical questions such as “how could she refuse? ” and this shows that Mrs. M does not blame Gerta for what has happened. As Mrs. M forces herself to “extenuate” Gerta’s misdeed condemnation for her husband. Because he deliberately took advantage of Gerta’s trust and service. Mr. M is described as a thief who had chosen to rob Gerta of life’s best joys. At around line 202 there is flood imagery which indicates Mrs. Marroners realization that what has happened is another example of the sin of man against women, which is another example of how badly women were treated around that time period. After recounting all these events that has happened, she decides to make the decision to leave the house and take Gerta with her since they were both betrayed by a man. When Mr. M comes home, he is shocked to find that both Mrs. M and Gerta are gone, he is “Completely dazed” he doesn’t seem aware of the fact that they could have left him and therefore is selfishly thinking of himself and women as being unsuccessful without men around. He has also completely forgotten about Gerta, even though he made all those empty promises in the letter that he sent her awhile ago. Mr.M looks all around the house trying to look to see if there is any trace of his wife but the rooms redounded him because of her “like the remote simile on the face of the dead. ” This indicates that their marriage is dead! This is reinforced by the simile describing the lawyer who brings Mrs. M’s message as being called on “To kill something offensive. ” Mr. M also thinks of them as being dead before actually thinking of the scenario where she actually left him instead, and then we realize that actually Mr. M has lost by his weakness here. When we go back to see Gerta and Mrs.M we find that Gerta has turned into a more confident, intelligent woman. She compared to the Madonna – a powerful female role model and Mrs. M has turned to feel “impersonal” towards Mr. M and this is a very big turning point for the characters in the story with the two main women in the story becoming successful and leaving the man behind in the dust. We see that Mrs. M has managed to get a job teaching people and that she also has a small house in which she makes a decent living in. Gerta also has a good living with Mrs. M. We also see that Mrs. M has decided to go by her maiden name now instead of her married name to show that she is “detaching herself from her husband. ” Gerta is contrasted heavily towards Mrs. M; this basically shows the two sides of women at this time period. Gerta has no education whatsoever and is not rich; she is also taken advantage of and very nai?? ve throughout the story until the end. Gerta comes into the story as a servant character, and is very young. We think that probably she is trying to make money for her family to live or she is trying to earn money to get an upbringing for herself, which we see can be damaged when she becomes pregnant. She would have been thought of as an ideal woman because she is uneducated and not independent so it would be easy to give her orders. Gilman emphasizes that Gerta is a young person. This is so that we can see that she is young and nave and not to blame for some of the events that happen in the story that concern her. It is also a way of showing that her mind is young and can be changed due to the fact that she is still young and learning how to make her way in the world, most likely to be taught my Mrs.Marroner. Because of the events that happen in the story, it is evidently that Gerta is taken advantage by the main man in the story and is made pregnant by him that would damager her chances of still keeping a job in the house even though it was not exactly her fault. This is suggested by the fact that Gerta is young and doesn’t know what is the right thing to do, she is really only just following the orders that she has been given so that she can continue doing her job, the fact that Mr.Marroner should know better because he is in a position of responsibility over Gerta and should be providing a father figure towards Gerta instead of telling her to do something that could provide problems for her in the future, he shouldn’t have taken advantage of her. Then at the end of the story, Mrs. Marroner decides to leave the house with her and teach her how to become a stronger person towards men. The two women show solidarity as women in the story’s ending. Mr. Marroner is the main man in the story, he is used a symbol to represent the patriarchal society at the time and way in which men were dominant over women and used and under minded them at the time. Even though he was the cause for most of the events in the story, he isn’t really given a part in the story until the end, though we are told a lot about what he has done and what he has done towards the two women in the story. But other than that he is away for most of the story and even then when he comes into the story and actually talks he isn’t given a huge part in talking. Gilman makes it clear that Mr. Marroner is attracted to Gerta when he sees her, because for one thing she is young and innocent so she is practically an easy target for him seeing as she has to basically obey what he tells her to do. Gilman here is highlighting the arrogance of men to openly admire and take advantage of women even when they are married which encourages them to cheat. Clearly Mr. Marroner takes advantage of Gerta and then makes false promises in a letter he sent to her claming that he would take care of her (when he wouldn’t). And then Mr.Marroner is so full of himself that the last thing on his mind, and that he expects is for his wife to leave him. The message that Charlotte was trying to get through to the readers in this story was that women were treated badly in the 1900’s and that society was bad, women were treated as 2nd class citizens and not given proper rights, men also took advantage of women and left them to suffer when they didn’t want them anymore. Women in Victorian times were underrated and this story was basically to show that society was bad and women should have been treated better.	<urn:uuid:d0e19ad1-3f52-47cf-9bff-09e61794faba>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://houghtonlakeboard.org/changing-role-of-women/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00250.warc.gz	en	0.993133	2,183	3.40625	3	[ 0.053209975361824036, 0.6634339094161987, -0.07130742073059082, 0.38198190927505493, -0.4627712368965149, 0.3445295989513397, 0.12922044098377228, 0.29359716176986694, 0.042652226984500885, 0.05832057446241379, -0.07185013592243195, 0.1648021638393402, 0.11010318249464035, 0.21103715896606...	3	The story was written by a woman called Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the 1900’s, the author was trying to show what the attitudes of men to women at that time were like and what they basic roles of women were with their fight to get equality with men. Gilman was treated badly mostly by men in her life due to one of the facts being that her father left her and her mother when Charlotte was young, therefore she wrote this story. She was a feminist; therefore this is a feminist tale. She was an early one due to the fact there weren’t many feminist authors at that time. CPG fought for the education of woman and felt they had a right to stand up and go against men. So basically the story is about the “turning” of women on men, where two women were betrayed and humiliated by one man and went out of their way to prove him wrong. CPG thought that women and men should be equal in all ways. She saw men treat her badly when she was young and she decided to turn on them and prove her worth. In the story she starts that Mrs. M was a highly educated person who had a PHD in college, so this depicts that CPG wanted women to have a fair education just like men instead of them becoming housewives. When CPG was little her father left her and her mother which left both of them in great debt. From that point on CPG became a stronger person, which to aspire to become a feminist, to stand up to the likes of men, it was this strength in which she most likely created the character Mrs. Marroner who at the end of the story shows herself as a powerful woman by leaving her husband and her husband being the weak person due to the fact that he was going to go back to his wife to plead for forgiveness. CPG basically wanted to see men and women on the same levels. When we first meet Mrs. Marroner we know that she is a wealthy person because of the surroundings she lives in for example her “Elaborate dress” and her “Soft carpeted, thick-curtained, and richly furnished” chamber. Which in contrast to Gerta is very high since Gerta only had a small room without the luxuries due to the fact that she is just a servant in the house (which also proves that Mrs. M is rich. ) Mrs. M is somewhat depicted as an independent character who is usually seen as working on her own and getting on by herself. She tries not to think of the worse since when she read the letter from her husband that had the 50 dollars in it; she thought that somehow that she had got the wrong letter. She is then deeply shocked when she finally realizes that the letter was actually for Gerta, and when she reads it figuring out that Gerta was actually pregnant, most of her sorrow turns to rage and her main instinct is to throw Gerta out of the house since Gerta had an affair with her husband. She then understands that this evidently was not Gerta’s fault and was her husbands since Gerta was always trained to be obedient and follow orders, so most likely she was forced into having sex with her husband so Mrs. M decides to think rationally about this and decides not to throw Gerta out of the house and recognizes her as a “victim” and therefore ignores her first emotional reaction towards finding out the truth behind this. We then realize that the two women are loving, trusting and affectionate and were the victims of a man’s callous actions which led them both into sorrow and also having highly emotional reactions at each other. Mrs. M asks herself rhetorical questions such as “how could she refuse? ” and this shows that Mrs. M does not blame Gerta for what has happened. As Mrs. M forces herself to “extenuate” Gerta’s misdeed condemnation for her husband. Because he deliberately took advantage of Gerta’s trust and service. Mr. M is described as a thief who had chosen to rob Gerta of life’s best joys. At around line 202 there is flood imagery which indicates Mrs. Marroners realization that what has happened is another example of the sin of man against women, which is another example of how badly women were treated around that time period. After recounting all these events that has happened, she decides to make the decision to leave the house and take Gerta with her since they were both betrayed by a man. When Mr. M comes home, he is shocked to find that both Mrs. M and Gerta are gone, he is “Completely dazed” he doesn’t seem aware of the fact that they could have left him and therefore is selfishly thinking of himself and women as being unsuccessful without men around. He has also completely forgotten about Gerta, even though he made all those empty promises in the letter that he sent her awhile ago. Mr.M looks all around the house trying to look to see if there is any trace of his wife but the rooms redounded him because of her “like the remote simile on the face of the dead. ” This indicates that their marriage is dead! This is reinforced by the simile describing the lawyer who brings Mrs. M’s message as being called on “To kill something offensive. ” Mr. M also thinks of them as being dead before actually thinking of the scenario where she actually left him instead, and then we realize that actually Mr. M has lost by his weakness here. When we go back to see Gerta and Mrs.M we find that Gerta has turned into a more confident, intelligent woman. She compared to the Madonna – a powerful female role model and Mrs. M has turned to feel “impersonal” towards Mr. M and this is a very big turning point for the characters in the story with the two main women in the story becoming successful and leaving the man behind in the dust. We see that Mrs. M has managed to get a job teaching people and that she also has a small house in which she makes a decent living in. Gerta also has a good living with Mrs. M. We also see that Mrs. M has decided to go by her maiden name now instead of her married name to show that she is “detaching herself from her husband. ” Gerta is contrasted heavily towards Mrs. M; this basically shows the two sides of women at this time period. Gerta has no education whatsoever and is not rich; she is also taken advantage of and very nai?? ve throughout the story until the end. Gerta comes into the story as a servant character, and is very young. We think that probably she is trying to make money for her family to live or she is trying to earn money to get an upbringing for herself, which we see can be damaged when she becomes pregnant. She would have been thought of as an ideal woman because she is uneducated and not independent so it would be easy to give her orders. Gilman emphasizes that Gerta is a young person. This is so that we can see that she is young and nave and not to blame for some of the events that happen in the story that concern her. It is also a way of showing that her mind is young and can be changed due to the fact that she is still young and learning how to make her way in the world, most likely to be taught my Mrs.Marroner. Because of the events that happen in the story, it is evidently that Gerta is taken advantage by the main man in the story and is made pregnant by him that would damager her chances of still keeping a job in the house even though it was not exactly her fault. This is suggested by the fact that Gerta is young and doesn’t know what is the right thing to do, she is really only just following the orders that she has been given so that she can continue doing her job, the fact that Mr.Marroner should know better because he is in a position of responsibility over Gerta and should be providing a father figure towards Gerta instead of telling her to do something that could provide problems for her in the future, he shouldn’t have taken advantage of her. Then at the end of the story, Mrs. Marroner decides to leave the house with her and teach her how to become a stronger person towards men. The two women show solidarity as women in the story’s ending. Mr. Marroner is the main man in the story, he is used a symbol to represent the patriarchal society at the time and way in which men were dominant over women and used and under minded them at the time. Even though he was the cause for most of the events in the story, he isn’t really given a part in the story until the end, though we are told a lot about what he has done and what he has done towards the two women in the story. But other than that he is away for most of the story and even then when he comes into the story and actually talks he isn’t given a huge part in talking. Gilman makes it clear that Mr. Marroner is attracted to Gerta when he sees her, because for one thing she is young and innocent so she is practically an easy target for him seeing as she has to basically obey what he tells her to do. Gilman here is highlighting the arrogance of men to openly admire and take advantage of women even when they are married which encourages them to cheat. Clearly Mr. Marroner takes advantage of Gerta and then makes false promises in a letter he sent to her claming that he would take care of her (when he wouldn’t). And then Mr.Marroner is so full of himself that the last thing on his mind, and that he expects is for his wife to leave him. The message that Charlotte was trying to get through to the readers in this story was that women were treated badly in the 1900’s and that society was bad, women were treated as 2nd class citizens and not given proper rights, men also took advantage of women and left them to suffer when they didn’t want them anymore. Women in Victorian times were underrated and this story was basically to show that society was bad and women should have been treated better.	2,086	ENGLISH	1
Of this much we can be certain. NEP was conceived as a transitional measure to revive the economy, at which it succeeded, improving food supplies and distribution networks. Politically, the peasants were not yet ready for collectivization. Germany lost the war and came close to a revolution, but never went beyond getting rid of its monarchy. Nor would Lenin have killed off the bulk of Old Bolsheviks on the Central Committee and the country as a whole. Food hoarded by the rich landlords was seized and distributed to the people. At the Tenth Party Congress he explained why: The vastness of our agricultural country with its poor transport system, boundless expanses, varying climate, diverse farming conditions, etc. That month the Soviet government declared the establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSRa federal union consisting of Soviet Russia and neighboring areas that were under Russian military occupation or ruled by branches of the communist movement. Petersburg, and by the beginning of various segments of Russian society, including students and liberal members of the nobility, were calling for political reform. He eventually led what was soon to be known as the October Revolution, but was effectively a coup d'etat. In fact, socialism could only be built if the majority of the people supported it and were actively involved in building it. Rather it aims to open a discussion.	<urn:uuid:c6ea3ff3-1669-4a9b-87fe-a97afbf83f89>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://lisylafadiciwu.whatshanesaid.com/to-what-extent-was-lenin-crucial239156681uz.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00137.warc.gz	en	0.982995	275	3.421875	3	[ -0.763322114944458, -0.006505617871880531, 0.1896275132894516, 0.168906569480896, 0.3094032108783722, 0.1461201012134552, -0.09175552427768707, 0.4718778431415558, -0.442792683839798, 0.09783799946308136, 0.0950256958603859, -0.12319731712341309, 0.22705741226673126, 0.06287672370672226, ...	1	Of this much we can be certain. NEP was conceived as a transitional measure to revive the economy, at which it succeeded, improving food supplies and distribution networks. Politically, the peasants were not yet ready for collectivization. Germany lost the war and came close to a revolution, but never went beyond getting rid of its monarchy. Nor would Lenin have killed off the bulk of Old Bolsheviks on the Central Committee and the country as a whole. Food hoarded by the rich landlords was seized and distributed to the people. At the Tenth Party Congress he explained why: The vastness of our agricultural country with its poor transport system, boundless expanses, varying climate, diverse farming conditions, etc. That month the Soviet government declared the establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSRa federal union consisting of Soviet Russia and neighboring areas that were under Russian military occupation or ruled by branches of the communist movement. Petersburg, and by the beginning of various segments of Russian society, including students and liberal members of the nobility, were calling for political reform. He eventually led what was soon to be known as the October Revolution, but was effectively a coup d'etat. In fact, socialism could only be built if the majority of the people supported it and were actively involved in building it. Rather it aims to open a discussion.	271	ENGLISH	1
Who was King Saul in the Bible? Question: "Who was King Saul in the Bible?" Answer: Saul started out very well only to see his subsequent disobedient actions derail what could have been a stellar, God-honoring rule over the nation of Israel. How could someone so close to God at the start spiral out of control and out of favor with God? To understand how things in Saul’s life got so mixed up, we need to know something about the man himself. Who was King Saul, and what can we learn from his life? The name “Saul,” from the Hebrew word pronounced shaw-ool, means “asked.” Saul was the son of Kish from the tribe of Benjamin. Saul came from a wealthy family (1 Samuel 9:1) and was tall, dark and handsome in appearance. Scripture states that “there was not a man among the sons of Israel more handsome than he, being taller than any of the people from his shoulder and upward” (1 Samuel 9:2). He was God’s chosen one to lead the scattered nation of Israel, a collection of tribes that did not have a central leader other than God and no formal government. In times of trouble, leaders would arise but never consolidated the power of the twelve tribes into one nation. Years before Saul’s rule, Samuel the prophet was Israel’s religious leader but not a king. In fact, Israel was loosely ruled by judges who presided over domestic squabbles (1 Samuel 8). They were not, however, equipped to rule in times of war. It is no exaggeration to say that Samuel and Saul lived in turbulent times. The Philistines were Israel’s sworn enemies, and war broke out between the two on a fairly regular basis (1 Samuel 4). Because of the constant threat of war and a desire to be like the surrounding nations, the people pressed Samuel to appoint a king to rule over them (1 Samuel 8:5). Though the people’s request for a king was displeasing to Samuel, God allowed it. The people had rejected God as king, forsaken Him, and served other gods (1 Samuel 8:6–8). God told Samuel to anoint a king as the people had asked, but also to "warn them and show them the ways of the king who shall reign over them" (1 Samuel 8:9). Thus, it became Samuel’s task to anoint a king from among the people. Saul was secretly anointed the first king of all the tribes of Israel (1 Samuel 10:1) before being publicly selected by lot (1 Samuel 10:17–24). Saul’s reign over Israel started peacefully around 1050 BC, but the peace did not last. One of the most famous events in Saul’s life was the stand-off with the Philistines in the Valley of Elah. Here Goliath taunted the Israelites for 40 days until a shepherd boy named David slew him (1 Samuel 17). Aside from that incident of fear and uncertainty, Saul was a competent military leader. He was good enough that his rule was solidified by his victory at Jabesh-Gilead. As part of the triumph, he was again proclaimed king at Gilgal (1 Samuel 11:1–15). He went on to lead the nation through several more military victories as his popularity reached its zenith. However, a series of very serious blunders, beginning with an unauthorized sacrificial offering (1 Samuel 13:9–14), started Saul’s downfall from his kingship. Saul’s downward spiral continued as he failed to eliminate all of the Amalekites and their livestock as commanded by God (1 Samuel 15:3). Disregarding a direct order from God, he decided to spare the life of King Agag along with some of the choice livestock. He tried to cover up his transgression by lying to Samuel and, in essence, lying to God (1 Samuel 15). This disobedience was the last straw, as God would withdraw His Spirit from Saul (1 Samuel 16:14). The break between God and Saul is arguably one of the saddest occurrences in Scripture. While Saul would be allowed to serve out the rest of his life as king, he was plagued by an evil spirit that tormented him and brought about waves of madness (1 Samuel 16:14–23). Saul’s final years were profoundly tragic as he endured periods of deep manic depression. However, it was a young man brought into the king’s court named David who became the soothing influence on the troubled king by playing music that temporarily restored the king’s sanity. The king embraced David as one of his own, but all of this changed as David became a fine military leader in his own right. In fact, a popular song of the day was “Saul has slain his thousands, and David his tens of thousands” (1 Samuel 18:7). When Saul realized that God was with David, the king sought to kill David at every opportunity. David succeeded in evading the countless attempts on his life with the help of the king’s son, Jonathan, and the king’s daughter, Michal. The final years of King Saul’s life brought a general decline in his service to the nation and in his personal fortunes. He spent much time, energy, and expense trying to kill David rather than consolidating the gains of his earlier victories, and because of this the Philistines sensed an opening for a major victory over Israel. After Samuel’s death, the Philistine army gathered against Israel. Saul was terrified and tried to inquire of the Lord, but received no answer through the Urim or the prophets. Though he had banished mediums and spiritists from the land, Saul disguised himself and inquired of a medium in Endor. He asked her to contact Samuel. It seems that God intervened and had Samuel appear to Saul. Samuel reminded Saul of his prior prophecy that the kingdom would be taken from him. He further told Saul that the Philistines would conquer Israel and Saul and his sons would be killed (1 Samuel 28). The Philistines did, indeed, route Israel and kill Saul’s sons, including Jonathan. Saul was critically wounded and asked his armor-bearer to kill him so that the Philistines would not torture him. In fear, Saul’s armor-bearer refused, so Saul fell on his own sword, followed by his armor-bearer who did the same. There are three lessons we can learn from the life of King Saul. First, obey the Lord and seek to do His will. From the very start of his reign, Saul had the perfect opportunity to be the benchmark by which all future kings could be measured. All he had to do was to seek the Lord wholeheartedly, obey God’s commandments, and align his will with that of God’s, and his rule would have been a God-honoring one. However, like so many others, Saul chose a different path and strayed away from God. We find a perfect example of his disobedience in the incident where God commanded him to kill all the Amalekites, but Saul kept the king and some of the spoils of war. Haman the Agagite, who would later seek to kill the Jews (see the book of Esther), was a descendant of the king whose life Saul spared. Saul compounded his troubles by lying to Samuel over the incident. He claimed that the soldiers had saved the best of the animals in order to sacrifice them to God (1 Samuel 15). This act, plus many others over the course of his rule, emphasized the fact that he could not be trusted to be an instrument of God’s will. The second lesson we learn is not to misuse the power given to us. There is no question that King Saul abused the power God had entrusted to him. Pride often creeps into our hearts when people are serving and honoring us. In time, receiving “star treatment” can make us believe that we really are something special and worthy of praise. When this happens, we forget that God is the one who is really in control and that He alone rules over all. God may have chosen Saul because he was humble, but over time that humility was replaced by a self-serving and destructive pride that destroyed his rule. Another lesson for us is to lead the way God wants us to lead. First Peter 5:2–10 is the ultimate guide for leading the people that God has placed in our charge: “Be shepherds of God’s flock that is under your care, serving as overseers—not because you must, but because you are willing, as God wants you to be; not greedy for money, but eager to serve; not lording it over those entrusted to you, but being examples to the flock. And when the Chief Shepherd appears, you will receive the crown of glory that will never fade away. Young men, in the same way be submissive to those who are older. All of you, clothe yourselves with humility toward one another, because, ‘God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble.’ Humble yourselves, therefore, under God’s mighty hand, that he may lift you up in due time. Cast all your anxiety on him because he cares for you. Be self-controlled and alert. Your enemy the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour. Resist him, standing firm in the faith, because you know that your brothers throughout the world are undergoing the same kind of sufferings. And the God of all grace, who called you to his eternal glory in Christ, after you have suffered a little while, will himself restore you and make you strong, firm and steadfast.” How much different Saul’s life would have turned out had he obeyed these principles. King Saul would have had no shortage of wise counsel available to him. By ignoring God and His wise counsel, Saul allowed the spiritual health of his people to deteriorate further, alienating them from God. Recommended Resource: The Great Lives from God’s Word Series by Chuck Swindoll More insights from your Bible study - Get Started with Logos Bible Software for Free! Why are there contradictory accounts regarding the death of Saul in 1 and 2 Samuel? Why is obedience better than sacrifice? Who was Samuel in the Bible? What does it mean that Saul is also among the prophets? Was King Saul saved? Questions about People in the Bible Who was King Saul in the Bible?	<urn:uuid:94714711-ea85-4dd7-85ef-cdf8284897a9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.gotquestions.org/life-Saul.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00340.warc.gz	en	0.983939	2,207	3.578125	4	[ -0.33448129892349243, 0.4005139172077179, -0.06342462450265884, -0.28856319189071655, -0.11241865158081055, -0.45636600255966187, 0.5869202613830566, 0.051072005182504654, -0.15085482597351074, 0.29260075092315674, 0.35639557242393494, 0.06361912190914154, 0.3114646077156067, -0.0114609487...	2	Who was King Saul in the Bible? Question: "Who was King Saul in the Bible?" Answer: Saul started out very well only to see his subsequent disobedient actions derail what could have been a stellar, God-honoring rule over the nation of Israel. How could someone so close to God at the start spiral out of control and out of favor with God? To understand how things in Saul’s life got so mixed up, we need to know something about the man himself. Who was King Saul, and what can we learn from his life? The name “Saul,” from the Hebrew word pronounced shaw-ool, means “asked.” Saul was the son of Kish from the tribe of Benjamin. Saul came from a wealthy family (1 Samuel 9:1) and was tall, dark and handsome in appearance. Scripture states that “there was not a man among the sons of Israel more handsome than he, being taller than any of the people from his shoulder and upward” (1 Samuel 9:2). He was God’s chosen one to lead the scattered nation of Israel, a collection of tribes that did not have a central leader other than God and no formal government. In times of trouble, leaders would arise but never consolidated the power of the twelve tribes into one nation. Years before Saul’s rule, Samuel the prophet was Israel’s religious leader but not a king. In fact, Israel was loosely ruled by judges who presided over domestic squabbles (1 Samuel 8). They were not, however, equipped to rule in times of war. It is no exaggeration to say that Samuel and Saul lived in turbulent times. The Philistines were Israel’s sworn enemies, and war broke out between the two on a fairly regular basis (1 Samuel 4). Because of the constant threat of war and a desire to be like the surrounding nations, the people pressed Samuel to appoint a king to rule over them (1 Samuel 8:5). Though the people’s request for a king was displeasing to Samuel, God allowed it. The people had rejected God as king, forsaken Him, and served other gods (1 Samuel 8:6–8). God told Samuel to anoint a king as the people had asked, but also to "warn them and show them the ways of the king who shall reign over them" (1 Samuel 8:9). Thus, it became Samuel’s task to anoint a king from among the people. Saul was secretly anointed the first king of all the tribes of Israel (1 Samuel 10:1) before being publicly selected by lot (1 Samuel 10:17–24). Saul’s reign over Israel started peacefully around 1050 BC, but the peace did not last. One of the most famous events in Saul’s life was the stand-off with the Philistines in the Valley of Elah. Here Goliath taunted the Israelites for 40 days until a shepherd boy named David slew him (1 Samuel 17). Aside from that incident of fear and uncertainty, Saul was a competent military leader. He was good enough that his rule was solidified by his victory at Jabesh-Gilead. As part of the triumph, he was again proclaimed king at Gilgal (1 Samuel 11:1–15). He went on to lead the nation through several more military victories as his popularity reached its zenith. However, a series of very serious blunders, beginning with an unauthorized sacrificial offering (1 Samuel 13:9–14), started Saul’s downfall from his kingship. Saul’s downward spiral continued as he failed to eliminate all of the Amalekites and their livestock as commanded by God (1 Samuel 15:3). Disregarding a direct order from God, he decided to spare the life of King Agag along with some of the choice livestock. He tried to cover up his transgression by lying to Samuel and, in essence, lying to God (1 Samuel 15). This disobedience was the last straw, as God would withdraw His Spirit from Saul (1 Samuel 16:14). The break between God and Saul is arguably one of the saddest occurrences in Scripture. While Saul would be allowed to serve out the rest of his life as king, he was plagued by an evil spirit that tormented him and brought about waves of madness (1 Samuel 16:14–23). Saul’s final years were profoundly tragic as he endured periods of deep manic depression. However, it was a young man brought into the king’s court named David who became the soothing influence on the troubled king by playing music that temporarily restored the king’s sanity. The king embraced David as one of his own, but all of this changed as David became a fine military leader in his own right. In fact, a popular song of the day was “Saul has slain his thousands, and David his tens of thousands” (1 Samuel 18:7). When Saul realized that God was with David, the king sought to kill David at every opportunity. David succeeded in evading the countless attempts on his life with the help of the king’s son, Jonathan, and the king’s daughter, Michal. The final years of King Saul’s life brought a general decline in his service to the nation and in his personal fortunes. He spent much time, energy, and expense trying to kill David rather than consolidating the gains of his earlier victories, and because of this the Philistines sensed an opening for a major victory over Israel. After Samuel’s death, the Philistine army gathered against Israel. Saul was terrified and tried to inquire of the Lord, but received no answer through the Urim or the prophets. Though he had banished mediums and spiritists from the land, Saul disguised himself and inquired of a medium in Endor. He asked her to contact Samuel. It seems that God intervened and had Samuel appear to Saul. Samuel reminded Saul of his prior prophecy that the kingdom would be taken from him. He further told Saul that the Philistines would conquer Israel and Saul and his sons would be killed (1 Samuel 28). The Philistines did, indeed, route Israel and kill Saul’s sons, including Jonathan. Saul was critically wounded and asked his armor-bearer to kill him so that the Philistines would not torture him. In fear, Saul’s armor-bearer refused, so Saul fell on his own sword, followed by his armor-bearer who did the same. There are three lessons we can learn from the life of King Saul. First, obey the Lord and seek to do His will. From the very start of his reign, Saul had the perfect opportunity to be the benchmark by which all future kings could be measured. All he had to do was to seek the Lord wholeheartedly, obey God’s commandments, and align his will with that of God’s, and his rule would have been a God-honoring one. However, like so many others, Saul chose a different path and strayed away from God. We find a perfect example of his disobedience in the incident where God commanded him to kill all the Amalekites, but Saul kept the king and some of the spoils of war. Haman the Agagite, who would later seek to kill the Jews (see the book of Esther), was a descendant of the king whose life Saul spared. Saul compounded his troubles by lying to Samuel over the incident. He claimed that the soldiers had saved the best of the animals in order to sacrifice them to God (1 Samuel 15). This act, plus many others over the course of his rule, emphasized the fact that he could not be trusted to be an instrument of God’s will. The second lesson we learn is not to misuse the power given to us. There is no question that King Saul abused the power God had entrusted to him. Pride often creeps into our hearts when people are serving and honoring us. In time, receiving “star treatment” can make us believe that we really are something special and worthy of praise. When this happens, we forget that God is the one who is really in control and that He alone rules over all. God may have chosen Saul because he was humble, but over time that humility was replaced by a self-serving and destructive pride that destroyed his rule. Another lesson for us is to lead the way God wants us to lead. First Peter 5:2–10 is the ultimate guide for leading the people that God has placed in our charge: “Be shepherds of God’s flock that is under your care, serving as overseers—not because you must, but because you are willing, as God wants you to be; not greedy for money, but eager to serve; not lording it over those entrusted to you, but being examples to the flock. And when the Chief Shepherd appears, you will receive the crown of glory that will never fade away. Young men, in the same way be submissive to those who are older. All of you, clothe yourselves with humility toward one another, because, ‘God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble.’ Humble yourselves, therefore, under God’s mighty hand, that he may lift you up in due time. Cast all your anxiety on him because he cares for you. Be self-controlled and alert. Your enemy the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour. Resist him, standing firm in the faith, because you know that your brothers throughout the world are undergoing the same kind of sufferings. And the God of all grace, who called you to his eternal glory in Christ, after you have suffered a little while, will himself restore you and make you strong, firm and steadfast.” How much different Saul’s life would have turned out had he obeyed these principles. King Saul would have had no shortage of wise counsel available to him. By ignoring God and His wise counsel, Saul allowed the spiritual health of his people to deteriorate further, alienating them from God. Recommended Resource: The Great Lives from God’s Word Series by Chuck Swindoll More insights from your Bible study - Get Started with Logos Bible Software for Free! Why are there contradictory accounts regarding the death of Saul in 1 and 2 Samuel? Why is obedience better than sacrifice? Who was Samuel in the Bible? What does it mean that Saul is also among the prophets? Was King Saul saved? Questions about People in the Bible Who was King Saul in the Bible?	2,163	ENGLISH	1
Demetrius I (დემეტრე I) (c. 1093 – 1156), from the Bagrationi dynasty, was King of Georgia from 1125 to 1156. He is also known as a poet. Demetrius was the eldest son of King David the Builder by his first wife Rusudan. As a commander, he took part in his father’s battles, particularly at Didgori (1121) and Shirvan (1123). Demetrius succeeded on his father’s death on January 24, 1125. With his ascent to the throne, the Seljuk Turks attacked the Georgian-held city of Ani, Armenia. Demetrius I had to compromise and ceded the city to a Seljuk ruler under terms of vassalage. In 1139, he raided the earthquake-ridden city of Ganja in Arran (the present day Azerbaijan). He brought the iron gate of the defeated city to Georgia and donated it to Gelati Monastery at Kutaisi, western Georgia. Despite this brilliant victory, Demetrius could hold Ganja only for a few years. In 1130, Demetrius revealed a plot of nobles, probably involving the king's half-brother Vakhtang. The King arrested the conspirators and executed one of their leaders, Ioanne Abuletisdze, in 1138 (or 1145). In 1154 David, Demetrius's elder son forced his father to abdicate and become a monk, receiving the monastic name Damian (Damianus). However, David died six months later and King Demetrius was restored to the throne. David was survived by his son Demna who was regarded by the aristocratic opposition as a lawful pretender.	<urn:uuid:6c59aeaf-9105-4ee3-bc91-63c251ebc7af>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://wn.com/Demetrius_I_of_Georgia	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00336.warc.gz	en	0.981139	382	3.328125	3	[ -0.5726093649864197, 0.30490216612815857, 0.5028820633888245, 0.10917412489652634, -0.29680296778678894, -0.5025095343589783, 0.3589799106121063, 0.2598147690296173, -0.3248201608657837, 0.0037024610210210085, -0.3439498245716095, 0.08714598417282104, 0.32121923565864563, 0.063936091959476...	2	Demetrius I (დემეტრე I) (c. 1093 – 1156), from the Bagrationi dynasty, was King of Georgia from 1125 to 1156. He is also known as a poet. Demetrius was the eldest son of King David the Builder by his first wife Rusudan. As a commander, he took part in his father’s battles, particularly at Didgori (1121) and Shirvan (1123). Demetrius succeeded on his father’s death on January 24, 1125. With his ascent to the throne, the Seljuk Turks attacked the Georgian-held city of Ani, Armenia. Demetrius I had to compromise and ceded the city to a Seljuk ruler under terms of vassalage. In 1139, he raided the earthquake-ridden city of Ganja in Arran (the present day Azerbaijan). He brought the iron gate of the defeated city to Georgia and donated it to Gelati Monastery at Kutaisi, western Georgia. Despite this brilliant victory, Demetrius could hold Ganja only for a few years. In 1130, Demetrius revealed a plot of nobles, probably involving the king's half-brother Vakhtang. The King arrested the conspirators and executed one of their leaders, Ioanne Abuletisdze, in 1138 (or 1145). In 1154 David, Demetrius's elder son forced his father to abdicate and become a monk, receiving the monastic name Damian (Damianus). However, David died six months later and King Demetrius was restored to the throne. David was survived by his son Demna who was regarded by the aristocratic opposition as a lawful pretender.	397	ENGLISH	1
Hidden Room Of Thomas Jefferson’s Mansion Solves 200 Year Old Mystery Thomas Jefferson is often heralded as a wise and moral man who helped lay the foundations for American democracy. He was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence and the third president of the United States. We have memorials dedicated to him in the nation’s capitol, and his home in Virginia is a popular tourist destination. During some maintenance construction, workers came across a secret room. The room itself was one thing, but its location in the house was…peculiar, and raised some questions. The discovery reopened a controversy that had been swirling around the president’s legacy for over 200 years. 1. The president’s legacy Thomas Jefferson: You may remember him as the country’s third president. He was highly instrumental in the formation of the American government. While holding his position in office, he doubled the nation’s size with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Before his presidency, his contributions to the Declaration of Independence solidified Thomas Jefferson as one of the Founding Fathers. We can thank Jefferson for helping prevent the establishment of another monarch in the United States. And to that, we raise a glass. But as with many great leaders, there were other parts of Jefferson’s life that remain unclear to this day. 2. Jefferson’s Virginia house was a plantation Before moving into the White House in 1801, Thomas Jefferson resided at his Monticello Plantation in Charlottesville, Virginia—a well-regarded historical landmark visited by thousands of tourists every year. He had inherited five thousand acres from his father, which required a lot of manpower to attend to. In 1776, he built the Monticello Plantation (which translates to “Little Mountain” in Italian). What the heck do you do with five thousand acres? Well, there’s the plantation house for the owners and all the infrastructure needed to support it, including quarters for slaves. Like most large-plantation owners, Jefferson had hundreds of slaves. But there was one who was rumored to have caught his eye. It was these rumors that made the discovery of the secret room all the more scandalous. 3. Overlooked for hundreds of years The Monticello Plantation has seen a lot of restorations through the years, with projects picking up during the 20th century. When it was converted into a museum, the mystery room was completely hidden from sight, even when a modern bathroom was installed over it in 1941. The bathroom was renovated again in the 1960s due to the high influx of visitors coming to the museum, but once more, the changes and construction did not reveal the long-lost room. What ultimately gave archaeologists a clue that there was more than meets the eye came from a surprising source…and from beyond the grave. 4. Jefferson’s grandson’s diary was the first clue Historians wanted to determine the original layout of the Monticello Plantation, and in doing so, they ran across a document written by one of Thomas Jefferson’s grandsons. In his documents, Jefferson’s grandson describes a room that didn’t fit in with the known layout of the Monticello Plantation. He described a room in the south wing of the former plantation house. At first, archaeologists were skeptical about the information. But then they remembered the restroom addition, and that got the cogs in their heads turning. Though Jefferson’s grandson was known to be unreliable, it seemed odd that Jefferson Jr. Jr. would write about something like this if is wasn’t true. 5. In the most obvious of places In 2017, archaeologists conducted excavations as part of a restoration effort for the Monticello Plantation. What they discovered seemed to support the rumors that had been swirling around our third president’s legacy for centuries. This time around, they were aware of what Jefferson’s grandson had written about in his diary. As they worked to uncover the original layout of the Monticello’s south wing, they finally discovered what Jefferson’s grandson had referred to in his diary. It had gone unnoticed for years—which was surprising, given its location. Oddly, it was in the very place that had been renovated over and over—behind the bathroom. 6. Down the pipes Knocking down the men’s bathroom, which had been uneventfully renovated several times by now, the team discovered a small room they were not aware of before, other than the reference in Jefferson’s grandson’s writings. The room had been sealed off and hidden from plain sight for hundreds of years. The room was about 15 feet by 13 feet. It had a large brick oven in the middle and no windows. But what raised historians’ eyebrows the most about the room was its location within the large house. It was in very close proximity to Jefferson’s personal room—just down the hall. 7. A controversy 200 years in the making Let’s rewind the clock 200 years to the time of Jefferson. A political journalist who wrote for a Richmond newspaper, James T. Callender, wrote an inflammatory report on Jefferson with the intent to slander his name. The primary allegation in the report suggested that Jefferson had started a relationship with a woman after his wife died. In and of itself, not too bad of an accusation. But things heated up as Callender further asserted that Jefferson had started a relationship with a slave girl who had been on the plantation from a very young age. Callender referred to the girl as Jefferson’s “concubine.” 8. More accusations Callender also stated that Jefferson had children by her, but did not list himself as the father of the children in public record, in an attempt to keep his indiscretions hush-hush. By this point in time, rumors had already been swirling that there were people out there who bore an uncanny resemblance to the president. Was is possible that Jefferson’s slave bore children in this small, windowless room in the house, hidden from the rest of the world? Historians believe this is a distinct possibility. If so, who was this mystery woman, the mother of the Founding Father’s children? Did this room prove Callender right? 9. President John Adams may have also known about Jefferson’s indiscretions There were other contemporaries during Jefferson’s time that whispered about his personal affairs. Among these people: the second president of the United States, John Adams. In a letter he wrote to his sons in 1794—eight years prior to the editorial Callender wrote—Adams appears to be referring to Jefferson’s relationship with a slave girl. However, because the references are veiled in Roman myths, historians can’t be sure. But one line in particular has stood out as a possible reference to the Jefferson scandal. When considering reasons Jefferson might have resigned his position as Secretary of State, Adams speculates that Jefferson might be “…summoned from the familiar society of Egeria.” During the time, “familiar” was an innuendo for being intimate, and Egeria was a Roman mythical nymph whose story involves her meeting a king in a secret grove. 10. The slave at the center of the controversy The slave believed to be Jefferson’s “concubine” (as Callender described her) was 16-year-old Sally Hemings. Sally Hemings was the half-sister of Martha Jefferson—Thomas Jefferson’s wife. Much of Hemings’s life was shrouded in mystery for over 200 years. It wasn’t until recently that historians looked a little closer into the life of the woman who lived on the Jefferson plantation in Virginia. Despite her connection to the First Lady, Hemings was dealt a different hand in life. She was half African American and half white. Unlike Mrs. Jefferson, Sally was born into slavery. She arrived at the Jefferson plantation at a very young age. As such, she was tasked with labor within the Jefferson household. 11. Sally Hemings was known for her beauty Hemings was described by Jefferson’s enslaved blacksmith, Isaac Granger Jefferson, as “mighty near white,” and “very handsome,” and it was recorded that Sally Hemings had long hair that reached her waist. It was noted around the estate that Hemings received the preferable work and never had to work hard labor outside. She served the Jeffersons until Thomas Jefferson’s death in 1826. Historians, however, uncovered hidden information in the mystery room of the Jefferson household that was only a rumor during the revolutionary period. At fourteen, the young girl—barely a teen—accompanied Thomas Jefferson to France. Two years later, Sally Hemings’s life would drastically change. 12. Their mysterious trip to France Thomas Jefferson was the United States minister to France. In 1784, Jefferson, a recent widower, took a trip to France and took Sally Hemings along with him. France was considered a free country and it was illegal to own slaves while living under the French flag. There’s a belief that Hemings had the choice to stay in France where she could have been protected under the law of the French government. But something motivated Sally to return to the U.S. as a slave. Some possibilities included that Hemings didn’t have the means to start a life on her own in France or, as a slave, she didn’t have much of a choice. The last possibility might have been she and Jefferson might have had a real connection. 13. Why did Sally return to a life of slavery when she could have been free in France? Historians speculate whether widower Thomas Jefferson (Martha Jefferson died due to health problems at the age of 33) and Sally Hemings began an intimate relationship. While Jefferson was well into his 40s, Sally was only 16. Whether or not Sally entered the relationship voluntarily remains under heated debate, but one thing is clear: Sally became pregnant. She returned to the United States with Jefferson and continued to live on Monticello Plantation. Hemings would go on to have four more children that were rumored to be fathered by Jefferson. Historians believe that she gave birth to them in the secret room that was recently discovered. 14. The nature of their relationship Sally Hemings returning to the United States with Jefferson does not necessarily mean she was complicit in their relationship. After all, starting a life on her own in a foreign country as a teenage girl would not have been easy, especially coming from a slave background with no resources. Additionally, she was pregnant. The power dynamic of slave-master she had grown up under may have influenced the way she saw her relationship with Jefferson, as she was by all accounts given special treatment compared to other slaves on the plantation. The 25-year difference between them also played a role in the nature of their relationship. 15. The most implicating piece of evidence The room close to Jefferson’s personal bedroom was one thing. Callender’s salacious article was another. John Adams’s letter seemed suggestive. But the most compelling piece of evidence that supports the theory that Jefferson was intimate with Sally Hemings came from Jefferson himself. Jefferson owned over 500 slaves on his plantation. And of all those slaves, he only ever granted freedom to a small handful. That small handful was comprised of Sally Hemings and her children (as they came of age). They were not only granted their freedom, but also given a stipend as they left the estate so that they could start their lives on their own. 16. He made good on his promise Jefferson himself, contrary to his own practices, was opposed to slavery as an institution. Still, this did not prompt him to free all of his own slaves. The fact that he granted Sally Hemings and her children their freedom suggested that he had a more personal connection with them than he did with the other slaves on his property. Whether or not there was some verbal agreement between Jefferson and Hemings regarding her freedom, Hemings stayed at Monticello Plantation until Jefferson died in 1826. It is unclear if she couldn’t leave or wanted to stay with Jefferson (some of her children had already left by that time). 17. Was Jefferson the father of Hemings’s children? When the hidden room was discovered at Monticello Plantation, it was revealed that Hemings had five children while at the estate. Assuming that Jefferson and Hemings had some sort of relationship between them, historians began to speculate that Jefferson could very plausibly be the father of all of Hemings’s children. Given that he was not listed as the father on the birth records, determining paternity wasn’t going to be easy. However, historians did know the names of Sally Hemings’s children from the birth records, so they had a starting point in tracing the genetic lineage and solving the mystery of the Jefferson-Hemings controversy. 18. The forgotten children of Thomas Jefferson Today, historians strongly believe Thomas Jefferson indeed fathered Sally Hemings’s children. Out of the four surviving children—two boys and two girls—historians were only able to track down two: Eston Hemings and Harriet Hemings. The fifth child died at an early age. Eston Hemings was freed upon the death of Jefferson, as he had not yet come of age before his death. Being fair in skin tone, he was able to integrate and pass as a white person in society. He married and had three kids of his own as a free man. However, his resemblance to Jefferson didn’t go unnoticed. 19. An uncanny resemblance Eston’s arrival in Ohio (where he went after he left the plantation) was one of intrigue. KPBS published an article which appeared in the Scioto Gazette, an Ohio newspaper describing Eston Hemings as “light bronze color, little over six feet tall…and dignified; his nearly straight hair showed a tint of auburn, and his face, indistinct suggestion of freckles.” Rumors spread that he was the son of Thomas Jefferson. One reporter decided to make it his issue, and he wanted to hear what the mysterious new man in town had to say about the prospect of being the son of a former president. Eston was regarded as a gentleman, and many people within the small town thought he was an all-around good guy. When the journalist managed to meet Eston face to face, he asked if the rumors of his lineage were true. Eston’s response silenced the reporter. Eston responded: “Well, my mother, whose name I bear, belonged to Mr. Jefferson.” And after a slight pause, he added, “and she never married.” He, his wife, and children moved on and eventually ended up in Wisconsin, where they settled on a property they later owned. Eston didn’t know it at the time, but he would ultimately be the piece of the puzzle that would put the Jefferson-Hemings controversy to rest. 21. The proof is in the pudding Is it true? Did Thomas Jefferson have children with Sally Hemings? Thankfully, today we have the technology to answer these questions. In 1998, scientists tracked down the descendants of Eston Hemings and obtained a DNA sample to determine if the lineage traced back to Jefferson. The New York Times reported new evidence suggesting Jefferson fathered at least one of Sally Hemings’s children, and it was likely he fathered all of Hemings’s children. Eston Hemings and Harriet Hemings had children, to whom they had passed down the story of their heritage through generations. The DNA results had America at a standstill. 22. The results After taking blood samples from a descendant of Eston Hemings Jefferson, Dr. Eugene A. Foster, a university professor of pathology, analyzed the blood. He reported, “… the Y chromosome of a descendant of Eston Hemings Jefferson made a perfect match to Jefferson’s…Thomas Jefferson was most definitely the father.” The team reached out to the descendants of Sally Hemings, who were not the least bit surprised by the results. The power of storytelling had kept the truth intact for generations in their family. The results of the DNA test were only confirming what they already knew about their family’s history. But others still weren’t convinced. 23. Controversial backlash One such group: The Thomas Jefferson Foundation. They believe there was another possible explanation for the presence of Jefferson DNA in Sally Hemings’s descendants. In 2000, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation formed a research committee made up of nine members of the foundation’s staff, four of which had PhDs. After looking over all documentation pertaining to the Jefferson-Hemings ordeal, they came to a completely different conclusion. The foundation asserted that Sally Hemings was only a minor figure in Thomas Jefferson’s life and that it was unlikely that he fathered any of Sally Hemings’s children. Instead, they asserted that Thomas Jefferson’s brother, Randolph Jefferson, was the real father of Sally Hemings’s children. 24. Father of mine, where have you been? The Thomas Jefferson Foundation continues to believe that Thomas Jefferson was not in Monticello at the times that Sally Hemings would likely have her children. This was part of their case, as they believed that Sally Hemings was elsewhere at the points in the timeline that would have required them to be together. Still, this evidence feels flimsy when taking all the other factors into consideration. While some of it is circumstantial—the room, the rumors, the letter from John Adams—the DNA test does seem pretty conclusive, and the general consensus is that there was something going on between Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson. 25. The rest of Sally Hemings’s children Most historians agree that Jefferson likely fathered all five of Sally Hemings’s children. Harriet Hemings was well-known as a beauty, just like her mother. She had considerably darker hair and eyes, but her skin was light enough for her to pass as a white woman and she successfully integrated into white society. She married a white man who had “good standing” and he never suspected her African heritage. Sally’s other son, Madison Hemings, was also freed by Jefferson and lived with his mother Sally (who moved to Charlottesville, Virginia after Jefferson’s death). He worked as a farmer and a carpenter. He got married, had children, and moved to the free state of Ohio after his mother’s death. Uncovering Sally Hemings’s room reopened a conversation about the relationship between Jefferson and his alleged lover. Archaeologists can’t help but question the nature of their relationship, seeing how Sally Hemings was within arm’s reach—or, just one door down the hall. “This room is a real connection to the past,” said Fraser Neiman, the director of archaeology at Monticello. “We are uncovering and discovering and we’re finding many, many artifacts.” His insight gives the public a glimpse into the interesting life of Sally Hemings, as well as the personal life of former president Thomas Jefferson. These details had long been swept under the rug. 27. Present doubts There’s a lot to consider when weighing the social dynamics of the 18th century. The public was uncomfortable with the revelation that the person who wrote the Declaration of Independence was also having an affair with a young (probably underaged) enslaved woman and then denying the children he had with her on public record. Yet at the same time, knowing the reality of the circumstances helps us step away from the rose-colored lenses we often view the past with—and that’s troublesome for some. One can never know for sure the true nature of the relationship. Our Founding Fathers, and certainly our presidents, were not perfect. 28. The verdict on Thomas Jefferson’s legacy Perhaps one of the more troubling aspects of this situation is that the man wrote words that we hold in such high regard, “that all men were created equal,” which contradicted the way he lived his own life in such an obvious way. Contrary to the way he lived in his personal life, Jefferson used his platform to denounce the practice and institution of slavery for most of his lifetime. He actually submitted a bill to Congress to ban slavery in new territories as early as the 1780s—a full 80 years before the Civil War would decisively end it in the United States. 29. No money, mo’ problems Despite his personal viewpoints, Jefferson held on to his slaves, with the exception of Sally Hemings’s children. Only five of his hundred-odd slaves (at the time of his death) were freed in his will, including Sally Hemings’s remaining two children and three other men who had worked for him for decades and presumably had a personal relationship with him. Later in his life, Jefferson had incurred quite a bit of debt. Slaves at the time were considered property and therefore assets. Other than the few freed above, the remaining slaves were sold to pay for the debt incurred by the Monticello Plantation. 30. Secrets to the grave What we do know for sure is that Thomas Jefferson did want to hide his relationship with Sally Hemings from the public, as well as the fact that he fathered children by her. Perhaps what makes this story resonate so much is the literal intersection of an American idealist and the ugly legacy of slavery. Sally Hemings told her kids they were the children of Jefferson, but otherwise didn’t speak on the matter. But the only people who truly know what went on in that room on Monticello Plantation took the full truth with them to the grave. All we have left are pieces of a puzzle that when put together, paint an unsettling picture of an American icon that is hard to ignore and raises some tough questions.	<urn:uuid:f97ec3e7-b629-43fc-8724-96ff63edd5ce>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.history101.com/jeffersonhemmings/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00494.warc.gz	en	0.984091	4,645	3.328125	3	[ -0.15594998002052307, 0.36963245272636414, 0.17930646240711212, -0.14408476650714874, -0.0779411643743515, 0.13654735684394836, 0.2941191792488098, -0.32796046137809753, 0.10199660062789917, 0.6774559617042542, 0.3754459023475647, 0.1009606346487999, -0.38049501180648804, 0.259156048297882...	10	Hidden Room Of Thomas Jefferson’s Mansion Solves 200 Year Old Mystery Thomas Jefferson is often heralded as a wise and moral man who helped lay the foundations for American democracy. He was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence and the third president of the United States. We have memorials dedicated to him in the nation’s capitol, and his home in Virginia is a popular tourist destination. During some maintenance construction, workers came across a secret room. The room itself was one thing, but its location in the house was…peculiar, and raised some questions. The discovery reopened a controversy that had been swirling around the president’s legacy for over 200 years. 1. The president’s legacy Thomas Jefferson: You may remember him as the country’s third president. He was highly instrumental in the formation of the American government. While holding his position in office, he doubled the nation’s size with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Before his presidency, his contributions to the Declaration of Independence solidified Thomas Jefferson as one of the Founding Fathers. We can thank Jefferson for helping prevent the establishment of another monarch in the United States. And to that, we raise a glass. But as with many great leaders, there were other parts of Jefferson’s life that remain unclear to this day. 2. Jefferson’s Virginia house was a plantation Before moving into the White House in 1801, Thomas Jefferson resided at his Monticello Plantation in Charlottesville, Virginia—a well-regarded historical landmark visited by thousands of tourists every year. He had inherited five thousand acres from his father, which required a lot of manpower to attend to. In 1776, he built the Monticello Plantation (which translates to “Little Mountain” in Italian). What the heck do you do with five thousand acres? Well, there’s the plantation house for the owners and all the infrastructure needed to support it, including quarters for slaves. Like most large-plantation owners, Jefferson had hundreds of slaves. But there was one who was rumored to have caught his eye. It was these rumors that made the discovery of the secret room all the more scandalous. 3. Overlooked for hundreds of years The Monticello Plantation has seen a lot of restorations through the years, with projects picking up during the 20th century. When it was converted into a museum, the mystery room was completely hidden from sight, even when a modern bathroom was installed over it in 1941. The bathroom was renovated again in the 1960s due to the high influx of visitors coming to the museum, but once more, the changes and construction did not reveal the long-lost room. What ultimately gave archaeologists a clue that there was more than meets the eye came from a surprising source…and from beyond the grave. 4. Jefferson’s grandson’s diary was the first clue Historians wanted to determine the original layout of the Monticello Plantation, and in doing so, they ran across a document written by one of Thomas Jefferson’s grandsons. In his documents, Jefferson’s grandson describes a room that didn’t fit in with the known layout of the Monticello Plantation. He described a room in the south wing of the former plantation house. At first, archaeologists were skeptical about the information. But then they remembered the restroom addition, and that got the cogs in their heads turning. Though Jefferson’s grandson was known to be unreliable, it seemed odd that Jefferson Jr. Jr. would write about something like this if is wasn’t true. 5. In the most obvious of places In 2017, archaeologists conducted excavations as part of a restoration effort for the Monticello Plantation. What they discovered seemed to support the rumors that had been swirling around our third president’s legacy for centuries. This time around, they were aware of what Jefferson’s grandson had written about in his diary. As they worked to uncover the original layout of the Monticello’s south wing, they finally discovered what Jefferson’s grandson had referred to in his diary. It had gone unnoticed for years—which was surprising, given its location. Oddly, it was in the very place that had been renovated over and over—behind the bathroom. 6. Down the pipes Knocking down the men’s bathroom, which had been uneventfully renovated several times by now, the team discovered a small room they were not aware of before, other than the reference in Jefferson’s grandson’s writings. The room had been sealed off and hidden from plain sight for hundreds of years. The room was about 15 feet by 13 feet. It had a large brick oven in the middle and no windows. But what raised historians’ eyebrows the most about the room was its location within the large house. It was in very close proximity to Jefferson’s personal room—just down the hall. 7. A controversy 200 years in the making Let’s rewind the clock 200 years to the time of Jefferson. A political journalist who wrote for a Richmond newspaper, James T. Callender, wrote an inflammatory report on Jefferson with the intent to slander his name. The primary allegation in the report suggested that Jefferson had started a relationship with a woman after his wife died. In and of itself, not too bad of an accusation. But things heated up as Callender further asserted that Jefferson had started a relationship with a slave girl who had been on the plantation from a very young age. Callender referred to the girl as Jefferson’s “concubine.” 8. More accusations Callender also stated that Jefferson had children by her, but did not list himself as the father of the children in public record, in an attempt to keep his indiscretions hush-hush. By this point in time, rumors had already been swirling that there were people out there who bore an uncanny resemblance to the president. Was is possible that Jefferson’s slave bore children in this small, windowless room in the house, hidden from the rest of the world? Historians believe this is a distinct possibility. If so, who was this mystery woman, the mother of the Founding Father’s children? Did this room prove Callender right? 9. President John Adams may have also known about Jefferson’s indiscretions There were other contemporaries during Jefferson’s time that whispered about his personal affairs. Among these people: the second president of the United States, John Adams. In a letter he wrote to his sons in 1794—eight years prior to the editorial Callender wrote—Adams appears to be referring to Jefferson’s relationship with a slave girl. However, because the references are veiled in Roman myths, historians can’t be sure. But one line in particular has stood out as a possible reference to the Jefferson scandal. When considering reasons Jefferson might have resigned his position as Secretary of State, Adams speculates that Jefferson might be “…summoned from the familiar society of Egeria.” During the time, “familiar” was an innuendo for being intimate, and Egeria was a Roman mythical nymph whose story involves her meeting a king in a secret grove. 10. The slave at the center of the controversy The slave believed to be Jefferson’s “concubine” (as Callender described her) was 16-year-old Sally Hemings. Sally Hemings was the half-sister of Martha Jefferson—Thomas Jefferson’s wife. Much of Hemings’s life was shrouded in mystery for over 200 years. It wasn’t until recently that historians looked a little closer into the life of the woman who lived on the Jefferson plantation in Virginia. Despite her connection to the First Lady, Hemings was dealt a different hand in life. She was half African American and half white. Unlike Mrs. Jefferson, Sally was born into slavery. She arrived at the Jefferson plantation at a very young age. As such, she was tasked with labor within the Jefferson household. 11. Sally Hemings was known for her beauty Hemings was described by Jefferson’s enslaved blacksmith, Isaac Granger Jefferson, as “mighty near white,” and “very handsome,” and it was recorded that Sally Hemings had long hair that reached her waist. It was noted around the estate that Hemings received the preferable work and never had to work hard labor outside. She served the Jeffersons until Thomas Jefferson’s death in 1826. Historians, however, uncovered hidden information in the mystery room of the Jefferson household that was only a rumor during the revolutionary period. At fourteen, the young girl—barely a teen—accompanied Thomas Jefferson to France. Two years later, Sally Hemings’s life would drastically change. 12. Their mysterious trip to France Thomas Jefferson was the United States minister to France. In 1784, Jefferson, a recent widower, took a trip to France and took Sally Hemings along with him. France was considered a free country and it was illegal to own slaves while living under the French flag. There’s a belief that Hemings had the choice to stay in France where she could have been protected under the law of the French government. But something motivated Sally to return to the U.S. as a slave. Some possibilities included that Hemings didn’t have the means to start a life on her own in France or, as a slave, she didn’t have much of a choice. The last possibility might have been she and Jefferson might have had a real connection. 13. Why did Sally return to a life of slavery when she could have been free in France? Historians speculate whether widower Thomas Jefferson (Martha Jefferson died due to health problems at the age of 33) and Sally Hemings began an intimate relationship. While Jefferson was well into his 40s, Sally was only 16. Whether or not Sally entered the relationship voluntarily remains under heated debate, but one thing is clear: Sally became pregnant. She returned to the United States with Jefferson and continued to live on Monticello Plantation. Hemings would go on to have four more children that were rumored to be fathered by Jefferson. Historians believe that she gave birth to them in the secret room that was recently discovered. 14. The nature of their relationship Sally Hemings returning to the United States with Jefferson does not necessarily mean she was complicit in their relationship. After all, starting a life on her own in a foreign country as a teenage girl would not have been easy, especially coming from a slave background with no resources. Additionally, she was pregnant. The power dynamic of slave-master she had grown up under may have influenced the way she saw her relationship with Jefferson, as she was by all accounts given special treatment compared to other slaves on the plantation. The 25-year difference between them also played a role in the nature of their relationship. 15. The most implicating piece of evidence The room close to Jefferson’s personal bedroom was one thing. Callender’s salacious article was another. John Adams’s letter seemed suggestive. But the most compelling piece of evidence that supports the theory that Jefferson was intimate with Sally Hemings came from Jefferson himself. Jefferson owned over 500 slaves on his plantation. And of all those slaves, he only ever granted freedom to a small handful. That small handful was comprised of Sally Hemings and her children (as they came of age). They were not only granted their freedom, but also given a stipend as they left the estate so that they could start their lives on their own. 16. He made good on his promise Jefferson himself, contrary to his own practices, was opposed to slavery as an institution. Still, this did not prompt him to free all of his own slaves. The fact that he granted Sally Hemings and her children their freedom suggested that he had a more personal connection with them than he did with the other slaves on his property. Whether or not there was some verbal agreement between Jefferson and Hemings regarding her freedom, Hemings stayed at Monticello Plantation until Jefferson died in 1826. It is unclear if she couldn’t leave or wanted to stay with Jefferson (some of her children had already left by that time). 17. Was Jefferson the father of Hemings’s children? When the hidden room was discovered at Monticello Plantation, it was revealed that Hemings had five children while at the estate. Assuming that Jefferson and Hemings had some sort of relationship between them, historians began to speculate that Jefferson could very plausibly be the father of all of Hemings’s children. Given that he was not listed as the father on the birth records, determining paternity wasn’t going to be easy. However, historians did know the names of Sally Hemings’s children from the birth records, so they had a starting point in tracing the genetic lineage and solving the mystery of the Jefferson-Hemings controversy. 18. The forgotten children of Thomas Jefferson Today, historians strongly believe Thomas Jefferson indeed fathered Sally Hemings’s children. Out of the four surviving children—two boys and two girls—historians were only able to track down two: Eston Hemings and Harriet Hemings. The fifth child died at an early age. Eston Hemings was freed upon the death of Jefferson, as he had not yet come of age before his death. Being fair in skin tone, he was able to integrate and pass as a white person in society. He married and had three kids of his own as a free man. However, his resemblance to Jefferson didn’t go unnoticed. 19. An uncanny resemblance Eston’s arrival in Ohio (where he went after he left the plantation) was one of intrigue. KPBS published an article which appeared in the Scioto Gazette, an Ohio newspaper describing Eston Hemings as “light bronze color, little over six feet tall…and dignified; his nearly straight hair showed a tint of auburn, and his face, indistinct suggestion of freckles.” Rumors spread that he was the son of Thomas Jefferson. One reporter decided to make it his issue, and he wanted to hear what the mysterious new man in town had to say about the prospect of being the son of a former president. Eston was regarded as a gentleman, and many people within the small town thought he was an all-around good guy. When the journalist managed to meet Eston face to face, he asked if the rumors of his lineage were true. Eston’s response silenced the reporter. Eston responded: “Well, my mother, whose name I bear, belonged to Mr. Jefferson.” And after a slight pause, he added, “and she never married.” He, his wife, and children moved on and eventually ended up in Wisconsin, where they settled on a property they later owned. Eston didn’t know it at the time, but he would ultimately be the piece of the puzzle that would put the Jefferson-Hemings controversy to rest. 21. The proof is in the pudding Is it true? Did Thomas Jefferson have children with Sally Hemings? Thankfully, today we have the technology to answer these questions. In 1998, scientists tracked down the descendants of Eston Hemings and obtained a DNA sample to determine if the lineage traced back to Jefferson. The New York Times reported new evidence suggesting Jefferson fathered at least one of Sally Hemings’s children, and it was likely he fathered all of Hemings’s children. Eston Hemings and Harriet Hemings had children, to whom they had passed down the story of their heritage through generations. The DNA results had America at a standstill. 22. The results After taking blood samples from a descendant of Eston Hemings Jefferson, Dr. Eugene A. Foster, a university professor of pathology, analyzed the blood. He reported, “… the Y chromosome of a descendant of Eston Hemings Jefferson made a perfect match to Jefferson’s…Thomas Jefferson was most definitely the father.” The team reached out to the descendants of Sally Hemings, who were not the least bit surprised by the results. The power of storytelling had kept the truth intact for generations in their family. The results of the DNA test were only confirming what they already knew about their family’s history. But others still weren’t convinced. 23. Controversial backlash One such group: The Thomas Jefferson Foundation. They believe there was another possible explanation for the presence of Jefferson DNA in Sally Hemings’s descendants. In 2000, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation formed a research committee made up of nine members of the foundation’s staff, four of which had PhDs. After looking over all documentation pertaining to the Jefferson-Hemings ordeal, they came to a completely different conclusion. The foundation asserted that Sally Hemings was only a minor figure in Thomas Jefferson’s life and that it was unlikely that he fathered any of Sally Hemings’s children. Instead, they asserted that Thomas Jefferson’s brother, Randolph Jefferson, was the real father of Sally Hemings’s children. 24. Father of mine, where have you been? The Thomas Jefferson Foundation continues to believe that Thomas Jefferson was not in Monticello at the times that Sally Hemings would likely have her children. This was part of their case, as they believed that Sally Hemings was elsewhere at the points in the timeline that would have required them to be together. Still, this evidence feels flimsy when taking all the other factors into consideration. While some of it is circumstantial—the room, the rumors, the letter from John Adams—the DNA test does seem pretty conclusive, and the general consensus is that there was something going on between Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson. 25. The rest of Sally Hemings’s children Most historians agree that Jefferson likely fathered all five of Sally Hemings’s children. Harriet Hemings was well-known as a beauty, just like her mother. She had considerably darker hair and eyes, but her skin was light enough for her to pass as a white woman and she successfully integrated into white society. She married a white man who had “good standing” and he never suspected her African heritage. Sally’s other son, Madison Hemings, was also freed by Jefferson and lived with his mother Sally (who moved to Charlottesville, Virginia after Jefferson’s death). He worked as a farmer and a carpenter. He got married, had children, and moved to the free state of Ohio after his mother’s death. Uncovering Sally Hemings’s room reopened a conversation about the relationship between Jefferson and his alleged lover. Archaeologists can’t help but question the nature of their relationship, seeing how Sally Hemings was within arm’s reach—or, just one door down the hall. “This room is a real connection to the past,” said Fraser Neiman, the director of archaeology at Monticello. “We are uncovering and discovering and we’re finding many, many artifacts.” His insight gives the public a glimpse into the interesting life of Sally Hemings, as well as the personal life of former president Thomas Jefferson. These details had long been swept under the rug. 27. Present doubts There’s a lot to consider when weighing the social dynamics of the 18th century. The public was uncomfortable with the revelation that the person who wrote the Declaration of Independence was also having an affair with a young (probably underaged) enslaved woman and then denying the children he had with her on public record. Yet at the same time, knowing the reality of the circumstances helps us step away from the rose-colored lenses we often view the past with—and that’s troublesome for some. One can never know for sure the true nature of the relationship. Our Founding Fathers, and certainly our presidents, were not perfect. 28. The verdict on Thomas Jefferson’s legacy Perhaps one of the more troubling aspects of this situation is that the man wrote words that we hold in such high regard, “that all men were created equal,” which contradicted the way he lived his own life in such an obvious way. Contrary to the way he lived in his personal life, Jefferson used his platform to denounce the practice and institution of slavery for most of his lifetime. He actually submitted a bill to Congress to ban slavery in new territories as early as the 1780s—a full 80 years before the Civil War would decisively end it in the United States. 29. No money, mo’ problems Despite his personal viewpoints, Jefferson held on to his slaves, with the exception of Sally Hemings’s children. Only five of his hundred-odd slaves (at the time of his death) were freed in his will, including Sally Hemings’s remaining two children and three other men who had worked for him for decades and presumably had a personal relationship with him. Later in his life, Jefferson had incurred quite a bit of debt. Slaves at the time were considered property and therefore assets. Other than the few freed above, the remaining slaves were sold to pay for the debt incurred by the Monticello Plantation. 30. Secrets to the grave What we do know for sure is that Thomas Jefferson did want to hide his relationship with Sally Hemings from the public, as well as the fact that he fathered children by her. Perhaps what makes this story resonate so much is the literal intersection of an American idealist and the ugly legacy of slavery. Sally Hemings told her kids they were the children of Jefferson, but otherwise didn’t speak on the matter. But the only people who truly know what went on in that room on Monticello Plantation took the full truth with them to the grave. All we have left are pieces of a puzzle that when put together, paint an unsettling picture of an American icon that is hard to ignore and raises some tough questions.	4,472	ENGLISH	1
Girty eventually joined a group of renegade Indians. They terrorized white settlers and peddled their scalps to the British for $10 apiece. According to legend, they would kill white settlers, taking anything of value to be traded or sold at a later date. They roamed the area as far as Richland Township. American troops at Fort Pitt considered him a traitor. At some point, Girty betrayed his Indian friends and took the loot they had collected. He reportedly buried it along a tributary of the Allegheny River. The Indians returned from their raiding party sooner than he had anticipated and discovered Girty’s betrayal. The Indians trailed him to the spot where he was burying the loot and planned an ambush. However, his instincts saved him from the ambush, and he was able to evade the Indians by running through a creek bed in Ross Township. He escaped and disappeared into Indian country, and apparently died in Canada. The creek, which runs parallel to Babcock Boulevard, was later named Girty’s Run after him. According to legend, Girty also had an interaction with West View’s first settler, Casper Reel. Casper and his brother-in-law, John Wise, were returning from Reel’s traps on the Beaver River when they were hailed by a man standing on the shore, who asked for something to eat. Reel was immediately suspicious and started turning his canoe toward the opposite shore while simultaneously keeping up a conversation. Reel asked the man if there were any Indians nearby, to which the man replied, “No they are all gone to hell.” Wise began to insist that they ought to go help the man, but Reel commanded him to lie down flat in the canoe. Knowing the ruse was up, the Indians came out of hiding and fired at the canoe. Reel and Wise were able to escape unharmed, although their canoe was hit in several places. The man on the shore was none other than Simon Girty. Simon Girty was an early settler who sided with the British during the Revolutionary War and eventually joined a group of Indian renegades. When he was young, his family was captured by Seneca Indians who later adopted them. During the Revolutionary War, Girty served as an interpreter between the British and their Native American allies. A depiction of Simon Girty	<urn:uuid:6968a5a5-896c-4d56-a301-d5b4e911e85c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://westviewborough.org/simon-girty.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00477.warc.gz	en	0.992074	492	3.5	4	[ -0.04152907431125641, -0.09414223581552505, 0.24703586101531982, -0.01738733984529972, -0.1897173374891281, -0.4575902819633484, 0.7356058359146118, -0.019040968269109726, -0.32085126638412476, 0.10233572870492935, 0.12455958127975464, -0.21369867026805878, 0.05908774212002754, 0.203244343...	4	Girty eventually joined a group of renegade Indians. They terrorized white settlers and peddled their scalps to the British for $10 apiece. According to legend, they would kill white settlers, taking anything of value to be traded or sold at a later date. They roamed the area as far as Richland Township. American troops at Fort Pitt considered him a traitor. At some point, Girty betrayed his Indian friends and took the loot they had collected. He reportedly buried it along a tributary of the Allegheny River. The Indians returned from their raiding party sooner than he had anticipated and discovered Girty’s betrayal. The Indians trailed him to the spot where he was burying the loot and planned an ambush. However, his instincts saved him from the ambush, and he was able to evade the Indians by running through a creek bed in Ross Township. He escaped and disappeared into Indian country, and apparently died in Canada. The creek, which runs parallel to Babcock Boulevard, was later named Girty’s Run after him. According to legend, Girty also had an interaction with West View’s first settler, Casper Reel. Casper and his brother-in-law, John Wise, were returning from Reel’s traps on the Beaver River when they were hailed by a man standing on the shore, who asked for something to eat. Reel was immediately suspicious and started turning his canoe toward the opposite shore while simultaneously keeping up a conversation. Reel asked the man if there were any Indians nearby, to which the man replied, “No they are all gone to hell.” Wise began to insist that they ought to go help the man, but Reel commanded him to lie down flat in the canoe. Knowing the ruse was up, the Indians came out of hiding and fired at the canoe. Reel and Wise were able to escape unharmed, although their canoe was hit in several places. The man on the shore was none other than Simon Girty. Simon Girty was an early settler who sided with the British during the Revolutionary War and eventually joined a group of Indian renegades. When he was young, his family was captured by Seneca Indians who later adopted them. During the Revolutionary War, Girty served as an interpreter between the British and their Native American allies. A depiction of Simon Girty	479	ENGLISH	1
Qin (Chin) Dynasty 秦朝 221 - 206 BCE The Qin dynasty, although short-lived, is arguably the most important as it created so much of what now defines 'China'. Indeed it is even believed the Western name ‘China’ may derive from ‘Qin kingdom’. Before the Qin dynasty there had been seven kingdoms clustered around the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers. These kingdoms were engaged in incessant mutual attrition during the Warring States period until one of them, 'Qin', proved dominant. The Qin kingdom was on the western edge of China and needed an efficient cavalry to repulse raids by the nomadic people on its borders and these military skills proved decisive. The Qin were considered so close to barbarism that their representatives did not attend meetings with the other six warring states. It may also have been the first of the kingdoms to master the use of iron weaponry giving it an advantage over those still using bronze. They fought from horseback and not from cumbersome, unwieldy chariots like the other states. Through dictatorial (Legalist) rule, the first Qin emperor defeated all the other kingdoms and formed for the first time a Chinese nation state under one ruler, inventing the concept of ‘Emperor of China’. Although the term 'dynasties' is used for the preceding periods it was only under the Qin that the state was centrally controlled under one person, previously it had been a case of loose association with a local ruler having autonomy. The Qin state was an efficient military machine and pursued a policy of subjugation of ‘all under heaven’. It was brought in as a fervent revolution, not just a change of leadership. By conquests as far south as Guangdong, Qin Shihuangdi created the rough boundary of the country of China that has stood to the present day. The Great Wall of China was built to define China's northern limit by joining and strengthening existing border walls. Other major construction projects included his capital city; his mausoleum and a network of roads, canals and irrigation systems. Control of water supply enabled agricultural production to increase; providing food for the burgeoning empire. As well as bringing in unified systems for weights; measures and roads, during the Qin dynasty he imposed a single set of Chinese characters for writing based on the Qin script. The Qin kingdom had conquered many other kingdoms with higher populations and with their own writing scripts; to be able to administer these new people everything had to be standardized. The standardization of weights was important because tax was collected in goods rather than money. His transport reforms enabled the creation of a network of roads radiating from the capital near Xi'an with a standard length of axle allowing the transport of goods over long distances. (Deep ruts in the road created by carts allowed only those with a matching axle width to travel easily). The new roads had three lanes, the central one was reserved solely for Imperial use. However, this road network amounting to 4,250 miles, proved counter-productive as it enabled rebels to quickly flee a pursuing army. The use of the brush for both writing and painting was introduced; superseding the stylus previously used to impress writing into clay or to inscribe on stone. Qin Shihuangdi moved the country away from a slave to a feudal system. He disbanded the many militia that had been the means of maintaining the earlier state of incessant warfare. The creation of a complete set of unambiguous laws for the first time codified rights and responsibilities. Arbitrary punishment was abolished. A key reform of the Qin Dynasty was the division of government into three separate functions : administration; military and supervision of the administration. The later function included the appointment of officials and the keeping of records, it checked that the administration carried out the orders it was given. This division made the empire less likely to break apart, as no one person held both the administrative and military power needed to mount a revolt against the Emperor. An administrator was appointed directly by the emperor from a distant area so he would have no loyal, local power-base to exploit. Second Emperor and Collapse The Qin dynasty was effectively a one man 'dynasty' lasting only 25 years as his successor failed to keep the country united. Qin Shihuangdi's chief Minister Li Si ➚, the architect of many of the reforms, tried to cling to power by controlling the succession. The Crown Prince, who had voiced dissent over the reforms, was tricked into committing suicide by way of a forged order sent by Li Si purporting to be from his father. So it was Shihuangdi's second son, who reigned under the title ‘Er Shi’ literally ‘Second Emperor' (229 - 207 BCE) on Qin Shihuangdi's death. A weak and dissolute man, his rule lasted just three years, he gave power to his chief eunuch Zhao Gao who turned the capital into a bloodbath with Li Si amongst his many victims. The people had had enough of enforced slave labor, crippling taxation, brutal treatment and so the centralized system of control broke down. The reaction to the dissent was to act with even greater brutality. Zhao Gao seized power and forced Er Shi to commit suicide in 207BCE supplanting him with Er Shi's young nephew, but by then it was too late as the Qin Empire had already fallen apart. Terracotta charioteer at the tomb of the first Qin Emperor Shihuangdi Emperor Qin Shihuangdi 始皇帝 [246 BCE - 10 Sep 210 BCE] or Chhin Shih Huang Ti WG The First Qin Emperor of China Qin Shihuangdi is the first historical figure of great significance in China. Despite the distant date, many of his initiatives still remain in place today. His chief achievement was the first unification of China under one man. At the age of 13 he became king of the Qin (the western-most kingdom of the Warring States) and inherited his father's zeal for conquest. King Zheng was a dictatorial and harsh ruler following the Legalist philosophy. Broadly speaking the Legalist scheme raised the Emperor above all others, who are deemed prone to evil, he ruled absolutely and all had to obey his commands, they had no rights other than those he gave them. He mobilized the people of Qin into forced labor for his many projects and in 11 years had swallowed up the other states of the former Zhou empire to form the 'nation' of China for the first time. To keep the peace he held hostages from the defeated royal families and melted down the bronze weapons of all the armies into huge bells and statues. By relocating the feudal lords and kings he broke their power and imposed direct Imperial rule in its place. Even surrendering to him was no guarantee of survival, more than a million opponents died in his ruthless conquests. During the Qin dynasty he re-engineered the existing walls defending individual kingdoms into one Great Wall for the whole nation. He sought to wipe out history by burning any books that conflicted with his Legalist philosophy including those of Confucius or were written in non-Qin script. His approach was to start a new system from scratch, ignoring all that had gone before. To even mention historical events in conversation was a serious offense. However it must be said that some of these allegations made in the succeeding dynasties, with some vindictiveness, are not backed up by hard facts. When the Qin dynasty fell, the vast Imperial library was burned to the ground doing far more destruction to literature than Qin Shihuangdi ever did. The fragments of books that escaped burning proved a rich area of study for subsequent scholars who tried to piece together the originals. He standardized weights, measures, roads, and the Chinese script. The long history of the written Chinese language had created dozens of different ways of writing each character, the Emperor ordered his minister Li Si to bring in standardization. To ensure adoption of the new standard script, books written using the old scripts were burnt. The dictionary by Xu Shen 许慎 called the Shuo wen jie zi 说文解字 documents the changes to the script. Qin Shihuangdi's huge new capital at Xianyang, Shaanxi had wide roads radiating out in all directions. At times 15% of the population was conscripted into his great construction projects: the Great Wall; his capital Xianyang and his Imperial tomb. The imperial name Qin Shihuangdi means the first august emperor of the Qin. The use of the character for august deliberately echoes the similarly sounding 黄 huáng which links him to the legendary founding Yellow Emperor. Qin Shihuangdi was hard working with an eye for detail. He was paranoid about possible assassination plots. His workload was measured in weight of books (at that time not on paper but on bamboo strips) he could process in a day. Late in life he became obsessed with seeking immortality and the after-life, building the famous Terracotta Army to guard his tomb. The cruelty; forced labor; high taxes and upheavals eroded public support and on his death the dynasty quickly fell apart. However, many of his wiser reforms were retained by the succeeding Han and later dynasties. The ambivalent view of Qin Shihuangdi as brutal tyrant or unifier is brought home in the epic film ‘Hero ➚’ by Yimou Zhang. Copyright © Chinasage 2012 to 2020 Downloading information about character	<urn:uuid:0e7e8e87-7923-4235-8403-044bd35decd6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://chinasage.info/qin-dynasty.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00342.warc.gz	en	0.980128	1,979	3.90625	4	[ -0.6240976452827454, 0.45747753977775574, 0.4266051650047302, -0.06096229702234268, -0.2759283185005188, 0.017002884298563004, 0.03324103727936745, -0.3677668869495392, 0.2753183841705322, 0.44301068782806396, 0.23598428070545197, -0.7427961826324463, 0.41060999035835266, -0.18300138413906...	2	Qin (Chin) Dynasty 秦朝 221 - 206 BCE The Qin dynasty, although short-lived, is arguably the most important as it created so much of what now defines 'China'. Indeed it is even believed the Western name ‘China’ may derive from ‘Qin kingdom’. Before the Qin dynasty there had been seven kingdoms clustered around the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers. These kingdoms were engaged in incessant mutual attrition during the Warring States period until one of them, 'Qin', proved dominant. The Qin kingdom was on the western edge of China and needed an efficient cavalry to repulse raids by the nomadic people on its borders and these military skills proved decisive. The Qin were considered so close to barbarism that their representatives did not attend meetings with the other six warring states. It may also have been the first of the kingdoms to master the use of iron weaponry giving it an advantage over those still using bronze. They fought from horseback and not from cumbersome, unwieldy chariots like the other states. Through dictatorial (Legalist) rule, the first Qin emperor defeated all the other kingdoms and formed for the first time a Chinese nation state under one ruler, inventing the concept of ‘Emperor of China’. Although the term 'dynasties' is used for the preceding periods it was only under the Qin that the state was centrally controlled under one person, previously it had been a case of loose association with a local ruler having autonomy. The Qin state was an efficient military machine and pursued a policy of subjugation of ‘all under heaven’. It was brought in as a fervent revolution, not just a change of leadership. By conquests as far south as Guangdong, Qin Shihuangdi created the rough boundary of the country of China that has stood to the present day. The Great Wall of China was built to define China's northern limit by joining and strengthening existing border walls. Other major construction projects included his capital city; his mausoleum and a network of roads, canals and irrigation systems. Control of water supply enabled agricultural production to increase; providing food for the burgeoning empire. As well as bringing in unified systems for weights; measures and roads, during the Qin dynasty he imposed a single set of Chinese characters for writing based on the Qin script. The Qin kingdom had conquered many other kingdoms with higher populations and with their own writing scripts; to be able to administer these new people everything had to be standardized. The standardization of weights was important because tax was collected in goods rather than money. His transport reforms enabled the creation of a network of roads radiating from the capital near Xi'an with a standard length of axle allowing the transport of goods over long distances. (Deep ruts in the road created by carts allowed only those with a matching axle width to travel easily). The new roads had three lanes, the central one was reserved solely for Imperial use. However, this road network amounting to 4,250 miles, proved counter-productive as it enabled rebels to quickly flee a pursuing army. The use of the brush for both writing and painting was introduced; superseding the stylus previously used to impress writing into clay or to inscribe on stone. Qin Shihuangdi moved the country away from a slave to a feudal system. He disbanded the many militia that had been the means of maintaining the earlier state of incessant warfare. The creation of a complete set of unambiguous laws for the first time codified rights and responsibilities. Arbitrary punishment was abolished. A key reform of the Qin Dynasty was the division of government into three separate functions : administration; military and supervision of the administration. The later function included the appointment of officials and the keeping of records, it checked that the administration carried out the orders it was given. This division made the empire less likely to break apart, as no one person held both the administrative and military power needed to mount a revolt against the Emperor. An administrator was appointed directly by the emperor from a distant area so he would have no loyal, local power-base to exploit. Second Emperor and Collapse The Qin dynasty was effectively a one man 'dynasty' lasting only 25 years as his successor failed to keep the country united. Qin Shihuangdi's chief Minister Li Si ➚, the architect of many of the reforms, tried to cling to power by controlling the succession. The Crown Prince, who had voiced dissent over the reforms, was tricked into committing suicide by way of a forged order sent by Li Si purporting to be from his father. So it was Shihuangdi's second son, who reigned under the title ‘Er Shi’ literally ‘Second Emperor' (229 - 207 BCE) on Qin Shihuangdi's death. A weak and dissolute man, his rule lasted just three years, he gave power to his chief eunuch Zhao Gao who turned the capital into a bloodbath with Li Si amongst his many victims. The people had had enough of enforced slave labor, crippling taxation, brutal treatment and so the centralized system of control broke down. The reaction to the dissent was to act with even greater brutality. Zhao Gao seized power and forced Er Shi to commit suicide in 207BCE supplanting him with Er Shi's young nephew, but by then it was too late as the Qin Empire had already fallen apart. Terracotta charioteer at the tomb of the first Qin Emperor Shihuangdi Emperor Qin Shihuangdi 始皇帝 [246 BCE - 10 Sep 210 BCE] or Chhin Shih Huang Ti WG The First Qin Emperor of China Qin Shihuangdi is the first historical figure of great significance in China. Despite the distant date, many of his initiatives still remain in place today. His chief achievement was the first unification of China under one man. At the age of 13 he became king of the Qin (the western-most kingdom of the Warring States) and inherited his father's zeal for conquest. King Zheng was a dictatorial and harsh ruler following the Legalist philosophy. Broadly speaking the Legalist scheme raised the Emperor above all others, who are deemed prone to evil, he ruled absolutely and all had to obey his commands, they had no rights other than those he gave them. He mobilized the people of Qin into forced labor for his many projects and in 11 years had swallowed up the other states of the former Zhou empire to form the 'nation' of China for the first time. To keep the peace he held hostages from the defeated royal families and melted down the bronze weapons of all the armies into huge bells and statues. By relocating the feudal lords and kings he broke their power and imposed direct Imperial rule in its place. Even surrendering to him was no guarantee of survival, more than a million opponents died in his ruthless conquests. During the Qin dynasty he re-engineered the existing walls defending individual kingdoms into one Great Wall for the whole nation. He sought to wipe out history by burning any books that conflicted with his Legalist philosophy including those of Confucius or were written in non-Qin script. His approach was to start a new system from scratch, ignoring all that had gone before. To even mention historical events in conversation was a serious offense. However it must be said that some of these allegations made in the succeeding dynasties, with some vindictiveness, are not backed up by hard facts. When the Qin dynasty fell, the vast Imperial library was burned to the ground doing far more destruction to literature than Qin Shihuangdi ever did. The fragments of books that escaped burning proved a rich area of study for subsequent scholars who tried to piece together the originals. He standardized weights, measures, roads, and the Chinese script. The long history of the written Chinese language had created dozens of different ways of writing each character, the Emperor ordered his minister Li Si to bring in standardization. To ensure adoption of the new standard script, books written using the old scripts were burnt. The dictionary by Xu Shen 许慎 called the Shuo wen jie zi 说文解字 documents the changes to the script. Qin Shihuangdi's huge new capital at Xianyang, Shaanxi had wide roads radiating out in all directions. At times 15% of the population was conscripted into his great construction projects: the Great Wall; his capital Xianyang and his Imperial tomb. The imperial name Qin Shihuangdi means the first august emperor of the Qin. The use of the character for august deliberately echoes the similarly sounding 黄 huáng which links him to the legendary founding Yellow Emperor. Qin Shihuangdi was hard working with an eye for detail. He was paranoid about possible assassination plots. His workload was measured in weight of books (at that time not on paper but on bamboo strips) he could process in a day. Late in life he became obsessed with seeking immortality and the after-life, building the famous Terracotta Army to guard his tomb. The cruelty; forced labor; high taxes and upheavals eroded public support and on his death the dynasty quickly fell apart. However, many of his wiser reforms were retained by the succeeding Han and later dynasties. The ambivalent view of Qin Shihuangdi as brutal tyrant or unifier is brought home in the epic film ‘Hero ➚’ by Yimou Zhang. Copyright © Chinasage 2012 to 2020 Downloading information about character	1,969	ENGLISH	1
The founding of the beer-making industry in New England was an accident, as the beer-brewing pilgrims who stayed in the area more than 400 years ago were intending to move to another location other than New England. But the booming beer business in the region is not an accident since it is achieved through decades of hard work by the owners and the employees of the beer companies and the dedication to their craft have allowed New England to turn into one of the top producers of great-tasting beer in the United States. To know more about how the beer in New England accidentally came to be, let’s dive into the amazing history of many people’s favorite alcoholic beverage in the region. The Pilgrim’s Beer When the pilgrims from England traveled to the southwest and into what will eventually be known as the United States of America, they were supposed to continue sailing aboard the Mayflower to the south of the Hudson River until they reach Virginia. However, during the middle of their travels, they have started to run out of beer to drink. You would think that the pilgrims were just a bunch of drunkards who wouldn’t survive without drinking beer for a day, but it is believed during that time that beer is much safer to drink than water, as the alcoholic beverage has gone through a lot of filtering and pasteurizing compared to regular water, which is typically unprocessed. In addition, beer goes well with a lot of food that they brought for storage during their trip, so that’s why it is vital for them to have plenty of beer in their ship. Since they are unable to get ingredients while they are on the Mayflower ship, they decided to stop their journey in Plymouth, Massachusetts on December 1620. During their stay in Plymouth, some pilgrims were able to grow and gather ingredients used for making beer, and then they started to sell or distribute their creations to other pilgrims and neighbors. Also, during the period of their settlement in Plymouth, beer-making was considered a prosperous profession among settlers, as the beverage was high on demand, and the breweries would never run out of customers. It was through beer brewing that many colonists in New England became wealthy, which helped them expand their business. The Boston Beer When the colonists expanded their area of influence in North America, the city of Boston (established in 1630) was one of the first areas where beer brewing became prominent in the New England colony. Four years after the founding of Boston, a settler named Samuel Cole acquired a license to open up a tavern in the location, and through this license, he was able to not only own a building in Boston but also to brew beer in his tavern. More taverns began to pop up in several parts of Boston in the years after 1634, particularly in the docks where beer can easily be transported to other areas of New England as well as Europe. The docks where the pubs are located will eventually be named the Financial District. Thanks to the excellent placement of taverns and breweries in the city, the beer-making industry in Boston began to flourish. The Hazy New England Beer For many years, the beers in New England taste and look exactly the same as the ones you would find in Texas and other beer-brewing states and regions in the United States, but this will all change when one beer brand in New England took the risk of changing the American beer formula and make their beverage stand out among the others. The brand is named Heady Topper, which is owned by The Alchemist that is located in Stowe Vermont. Before the founding of The Alchemist, a man named John Kimmich started living in Vermont in 1994 in order to learn more about the art of beer brewing. He began to take lessons from Greg Noonan, a renowned beer brewing expert in New England, and soon after, Kimmich worked as the head brewer at the famous Vermont Pub and Brewery. It was while working at the pub where Kimmich met his future wife Jen, who helped him start a brewpub called The Alchemist in November 2003. He began serving the Heady Topper occasionally at his pub, and it slowly gained recognition over the years, which prompted Kimmich to establish a production brewery in 2011 in order to meet the demand for the Heady Topper. It is interesting to note that The Alchemist and the Heady Topper didn’t have any kind of marketing and advertisement in Vermont, and its popularity was only gained through multiple drinker recommendations as well as top ratings from reviewers in beer-focused websites. The Heady Topper beer is famous for its hazy appearance compared to other beers in America that are almost crystal clear. Its taste is also quite different from other beers, as the Heady Topper has a pronounced bitterness with a smoother and juicier flavor. Due to many people considering the Heady Topper as one of the best beers in the United States, many breweries in New England decided to copy the formula for Kimmich’s beer in order to replicate the Heady Topper’s success, which resulted in the creation of the term New England IPA (NEIPA) to name the popular hazy beer. Today, breweries in New England offer new and exciting ways to drink beer for those who want to discover beers that are different from the ones they usually drink. The “haze craze,” as some people outside New England would call the hazy beer fad, will not fade away until a brewery tops the Heady Topper’s innovation in the beer industry.	<urn:uuid:46132cee-863d-467c-ad7b-0628f6f7297e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mentalitch.com/the-history-of-beer-in-new-england/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00156.warc.gz	en	0.984028	1,147	3.3125	3	[ 0.23442116379737854, -0.03309083357453346, 0.4638518989086151, -0.5733471512794495, -0.10085895657539368, -0.14204636216163635, 0.040980979800224304, 0.4168512523174286, -0.26080018281936646, 0.04287140071392059, -0.5162090063095093, -0.09046114981174469, -0.2449743002653122, -0.0706214681...	11	The founding of the beer-making industry in New England was an accident, as the beer-brewing pilgrims who stayed in the area more than 400 years ago were intending to move to another location other than New England. But the booming beer business in the region is not an accident since it is achieved through decades of hard work by the owners and the employees of the beer companies and the dedication to their craft have allowed New England to turn into one of the top producers of great-tasting beer in the United States. To know more about how the beer in New England accidentally came to be, let’s dive into the amazing history of many people’s favorite alcoholic beverage in the region. The Pilgrim’s Beer When the pilgrims from England traveled to the southwest and into what will eventually be known as the United States of America, they were supposed to continue sailing aboard the Mayflower to the south of the Hudson River until they reach Virginia. However, during the middle of their travels, they have started to run out of beer to drink. You would think that the pilgrims were just a bunch of drunkards who wouldn’t survive without drinking beer for a day, but it is believed during that time that beer is much safer to drink than water, as the alcoholic beverage has gone through a lot of filtering and pasteurizing compared to regular water, which is typically unprocessed. In addition, beer goes well with a lot of food that they brought for storage during their trip, so that’s why it is vital for them to have plenty of beer in their ship. Since they are unable to get ingredients while they are on the Mayflower ship, they decided to stop their journey in Plymouth, Massachusetts on December 1620. During their stay in Plymouth, some pilgrims were able to grow and gather ingredients used for making beer, and then they started to sell or distribute their creations to other pilgrims and neighbors. Also, during the period of their settlement in Plymouth, beer-making was considered a prosperous profession among settlers, as the beverage was high on demand, and the breweries would never run out of customers. It was through beer brewing that many colonists in New England became wealthy, which helped them expand their business. The Boston Beer When the colonists expanded their area of influence in North America, the city of Boston (established in 1630) was one of the first areas where beer brewing became prominent in the New England colony. Four years after the founding of Boston, a settler named Samuel Cole acquired a license to open up a tavern in the location, and through this license, he was able to not only own a building in Boston but also to brew beer in his tavern. More taverns began to pop up in several parts of Boston in the years after 1634, particularly in the docks where beer can easily be transported to other areas of New England as well as Europe. The docks where the pubs are located will eventually be named the Financial District. Thanks to the excellent placement of taverns and breweries in the city, the beer-making industry in Boston began to flourish. The Hazy New England Beer For many years, the beers in New England taste and look exactly the same as the ones you would find in Texas and other beer-brewing states and regions in the United States, but this will all change when one beer brand in New England took the risk of changing the American beer formula and make their beverage stand out among the others. The brand is named Heady Topper, which is owned by The Alchemist that is located in Stowe Vermont. Before the founding of The Alchemist, a man named John Kimmich started living in Vermont in 1994 in order to learn more about the art of beer brewing. He began to take lessons from Greg Noonan, a renowned beer brewing expert in New England, and soon after, Kimmich worked as the head brewer at the famous Vermont Pub and Brewery. It was while working at the pub where Kimmich met his future wife Jen, who helped him start a brewpub called The Alchemist in November 2003. He began serving the Heady Topper occasionally at his pub, and it slowly gained recognition over the years, which prompted Kimmich to establish a production brewery in 2011 in order to meet the demand for the Heady Topper. It is interesting to note that The Alchemist and the Heady Topper didn’t have any kind of marketing and advertisement in Vermont, and its popularity was only gained through multiple drinker recommendations as well as top ratings from reviewers in beer-focused websites. The Heady Topper beer is famous for its hazy appearance compared to other beers in America that are almost crystal clear. Its taste is also quite different from other beers, as the Heady Topper has a pronounced bitterness with a smoother and juicier flavor. Due to many people considering the Heady Topper as one of the best beers in the United States, many breweries in New England decided to copy the formula for Kimmich’s beer in order to replicate the Heady Topper’s success, which resulted in the creation of the term New England IPA (NEIPA) to name the popular hazy beer. Today, breweries in New England offer new and exciting ways to drink beer for those who want to discover beers that are different from the ones they usually drink. The “haze craze,” as some people outside New England would call the hazy beer fad, will not fade away until a brewery tops the Heady Topper’s innovation in the beer industry.	1,143	ENGLISH	1
Ruby Bridges became a symbol and pioneer for the American civil rights movement at just six years old. She was born on September 8, 1954, as the oldest of five children. At two years old, her family moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, in search of better work opportunities. Bridges was born during the same year as Brown v. Board of Education, a famous Supreme Court case that made racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. However, despite this court ruling, many schools continued to separate students based on race, forcing Black students to attend inferior institutions and giving them fewer opportunities for success. Bridges attended segregated kindergarten in New Orleans. A year later, federal courts ordered New Orleans’ schools to desegregate. To circumvent these laws, schools wrote challenging entrance exams that Black students had to pass to prove they were at the same academic level as white students. Ruby Bridges passed the exam along with five other students, gaining admission to the all-white William Franz Elementary School. Bridges, however, was the only one who ended up going to William Franz; two students decided to stay at their old school, and the other three were sent to another all-white school. Bridges’ first day of school was like no other. Ruby and her mother were escorted to school by four federal marshals every day, fighting through crowds of people screaming racial slurs and protesting her admission. Bridges later commented that the only moment that scared her throughout the protests was the sight of a woman holding a Black baby doll in a coffin. Her first day at school was spent solely in the principal’s office due to the commotion caused by white parents pulling their children out of the school. She sat in a class of one with Barbara Henry, the only teacher who accepted her into the classroom; she ate lunch alone and played with her teacher at recess. Bridges’ family suffered, too; her father lost his job and grocery stores refused to sell to her mother. Despite the oppression the Bridges family faced for nothing more than getting their daughter an education, Ruby Bridges never missed a day of school. Over time, other Black students enrolled at the school, including Bridges’ four nieces. Ruby Bridges helped pave the way for racial integration in schools, dealing with severe racism and continuing to push for her right to learn. She wrote about her experiences in two books and won the Carter G. Woodson Award; she also established the Ruby Bridges Foundation in 1999 to promote tolerance and push for change via education.	<urn:uuid:09803fc3-fb2f-4051-a860-e84cb0942e4a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mrnussbaum.com/ruby-bridges-biography	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251737572.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127235617-20200128025617-00150.warc.gz	en	0.988595	504	4.1875	4	[ -0.510111391544342, -0.18562889099121094, 0.013601102866232395, -0.21136008203029633, -0.682029664516449, 0.22904665768146515, -0.1972343772649765, -0.16303907334804535, 0.0099867545068264, -0.29245954751968384, 0.34433478116989136, 0.10160133242607117, -0.09505805373191833, -0.05549509078...	1	Ruby Bridges became a symbol and pioneer for the American civil rights movement at just six years old. She was born on September 8, 1954, as the oldest of five children. At two years old, her family moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, in search of better work opportunities. Bridges was born during the same year as Brown v. Board of Education, a famous Supreme Court case that made racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. However, despite this court ruling, many schools continued to separate students based on race, forcing Black students to attend inferior institutions and giving them fewer opportunities for success. Bridges attended segregated kindergarten in New Orleans. A year later, federal courts ordered New Orleans’ schools to desegregate. To circumvent these laws, schools wrote challenging entrance exams that Black students had to pass to prove they were at the same academic level as white students. Ruby Bridges passed the exam along with five other students, gaining admission to the all-white William Franz Elementary School. Bridges, however, was the only one who ended up going to William Franz; two students decided to stay at their old school, and the other three were sent to another all-white school. Bridges’ first day of school was like no other. Ruby and her mother were escorted to school by four federal marshals every day, fighting through crowds of people screaming racial slurs and protesting her admission. Bridges later commented that the only moment that scared her throughout the protests was the sight of a woman holding a Black baby doll in a coffin. Her first day at school was spent solely in the principal’s office due to the commotion caused by white parents pulling their children out of the school. She sat in a class of one with Barbara Henry, the only teacher who accepted her into the classroom; she ate lunch alone and played with her teacher at recess. Bridges’ family suffered, too; her father lost his job and grocery stores refused to sell to her mother. Despite the oppression the Bridges family faced for nothing more than getting their daughter an education, Ruby Bridges never missed a day of school. Over time, other Black students enrolled at the school, including Bridges’ four nieces. Ruby Bridges helped pave the way for racial integration in schools, dealing with severe racism and continuing to push for her right to learn. She wrote about her experiences in two books and won the Carter G. Woodson Award; she also established the Ruby Bridges Foundation in 1999 to promote tolerance and push for change via education.	506	ENGLISH	1
Convicts' lives were ruled by bells. They were awakened by them, and called to meals, to church and to muster by the ringing of the bells. They were called to labour, where they remained for the day. Even if they finished their allotted tasks before the ten hour bell rang, they were required to remain at their work place and await the sound of the bell, at which time the convicts all left work together. At night at Newcastle in the early days, the bells rang at eight o'clock in winter and nine o'clock in summer. All sailors and masters of vessels were to have returned to their vessels by this time. Sailors in breach of this order could receive corporal punishment if caught. A sentinel was placed at the wharf to detain anyone transgressing the rules. Sailors were well used to a life ruled by bells as well. A correspondent to the Sydney Gazette described Campbell's Wharf in Sydney in 1831 - Arriving at the wall enclosing those spacious premises of Robert Campbell, a person of indefatigable industry , strong reason, and great experience, - you enter a wicket, cross a yard not unworthy of the London docks, and descend to that busy haunt of commerce, Campbell's Wharf, alongside which lies the steamer, impatiently awaiting the arrival of her passengers. Before you is the famous Port Jackson, crowded with shipping from many a clime, their glimmering lights dancing upon the rippling waters, and their hollow toned bells chiming, in quick succession, the high naval hour of eight. The only workers to escape the regimen of the bells were the timber getters. They left the Newcastle settlement for up to a month at a time, travelling far up the river in search of the valuable iron bark, cedar and gum trees. They escaped the strict routine for a while but had hostile natives, inadequate rations and arduous work to contend with instead. It was not only convicts and sailors who were ruled by bells. Agricultural workers on the farms had their days marked out, companies marked their hours of business and city folk were subjected to the night watchman ringing the hour every night It is also possible that bells were rung at any of the nine executions that took place at Newcastle. Bells were used to signify celebrations (Ringing in the New Year with three bells in 1845), and to summon parishioners to church. For years children were summoned to classes by the ringing of a bell. In Newcastle and Stockton in 1848 they were called to Sunday school by the sound of a bell - 'The bell which on week days is rung to call together the workmen on the north shore of our harbour, has been heard on the two last Sabbath Days sweetly sounding at eight o'clock in the morning and at two in the afternoon, for the purpose of calling the children connected with the factory at Stockton to attend the Sunday School, which, as well as a similar one at Newcastle is conducted by Mr. J. Stewart, a son of the Rev. R. Stewart, the highly respected Presbyterian minister at present officiating at Newcastle; who has also performed divine service at Stockton, at three o'clock in the afternoon of the two last, and intends to continue doing so on each succeeding, Sunday, at the same time and place.' As well as to signify celebration, toll the hour or summon to work, bells also tolled for death. In 1820 when the Convict Ship Neptune brought the news of the death of King George III, the bells of St. Phillips tolled morning and night. As can be seen from the article below, written by a correspondent to the Australian (XYZ), they weren't always popular..... (The Scotch parson the correspondent refers to was Rev. Dr. J. D. Lang) Account of a Trip to Hunter's River January being the most disagreeable month in Sydney, when the heat and mosquitos are alike troublesome, the meat and water very bad; and the fruits still unripe, and it being the period of the year generally reminding one of holidays and the country, I determined to avail myself of a little leisure, and as soon as I had seen the old year out, and new year in, gave orders for getting the old portmanteau ready for a start in the Liverpool Packet for Newcastle. 'Home keeping youth have ever homely wits,'and a little change, now and then, has the happiest effect upon our whole system. I made my conge to the streets of Sydney with the greater pleasure, as every body was talking of the sudden death of the chief baker, and the newly imported and noisy bell of the Scotch Parson, was tolling the news with its iron tongue, not into those ears only, but into the heads of all his Majesty's liege subjects, half a mile round 'Man may escape from rope and gun, Nay, some have outlived the doctor's pill' - but I quite expect to hear before the summer is out, that some nervous sensitive persons will not so easily survive the Doctor's bell. What can the Aurora Australiis mean by introducing this dark and benighted relic of Monkish superstition into a new country? The original meaning to pray for the soul of the departed that it may have a prosperous voyage to the other world is now confined to the Catholics, and if the Doctor would send his bell to the Rev. Priest, at Hyde Park, the nuisance could be well spared And in the Sydney Herald 3rd March 1836 - Auction Bells - We are highly pleased to observe that Mr. Smart of George Street, who has lately commenced business as an auctioneer, has set an example to his Sydney brethren by dispensing with that most intolerable nuisance - an auction bell. We did think that when the Police Act was under manufacture by the authorities this town pest would have been first thought of.	<urn:uuid:aa6c0f8c-d317-44d5-b2fe-3f4a84a3d871>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://jenwilletts.com/Bells.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250613416.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123191130-20200123220130-00490.warc.gz	en	0.981621	1,220	3.609375	4	[ -0.003543158294633031, 0.0881781280040741, 0.08030402660369873, 0.03926873207092285, -0.11935900896787643, 0.06392580270767212, 0.3077227473258972, -0.2379254251718521, 0.15307167172431946, -0.11321798712015152, 0.10522009432315826, 0.14828675985336304, 0.10818421840667725, 0.2272650897502...	4	Convicts' lives were ruled by bells. They were awakened by them, and called to meals, to church and to muster by the ringing of the bells. They were called to labour, where they remained for the day. Even if they finished their allotted tasks before the ten hour bell rang, they were required to remain at their work place and await the sound of the bell, at which time the convicts all left work together. At night at Newcastle in the early days, the bells rang at eight o'clock in winter and nine o'clock in summer. All sailors and masters of vessels were to have returned to their vessels by this time. Sailors in breach of this order could receive corporal punishment if caught. A sentinel was placed at the wharf to detain anyone transgressing the rules. Sailors were well used to a life ruled by bells as well. A correspondent to the Sydney Gazette described Campbell's Wharf in Sydney in 1831 - Arriving at the wall enclosing those spacious premises of Robert Campbell, a person of indefatigable industry , strong reason, and great experience, - you enter a wicket, cross a yard not unworthy of the London docks, and descend to that busy haunt of commerce, Campbell's Wharf, alongside which lies the steamer, impatiently awaiting the arrival of her passengers. Before you is the famous Port Jackson, crowded with shipping from many a clime, their glimmering lights dancing upon the rippling waters, and their hollow toned bells chiming, in quick succession, the high naval hour of eight. The only workers to escape the regimen of the bells were the timber getters. They left the Newcastle settlement for up to a month at a time, travelling far up the river in search of the valuable iron bark, cedar and gum trees. They escaped the strict routine for a while but had hostile natives, inadequate rations and arduous work to contend with instead. It was not only convicts and sailors who were ruled by bells. Agricultural workers on the farms had their days marked out, companies marked their hours of business and city folk were subjected to the night watchman ringing the hour every night It is also possible that bells were rung at any of the nine executions that took place at Newcastle. Bells were used to signify celebrations (Ringing in the New Year with three bells in 1845), and to summon parishioners to church. For years children were summoned to classes by the ringing of a bell. In Newcastle and Stockton in 1848 they were called to Sunday school by the sound of a bell - 'The bell which on week days is rung to call together the workmen on the north shore of our harbour, has been heard on the two last Sabbath Days sweetly sounding at eight o'clock in the morning and at two in the afternoon, for the purpose of calling the children connected with the factory at Stockton to attend the Sunday School, which, as well as a similar one at Newcastle is conducted by Mr. J. Stewart, a son of the Rev. R. Stewart, the highly respected Presbyterian minister at present officiating at Newcastle; who has also performed divine service at Stockton, at three o'clock in the afternoon of the two last, and intends to continue doing so on each succeeding, Sunday, at the same time and place.' As well as to signify celebration, toll the hour or summon to work, bells also tolled for death. In 1820 when the Convict Ship Neptune brought the news of the death of King George III, the bells of St. Phillips tolled morning and night. As can be seen from the article below, written by a correspondent to the Australian (XYZ), they weren't always popular..... (The Scotch parson the correspondent refers to was Rev. Dr. J. D. Lang) Account of a Trip to Hunter's River January being the most disagreeable month in Sydney, when the heat and mosquitos are alike troublesome, the meat and water very bad; and the fruits still unripe, and it being the period of the year generally reminding one of holidays and the country, I determined to avail myself of a little leisure, and as soon as I had seen the old year out, and new year in, gave orders for getting the old portmanteau ready for a start in the Liverpool Packet for Newcastle. 'Home keeping youth have ever homely wits,'and a little change, now and then, has the happiest effect upon our whole system. I made my conge to the streets of Sydney with the greater pleasure, as every body was talking of the sudden death of the chief baker, and the newly imported and noisy bell of the Scotch Parson, was tolling the news with its iron tongue, not into those ears only, but into the heads of all his Majesty's liege subjects, half a mile round 'Man may escape from rope and gun, Nay, some have outlived the doctor's pill' - but I quite expect to hear before the summer is out, that some nervous sensitive persons will not so easily survive the Doctor's bell. What can the Aurora Australiis mean by introducing this dark and benighted relic of Monkish superstition into a new country? The original meaning to pray for the soul of the departed that it may have a prosperous voyage to the other world is now confined to the Catholics, and if the Doctor would send his bell to the Rev. Priest, at Hyde Park, the nuisance could be well spared And in the Sydney Herald 3rd March 1836 - Auction Bells - We are highly pleased to observe that Mr. Smart of George Street, who has lately commenced business as an auctioneer, has set an example to his Sydney brethren by dispensing with that most intolerable nuisance - an auction bell. We did think that when the Police Act was under manufacture by the authorities this town pest would have been first thought of.	1,218	ENGLISH	1
Often I see children who explode over what parents and teachers consider small things. It is common in children with ADHD because these children have difficulty with regulating their own emotional responses. Anger, irritability, screaming, frustration, crying, or sadness all seem to occur in a nano-second if something does not go their way. This also occurs if something is requested from them, something is changed in the plans for the moment or day, and/or some rule is broken by others or by themselves. There are many triggers and these are only a few. If we take a step back and examine why these emotions are so close to the surface, we may be able to help your child learn better control. Most often, an explosion occurs when a child does not know what to say or do and does not have the set of skills required to handle the situation. As an example, imagine an elementary school classroom with a wonderful teacher and a student John. John is asked by his teacher to put his math paper away since the class will be moving on to work on spelling words. John is not finished with his math assignment and this happens frequently for John since he works at a slower pace due to his ADHD (he is NOT slow due to lack of intelligence). He feels like a loser, like he is dumb because he cannot finish work in class and he is very tired of taking work home as homework! This situation may result in any of the following: John crying and shutting down, John refusing to put the math paper away, John angrily refusing with words like “I’d be better off dead” “You think I am dumb anyway” or John making threats like “I’m going to stick my scissors into Jane” (who just happens to be sitting next to John on this day). What are the factors involved and what does John need in order to better cooperate? John has difficulty transitioning just like many kids with ADHD. Their mind, when focused, is sometimes “hyper” focused. This explains why some kids can spend hours and hours playing video games (hyper-focused on something they like) but cannot focus on things that are not interesting to them. For John, he loves math and he wants to finish his math work. In addition, he rarely finishes his classwork since he works at a slower pace. It seems that children with ADHD either rush to finish and make careless mistakes or are perfectionistic and fail to finish. John is the latter. By the way, this has nothing to do with intelligence, in fact, most ADHD children are very smart! So some of the factors leading to John’s explosive reactions are: - Working at a slower pace due to ADHD - Feeling like a loser since he rarely finishes work in class - Difficulty transitioning from something he likes to anything else - Intense frustration What does John need in this scenario to help him better cooperate? - John needs advance notice that he will need to put his math paper away. For example, the teacher could have a private signal with John such as a touch on the shoulder to let him know that he has 5 minutes left, then 1 minute left, and then signal him to look up and listen when she announces the request to the entire class. - John may need certain accommodations that allow incomplete papers to be finished at school or not at all. Kids (of all ages) need downtime and play time after school. John could easily spend his entire evening struggling to finish work that his classmates finished in class. This adds to John’s frustration. - John needs to know that he can leave the classroom if he feels very overwhelmed. Having a predetermined place, usually a counselor’s office, where John may take a break will allow him to calm down and allow the class to not be disrupted. Counselors can be helpful in teaching John the skills he needs to handle frustration. - John needs to learn skills of self-calming such as taking deep breaths, counting in his head to 5 or 10, focusing on a focal point (can be anything) that takes his mind away from his frustrations in the moment. - It takes time for these efforts to help John reduce his outbursts and feel more confident so patience is essential! All of these efforts between teacher, counselor, John, and his parents will help John avoid losing emotional control and exploding in the classroom. Often just realizing that your child “wants to be good” but sometimes does not have the skills to regulate emotions, is a start to problem-solving. Being patient, having a teacher who understands, and having help from other school personnel can all be very important. Also, when your child has lost control, please understand that continuing to threaten consequences, continuing to demand a certain action or behavior, continuing to scream louder than your child will just lead to prolonged explosion. A child in the middle of an explosion cannot hear you since their frustration is so intense. Your child needs a safe place where he/she can calm down. If you want to discuss the explosion and what behaviors you would rather see, then wait until the storm has passed and calmly and quietly speak with your child.	<urn:uuid:ca7e1cef-b826-49bf-ad32-709e17681af6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://greenvilleadhd.com/is-your-child-explosive/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00512.warc.gz	en	0.980188	1,063	3.4375	3	[ -0.11453218013048172, -0.058151256293058395, 0.39582592248916626, -0.08270931243896484, -0.3383241891860962, 0.15226705372333527, 0.2941133975982666, 0.060263969004154205, -0.0008161760633811355, -0.4328637421131134, 0.1438630223274231, 0.3560029864311218, 0.27007579803466797, 0.6302214264...	6	Often I see children who explode over what parents and teachers consider small things. It is common in children with ADHD because these children have difficulty with regulating their own emotional responses. Anger, irritability, screaming, frustration, crying, or sadness all seem to occur in a nano-second if something does not go their way. This also occurs if something is requested from them, something is changed in the plans for the moment or day, and/or some rule is broken by others or by themselves. There are many triggers and these are only a few. If we take a step back and examine why these emotions are so close to the surface, we may be able to help your child learn better control. Most often, an explosion occurs when a child does not know what to say or do and does not have the set of skills required to handle the situation. As an example, imagine an elementary school classroom with a wonderful teacher and a student John. John is asked by his teacher to put his math paper away since the class will be moving on to work on spelling words. John is not finished with his math assignment and this happens frequently for John since he works at a slower pace due to his ADHD (he is NOT slow due to lack of intelligence). He feels like a loser, like he is dumb because he cannot finish work in class and he is very tired of taking work home as homework! This situation may result in any of the following: John crying and shutting down, John refusing to put the math paper away, John angrily refusing with words like “I’d be better off dead” “You think I am dumb anyway” or John making threats like “I’m going to stick my scissors into Jane” (who just happens to be sitting next to John on this day). What are the factors involved and what does John need in order to better cooperate? John has difficulty transitioning just like many kids with ADHD. Their mind, when focused, is sometimes “hyper” focused. This explains why some kids can spend hours and hours playing video games (hyper-focused on something they like) but cannot focus on things that are not interesting to them. For John, he loves math and he wants to finish his math work. In addition, he rarely finishes his classwork since he works at a slower pace. It seems that children with ADHD either rush to finish and make careless mistakes or are perfectionistic and fail to finish. John is the latter. By the way, this has nothing to do with intelligence, in fact, most ADHD children are very smart! So some of the factors leading to John’s explosive reactions are: - Working at a slower pace due to ADHD - Feeling like a loser since he rarely finishes work in class - Difficulty transitioning from something he likes to anything else - Intense frustration What does John need in this scenario to help him better cooperate? - John needs advance notice that he will need to put his math paper away. For example, the teacher could have a private signal with John such as a touch on the shoulder to let him know that he has 5 minutes left, then 1 minute left, and then signal him to look up and listen when she announces the request to the entire class. - John may need certain accommodations that allow incomplete papers to be finished at school or not at all. Kids (of all ages) need downtime and play time after school. John could easily spend his entire evening struggling to finish work that his classmates finished in class. This adds to John’s frustration. - John needs to know that he can leave the classroom if he feels very overwhelmed. Having a predetermined place, usually a counselor’s office, where John may take a break will allow him to calm down and allow the class to not be disrupted. Counselors can be helpful in teaching John the skills he needs to handle frustration. - John needs to learn skills of self-calming such as taking deep breaths, counting in his head to 5 or 10, focusing on a focal point (can be anything) that takes his mind away from his frustrations in the moment. - It takes time for these efforts to help John reduce his outbursts and feel more confident so patience is essential! All of these efforts between teacher, counselor, John, and his parents will help John avoid losing emotional control and exploding in the classroom. Often just realizing that your child “wants to be good” but sometimes does not have the skills to regulate emotions, is a start to problem-solving. Being patient, having a teacher who understands, and having help from other school personnel can all be very important. Also, when your child has lost control, please understand that continuing to threaten consequences, continuing to demand a certain action or behavior, continuing to scream louder than your child will just lead to prolonged explosion. A child in the middle of an explosion cannot hear you since their frustration is so intense. Your child needs a safe place where he/she can calm down. If you want to discuss the explosion and what behaviors you would rather see, then wait until the storm has passed and calmly and quietly speak with your child.	1,028	ENGLISH	1
Virginia was a “Battle Ground” from the beginning to the end of the war. No people who have not had this experience can form any conception of what it means, and this was literally true of Virginia “from her mountains to her seashore.” Every day and every hour for four long years the tramp of the camp, the bivouac or the battle of both armies were upon Virginia’s soil. Six hundred of the two thousand battles fought were fought in Virginia, and the fenceless fields, the houseless chimneys, the charred ruins and the myriad graves left all over Virginia at the close of the war marked and measured the extent to which her material resources had contributed to that struggle, and the devotion of her people to the Confederate cause. These things also showed in the utter desolation produced by the war, and in the difficulties and disadvantages the State and her people have labored under ever since. Virginia was the only Southern State dismembered by the war. One third of her territory (richest in many respects) and one third of her people were actually torn from her by the mailed hand of war not only without her consent but contrary to an express provision of the Federal Constitution. The true history of this “political rape,” as it was termed by General Wise, is one of the blackest political crimes in the annals of America history.	<urn:uuid:2964b992-5bf9-498f-87b1-11ff8edaa865>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.scvvirginia.org/true-history	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00138.warc.gz	en	0.980443	289	3.5625	4	[ -0.3469996750354767, 0.49956586956977844, 0.37244364619255066, 0.2314399927854538, -0.11499941349029541, 0.29034745693206787, 0.10409882664680481, -0.0882427990436554, -0.18057604134082794, 0.1853964626789093, 0.1724051684141159, -0.3591260015964508, -0.042377665638923645, 0.45955270528793...	11	Virginia was a “Battle Ground” from the beginning to the end of the war. No people who have not had this experience can form any conception of what it means, and this was literally true of Virginia “from her mountains to her seashore.” Every day and every hour for four long years the tramp of the camp, the bivouac or the battle of both armies were upon Virginia’s soil. Six hundred of the two thousand battles fought were fought in Virginia, and the fenceless fields, the houseless chimneys, the charred ruins and the myriad graves left all over Virginia at the close of the war marked and measured the extent to which her material resources had contributed to that struggle, and the devotion of her people to the Confederate cause. These things also showed in the utter desolation produced by the war, and in the difficulties and disadvantages the State and her people have labored under ever since. Virginia was the only Southern State dismembered by the war. One third of her territory (richest in many respects) and one third of her people were actually torn from her by the mailed hand of war not only without her consent but contrary to an express provision of the Federal Constitution. The true history of this “political rape,” as it was termed by General Wise, is one of the blackest political crimes in the annals of America history.	277	ENGLISH	1
Listen: Harlem Harlem, Lino, Harlem discussed on This Day in History Class "But Lino resisted he grabbed onto a column in the store and he bit the hands of the two employees who are trying to hold him back soon enough though he gave in and stopped struggling by the time. Police officers arrived at the store people in the area had noticed. The scuffle and began crowding around the store the shopkeeper decided not to press charges against Lino and to avoid the crowd. The officers escorted him out of the building through the basement and out of a back door onto one hundred and twenty four th street. But at this point, the crowd had become more hostile as rumors spread that the officers had be in Lino up, and that fire was still even more when an ambulance arrived to see to the employee's, but enhance and a her schedule to pick up a body from the funeral parlor next door. Parked in one of the store's parking spaces the false word of Lino death spread through Harlem Harlem was primarily black and African American culture thrived in the neighborhood, though. The Harlem renaissance was nearing its end still black people in Harlem felt the facts of legal, segregation, institutional racism and police brutality and Harlem was largely neglected by the New York City government, distrust of government and law enforcement was rampant and justified at the time the country was in the midst of the great depression Harlem, specifically was plagued by rising poverty as well as poor healthcare education on top of that black people faced racial discrimination. When it came to employment business ownership and housing and the crest store where the incident happened was known for discriminating against black people in employments all. All of these factors came to a head when Lena was rumored to be dead. Police attempted to squash the rumors that Lino with be killed by officers, but were unsuccessful the crowds turned rowdy the Kress door closed for the day as throngs of people began setting fire to buildings smashing windows and stealing and destroying property. Some people who attempted to hold a public meeting to protest police brutality were arrested in charge with unlawful assembly. At one point officer fired a gun into a crowd of rioters and shot a man who died a few days later in a hospital several thousand people joined the riot to protest police brutality stores put up signs that said phrases like we employ black people in their windows to keep people from looting and destroying their property officers who tried to disperse the crowds only met resisted the writing went on through the night and into the next day. All in all more than one hundred people were arrested. Dozens of people were injured a couple hundred businesses had damaged property and four people died from injuries sustained during the riot. Estimates for the property damage totaled about two million dollars. The next day. Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia said the riot was instigated an artificially stimulated by a few irresponsible. Individuals. District Attorney William c dodge said that he would launch an investigation into the communist motivations for the riot. But LaGuardia was convinced racial tensions caused the riots and months later created a BI racial commission to investigate the riot and the factors that led to it. The commission included people like sociologist, e Franklin Frazier and writer Alain lock the report that came out of that investigation was released a little over a year later, it was called the negro in Harlem, a report on social and economic conditions responsible for the outbreak of March nineteenth nineteen thirty five and it recommended antidiscrimination efforts in employment housing education and law enforcement, yet the mayor suppressed the report because it revealed the true living conditions of black New Yorkers. After the riots the city did work to make some social and infrastructure improvements. New York officers began receiving racial sensitivity training, Harlem hospital was enlarged. And there was a push to get more black people in city government, but discrimination did not just suddenly disappear in Harlem and another race fry.."	<urn:uuid:c8a6db67-233f-48b0-b588-4f905b8138cb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://search.audioburst.com/burst/65e0cf9c-a701-4f8c-a9e4-e0e06b62c818?queryId=40618851	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00433.warc.gz	en	0.985341	776	3.484375	3	[ -0.39309775829315186, 0.1699870526790619, 0.34978318214416504, 0.2780555486679077, 0.1859094202518463, 0.3510887622833252, 0.6613794565200806, -0.155330628156662, -0.38705629110336304, -0.2552322745323181, 0.20290574431419373, 0.7305732369422913, -0.16544687747955322, 0.07740570604801178, ...	1	Listen: Harlem Harlem, Lino, Harlem discussed on This Day in History Class "But Lino resisted he grabbed onto a column in the store and he bit the hands of the two employees who are trying to hold him back soon enough though he gave in and stopped struggling by the time. Police officers arrived at the store people in the area had noticed. The scuffle and began crowding around the store the shopkeeper decided not to press charges against Lino and to avoid the crowd. The officers escorted him out of the building through the basement and out of a back door onto one hundred and twenty four th street. But at this point, the crowd had become more hostile as rumors spread that the officers had be in Lino up, and that fire was still even more when an ambulance arrived to see to the employee's, but enhance and a her schedule to pick up a body from the funeral parlor next door. Parked in one of the store's parking spaces the false word of Lino death spread through Harlem Harlem was primarily black and African American culture thrived in the neighborhood, though. The Harlem renaissance was nearing its end still black people in Harlem felt the facts of legal, segregation, institutional racism and police brutality and Harlem was largely neglected by the New York City government, distrust of government and law enforcement was rampant and justified at the time the country was in the midst of the great depression Harlem, specifically was plagued by rising poverty as well as poor healthcare education on top of that black people faced racial discrimination. When it came to employment business ownership and housing and the crest store where the incident happened was known for discriminating against black people in employments all. All of these factors came to a head when Lena was rumored to be dead. Police attempted to squash the rumors that Lino with be killed by officers, but were unsuccessful the crowds turned rowdy the Kress door closed for the day as throngs of people began setting fire to buildings smashing windows and stealing and destroying property. Some people who attempted to hold a public meeting to protest police brutality were arrested in charge with unlawful assembly. At one point officer fired a gun into a crowd of rioters and shot a man who died a few days later in a hospital several thousand people joined the riot to protest police brutality stores put up signs that said phrases like we employ black people in their windows to keep people from looting and destroying their property officers who tried to disperse the crowds only met resisted the writing went on through the night and into the next day. All in all more than one hundred people were arrested. Dozens of people were injured a couple hundred businesses had damaged property and four people died from injuries sustained during the riot. Estimates for the property damage totaled about two million dollars. The next day. Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia said the riot was instigated an artificially stimulated by a few irresponsible. Individuals. District Attorney William c dodge said that he would launch an investigation into the communist motivations for the riot. But LaGuardia was convinced racial tensions caused the riots and months later created a BI racial commission to investigate the riot and the factors that led to it. The commission included people like sociologist, e Franklin Frazier and writer Alain lock the report that came out of that investigation was released a little over a year later, it was called the negro in Harlem, a report on social and economic conditions responsible for the outbreak of March nineteenth nineteen thirty five and it recommended antidiscrimination efforts in employment housing education and law enforcement, yet the mayor suppressed the report because it revealed the true living conditions of black New Yorkers. After the riots the city did work to make some social and infrastructure improvements. New York officers began receiving racial sensitivity training, Harlem hospital was enlarged. And there was a push to get more black people in city government, but discrimination did not just suddenly disappear in Harlem and another race fry.."	780	ENGLISH	1
“On Colonizing Education” By Chief Canassatego Education is usually viewed with a positive connotation. Chief Canassatego, however, sees education as a burden and a set back to his culture. The Virginia government offered Chief Canassatego formal education for his people, leaving him grateful for the opportunity, resentful of the “colleges of the northern provinces,” unsure of the future. (Cumulative) To Chief Canassatego, the consequences of education are too great to ignore, such as men of his tribe forgetting how to do the seemingly simple tasks that the tribe has done daily for years upon years. Should he allow his people to leave the tribal ways? Should he risk the undermining of his culture? Should he allow his people to forget the skills and teachings of generations that came before? (Rhetorical) After spending an extended period of time living like the people of Virginia, the young men came back, and when they did, “they were bad runners, ignorant of every means of living in the woods, unable to bear either cold or hunger, knew neither how to build a cabin, take a deer, or kill an enemy, spoke [their] language imperfectly…” He feels resentful that his people have been uncultured by the colleges in Virginia. Along with feelings of resent, Chief Canassatego also feels gratefulness towards the people of Virginia for giving his tribe such an extraordinary offer. Though the offer is good in theory, Chief does not like the numerous negative consequences. As a chief, Canassatego was open to a relevant education; as an Indian, he was closed to a formal education. (Balanced) Similar to his feelings of gratefulness, Chief Canassatego feels so appreciative of the offer that he reciprocates the offer to the Virginians. He does not want to reject them completely so he offers up a compromise: instead of sending his tribe to them, he suggests they send “a dozen of their sons” to teach them their ways. Eventually, out of the confusing issue related to accepting the offer, Chief Canassatego counters with a compromise. (Periodic) He feels understanding towards the Virginians. Although he disagrees with their methods of education, he understands that “different nations have different conceptions of things. Understanding that concept helps him to deny the offer kindly and try to compromise with them. In essence, even though he rejects the offer, Chief Canassatego feels resentful towards the “Colleges of the northern province,” but also feels grateful and appreciative to have been offered such an opportunity. He understands that they have conflicting methods of education, and he even reciprocates the offer.	<urn:uuid:b8f0d9f0-b44c-45cf-b870-885af2bde834>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://newyorkessays.com/essay-stylistic-analysis-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00026.warc.gz	en	0.98165	565	3.75	4	[ -0.27763083577156067, 0.45227518677711487, 0.4520023465156555, -0.089492067694664, -0.28792208433151245, -0.041095733642578125, 0.14637739956378937, -0.044082462787628174, -0.5448458194732666, -0.059973202645778656, -0.07245069742202759, -0.15635493397712708, 0.06413930654525757, 0.2025063...	6	“On Colonizing Education” By Chief Canassatego Education is usually viewed with a positive connotation. Chief Canassatego, however, sees education as a burden and a set back to his culture. The Virginia government offered Chief Canassatego formal education for his people, leaving him grateful for the opportunity, resentful of the “colleges of the northern provinces,” unsure of the future. (Cumulative) To Chief Canassatego, the consequences of education are too great to ignore, such as men of his tribe forgetting how to do the seemingly simple tasks that the tribe has done daily for years upon years. Should he allow his people to leave the tribal ways? Should he risk the undermining of his culture? Should he allow his people to forget the skills and teachings of generations that came before? (Rhetorical) After spending an extended period of time living like the people of Virginia, the young men came back, and when they did, “they were bad runners, ignorant of every means of living in the woods, unable to bear either cold or hunger, knew neither how to build a cabin, take a deer, or kill an enemy, spoke [their] language imperfectly…” He feels resentful that his people have been uncultured by the colleges in Virginia. Along with feelings of resent, Chief Canassatego also feels gratefulness towards the people of Virginia for giving his tribe such an extraordinary offer. Though the offer is good in theory, Chief does not like the numerous negative consequences. As a chief, Canassatego was open to a relevant education; as an Indian, he was closed to a formal education. (Balanced) Similar to his feelings of gratefulness, Chief Canassatego feels so appreciative of the offer that he reciprocates the offer to the Virginians. He does not want to reject them completely so he offers up a compromise: instead of sending his tribe to them, he suggests they send “a dozen of their sons” to teach them their ways. Eventually, out of the confusing issue related to accepting the offer, Chief Canassatego counters with a compromise. (Periodic) He feels understanding towards the Virginians. Although he disagrees with their methods of education, he understands that “different nations have different conceptions of things. Understanding that concept helps him to deny the offer kindly and try to compromise with them. In essence, even though he rejects the offer, Chief Canassatego feels resentful towards the “Colleges of the northern province,” but also feels grateful and appreciative to have been offered such an opportunity. He understands that they have conflicting methods of education, and he even reciprocates the offer.	540	ENGLISH	1
Love is a common topic In literature, love is a common topic and is the overall theme of Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet are star crossed lovers with predetermined fates. Fate is defined as the developments beyond a person's control, that are predetermined by a supernatural force. Romeo and Juliet meet and fell in love with each in less than a day. Both Juliet and Romeo thought that they were meant to be together and wanted to stay together for the rest of their lives. Romeo and Juliet’s relationship develops rather quickly and they have the desire to get married not long after meeting. Furthermore, Romeo considers Friar Laurence as a friend and a father figure. Friar Laurence was Romeo's advisor during all stages of his life, including when he was with Juliet. Friar Laurence attempted to tell Romoe it was not wise to get married after just one day of being together. Although Friar Laurence has concerns about marrying them he does so anyway because he thinks it may have a positive effect on the feud between their families. After the marriage events spiral out of control. All of these events occur without any interference from Friar Laurence. Without the death of Tybalt by Romeo, the banishment of Romeo, and Juliet’s forced marriage to Paris Romeo and Juliet would never have killed themselves. Therefore, these events transpired without Friar Laurence without his interterventon. Moreover, Friar Laurence was not responsible for their deaths because Romeo and Juliet's fate was set in the sars, as they were star crossed lovers. Friar Laurence is not guilty for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet because their deaths were already set, events spiraled out of control that Friar Laurence could not control, and he had the right the intentions to try and end the family feuds between the Montagues and Capulets. The feud between the Montague and Capulet family existed long before Romeo and Juliet were born. This feud is one of the main deterrents that Romeo and Juliet could not be together.“From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, where civil blood makes civil hands unclean” (Prologue, 3-4). This line from the prologue insinuates that from the start of the play their relationship is doomed. Furthermore, their feud caused many other issues in Verona, including unrest in the city. Their disputes and fights blew so out of proportion that King escalus had to step in and stop them. Additionally, Romeo and Juliet’s families are also responsible for their deaths. Tybalt caused Romeo banishment from Verona. Romeo's banishment is the main reason for the issues caused by Romeo's banishment. If Romeo had not been banished from Verona Juliet would not have had to pretend to be dead. Also, Lord Capulet caused his daughter death when he agreed to let Count Paris marry her. If she was not to marry Paris then she could have waited for a sound plan. In these instances Friar Laurence did not have any interference with Romeo and Juliet meeting at the party,the banishment of Romeo, and Juliets betrothal to Paris. In these situations Friar Laurence attempted to assist them in their efforts to be together. Events that occur in Romeo and Juliet, spiral out of control. Friar Laurence carefully created his plan to help Romeo and Juliet. Although, the Friar was cautious with his plan the people who helped him carrier out the plan did not do their job. Also, may of the people who Romeo and Juliet came in contact with along the way made the situation worse. The matter started with Friar John. Friar John’s job was to deliver a letter from Friar Laurence. The letter explained the plan, and that Juliet was not dead. If Romeo had received the letter he would not have believed his servant Balthazar who came to tell him Juliet was deceased. Balthazar was the one who came to Romeo to tell him that Juliet was dead. When he did this Romeo made up his mind about committing suicide to be with Juliet. On his way from Mantua to Verona, he stopped at an apothecary for poison. At this time Positions was not supposed to be sold to people, but Romeo was insistent on using poison to kill himself. It is possible that if he had not purchased the poison he might have been alive to see Juliet arouse. These events lead to Juliet's demise, after she find Romeo dead next to her. “O happy dagger, This is thy sheath. There rust, and let me die” (Act. 5 sc. 3 174-175). The excerpt “happy dagger” means that Juliet was pleased that when she died she would be able to be with Romeo. All of these events that lead up the deaths of Romeo and Juliet were beyond Friar Laurence control, and he did not intend for this to ossur. Romeo and Juliet are star crossed lovers. This means that it was fate that they would fall in love and be together. Fate is regarded as events beyond a person's control, which may have supernatural power. “A pair of star crossed lovers take their life” (Prologue, 6). This line explains that Romeo and Juliet were meant to be together from the start. Likewise, it also means that Romeo and Juliet were destined to take their lives from the start of the play. From the moment Romeo and Juliet meet they were in love. In fact Romeo and Juliet were in so much love with each other that they were willing to do anything for each other including kill themselves. Due to these reasons Friar Laurence was not responsible for their deaths. Romeo and Juliet would have killed themselves at different points in the play. For example, Romeo wanted to kill himself after he was banished and Juliet felt the same way. If Friar Laurence had not stepped in to assist them either of them would have died for the other. Romeo and Juliet's rash decisions were fueled by blind love. “You are a lover. Borrow Cupid’s wings And soar with them above a common bond” (Act 1 Sc. 4 line 17). This quote means that Romeo should be like Cupid and fall in love.. Romeo and Juliet are blinded by love and they do not see how impractical their situation was. When they got married they did not account for the issues that may come up between their families. The strife between their families and their own blaind love is the reason for their deaths, and not Friar Laurence. Friar Laurence had the correct inventions throughout the play to help Romeo and Juliet. He is described as “a man of God” by Juliet. This means that he is aa trustworth good person who follows god. In addition to this he is a good friend of Romeo’s. Romeo goes to Friar Laurence’s chamber quite often for advice on life, and love. He carefully devised a plan for Romeo and Juliet to stay together. Friar Lawrence also wanted them to be together to try and ended the family feud between the Montagues and the Capulets, Romeo and Juliet's families. Even though the Friar carefully devised his plan certain aspects of it were not executed properly. This lead to Romeo beliving Juliet was dead, and killing himself. Romeo and Juliet would have died for each other without the Friar's plan. During the course of the play they are facing constant obstacles that pull them apart. Their biggest obstacle is their families died and their families intervention. The feud lead to Romeo's banishment, and Juliet’s Betrothal to Pairs. Romeo and Juliet were fated to be together, and die for each other. This means that no matter what anyone did they were going to end up in love. This blind love also fated them to die. Friar Laurence is not guilty for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet for these reasons. I am showing you an ideal essay, ordered on i need help writing my research paper. It can be used as a template for your essays.	<urn:uuid:a0a5b7b2-7c36-427c-92e9-7e47240ee601>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://novaplays.org/love-is-a-common-topic.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00513.warc.gz	en	0.987081	1,667	3.546875	4	[ -0.11043713986873627, -0.15848854184150696, 0.18995189666748047, 0.14300289750099182, -0.49659791588783264, 0.06482325494289398, 0.024812251329421997, 0.4049278497695923, 0.4539075791835785, -0.08147405087947845, 0.17108750343322754, -0.0478549599647522, 0.3977634310722351, 0.0516518577933...	2	Love is a common topic In literature, love is a common topic and is the overall theme of Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet are star crossed lovers with predetermined fates. Fate is defined as the developments beyond a person's control, that are predetermined by a supernatural force. Romeo and Juliet meet and fell in love with each in less than a day. Both Juliet and Romeo thought that they were meant to be together and wanted to stay together for the rest of their lives. Romeo and Juliet’s relationship develops rather quickly and they have the desire to get married not long after meeting. Furthermore, Romeo considers Friar Laurence as a friend and a father figure. Friar Laurence was Romeo's advisor during all stages of his life, including when he was with Juliet. Friar Laurence attempted to tell Romoe it was not wise to get married after just one day of being together. Although Friar Laurence has concerns about marrying them he does so anyway because he thinks it may have a positive effect on the feud between their families. After the marriage events spiral out of control. All of these events occur without any interference from Friar Laurence. Without the death of Tybalt by Romeo, the banishment of Romeo, and Juliet’s forced marriage to Paris Romeo and Juliet would never have killed themselves. Therefore, these events transpired without Friar Laurence without his interterventon. Moreover, Friar Laurence was not responsible for their deaths because Romeo and Juliet's fate was set in the sars, as they were star crossed lovers. Friar Laurence is not guilty for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet because their deaths were already set, events spiraled out of control that Friar Laurence could not control, and he had the right the intentions to try and end the family feuds between the Montagues and Capulets. The feud between the Montague and Capulet family existed long before Romeo and Juliet were born. This feud is one of the main deterrents that Romeo and Juliet could not be together.“From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, where civil blood makes civil hands unclean” (Prologue, 3-4). This line from the prologue insinuates that from the start of the play their relationship is doomed. Furthermore, their feud caused many other issues in Verona, including unrest in the city. Their disputes and fights blew so out of proportion that King escalus had to step in and stop them. Additionally, Romeo and Juliet’s families are also responsible for their deaths. Tybalt caused Romeo banishment from Verona. Romeo's banishment is the main reason for the issues caused by Romeo's banishment. If Romeo had not been banished from Verona Juliet would not have had to pretend to be dead. Also, Lord Capulet caused his daughter death when he agreed to let Count Paris marry her. If she was not to marry Paris then she could have waited for a sound plan. In these instances Friar Laurence did not have any interference with Romeo and Juliet meeting at the party,the banishment of Romeo, and Juliets betrothal to Paris. In these situations Friar Laurence attempted to assist them in their efforts to be together. Events that occur in Romeo and Juliet, spiral out of control. Friar Laurence carefully created his plan to help Romeo and Juliet. Although, the Friar was cautious with his plan the people who helped him carrier out the plan did not do their job. Also, may of the people who Romeo and Juliet came in contact with along the way made the situation worse. The matter started with Friar John. Friar John’s job was to deliver a letter from Friar Laurence. The letter explained the plan, and that Juliet was not dead. If Romeo had received the letter he would not have believed his servant Balthazar who came to tell him Juliet was deceased. Balthazar was the one who came to Romeo to tell him that Juliet was dead. When he did this Romeo made up his mind about committing suicide to be with Juliet. On his way from Mantua to Verona, he stopped at an apothecary for poison. At this time Positions was not supposed to be sold to people, but Romeo was insistent on using poison to kill himself. It is possible that if he had not purchased the poison he might have been alive to see Juliet arouse. These events lead to Juliet's demise, after she find Romeo dead next to her. “O happy dagger, This is thy sheath. There rust, and let me die” (Act. 5 sc. 3 174-175). The excerpt “happy dagger” means that Juliet was pleased that when she died she would be able to be with Romeo. All of these events that lead up the deaths of Romeo and Juliet were beyond Friar Laurence control, and he did not intend for this to ossur. Romeo and Juliet are star crossed lovers. This means that it was fate that they would fall in love and be together. Fate is regarded as events beyond a person's control, which may have supernatural power. “A pair of star crossed lovers take their life” (Prologue, 6). This line explains that Romeo and Juliet were meant to be together from the start. Likewise, it also means that Romeo and Juliet were destined to take their lives from the start of the play. From the moment Romeo and Juliet meet they were in love. In fact Romeo and Juliet were in so much love with each other that they were willing to do anything for each other including kill themselves. Due to these reasons Friar Laurence was not responsible for their deaths. Romeo and Juliet would have killed themselves at different points in the play. For example, Romeo wanted to kill himself after he was banished and Juliet felt the same way. If Friar Laurence had not stepped in to assist them either of them would have died for the other. Romeo and Juliet's rash decisions were fueled by blind love. “You are a lover. Borrow Cupid’s wings And soar with them above a common bond” (Act 1 Sc. 4 line 17). This quote means that Romeo should be like Cupid and fall in love.. Romeo and Juliet are blinded by love and they do not see how impractical their situation was. When they got married they did not account for the issues that may come up between their families. The strife between their families and their own blaind love is the reason for their deaths, and not Friar Laurence. Friar Laurence had the correct inventions throughout the play to help Romeo and Juliet. He is described as “a man of God” by Juliet. This means that he is aa trustworth good person who follows god. In addition to this he is a good friend of Romeo’s. Romeo goes to Friar Laurence’s chamber quite often for advice on life, and love. He carefully devised a plan for Romeo and Juliet to stay together. Friar Lawrence also wanted them to be together to try and ended the family feud between the Montagues and the Capulets, Romeo and Juliet's families. Even though the Friar carefully devised his plan certain aspects of it were not executed properly. This lead to Romeo beliving Juliet was dead, and killing himself. Romeo and Juliet would have died for each other without the Friar's plan. During the course of the play they are facing constant obstacles that pull them apart. Their biggest obstacle is their families died and their families intervention. The feud lead to Romeo's banishment, and Juliet’s Betrothal to Pairs. Romeo and Juliet were fated to be together, and die for each other. This means that no matter what anyone did they were going to end up in love. This blind love also fated them to die. Friar Laurence is not guilty for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet for these reasons. I am showing you an ideal essay, ordered on i need help writing my research paper. It can be used as a template for your essays.	1,644	ENGLISH	1
Food is considered as one of the essential elements for the well-being of a person. Even though a person should consider eating the food he or she should know that the food that he or she is eating for health purposes. Healthy nutrition is essential for an individual health because a person’s immune system will be healthy and will not easily contract any diseases since the food being eaten has the potential to improves a person’s immune system. One of the most influential people that a person should be able to consult from so that he or she can be able to choose the right kind of healthy nutrition and also that the appropriate amount of food is a nutritionist. In the world, there are so many nutritionists, and an individual should not strive for him or her to find one. There are so many places that a person can be able to purchase nutritious food at the price that a person may prefer to buy at. so many places are not available where a person can be able to buy the dietary meals. Healthy nutrition has very extended benefits to the life of a human being, and they are the following. A person will be able to leave for a more extended time if he or she is taking food that is healthy. The food that a person takes due to healthy nutrition is the ones that have been scrutinized and are observing the relevant, balanced diet that a person should be able to take in his or her meal. A person must be able to get a balanced diet because a person will not be in a position to have any deficiency of food in his or her body that can make him not leave for a more extended period. A person will be limited from making any type of food that might cause any damages and illnesses to the body of a person. an individual who is consuming a healthy nutrition will not be able to take the food that can be having the hard others of making a person get the diseases decisions that will limit him or her for living for a more extended period. A healthy diet still has the capability of nutrients in them, and they are always indicated for the buyer has to be able to see. The organs in a person’s body are dependent on healthy food that a person will be able to consume for them to be able to function well. For the organs of a person’s body to be able to work well, a person needs to take nutrition that is healthy since these organs need a very healthy environment for them to give their best as much as functionality is concerned. Taking healthy nutrition will also ensure that the bones and teeth of a person are durable and can be able to contact their responsibility with the capacity that it is supposed to do. a person can perform the daily routine of a person if he or she is active when there is healthy nutrition that is taken by the person.	<urn:uuid:e2f0413b-2424-409a-a648-b0f963baa494>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.tcktyboo.com/valuable-lessons-ive-learned-about-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00057.warc.gz	en	0.981188	568	3.28125	3	[ -0.09089650213718414, -0.16025201976299286, 0.11701871454715729, -0.13703520596027374, -0.11675050854682922, 0.06863826513290405, 0.8256253600120544, 0.325147420167923, -0.3855985403060913, 0.12145902216434479, -0.18133944272994995, -0.5146142244338989, 0.07130535691976547, 0.1199597716331...	10	Food is considered as one of the essential elements for the well-being of a person. Even though a person should consider eating the food he or she should know that the food that he or she is eating for health purposes. Healthy nutrition is essential for an individual health because a person’s immune system will be healthy and will not easily contract any diseases since the food being eaten has the potential to improves a person’s immune system. One of the most influential people that a person should be able to consult from so that he or she can be able to choose the right kind of healthy nutrition and also that the appropriate amount of food is a nutritionist. In the world, there are so many nutritionists, and an individual should not strive for him or her to find one. There are so many places that a person can be able to purchase nutritious food at the price that a person may prefer to buy at. so many places are not available where a person can be able to buy the dietary meals. Healthy nutrition has very extended benefits to the life of a human being, and they are the following. A person will be able to leave for a more extended time if he or she is taking food that is healthy. The food that a person takes due to healthy nutrition is the ones that have been scrutinized and are observing the relevant, balanced diet that a person should be able to take in his or her meal. A person must be able to get a balanced diet because a person will not be in a position to have any deficiency of food in his or her body that can make him not leave for a more extended period. A person will be limited from making any type of food that might cause any damages and illnesses to the body of a person. an individual who is consuming a healthy nutrition will not be able to take the food that can be having the hard others of making a person get the diseases decisions that will limit him or her for living for a more extended period. A healthy diet still has the capability of nutrients in them, and they are always indicated for the buyer has to be able to see. The organs in a person’s body are dependent on healthy food that a person will be able to consume for them to be able to function well. For the organs of a person’s body to be able to work well, a person needs to take nutrition that is healthy since these organs need a very healthy environment for them to give their best as much as functionality is concerned. Taking healthy nutrition will also ensure that the bones and teeth of a person are durable and can be able to contact their responsibility with the capacity that it is supposed to do. a person can perform the daily routine of a person if he or she is active when there is healthy nutrition that is taken by the person.	556	ENGLISH	1
Every few months or so, there is a news report about the number of deaths caused by opioid overdose. Opioids have been in our society for hundreds of years, stemming from opium which was derived from the poppy plant. The common forms of these drugs- such as morphine, codeine, oxycodone and fentanyl- are strong pain killers that have addictive properties due to their ability to create a euphoric state of mind. Opioid use started to go up in the mid to late 90s, when doctors started to prescribe the drugs for non-cancerous pain. The medical professionals were misinformed of the addictive properties of these drugs and prescription opioids were given out liberally. The United States started to see a rise in opioid misuse by the early 2000s, with Canada following suit not too long after. As death rates due to overdoses started to rise, media attention grew but with little to no help from the government. The statistics about opioid use can be overwhelming, and though there is a lot of good work being done to calm the crisis, health officials are still struggling to keep up with the rising numbers. In order to get a clear understanding of the opioid crisis in Canada, we must examine how we got here, the current state of the crisis and what the government is doing to help. A Brief History of Opioids Opioids are some of the oldest drugs in existence. There is evidence of their use going back thousands of years: the medicinal properties of the poppy plant were known as far back as the 4th Century B.C. The Sumerians and Egyptians both wrote about the plant as being soothing. It was described as “The Plant of Joy”. Both the ancient Greeks and Romans knew of its ability to reduce pain, and it was eventually brought into western medicine by way of a drug called Laudanum. Laudanum was a mixture of alcohol and opium which was widely used by doctors to treat pain all the way up until the 20th Century. It was used to treat soldiers in the American Civil War, and it was prescribed to women for relief from menstrual pain and hysteria. Opium was so popular that trade of the plant became a major commodity, vital to the British economy. The British economy was so tied to the sale of opium that war broke out with China on two separate occasions when the Chinese government tried to ban the drug. In the 19th Century, both morphine and codeine were developed by scientists, and were widely prescribed for the treatment of coughs and diarrhea. Neither drug was thought to be addictive so prescriptions were plentiful, and research began in creating synthetic forms of the drug. Heroin was created in the mid 1800s and was eventually produced by Bayer (the same company that now sells over-the-counter pain medicine) to treat pain as well as persistent cough due to tuberculosis, bronchitis and asthma. Unlike morphine and codeine, however, heroin was considered highly addictive, and production ceased in 1915. For a while opioids fell out of favour with the medical industry as addiction became a prevalent concern, but laws around the drugs began to loosen in the 1960s and 70s. By the 1980s, opioids were back in full swing, as it was thought that people with chronic pain would not become addicted. The use of opioids grew rapidly and when oxycodone was released in 1996, it was aggressively marketed as an effective pain reliever for non-cancer pain. At this time, it was thought that opioids were safe for people to use if their pain stemmed from non-cancer related issues, and doctors were prescribing opioid medications liberally. As time went on, however, society started to realize that these drugs were addictive, and restraints were added to the ability to prescribe them. This shift caused a rise in heroin use, and as that began to be seen as a problem, fentanyl was produced as a way of replacing the illegal drug. We now know the dangers of fentanyl, but by the time it was on the market, the opioid crisis had already begun. Statistics About Opioid Use in Canada To really understand why opioid use in Canada can be considered a crisis, a look at the statistics surrounding it is needed. The following are some of the findings put out in June 2019 by Public Health Canada: - More than 11,500 opioid related deaths happened in Canada between January 2016 through December 2018 - 4460 deaths occurred in 2018 alone; of these deaths, 1525 happened in British Columbia and 1471 happened in Ontario - Death rates have gone up from 8.4 per population of 100,000 in 2016 to 12.0 per population of 100,000 in 2018 - 70% of the opioid related deaths involved fentanyl or a fentanyl analogue - Average number of hospitalizations due to opioid overdose in Canada is 16 per day - 94% of opioid related deaths in 2018 were accidental These statistics are staggering, as they indicate that the death rate due to opioid overdose is still on the rise. The crisis has various implications ranging from the toll on the heath care system to the overall affect on society. By examining an addict’s story, we can better understand how these numbers relate to actual lives. Jessica, a middle-class working mother of two, was prescribed codeine and then oxycodone after her abdominal surgery in 2011. Her doctors encouraged her to stay ahead of the pain and to take the medication whenever needed, even before she felt it starting to wear off. Jessica reports that she was on codeine and then oxycodone for about six months, and that getting a refill was not particularly difficult. After surgery, she developed an infection which needed antibiotics, and with that prescription came more codeine. Not too long after that, she developed a cough, which they treated with codeine syrup. She knew the “right language” to use with the doctors in order to get her prescriptions refilled, saying that she could easily pick an excuse and the doctors would refill her prescription right away. “I would say that I only wanted the refill just in case I needed it or that I lost some pills on a trip,” she says. She describes the prescriptions as being “generous” and says that they were so large that the pharmacy wouldn’t have enough medication in stock and would often split the prescription in two. This would allow Jessica to have more time between renewals and she became increasingly casual with use, often mixing them with wine. After six months of use, she was given a prescription for Benzodiazepine (also known as Valium), as a way of stopping her pain medication. At first, Jessica simply used them to decrease the number of opioids she was consuming each day. She describes taking a number of different combinations in order to get the desired effect: “Pain pills and wine, then when that started to wear off, benzos and wine.” As long as she could “numb out”, it didn’t really matter what pills she used. Eventually, Jessica’s addiction was transferred to Benzodiazepine completely, but this is not the case for all addicts. In total, Jessica took either opioids, benzos or a combination of the two, for five years. She was a lucky one though, as she was able to get the professional help needed and has been in sobriety for over three years now. What is being done? Due to the increasing numbers of deaths, both Canada and the United States have changed their policies around the prescription of these medications and doctors are less likely to recommend the prolonged use of opioids. When dealing with pain, doctors now tell patients to wait to use the drugs until they are really needed, and they recommend lower strength painkillers such as Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen more often. Getting a renewal for prescriptions is also more difficult as doctors now understand the risks of addiction. This has caused another issue in the crisis, however, and that is the illegal trade of legal drugs. In other words, patients are selling their left-over prescriptions or not disposing of them properly, which allows for others to obtain the drugs for recreational use. To combat this phenomenon, both the United States and Canada have created media campaigns to inform the risk taken when prescription drugs are not disposed of properly. By bringing leftover medications to the pharmacy to be disposed of, people can make sure these drugs do not find their way to the black market which reduces the access people have to these highly addictive drugs. The government of Canada has also adopted a system for safe injection sites, where addicts can use drugs such as heroin without being prosecuted by the law. The idea behind this system is that if an addict can take their drugs while being supervised, there is less risk of overdose. The sites are also able to test the drugs being taken, so that trace amounts of fentanyl (which can be lethal) are not mixed in, as well as provide clean needles so that there is less risk of infection from HIV, Hepatitis C and other infections that can be passed through shared needles. The main goal of the sites is to prevent overdose, but also to help reduce the impact of drug overdoses on Emergency Services. Unfortunately, these sites are under public scrutiny, as many people do not think that they are a good way for governments to spend their money. People worry about the gathering of addicts in one area, and protests against these sites have sprung up in communities throughout the country. Also, legalization and funding for safe injection sites is a provincial matter, and not all provinces have implemented them. So far only British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario and Quebec have legal injection sites, which means a large portion of Canada does not have this life saving system in place. Advocates for those suffering from addiction also speak of the importance of decreased stigmatization of those addicted to opioids and drugs in general. There is a general perception of drug addicts as being the lowest of the low in our society, often depicted as being uneducated, unemployed and homeless. Drug addiction does not discriminate, however, and as we saw in Jessica’s story, it can hit stable functioning adults too. The shame associated with being addicted to drugs makes it harder for people to seek help and the problem of addiction is often swept under the rug. As a society, there needs to be more compassion when talking about drug abuse and addiction issues, so that those who need help can get it without worrying about what others might think. Since opioids are legal, people can become addicted to them without others noticing, since the type of medication people take is never really discussed in public. This can make the addiction rate harder to pin down, as people are able to function in their everyday lives while still relying on the calming effects of opioids. By bringing light to these issues, we can begin to battle the opioid crisis going on in our own backyards. The opioid crisis in Canada is far from over and there is a lot of work that needs to be done in order to stop the number of deaths from continuing to rise. Educating the public about the crisis seems to be a big component of how we might be able to curtail the issue. That being said, how can society be expected to stop an issue that has actually been going on for hundreds of years? There is no easy answer to this question, but the efforts of both the American and Canadian governments have at least begun to address the issue. The most important thing to know when looking at opioid use in Canada is that recovery is possible. The crisis will not be solved overnight, but by supporting recovery programs and educating the public about the risks of addiction, we might be able to help the problem. Photo credit: Ajay Suresh. This picture has a Creative Commons attribution license.	<urn:uuid:d452f529-f24e-484a-8fe4-c9711b209540>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://canadiancentreforaddictions.org/opioid-crisis-canada/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00088.warc.gz	en	0.982427	2,413	3.703125	4	[ -0.05986308678984642, -0.19413119554519653, 0.5286211371421814, -0.133439838886261, 0.35626280307769775, 0.30230915546417236, 0.3865800201892853, 0.3738582730293274, -0.2186645120382309, 0.08122421056032181, 0.06908044219017029, 0.170091450214386, 0.1312602162361145, 0.26197510957717896, ...	4	Every few months or so, there is a news report about the number of deaths caused by opioid overdose. Opioids have been in our society for hundreds of years, stemming from opium which was derived from the poppy plant. The common forms of these drugs- such as morphine, codeine, oxycodone and fentanyl- are strong pain killers that have addictive properties due to their ability to create a euphoric state of mind. Opioid use started to go up in the mid to late 90s, when doctors started to prescribe the drugs for non-cancerous pain. The medical professionals were misinformed of the addictive properties of these drugs and prescription opioids were given out liberally. The United States started to see a rise in opioid misuse by the early 2000s, with Canada following suit not too long after. As death rates due to overdoses started to rise, media attention grew but with little to no help from the government. The statistics about opioid use can be overwhelming, and though there is a lot of good work being done to calm the crisis, health officials are still struggling to keep up with the rising numbers. In order to get a clear understanding of the opioid crisis in Canada, we must examine how we got here, the current state of the crisis and what the government is doing to help. A Brief History of Opioids Opioids are some of the oldest drugs in existence. There is evidence of their use going back thousands of years: the medicinal properties of the poppy plant were known as far back as the 4th Century B.C. The Sumerians and Egyptians both wrote about the plant as being soothing. It was described as “The Plant of Joy”. Both the ancient Greeks and Romans knew of its ability to reduce pain, and it was eventually brought into western medicine by way of a drug called Laudanum. Laudanum was a mixture of alcohol and opium which was widely used by doctors to treat pain all the way up until the 20th Century. It was used to treat soldiers in the American Civil War, and it was prescribed to women for relief from menstrual pain and hysteria. Opium was so popular that trade of the plant became a major commodity, vital to the British economy. The British economy was so tied to the sale of opium that war broke out with China on two separate occasions when the Chinese government tried to ban the drug. In the 19th Century, both morphine and codeine were developed by scientists, and were widely prescribed for the treatment of coughs and diarrhea. Neither drug was thought to be addictive so prescriptions were plentiful, and research began in creating synthetic forms of the drug. Heroin was created in the mid 1800s and was eventually produced by Bayer (the same company that now sells over-the-counter pain medicine) to treat pain as well as persistent cough due to tuberculosis, bronchitis and asthma. Unlike morphine and codeine, however, heroin was considered highly addictive, and production ceased in 1915. For a while opioids fell out of favour with the medical industry as addiction became a prevalent concern, but laws around the drugs began to loosen in the 1960s and 70s. By the 1980s, opioids were back in full swing, as it was thought that people with chronic pain would not become addicted. The use of opioids grew rapidly and when oxycodone was released in 1996, it was aggressively marketed as an effective pain reliever for non-cancer pain. At this time, it was thought that opioids were safe for people to use if their pain stemmed from non-cancer related issues, and doctors were prescribing opioid medications liberally. As time went on, however, society started to realize that these drugs were addictive, and restraints were added to the ability to prescribe them. This shift caused a rise in heroin use, and as that began to be seen as a problem, fentanyl was produced as a way of replacing the illegal drug. We now know the dangers of fentanyl, but by the time it was on the market, the opioid crisis had already begun. Statistics About Opioid Use in Canada To really understand why opioid use in Canada can be considered a crisis, a look at the statistics surrounding it is needed. The following are some of the findings put out in June 2019 by Public Health Canada: - More than 11,500 opioid related deaths happened in Canada between January 2016 through December 2018 - 4460 deaths occurred in 2018 alone; of these deaths, 1525 happened in British Columbia and 1471 happened in Ontario - Death rates have gone up from 8.4 per population of 100,000 in 2016 to 12.0 per population of 100,000 in 2018 - 70% of the opioid related deaths involved fentanyl or a fentanyl analogue - Average number of hospitalizations due to opioid overdose in Canada is 16 per day - 94% of opioid related deaths in 2018 were accidental These statistics are staggering, as they indicate that the death rate due to opioid overdose is still on the rise. The crisis has various implications ranging from the toll on the heath care system to the overall affect on society. By examining an addict’s story, we can better understand how these numbers relate to actual lives. Jessica, a middle-class working mother of two, was prescribed codeine and then oxycodone after her abdominal surgery in 2011. Her doctors encouraged her to stay ahead of the pain and to take the medication whenever needed, even before she felt it starting to wear off. Jessica reports that she was on codeine and then oxycodone for about six months, and that getting a refill was not particularly difficult. After surgery, she developed an infection which needed antibiotics, and with that prescription came more codeine. Not too long after that, she developed a cough, which they treated with codeine syrup. She knew the “right language” to use with the doctors in order to get her prescriptions refilled, saying that she could easily pick an excuse and the doctors would refill her prescription right away. “I would say that I only wanted the refill just in case I needed it or that I lost some pills on a trip,” she says. She describes the prescriptions as being “generous” and says that they were so large that the pharmacy wouldn’t have enough medication in stock and would often split the prescription in two. This would allow Jessica to have more time between renewals and she became increasingly casual with use, often mixing them with wine. After six months of use, she was given a prescription for Benzodiazepine (also known as Valium), as a way of stopping her pain medication. At first, Jessica simply used them to decrease the number of opioids she was consuming each day. She describes taking a number of different combinations in order to get the desired effect: “Pain pills and wine, then when that started to wear off, benzos and wine.” As long as she could “numb out”, it didn’t really matter what pills she used. Eventually, Jessica’s addiction was transferred to Benzodiazepine completely, but this is not the case for all addicts. In total, Jessica took either opioids, benzos or a combination of the two, for five years. She was a lucky one though, as she was able to get the professional help needed and has been in sobriety for over three years now. What is being done? Due to the increasing numbers of deaths, both Canada and the United States have changed their policies around the prescription of these medications and doctors are less likely to recommend the prolonged use of opioids. When dealing with pain, doctors now tell patients to wait to use the drugs until they are really needed, and they recommend lower strength painkillers such as Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen more often. Getting a renewal for prescriptions is also more difficult as doctors now understand the risks of addiction. This has caused another issue in the crisis, however, and that is the illegal trade of legal drugs. In other words, patients are selling their left-over prescriptions or not disposing of them properly, which allows for others to obtain the drugs for recreational use. To combat this phenomenon, both the United States and Canada have created media campaigns to inform the risk taken when prescription drugs are not disposed of properly. By bringing leftover medications to the pharmacy to be disposed of, people can make sure these drugs do not find their way to the black market which reduces the access people have to these highly addictive drugs. The government of Canada has also adopted a system for safe injection sites, where addicts can use drugs such as heroin without being prosecuted by the law. The idea behind this system is that if an addict can take their drugs while being supervised, there is less risk of overdose. The sites are also able to test the drugs being taken, so that trace amounts of fentanyl (which can be lethal) are not mixed in, as well as provide clean needles so that there is less risk of infection from HIV, Hepatitis C and other infections that can be passed through shared needles. The main goal of the sites is to prevent overdose, but also to help reduce the impact of drug overdoses on Emergency Services. Unfortunately, these sites are under public scrutiny, as many people do not think that they are a good way for governments to spend their money. People worry about the gathering of addicts in one area, and protests against these sites have sprung up in communities throughout the country. Also, legalization and funding for safe injection sites is a provincial matter, and not all provinces have implemented them. So far only British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario and Quebec have legal injection sites, which means a large portion of Canada does not have this life saving system in place. Advocates for those suffering from addiction also speak of the importance of decreased stigmatization of those addicted to opioids and drugs in general. There is a general perception of drug addicts as being the lowest of the low in our society, often depicted as being uneducated, unemployed and homeless. Drug addiction does not discriminate, however, and as we saw in Jessica’s story, it can hit stable functioning adults too. The shame associated with being addicted to drugs makes it harder for people to seek help and the problem of addiction is often swept under the rug. As a society, there needs to be more compassion when talking about drug abuse and addiction issues, so that those who need help can get it without worrying about what others might think. Since opioids are legal, people can become addicted to them without others noticing, since the type of medication people take is never really discussed in public. This can make the addiction rate harder to pin down, as people are able to function in their everyday lives while still relying on the calming effects of opioids. By bringing light to these issues, we can begin to battle the opioid crisis going on in our own backyards. The opioid crisis in Canada is far from over and there is a lot of work that needs to be done in order to stop the number of deaths from continuing to rise. Educating the public about the crisis seems to be a big component of how we might be able to curtail the issue. That being said, how can society be expected to stop an issue that has actually been going on for hundreds of years? There is no easy answer to this question, but the efforts of both the American and Canadian governments have at least begun to address the issue. The most important thing to know when looking at opioid use in Canada is that recovery is possible. The crisis will not be solved overnight, but by supporting recovery programs and educating the public about the risks of addiction, we might be able to help the problem. Photo credit: Ajay Suresh. This picture has a Creative Commons attribution license.	2,476	ENGLISH	1
The 1692 Salem Witch Trials In January of 1692, nine-year-old Betty Parris and eleven-year-old Abigail Williams, the daughter and niece of Salem Village minister Reverend Samuel Parris, suddenly feel ill. Making strange, foreign sounds, huddling under furniture, and clutching their heads, the girls’ symptoms were alarming and astounding to their parents and neighbors. When neither prayer nor medicine succeeded in alleviating the girls’ agony, the worried parents turned to the only other explanation; the children were suffering from the effects of witchcraft. As word of the illness spread throughout Salem Village, and eventually Essex County, others began to fall ill with the same alarming symptoms. The afflicted complained disembodied spirits were stabbing them, choking them, and jabbing them with pins. Soon names were cried out as the afflicted began to identify these specters. Neighbors, acquaintances, and total strangers were named in the statements and examinations that followed. Gossip and stories from decades prior were dredged up as fear continued to spread. Over the course of the year 1692, approximately 150 people across Essex County were jailed for witchcraft. Ultimately, nineteen people were hanged and one man was pressed to death after being examined by the Court of Oyer and Terminer. This was the largest witch-hunt to ever take place in America, and would be the last large-scale panic to take place in the New World. To understand the events of the Salem witch trials, it is necessary to examine the times in which accusations of witchcraft occurred. There were the ordinary stresses of seventeenth-century life in Massachusetts Bay Colony. A strong belief in the devil, a recent smallpox epidemic and the threat of attack by warring tribes created a fertile ground for fear and suspicion. This was made worse by a growing factional conflict in Salem Village, the Village’s rivalry with nearby Salem Town, and the removal of the Massachusetts Bay Charter in 1684 which left the colony in a state of fear, confusion. To many it seemed the Puritan ideal of a “City on a Hill” was slipping away, decades of work suddenly pulled from their grasp. Many wondered if Satan’s forces had infiltrated their new land.	<urn:uuid:dfdcc6da-ff4c-4771-b294-d51d125b8734>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://salemwitchmuseum.com/history-education/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00457.warc.gz	en	0.980777	453	3.671875	4	[ 0.037624292075634, 0.1994679719209671, 0.05148111656308174, 0.06750647723674774, -0.031006615608930588, 0.11731031537055969, 0.36375176906585693, -0.29169490933418274, -0.274996817111969, -0.06883472949266434, -0.16798698902130127, 0.03225907310843468, -0.557235598564148, 0.281143218278884...	12	The 1692 Salem Witch Trials In January of 1692, nine-year-old Betty Parris and eleven-year-old Abigail Williams, the daughter and niece of Salem Village minister Reverend Samuel Parris, suddenly feel ill. Making strange, foreign sounds, huddling under furniture, and clutching their heads, the girls’ symptoms were alarming and astounding to their parents and neighbors. When neither prayer nor medicine succeeded in alleviating the girls’ agony, the worried parents turned to the only other explanation; the children were suffering from the effects of witchcraft. As word of the illness spread throughout Salem Village, and eventually Essex County, others began to fall ill with the same alarming symptoms. The afflicted complained disembodied spirits were stabbing them, choking them, and jabbing them with pins. Soon names were cried out as the afflicted began to identify these specters. Neighbors, acquaintances, and total strangers were named in the statements and examinations that followed. Gossip and stories from decades prior were dredged up as fear continued to spread. Over the course of the year 1692, approximately 150 people across Essex County were jailed for witchcraft. Ultimately, nineteen people were hanged and one man was pressed to death after being examined by the Court of Oyer and Terminer. This was the largest witch-hunt to ever take place in America, and would be the last large-scale panic to take place in the New World. To understand the events of the Salem witch trials, it is necessary to examine the times in which accusations of witchcraft occurred. There were the ordinary stresses of seventeenth-century life in Massachusetts Bay Colony. A strong belief in the devil, a recent smallpox epidemic and the threat of attack by warring tribes created a fertile ground for fear and suspicion. This was made worse by a growing factional conflict in Salem Village, the Village’s rivalry with nearby Salem Town, and the removal of the Massachusetts Bay Charter in 1684 which left the colony in a state of fear, confusion. To many it seemed the Puritan ideal of a “City on a Hill” was slipping away, decades of work suddenly pulled from their grasp. Many wondered if Satan’s forces had infiltrated their new land.	461	ENGLISH	1
Leo Tolstoy Free Essay Example Tolstoy is considered as one of the significant influential literature writers. His literal work in the nineteenth century is considered as the hallmark to the genesis of other historical figures. His writing career began before his political and religious views could take root. Tolstoy’s political views were motivated by his understandings of Christianity and the doctrines of Jesus Christ. While in Russia, Tolstoy saw and experienced many people dying and his beliefs were shattered. His desperation in understanding human nature led him to discover that most of the people who were dying were poor people. These people had nothing in life except some meager belongings. Tolstoy observed that when these people were facing death they were not afraid. This fact proved to be puzzling, since the dying people were aware of their imminent deaths and yet they were not afraid of dying. He discovered that these poor people had embraced religion and they had faith in their beliefs. The teachings of the bible significantly influenced the poor people’s faith to the extent that they believed that in death they were in transition to a better place. Though he was not a religious man, Tolstoy decided to read and understand the bible in an attempt to unravel its teachings. His earlier feeling of hopelessness having left him, Leo Tolstoy become an earnest student of the bible and Christianity. His understanding of the bible and its teachings would inspire his political views and observations. Tolstoy did not convert to Christianity per se but he read the bible as any other literal work. His understanding of the bible and the teachings of Jesus Christ were interpreted according to his understanding and not as per the doctrines of the church. His interpretation of the bible contravened the traditional teachings and practices of the church. Tolstoy interpreted the bibles teaching in his own words and rejected the teachings made by the clerics. His beliefs and interpretation of the bible as the greatest work of inspirational literature rather than Holy Scriptures made him an anarchist in the religious arena. Tolstoy was of the view that the teachings of non violence by Jesus Christ, when Jesus ascribed to if a man hit on the left cheek, and then give him the right cheek as well. He believed that Jesus understood the nature and the machinations of the oppressive world. The only way to defeat evil doers and oppressors is to behave in the exact opposite of what they expected. Tolstoy’s interpretation of Jesus Christ’s words enabled him to have a new perspective on life and governance. His observation was that people were oppressed by governments systems which inclined heavily to violence and killing people in solving its problems. Tolstoy was of the opinion that in Governments were evil machinations whose main purpose was to oppress its citizens in the name of maintaining law and order. His oppositions to state functions like the police were to torment people by instigating violence and instilling fear in the population to maintain control of them. Tolstoy could not see why the state killed one bad person only for several others to arise and take his place. In observing the political structures of the day Tolstoy concluded that Governments were institutions which benefit a few number of people where as the majority of the population suffer to sustain it. Tolstoy observed that similar to the church, the government preyed to the fears and insecurity of its citizens to rule over them. He noted the government used force and violence in enforcing law and order. He realized that the only way to defeat this violent behavior by the system was to revolutionize people’s mindset. The reference to the bible’s quotes helped him in furthering his agenda. He noted that the government preferred using the maxim “a tooth for a tooth” in maintaining order. He realized that by retaliating violence with violence, chaos and destruction would be the end result. He, therefore, resulted in ascribing peaceful non violent ways in dealing with a violent system. In his book, war and peace; Tolstoy uses love between individuals as a tool to illustrate the power of showing love to others in overcoming significant obstructions and challenges. His views on addressing the challenges faced when dealing with violent individuals, was that when an evil doing individual is constantly treated and showed love by those he is persecuting, then he is bound to change. Tolstoy believed that evil is like an infectious disease and to overcome it one has to show love instead. He realized that for this system to be effective then one had to show restraint and sacrifice himself to serve as an example to others. His belief was that if there were a few likeminded individuals then it would be possible to defeat the evil of using force and subsequently governments which relied on force and violence to control and achieve its objectives would cease to have any purpose. Tolstoy’s observed that governments instilled the fear of uncertain events to gain control of the population. In effect the beneficiaries of these are few tyrannical individuals who use the pretense of democracy in deluding people. For instance, the act of casting votes in electing leaders only gives an illusion of freedom; while in reality the few elected individuals make policies which solely benefit them and their own individual interests. The leaders in these settings are willful in creating systems which illustrate the as just and acting on behalf of the people. This is seldom the case, it makes no sense why a few number of people should make decisions that affect a numerous number of people. The population may not have any knowledge of such decisions nor do they contribute in making them. Tolstoy’s opinion and belief was that in system where there was no violence, where people were free to engage themselves without threats of violence, then organized governments led by few individuals would cease to exist, giving people true freedom. Tolstoy based his arguments on Christian teachings of love, brotherhood and forgiveness. He observed that if Christians were to live up to these teachings then there would be no need of a state. Governments impose and practice of a law which require imprisonment of criminals, impose itself as the supreme authority, proclaim and executes judgments on its citizens and is intolerant to threats. These attributes make any state to be in contravention of Christian teachings which as Tolstoy believed were unacceptable. His belief was to revolutionize the world through anarchy. Although he ascribed to views put forward by other anarchies he did not believe in the practice of violence in furthering his agenda. He was opposed to those who practiced violence which was a vice he was attempting to defeat. In his work, war and peace; Tolstoy illustrates the effects of war. He illustrates war as an act which leads to suffering, destruction of the country and loss of life. In this book, Tolstoy illustrates how violence impacts negatively on social interactions, and deterioration of human life. The inception of war defeats the purpose of peaceful coexistence, and therefore in order to defeat this evil, love is an essential tool. Tolstoy’s observes human beings as beings who can rationalize their actions; therefore, it is not necessary to be governed as mindless beings who only understand violence. His opinion was that people are capable of distinguishing right from wrong. All they needed were a few people to set the pace and the rest would eventually follow suit. The need to revolutionize people thinking was essential to Tolstoy. He perceived the government as a formidable force which cannot be defeated by playing by its rules. He could not understand why it purported to protect its citizens while it killed innocent people in the name of purging evildoers and protecting its citizens. The subject of creation of armies ostensibly to protect the citizens but in reality a force to further oppression of people within and without its borders. Tolstoy illustrates this argument in his book, War and peace, where Napoleon invades Russia. It is evident that the state leaders establish functions like armies to further their greedy ambitions and have no interest whatsoever for the citizen who pay the ultimate price for the actions of their leaders. Tolstoy, in his works; he related to events as he saw them and described the evils in society as he perceived them. In his book, war and peace; Tolstoy illustrates the dangers of entrusting the affairs of a nation to a few individuals. The progression of governments is reliant to misinformation and instilling fear in its people to gain and maintain control. In the event that these machinations are challenged as Tolstoy suggests, then in the long run peace and freedom prevails. He understood that for this to be achieved people would need to sacrifice their individual needs and focus on the long term benefits. This however is difficult and people have opted to remain in their comfort zones where they have subjected themselves and resigned their fate to their states and political leaders.	<urn:uuid:636f2b53-353f-4154-8c19-be1c90331577>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://premiumqualityessays.com/essays/research/leo-tolstoy-and-his-political-views/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00387.warc.gz	en	0.985625	1,791	3.59375	4	[ -0.013212459161877632, 0.24588295817375183, -0.04711565375328064, 0.006597632542252541, -0.24813954532146454, 0.06937587261199951, 0.05558594688773155, 0.696068525314331, 0.12173466384410858, -0.20288625359535217, 0.023458117619156837, 0.10936179757118225, -0.004396090283989906, 0.21090596...	12	Leo Tolstoy Free Essay Example Tolstoy is considered as one of the significant influential literature writers. His literal work in the nineteenth century is considered as the hallmark to the genesis of other historical figures. His writing career began before his political and religious views could take root. Tolstoy’s political views were motivated by his understandings of Christianity and the doctrines of Jesus Christ. While in Russia, Tolstoy saw and experienced many people dying and his beliefs were shattered. His desperation in understanding human nature led him to discover that most of the people who were dying were poor people. These people had nothing in life except some meager belongings. Tolstoy observed that when these people were facing death they were not afraid. This fact proved to be puzzling, since the dying people were aware of their imminent deaths and yet they were not afraid of dying. He discovered that these poor people had embraced religion and they had faith in their beliefs. The teachings of the bible significantly influenced the poor people’s faith to the extent that they believed that in death they were in transition to a better place. Though he was not a religious man, Tolstoy decided to read and understand the bible in an attempt to unravel its teachings. His earlier feeling of hopelessness having left him, Leo Tolstoy become an earnest student of the bible and Christianity. His understanding of the bible and its teachings would inspire his political views and observations. Tolstoy did not convert to Christianity per se but he read the bible as any other literal work. His understanding of the bible and the teachings of Jesus Christ were interpreted according to his understanding and not as per the doctrines of the church. His interpretation of the bible contravened the traditional teachings and practices of the church. Tolstoy interpreted the bibles teaching in his own words and rejected the teachings made by the clerics. His beliefs and interpretation of the bible as the greatest work of inspirational literature rather than Holy Scriptures made him an anarchist in the religious arena. Tolstoy was of the view that the teachings of non violence by Jesus Christ, when Jesus ascribed to if a man hit on the left cheek, and then give him the right cheek as well. He believed that Jesus understood the nature and the machinations of the oppressive world. The only way to defeat evil doers and oppressors is to behave in the exact opposite of what they expected. Tolstoy’s interpretation of Jesus Christ’s words enabled him to have a new perspective on life and governance. His observation was that people were oppressed by governments systems which inclined heavily to violence and killing people in solving its problems. Tolstoy was of the opinion that in Governments were evil machinations whose main purpose was to oppress its citizens in the name of maintaining law and order. His oppositions to state functions like the police were to torment people by instigating violence and instilling fear in the population to maintain control of them. Tolstoy could not see why the state killed one bad person only for several others to arise and take his place. In observing the political structures of the day Tolstoy concluded that Governments were institutions which benefit a few number of people where as the majority of the population suffer to sustain it. Tolstoy observed that similar to the church, the government preyed to the fears and insecurity of its citizens to rule over them. He noted the government used force and violence in enforcing law and order. He realized that the only way to defeat this violent behavior by the system was to revolutionize people’s mindset. The reference to the bible’s quotes helped him in furthering his agenda. He noted that the government preferred using the maxim “a tooth for a tooth” in maintaining order. He realized that by retaliating violence with violence, chaos and destruction would be the end result. He, therefore, resulted in ascribing peaceful non violent ways in dealing with a violent system. In his book, war and peace; Tolstoy uses love between individuals as a tool to illustrate the power of showing love to others in overcoming significant obstructions and challenges. His views on addressing the challenges faced when dealing with violent individuals, was that when an evil doing individual is constantly treated and showed love by those he is persecuting, then he is bound to change. Tolstoy believed that evil is like an infectious disease and to overcome it one has to show love instead. He realized that for this system to be effective then one had to show restraint and sacrifice himself to serve as an example to others. His belief was that if there were a few likeminded individuals then it would be possible to defeat the evil of using force and subsequently governments which relied on force and violence to control and achieve its objectives would cease to have any purpose. Tolstoy’s observed that governments instilled the fear of uncertain events to gain control of the population. In effect the beneficiaries of these are few tyrannical individuals who use the pretense of democracy in deluding people. For instance, the act of casting votes in electing leaders only gives an illusion of freedom; while in reality the few elected individuals make policies which solely benefit them and their own individual interests. The leaders in these settings are willful in creating systems which illustrate the as just and acting on behalf of the people. This is seldom the case, it makes no sense why a few number of people should make decisions that affect a numerous number of people. The population may not have any knowledge of such decisions nor do they contribute in making them. Tolstoy’s opinion and belief was that in system where there was no violence, where people were free to engage themselves without threats of violence, then organized governments led by few individuals would cease to exist, giving people true freedom. Tolstoy based his arguments on Christian teachings of love, brotherhood and forgiveness. He observed that if Christians were to live up to these teachings then there would be no need of a state. Governments impose and practice of a law which require imprisonment of criminals, impose itself as the supreme authority, proclaim and executes judgments on its citizens and is intolerant to threats. These attributes make any state to be in contravention of Christian teachings which as Tolstoy believed were unacceptable. His belief was to revolutionize the world through anarchy. Although he ascribed to views put forward by other anarchies he did not believe in the practice of violence in furthering his agenda. He was opposed to those who practiced violence which was a vice he was attempting to defeat. In his work, war and peace; Tolstoy illustrates the effects of war. He illustrates war as an act which leads to suffering, destruction of the country and loss of life. In this book, Tolstoy illustrates how violence impacts negatively on social interactions, and deterioration of human life. The inception of war defeats the purpose of peaceful coexistence, and therefore in order to defeat this evil, love is an essential tool. Tolstoy’s observes human beings as beings who can rationalize their actions; therefore, it is not necessary to be governed as mindless beings who only understand violence. His opinion was that people are capable of distinguishing right from wrong. All they needed were a few people to set the pace and the rest would eventually follow suit. The need to revolutionize people thinking was essential to Tolstoy. He perceived the government as a formidable force which cannot be defeated by playing by its rules. He could not understand why it purported to protect its citizens while it killed innocent people in the name of purging evildoers and protecting its citizens. The subject of creation of armies ostensibly to protect the citizens but in reality a force to further oppression of people within and without its borders. Tolstoy illustrates this argument in his book, War and peace, where Napoleon invades Russia. It is evident that the state leaders establish functions like armies to further their greedy ambitions and have no interest whatsoever for the citizen who pay the ultimate price for the actions of their leaders. Tolstoy, in his works; he related to events as he saw them and described the evils in society as he perceived them. In his book, war and peace; Tolstoy illustrates the dangers of entrusting the affairs of a nation to a few individuals. The progression of governments is reliant to misinformation and instilling fear in its people to gain and maintain control. In the event that these machinations are challenged as Tolstoy suggests, then in the long run peace and freedom prevails. He understood that for this to be achieved people would need to sacrifice their individual needs and focus on the long term benefits. This however is difficult and people have opted to remain in their comfort zones where they have subjected themselves and resigned their fate to their states and political leaders.	1,762	ENGLISH	1
Utah increased its fish population by 10 million in 2019 SALT LAKE CITY – Utah added 10 million fish to its water-based population in 2019. The Utah Division of Wildlife Resources says those fish were distributed among 603 bodies of water. Adding 10 million fish to Utah waters increases the fishing opportunities for anglers. Most of the new fish are native-born to Utah, raised in among 13 hatcheries in the state. Nearly 700,000 came from out-of-state and federal hatcheries. This year, the fish were moved from hatcheries to lakes and rivers through various vehicles, including by airplane. The fish restocking efforts also helped recover the population of June suckers. June suckers are listed as an endangered species. Twenty species of fish were stocked by the DWR in 2019. Among these were eight types of cutthroat and five types of rainbow trout.	<urn:uuid:de2eef05-a90e-4222-8af4-cd73d4e6ef65>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://fox13now.com/2019/12/10/utah-increased-its-fish-population-by-10-million-in-2019/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00360.warc.gz	en	0.981744	189	3.28125	3	[ -0.27545490860939026, -0.3693045973777771, -0.13705480098724365, -0.2506841719150543, 0.0996386855840683, 0.5174112319946289, 0.01190831046551466, 0.4095441401004791, -0.06921743601560593, -0.09659932553768158, 0.4024251699447632, -0.22828564047813416, 0.5148470401763916, -0.48245272040367...	1	Utah increased its fish population by 10 million in 2019 SALT LAKE CITY – Utah added 10 million fish to its water-based population in 2019. The Utah Division of Wildlife Resources says those fish were distributed among 603 bodies of water. Adding 10 million fish to Utah waters increases the fishing opportunities for anglers. Most of the new fish are native-born to Utah, raised in among 13 hatcheries in the state. Nearly 700,000 came from out-of-state and federal hatcheries. This year, the fish were moved from hatcheries to lakes and rivers through various vehicles, including by airplane. The fish restocking efforts also helped recover the population of June suckers. June suckers are listed as an endangered species. Twenty species of fish were stocked by the DWR in 2019. Among these were eight types of cutthroat and five types of rainbow trout.	201	ENGLISH	1
Dealing with waste has been a problem for humans since well, forever. When humans switched from nomadic bands of hunter-gatherers to settled communities of farmers, they had to keep waste out of their small societies. As these communities grew, the need for sewage and septic systems grew evermore important. While people have been finding clever ways to get rid of their waste for millennia, only recently have septic tanks and systems become a regular part of settled living. Today, B & B Pumping is proud to present a brief history of the septic tank. Ancient Waste Management Some of the earliest known “toilet” and waste management systems can be found in China. Around 200 BCE, they designed something akin to a water closet. Later, in Europe, societies began creating outhouses to keep them from constantly having to look for new places to relieve themselves. While these systems kept human waste confined to one part of a village or city, these waste pits would have to be covered, and a new latrine would have to be dug when the old one was full. Humans were content with digging latrine pits for literally thousands of years until the 19th Century. It was then that French inventor Jean-Louis Mouras decided to create a new waste management system. The impetus for his work was temperature change. Until then, when you needed to relieve yourself, you would travel outside to a nearby outhouse. While this kept the smell out of your home, it also meant that you would have a very cold trip to the toilet during winter. Mouras built a prototype of the septic tank made from concrete and clay pipes. He ran these pipes from his home to the tank which was buried in the ground. He used this system for 10 years before finally dismantling the system to see how it had held up. He was surprised to find that the tank was filled with liquid waste and a layer of scum on the top. With this newfound knowledge, Mouras contacted a scientist and began to design a better septic system. By 1881, Mouras and his partner had perfected the system and patented their design, allowing them to sell their invention all over the world. While a French inventor can take credit for creating the septic system, it would be the United States that would perfect the design. By the early 1880s, the first septic tanks arrived in the US. The idea quickly caught on, and many homes began installing septic tanks made from concrete, steel, and clay. These systems would drain out into a drainage field. By the end of the WWII-era, septic systems could be found in homes and buildings across the entire country. These systems were popular, but that didn’t mean that they were always effective. These early systems were prone to cracking and being coated in rust that would erode the pipes and tank, leading to bursts and failure. It was clear that Americans needed new septic tank designs and materials. Septic Tanks Today In addition to failing septic systems, Americans were concerned with other aspects of their septic systems. Urban areas were expanding faster than sewage treatment plants could be built, and there was concern that leach fields were draining sewage into groundwater supplies. This lead to the development of new septic tanks being made from durable and lasting fiberglass, precast concrete, polyurethane, PVC, and other plastics. With regular septic tank maintenance, these systems were much easier to use and care for, and lead to fewer problems. Similarly, drain fields have been improved through the use of strong plastic pipes. These pipes are also routed away from groundwater sources and are sometimes built in raised mounds to keep the water from leaching into groundwater that is near the surface. Your Go-To Source for Septic Tank Pumping These new systems, made from cutting-edge and durable materials may last longer than their 19th Century counterparts, but that doesn’t mean that they are free from problems. Failing to take care of your septic tank can lead to a host of problems and issues. That’s why it’s important to work with the professionals at B & B Pumping to ensure that your septic tank receives the routine maintenance it needs. Contact us today to schedule an appointment! We provide septic pumping services throughout the Forth Worth area, including in Decatur, Azle, Haslet, and Weatherford — feel free to take a look at our service area.	<urn:uuid:013d717b-5d07-409d-b44f-7d5386c1ecbd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.bbpumpingtx.com/septic-system-service-fort-worth/a-brief-history-of-the-septic-tank/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00125.warc.gz	en	0.984074	916	3.53125	4	[ -0.32195502519607544, 0.27017369866371155, 0.33035004138946533, -0.03965632617473602, -0.2802724242210388, -0.6670349836349487, 0.3101533353328705, -0.00765243312343955, 0.005793536081910133, 0.1452924609184265, -0.17967626452445984, -0.1456238180398941, 0.23264122009277344, 0.226202815771...	4	Dealing with waste has been a problem for humans since well, forever. When humans switched from nomadic bands of hunter-gatherers to settled communities of farmers, they had to keep waste out of their small societies. As these communities grew, the need for sewage and septic systems grew evermore important. While people have been finding clever ways to get rid of their waste for millennia, only recently have septic tanks and systems become a regular part of settled living. Today, B & B Pumping is proud to present a brief history of the septic tank. Ancient Waste Management Some of the earliest known “toilet” and waste management systems can be found in China. Around 200 BCE, they designed something akin to a water closet. Later, in Europe, societies began creating outhouses to keep them from constantly having to look for new places to relieve themselves. While these systems kept human waste confined to one part of a village or city, these waste pits would have to be covered, and a new latrine would have to be dug when the old one was full. Humans were content with digging latrine pits for literally thousands of years until the 19th Century. It was then that French inventor Jean-Louis Mouras decided to create a new waste management system. The impetus for his work was temperature change. Until then, when you needed to relieve yourself, you would travel outside to a nearby outhouse. While this kept the smell out of your home, it also meant that you would have a very cold trip to the toilet during winter. Mouras built a prototype of the septic tank made from concrete and clay pipes. He ran these pipes from his home to the tank which was buried in the ground. He used this system for 10 years before finally dismantling the system to see how it had held up. He was surprised to find that the tank was filled with liquid waste and a layer of scum on the top. With this newfound knowledge, Mouras contacted a scientist and began to design a better septic system. By 1881, Mouras and his partner had perfected the system and patented their design, allowing them to sell their invention all over the world. While a French inventor can take credit for creating the septic system, it would be the United States that would perfect the design. By the early 1880s, the first septic tanks arrived in the US. The idea quickly caught on, and many homes began installing septic tanks made from concrete, steel, and clay. These systems would drain out into a drainage field. By the end of the WWII-era, septic systems could be found in homes and buildings across the entire country. These systems were popular, but that didn’t mean that they were always effective. These early systems were prone to cracking and being coated in rust that would erode the pipes and tank, leading to bursts and failure. It was clear that Americans needed new septic tank designs and materials. Septic Tanks Today In addition to failing septic systems, Americans were concerned with other aspects of their septic systems. Urban areas were expanding faster than sewage treatment plants could be built, and there was concern that leach fields were draining sewage into groundwater supplies. This lead to the development of new septic tanks being made from durable and lasting fiberglass, precast concrete, polyurethane, PVC, and other plastics. With regular septic tank maintenance, these systems were much easier to use and care for, and lead to fewer problems. Similarly, drain fields have been improved through the use of strong plastic pipes. These pipes are also routed away from groundwater sources and are sometimes built in raised mounds to keep the water from leaching into groundwater that is near the surface. Your Go-To Source for Septic Tank Pumping These new systems, made from cutting-edge and durable materials may last longer than their 19th Century counterparts, but that doesn’t mean that they are free from problems. Failing to take care of your septic tank can lead to a host of problems and issues. That’s why it’s important to work with the professionals at B & B Pumping to ensure that your septic tank receives the routine maintenance it needs. Contact us today to schedule an appointment! We provide septic pumping services throughout the Forth Worth area, including in Decatur, Azle, Haslet, and Weatherford — feel free to take a look at our service area.	913	ENGLISH	1
When the Quraish of Mecca suffered a terrible defeat and their leaders, like Abu Jahl were killed, there arose among them a passion for revenge. Thus, the very next year of Badr, the infidels of Quraish marched to Medina in a state of great preparedness. From here, the Holy Prophet (S) took with himself the Emigrants (Muhajireen) and Helpers (Ansar) from Medina and came out to confront them. The armies of Islam and the Quraish faced each other besides Mount Uhud. Abu Sufyan was the leader of infidel army, because his sons and relatives were put to sword by Ali (a.s.) in the Battle of Badr; that is why he arranged the battalions painstakingly. The Quraish women also accompanied their army, playing instruments of war music and singing war songs to instigate the Quraish army and to encourage it to take the revenge of those slain in Badr. The chief of these female Satans was Hind, the wife of Abu Sufyan about whom Hakim Sinai had written a Persian couplet. When the battle began, the Islamic army had the upper hand but they soon busied themselves in collecting war booty.1 The Muslims had forgotten the instructions of the Holy Prophet (S). That is, he had instructed fifty archers to remain at the mouth of the valley, but when the booty was being gathered, they left their positions and jumped into the field to collect their share of booty fearing that they would be deprived of it. Quraish saw these changed circumstances and they collected their remaining men and launched a fresh attack on the Islamic army. The army of Muslims was taken by surprise and most of them fled the battlefield including Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman, such that there was no sign of them. (We shall discuss in detail the flight of these three later in this book). Only the Emigrants of Bani Hashim, who were the relatives of the Prophet, remained firm on the battlefield. In the same way, the Helpers also remained rooted there and continued to encourage each other. The writer of Madarijun Nubuwwah, Shaykh Abdul Haqq Muhaddith Dehlavi, writes: “When the Muslims suffered defeat, they left the Prophet alone and fled from the battlefield. (What a faith these people had!). At that moment, the Prophet became angry and perspiration flowed from his forehead. When he looked besides him, he saw Ali (a.s.) firm at his position. He asked Ali (a.s.) why he had not fled with his brothers? Ali (a.s.) replied: “There cannot be disbelief after belief. Indeed, I am having the power with you.”2 This shows that in the view of His Eminence, Ali (a.s.), deserting Holy Prophet (S) in the battlefield was equal to disbelief. According to the writer, it seems appropriate to ask how can those who flee from the Holy Prophet (S) in such circumstances be considered believers? To call them of perfect faith is to degrade faith itself. Anyway, at that time, a group of infidels attacked the Holy Prophet (S). The Prophet asked Ali (a.s.) to defend him from the attackers, and serve him as it was wont to serve. Since it was the time to serve as per the command of the Holy Prophet (S), Ali (a.s.) turned to the attackers and dispersed them in a swift manner sending an infidel to Hell. After this, the praised traditionalist says that when Ali (a.s.) performed this feat, the Holy Prophet (S) said regarding Ali (a.s.): “Indeed, he is from me and I am from him.” And Jibraeel (a.s.) said: “I am from both of you.”3 The writer further says that an unseen voice was heard: ‘Laa Fatha illa Ali, Laa Sayf illa Zulfiqar’ (There is no victor except Ali (a.s.) and there is no sword except Zulfiqar).4 He also writes that the following supplication: Naade A’liyyan Maz’harul Ajaaibi Tajidho Aunallaka Finnawaaibi Kulli Hammin wa Ghammin Sayanjali. Bi A’liyyin, bi A’liyyin, bi A’liyyin, bi A’liyyin.5 [Call Ali, the one who shows extraordinary wonders of God. You shall find him a helper in every difficulty and calamity. By Ali! By Ali! By Ali!] was revealed in the Battle of Uhud. The statement of the traditionist shows that these four sentences are revealed words and they were not the words of a human being, they are the words of Allah, which were revealed for Ali (a.s.). Glory be to Allah, what a pure personality Ali (a.s.) had, and how he was the true helper of Islam and one who risked his life for the Holy Prophet (S). How he saved Islam from destruction in Badr and became the savior of Prophet’s life in Uhud. He routed the enemies of the Holy Prophet (S). O people who like the truth. Is there any other person who has such an achievement to his credit in the service of the Prophet? Is it just to consider at par a person who did not care for his life in defending the Prophet to those who were accustomed to flee from the battlefield? Shall we not consider this person fit for the successorship of the Prophet? How can such a person be considered inferior and the one who fled be considered superior? If you consider this with justice, you would definitely agree that cowards who flee the battlefield cannot be true successors of the Messenger of Allah (S). Even though people may have accepted them as Caliphs, such people cannot be Caliphs of Prophet or be Imams. Every just person will agree that deserting a friend in times of peril is indeed an act of cowardice. Whatever people may call such cowards is appropriate. But what could be said regarding those who left the Prophet in such circumstances? Or tried to avoid risking their lives in defense of the Messenger of Allah (S). Without doubt, these people do not deserve to be called the people of perfect faith. Over and above, Ali (a.s.) is considered inferior to these people and the distinguishing qualities and unsurpassable feats are ignored. Books of history and biography state that 65 to 70 people from the Muslim army were martyred, out of which 61 were from the Helpers (Ansar). Only 3 or 4 Emigrants (Muhajireen) were killed and they were from the relatives of the Prophet. None of the ordinary Emigrants (Muhajireen) were injured or killed. We should understand the faith and loyalty of Emigrants (Muhajireen) from this. Leave alone common people, who can be more distinguished than the trio of Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman. But these too followed the laymen of Emigrants and fled the battlefield. Apparently, it seems that except for Holy Prophet (S), the Bani Hashim and the Helpers, none of the Emigrants participated in battles. This was an account of Badr and Uhud; the same condition is seen in the later wars also. The most tragic event of this battle is the martyrdom of Mir Hamza. His martyrdom was a great tragedy for the Holy Prophet (S). He was a great supporter and helper of the army of Allah and he sacrificed his life in utmost bravery for Islam; Surely we belong to Allah and to Him we shall return. A terrible incident is recorded in history in connection with this battle. It is that after Hamza fell, Hind, the wife of Abu Sufyan, cut out his liver and chewed upon it. She dismembered his ears and nose and made a garland of them and wore them around her unclean neck. This evil deed of Hind shows what type of a woman she was. Also it shows the level of degradation of the tribe of which she was a member. This woman was from Bani Umayyah and Bani Umayyah was a tribe of Quraish notorious for cheating, murder, killing, drinking and adultery. The Holy Prophet (S) despised this clan greatly and his hatred of them continued till he passed away. Thus, Imran Ibn Husayn has related that the Messenger of Allah (S) passed away hating three tribes: Saqif, Bani Hanifah and Bani Umayyah. Shah writes in his Sharh that the Messenger of Allah (S) had a dream in which he saw monkeys jumping on his pulpit and he explained his dream that the monkeys denoted Bani Umayyah. This indeed became a reality after he passed away from the world. Bani Umayyah became powerful by their machinations and intrigue. Shaam (Syria) came under their control and later they controlled all the Islamic lands. They continued to rule from the Prophet’s pulpit in a blatant way. What a pity that a tribe which the Messenger of Allah (S) had weakened and routed in his lifetime, regained its strength and also became much more powerful after his death. If only this tribe had been prevented from gaining power. If this tribe had been left in its degraded state, neither Ali (a.s.) had been troubled nor the Bani Hashim subjected to mental and physical torture and neither Miqdad and other supporters of Ali (a.s.) suffered insults, nor Talha and Zubair had gone back from their allegiance, or ‘A’ysha had fought the Battle of Jamal, or ‘A’ysha had been killed by being thrown into a well, or Imam Hasan had been poisoned, nor Imam Husayn had been martyred in the desert of Karbala’, nor the sons of Imam (a.s.) had been killed in a cruel manner. Or the inmates of harem had been taken out as prisoners through the streets of Kufa and Shaam. Doubtlessly, the empowerment of Bani Umayyah was very harmful to Muslims. Bani Hashim were made to pay for the Battle of Badr and Uhud. Here the writer wishes to ask as to who it was who injected a new life into Bani Umayyah? The reply to this question is obviously that Abu Bakr and Umar were foremost in this regard. It is also confirmed beyond any doubt that Ali (a.s.) did not let Bani Umayyah near him. Apparently, Ali (a.s.) could not have any truck with a clan that the Messenger of Allah (S) had disliked all his life. If Ali (a.s.) had done so, the blame of the tragedy of Karbala’ would have been upon Ali (a.s.), because this tragedy was the consequence of promoting Bani Umayyah. In this battle, only thirty infidels were killed, nine of whom were their standard bearers, who fell to the sword of Zulfiqar one by one. Twelve more were slain by the Lion of Allah. As for the remaining nine, some of them were dispatched to Hell by Hamza and rest were slain by the Helpers (Ansar). The Emigrants (Muhajireen) other than Bani Hashim are not known to have killed anyone in this battle. It is obvious that when they had no interest in an armed struggle, how could they be expected to kill the infidels? They were often seen fleeing from the battlefield. Flight from the battlefield was not cowardice according to them! There is no strength and power except by Allah. It seems that these Emigrants (Muhajireen) were having a great foresight. They neither killed nor were killed. But we should know that valor is the best quality and all the good deeds are rooted in it. It is such a quality that bestows honor upon the one who possesses it; as a companion of the Holy Prophet (S) had recited a couplet in this battle. Cowardice has degradation and there is greatness in facing the enemy, and the coward cannot survive fate by his cowardice. It is clear for all that those who fled from the battle escaped with their lives but the steadfastness of Ali (a.s.) remained intact till the end. Ali (a.s.) says that even though he had received sixteen wounds in that battle and was feeling dizzy, “Someone used to catch hold of my hand and make me stand up again and I continued to fight in this way.” The Holy Prophet (S) hearing this, said that it was Jibraeel who helped him thus,6 this battle was won by Ali (a.s.) and it was this same steadfastness of his regarding which the Almighty Allah says in the Holy Quran: “Surely Allah loves those who fight in His way in ranks as if they were a firm and compact wall.”7 The Holy Prophet (S) has also said similarly by which one can perceive the limits of greatness and high position of Ali (a.s.). Holy Prophet (S) addressed Ali (a.s.) and said: “O Abul Hasan! If all the good deeds of creation and their beliefs are kept on one side of the balance and your deeds in other, yours shall be heavier. Indeed, Allah has praised your deeds. This day all angels of the sky and the curtains of the heavens were lifted and Paradise itself used to look at you with interest. And the Lord of the world was pleased by your deed. He shall reward you in such a way that even the prophets and the martyrs shall vie it.”8 People of justice should see that this one tradition has bestowed such a great status to Ali (a.s.) in comparison to all the creation of Allah. Holy Prophet (S) has said thus, but the opponents of Ali (a.s.) consider him inferior to the three Caliphs. First of all, one who flees has no right to claim preference over those who do not run away, and that also in comparison to such a valiant warrior about whom the Holy Prophet (S) has said that his deeds are heavier than deeds of all creatures together. Those who do not pay attention to such sayings of the Holy Prophet (S) are indeed a strange kind of Muslims. Such people have regarded only the love of three Caliphs to be faith, and in this blind devotion, neither can they see the merits of Ali (a.s.) nor are they capable to take note of the sayings of Allah and the Messenger of Allah (S). Such bigots say that the Almighty Allah has condemned in Quran those who fled from the Battle of Uhud. There is no doubt that Divine Mercy had been instrumental in this regard, but the discussion here is how this condemnation enables the fleeing people to gain a meritorious position? How could this be considered an achievement, while all that is obvious from this verse is unlimited Mercy of Allah? How can it show a praiseworthy quality of people who ran way from the battlefield? It is beyond human understanding. An absconder is an absconder forever, even though Allah has overlooked his act of escapism. If we read this verse carefully, we shall realize that this forgiveness was for this life alone. That Allah did not make them pigs and monkeys when they deserted the Messenger of Allah (S). It certainly does not imply forgiveness of the Hereafter because the verse has ended on ‘Forgiving, Forbearing’ (Ghafoorun Haleemun). If it had denoted forgiveness of the Hereafter, Allah would have said ‘Forgiving, Merciful’ (Ghafoorun Raheemun). Many other battles and military engagements took place after the Battle of Uhud but they are not too famous. Books of military expeditions and history indicate that even in those engagements, the sword of Ali (a.s.) was not inactive. The brave one did not fall short in helping the Holy Prophet (S) and in assisting Islam. Thus, in the Battle of Bani Nuzayr, a not so well known battle, Ali (a.s.) slew a great brave infidel. He was such a strong warrior that non-Bani Hashim Emigrants could not have faced him. We do not know what was the use of these non-Bani Hashim Emigrants. When they did not have the capacity to fight, why they undertook the trouble of migrating to Medina? Wherever you see, you find them bolting from the battlefield. Or even if they remained afield, they did so as accompanying jesters etc. It is indeed surprising that these gentlemen could not exhibit a single act of valor in all the battles of the Prophet. On top of this, some people are not ashamed to give them preference over the Lion of Allah, Ali (a.s.). Anyway, the Bani Nuzayr had planned to attack the Messenger of Allah (S) in the dead of the night and they had departed from their fort with this aim. His Eminence, Ali (a.s.) understood their evil intentions and went towards them without waiting for the Prophet’s command. The villain had left his high abode and was coming on to slay the Messenger of Allah (S) when Ali (a.s.) intercepted him midway and dispatched him to Hellfire within a few moments. This incident shows that Ali (a.s.) used to help the Prophet and support Islam even without the Messenger of Allah (S) commanding him. This was the condition of his Jihad in the way of Allah. We request the people of justice to compare this with the behavior of the absconders of Uhud when the Prophet was calling out to them not to flee, but they paid no heed to his pleas. Allamah Waqidi writes in connection with these gentlemen that on the day of Uhud, these people were fleeing to the heights of Uhud and Holy Prophet (S) was calling them: “Come here so and so, come here so and so, I am the Messenger of Allah (S).” But none of them paid any heed.9 This is also mentioned in Surah Aale Imran: “When you ran off precipitately and did not wait for anyone, and the Apostle was calling you from your rear.”10 How beautifully Umar has described his flight to the heights of Uhud. He says: “We were jumping on the mountain like mountain goats.” It is obvious that in this jumping and prancing, how he could have heard the call of the Prophet? In any case, this clearly shows the difference between the courage and steadfastness of Ali (a.s.) and the cowardice of these people. On one side, Ali (a.s.) did not even wait for the Prophet to order him to help him and on the But in any case, Amr Ibn Abde Wudd, Khalid bin Amr bin Abde Wudd, Akrama bin Abu Jahl, and Abdullah bin Mughaira crossed the ditch by spurring their horses.1 The infidels came to the edge of the ditch to watch. Amr Ibn Abde Wudd came to the Medinan side and challenged the forces of Islam. Since none of the Muslim soldiers accepted the challenge, they all remained quiet. Only Ali (a.s.) came out in defense of Islam. However, the Holy Prophet (S) stopped him and asked the Muslim army, if there was anyone who could accept the challenge of this infidel, but no one volunteered. Seeing this, the Holy Prophet (S) asked what the problem was. On hearing this, Umar said: “Amr Ibn Wudd and I were together in a caravan that was going to Shaam. All of the sudden, the caravan was surrounded by a thousand bandits who began to loot the caravan. On seeing this, Amr Ibn Abde Wudd took out his sword and slew all the bandits in a few moments.” That is the other side, Abu Bakr and Umar did not listen to the Prophet even when he called them to help him. Glory be to Allah! What a valor of the ‘Prince of Men’ and what a tremendous strength of faith! Indeed, if the Almighty had not created Ali (a.s.), He would have had to create some other means of strengthening Islam. Apparently, it seems that much of the power that Islam achieved was to the credit of Ali (a.s.). Anyway, after these minor wars, the Battle of the Ditch (Khandaq) took place. It is also referred to as the Battle of the Clans (Ahzab). It is also as famous as the Battle of Badr and the Battle of Uhud. - 1. Refer to Tarikh Tabari, Pg. 1394, Part III; Sirah Ibn Hisham, Part II Pg. 83; Rauzatul Ahbab; Madarijun Nubuwwah, etc. - 2. Refer Madarijun Nubuwwah, Vol. 2, Pg. 52; Rauzatul Ahbab, Pg. 77; Rauzatul Safa, Vol. 2, Pg. 51; Marijiun Nubuwwah. - 3. Refer Tarikh Tabari, Vol. I, Part III, Pg. 402; Kamil of Ibn Athir Vol. 2, Pg 63; Madarijun Nubuwwah, Vol. 2, Pg. 53. - 4. Refer Tarikh Tabari, Pg. 402; Sirah Ibn Hisham, Vol. 2, Pg. 92; Matalibus Suool, Pg. 131. - 5. Ref. Fawate Mibandi, Pg. 412 - 6. Refer Rauzatul Safa, Vol. 2, Pg. 92; Madarijun Nubuwwah, Vol. 2, Pg. 53. - 7. Surah Saff 61:4 - 8. Refer to Yanabiul Mawaddah, 2nd Edition, Pg. 64 - 9. Refer Maghazi of Waqidi, Pg. 234 - 10. Surah Aale Imran 3:153	<urn:uuid:3fa5c894-126f-41fb-9319-001c3c0c5c4e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.al-islam.org/misbah-uz-zulam-roots-karbala-tragedy-sayyid-imdad-imam/battle-uhud	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00515.warc.gz	en	0.980525	4,737	3.28125	3	[ -0.5288088321685791, 0.8317328691482544, -0.2544039487838745, 0.1796468198299408, -0.1368650496006012, 0.1641816794872284, -0.1875194013118744, -0.06907063722610474, -0.06911930441856384, 0.12101470679044724, 0.16153401136398315, -0.3582502603530884, 0.5209020972251892, -0.3784914612770080...	8	When the Quraish of Mecca suffered a terrible defeat and their leaders, like Abu Jahl were killed, there arose among them a passion for revenge. Thus, the very next year of Badr, the infidels of Quraish marched to Medina in a state of great preparedness. From here, the Holy Prophet (S) took with himself the Emigrants (Muhajireen) and Helpers (Ansar) from Medina and came out to confront them. The armies of Islam and the Quraish faced each other besides Mount Uhud. Abu Sufyan was the leader of infidel army, because his sons and relatives were put to sword by Ali (a.s.) in the Battle of Badr; that is why he arranged the battalions painstakingly. The Quraish women also accompanied their army, playing instruments of war music and singing war songs to instigate the Quraish army and to encourage it to take the revenge of those slain in Badr. The chief of these female Satans was Hind, the wife of Abu Sufyan about whom Hakim Sinai had written a Persian couplet. When the battle began, the Islamic army had the upper hand but they soon busied themselves in collecting war booty.1 The Muslims had forgotten the instructions of the Holy Prophet (S). That is, he had instructed fifty archers to remain at the mouth of the valley, but when the booty was being gathered, they left their positions and jumped into the field to collect their share of booty fearing that they would be deprived of it. Quraish saw these changed circumstances and they collected their remaining men and launched a fresh attack on the Islamic army. The army of Muslims was taken by surprise and most of them fled the battlefield including Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman, such that there was no sign of them. (We shall discuss in detail the flight of these three later in this book). Only the Emigrants of Bani Hashim, who were the relatives of the Prophet, remained firm on the battlefield. In the same way, the Helpers also remained rooted there and continued to encourage each other. The writer of Madarijun Nubuwwah, Shaykh Abdul Haqq Muhaddith Dehlavi, writes: “When the Muslims suffered defeat, they left the Prophet alone and fled from the battlefield. (What a faith these people had!). At that moment, the Prophet became angry and perspiration flowed from his forehead. When he looked besides him, he saw Ali (a.s.) firm at his position. He asked Ali (a.s.) why he had not fled with his brothers? Ali (a.s.) replied: “There cannot be disbelief after belief. Indeed, I am having the power with you.”2 This shows that in the view of His Eminence, Ali (a.s.), deserting Holy Prophet (S) in the battlefield was equal to disbelief. According to the writer, it seems appropriate to ask how can those who flee from the Holy Prophet (S) in such circumstances be considered believers? To call them of perfect faith is to degrade faith itself. Anyway, at that time, a group of infidels attacked the Holy Prophet (S). The Prophet asked Ali (a.s.) to defend him from the attackers, and serve him as it was wont to serve. Since it was the time to serve as per the command of the Holy Prophet (S), Ali (a.s.) turned to the attackers and dispersed them in a swift manner sending an infidel to Hell. After this, the praised traditionalist says that when Ali (a.s.) performed this feat, the Holy Prophet (S) said regarding Ali (a.s.): “Indeed, he is from me and I am from him.” And Jibraeel (a.s.) said: “I am from both of you.”3 The writer further says that an unseen voice was heard: ‘Laa Fatha illa Ali, Laa Sayf illa Zulfiqar’ (There is no victor except Ali (a.s.) and there is no sword except Zulfiqar).4 He also writes that the following supplication: Naade A’liyyan Maz’harul Ajaaibi Tajidho Aunallaka Finnawaaibi Kulli Hammin wa Ghammin Sayanjali. Bi A’liyyin, bi A’liyyin, bi A’liyyin, bi A’liyyin.5 [Call Ali, the one who shows extraordinary wonders of God. You shall find him a helper in every difficulty and calamity. By Ali! By Ali! By Ali!] was revealed in the Battle of Uhud. The statement of the traditionist shows that these four sentences are revealed words and they were not the words of a human being, they are the words of Allah, which were revealed for Ali (a.s.). Glory be to Allah, what a pure personality Ali (a.s.) had, and how he was the true helper of Islam and one who risked his life for the Holy Prophet (S). How he saved Islam from destruction in Badr and became the savior of Prophet’s life in Uhud. He routed the enemies of the Holy Prophet (S). O people who like the truth. Is there any other person who has such an achievement to his credit in the service of the Prophet? Is it just to consider at par a person who did not care for his life in defending the Prophet to those who were accustomed to flee from the battlefield? Shall we not consider this person fit for the successorship of the Prophet? How can such a person be considered inferior and the one who fled be considered superior? If you consider this with justice, you would definitely agree that cowards who flee the battlefield cannot be true successors of the Messenger of Allah (S). Even though people may have accepted them as Caliphs, such people cannot be Caliphs of Prophet or be Imams. Every just person will agree that deserting a friend in times of peril is indeed an act of cowardice. Whatever people may call such cowards is appropriate. But what could be said regarding those who left the Prophet in such circumstances? Or tried to avoid risking their lives in defense of the Messenger of Allah (S). Without doubt, these people do not deserve to be called the people of perfect faith. Over and above, Ali (a.s.) is considered inferior to these people and the distinguishing qualities and unsurpassable feats are ignored. Books of history and biography state that 65 to 70 people from the Muslim army were martyred, out of which 61 were from the Helpers (Ansar). Only 3 or 4 Emigrants (Muhajireen) were killed and they were from the relatives of the Prophet. None of the ordinary Emigrants (Muhajireen) were injured or killed. We should understand the faith and loyalty of Emigrants (Muhajireen) from this. Leave alone common people, who can be more distinguished than the trio of Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman. But these too followed the laymen of Emigrants and fled the battlefield. Apparently, it seems that except for Holy Prophet (S), the Bani Hashim and the Helpers, none of the Emigrants participated in battles. This was an account of Badr and Uhud; the same condition is seen in the later wars also. The most tragic event of this battle is the martyrdom of Mir Hamza. His martyrdom was a great tragedy for the Holy Prophet (S). He was a great supporter and helper of the army of Allah and he sacrificed his life in utmost bravery for Islam; Surely we belong to Allah and to Him we shall return. A terrible incident is recorded in history in connection with this battle. It is that after Hamza fell, Hind, the wife of Abu Sufyan, cut out his liver and chewed upon it. She dismembered his ears and nose and made a garland of them and wore them around her unclean neck. This evil deed of Hind shows what type of a woman she was. Also it shows the level of degradation of the tribe of which she was a member. This woman was from Bani Umayyah and Bani Umayyah was a tribe of Quraish notorious for cheating, murder, killing, drinking and adultery. The Holy Prophet (S) despised this clan greatly and his hatred of them continued till he passed away. Thus, Imran Ibn Husayn has related that the Messenger of Allah (S) passed away hating three tribes: Saqif, Bani Hanifah and Bani Umayyah. Shah writes in his Sharh that the Messenger of Allah (S) had a dream in which he saw monkeys jumping on his pulpit and he explained his dream that the monkeys denoted Bani Umayyah. This indeed became a reality after he passed away from the world. Bani Umayyah became powerful by their machinations and intrigue. Shaam (Syria) came under their control and later they controlled all the Islamic lands. They continued to rule from the Prophet’s pulpit in a blatant way. What a pity that a tribe which the Messenger of Allah (S) had weakened and routed in his lifetime, regained its strength and also became much more powerful after his death. If only this tribe had been prevented from gaining power. If this tribe had been left in its degraded state, neither Ali (a.s.) had been troubled nor the Bani Hashim subjected to mental and physical torture and neither Miqdad and other supporters of Ali (a.s.) suffered insults, nor Talha and Zubair had gone back from their allegiance, or ‘A’ysha had fought the Battle of Jamal, or ‘A’ysha had been killed by being thrown into a well, or Imam Hasan had been poisoned, nor Imam Husayn had been martyred in the desert of Karbala’, nor the sons of Imam (a.s.) had been killed in a cruel manner. Or the inmates of harem had been taken out as prisoners through the streets of Kufa and Shaam. Doubtlessly, the empowerment of Bani Umayyah was very harmful to Muslims. Bani Hashim were made to pay for the Battle of Badr and Uhud. Here the writer wishes to ask as to who it was who injected a new life into Bani Umayyah? The reply to this question is obviously that Abu Bakr and Umar were foremost in this regard. It is also confirmed beyond any doubt that Ali (a.s.) did not let Bani Umayyah near him. Apparently, Ali (a.s.) could not have any truck with a clan that the Messenger of Allah (S) had disliked all his life. If Ali (a.s.) had done so, the blame of the tragedy of Karbala’ would have been upon Ali (a.s.), because this tragedy was the consequence of promoting Bani Umayyah. In this battle, only thirty infidels were killed, nine of whom were their standard bearers, who fell to the sword of Zulfiqar one by one. Twelve more were slain by the Lion of Allah. As for the remaining nine, some of them were dispatched to Hell by Hamza and rest were slain by the Helpers (Ansar). The Emigrants (Muhajireen) other than Bani Hashim are not known to have killed anyone in this battle. It is obvious that when they had no interest in an armed struggle, how could they be expected to kill the infidels? They were often seen fleeing from the battlefield. Flight from the battlefield was not cowardice according to them! There is no strength and power except by Allah. It seems that these Emigrants (Muhajireen) were having a great foresight. They neither killed nor were killed. But we should know that valor is the best quality and all the good deeds are rooted in it. It is such a quality that bestows honor upon the one who possesses it; as a companion of the Holy Prophet (S) had recited a couplet in this battle. Cowardice has degradation and there is greatness in facing the enemy, and the coward cannot survive fate by his cowardice. It is clear for all that those who fled from the battle escaped with their lives but the steadfastness of Ali (a.s.) remained intact till the end. Ali (a.s.) says that even though he had received sixteen wounds in that battle and was feeling dizzy, “Someone used to catch hold of my hand and make me stand up again and I continued to fight in this way.” The Holy Prophet (S) hearing this, said that it was Jibraeel who helped him thus,6 this battle was won by Ali (a.s.) and it was this same steadfastness of his regarding which the Almighty Allah says in the Holy Quran: “Surely Allah loves those who fight in His way in ranks as if they were a firm and compact wall.”7 The Holy Prophet (S) has also said similarly by which one can perceive the limits of greatness and high position of Ali (a.s.). Holy Prophet (S) addressed Ali (a.s.) and said: “O Abul Hasan! If all the good deeds of creation and their beliefs are kept on one side of the balance and your deeds in other, yours shall be heavier. Indeed, Allah has praised your deeds. This day all angels of the sky and the curtains of the heavens were lifted and Paradise itself used to look at you with interest. And the Lord of the world was pleased by your deed. He shall reward you in such a way that even the prophets and the martyrs shall vie it.”8 People of justice should see that this one tradition has bestowed such a great status to Ali (a.s.) in comparison to all the creation of Allah. Holy Prophet (S) has said thus, but the opponents of Ali (a.s.) consider him inferior to the three Caliphs. First of all, one who flees has no right to claim preference over those who do not run away, and that also in comparison to such a valiant warrior about whom the Holy Prophet (S) has said that his deeds are heavier than deeds of all creatures together. Those who do not pay attention to such sayings of the Holy Prophet (S) are indeed a strange kind of Muslims. Such people have regarded only the love of three Caliphs to be faith, and in this blind devotion, neither can they see the merits of Ali (a.s.) nor are they capable to take note of the sayings of Allah and the Messenger of Allah (S). Such bigots say that the Almighty Allah has condemned in Quran those who fled from the Battle of Uhud. There is no doubt that Divine Mercy had been instrumental in this regard, but the discussion here is how this condemnation enables the fleeing people to gain a meritorious position? How could this be considered an achievement, while all that is obvious from this verse is unlimited Mercy of Allah? How can it show a praiseworthy quality of people who ran way from the battlefield? It is beyond human understanding. An absconder is an absconder forever, even though Allah has overlooked his act of escapism. If we read this verse carefully, we shall realize that this forgiveness was for this life alone. That Allah did not make them pigs and monkeys when they deserted the Messenger of Allah (S). It certainly does not imply forgiveness of the Hereafter because the verse has ended on ‘Forgiving, Forbearing’ (Ghafoorun Haleemun). If it had denoted forgiveness of the Hereafter, Allah would have said ‘Forgiving, Merciful’ (Ghafoorun Raheemun). Many other battles and military engagements took place after the Battle of Uhud but they are not too famous. Books of military expeditions and history indicate that even in those engagements, the sword of Ali (a.s.) was not inactive. The brave one did not fall short in helping the Holy Prophet (S) and in assisting Islam. Thus, in the Battle of Bani Nuzayr, a not so well known battle, Ali (a.s.) slew a great brave infidel. He was such a strong warrior that non-Bani Hashim Emigrants could not have faced him. We do not know what was the use of these non-Bani Hashim Emigrants. When they did not have the capacity to fight, why they undertook the trouble of migrating to Medina? Wherever you see, you find them bolting from the battlefield. Or even if they remained afield, they did so as accompanying jesters etc. It is indeed surprising that these gentlemen could not exhibit a single act of valor in all the battles of the Prophet. On top of this, some people are not ashamed to give them preference over the Lion of Allah, Ali (a.s.). Anyway, the Bani Nuzayr had planned to attack the Messenger of Allah (S) in the dead of the night and they had departed from their fort with this aim. His Eminence, Ali (a.s.) understood their evil intentions and went towards them without waiting for the Prophet’s command. The villain had left his high abode and was coming on to slay the Messenger of Allah (S) when Ali (a.s.) intercepted him midway and dispatched him to Hellfire within a few moments. This incident shows that Ali (a.s.) used to help the Prophet and support Islam even without the Messenger of Allah (S) commanding him. This was the condition of his Jihad in the way of Allah. We request the people of justice to compare this with the behavior of the absconders of Uhud when the Prophet was calling out to them not to flee, but they paid no heed to his pleas. Allamah Waqidi writes in connection with these gentlemen that on the day of Uhud, these people were fleeing to the heights of Uhud and Holy Prophet (S) was calling them: “Come here so and so, come here so and so, I am the Messenger of Allah (S).” But none of them paid any heed.9 This is also mentioned in Surah Aale Imran: “When you ran off precipitately and did not wait for anyone, and the Apostle was calling you from your rear.”10 How beautifully Umar has described his flight to the heights of Uhud. He says: “We were jumping on the mountain like mountain goats.” It is obvious that in this jumping and prancing, how he could have heard the call of the Prophet? In any case, this clearly shows the difference between the courage and steadfastness of Ali (a.s.) and the cowardice of these people. On one side, Ali (a.s.) did not even wait for the Prophet to order him to help him and on the But in any case, Amr Ibn Abde Wudd, Khalid bin Amr bin Abde Wudd, Akrama bin Abu Jahl, and Abdullah bin Mughaira crossed the ditch by spurring their horses.1 The infidels came to the edge of the ditch to watch. Amr Ibn Abde Wudd came to the Medinan side and challenged the forces of Islam. Since none of the Muslim soldiers accepted the challenge, they all remained quiet. Only Ali (a.s.) came out in defense of Islam. However, the Holy Prophet (S) stopped him and asked the Muslim army, if there was anyone who could accept the challenge of this infidel, but no one volunteered. Seeing this, the Holy Prophet (S) asked what the problem was. On hearing this, Umar said: “Amr Ibn Wudd and I were together in a caravan that was going to Shaam. All of the sudden, the caravan was surrounded by a thousand bandits who began to loot the caravan. On seeing this, Amr Ibn Abde Wudd took out his sword and slew all the bandits in a few moments.” That is the other side, Abu Bakr and Umar did not listen to the Prophet even when he called them to help him. Glory be to Allah! What a valor of the ‘Prince of Men’ and what a tremendous strength of faith! Indeed, if the Almighty had not created Ali (a.s.), He would have had to create some other means of strengthening Islam. Apparently, it seems that much of the power that Islam achieved was to the credit of Ali (a.s.). Anyway, after these minor wars, the Battle of the Ditch (Khandaq) took place. It is also referred to as the Battle of the Clans (Ahzab). It is also as famous as the Battle of Badr and the Battle of Uhud. - 1. Refer to Tarikh Tabari, Pg. 1394, Part III; Sirah Ibn Hisham, Part II Pg. 83; Rauzatul Ahbab; Madarijun Nubuwwah, etc. - 2. Refer Madarijun Nubuwwah, Vol. 2, Pg. 52; Rauzatul Ahbab, Pg. 77; Rauzatul Safa, Vol. 2, Pg. 51; Marijiun Nubuwwah. - 3. Refer Tarikh Tabari, Vol. I, Part III, Pg. 402; Kamil of Ibn Athir Vol. 2, Pg 63; Madarijun Nubuwwah, Vol. 2, Pg. 53. - 4. Refer Tarikh Tabari, Pg. 402; Sirah Ibn Hisham, Vol. 2, Pg. 92; Matalibus Suool, Pg. 131. - 5. Ref. Fawate Mibandi, Pg. 412 - 6. Refer Rauzatul Safa, Vol. 2, Pg. 92; Madarijun Nubuwwah, Vol. 2, Pg. 53. - 7. Surah Saff 61:4 - 8. Refer to Yanabiul Mawaddah, 2nd Edition, Pg. 64 - 9. Refer Maghazi of Waqidi, Pg. 234 - 10. Surah Aale Imran 3:153	4,656	ENGLISH	1
Slavery began long before the exploration of the New World. However, by colonial times slavery occurred in several countries in the world. An example of such a region where slavery was rampant was in British North America, which included Canada. Slavery in Canada happened in two stages; during the period of the First Nations and during colonial times in the early 1600s. During that time, like anywhere else that had slavery, it was crucial to the advancement of the economic agendas of the colonials. Slaves used to work in the plantations and the export of goods such as rum and tobacco. The slaves were mainly brought from Africa but also included Canada’s indigenous peoples. Slave Ownership in Canada Slaves were owned by people from all classes in Canadian society including officials from the government and the military, traders, priests, merchants, and others. Aside from the need for cheap labor, the number of slaves that an individual had was a symbol of wealth. Every person who owned a slave had to follow the stipulated legal processes that were outlined in the law. For example, there were stipulations for legal contracts, passing on slaves in a will, release, and other things. Treatment of Slaves in Canada Despite reports that Canadian slaves experienced better treatment than those in the United States, this is generally considered to be untrue. Since slaves were considered possessions, they did not have rights so they could be treated in any way that the owner saw fit. For example, a simple crime from a slave could warrant severe jail time or hanging. However, some owners would allow certain privileges to their slaves such as learning how to read and write as well as rewarding them with land and money. The negative treatment of the slaves led to the start of rebellions from all kinds of people, especially the slaves. Resistance took place in several ways including telling a lie to avoid work, feigning illness, and other ways. Women had a kind of resistance known as "petit marronage," which involved leaving the premises of the employer without permission. Some slaves decided to flee Canada and move to nearby countries like the US. Abolition of Slavery in Canada During the 19th century, the abolitionist movement was spreading across the colonies. The abolition of slavery was a gradual process that involved a number of struggles. However, antislavery activists also had some major victories such as the passing of the Act to Limit Slavery in Upper Canada. The act ensured that any children born to slaves after 1793 were born as free people. However, this law was not a final victory since slavery was still legal in British North America. For this reason and others, some people decided to propose the idea indentureship instead of outright abolishment. Indentureship meant that slaves had a contract of sorts with the owner who would pay the slave and release them after the contract ended. However, this idea was removed after the Slavery Abolition Act received royal authorization on August 28, 1833, and came into effect on August 1, 1834. After that, slavery was illegal under the law and all slave owners had to release all slaves. About the Author Ferdinand graduated in 2016 with a Bsc. Project Planning and Management. He enjoys writing about pretty much anything and has a soft spot for technology and advocating for world peace. Your MLA Citation Your APA Citation Your Chicago Citation Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation.	<urn:uuid:357e675f-c492-4031-9197-a5938d510c44>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/did-canada-have-slaves.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00275.warc.gz	en	0.987736	708	4.3125	4	[ -0.3169230818748474, 0.6070224046707153, 0.4988320469856262, -0.07753163576126099, -0.1819601058959961, -0.043126460164785385, -0.03137100487947464, -0.3249272108078003, 0.0545465350151062, 0.30350780487060547, 0.4226260483264923, 0.09908685088157654, -0.3419286608695984, 0.099843584001064...	2	Slavery began long before the exploration of the New World. However, by colonial times slavery occurred in several countries in the world. An example of such a region where slavery was rampant was in British North America, which included Canada. Slavery in Canada happened in two stages; during the period of the First Nations and during colonial times in the early 1600s. During that time, like anywhere else that had slavery, it was crucial to the advancement of the economic agendas of the colonials. Slaves used to work in the plantations and the export of goods such as rum and tobacco. The slaves were mainly brought from Africa but also included Canada’s indigenous peoples. Slave Ownership in Canada Slaves were owned by people from all classes in Canadian society including officials from the government and the military, traders, priests, merchants, and others. Aside from the need for cheap labor, the number of slaves that an individual had was a symbol of wealth. Every person who owned a slave had to follow the stipulated legal processes that were outlined in the law. For example, there were stipulations for legal contracts, passing on slaves in a will, release, and other things. Treatment of Slaves in Canada Despite reports that Canadian slaves experienced better treatment than those in the United States, this is generally considered to be untrue. Since slaves were considered possessions, they did not have rights so they could be treated in any way that the owner saw fit. For example, a simple crime from a slave could warrant severe jail time or hanging. However, some owners would allow certain privileges to their slaves such as learning how to read and write as well as rewarding them with land and money. The negative treatment of the slaves led to the start of rebellions from all kinds of people, especially the slaves. Resistance took place in several ways including telling a lie to avoid work, feigning illness, and other ways. Women had a kind of resistance known as "petit marronage," which involved leaving the premises of the employer without permission. Some slaves decided to flee Canada and move to nearby countries like the US. Abolition of Slavery in Canada During the 19th century, the abolitionist movement was spreading across the colonies. The abolition of slavery was a gradual process that involved a number of struggles. However, antislavery activists also had some major victories such as the passing of the Act to Limit Slavery in Upper Canada. The act ensured that any children born to slaves after 1793 were born as free people. However, this law was not a final victory since slavery was still legal in British North America. For this reason and others, some people decided to propose the idea indentureship instead of outright abolishment. Indentureship meant that slaves had a contract of sorts with the owner who would pay the slave and release them after the contract ended. However, this idea was removed after the Slavery Abolition Act received royal authorization on August 28, 1833, and came into effect on August 1, 1834. After that, slavery was illegal under the law and all slave owners had to release all slaves. About the Author Ferdinand graduated in 2016 with a Bsc. Project Planning and Management. He enjoys writing about pretty much anything and has a soft spot for technology and advocating for world peace. Your MLA Citation Your APA Citation Your Chicago Citation Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation.	722	ENGLISH	1
March is Women's History month. It is a time for rememberance and celebration of the American spirit that drove so many famous women to heroic heights in our nations history. From the American Revolution to today, women have played vital roles in the successful outcome of every American conflict. This article contains highlights from only a few of the distinguished women that deserve a mention during this month. Mary Ludwig Hayes McCauley, Revolutionary War (1775-1783) Molly Pitcher was the nickname given to a woman who history tells us fought in the American Battle of Monmouth, NJ. The woman is generally believed to have been Mary Ludwig Hayes McCauley. Her husband, William Hayes, enlisted in Proctor's 4th Pennsylvania Artillery in 1777. During the winter of 1777 Molly joined her husband at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. She was among a group of women who washed clothes and cared for sick and dying soldiers of the war. The battle of Monmouth occurred subsequently in June 1778. Mary began attending to Revolutionary soldiers by giving them water from a spring. Today, two places on the Monmouth battlefield are marked as locations for the "Molly Pitcher Spring." The battlefield was under heavy fire from British troops during the time she was present. During the battle her husband William collapsed and was carried off the battlefield. Mary Hayes took up his duty at the cannon and she continued to swab and load the cannon using her husband's ramrod. At one point in the battle a British musket ball flew between her legs and tore off the bottom of her skirt. She went right back to work and continued loading the cannon. In 1786, William Hayes died and in 1793 Mary married John McCauley who was also a Revolutionary War veteran. He later disappeared and no further record of him is known. On February 21, 1822 at the age of 78 Molly was awarded an annual pension of $40 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for her service during the Revolutionary War. She died 10 years later and is buried in Carlisle, PA and is buried under the name "Molly McCauley." Clara Barton, Civil War Nurse (1861 - 1865) Possibly the most well-known woman who contributed significantly during the Civil War was the nurse named Clara Barton who went on to found the Red Cross. She was born on Christmas day 1821 in North Oxford, Massachusetts. Her father was a captain in the local militia. Clara's Civil War efforts began following the April 19, 1861 Baltimore Riot that injured members of the 6th Massachusetts Militia. She began helping by taking critical supplies and carrying for 40 soldiers. By August 1862 Barton gained permission to serve on the front lines of battle. Following the 1st Battle of Bull Run she placed a newspaper advertisement in Massachusetts asking people for supplies. It resulted in a large influx of donated supplies for the troops. Throughout the Civil War she was a witness to tremendous battlefield suffering and is known for doing everything within her power to ease the suffering. Dr Mary Walker, Union Army Surgeon (1861-1865), Medal of Honor Recipient The United States has only ever had 1 female Medal of Honor Recipient. In 1855 she earned a medical degree from Syracuse Medical College in New York. She volunteered to serve as a surgeon at a temporary hospital outside Washington, DC following the outbreak of the Civil War. She was subsequently captured as a spy by Confederate forces after she was caught crossing enemy lines to treat wounded civilians. She was sent as a prisoner of war to Richmond, Virginia until being released in a prisoner exchange. After the war, she was approved for the highest US Armed Forces decoration for bravery, the Medal of Honor. Culp was born in Kileen, Texas on January 19, 1905. She attended Mary Hardin Baylor College for Women, South Texas College of Law and Commerce, and the University of Texas Law School but she did not formally graduate from any of these. During World War II she headed the War Department's Women's Interest Section before becoming the Director of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, which later became the Women's Army Corps (WAC). The WAC was created to fill gaps left by the shortage of men during WWII. The WAC were the first women, other than nurses, to wear U.S. Army uniforms and to receive military benefits such as the GI Bill. As the Director of WAC she created admission standards, instituted a Code of Conduct that created a high quality organization. Culp was promoted to the rank of Colonel and she received the Distinguished Service Medal for her efforts during the war. She was the first Army woman ever to receive this award. Rear Admiral Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (1906 - 1992) Admiral Hooper was born December 9, 1906 in New York City. Her great-grandfather, Alexander Wilson Russell was also a Navy Admiral who fought in the Battle of Mobile Bay during the Civil War. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar College in 1928 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics. She earned a master's degree at Yale University in 1930 and in 1934 she earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale. Grace tried to enlist early in the Navy during WWII but she was rejected for having a weight to height ratio too low for Navy standards. In 1943, while on leave from Vassar, she was sworn into the US Naval Reserve (Women's Reserve), commonly known as the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES). She then trained at the Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. She graduated first in her class and was assigned to Harvard University at the Bureau of Ships Computation Project. Grace worked on the Mark I computer programming staff. In the early 1950's she recommended the development of a new computer programming language that would be structured around the use of English words. This idea was rejected until she published the first paper on compilers in 1952. The computer programming language invented by Admiral Hopper went on to be known as the Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL), which today remains the most widely used language today. As required by Navy regulations, Grace retired from the Naval Reserve at the rank of commander at the age of 60 at the end of 1966. She was recalled to active duty in August 1967 for six months that turned into an indefinite assignment. In 1973 Grace was promoted to captain. A 60 minutes segment on Grace was aired in 1983 and it resulted in a joint resolution of Congress that led to her promotion to what became known as rear admiral. After a 42 year career Admiral Hooper accepted mandatory retirement from the Navy in 1986. She was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal. At the time of her final retirement she was 79 years old making her the oldest active-duty commissioned officer in the Navy.	<urn:uuid:428c403c-5d44-40de-bab4-3f53e293e27e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://pals.vet/news/extra-news/25-march-is-women-s-history-month	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00076.warc.gz	en	0.98637	1,398	3.671875	4	[ -0.3990606963634491, 0.18379761278629303, 0.5121911764144897, 0.3751431703567505, -0.4858202636241913, 0.3406420946121216, 0.10774068534374237, 0.19516250491142273, -0.5718673467636108, 0.091175377368927, -0.20663583278656006, 0.20266661047935486, 0.05892861634492874, 0.2659606337547302, ...	1	March is Women's History month. It is a time for rememberance and celebration of the American spirit that drove so many famous women to heroic heights in our nations history. From the American Revolution to today, women have played vital roles in the successful outcome of every American conflict. This article contains highlights from only a few of the distinguished women that deserve a mention during this month. Mary Ludwig Hayes McCauley, Revolutionary War (1775-1783) Molly Pitcher was the nickname given to a woman who history tells us fought in the American Battle of Monmouth, NJ. The woman is generally believed to have been Mary Ludwig Hayes McCauley. Her husband, William Hayes, enlisted in Proctor's 4th Pennsylvania Artillery in 1777. During the winter of 1777 Molly joined her husband at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. She was among a group of women who washed clothes and cared for sick and dying soldiers of the war. The battle of Monmouth occurred subsequently in June 1778. Mary began attending to Revolutionary soldiers by giving them water from a spring. Today, two places on the Monmouth battlefield are marked as locations for the "Molly Pitcher Spring." The battlefield was under heavy fire from British troops during the time she was present. During the battle her husband William collapsed and was carried off the battlefield. Mary Hayes took up his duty at the cannon and she continued to swab and load the cannon using her husband's ramrod. At one point in the battle a British musket ball flew between her legs and tore off the bottom of her skirt. She went right back to work and continued loading the cannon. In 1786, William Hayes died and in 1793 Mary married John McCauley who was also a Revolutionary War veteran. He later disappeared and no further record of him is known. On February 21, 1822 at the age of 78 Molly was awarded an annual pension of $40 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for her service during the Revolutionary War. She died 10 years later and is buried in Carlisle, PA and is buried under the name "Molly McCauley." Clara Barton, Civil War Nurse (1861 - 1865) Possibly the most well-known woman who contributed significantly during the Civil War was the nurse named Clara Barton who went on to found the Red Cross. She was born on Christmas day 1821 in North Oxford, Massachusetts. Her father was a captain in the local militia. Clara's Civil War efforts began following the April 19, 1861 Baltimore Riot that injured members of the 6th Massachusetts Militia. She began helping by taking critical supplies and carrying for 40 soldiers. By August 1862 Barton gained permission to serve on the front lines of battle. Following the 1st Battle of Bull Run she placed a newspaper advertisement in Massachusetts asking people for supplies. It resulted in a large influx of donated supplies for the troops. Throughout the Civil War she was a witness to tremendous battlefield suffering and is known for doing everything within her power to ease the suffering. Dr Mary Walker, Union Army Surgeon (1861-1865), Medal of Honor Recipient The United States has only ever had 1 female Medal of Honor Recipient. In 1855 she earned a medical degree from Syracuse Medical College in New York. She volunteered to serve as a surgeon at a temporary hospital outside Washington, DC following the outbreak of the Civil War. She was subsequently captured as a spy by Confederate forces after she was caught crossing enemy lines to treat wounded civilians. She was sent as a prisoner of war to Richmond, Virginia until being released in a prisoner exchange. After the war, she was approved for the highest US Armed Forces decoration for bravery, the Medal of Honor. Culp was born in Kileen, Texas on January 19, 1905. She attended Mary Hardin Baylor College for Women, South Texas College of Law and Commerce, and the University of Texas Law School but she did not formally graduate from any of these. During World War II she headed the War Department's Women's Interest Section before becoming the Director of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, which later became the Women's Army Corps (WAC). The WAC was created to fill gaps left by the shortage of men during WWII. The WAC were the first women, other than nurses, to wear U.S. Army uniforms and to receive military benefits such as the GI Bill. As the Director of WAC she created admission standards, instituted a Code of Conduct that created a high quality organization. Culp was promoted to the rank of Colonel and she received the Distinguished Service Medal for her efforts during the war. She was the first Army woman ever to receive this award. Rear Admiral Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (1906 - 1992) Admiral Hooper was born December 9, 1906 in New York City. Her great-grandfather, Alexander Wilson Russell was also a Navy Admiral who fought in the Battle of Mobile Bay during the Civil War. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar College in 1928 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics. She earned a master's degree at Yale University in 1930 and in 1934 she earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale. Grace tried to enlist early in the Navy during WWII but she was rejected for having a weight to height ratio too low for Navy standards. In 1943, while on leave from Vassar, she was sworn into the US Naval Reserve (Women's Reserve), commonly known as the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES). She then trained at the Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. She graduated first in her class and was assigned to Harvard University at the Bureau of Ships Computation Project. Grace worked on the Mark I computer programming staff. In the early 1950's she recommended the development of a new computer programming language that would be structured around the use of English words. This idea was rejected until she published the first paper on compilers in 1952. The computer programming language invented by Admiral Hopper went on to be known as the Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL), which today remains the most widely used language today. As required by Navy regulations, Grace retired from the Naval Reserve at the rank of commander at the age of 60 at the end of 1966. She was recalled to active duty in August 1967 for six months that turned into an indefinite assignment. In 1973 Grace was promoted to captain. A 60 minutes segment on Grace was aired in 1983 and it resulted in a joint resolution of Congress that led to her promotion to what became known as rear admiral. After a 42 year career Admiral Hooper accepted mandatory retirement from the Navy in 1986. She was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal. At the time of her final retirement she was 79 years old making her the oldest active-duty commissioned officer in the Navy.	1,510	ENGLISH	1
She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prizethe first person and only woman to win twicethe only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Flying University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. She won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Her achievements included the development of the theory of radioactivity a term that she coined techniques for isolating radioactive isotopesand the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms were conducted using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsawwhich remain major centres of medical research today. During World War Ishe developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland. Marie Curie died inaged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz Haute-SavoieFrance, of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of What age did marie curie die radiological work at field hospitals during World War I. On both the paternal and maternal sides, the family had lost What age did marie curie die property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland's independence the most recent had been the January Uprising of — After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, he brought much of the laboratory equipment home, and instructed his children in its use. When she was ten years old, Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska; next she attended a gymnasium for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June with a gold medal. Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds. In lateshe left Poland for France. Inshe was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory of Professor Gabriel Lippmann. Meanwhile, she continued studying at the University of Paris, and with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer, and they began to develop feelings for one another. Curie, however, declared that he was ready to move with her to Poland, even if it meant being reduced to What age did marie curie die French. In Pierre, Marie had found a new love, a partner, and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend. InWilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-raysthough the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood. Influenced by these two important discoveries, Curie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis. She used an innovative technique to investigate samples. Fifteen years earlier, her husband and his brother had developed a version of the electrometera sensitive device for measuring electric charge. Using this technique, her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity of uranium present. The School did not sponsor her research, but she would receive subsidies from metallurgical and mining companies and from various organizations and governments. Curie's systematic studies included two uranium minerals, pitchblende and torbernite also known as chalcolite. She concluded that, if her earlier results relating the quantity of uranium to its activity were correct, then What age did marie curie die two minerals must contain small quantities of another substance that was far more active than uranium. By mid he was so invested in it that he decided to drop his work on crystals and to join her. The [research] idea [writes Reid] was her own; no one helped her formulate it, and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her ownership of it. She later recorded the fact twice in her biography of her husband to ensure there was no chance whatever of any ambiguity. It [is] likely that already at this early stage of her career [she] realized that She was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her priority. Curie chose the same rapid means of publication. At that What age did marie curie die, no one else in the world of physics had noticed what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore. In JulyCurie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named " polonium ", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires RussianAustrianand Prussian. To prove their discoveries beyond any doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuthand polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore. By the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach. From a ton of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in Inshe isolated pure radium metal. Between andthe Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radiumdiseased, tumor -forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells. Curie and her husband declined to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person; they were too busy with What age did marie curie die work, and Pierre Curie, who disliked public ceremonies, was feeling increasingly ill. On 19 AprilPierre Curie was killed in a road accident. Walking across the Rue Dauphine in heavy rain, he was struck by a horse-drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels, causing his skull to fracture. She accepted it, hoping to create a world-class laboratory as a tribute to her husband Pierre. Curie's quest to create a new laboratory did not end with the University of Paris, however. In her later years, she headed the Radium Institute Institut du radiumnow Curie InstituteInstitut Curiea radioactivity laboratory created for her by the Pasteur Institute and the University of Paris. In Curie succeeded in isolating radium; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and Pierre: Despite Curie's fame as a scientist working for France, the public's attitude tended toward xenophobia —the same that had led to the Dreyfus affair —which also What age did marie curie die false speculation that Curie was Jewish. In it was revealed that in Curie had conducted an affair of about a year's duration with physicist Paul Langevina former student of Pierre Curie's, a married man who was estranged from his wife. Curie then in her mids was five years older than Langevin and was misrepresented in the tabloids as a foreign Jewish home-wrecker. International recognition for her work had been growing to new heights, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal, honored her a second time, with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewiczencouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country. For most of she avoided public life but did spend time in England with her friend and fellow physicist, Hertha Ayrton. She returned to her laboratory only in December, after a break of about 14 months. Inthe Warsaw Scientific Society offered her the directorship of a What age did marie curie die laboratory in Warsaw but she declined, focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed in Augustand on a new street named Rue Pierre-Curie. The Institute's development was interrupted by the coming war, as most researchers were drafted into the French Armyand it fully resumed its activities in During World War I, Curie recognised that wounded soldiers were best served if operated upon as soon as possible. InCurie produced hollow needles containing "radium emanation", a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identified as radonto be used for sterilizing infected tissue. She provided the radium from her own one-gram supply. Also, promptly after the war started, she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the French National Bank refused to accept them. I am going to give up the little gold I possess. I shall add to this the scientific medals, which are quite useless to me. There is something else: This is the chief part of what we possess. I should like to bring it back here and invest it in war loans. The state needs it.	<urn:uuid:9ca1c1d0-b1f9-4415-85c6-b00e1e9670c1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://kansascitysub.info/6/11130-what-age-did-marie-curie-die.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00292.warc.gz	en	0.981241	1,900	3.46875	3	[ -0.0011900137178599834, 0.7330226302146912, 0.061824407428503036, -0.028466176241636276, -0.16195723414421082, 0.16830991208553314, 0.08239467442035675, 0.2405279129743576, -0.18354851007461548, -0.14241726696491241, 0.18020640313625336, -0.3592568635940552, 0.029326356947422028, 0.4425070...	1	She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prizethe first person and only woman to win twicethe only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Flying University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. She won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Her achievements included the development of the theory of radioactivity a term that she coined techniques for isolating radioactive isotopesand the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms were conducted using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsawwhich remain major centres of medical research today. During World War Ishe developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland. Marie Curie died inaged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz Haute-SavoieFrance, of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of What age did marie curie die radiological work at field hospitals during World War I. On both the paternal and maternal sides, the family had lost What age did marie curie die property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland's independence the most recent had been the January Uprising of — After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, he brought much of the laboratory equipment home, and instructed his children in its use. When she was ten years old, Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska; next she attended a gymnasium for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June with a gold medal. Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds. In lateshe left Poland for France. Inshe was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory of Professor Gabriel Lippmann. Meanwhile, she continued studying at the University of Paris, and with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer, and they began to develop feelings for one another. Curie, however, declared that he was ready to move with her to Poland, even if it meant being reduced to What age did marie curie die French. In Pierre, Marie had found a new love, a partner, and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend. InWilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-raysthough the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood. Influenced by these two important discoveries, Curie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis. She used an innovative technique to investigate samples. Fifteen years earlier, her husband and his brother had developed a version of the electrometera sensitive device for measuring electric charge. Using this technique, her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity of uranium present. The School did not sponsor her research, but she would receive subsidies from metallurgical and mining companies and from various organizations and governments. Curie's systematic studies included two uranium minerals, pitchblende and torbernite also known as chalcolite. She concluded that, if her earlier results relating the quantity of uranium to its activity were correct, then What age did marie curie die two minerals must contain small quantities of another substance that was far more active than uranium. By mid he was so invested in it that he decided to drop his work on crystals and to join her. The [research] idea [writes Reid] was her own; no one helped her formulate it, and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her ownership of it. She later recorded the fact twice in her biography of her husband to ensure there was no chance whatever of any ambiguity. It [is] likely that already at this early stage of her career [she] realized that She was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her priority. Curie chose the same rapid means of publication. At that What age did marie curie die, no one else in the world of physics had noticed what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore. In JulyCurie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named " polonium ", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires RussianAustrianand Prussian. To prove their discoveries beyond any doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuthand polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore. By the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach. From a ton of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in Inshe isolated pure radium metal. Between andthe Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radiumdiseased, tumor -forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells. Curie and her husband declined to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person; they were too busy with What age did marie curie die work, and Pierre Curie, who disliked public ceremonies, was feeling increasingly ill. On 19 AprilPierre Curie was killed in a road accident. Walking across the Rue Dauphine in heavy rain, he was struck by a horse-drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels, causing his skull to fracture. She accepted it, hoping to create a world-class laboratory as a tribute to her husband Pierre. Curie's quest to create a new laboratory did not end with the University of Paris, however. In her later years, she headed the Radium Institute Institut du radiumnow Curie InstituteInstitut Curiea radioactivity laboratory created for her by the Pasteur Institute and the University of Paris. In Curie succeeded in isolating radium; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and Pierre: Despite Curie's fame as a scientist working for France, the public's attitude tended toward xenophobia —the same that had led to the Dreyfus affair —which also What age did marie curie die false speculation that Curie was Jewish. In it was revealed that in Curie had conducted an affair of about a year's duration with physicist Paul Langevina former student of Pierre Curie's, a married man who was estranged from his wife. Curie then in her mids was five years older than Langevin and was misrepresented in the tabloids as a foreign Jewish home-wrecker. International recognition for her work had been growing to new heights, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal, honored her a second time, with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewiczencouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country. For most of she avoided public life but did spend time in England with her friend and fellow physicist, Hertha Ayrton. She returned to her laboratory only in December, after a break of about 14 months. Inthe Warsaw Scientific Society offered her the directorship of a What age did marie curie die laboratory in Warsaw but she declined, focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed in Augustand on a new street named Rue Pierre-Curie. The Institute's development was interrupted by the coming war, as most researchers were drafted into the French Armyand it fully resumed its activities in During World War I, Curie recognised that wounded soldiers were best served if operated upon as soon as possible. InCurie produced hollow needles containing "radium emanation", a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identified as radonto be used for sterilizing infected tissue. She provided the radium from her own one-gram supply. Also, promptly after the war started, she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the French National Bank refused to accept them. I am going to give up the little gold I possess. I shall add to this the scientific medals, which are quite useless to me. There is something else: This is the chief part of what we possess. I should like to bring it back here and invest it in war loans. The state needs it.	1,876	ENGLISH	1
Pssst… we can write an original essay just for you. Any subject. Any type of essay. We’ll even meet a 3-hour deadline.Get your price 121 writers online Mahatma Gandhi was one of the most influential leaders in all human history, by his devoted efforts he not only succeeded where many other actual leaders of India failed in convincing the British to leave, but he also managed to stop all fighting between Muslims and Hindus both of these he achieved without the use of violence. Within his lifetime Gandhi practiced very successfully a Transformational leadership style, he worked to inspire others to stand up and act believing that even the common man could make a difference (Gupta, A.) Hamilton describes those with the transformational leadership style as “leaders who transformed society with their visions; that is charismatic leaders who have the ability to inspire and motivate people to do more than they would normally dodespite obstacles and personal sacrifice”. (Hamilton, C.) Looking at Gandhi’s life we see a man who devoted his entire life to the well-being of his country, and the people that lived there. When attempting to assess Gandhi’s success as a leader it becomes important to look at how he thought and his capabilities as a problem solver. The best example of this came early on with how he approached the issue of freeing India from British control. Hundreds of other national leaders before him tried, and failed to remove the British from India, meaning a conventional approach to the issue wouldn’t work, Gandhi realized this early on in his campaign, and it lead Gandhi to look at the issue differently than others before him. He looked to see what reason the British had for their continued presence in India despite having long since taken all of the treasure and riches they could. The answer he came up with was that it was India’s new dependence on European goods that kept the British interested in India. This was a critical discovery as the existence of an economic reason behind Britain’s continued existence in India made the most effective method of removing the British non-violent actions, India would not earn its freedom through war and violence, and in realizing this Gandhi was able to establish his purpose as a leader which was freeing India. With a purpose he came up with a plan to “break the economic purpose of colonialism” through non-violent means which he could be easily spread to the masses. Through his words Gandhi managed to align himself with the common man, gaining their trust and motivating the entire populous to act against Britain in non-violent protest by practicing self-reliance, and non-cooperation. These two things are what he based his leadership on, and by his teachings he convinced everyone to join him to the point where even those who truly believed that they had nothing to offer, and could truly do nothing in the face of the British empire joined in and followed his teachings. This was largely because his teachings were simplistic enough that anyone could follow them, yet also impactful enough that those following felt that they were truly a part of something much bigger than themselves, the struggle for freedom. (Gupta, A.) A closer look at Gandhi as a person sheds more light onto his success as a leader. Entering into this issue Gandhi had already established a good measure of credibility with the people of India through his success in South Africa where he championed his non-violent methods proving them to be effective to all those who paid attention. This attributed a good deal to the willingness of people to follow him, but this was not the only thing that drew people to Gandhi, nor was it what made him such a beloved figure to Muslims and Hindus alike. Looking at Gandhi’s everyday life it’s as though we are looking at the life of one of his followers, he practiced his preaching to the letter even spinning his own wool for clothes he lived a simple life as the poor did, and in doing so he established a bond with his followers. Coupled with his many speeches given to the public across all of India establishing himself as an easily accessible person Gandhi became a leader so great that the common man could connect to him simply by seeing him. (Gupta, A.) Connected to his way of living were the qualities he possessed, ten of which that stand out to be most important to his success as a leader. Faith in self, this quality afforded Gandhi with long term vision which coupled with his strong principles of righteousness made him one of the great transformational leaders of history. Resistance and persistence; while some might have believed this to be his stubbornness, it was in fact a key part of what allowed him to continue his non-violent actions despite the naysayers who claimed that violence was the only way to accomplish anything. Forgiveness, the capacity to learn from mistakes, strength of character, love but never hate, truthfulness, live in the present, take the first step and do it anyway, and non-violence. (Sharma, A.) Each of these qualities combined were what made Gandhi the ability to not only inspire and motivate those around him to do more than they would normally do, but also served to make him every bit as approachable as a neighbor, or even friend for all those who followed him. Gandhi’s goal of attaining freedom for India from the colonial rule of Britain were eventually realized, but the victory was short lived as there was a brewing civil war between the Muslims and Hindus of India threatening to destroy India from the inside out, and potentially even provide an opportunity for another European nation to take control over India again putting the country right back where they started. This news led Gandhi to continue in his role as a non-violent leader, traveling across India promoting peace, and trying to stop the fighting and rioting that was occurring, ultimately Gandhi was against a divided India and wanted to see Muslims and Hindus live together in peace, but alas he was shot and killed by a Hindu fanatic during one of his prayer meetings. In spite of this, the great sorrow of both Muslims and Hindus alike following his death quelled the fighting, and is likely the only reason that India didn’t tear itself apart from the inside through a massive civil war. (Biography: Gandhi Back in India) Finally looking at his leadership style, Professor M.S. Rao a self-proclaimed “leadership Guru” referred to his leadership style as being “soft leadership” a new direction to leadership he coined. In his article Mahatma Gandhi – Soft Leadership he defines “soft leadership” as “the process of setting goals; influencing people through persuasion; building strong teams; negotiating them with a win-win attitude; respecting their failures; hand-holding them; motivating them constantly; aligning their energies and efforts; recognizing and appreciating their contribution in accomplishing the organizational objectives with an emphasis on soft skills. It is based on the right mindset, skill set, and tool-set.” (Rao, P.) Looking back at Gandhi’s qualities as a man I feel this “soft leadership” style the professor has come up with is a great embodiment of all the things that made Gandhi a successful leader wrapped up with a nice bow and presented in a way that can be applied to the management of a business as opposed to a country. Looking at the impacts of Gandhi’s leadership style we see an entire country freed from British colonial rule, and the prevention of a bloody civil war which would have seen India permanently divided with fighting between Muslims and Hindus likely continuing to this day. As a direct result of Gandhi’s transformative leadership however, the British Empire was forced to leave India with no war having been fought, and while blood may have been shed on each side, the amount was far less than what it could have been had Gandhi used violent protests as opposed to his non-violent non-cooperation. Gandhi did what had never been done before, he forced out a nation larger and more powerful than his own using non-violent methods setting a future precedent for all those leaders to follow him to use as a guide. Even when the British left behind a brewing civil war which had the potential to not only cause mass bloodshed and death, but also allow Britain the opportunity to re-enter India following the bloody war and re-gain control undoing all that Gandhi had worked for so many years to achieve. His impact on those who followed him were such that anywhere he went following the start of the riots and unrest peace followed, and through non-violent means he was able to slowly quell the fighting preventing a civil war, and despite losing his life in the process his teachings remain to this day followed by a great many. Leaders like our president Barrack Obama follow his teachings in leadership to this day. 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We can custom edit this essay into an original, 100% plagiarism free essay.Order now Are you interested in getting a customized paper?Check it out!	<urn:uuid:cb017900-37aa-43df-82f3-397145b73776>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://gradesfixer.com/free-essay-examples/the-admirable-qualities-of-mahatma-gandhi-as-a-leader/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00378.warc.gz	en	0.98679	1,895	3.421875	3	[ -0.21550659835338593, 0.5055997371673584, -0.030792903155088425, -0.058351580053567886, -0.5123983025550842, -0.05946376919746399, 0.47794705629348755, 0.15146823227405548, 0.1982162594795227, 0.17458505928516388, 0.0787857174873352, -0.0010589687153697014, 0.28460925817489624, 0.277554333...	1	Pssst… we can write an original essay just for you. Any subject. Any type of essay. We’ll even meet a 3-hour deadline.Get your price 121 writers online Mahatma Gandhi was one of the most influential leaders in all human history, by his devoted efforts he not only succeeded where many other actual leaders of India failed in convincing the British to leave, but he also managed to stop all fighting between Muslims and Hindus both of these he achieved without the use of violence. Within his lifetime Gandhi practiced very successfully a Transformational leadership style, he worked to inspire others to stand up and act believing that even the common man could make a difference (Gupta, A.) Hamilton describes those with the transformational leadership style as “leaders who transformed society with their visions; that is charismatic leaders who have the ability to inspire and motivate people to do more than they would normally dodespite obstacles and personal sacrifice”. (Hamilton, C.) Looking at Gandhi’s life we see a man who devoted his entire life to the well-being of his country, and the people that lived there. When attempting to assess Gandhi’s success as a leader it becomes important to look at how he thought and his capabilities as a problem solver. The best example of this came early on with how he approached the issue of freeing India from British control. Hundreds of other national leaders before him tried, and failed to remove the British from India, meaning a conventional approach to the issue wouldn’t work, Gandhi realized this early on in his campaign, and it lead Gandhi to look at the issue differently than others before him. He looked to see what reason the British had for their continued presence in India despite having long since taken all of the treasure and riches they could. The answer he came up with was that it was India’s new dependence on European goods that kept the British interested in India. This was a critical discovery as the existence of an economic reason behind Britain’s continued existence in India made the most effective method of removing the British non-violent actions, India would not earn its freedom through war and violence, and in realizing this Gandhi was able to establish his purpose as a leader which was freeing India. With a purpose he came up with a plan to “break the economic purpose of colonialism” through non-violent means which he could be easily spread to the masses. Through his words Gandhi managed to align himself with the common man, gaining their trust and motivating the entire populous to act against Britain in non-violent protest by practicing self-reliance, and non-cooperation. These two things are what he based his leadership on, and by his teachings he convinced everyone to join him to the point where even those who truly believed that they had nothing to offer, and could truly do nothing in the face of the British empire joined in and followed his teachings. This was largely because his teachings were simplistic enough that anyone could follow them, yet also impactful enough that those following felt that they were truly a part of something much bigger than themselves, the struggle for freedom. (Gupta, A.) A closer look at Gandhi as a person sheds more light onto his success as a leader. Entering into this issue Gandhi had already established a good measure of credibility with the people of India through his success in South Africa where he championed his non-violent methods proving them to be effective to all those who paid attention. This attributed a good deal to the willingness of people to follow him, but this was not the only thing that drew people to Gandhi, nor was it what made him such a beloved figure to Muslims and Hindus alike. Looking at Gandhi’s everyday life it’s as though we are looking at the life of one of his followers, he practiced his preaching to the letter even spinning his own wool for clothes he lived a simple life as the poor did, and in doing so he established a bond with his followers. Coupled with his many speeches given to the public across all of India establishing himself as an easily accessible person Gandhi became a leader so great that the common man could connect to him simply by seeing him. (Gupta, A.) Connected to his way of living were the qualities he possessed, ten of which that stand out to be most important to his success as a leader. Faith in self, this quality afforded Gandhi with long term vision which coupled with his strong principles of righteousness made him one of the great transformational leaders of history. Resistance and persistence; while some might have believed this to be his stubbornness, it was in fact a key part of what allowed him to continue his non-violent actions despite the naysayers who claimed that violence was the only way to accomplish anything. Forgiveness, the capacity to learn from mistakes, strength of character, love but never hate, truthfulness, live in the present, take the first step and do it anyway, and non-violence. (Sharma, A.) Each of these qualities combined were what made Gandhi the ability to not only inspire and motivate those around him to do more than they would normally do, but also served to make him every bit as approachable as a neighbor, or even friend for all those who followed him. Gandhi’s goal of attaining freedom for India from the colonial rule of Britain were eventually realized, but the victory was short lived as there was a brewing civil war between the Muslims and Hindus of India threatening to destroy India from the inside out, and potentially even provide an opportunity for another European nation to take control over India again putting the country right back where they started. This news led Gandhi to continue in his role as a non-violent leader, traveling across India promoting peace, and trying to stop the fighting and rioting that was occurring, ultimately Gandhi was against a divided India and wanted to see Muslims and Hindus live together in peace, but alas he was shot and killed by a Hindu fanatic during one of his prayer meetings. In spite of this, the great sorrow of both Muslims and Hindus alike following his death quelled the fighting, and is likely the only reason that India didn’t tear itself apart from the inside through a massive civil war. (Biography: Gandhi Back in India) Finally looking at his leadership style, Professor M.S. Rao a self-proclaimed “leadership Guru” referred to his leadership style as being “soft leadership” a new direction to leadership he coined. In his article Mahatma Gandhi – Soft Leadership he defines “soft leadership” as “the process of setting goals; influencing people through persuasion; building strong teams; negotiating them with a win-win attitude; respecting their failures; hand-holding them; motivating them constantly; aligning their energies and efforts; recognizing and appreciating their contribution in accomplishing the organizational objectives with an emphasis on soft skills. It is based on the right mindset, skill set, and tool-set.” (Rao, P.) Looking back at Gandhi’s qualities as a man I feel this “soft leadership” style the professor has come up with is a great embodiment of all the things that made Gandhi a successful leader wrapped up with a nice bow and presented in a way that can be applied to the management of a business as opposed to a country. Looking at the impacts of Gandhi’s leadership style we see an entire country freed from British colonial rule, and the prevention of a bloody civil war which would have seen India permanently divided with fighting between Muslims and Hindus likely continuing to this day. As a direct result of Gandhi’s transformative leadership however, the British Empire was forced to leave India with no war having been fought, and while blood may have been shed on each side, the amount was far less than what it could have been had Gandhi used violent protests as opposed to his non-violent non-cooperation. Gandhi did what had never been done before, he forced out a nation larger and more powerful than his own using non-violent methods setting a future precedent for all those leaders to follow him to use as a guide. Even when the British left behind a brewing civil war which had the potential to not only cause mass bloodshed and death, but also allow Britain the opportunity to re-enter India following the bloody war and re-gain control undoing all that Gandhi had worked for so many years to achieve. His impact on those who followed him were such that anywhere he went following the start of the riots and unrest peace followed, and through non-violent means he was able to slowly quell the fighting preventing a civil war, and despite losing his life in the process his teachings remain to this day followed by a great many. Leaders like our president Barrack Obama follow his teachings in leadership to this day. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below: Sorry, copying is not allowed on our website. If you’d like this or any other sample, we’ll happily email it to you. Your essay sample has been sent. Want us to write one just for you? We can custom edit this essay into an original, 100% plagiarism free essay.Order now Are you interested in getting a customized paper?Check it out!	1,835	ENGLISH	1
Travelin' in Time: Dottie Smith: Things you probably didn’t know about the Chinese in... The Chinese began arriving during the gold rush hoping to make a quick fortune and return to China as soon as they became wealthy or had earned enough money to pay off their debts and support their families who still lived in China. Their passage to America was arranged and paid for by rich Chinese Mandarins, who were repaid with a percentage of their gold profits. The miners and settlers resented the Chinese for aspiring to become rich and then return to China. They lived on the outskirts of the white settlements or off by themselves in their Chinatowns. At first, they were regarded as an exotic curiosity. But as more and more arrived, the curiosity changed to resentment, and eventually to open hostility. ■ They were never understood by most whites because of the differences in cultures. ■ Their diets and eating styles were different. Two of their favorite foods were ducks and pigs. Many raised them. ■ Their religion was very perplexing to white men. A Joss House, much like the one at Weaverville, was built at Shasta and was larger and more luxurious than the Weaverville Joss House. ■ They loved to gamble. ■ Many openly used opium. The opium was transported to them from China and sold over the counter in all the Chinese stores for 25 cents. ■ They became so disliked that a law was eventually passed forbidding them U.S. citizenship. ■ All Chinese had a queue. The queue was a braid of hair — the "rope" by which they traveled to heaven at death. Without it, there was no future life. One of the meanest things that could be done to them was to have it cut off. And the whites and Native Indians did just that. ■ They were very afraid of the white man and also the Native Indians. The white goldminers would encourage the native people to harass the Chinese. ■ Because of their fear of white men and the Native Indians, the Chinese always lived on the outskirts of towns, mining places, or in their Chinatowns. ■ If they lived on the outskirts of a town such as Redding, they dug underground tunnels to use as a safe way to get from their home to their place of employment. ■ Many worked in the big hotels and restaurants. ■ Very few Chinese women came here. Those who did were either the wife of a rich Chinese man or a prostitute. ■ No Chinese woman owned property during the early days of Shasta County. ■ The Chinese were very tedious goldminers. They did what was called teaspoon mining. When a white goldminer gave up his claim and walked away from it, the Chinese would often move in and continue mining it. Because they were so tedious, they would usually find gold that the white miner had missed. ■ Those who did not mine for gold became ditch builders, laborers, cooks, laundrymen, gardeners, and a very few became merchants. ■ The Chinese were willing to work long hours for low pay and that caused great consternation among the whites. ■ Laws were passed forcing the Chinese to pay a miner's tax. They were the only foreigner required to pay a tax. ■ By 1854, 2,000 to 3,000 Chinese were living in Shasta County. ■ In 1858, the California Legislature passed a law prohibiting further immigration of Chinese into the state. ■ In 1869, more than 10,000 Chinese were hired by Charles Crocker to work as manual laborers on the railroad in counties south of Shasta. They were referred to as Crocker's Army or Crocker's Pets. They were treated poorly, exploited, paid $1 each day, and forced to buy their supplies from Sisson and Crocker, the railroad company store, at double the regular prices. ■ In 1872, track laying reached southern Shasta County, and it was the Chinese who laid the majority of the railroad tracks. ■ In 1886, the Redding Chinatown mysteriously burned to the ground. Almost all the Chinese left Shasta County except for a few who bravely stayed and continued to work at their jobs. ■ Their houses, or huts, contained dirt floors and were barren except for their beds (or bunks), which were tiered one above the other on the walls. The beds were wooden and were about 30 inches wide and 7 feet long. Their only bedding was rice matting and wooden bench pillows. ■ They all wore the same type of outfit day after day. It consisted of a large, 2 feet in diameter, round, rice-mat hat rolled downward and held in place with a cord fastened under their chins, blue denim trousers tucked into American made boots whose soles were filled with many pounds of nails, and a blue denim overblouse that reached almost to their hips. The trousers were replaced by shorts in the summer. ■ No Chinese wanted to be buried permanently locally after death. Their burials were temporary and when their body was completely free of flesh, the bones were shipped back to China for final burial in a special-made wooden box. ■ Many types of food were imported from China, while others were either raised, especially ducks and pigs, or grown in vegetable gardens. Imported foods included dried abalone, bean threads, pressed fish, oils, ginger, nuts, rice, tea, and many types of candies. ■ A commonly practiced rheumatism cure was to catch a live, good-sized rattlesnake and place it in a gallon of meat and malt whiskey for several days. Treatment consisted of drinking a full shot glass of the concoction whereby pain supposedly ceased and comfort soon followed. Dottie Smith is the author of "The Dictionary of Early Shasta County History", the book from which most of this information was extracted. She is the former curator of the Shasta College Museum and instructor of Shasta County history at Shasta College. Check out her website at www.shastacountyhistory.com. Contact her at firstname.lastname@example.org.	<urn:uuid:1b05945d-8333-48e4-83e8-12afca62d77d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.redding.com/story/life/columnists/dottie-smith/2016/03/10/travelin-in-time-dottie-smith-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-the-chinese-in-shasta-county/93705054/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00461.warc.gz	en	0.990238	1,264	3.46875	3	[ 0.027588889002799988, -0.02397625893354416, 0.24137750267982483, 0.382671058177948, 0.0166239682585001, 0.04381376504898071, 0.8829793930053711, -0.13203829526901245, -0.39559972286224365, -0.04014916718006134, 0.4413442015647888, 0.09465141594409943, 0.29308515787124634, 0.123550340533256...	1	Travelin' in Time: Dottie Smith: Things you probably didn’t know about the Chinese in... The Chinese began arriving during the gold rush hoping to make a quick fortune and return to China as soon as they became wealthy or had earned enough money to pay off their debts and support their families who still lived in China. Their passage to America was arranged and paid for by rich Chinese Mandarins, who were repaid with a percentage of their gold profits. The miners and settlers resented the Chinese for aspiring to become rich and then return to China. They lived on the outskirts of the white settlements or off by themselves in their Chinatowns. At first, they were regarded as an exotic curiosity. But as more and more arrived, the curiosity changed to resentment, and eventually to open hostility. ■ They were never understood by most whites because of the differences in cultures. ■ Their diets and eating styles were different. Two of their favorite foods were ducks and pigs. Many raised them. ■ Their religion was very perplexing to white men. A Joss House, much like the one at Weaverville, was built at Shasta and was larger and more luxurious than the Weaverville Joss House. ■ They loved to gamble. ■ Many openly used opium. The opium was transported to them from China and sold over the counter in all the Chinese stores for 25 cents. ■ They became so disliked that a law was eventually passed forbidding them U.S. citizenship. ■ All Chinese had a queue. The queue was a braid of hair — the "rope" by which they traveled to heaven at death. Without it, there was no future life. One of the meanest things that could be done to them was to have it cut off. And the whites and Native Indians did just that. ■ They were very afraid of the white man and also the Native Indians. The white goldminers would encourage the native people to harass the Chinese. ■ Because of their fear of white men and the Native Indians, the Chinese always lived on the outskirts of towns, mining places, or in their Chinatowns. ■ If they lived on the outskirts of a town such as Redding, they dug underground tunnels to use as a safe way to get from their home to their place of employment. ■ Many worked in the big hotels and restaurants. ■ Very few Chinese women came here. Those who did were either the wife of a rich Chinese man or a prostitute. ■ No Chinese woman owned property during the early days of Shasta County. ■ The Chinese were very tedious goldminers. They did what was called teaspoon mining. When a white goldminer gave up his claim and walked away from it, the Chinese would often move in and continue mining it. Because they were so tedious, they would usually find gold that the white miner had missed. ■ Those who did not mine for gold became ditch builders, laborers, cooks, laundrymen, gardeners, and a very few became merchants. ■ The Chinese were willing to work long hours for low pay and that caused great consternation among the whites. ■ Laws were passed forcing the Chinese to pay a miner's tax. They were the only foreigner required to pay a tax. ■ By 1854, 2,000 to 3,000 Chinese were living in Shasta County. ■ In 1858, the California Legislature passed a law prohibiting further immigration of Chinese into the state. ■ In 1869, more than 10,000 Chinese were hired by Charles Crocker to work as manual laborers on the railroad in counties south of Shasta. They were referred to as Crocker's Army or Crocker's Pets. They were treated poorly, exploited, paid $1 each day, and forced to buy their supplies from Sisson and Crocker, the railroad company store, at double the regular prices. ■ In 1872, track laying reached southern Shasta County, and it was the Chinese who laid the majority of the railroad tracks. ■ In 1886, the Redding Chinatown mysteriously burned to the ground. Almost all the Chinese left Shasta County except for a few who bravely stayed and continued to work at their jobs. ■ Their houses, or huts, contained dirt floors and were barren except for their beds (or bunks), which were tiered one above the other on the walls. The beds were wooden and were about 30 inches wide and 7 feet long. Their only bedding was rice matting and wooden bench pillows. ■ They all wore the same type of outfit day after day. It consisted of a large, 2 feet in diameter, round, rice-mat hat rolled downward and held in place with a cord fastened under their chins, blue denim trousers tucked into American made boots whose soles were filled with many pounds of nails, and a blue denim overblouse that reached almost to their hips. The trousers were replaced by shorts in the summer. ■ No Chinese wanted to be buried permanently locally after death. Their burials were temporary and when their body was completely free of flesh, the bones were shipped back to China for final burial in a special-made wooden box. ■ Many types of food were imported from China, while others were either raised, especially ducks and pigs, or grown in vegetable gardens. Imported foods included dried abalone, bean threads, pressed fish, oils, ginger, nuts, rice, tea, and many types of candies. ■ A commonly practiced rheumatism cure was to catch a live, good-sized rattlesnake and place it in a gallon of meat and malt whiskey for several days. Treatment consisted of drinking a full shot glass of the concoction whereby pain supposedly ceased and comfort soon followed. Dottie Smith is the author of "The Dictionary of Early Shasta County History", the book from which most of this information was extracted. She is the former curator of the Shasta College Museum and instructor of Shasta County history at Shasta College. Check out her website at www.shastacountyhistory.com. Contact her at firstname.lastname@example.org.	1,259	ENGLISH	1
The French painter fled to Switzerland in 1873, where he died on December 31, 1877. As a follower of the revolutionary government in the Franco–Prussian War 1870–71 and a member of the community, after its defeat was made responsible for the toppling of the Vendôme Column, a symbol of the hated empire. After a six-month prison sentence, he eluded the cost of reestablishment by escaping to Switzerland. Born on 10th of June 1819 in Ornans at Besançon Courbet began his training for a law degree but soon found greater interest in painting. This training was also abandoned for the sake of autodidactic further education. Soon, he found his characteristic style: detail, plasticity and high expressiveness. It is also realism that illustrates his anti-authoritarian and social awareness. In his writings, he declared: "The art of painting can consist only in the representation of objects visible and tangible to the painter. (...) Realism is essentially a democratic art.“ However, Courbet found no recognition in France during his lifetime but was valued all the more in Germany. His works had a great influence on such painters as Wilhelm Leibl and Hans Thoma. His landscapes and figure paintings are not just realistic depictions of nature but often have an allegorical claim. Gustave Courbet$ 706,34 (620,00 EUR) Gustave Courbet$ 567,35 (498,00 EUR)	<urn:uuid:a4299582-52fd-44fa-a069-66105b7671e0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.arsmundi.com/en/artist/gustave-courbet/?allArtistsLink=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYXJzbXVuZGkuY29tL2VuL3Byb2R1Y3RzL3JlcGxpY2FzL2FydGlzdHMv	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00369.warc.gz	en	0.983405	305	3.375	3	[ -0.08312766253948212, 0.3502301573753357, 0.2809999883174896, 0.038832347840070724, -0.03536886349320412, 0.004455461632460356, 0.23089882731437683, 0.04296227544546127, -0.3175278604030609, -0.19372309744358063, 0.22371245920658112, -0.23912636935710907, 0.02065383270382881, 0.55685609579...	2	The French painter fled to Switzerland in 1873, where he died on December 31, 1877. As a follower of the revolutionary government in the Franco–Prussian War 1870–71 and a member of the community, after its defeat was made responsible for the toppling of the Vendôme Column, a symbol of the hated empire. After a six-month prison sentence, he eluded the cost of reestablishment by escaping to Switzerland. Born on 10th of June 1819 in Ornans at Besançon Courbet began his training for a law degree but soon found greater interest in painting. This training was also abandoned for the sake of autodidactic further education. Soon, he found his characteristic style: detail, plasticity and high expressiveness. It is also realism that illustrates his anti-authoritarian and social awareness. In his writings, he declared: "The art of painting can consist only in the representation of objects visible and tangible to the painter. (...) Realism is essentially a democratic art.“ However, Courbet found no recognition in France during his lifetime but was valued all the more in Germany. His works had a great influence on such painters as Wilhelm Leibl and Hans Thoma. His landscapes and figure paintings are not just realistic depictions of nature but often have an allegorical claim. Gustave Courbet$ 706,34 (620,00 EUR) Gustave Courbet$ 567,35 (498,00 EUR)	327	ENGLISH	1
Dominique Tappy 7F – 04 October 2000 The Cold War was a struggle between conflicting universal values. In the West, the concepts of a market economy and a multi-party democracy were cherished as necessity. In the East, single party statism and a command administrative economy were highly valued. The obvious conflict of ideas and obstinate nature of those who defended them were the driving force behind the Cold War. The western nations felt it necessary that the liberated states of Eastern Europe should be re-established with a democracy and a capitalist economy. They believed that these systems were more civilized and less violent than the nationalism of the preceding generations. Russia, under autocratic leader Josef Stalin, felt that it had a right to the Eastern European nations it had occupied in World War II. After being invaded by Germany in two consecutive wars, the USSR felt it imperative that buffer states be created to protect the borders of the fatherland. With Communist regimes in place, the nations of Eastern Europe could be controlled by Russia and, by their location, protect it. Conflict between the two opposing victors of World War II was inevitable. Yalta, the home of former Czar Nicholas II’s Lavidia Palace, is a Russian city located on the Crimean southern shore of the Black Sea. It was in this palace that the conflict began. By February of 1945, Germany’s defeat was inevitable. The Russian army of 12 million soldiers had fully occupied Poland and was within the borders of pre-war Germany, ready for an assault on Berlin. The Western Allied army of 4 million men was located just west of the Rhine River, still advancing eastward. On February 3rd, the Russian army was ordered to hold its position for one week. During the next seven days, the “Big Three” powers, headed by Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Josef Stalin, met in Lavidia Palace to determine how the war should be finished. The main purpose…	<urn:uuid:66124644-ff73-4b7f-a7ba-262021c74ad9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://gemmarketingsolutions.com/cold-war-36/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589861.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117152059-20200117180059-00359.warc.gz	en	0.980967	405	3.6875	4	[ -0.3266335427761078, 0.022384509444236755, 0.03896540403366089, 0.10345608741044998, 0.28029534220695496, 0.2659994959831238, 0.0756775289773941, 0.2713601589202881, -0.15945212543010712, -0.12320037931203842, -0.11356452852487564, -0.12231431901454926, 0.4438602924346924, 0.47900530695915...	1	Dominique Tappy 7F – 04 October 2000 The Cold War was a struggle between conflicting universal values. In the West, the concepts of a market economy and a multi-party democracy were cherished as necessity. In the East, single party statism and a command administrative economy were highly valued. The obvious conflict of ideas and obstinate nature of those who defended them were the driving force behind the Cold War. The western nations felt it necessary that the liberated states of Eastern Europe should be re-established with a democracy and a capitalist economy. They believed that these systems were more civilized and less violent than the nationalism of the preceding generations. Russia, under autocratic leader Josef Stalin, felt that it had a right to the Eastern European nations it had occupied in World War II. After being invaded by Germany in two consecutive wars, the USSR felt it imperative that buffer states be created to protect the borders of the fatherland. With Communist regimes in place, the nations of Eastern Europe could be controlled by Russia and, by their location, protect it. Conflict between the two opposing victors of World War II was inevitable. Yalta, the home of former Czar Nicholas II’s Lavidia Palace, is a Russian city located on the Crimean southern shore of the Black Sea. It was in this palace that the conflict began. By February of 1945, Germany’s defeat was inevitable. The Russian army of 12 million soldiers had fully occupied Poland and was within the borders of pre-war Germany, ready for an assault on Berlin. The Western Allied army of 4 million men was located just west of the Rhine River, still advancing eastward. On February 3rd, the Russian army was ordered to hold its position for one week. During the next seven days, the “Big Three” powers, headed by Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Josef Stalin, met in Lavidia Palace to determine how the war should be finished. The main purpose…	404	ENGLISH	1
Imagine learning to read at the age of 116! Discover the true story of Mary Walker, the nation’s oldest student who did just that, in this picture book from a Caldecott Honor-winning illustrator and a rising star author. In 1848, Mary Walker was born into slavery. At age 15, she was freed, and by age 20, she was married and had her first child. By age 68, she had worked numerous jobs, including cooking, cleaning, babysitting, and selling sandwiches to raise money for her church. At 114, she was the last remaining member of her family. And at 116, she learned to read. From Rita Lorraine Hubbard and rising star Oge More comes the inspirational story of Mary Walker, a woman whose long life spanned from the Civil War to the Civil Rights Movement, and who–with perseverance and dedication–proved that you’re never too old to learn.	<urn:uuid:38289226-8b27-4d83-b064-35dd50504d72>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://blackbabybooks.com/product/the-oldest-student-how-mary-walker-learned-to-read/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00496.warc.gz	en	0.986563	192	3.421875	3	[ -0.4351785182952881, 0.06355869024991989, 0.4304383397102356, -0.24025452136993408, -0.4422209858894348, 0.31155329942703247, -0.5196574330329895, -0.020282309502363205, -0.33119404315948486, 0.2178717404603958, -0.1586972028017044, 0.1794271320104599, -0.17114318907260895, 0.1799771189689...	4	Imagine learning to read at the age of 116! Discover the true story of Mary Walker, the nation’s oldest student who did just that, in this picture book from a Caldecott Honor-winning illustrator and a rising star author. In 1848, Mary Walker was born into slavery. At age 15, she was freed, and by age 20, she was married and had her first child. By age 68, she had worked numerous jobs, including cooking, cleaning, babysitting, and selling sandwiches to raise money for her church. At 114, she was the last remaining member of her family. And at 116, she learned to read. From Rita Lorraine Hubbard and rising star Oge More comes the inspirational story of Mary Walker, a woman whose long life spanned from the Civil War to the Civil Rights Movement, and who–with perseverance and dedication–proved that you’re never too old to learn.	201	ENGLISH	1
McCarthyism before McCarthy “McCarthyism” is a term that was coined by a cartoon by Herbert Block featured in the Washington Post on March, 29, 1950. It was used to describe the campaigned carried out by Joseph R. McCarthy, who at the time was a Republican Senator of Wisconsin. While McCarthyism described the period which Joseph McCarthy campaigned, there were preexisting attitudes from events over 30 years prior that created what is now known as the McCarthy era. The start of McCarthyism and the McCarthy era can be earliest tracked from the 1910’s. After World War I, there was an extreme sense of patriotism in American society. From here came the birth of the First Red Scare from 1919 to 1920. There was a nationwide fear of dissent from the government, particularly from communists, anarchists, and socialists. During this time, many civil liberties were ignored, and innocent people were jailed for expressing their dissent. Americans were very concerned about the possibility of communists infiltrating the United States, where they could potentially subvert labor unions, schools, and other institutions. There was particular concern with the labor unions, as two of the largest unions had strong objections to WWI and had even held strikes for various reasons. These strikes were often associated to “Reds,” demonizing many of the strikes after as crimes against society to conspire against the government and establish communism. In the aftermath of World War II and the deconstruction of the Soviet Union during the Cold War, Russia was quickly becoming a powerful and influential force on the global stage. Russia was extending communist influence over many parts of Eastern Europe and China was at this point on the verge of becoming a communist state. The Korean War also demonstrated the fight against Communists, as the United States, South Korea, and the U.N. fought against North Korean and Chinese communists. Both Government and private agencies began to investigate, hoping to find evidence of this subversive activity. In the 1930’s the House Committee on Un-American Activities was formed, and was revived throughout the 1940’s and 1950’s. In 1950, Joseph R. McCarthy was a young Senator who was hoping to seek political gain. He created an effective and well publicized, but morally questionable campaign using what is now known as McCarthyism, which relentlessly sought to expose Communists in the United States. His McCarthyism-filled Anticommunist campaign, which continued till 1953, attempted to identify and eliminate communists as well as “fellow travelers” in the government. In the same year, McCarthy claimed he had a list of 205 names of individuals who were Communists working within the State Department, which he never released. Many Congress members approved of his questionable ethics due to the success he received from them. It was the use of these heavy-handed tactics that Herbert Block coined McCarthyism in his cartoon, just weeks after the announcement of this list. The Senator’s use of McCarthyism was initially endorsed by many voters and politicians, but ultimately McCarthy destroyed his reputation when he attacked the U.S. army by accusing them of promoting communists. He submitted evidence that was found to be fraudulent and after attempting to wrongly discredit one of the attorneys hired by the U.S. Army, his McCarthyism was quickly exposed his popularity effectively vanished, followed by weakened attitudes of McCarthyism.	<urn:uuid:599e095b-29b1-431a-9b35-492971cce448>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://government.laws.com/mccarthyism	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00430.warc.gz	en	0.988235	686	4.0625	4	[ -0.258478581905365, -0.04418696463108063, 0.019960302859544754, 0.11116502434015274, -0.11821471154689789, 0.41351988911628723, 0.36089831590652466, 0.36518430709838867, -0.3251444101333618, -0.1946229785680771, 0.13246722519397736, 0.5513023138046265, 0.29120469093322754, 0.47219982743263...	8	McCarthyism before McCarthy “McCarthyism” is a term that was coined by a cartoon by Herbert Block featured in the Washington Post on March, 29, 1950. It was used to describe the campaigned carried out by Joseph R. McCarthy, who at the time was a Republican Senator of Wisconsin. While McCarthyism described the period which Joseph McCarthy campaigned, there were preexisting attitudes from events over 30 years prior that created what is now known as the McCarthy era. The start of McCarthyism and the McCarthy era can be earliest tracked from the 1910’s. After World War I, there was an extreme sense of patriotism in American society. From here came the birth of the First Red Scare from 1919 to 1920. There was a nationwide fear of dissent from the government, particularly from communists, anarchists, and socialists. During this time, many civil liberties were ignored, and innocent people were jailed for expressing their dissent. Americans were very concerned about the possibility of communists infiltrating the United States, where they could potentially subvert labor unions, schools, and other institutions. There was particular concern with the labor unions, as two of the largest unions had strong objections to WWI and had even held strikes for various reasons. These strikes were often associated to “Reds,” demonizing many of the strikes after as crimes against society to conspire against the government and establish communism. In the aftermath of World War II and the deconstruction of the Soviet Union during the Cold War, Russia was quickly becoming a powerful and influential force on the global stage. Russia was extending communist influence over many parts of Eastern Europe and China was at this point on the verge of becoming a communist state. The Korean War also demonstrated the fight against Communists, as the United States, South Korea, and the U.N. fought against North Korean and Chinese communists. Both Government and private agencies began to investigate, hoping to find evidence of this subversive activity. In the 1930’s the House Committee on Un-American Activities was formed, and was revived throughout the 1940’s and 1950’s. In 1950, Joseph R. McCarthy was a young Senator who was hoping to seek political gain. He created an effective and well publicized, but morally questionable campaign using what is now known as McCarthyism, which relentlessly sought to expose Communists in the United States. His McCarthyism-filled Anticommunist campaign, which continued till 1953, attempted to identify and eliminate communists as well as “fellow travelers” in the government. In the same year, McCarthy claimed he had a list of 205 names of individuals who were Communists working within the State Department, which he never released. Many Congress members approved of his questionable ethics due to the success he received from them. It was the use of these heavy-handed tactics that Herbert Block coined McCarthyism in his cartoon, just weeks after the announcement of this list. The Senator’s use of McCarthyism was initially endorsed by many voters and politicians, but ultimately McCarthy destroyed his reputation when he attacked the U.S. army by accusing them of promoting communists. He submitted evidence that was found to be fraudulent and after attempting to wrongly discredit one of the attorneys hired by the U.S. Army, his McCarthyism was quickly exposed his popularity effectively vanished, followed by weakened attitudes of McCarthyism.	706	ENGLISH	1
(Last Updated on : 06/07/2015) Gajapati Empire was the medieval Hindu empire in India, concentrated in Odisha , Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal , and the eastern and central parts of Madhya Pradesh and the southern parts of Bihar The kingdom of Odisha reached the zenith of its glory in the 15th and 16th centuries under the Gajapati empires of the solar dynasty. This period witnessed the greatest expansion of kingdom. The Surya Vamsi rulers of Odisha ruled for hundred and five years only. Yet under this short-lived rule Odisha had reached the pinnacle of its success. They were not only great monarchs but also great lovers and patrons of art and literature. The renaissance in Oriya literature is traced from this period. The rulers of Gajapati Dynasty encouraged local language and introduced Oriya in their stone inscriptions and copper plates. A number of poets, dramatists and erudite scholars flourished under their noble patronage whose contribution to Sanskrit and Oriya Literature is great. The reign of Kapilendradeva inaugurated a new epoch in the history of Odisha. His glorious activities were not only directed to carve out a vast empire. He was a zealous guardian of Hindu culture and an ardent devotee of Lord Jagannath . Inscriptions which were contemporary to the ruler and literature during his period provide enough evidences of the fact that the king was a great patron of dance and music. Gajapati Kapilendra was succeeded by his son Purusottamadeva who had ascended the throne in March 1467 A.D. He was also a devout worshipper of Jagannath just like his father and he had richly endowed the Puri Temple with jewels and villages immediately after his ascension. He was a generous and kind hearted ruler. The king was a poet and a learned man himself and as a result he took keen interest in the diffusion of learning. Purusottamadeva defeated Saluva Narasingha of Kanchipuram and married his daughter Rupambila who was renamed as Padmavati. There is a popular legend prevailing about this war and marriage which has immensely influenced the Oriya Literature and painting. It is said that during the time of Purusottamadeva dancing girls of the temple were held in high respect and a woman of high family considered it a great honour to be permitted to serve as a dancing girl. From various instances it is very evident that the king was a patron of dance as he had encouraged dancing girls in the temple. Prataparudradeva, the son of Purusottamadeva was a great patron of learning. The period of Prataparudradeva witnessed the splendid achievements in religion and culture and the catholic Gajapati activity patronised the intellectual movements by his unsparing liberality. It was during this period that the great Vaishnava saint Chaitanya came and settled in Puri . Being well versed in Vaishnava theology Prataparudradeva highly honored Shri Chaitanya and his greatest follower Ramananda. Ramananda during the Gajapati period is credited for introducing abhinaya in the dance of devadasis and he was also the first to engage devadasis to take part in drama, for till then the performers in drama had been exclusively men and boys. This is because Prataparudradeva by an order had made singing and dancing of Geeta Govinda compulsory in the Jagannath Temple of Puri. Thus in order to enact Geeta Govinda in the form of dance it was necessary to incorporate abhinaya into it. It is evident that the Gajapti rulers were great patrons of art and culture. The various rulers gave attention to the all encompassing development of the state especially in terms of art, culture and literature.	<urn:uuid:0b61b733-d2ab-49d1-840f-087816e3db9e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.indianetzone.com/45/gajapati_empire.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00100.warc.gz	en	0.980477	824	3.609375	4	[ 0.30473387241363525, 0.3452204167842865, 0.36795321106910706, 0.051756180822849274, -0.29130613803863525, -0.42434823513031006, 0.08363880962133408, 0.11545132100582123, 0.12306706607341766, 0.048338159918785095, -0.16444635391235352, -0.5017037391662598, 0.26578542590141296, 0.23504444956...	1	(Last Updated on : 06/07/2015) Gajapati Empire was the medieval Hindu empire in India, concentrated in Odisha , Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal , and the eastern and central parts of Madhya Pradesh and the southern parts of Bihar The kingdom of Odisha reached the zenith of its glory in the 15th and 16th centuries under the Gajapati empires of the solar dynasty. This period witnessed the greatest expansion of kingdom. The Surya Vamsi rulers of Odisha ruled for hundred and five years only. Yet under this short-lived rule Odisha had reached the pinnacle of its success. They were not only great monarchs but also great lovers and patrons of art and literature. The renaissance in Oriya literature is traced from this period. The rulers of Gajapati Dynasty encouraged local language and introduced Oriya in their stone inscriptions and copper plates. A number of poets, dramatists and erudite scholars flourished under their noble patronage whose contribution to Sanskrit and Oriya Literature is great. The reign of Kapilendradeva inaugurated a new epoch in the history of Odisha. His glorious activities were not only directed to carve out a vast empire. He was a zealous guardian of Hindu culture and an ardent devotee of Lord Jagannath . Inscriptions which were contemporary to the ruler and literature during his period provide enough evidences of the fact that the king was a great patron of dance and music. Gajapati Kapilendra was succeeded by his son Purusottamadeva who had ascended the throne in March 1467 A.D. He was also a devout worshipper of Jagannath just like his father and he had richly endowed the Puri Temple with jewels and villages immediately after his ascension. He was a generous and kind hearted ruler. The king was a poet and a learned man himself and as a result he took keen interest in the diffusion of learning. Purusottamadeva defeated Saluva Narasingha of Kanchipuram and married his daughter Rupambila who was renamed as Padmavati. There is a popular legend prevailing about this war and marriage which has immensely influenced the Oriya Literature and painting. It is said that during the time of Purusottamadeva dancing girls of the temple were held in high respect and a woman of high family considered it a great honour to be permitted to serve as a dancing girl. From various instances it is very evident that the king was a patron of dance as he had encouraged dancing girls in the temple. Prataparudradeva, the son of Purusottamadeva was a great patron of learning. The period of Prataparudradeva witnessed the splendid achievements in religion and culture and the catholic Gajapati activity patronised the intellectual movements by his unsparing liberality. It was during this period that the great Vaishnava saint Chaitanya came and settled in Puri . Being well versed in Vaishnava theology Prataparudradeva highly honored Shri Chaitanya and his greatest follower Ramananda. Ramananda during the Gajapati period is credited for introducing abhinaya in the dance of devadasis and he was also the first to engage devadasis to take part in drama, for till then the performers in drama had been exclusively men and boys. This is because Prataparudradeva by an order had made singing and dancing of Geeta Govinda compulsory in the Jagannath Temple of Puri. Thus in order to enact Geeta Govinda in the form of dance it was necessary to incorporate abhinaya into it. It is evident that the Gajapti rulers were great patrons of art and culture. The various rulers gave attention to the all encompassing development of the state especially in terms of art, culture and literature.	825	ENGLISH	1
In the years between 1815 and 1850 Canada was a promise land for many new and young settlers, many of these settlers voyaged to Canada as they were loured by settlement propaganda, however, for some, emigration is not a choice, but a necessity. It is apparent when juxtaposing these three documents that although Canada was labeled the land of hope and new opportunities, these opportunists came at a great expense along with extreme lifestyle changes. This can be shown through the similarities and differences in their initial months in Canada, and in the jobs they undertook. Canada was thought by many Europeans to be a savior, and a place to start a new life, a place to start fresh and leave all other troubles behind them. Catharine Parr Traill was one of these people . She and her husband immigrated to Canada after her father left her family with a great debt, which would not let them continue with their lifestyle in England . Susanna Moodie, Traill’s sister also found in great debt also though it the only choice but to come to Canada, after much convincing from her husband. These two documents are similar in many ways. Both family members, Parr Traill and Moodie were found in a state which led for them to come to Canada. Each of them coming with the hope of starting a new life, and leaving behind the troubles of England. To their despair they were both put into harsh situations which they were not prepared for from the very beginning of their immigration. This can be seen when Catharine writes about her first months as a settler “The only road that was available for bringing up goods for the nearest town was on the opposite side of the water, which was obliged to be crossed in a log.” This shows the reader just how undeveloped the area was when they arrived, and how much Traill and her family had to do just to survive. Just how unprepared Susanna Moodie was when she arrived can also be found in her writing of her first visit to her new home “I gazed upon the place in perfect dismay, for I had never seen such a shed called a house before.” This also proves that Canada really was not what Susanna was hoping for, as she had not even set foot in her new home and was already unimpressed. Mary Ann Shadd was an African-American woman, an abolitionist, a journalist, a lawyer and a teacher. She was the first woman to do many things, including the first woman to become a newspaper editor, and first woman law student in North America. When the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was put into act Shadd and her brother moved to Canada and settled in Canada West. Canada was Shadds only hope in order to be free. Unlike Susanna Moodie, and Catharine Parr Traill, Shadd did not have harsh experiences in Canada, likewise she found herself accomplishing many things, as well as publishing her own promotional pamphlet for Canada. Seeing as Shadd’s hopes for Canada were what she expected she created her pamphlet in order to share her feelings about her settlement with...	<urn:uuid:a806cfd7-4cf6-4673-9828-106ed9cf194d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightkite.com/essay-on/three-documents-on-immirgation	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00467.warc.gz	en	0.993383	640	3.703125	4	[ -0.12629300355911255, 0.09911681711673737, 0.41375482082366943, 0.09843117743730545, 0.0005249772220849991, -0.12564551830291748, -0.31969311833381653, 0.07637917995452881, -0.2158307433128357, 0.23697912693023682, 0.5444574952125549, -0.34222412109375, 0.09843471646308899, -0.067552663385...	1	In the years between 1815 and 1850 Canada was a promise land for many new and young settlers, many of these settlers voyaged to Canada as they were loured by settlement propaganda, however, for some, emigration is not a choice, but a necessity. It is apparent when juxtaposing these three documents that although Canada was labeled the land of hope and new opportunities, these opportunists came at a great expense along with extreme lifestyle changes. This can be shown through the similarities and differences in their initial months in Canada, and in the jobs they undertook. Canada was thought by many Europeans to be a savior, and a place to start a new life, a place to start fresh and leave all other troubles behind them. Catharine Parr Traill was one of these people . She and her husband immigrated to Canada after her father left her family with a great debt, which would not let them continue with their lifestyle in England . Susanna Moodie, Traill’s sister also found in great debt also though it the only choice but to come to Canada, after much convincing from her husband. These two documents are similar in many ways. Both family members, Parr Traill and Moodie were found in a state which led for them to come to Canada. Each of them coming with the hope of starting a new life, and leaving behind the troubles of England. To their despair they were both put into harsh situations which they were not prepared for from the very beginning of their immigration. This can be seen when Catharine writes about her first months as a settler “The only road that was available for bringing up goods for the nearest town was on the opposite side of the water, which was obliged to be crossed in a log.” This shows the reader just how undeveloped the area was when they arrived, and how much Traill and her family had to do just to survive. Just how unprepared Susanna Moodie was when she arrived can also be found in her writing of her first visit to her new home “I gazed upon the place in perfect dismay, for I had never seen such a shed called a house before.” This also proves that Canada really was not what Susanna was hoping for, as she had not even set foot in her new home and was already unimpressed. Mary Ann Shadd was an African-American woman, an abolitionist, a journalist, a lawyer and a teacher. She was the first woman to do many things, including the first woman to become a newspaper editor, and first woman law student in North America. When the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was put into act Shadd and her brother moved to Canada and settled in Canada West. Canada was Shadds only hope in order to be free. Unlike Susanna Moodie, and Catharine Parr Traill, Shadd did not have harsh experiences in Canada, likewise she found herself accomplishing many things, as well as publishing her own promotional pamphlet for Canada. Seeing as Shadd’s hopes for Canada were what she expected she created her pamphlet in order to share her feelings about her settlement with...	639	ENGLISH	1
Commodus, or Lucius Aurelius Commodus, was Roman emperor with his father Marcus Aurelius from 177 to his father’s death in 180, and alone until 192. When he was a ruler along with his father, he accompained Marcus Aurelius during the Marcomannic Wars in 172 and on a tour of the Eastern provinces in 176. Moreover, he was the youngest consul in Roman history in 177. Later, that year he became the co-emperor with his father. During his solo reign, the ancient Roman Empire experienced a period of reduced military conflict with a dictatorial style of rule. His assassination in 192 marked the end of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty. Lucius Aurelius Commodus was born to the Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger in Lanuvium, a city fourteen miles southeast of Rome in 161. He was the tenth of fourteen children and the only surviving son. Commodus received an upbringing from his father’s physician, Galen, who treated many of his illnesses. Moreover, there were may teachers who participated in education of young Commodus with a focus on intellectual education. Among his teachers were Onesicrates, Antistius Capella, Titus Aius Sanctus, and Pitholaus. During the Marcomannic Wars in 172, Commodus was at Carnuntum. There he was given the victory title Germanicus, which suggests that he was present at his father’s victory over the Marcomanni. Later, in 175, he started his education in the College of Pontiffs, which became the starting point of a career in public life. Marcus Aurelius was the first emperor since Vespasian to have a biological son. In 176, he granted Commodus the rank of “Imperator” and later, in 177, the title “Augustus,” which meant the formal sharing of power with his son As an emperor, Commodus soon became a disappointment to Marcus Aurelius. Despite his education, he did not inherit any of his father’s work. After serving in battle on the northern frontier in 178 and 179, together with Aurelius, Commodus returned to Rome in 180 after his father’s death. During that period of time he was only 18 years old and started to negotiate a peace settlement. Later, Commodus left the reins of power in other hands most of the time, while enjoyed his time full of leisure. Commodus had lack of concern for political matters and suffered from paranoia Since the emperor relied on help of others to rule the Empire, there were many conspiracies against his life. He was considered to be easily manipulated. Moreover, one of the conspiracies was made by his older sister Lucilla and several senators in 182. She believed that her husband Lucius Verus had to be the next emperor after Marcus Aurelius. For this plan, Lucilla was exiled and executed after some time. Also, Paternus, the commander of the Praetorian Guard, was executed because of his connection to Saoterus’ assassination and to Lucilla’s plan. 👇👍Our Friends Service👍👇 Tigidius Perennis, who had served as the joint commander of the Praetorian Guard with Paternus, decided to use the opportunity and become closer to Commodus during his time full of difficulties. He wanted to gain a governmental power. After the case with Lucilla, Commodus refused to give any public speeches and started to communicate to people only through the new chamberlain. Thus, public speaking role was transferred to Perennis, who took it seriously. He eliminated any rivals to his authority, but gained many enemies. Perennis became a wealthy man with many governmental responsibilities, so he started to consider himself as the true emperor. However, his main enemy became Cleander, the ex slave and member of the imperial household. In 185, Cleander leaked information to Commodus about the plan of Perennis to get the whole power and make his sons the future emperors. Commodus immediately ordered the execution of Perennis and his sons. Cleander became a member of the emperor’s chamberlain. However, Commodus decided to return again to his life full of pleasures by leaving the right of rule in hands of Cleander this time, who eventually had the same story as his predecessor. Cleander destroyed the system, where senatorial seats, governorships and almost everything was for sale. Of course, some part of money went to Commodus. Cleander wouldn’t remain for long time. In 190, people gathered at the Circus Maximus for the riot. They cried for the head of Cleander and marched through the streets to the residence of Commodus at the Villa of Quintilli. Commodus feared for his life and gave people the head of Cleander, which was placed on a pole and marched through the streets of Rome. Only this situation made Commodus understand that he has to rule himself. Commodus became another person. He saw himself as a reborn Hercules, who appeared in public wearing a cloak created from the hide of a lion over hishead. This sign was a reference to the Nemean Lion of Hercules’s Twelve Labors. The Senate declared Commodus a living god Commodus discarded his family name and issued orders to call him Hercules. He started to wear the lion skin and erected statues of himself in different parts of Rome. Moreover, he renaimed the twelve months and rebuilt Rome after a fire in 191. He changed the name of the city to Colonia Lucia Annia Commodiana, where citizens became known as Commodiani. Commodus even participated in gladiatorial contests against the physically handicapped and an array of wild animals from a raised platform. On 1st of January in 193, Commodus decided to celebrate the Rome’s rebirth by fighting in the arena. His mistress Marcia, new chamberlain Electus and new commander of the Praetorian Guard understood that he had gone too far. When they tried to talk to Commodus about his strange plans, he became angry on them and added their names to the long list of people he wanted to execute. One day Marcia brought Commodus a glass of wine with poison prior to his bath. However, the poison failed and Commodus’ fitness coach, Narcissus, entered and choked him to death. People wanted to drag his body through the streets of Rome, but Pertinax, who succeeded Commodus, seized the body and placed it in the Hadrian’s Mausoleum. Author: Kate Zusmann For the last 6 years I live in the Eternal City. Traveling, exploring new things, writing blogs, shooting vlogs are my main hobbies, but the thing that I like even more is to share my experience and thoughts with you! Explore Rome with Us :) Rome.us © 2020. All Rights Reserved	<urn:uuid:3cc66d16-2ce0-40a2-ac1f-e809e58c2086>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://rome.us/roman-emperors/commodus.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00270.warc.gz	en	0.984681	1,447	3.4375	3	[ -0.31477630138397217, 0.5261750817298889, 0.3727310597896576, -0.15381796658039093, -0.3573068082332611, -0.1469624638557434, -0.23378752171993256, 0.29798734188079834, -0.29189831018447876, -0.648819088935852, 0.060411907732486725, -0.37500423192977905, 0.03262181207537651, 0.542467951774...	1	Commodus, or Lucius Aurelius Commodus, was Roman emperor with his father Marcus Aurelius from 177 to his father’s death in 180, and alone until 192. When he was a ruler along with his father, he accompained Marcus Aurelius during the Marcomannic Wars in 172 and on a tour of the Eastern provinces in 176. Moreover, he was the youngest consul in Roman history in 177. Later, that year he became the co-emperor with his father. During his solo reign, the ancient Roman Empire experienced a period of reduced military conflict with a dictatorial style of rule. His assassination in 192 marked the end of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty. Lucius Aurelius Commodus was born to the Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger in Lanuvium, a city fourteen miles southeast of Rome in 161. He was the tenth of fourteen children and the only surviving son. Commodus received an upbringing from his father’s physician, Galen, who treated many of his illnesses. Moreover, there were may teachers who participated in education of young Commodus with a focus on intellectual education. Among his teachers were Onesicrates, Antistius Capella, Titus Aius Sanctus, and Pitholaus. During the Marcomannic Wars in 172, Commodus was at Carnuntum. There he was given the victory title Germanicus, which suggests that he was present at his father’s victory over the Marcomanni. Later, in 175, he started his education in the College of Pontiffs, which became the starting point of a career in public life. Marcus Aurelius was the first emperor since Vespasian to have a biological son. In 176, he granted Commodus the rank of “Imperator” and later, in 177, the title “Augustus,” which meant the formal sharing of power with his son As an emperor, Commodus soon became a disappointment to Marcus Aurelius. Despite his education, he did not inherit any of his father’s work. After serving in battle on the northern frontier in 178 and 179, together with Aurelius, Commodus returned to Rome in 180 after his father’s death. During that period of time he was only 18 years old and started to negotiate a peace settlement. Later, Commodus left the reins of power in other hands most of the time, while enjoyed his time full of leisure. Commodus had lack of concern for political matters and suffered from paranoia Since the emperor relied on help of others to rule the Empire, there were many conspiracies against his life. He was considered to be easily manipulated. Moreover, one of the conspiracies was made by his older sister Lucilla and several senators in 182. She believed that her husband Lucius Verus had to be the next emperor after Marcus Aurelius. For this plan, Lucilla was exiled and executed after some time. Also, Paternus, the commander of the Praetorian Guard, was executed because of his connection to Saoterus’ assassination and to Lucilla’s plan. 👇👍Our Friends Service👍👇 Tigidius Perennis, who had served as the joint commander of the Praetorian Guard with Paternus, decided to use the opportunity and become closer to Commodus during his time full of difficulties. He wanted to gain a governmental power. After the case with Lucilla, Commodus refused to give any public speeches and started to communicate to people only through the new chamberlain. Thus, public speaking role was transferred to Perennis, who took it seriously. He eliminated any rivals to his authority, but gained many enemies. Perennis became a wealthy man with many governmental responsibilities, so he started to consider himself as the true emperor. However, his main enemy became Cleander, the ex slave and member of the imperial household. In 185, Cleander leaked information to Commodus about the plan of Perennis to get the whole power and make his sons the future emperors. Commodus immediately ordered the execution of Perennis and his sons. Cleander became a member of the emperor’s chamberlain. However, Commodus decided to return again to his life full of pleasures by leaving the right of rule in hands of Cleander this time, who eventually had the same story as his predecessor. Cleander destroyed the system, where senatorial seats, governorships and almost everything was for sale. Of course, some part of money went to Commodus. Cleander wouldn’t remain for long time. In 190, people gathered at the Circus Maximus for the riot. They cried for the head of Cleander and marched through the streets to the residence of Commodus at the Villa of Quintilli. Commodus feared for his life and gave people the head of Cleander, which was placed on a pole and marched through the streets of Rome. Only this situation made Commodus understand that he has to rule himself. Commodus became another person. He saw himself as a reborn Hercules, who appeared in public wearing a cloak created from the hide of a lion over hishead. This sign was a reference to the Nemean Lion of Hercules’s Twelve Labors. The Senate declared Commodus a living god Commodus discarded his family name and issued orders to call him Hercules. He started to wear the lion skin and erected statues of himself in different parts of Rome. Moreover, he renaimed the twelve months and rebuilt Rome after a fire in 191. He changed the name of the city to Colonia Lucia Annia Commodiana, where citizens became known as Commodiani. Commodus even participated in gladiatorial contests against the physically handicapped and an array of wild animals from a raised platform. On 1st of January in 193, Commodus decided to celebrate the Rome’s rebirth by fighting in the arena. His mistress Marcia, new chamberlain Electus and new commander of the Praetorian Guard understood that he had gone too far. When they tried to talk to Commodus about his strange plans, he became angry on them and added their names to the long list of people he wanted to execute. One day Marcia brought Commodus a glass of wine with poison prior to his bath. However, the poison failed and Commodus’ fitness coach, Narcissus, entered and choked him to death. People wanted to drag his body through the streets of Rome, but Pertinax, who succeeded Commodus, seized the body and placed it in the Hadrian’s Mausoleum. Author: Kate Zusmann For the last 6 years I live in the Eternal City. Traveling, exploring new things, writing blogs, shooting vlogs are my main hobbies, but the thing that I like even more is to share my experience and thoughts with you! Explore Rome with Us :) Rome.us © 2020. All Rights Reserved	1,458	ENGLISH	1
From Ohio History Central no edit summary "Scene at the Ohio Penitentiary, Columbus" illustration from "Historical Collections of Ohio" by Henry Howe, 1847. The view was taken within the inner enclosure of the penitentiary, and shows inmates and guards in the courtyard. The Ohio Penitentiary opened in Columbus in 1834 and continued to house prisoners until 1979. The state had built a small prison in Columbus in 1813, but as the state's population grew the earlier facility was not able to handle the number of prisoners sent to it by the courts. The Ohio Penitentiary in the nineteenth century reflected the common belief that prison was more for punishment than for rehabilitation. Conditions within the prison were primitive. Prisoners first slept on straw mattresses, although eventually beds were built. Food was very simple, usually consisting of cornbread, beans, and bacon. Prisoners were required to work in one of the prison industries, which made everything from harnesses and shoes to barrels and brooms.	<urn:uuid:5b0cb657-018d-4433-8c18-ab0b3411cabf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Special:MobileDiff/35494	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00247.warc.gz	en	0.980971	205	4.1875	4	[ -0.1572474092245102, 0.14044256508350372, -0.008190813474357128, 0.2906312644481659, -0.21066826581954956, 0.04646673798561096, 0.23083382844924927, -0.24466627836227417, -0.08701147884130478, -0.13120563328266144, 0.011231782846152782, -0.2648460865020752, -0.24778924882411957, 0.28077512...	1	From Ohio History Central no edit summary "Scene at the Ohio Penitentiary, Columbus" illustration from "Historical Collections of Ohio" by Henry Howe, 1847. The view was taken within the inner enclosure of the penitentiary, and shows inmates and guards in the courtyard. The Ohio Penitentiary opened in Columbus in 1834 and continued to house prisoners until 1979. The state had built a small prison in Columbus in 1813, but as the state's population grew the earlier facility was not able to handle the number of prisoners sent to it by the courts. The Ohio Penitentiary in the nineteenth century reflected the common belief that prison was more for punishment than for rehabilitation. Conditions within the prison were primitive. Prisoners first slept on straw mattresses, although eventually beds were built. Food was very simple, usually consisting of cornbread, beans, and bacon. Prisoners were required to work in one of the prison industries, which made everything from harnesses and shoes to barrels and brooms.	221	ENGLISH	1
On this date the English statesmen, essayist and philosopher SIR FRANCIS BACON was born in London. He is best known for his philosophical works concerning the acquisition of knowledge and the general “scientific method.” Bacon’s writings are said to have had great influence on modern science, law and society. There is also a school of thought that credits him with some or all of the works of William Shakespeare, though that idea has largely been discredited. He was also extremely fond of men. As the British scholar Rictor Norton points out that Bacon did not marry until the late age of forty-eight, and that contemporary figures, such as John Aubrey, related that Bacon was by preference homosexual. He was known for his preference for the “young Welsh serving-men” who were in his employ and who Bacon became a patron to. Rictor points out most a “young Tobie Matthew, who was left only a ring to the value of £30, but who had become Sir Tobie through Bacon’s efforts, and who was well able to care for himself. Tobie was the inspiration for one of Bacon’s most famous essays, “Of Friendship.” Indeed evidence of Bacon’s fondness for “red-cheeked lads from Wales” survives in the form of a letter written by Bacon’s own mother, in which she complains about the long list of “servants and envoys” who find their way to his bed. She refers to a gay Spanish envoy as “that bloody Perez and bed companion of my son.”	<urn:uuid:c050b1ef-439f-41d0-8180-0af952ef0352>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.whitecraneinstitute.org/tdih_event/1561-01-22	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00376.warc.gz	en	0.991623	341	3.65625	4	[ -0.06380645185709, 0.6124480962753296, 0.14687739312648773, -0.20293764770030975, -0.2477007657289505, -0.1302608698606491, 0.620274543762207, 0.24440094828605652, 0.1628757119178772, -0.05009700357913971, -0.27255502343177795, -0.3857046365737915, 0.3562825620174408, 0.29218724370002747, ...	8	On this date the English statesmen, essayist and philosopher SIR FRANCIS BACON was born in London. He is best known for his philosophical works concerning the acquisition of knowledge and the general “scientific method.” Bacon’s writings are said to have had great influence on modern science, law and society. There is also a school of thought that credits him with some or all of the works of William Shakespeare, though that idea has largely been discredited. He was also extremely fond of men. As the British scholar Rictor Norton points out that Bacon did not marry until the late age of forty-eight, and that contemporary figures, such as John Aubrey, related that Bacon was by preference homosexual. He was known for his preference for the “young Welsh serving-men” who were in his employ and who Bacon became a patron to. Rictor points out most a “young Tobie Matthew, who was left only a ring to the value of £30, but who had become Sir Tobie through Bacon’s efforts, and who was well able to care for himself. Tobie was the inspiration for one of Bacon’s most famous essays, “Of Friendship.” Indeed evidence of Bacon’s fondness for “red-cheeked lads from Wales” survives in the form of a letter written by Bacon’s own mother, in which she complains about the long list of “servants and envoys” who find their way to his bed. She refers to a gay Spanish envoy as “that bloody Perez and bed companion of my son.”	313	ENGLISH	1
Thomas Jefferson was born April 13, 1743, at Shadwell, Virginia, and died July 4th, 1826 at Monticello. He had many accomplishments during his life. He was most famous for being the main author of the Declaration of Independence and third president of the United States. He was also the first secretary of state, vice president, governor of Virginia, as well as founder of the University of Virginia. He practiced law and was elected to the House of Burgesses, the Virginia Legislature, and became a member of the Continental Congress. He was also trade commissioner and U.S. minister to France. He also founded of one of the world’s first two political parties, the Democratic- Republican Party. He was best remembered as a promoter of human rights and was author of the Statue of Virginia for Religious Freedom. He was a public official, historian, statesman, philosopher, and plantation owner. As president, he was famous for his purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803 which greatly increased the size of the United States. He also supported the Lewis and Clark expedition. After his presidency, Jefferson sold many of his books to the government which became a large portion of the Library of Congress. As founder of the University of Virginia, he spearheaded the campaign for its charter, designed its buildings, planned the curriculum, and served as its first teacher. Jefferson was also famous for his death being ironically the same date as John Adams, 50 years after the approval of the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson was extremely intellectual. Not only did he have the accomplishments above but he was also a musician(played the violin),a writer, and he studied several languages. He was also creative because he was an inventor ; he invented the swivel chair and dumbwaiter. He was moral in that he believed that “all men are created	<urn:uuid:d541e434-9a57-4ef4-931b-0fb0482bdba5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Thcheese-333349.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00423.warc.gz	en	0.995507	376	3.609375	4	[ -0.29052749276161194, 0.4021437466144562, 0.5022396445274353, -0.3690823018550873, -0.4222271144390106, 0.14979925751686096, 0.3128417134284973, 0.1366371363401413, 0.37612879276275635, 0.2565520703792572, 0.10984859615564346, 0.08602015674114227, -0.2860853374004364, -0.06812702119350433,...	2	Thomas Jefferson was born April 13, 1743, at Shadwell, Virginia, and died July 4th, 1826 at Monticello. He had many accomplishments during his life. He was most famous for being the main author of the Declaration of Independence and third president of the United States. He was also the first secretary of state, vice president, governor of Virginia, as well as founder of the University of Virginia. He practiced law and was elected to the House of Burgesses, the Virginia Legislature, and became a member of the Continental Congress. He was also trade commissioner and U.S. minister to France. He also founded of one of the world’s first two political parties, the Democratic- Republican Party. He was best remembered as a promoter of human rights and was author of the Statue of Virginia for Religious Freedom. He was a public official, historian, statesman, philosopher, and plantation owner. As president, he was famous for his purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803 which greatly increased the size of the United States. He also supported the Lewis and Clark expedition. After his presidency, Jefferson sold many of his books to the government which became a large portion of the Library of Congress. As founder of the University of Virginia, he spearheaded the campaign for its charter, designed its buildings, planned the curriculum, and served as its first teacher. Jefferson was also famous for his death being ironically the same date as John Adams, 50 years after the approval of the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson was extremely intellectual. Not only did he have the accomplishments above but he was also a musician(played the violin),a writer, and he studied several languages. He was also creative because he was an inventor ; he invented the swivel chair and dumbwaiter. He was moral in that he believed that “all men are created	384	ENGLISH	1
Pages that link here: Works of this famous French inventor forever changed the way we live and travel today. Here you can find out how he came to the idea to attach pedals to the simple “riding horse” devices that were in use during the 1850s. During his career, he continued to improve his bicycle designs, which culminated in his son invention of motorized bicycle with steam engine. Kirkpatrick Macmillan was a Spanish blacksmith and cartwright that attempted to find fame as an inventor of first rear wheel-powered bicycle. However modern historians strongly dispute his claim and claims of his family. John Kemp Starley was a nephew of the James Starley who managed to start bicycle revolution in England. However, John Kemp Starley managed to distinguish himself as the man who revolutionized bicycles completely and made them viable for all worldwide markets. After several thousand years of horseback riding, public transportation was changed forever with the invention of this few engineers. Find out how their designs came to life during the mid to late 19th century. Read more about who invented the bicycle.	<urn:uuid:6e99b5f5-92e4-42bf-85a7-451551a2f549>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.bicyclehistory.net/picture/picture-of-ernest-michaux-and-michaudine-velocipede-invented-in-1861/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00209.warc.gz	en	0.989008	223	3.359375	3	[ -0.3442501127719879, 0.4075746238231659, 0.6860410571098328, -0.20234309136867523, -0.7489181160926819, 0.18847917020320892, 0.36637163162231445, 0.39651528000831604, -0.10785911977291107, 0.19631153345108032, -0.17939971387386322, 0.05685075744986534, 0.10199050605297089, 0.21011546254158...	1	Pages that link here: Works of this famous French inventor forever changed the way we live and travel today. Here you can find out how he came to the idea to attach pedals to the simple “riding horse” devices that were in use during the 1850s. During his career, he continued to improve his bicycle designs, which culminated in his son invention of motorized bicycle with steam engine. Kirkpatrick Macmillan was a Spanish blacksmith and cartwright that attempted to find fame as an inventor of first rear wheel-powered bicycle. However modern historians strongly dispute his claim and claims of his family. John Kemp Starley was a nephew of the James Starley who managed to start bicycle revolution in England. However, John Kemp Starley managed to distinguish himself as the man who revolutionized bicycles completely and made them viable for all worldwide markets. After several thousand years of horseback riding, public transportation was changed forever with the invention of this few engineers. Find out how their designs came to life during the mid to late 19th century. Read more about who invented the bicycle.	222	ENGLISH	1
The word disparity means a great difference and this is what is shown by the social class in society. Throughout A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, the effects of social class on the society show how poverty and injustice are depicted. Dickens shows the injustices all through the book by displaying the difficulties between the rich and the poor. The inequality within this book is shown through the ways that the royalty and aristocracies live compared to everyone else. Most people of a higher class wanted everything to stay as is, but as you go down the class ranking you can recognize that people seek change in society. For example, it is shown by the fact that it takes four men to get chocolate for Monseigneur every morning. By his actions, the reader can see how the class of royalty is portrayed and how they treat the poor. Through the diction Dickens uses it reveals how unjust the society is and how the poorer you are the more change you seek. The division between the poor and rich are vivid as there is a lack of care for the peasants and other lower class people. With this, it caused hatred among the peasants towards the rich as they get to live expensive, excessive, and lavish lives while they do not. The wine scene in chapter five is an example as it uncovers the difference between class in France.When the wine bottles break on the street on St Antoine, the poor run with excitement as they lick up all the wine off the floor neglecting the mud that was assorted with it. “All the people within reach had suspended their business, or their idleness, to run to the spot and drink the wine.” (Dickens 41) This scene is compelling as since they were so poor they were feverish to drink the wine off the floor without a care. Not only can the unjustness be depicted here but the need for change as well. The middle class in the novel is very evident as they are not living outlandish lives but are also not on the streets fighting to survive each and everyday. Characters such as Mr. Lorry fall into this class through his actions and dialogue. When Mr. Lorry is communicating with the dover mail guard, the class difference is seen through the elevation of their speech. The guard’s ungrammatical language is phased by Mr. Lorry’s grammatical sentences and lack of slang. “‘There is nothing to apprehend. I belong to Tellson’s Bank.'” (Dickens 17) Here it is made obvious that there is a discrepancy in class. With Mr. Lorry working at Tellson’s bank he does not seek as much change compared to someone who is in a lower class than him. This is because he is a working individual who can sustain himself. As stated many times he is a man of business. Throughout this novel, Dickens loves to demonstrate how rich the rich actually are by showcasing the lifestyle they live. Monseigneur and the Marquis are examples of this as they feel like they are above everyone else in society. Monseigneur can be seen as lazy as he requires four people to get his chocolate every morning. This task is so simple and frivolous that it is ridiculous to need four people to do this. “… his morning’s chocolate could not so much as get into the throat of Monseigneur, without the aid of four strong men besides the Cook.” His lifestyle can be seen here as it is different than anyone else and is one of royalty. He does not find the need for change in society as his life is elegant. On the other hand, the Marquis wants people to think of him as almost being Godlike. When riding through the town he runs over a small child, and when stopped he looked at the father in disgust as he could not figure out what the problem was. He throws a coin to the father as compensation for his child’s death and goes on to blame the residents for not paying mind of the carriage. The Marquis further states, “‘You dogs!… I would ride over any of you very willingly, and exterminate you from the earth.'” This additional aids to his Godlike sense as he feels higher than all the peasants in the town. From this, it is clear as to how the royalty live and how they treat the lower class. It is also coherent as to why the poor would want to seek change in the way things are happening. In conclusion, Dickens reveals the unfairness of society by showing the inequality between the different social classes. There is a large gap between the classes as the rich get to live luxurious lives while the poor are struggling to survive for the next day. People of a lower class seek more change in society as they feel that with change they can begin to prosper. As shown the rich feel superior to all others as they require much more attention and treat the poor very unfairly.	<urn:uuid:3d950870-ec78-44d8-b95d-7a9196b1f0b1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://lucasdipasquale.com/the-this-is-what-is-shown-by-the/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00471.warc.gz	en	0.98367	1,004	4.28125	4	[ 0.31982308626174927, -0.14204461872577667, 0.14403319358825684, -0.0607723668217659, 0.3733365535736084, -0.2249039113521576, 0.03292490541934967, 0.28445661067962646, -0.0788378119468689, -0.009100282564759254, 0.33816152811050415, 0.10338175296783447, 0.023000100627541542, -0.02922260016...	4	The word disparity means a great difference and this is what is shown by the social class in society. Throughout A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, the effects of social class on the society show how poverty and injustice are depicted. Dickens shows the injustices all through the book by displaying the difficulties between the rich and the poor. The inequality within this book is shown through the ways that the royalty and aristocracies live compared to everyone else. Most people of a higher class wanted everything to stay as is, but as you go down the class ranking you can recognize that people seek change in society. For example, it is shown by the fact that it takes four men to get chocolate for Monseigneur every morning. By his actions, the reader can see how the class of royalty is portrayed and how they treat the poor. Through the diction Dickens uses it reveals how unjust the society is and how the poorer you are the more change you seek. The division between the poor and rich are vivid as there is a lack of care for the peasants and other lower class people. With this, it caused hatred among the peasants towards the rich as they get to live expensive, excessive, and lavish lives while they do not. The wine scene in chapter five is an example as it uncovers the difference between class in France.When the wine bottles break on the street on St Antoine, the poor run with excitement as they lick up all the wine off the floor neglecting the mud that was assorted with it. “All the people within reach had suspended their business, or their idleness, to run to the spot and drink the wine.” (Dickens 41) This scene is compelling as since they were so poor they were feverish to drink the wine off the floor without a care. Not only can the unjustness be depicted here but the need for change as well. The middle class in the novel is very evident as they are not living outlandish lives but are also not on the streets fighting to survive each and everyday. Characters such as Mr. Lorry fall into this class through his actions and dialogue. When Mr. Lorry is communicating with the dover mail guard, the class difference is seen through the elevation of their speech. The guard’s ungrammatical language is phased by Mr. Lorry’s grammatical sentences and lack of slang. “‘There is nothing to apprehend. I belong to Tellson’s Bank.'” (Dickens 17) Here it is made obvious that there is a discrepancy in class. With Mr. Lorry working at Tellson’s bank he does not seek as much change compared to someone who is in a lower class than him. This is because he is a working individual who can sustain himself. As stated many times he is a man of business. Throughout this novel, Dickens loves to demonstrate how rich the rich actually are by showcasing the lifestyle they live. Monseigneur and the Marquis are examples of this as they feel like they are above everyone else in society. Monseigneur can be seen as lazy as he requires four people to get his chocolate every morning. This task is so simple and frivolous that it is ridiculous to need four people to do this. “… his morning’s chocolate could not so much as get into the throat of Monseigneur, without the aid of four strong men besides the Cook.” His lifestyle can be seen here as it is different than anyone else and is one of royalty. He does not find the need for change in society as his life is elegant. On the other hand, the Marquis wants people to think of him as almost being Godlike. When riding through the town he runs over a small child, and when stopped he looked at the father in disgust as he could not figure out what the problem was. He throws a coin to the father as compensation for his child’s death and goes on to blame the residents for not paying mind of the carriage. The Marquis further states, “‘You dogs!… I would ride over any of you very willingly, and exterminate you from the earth.'” This additional aids to his Godlike sense as he feels higher than all the peasants in the town. From this, it is clear as to how the royalty live and how they treat the lower class. It is also coherent as to why the poor would want to seek change in the way things are happening. In conclusion, Dickens reveals the unfairness of society by showing the inequality between the different social classes. There is a large gap between the classes as the rich get to live luxurious lives while the poor are struggling to survive for the next day. People of a lower class seek more change in society as they feel that with change they can begin to prosper. As shown the rich feel superior to all others as they require much more attention and treat the poor very unfairly.	986	ENGLISH	1
\|The Shang Dynasty The Shang Dynasty was the first Chinese dynasty with written records. The Shang ruled from around 1600 BC to 1046 BC. Some historians consider the Shang to be the first Chinese Dynasty. Other historians consider it to be the second dynasty, coming after the legendary Xia Dynasty. The Shang tribe grew into power around 1600 BC. Legend has it that the Shang were united under the leadership of Cheng Tang. Cheng Tang defeated the evil King Jie of the Xia to begin the Shang Dynasty. The Shang ruled an area around the Yellow River Valley for around 500 years. They had many rulers and capital cities during that time. The government became corrupt under the rule of King Di Xin. He was overthrown by Wu of Zhou and the Zhou Dynasty was founded. How do we know about the Shang? Much of what we know about the Shang comes from oracle bones. These were bones that the Shang used to try and determine the future. Religious men would write a question on one side of the bone and then burn the bone until it cracked. They would then interpret the cracks for the answers and write the answers on the other side of the bone. Historians are able to decipher much of the history of the Shang through these questions and answers. Thousands of oracle bones have been found by archeologists. Other information about the Shang comes from Ancient Chinese historians such as Sima Quian from the Han Dynasty. Some short inscriptions are also found on bronze religious items of the Shang. The Shang were the first Chinese Dynasty to invent writing and have a recorded history. This ancient writing is fairly similar to modern Chinese script. Writing enabled the Shang to have a fairly organized society and government. The government of the Shang was fairly advanced. They had many levels of leaders starting with the king. Most of the high level officials were closely related to the king. Warlords often ruled areas of land, but owed allegiance to the king and would provide soldiers during times of war. The government collected taxes from the people and tributes from surrounding allies. The Shang also developed bronze technology. They did not make normal tools out of bronze, but used bronze for religious items and weapons. Bronze weapons such as spears gave the Shang an advantage in war against their enemies. The Shang also used horse-drawn chariots in battle, giving them a further advantage. Interesting Facts about the Shang Dynasty It is sometimes referred to as the Yin Dynasty. One of the most famous kings of the Shang was Wu Ding who ruled for 58 years. The last capital of the Shang was the city of Yin Xu. Archeologists have discovered many oracle bones at Yin Xu. Most of the oracle bones discovered have been the shoulder blades of oxen or turtle shells. Questions on oracle bones included things like "Will we win the war?", "Should we go hunting tomorrow?", and "Will the baby be a son?" The Shang worshiped their dead ancestors as well as a supreme being called Shangdi. The Zhou Dynasty The Zhou Dynasty ruled Ancient China from 1045 BC to 256 BC. It was the longest ruling dynasty in the history of China. Establishment of the Dynasty The land of Zhou was a vassal state of the Shang Dynasty. A powerful leader of the Zhou named Wen Wang began to plan to overthrow the Shang Dynasty. It took many years, but finally Wen Wang's son, Wu Wang, led an army across the Yellow River to defeat the King of the Shang Dynasty. King Wu established a new dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty. The early leaders of the Zhou Dynasty introduced the idea of the "Mandate of Heaven". This concept taught that the leaders gained their authority to rule from the gods. They believed that when the Zhou overthrew the Shang Dynasty, this was because the Shang had become tyrants and the gods allowed them fall. The government of the Zhou was based on the feudal system. The emperor divided the land into fiefs that were usually ruled by his relatives. The nobles who ruled the fiefs basically owned the farmers who worked their lands. The latter period of the Zhou Dynasty is famous for the beginnings of two major Chinese philosophies: Confucianism and Taoism. The Chinese philosopher Confucius lived from 551 to 479 BC. Many of his sayings and teachings impacted the culture and government throughout the rest of the history of Ancient China. Taoism was introduced by another famous philosopher Lao Tzu. He introduced the concept of the yin and the yang. Several technological advances occurred in China during this period. One was the invention of cast iron. This enabled strong and durable iron tools and weapons to be manufactured. Other important innovations included crop rotation which allowed more efficient use of the land and the addition of soybeans as a major crop. Warring States Period This period began around 475 BC and lasted up until the end of the Zhou dynasty in 221 BC. There were seven major states left in the empire. It was clear that they would fight each other until only one was left. At the end of this period the leader of the Qin state, Qin Shi Huang, conquered the other six states and crowned himself as the first emperor of a united China. Interesting Facts about the Zhou Dynasty A lot of the bronze vessels made during this time had detailed inscriptions on them. Archeologists have been able to learn a lot about the Zhou from these inscriptions. One of the most popular pieces of literature was a collection of poems called the Book of Songs. Battles between the states were generally fought under a strict set of "rules". The soldiers of the time were considered chivalrous and fought with honor. The famous book on war the Art of War was written by Sun Tzu during this time. Although iron was introduced during this period, the Zhou are most famous for their work with bronze. The Han Dynasty The Han Dynasty was one of the great dynasties of Ancient China. Much of Chinese culture was established during the Han dynasty and it is sometimes called the Golden Age of Ancient China. It was an era of peace and prosperity and allowed China to expand to a major world power. The Han Dynasty ran for over 400 years, from 206 BC to 220 AD. It was the second Imperial dynasty after the Qin Dynasty. It was followed by the Three Kingdoms period. How did it get started? The Han Dynasty began with a peasant revolt against the Qin Emperor. It was led by Liu Bang, son of a peasant family. Once the Qin Emperor was killed there was a war for four years between Liu Bang and his rival Xiang Yu. Liu Bang won the war and became emperor. He changed his name to Han Gaozu and established the Han Dynasty. One of the first things that Emperor Gaozu did was to establish the civil service. He gathered a number of educated men about him to help him run the empire. Later Han emperors would establish examinations and schools to make sure that only the most intelligent men would run the government. This method of government would run for over 2,000 years. The period of the Han Dynasty was a time of invention and science. One of the most important inventions was paper. Paper allowed the government to easily keep records and pass on instructions throughout the empire. Other important inventions include iron casting, crop rotation, and acupuncture as well as advancements in medicine, mathematics, building, agriculture, engineering, and astronomy. What was life like? Many people lived in the cities. Life was nice for the rich who lived in big houses that were finely decorated with carpets and art. They wore silk robes and were well educated. Life in the city was difficult for the poor who lived in crowded houses and often went without food. Life in countryside was better for the peasants. They had to work hard, but they generally had food and shelter. Taxes were reduced during the Han Dynasty and people who tilled the soil were often respected. Merchants were generally not respected. However, they were able to become rich, especially with trade improving due to the Silk Road and general peace in the country. Laws were made to make merchants wear white clothes and pay high taxes. Fun Facts about the Han Dynasty The biggest products in the Han economy were iron, salt, copper work, and silk. The Silk Road was established during the Han Dynasty. This trade route from China to Europe was a great source of wealth and luxury items. Buddhism first came to China during this time. Social status was very rigid. There were 20 ranks of status and each level had increased privileges. Merchants were ranked low while craftsmen, doctors, and farmers were ranked fairly high. There was a short period when the Han Dynasty was overthrown by the Xin Dynasty. This lasted from 8 - 22 AD. The time before the Xin is often called the Western Han and the time after the Eastern Han. The name of the first Han emperor, Gaozu, means "high ancestor." He named his palace Lasting Joy. Period of Disunion The Period of Disunion began with the fall of the Han Dynasty in 220 AD. It continued for over 350 years until China was once again united under the Sui Dynasty in 589 AD. The history of the Period of Disunion is often divided up into three different time periods: the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, and the Southern and Northern Kingdoms. After the Han Dynasty fell in 220 AD, three different warlords rose to power. Each of them claimed to be emperor and took control of a different region of China. These three kingdoms were called Wei (north), Shu (west), and Wu (south). This period was marked by wars between different warlords and millions of Chinese people died in battle. The period of the Three Kingdoms has become a popular part of Chinese history in many stories, movies, and legends. Leaders such as Cao Cao (founder of the Kingdom of Wei), Liu Bei (founder of the Kingdom of Shu), and Sun Quan (founder of the Kingdom of Wu) are household names in China and popular characters in stories and plays. In 265 AD, a general name Sima Yan took control of the kingdom of Wu and established the Jin Dynasty. The Jin became the strongest dynasty in China ruling much of southern China from 265 AD to 420 AD. At one point they managed to unite all of China in 280, but this didn't last long. Northern China soon rebelled and broke up into a number of smaller states ruled by warlords. Southern and Northern Dynasties The final stage of the Period of Disunion is called the Southern and Northern Dynasties. This period lasted from 420 to 589 AD. During this time, China remained divided with different dynasties ruling in the north and in the south. It came to an end when the Sui Dynasty came into power and unified China in 589 AD. Although China was not united during this time, the Period of Disunity saw many advancements and accomplishments. New inventions include the stirrup for horses, the wooden ox (like a wheelbarrow), and the kite. There were also advances in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. The Period of Disunion saw a rise in the power of warlords and leading families. The government was less organized than under the Han Dynasty. Local warlords were often the main source of power. Despite the constantly changing kings and emperors, the arts continued to flourish during this time. The period produced brilliant and innovative artists in areas such as poetry, calligraphy, sculpture, and painting. Outside influences and the integration of nearby peoples also impacted the Chinese culture. Perhaps the most significant of these was the spread of Buddhism as a major religion. Interesting Facts about the Period of Disunion This period is sometimes referred to as The Six Dynasties. Landscape painting became the most popular form of Chinese painting during the Jin Dynasty. Poetry gained heightened popularity through the actions of seven famous poets who became known as the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. The Chancellor for the kingdom of Shu, Zhuge Liang, is famous for being one of the most brilliant military strategists in the history of China. The Sui Dynasty The Sui Dynasty is most famous for unifying China under one rule after the Period of Disunion. The Sui Dynasty only ruled for a short time from 581 to 618 AD. It was replaced by the Tang Dynasty. Since the fall of the great Han Dynasty in 220 AD, China had been divided. Different regions fought for control and there was constant war. In the early 500s, China was ruled by two major kingdoms known as the Northern and Southern Dynasties. In 581, a man named Yang Jian took control of the Northern Dynasty. He established the Sui Dynasty and became known as Emperor Wen. After gaining control of northern China, Emperor Wen gathered a massive army and invaded the south. Eight years later, in 589, he conquered southern China and brought all of China under the rule of the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Wen was a strong leader. He made many changes including organizing the government of China, establishing fair taxes, giving land to the poor, and building up grain reserves. The Sui Dynasty didn't last long, however. It began to decline under the rule of Emperor Yang (son of Emperor Wen). Emperor Yang ruled China as a tyrant. He forced the peasants to work on massive projects such as the Grand Canal and rebuilding the Great Wall. Millions of peasants died under his rule. In 618, the people rebelled and the Sui Dynasty was overthrown. It was replaced by the Tang Dynasty. Despite being a short-lived dynasty, the Sui had many accomplishments. Reunifying China under one rule Setting up a national government Building the Grand Canal which improved national transportation and trade Reconstructing the Great Wall Establishing grain reserves to feed people during times of famine Emperor Wen set up a new central government for China. The government consisted of Three Departments and Six Ministries. The Three Departments were the Chancellery, the Secretariat, and the Department of State Affairs. The Six Ministries reported to the Department of State Affairs. The dominant religion during the Sui Dynasty was Buddhism. Emperor Wen established himself as a Buddhist leader and the religion became a unifying point in the culture for all of China. Poetry and painting were important art forms during the period. Interesting Facts about the Sui Dynasty The Sui built the Zhaozhou Bridge across the Jiao River. It is known as the oldest surviving stone arched bridge in the world. Emperor Yang attempted to conquer Korea, but failed despite having a massive army of over 1 million soldiers. This loss contributed heavily to the fall of the Sui Dynasty. The Sui implemented civil service exams to determine the most qualified government officials. The Sui Dynasty is often compared to the Qin Dynasty. Both dynasties unified China, but were short-lived. The Tang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty ruled Ancient China from 618 to 907. During the Tang rule China experienced a time of peace and prosperity that made it one of the most powerful nations in the world. This time period is sometimes referred to as the Golden Age of Ancient China. Establishment of the Dynasty When the Sui Dynasty began to collapse in 618, an aristocrat named Li Yuan who lived in the north marshaled an army and marched on the capital city of Chang'an. He helped to put a new child emperor on the throne, but Li Yuan really ruled the country as Prime Minister. When the old Emperor Yang was assassinated, Li Yuan then declared himself as emperor and established the Tang Dynasty. Technology and Inventions Many advancements in the areas of engineering and technology were made during the Tang Dynasty. Perhaps the most important was the invention of woodblock printing. Woodblock printing allowed books to be printed in mass production. This helped to increase literacy and to pass on knowledge throughout the empire. The first full-length book to be printed was the Diamond Sutra in 868. Another major invention of the time was gunpowder. Although it would continue to be perfected over hundreds of years, gunpowder was mostly used for fireworks during the Tang Dynasty. The people believed that fireworks could help to scare off evil spirits. Other inventions included a ceramic called porcelain, advances in mapmaking, gas cylinders for natural gas, advances in medicine, and advancements in clock making. The arts flourished during the Tang Dynasty. It was during this time that poetry became an integral part of the Chinese culture. Poetry was a required study for those who wished to pass the civil service exams. Talented poets were well-respected and often recited their poetry as entertainment at parties. Some of the great poets in Chinese history lived during this time such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Li Po, and Wang Wei. While the Tang Dynasty is most famous for its poetry, other arts also became popular during this time. Many forms of literature were written including short stories, encyclopedias, and histories. Also painting was very popular and the era produced famous painters such as Wu Daozi, Wang Wei (also a famous poet), and Zhou Fang. The Tang Dynasty ruled over a vast area that stretched from Korea to Northern Vietnam. It even reached west as far as Afghanistan. It took a very organized government to control all of this territory. The Tang established a detailed code of laws and administrative functions. They taxed the people based on their land and also required that farmers serve in the army for a period of time. The capital city of the Tang Empire and center of the government was the city of Chang'an. This is the modern day city of Xi'an. It was here that the emperor lived and ruled over his vast empire. Government officials were assigned based on their scores on the civil service examinations. In an effort to get the best talent into the government, examinations were more open to men of the non-noble classes than with previous dynasties. There were even government run schools to help educate more people. At the start of the Tang Dynasty the emperors were tolerant of many religions. Buddhism became a very popular religion throughout China. However, near the end of the dynasty, the rulers made Confucianism the national religion and banned all other religions. Many Buddhist monasteries and temples were shut down. Decline and Fall Over time, the Tang Dynasty began to weaken due to government corruption and high taxes. A rebellion by the over-taxed people occurred in 874 where much of the city of Chang'an was destroyed. The Tang managed to halt the rebellion, but the government never fully recovered. In 907 the dynasty came to an end when a general named Zhu Wen removed the last Tang emperor and took power. Interesting Facts about the Tang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty benefited from the hard work of the earlier Sui Dynasty which finished the Grand Canal and rebuilt much of the Great Wall. It was during the Tang Dynasty that drinking tea became a leisure activity and the author Lu Yu wrote a description on the art of drinking tea called the Classic of Tea. Toilet paper was invented during this time. A census taken by the government in 609 showed that there were around 50 million people living in China. The capital city of Chang'an was the largest city in the world at the time. It is estimated that the total population of the city and the countryside around it totaled nearly 2 million people. The Song Dynasty The Song dynasty ruled Ancient China from 960 to 1279. It followed the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Ancient China was the most advanced civilization in the world during the rule of the Song dynasty. It is famous for its many inventions and advances, but eventually collapsed and was conquered by the Mongol barbarians to the north. The history of the Song dynasty is usually divided up between the Northern Song and the Southern Song. Northern Song (960 to 1127) The Song dynasty was founded by a general named Zhao Kuangyin. Legend has it that his troops no longer wanted to serve the current emperor and begged Zhao to wear the yellow robe. After refusing three times eventually he took the robe and became Emperor Taizu, establishing the Song dynasty. Emperor Taizu reunited much of China under his rule. However, he also appointed scholars to lead his army. This weakened his army and eventually caused the fall of the Northern Song to the Jin peoples. Southern Song (1127 to 1279) When the Jin conquered the Northern Song, the son of the last emperor escaped to the south. He established the Southern Song in southern China. The Southern Song paid a fee each year to the Jin in order to maintain the peace. After paying the Jin for over 100 years, the Southern Song allied with the Mongols to conquer the Jin. This plan backfired, however. Once the Mongols had conquered the Jin, they turned on the Southern Song and captured all of China. Inventions and Technology The period of rule under the Song dynasty was a time of great advancements and invention. Some of the most important inventions in the history of Ancient China were made during this time including moveable type, gunpowder, and the magnetic compass. The invention of moveable type allowed for mass printings of documents and books. Millions of copies were made of some popular books allowing books to become affordable to everyone. Other products were printed on paper in great quantities including paper money, playing cards, and calendars. The magnetic compass was part of many improvements in boating and navigation. The Song dynasty had the first standing navy in world history. They built large ships over 300 feet long that had watertight compartments and onboard catapults that could toss huge rocks onto their enemies. Gunpowder had a lasting impact on warfare. The Song used gunpowder for fireworks, but also found ways to use it in battle. They developed various bombs, rockets, and fire arrows. Unfortunately for the Song, the Mongols copied their ideas and ended up using these weapons against them. The arts flourished under the Song dynasty. Poetry and literature were especially popular with the invention of moveable type and the availability of books to many people. Painting and the performing arts were also very popular. A high value was put on education and many of the nobles were very well educated. Rice and Tea It was during the Song dynasty that rice became such an important crop for the Chinese. Drought-resistant and fast-growing rice was introduced to southern China. This new rice allowed farmers to have two harvests in a single year, doubling the amount of rice they could grow. Tea became popular during this time as well due to the efforts of tea lover Emperor Huizong. He wrote the famous "Treatise on Tea" which described the tea ceremony in detail. Conquered by the Mongols The Song dynasty came to an end when they allied with the Mongols against their longtime enemies, the Jin. The Mongols helped them to conquer the Jin, but then turned on the Song. The leader of the Mongols, Kublai Khan, conquered all of China and began his own dynasty, the Yuan dynasty. Interesting Facts about the Song Dynasty The capital city of the Southern Song was Hangzhou. It was the largest city in the world at the time with a population of well over 1 million people. It was during the Song dynasty that the foot-binding among women became a widespread custom. One of the most legendary fighters and generals of Ancient China, Yue Fei, lived during this time. He was put to death by the emperor who became jealous of his following. The architecture of the Song dynasty is most famous for its tall pagodas The Yuan Dynasty The Yuan Dynasty was a period of time when China was under the rule of the Mongol Empire. The Yuan ruled China from 1279 to 1368. It was followed by the Ming Dynasty. The Chinese had fought with the Mongol tribes of the north for hundreds of years. When the Mongols united under the leadership of Genghis Khan, they swept across northern China destroying many cities along the way. The Mongols and the Chinese continued to fight for many years until Kublai Khan took control. Under Kublai Khan, the Mongols first allied with the Southern Song Chinese to defeat the Jin Chinese of the north. Then they turned on the Southern Song. Kublai eventually conquered much of China and established his own Chinese dynasty called the Yuan Dynasty. Kublai Khan took on much of the culture of the Chinese. He soon realized that, although the Mongols were great warriors, they didn't know how to run a large empire. Kublai used Chinese officials to run the government, but he kept a close eye on them, never quite trusting his former enemy. Kublai encouraged trade and communications with lands beyond China. He brought in people from all around the world. One of his famous visitors was Marco Polo from Europe. Kublai also permitted freedom of religion including Confucianism, Islam, and Buddhism. In order to keep control of his Chinese subjects, Kublai instituted social classes based on race. The Mongols made up the highest class and were always given preference over other races. Below the Mongols were the non-Chinese races such as Muslims and the Turks. At the bottom were the Chinese with the people of the Southern Song considered the lowest class. The Yuan rulers encouraged advancement in technology and transportation. They also encouraged arts such as ceramics, painting, and drama. In some ways the Mongols became more like the Chinese over time. They were a small percentage of the overall population. Many Mongols, however, attempted to retain their own culture. They continued to live in tents, drink fermented milk, and only married other Mongols. Downfall of the Yuan The Yuan Dynasty was the shortest lived of all the major Chinese Dynasties. After Kublai Khan's death, the dynasty began to weaken. The heirs of Kublai began to fight over power and the government became corrupt. Chinese rebel groups began to form to fight against the Mongol rule. In 1368, a Buddhist monk named Zhu Yuanzhang led the rebels to overthrow the Yuan. He then established the Ming Dynasty. Interesting Facts about the Yuan Dynasty The social classes were dictated by the order that people groups were conquered by the Mongols. The Southern Song Chinese were the last to be conquered, so they were at the bottom. The Yuan introduced paper money throughout all of China. The money later experienced high inflation. Today, the "yuan" is the basic unit of money in China. The capital city was Dadu. Today, the city is called Beijing and is the current capital city of China. Kublai also had a "summer" capital city in Mongolia called Shangdu. It is sometimes called Xanadu. The Ming Dynasty The Ming Dynasty is often called the last of the great Chinese dynasties. It ruled Ancient China from 1368 to 1644. It was followed by the Qing Dynasty. How did it start? Prior to the Ming Dynasty, China had been ruled by the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty was set up by the Mongols who had conquered China about 100 years earlier. Many Chinese did not like the Mongols and considered them the enemy. Finally, the Mongols were overthrown and ousted from China by a peasant uprising. The peasant uprising that removed the Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty from power was led by a man named Zhu Yuanzhang. He took control of China and named himself Emperor Hongwu. This was the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. This was an era of large civil engineering projects including: The Great Wall of China - The Great Wall was almost completely rebuilt by the Ming Dynasty. The tall and wide brick walls that are still standing today were built by the Ming.Grand Canal - The Grand Canal was rebuilt during this time. This had a significant impact on trade and helped the economy to flourish.Forbidden City - This city was the emperor's palace and was located inside the capital city of Beijing. It had almost 1000 buildings and covered over 185 acres of land. Culture and Arts Art flourished during the Ming Dynasty. This included literature, painting, music, poetry, and porcelain. Ming vases made of blue and white porcelain were prized at the time throughout the world. They are still considered quite valuable. Literature reached new heights during this era as well. Three of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese Literature were written during the Ming Dynasty. They are Outlaws of the Marsh, Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Journey to the West. The government was run by an organization called the civil service. In order to get a job with the civil service, applicants had to take difficult exams. The men with the highest scores would get the best jobs. Some men would study for years to try and pass the exams and earn one of these prestigious positions. The exams often covered a number of subjects, but a significant portion of the testing was on the teachings of Confucius. Fun facts about the Ming Dynasty The Forbidden City took 15 years and over 1 million workers to complete. Folding fans became very popular. They were brought over from Japan and Korea. Portuguese traders first arrived in China in 1517. People could only enter the Forbidden City if they had permission from the Emperor. Yingzong became emperor when he was just 8 years old. He was later captured by the Mongols. When he was released he found his brother was emperor. He would later regain his rule. When Emperor Hongwu became worried about losing his thrown, he established a secret police called the Jinyi Wei to spy on people. The Qing Dynasty The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China. The Qing ruled China from 1644 to 1912 before being overthrown by the Republic of China. It is sometimes referred to as the Manchu Dynasty. In the early 1600s, the Manchu people of northern China began to unite against the Ming Dynasty. They formed a somewhat military society and mobilized a large army. In 1644, the Manchus crossed the Great Wall and invaded China. They soon took control of the Chinese capital city, Beijing, and declared the beginning of a new dynasty called the Qing. The first Qing Emperor was a five-year-old boy who became the Shunzhi Emperor. The Manchus continued to expand and conquer more of China. In 1683, under the Kangxi Emperor, the Qing Empire included all of China. At first, the Manchu maintained order through harsh discipline. They executed anyone who was suspected of treason. Later they restored much of the Ming government including the civil service exams, but only Manchu people could hold high offices. For around 150 years, China experienced growth and peace under the rule of the Qing. The population grew to around 400 million people. Under the Qing Dynasty, China remained somewhat isolated from the outside world. They traded some items such as tea and silver, but had little else to do with foreign countries. For many years, foreign ambassadors were not even allowed to approach the Chinese capital. In order to keep out European influence, Christianity was outlawed in the 1800s. The three main philosophies followed by the Chinese during the Qing Dynasty included Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. The Qing leaders were generally strong followers of Buddhism. Art flourished under the Qing including painting, sculpture, poetry, opera, and porcelain. In society, the Manchu people were considered at the top of the social class. The majority of the people, the Han Chinese, were generally discriminated against. For example, Han Chinese and Manchu were not allowed to marry. This created discontent among the people and eventually led to the downfall of the Qing. In the 1800s, the British began selling opium in China. Many Chinese people became addicted to opium and the government soon made the drug illegal. The British, however, continued to smuggle in opium. When the Chinese government boarded British ships and dumped their opium into the ocean, a war broke out. At the time, China had a small and outdated navy. The British ships defeated the Chinese in both the First and Second Opium Wars. By the end of the Opium Wars in 1860, the British gained control of Hong Kong, Christianity was legalized, and all of China was opened to British merchants. Fall of the Qing In the early 1900s, the Qing Dynasty began to crumble. Multiple natural disasters, internal rebellions, and war with Japan all led to famine and a poor economy. Finally, in 1911, a group of revolutionaries overthrew the Qing government. The last emperor, a six-year-old boy named Puyi, officially gave up his throne in 1912 and the Republic of China took over. Interesting Facts about the Qing Dynasty The Kangxi Emperor ruled for 61 years, the longest rule of any Chinese Emperor. The Qing required that all men cut their hair in a queue hairstyle with the hair shaved off at the front of the head and the rest of the hair tied into a long ponytail. The Manchu Dynasty was briefly restored in 1917. The Boxer Rebellion of 1899 was led by a secret society of martial arts experts. The first president and founding father of the Republic of China was Sun Yat-sen	<urn:uuid:3591f0b4-b8ed-4802-afea-b1e9a4438ef3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://essaydocs.org/the-shang-dynasty.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00303.warc.gz	en	0.984085	6,873	4.125	4	[ -0.5118085741996765, 0.44235503673553467, 0.3637346625328064, -0.2497270703315735, -0.2861934304237366, 0.34969693422317505, 0.44794702529907227, -0.4437970519065857, -0.005619158037006855, -0.10231182724237442, 0.4198983907699585, -0.14190316200256348, 0.15992990136146545, -0.029035730287...	1	\|The Shang Dynasty The Shang Dynasty was the first Chinese dynasty with written records. The Shang ruled from around 1600 BC to 1046 BC. Some historians consider the Shang to be the first Chinese Dynasty. Other historians consider it to be the second dynasty, coming after the legendary Xia Dynasty. The Shang tribe grew into power around 1600 BC. Legend has it that the Shang were united under the leadership of Cheng Tang. Cheng Tang defeated the evil King Jie of the Xia to begin the Shang Dynasty. The Shang ruled an area around the Yellow River Valley for around 500 years. They had many rulers and capital cities during that time. The government became corrupt under the rule of King Di Xin. He was overthrown by Wu of Zhou and the Zhou Dynasty was founded. How do we know about the Shang? Much of what we know about the Shang comes from oracle bones. These were bones that the Shang used to try and determine the future. Religious men would write a question on one side of the bone and then burn the bone until it cracked. They would then interpret the cracks for the answers and write the answers on the other side of the bone. Historians are able to decipher much of the history of the Shang through these questions and answers. Thousands of oracle bones have been found by archeologists. Other information about the Shang comes from Ancient Chinese historians such as Sima Quian from the Han Dynasty. Some short inscriptions are also found on bronze religious items of the Shang. The Shang were the first Chinese Dynasty to invent writing and have a recorded history. This ancient writing is fairly similar to modern Chinese script. Writing enabled the Shang to have a fairly organized society and government. The government of the Shang was fairly advanced. They had many levels of leaders starting with the king. Most of the high level officials were closely related to the king. Warlords often ruled areas of land, but owed allegiance to the king and would provide soldiers during times of war. The government collected taxes from the people and tributes from surrounding allies. The Shang also developed bronze technology. They did not make normal tools out of bronze, but used bronze for religious items and weapons. Bronze weapons such as spears gave the Shang an advantage in war against their enemies. The Shang also used horse-drawn chariots in battle, giving them a further advantage. Interesting Facts about the Shang Dynasty It is sometimes referred to as the Yin Dynasty. One of the most famous kings of the Shang was Wu Ding who ruled for 58 years. The last capital of the Shang was the city of Yin Xu. Archeologists have discovered many oracle bones at Yin Xu. Most of the oracle bones discovered have been the shoulder blades of oxen or turtle shells. Questions on oracle bones included things like "Will we win the war?", "Should we go hunting tomorrow?", and "Will the baby be a son?" The Shang worshiped their dead ancestors as well as a supreme being called Shangdi. The Zhou Dynasty The Zhou Dynasty ruled Ancient China from 1045 BC to 256 BC. It was the longest ruling dynasty in the history of China. Establishment of the Dynasty The land of Zhou was a vassal state of the Shang Dynasty. A powerful leader of the Zhou named Wen Wang began to plan to overthrow the Shang Dynasty. It took many years, but finally Wen Wang's son, Wu Wang, led an army across the Yellow River to defeat the King of the Shang Dynasty. King Wu established a new dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty. The early leaders of the Zhou Dynasty introduced the idea of the "Mandate of Heaven". This concept taught that the leaders gained their authority to rule from the gods. They believed that when the Zhou overthrew the Shang Dynasty, this was because the Shang had become tyrants and the gods allowed them fall. The government of the Zhou was based on the feudal system. The emperor divided the land into fiefs that were usually ruled by his relatives. The nobles who ruled the fiefs basically owned the farmers who worked their lands. The latter period of the Zhou Dynasty is famous for the beginnings of two major Chinese philosophies: Confucianism and Taoism. The Chinese philosopher Confucius lived from 551 to 479 BC. Many of his sayings and teachings impacted the culture and government throughout the rest of the history of Ancient China. Taoism was introduced by another famous philosopher Lao Tzu. He introduced the concept of the yin and the yang. Several technological advances occurred in China during this period. One was the invention of cast iron. This enabled strong and durable iron tools and weapons to be manufactured. Other important innovations included crop rotation which allowed more efficient use of the land and the addition of soybeans as a major crop. Warring States Period This period began around 475 BC and lasted up until the end of the Zhou dynasty in 221 BC. There were seven major states left in the empire. It was clear that they would fight each other until only one was left. At the end of this period the leader of the Qin state, Qin Shi Huang, conquered the other six states and crowned himself as the first emperor of a united China. Interesting Facts about the Zhou Dynasty A lot of the bronze vessels made during this time had detailed inscriptions on them. Archeologists have been able to learn a lot about the Zhou from these inscriptions. One of the most popular pieces of literature was a collection of poems called the Book of Songs. Battles between the states were generally fought under a strict set of "rules". The soldiers of the time were considered chivalrous and fought with honor. The famous book on war the Art of War was written by Sun Tzu during this time. Although iron was introduced during this period, the Zhou are most famous for their work with bronze. The Han Dynasty The Han Dynasty was one of the great dynasties of Ancient China. Much of Chinese culture was established during the Han dynasty and it is sometimes called the Golden Age of Ancient China. It was an era of peace and prosperity and allowed China to expand to a major world power. The Han Dynasty ran for over 400 years, from 206 BC to 220 AD. It was the second Imperial dynasty after the Qin Dynasty. It was followed by the Three Kingdoms period. How did it get started? The Han Dynasty began with a peasant revolt against the Qin Emperor. It was led by Liu Bang, son of a peasant family. Once the Qin Emperor was killed there was a war for four years between Liu Bang and his rival Xiang Yu. Liu Bang won the war and became emperor. He changed his name to Han Gaozu and established the Han Dynasty. One of the first things that Emperor Gaozu did was to establish the civil service. He gathered a number of educated men about him to help him run the empire. Later Han emperors would establish examinations and schools to make sure that only the most intelligent men would run the government. This method of government would run for over 2,000 years. The period of the Han Dynasty was a time of invention and science. One of the most important inventions was paper. Paper allowed the government to easily keep records and pass on instructions throughout the empire. Other important inventions include iron casting, crop rotation, and acupuncture as well as advancements in medicine, mathematics, building, agriculture, engineering, and astronomy. What was life like? Many people lived in the cities. Life was nice for the rich who lived in big houses that were finely decorated with carpets and art. They wore silk robes and were well educated. Life in the city was difficult for the poor who lived in crowded houses and often went without food. Life in countryside was better for the peasants. They had to work hard, but they generally had food and shelter. Taxes were reduced during the Han Dynasty and people who tilled the soil were often respected. Merchants were generally not respected. However, they were able to become rich, especially with trade improving due to the Silk Road and general peace in the country. Laws were made to make merchants wear white clothes and pay high taxes. Fun Facts about the Han Dynasty The biggest products in the Han economy were iron, salt, copper work, and silk. The Silk Road was established during the Han Dynasty. This trade route from China to Europe was a great source of wealth and luxury items. Buddhism first came to China during this time. Social status was very rigid. There were 20 ranks of status and each level had increased privileges. Merchants were ranked low while craftsmen, doctors, and farmers were ranked fairly high. There was a short period when the Han Dynasty was overthrown by the Xin Dynasty. This lasted from 8 - 22 AD. The time before the Xin is often called the Western Han and the time after the Eastern Han. The name of the first Han emperor, Gaozu, means "high ancestor." He named his palace Lasting Joy. Period of Disunion The Period of Disunion began with the fall of the Han Dynasty in 220 AD. It continued for over 350 years until China was once again united under the Sui Dynasty in 589 AD. The history of the Period of Disunion is often divided up into three different time periods: the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, and the Southern and Northern Kingdoms. After the Han Dynasty fell in 220 AD, three different warlords rose to power. Each of them claimed to be emperor and took control of a different region of China. These three kingdoms were called Wei (north), Shu (west), and Wu (south). This period was marked by wars between different warlords and millions of Chinese people died in battle. The period of the Three Kingdoms has become a popular part of Chinese history in many stories, movies, and legends. Leaders such as Cao Cao (founder of the Kingdom of Wei), Liu Bei (founder of the Kingdom of Shu), and Sun Quan (founder of the Kingdom of Wu) are household names in China and popular characters in stories and plays. In 265 AD, a general name Sima Yan took control of the kingdom of Wu and established the Jin Dynasty. The Jin became the strongest dynasty in China ruling much of southern China from 265 AD to 420 AD. At one point they managed to unite all of China in 280, but this didn't last long. Northern China soon rebelled and broke up into a number of smaller states ruled by warlords. Southern and Northern Dynasties The final stage of the Period of Disunion is called the Southern and Northern Dynasties. This period lasted from 420 to 589 AD. During this time, China remained divided with different dynasties ruling in the north and in the south. It came to an end when the Sui Dynasty came into power and unified China in 589 AD. Although China was not united during this time, the Period of Disunity saw many advancements and accomplishments. New inventions include the stirrup for horses, the wooden ox (like a wheelbarrow), and the kite. There were also advances in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. The Period of Disunion saw a rise in the power of warlords and leading families. The government was less organized than under the Han Dynasty. Local warlords were often the main source of power. Despite the constantly changing kings and emperors, the arts continued to flourish during this time. The period produced brilliant and innovative artists in areas such as poetry, calligraphy, sculpture, and painting. Outside influences and the integration of nearby peoples also impacted the Chinese culture. Perhaps the most significant of these was the spread of Buddhism as a major religion. Interesting Facts about the Period of Disunion This period is sometimes referred to as The Six Dynasties. Landscape painting became the most popular form of Chinese painting during the Jin Dynasty. Poetry gained heightened popularity through the actions of seven famous poets who became known as the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. The Chancellor for the kingdom of Shu, Zhuge Liang, is famous for being one of the most brilliant military strategists in the history of China. The Sui Dynasty The Sui Dynasty is most famous for unifying China under one rule after the Period of Disunion. The Sui Dynasty only ruled for a short time from 581 to 618 AD. It was replaced by the Tang Dynasty. Since the fall of the great Han Dynasty in 220 AD, China had been divided. Different regions fought for control and there was constant war. In the early 500s, China was ruled by two major kingdoms known as the Northern and Southern Dynasties. In 581, a man named Yang Jian took control of the Northern Dynasty. He established the Sui Dynasty and became known as Emperor Wen. After gaining control of northern China, Emperor Wen gathered a massive army and invaded the south. Eight years later, in 589, he conquered southern China and brought all of China under the rule of the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Wen was a strong leader. He made many changes including organizing the government of China, establishing fair taxes, giving land to the poor, and building up grain reserves. The Sui Dynasty didn't last long, however. It began to decline under the rule of Emperor Yang (son of Emperor Wen). Emperor Yang ruled China as a tyrant. He forced the peasants to work on massive projects such as the Grand Canal and rebuilding the Great Wall. Millions of peasants died under his rule. In 618, the people rebelled and the Sui Dynasty was overthrown. It was replaced by the Tang Dynasty. Despite being a short-lived dynasty, the Sui had many accomplishments. Reunifying China under one rule Setting up a national government Building the Grand Canal which improved national transportation and trade Reconstructing the Great Wall Establishing grain reserves to feed people during times of famine Emperor Wen set up a new central government for China. The government consisted of Three Departments and Six Ministries. The Three Departments were the Chancellery, the Secretariat, and the Department of State Affairs. The Six Ministries reported to the Department of State Affairs. The dominant religion during the Sui Dynasty was Buddhism. Emperor Wen established himself as a Buddhist leader and the religion became a unifying point in the culture for all of China. Poetry and painting were important art forms during the period. Interesting Facts about the Sui Dynasty The Sui built the Zhaozhou Bridge across the Jiao River. It is known as the oldest surviving stone arched bridge in the world. Emperor Yang attempted to conquer Korea, but failed despite having a massive army of over 1 million soldiers. This loss contributed heavily to the fall of the Sui Dynasty. The Sui implemented civil service exams to determine the most qualified government officials. The Sui Dynasty is often compared to the Qin Dynasty. Both dynasties unified China, but were short-lived. The Tang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty ruled Ancient China from 618 to 907. During the Tang rule China experienced a time of peace and prosperity that made it one of the most powerful nations in the world. This time period is sometimes referred to as the Golden Age of Ancient China. Establishment of the Dynasty When the Sui Dynasty began to collapse in 618, an aristocrat named Li Yuan who lived in the north marshaled an army and marched on the capital city of Chang'an. He helped to put a new child emperor on the throne, but Li Yuan really ruled the country as Prime Minister. When the old Emperor Yang was assassinated, Li Yuan then declared himself as emperor and established the Tang Dynasty. Technology and Inventions Many advancements in the areas of engineering and technology were made during the Tang Dynasty. Perhaps the most important was the invention of woodblock printing. Woodblock printing allowed books to be printed in mass production. This helped to increase literacy and to pass on knowledge throughout the empire. The first full-length book to be printed was the Diamond Sutra in 868. Another major invention of the time was gunpowder. Although it would continue to be perfected over hundreds of years, gunpowder was mostly used for fireworks during the Tang Dynasty. The people believed that fireworks could help to scare off evil spirits. Other inventions included a ceramic called porcelain, advances in mapmaking, gas cylinders for natural gas, advances in medicine, and advancements in clock making. The arts flourished during the Tang Dynasty. It was during this time that poetry became an integral part of the Chinese culture. Poetry was a required study for those who wished to pass the civil service exams. Talented poets were well-respected and often recited their poetry as entertainment at parties. Some of the great poets in Chinese history lived during this time such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Li Po, and Wang Wei. While the Tang Dynasty is most famous for its poetry, other arts also became popular during this time. Many forms of literature were written including short stories, encyclopedias, and histories. Also painting was very popular and the era produced famous painters such as Wu Daozi, Wang Wei (also a famous poet), and Zhou Fang. The Tang Dynasty ruled over a vast area that stretched from Korea to Northern Vietnam. It even reached west as far as Afghanistan. It took a very organized government to control all of this territory. The Tang established a detailed code of laws and administrative functions. They taxed the people based on their land and also required that farmers serve in the army for a period of time. The capital city of the Tang Empire and center of the government was the city of Chang'an. This is the modern day city of Xi'an. It was here that the emperor lived and ruled over his vast empire. Government officials were assigned based on their scores on the civil service examinations. In an effort to get the best talent into the government, examinations were more open to men of the non-noble classes than with previous dynasties. There were even government run schools to help educate more people. At the start of the Tang Dynasty the emperors were tolerant of many religions. Buddhism became a very popular religion throughout China. However, near the end of the dynasty, the rulers made Confucianism the national religion and banned all other religions. Many Buddhist monasteries and temples were shut down. Decline and Fall Over time, the Tang Dynasty began to weaken due to government corruption and high taxes. A rebellion by the over-taxed people occurred in 874 where much of the city of Chang'an was destroyed. The Tang managed to halt the rebellion, but the government never fully recovered. In 907 the dynasty came to an end when a general named Zhu Wen removed the last Tang emperor and took power. Interesting Facts about the Tang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty benefited from the hard work of the earlier Sui Dynasty which finished the Grand Canal and rebuilt much of the Great Wall. It was during the Tang Dynasty that drinking tea became a leisure activity and the author Lu Yu wrote a description on the art of drinking tea called the Classic of Tea. Toilet paper was invented during this time. A census taken by the government in 609 showed that there were around 50 million people living in China. The capital city of Chang'an was the largest city in the world at the time. It is estimated that the total population of the city and the countryside around it totaled nearly 2 million people. The Song Dynasty The Song dynasty ruled Ancient China from 960 to 1279. It followed the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Ancient China was the most advanced civilization in the world during the rule of the Song dynasty. It is famous for its many inventions and advances, but eventually collapsed and was conquered by the Mongol barbarians to the north. The history of the Song dynasty is usually divided up between the Northern Song and the Southern Song. Northern Song (960 to 1127) The Song dynasty was founded by a general named Zhao Kuangyin. Legend has it that his troops no longer wanted to serve the current emperor and begged Zhao to wear the yellow robe. After refusing three times eventually he took the robe and became Emperor Taizu, establishing the Song dynasty. Emperor Taizu reunited much of China under his rule. However, he also appointed scholars to lead his army. This weakened his army and eventually caused the fall of the Northern Song to the Jin peoples. Southern Song (1127 to 1279) When the Jin conquered the Northern Song, the son of the last emperor escaped to the south. He established the Southern Song in southern China. The Southern Song paid a fee each year to the Jin in order to maintain the peace. After paying the Jin for over 100 years, the Southern Song allied with the Mongols to conquer the Jin. This plan backfired, however. Once the Mongols had conquered the Jin, they turned on the Southern Song and captured all of China. Inventions and Technology The period of rule under the Song dynasty was a time of great advancements and invention. Some of the most important inventions in the history of Ancient China were made during this time including moveable type, gunpowder, and the magnetic compass. The invention of moveable type allowed for mass printings of documents and books. Millions of copies were made of some popular books allowing books to become affordable to everyone. Other products were printed on paper in great quantities including paper money, playing cards, and calendars. The magnetic compass was part of many improvements in boating and navigation. The Song dynasty had the first standing navy in world history. They built large ships over 300 feet long that had watertight compartments and onboard catapults that could toss huge rocks onto their enemies. Gunpowder had a lasting impact on warfare. The Song used gunpowder for fireworks, but also found ways to use it in battle. They developed various bombs, rockets, and fire arrows. Unfortunately for the Song, the Mongols copied their ideas and ended up using these weapons against them. The arts flourished under the Song dynasty. Poetry and literature were especially popular with the invention of moveable type and the availability of books to many people. Painting and the performing arts were also very popular. A high value was put on education and many of the nobles were very well educated. Rice and Tea It was during the Song dynasty that rice became such an important crop for the Chinese. Drought-resistant and fast-growing rice was introduced to southern China. This new rice allowed farmers to have two harvests in a single year, doubling the amount of rice they could grow. Tea became popular during this time as well due to the efforts of tea lover Emperor Huizong. He wrote the famous "Treatise on Tea" which described the tea ceremony in detail. Conquered by the Mongols The Song dynasty came to an end when they allied with the Mongols against their longtime enemies, the Jin. The Mongols helped them to conquer the Jin, but then turned on the Song. The leader of the Mongols, Kublai Khan, conquered all of China and began his own dynasty, the Yuan dynasty. Interesting Facts about the Song Dynasty The capital city of the Southern Song was Hangzhou. It was the largest city in the world at the time with a population of well over 1 million people. It was during the Song dynasty that the foot-binding among women became a widespread custom. One of the most legendary fighters and generals of Ancient China, Yue Fei, lived during this time. He was put to death by the emperor who became jealous of his following. The architecture of the Song dynasty is most famous for its tall pagodas The Yuan Dynasty The Yuan Dynasty was a period of time when China was under the rule of the Mongol Empire. The Yuan ruled China from 1279 to 1368. It was followed by the Ming Dynasty. The Chinese had fought with the Mongol tribes of the north for hundreds of years. When the Mongols united under the leadership of Genghis Khan, they swept across northern China destroying many cities along the way. The Mongols and the Chinese continued to fight for many years until Kublai Khan took control. Under Kublai Khan, the Mongols first allied with the Southern Song Chinese to defeat the Jin Chinese of the north. Then they turned on the Southern Song. Kublai eventually conquered much of China and established his own Chinese dynasty called the Yuan Dynasty. Kublai Khan took on much of the culture of the Chinese. He soon realized that, although the Mongols were great warriors, they didn't know how to run a large empire. Kublai used Chinese officials to run the government, but he kept a close eye on them, never quite trusting his former enemy. Kublai encouraged trade and communications with lands beyond China. He brought in people from all around the world. One of his famous visitors was Marco Polo from Europe. Kublai also permitted freedom of religion including Confucianism, Islam, and Buddhism. In order to keep control of his Chinese subjects, Kublai instituted social classes based on race. The Mongols made up the highest class and were always given preference over other races. Below the Mongols were the non-Chinese races such as Muslims and the Turks. At the bottom were the Chinese with the people of the Southern Song considered the lowest class. The Yuan rulers encouraged advancement in technology and transportation. They also encouraged arts such as ceramics, painting, and drama. In some ways the Mongols became more like the Chinese over time. They were a small percentage of the overall population. Many Mongols, however, attempted to retain their own culture. They continued to live in tents, drink fermented milk, and only married other Mongols. Downfall of the Yuan The Yuan Dynasty was the shortest lived of all the major Chinese Dynasties. After Kublai Khan's death, the dynasty began to weaken. The heirs of Kublai began to fight over power and the government became corrupt. Chinese rebel groups began to form to fight against the Mongol rule. In 1368, a Buddhist monk named Zhu Yuanzhang led the rebels to overthrow the Yuan. He then established the Ming Dynasty. Interesting Facts about the Yuan Dynasty The social classes were dictated by the order that people groups were conquered by the Mongols. The Southern Song Chinese were the last to be conquered, so they were at the bottom. The Yuan introduced paper money throughout all of China. The money later experienced high inflation. Today, the "yuan" is the basic unit of money in China. The capital city was Dadu. Today, the city is called Beijing and is the current capital city of China. Kublai also had a "summer" capital city in Mongolia called Shangdu. It is sometimes called Xanadu. The Ming Dynasty The Ming Dynasty is often called the last of the great Chinese dynasties. It ruled Ancient China from 1368 to 1644. It was followed by the Qing Dynasty. How did it start? Prior to the Ming Dynasty, China had been ruled by the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty was set up by the Mongols who had conquered China about 100 years earlier. Many Chinese did not like the Mongols and considered them the enemy. Finally, the Mongols were overthrown and ousted from China by a peasant uprising. The peasant uprising that removed the Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty from power was led by a man named Zhu Yuanzhang. He took control of China and named himself Emperor Hongwu. This was the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. This was an era of large civil engineering projects including: The Great Wall of China - The Great Wall was almost completely rebuilt by the Ming Dynasty. The tall and wide brick walls that are still standing today were built by the Ming.Grand Canal - The Grand Canal was rebuilt during this time. This had a significant impact on trade and helped the economy to flourish.Forbidden City - This city was the emperor's palace and was located inside the capital city of Beijing. It had almost 1000 buildings and covered over 185 acres of land. Culture and Arts Art flourished during the Ming Dynasty. This included literature, painting, music, poetry, and porcelain. Ming vases made of blue and white porcelain were prized at the time throughout the world. They are still considered quite valuable. Literature reached new heights during this era as well. Three of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese Literature were written during the Ming Dynasty. They are Outlaws of the Marsh, Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Journey to the West. The government was run by an organization called the civil service. In order to get a job with the civil service, applicants had to take difficult exams. The men with the highest scores would get the best jobs. Some men would study for years to try and pass the exams and earn one of these prestigious positions. The exams often covered a number of subjects, but a significant portion of the testing was on the teachings of Confucius. Fun facts about the Ming Dynasty The Forbidden City took 15 years and over 1 million workers to complete. Folding fans became very popular. They were brought over from Japan and Korea. Portuguese traders first arrived in China in 1517. People could only enter the Forbidden City if they had permission from the Emperor. Yingzong became emperor when he was just 8 years old. He was later captured by the Mongols. When he was released he found his brother was emperor. He would later regain his rule. When Emperor Hongwu became worried about losing his thrown, he established a secret police called the Jinyi Wei to spy on people. The Qing Dynasty The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China. The Qing ruled China from 1644 to 1912 before being overthrown by the Republic of China. It is sometimes referred to as the Manchu Dynasty. In the early 1600s, the Manchu people of northern China began to unite against the Ming Dynasty. They formed a somewhat military society and mobilized a large army. In 1644, the Manchus crossed the Great Wall and invaded China. They soon took control of the Chinese capital city, Beijing, and declared the beginning of a new dynasty called the Qing. The first Qing Emperor was a five-year-old boy who became the Shunzhi Emperor. The Manchus continued to expand and conquer more of China. In 1683, under the Kangxi Emperor, the Qing Empire included all of China. At first, the Manchu maintained order through harsh discipline. They executed anyone who was suspected of treason. Later they restored much of the Ming government including the civil service exams, but only Manchu people could hold high offices. For around 150 years, China experienced growth and peace under the rule of the Qing. The population grew to around 400 million people. Under the Qing Dynasty, China remained somewhat isolated from the outside world. They traded some items such as tea and silver, but had little else to do with foreign countries. For many years, foreign ambassadors were not even allowed to approach the Chinese capital. In order to keep out European influence, Christianity was outlawed in the 1800s. The three main philosophies followed by the Chinese during the Qing Dynasty included Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. The Qing leaders were generally strong followers of Buddhism. Art flourished under the Qing including painting, sculpture, poetry, opera, and porcelain. In society, the Manchu people were considered at the top of the social class. The majority of the people, the Han Chinese, were generally discriminated against. For example, Han Chinese and Manchu were not allowed to marry. This created discontent among the people and eventually led to the downfall of the Qing. In the 1800s, the British began selling opium in China. Many Chinese people became addicted to opium and the government soon made the drug illegal. The British, however, continued to smuggle in opium. When the Chinese government boarded British ships and dumped their opium into the ocean, a war broke out. At the time, China had a small and outdated navy. The British ships defeated the Chinese in both the First and Second Opium Wars. By the end of the Opium Wars in 1860, the British gained control of Hong Kong, Christianity was legalized, and all of China was opened to British merchants. Fall of the Qing In the early 1900s, the Qing Dynasty began to crumble. Multiple natural disasters, internal rebellions, and war with Japan all led to famine and a poor economy. Finally, in 1911, a group of revolutionaries overthrew the Qing government. The last emperor, a six-year-old boy named Puyi, officially gave up his throne in 1912 and the Republic of China took over. Interesting Facts about the Qing Dynasty The Kangxi Emperor ruled for 61 years, the longest rule of any Chinese Emperor. The Qing required that all men cut their hair in a queue hairstyle with the hair shaved off at the front of the head and the rest of the hair tied into a long ponytail. The Manchu Dynasty was briefly restored in 1917. The Boxer Rebellion of 1899 was led by a secret society of martial arts experts. The first president and founding father of the Republic of China was Sun Yat-sen	7,009	ENGLISH	1
Science fiction films were first made by a French film maker for whom the expression “Once upon a time…” was used many times. In 1902, George Méliès made what is considered the first film of this genre, which has predicted and inspired new technologies. The 14-minute long feature, The Trip to the Moon (Le voyage dans la Lune), was based on two books by writers who loved to write stories with scientific elements – From the Earth to the Moon, by Jules Verne, and The first men in the Moon, by H.G. Wells. The film tells the epic of six astronomers who build a space capsule to travel to the moon. The space capsule shoots out of a cannon and lands on the Moon; the scientists are chased by Selenites, but they are able to return to Earth. “The trip to the Moon was one of the first science fiction films,” says Ismail Xavier, a film critic and professor at the University of São Paulo’s School of Arts and Communications. “We cannot state that he was the first one to do so, because many people were producing films at the beginning of the century and we do not have all the records.” It is certain that Méliès was the first filmmaker associated with the idea of future and technology. His empathy with and desire to work with moving images were simultaneous and grew together with cinema. George Méliès (1861-1938) was a stage magician and the owner of the Robert Houdini theater in Paris, where he staged his magic tricks. At the end of 1895, he was one of the one hundred people invited by Louis and Auguste Lumière to watch the first movie session in a small room in the basement of the Grand Café, in downtown Paris. The Lumière brothers had invented the cinematograph, a machine that captured images in photograms and projected them quickly, creating the illusion of movement. Méliès realized the potential of this invention for his magic performances and unsuccessfully tried to purchase the equipment. So Méliés built his own camera and started to make films in 1896. At first, he filmed only isolated events – such as street scenes – and then showed them in his theater. Storytelling and continuity were not that important in the early stages of filmmaking, between 1895 and 1908, says Ismail Xavier. “At that time, cinema was an attraction, it was trick cinema, somewhat similar to a circus performance, where skits and situations are presented independently,” he adds. The stage designing was apparent and the effects were not subtle, and were made to be noticed. The tricks were the main attention-getter. “This was a show-off cinema, which enchanted viewers because of the technique and the new technologies. Narratives and drama only began in 1910.” The trip to the Moon was an exception in those times because it had a narrative, with many special effects and scenarios. The scene where the space capsule hits the eye of the Man in the Moon is one of the best-known images in the history of cinema. Méliès was one of the earliest filmmakers to use special effects and characterize aliens. He is said to have been the first filmmaker to use the multiple exposure of negatives to obtain “colored” films, through the process of painting the film, to create fade-in techniques (when an image appears out of a dark background) and fade-out (when the image disappears) and to produce skits and story boards, among other innovations. He built Europe’s first film studio. This pioneering spirit did not result in any financial success – Méliès was bankrupt by 1912. In 1926, Leon Druhot, the editor of a film magazine, found him selling toys in a kiosk in Paris. Leon Druhot wrote his story and some of the more than 500 films shot by Méliès were restored. In 1931, the filmmaker received France’s Legion of Honor Medal. Although this medal was no consolation prize because he died in poverty, Méliès was publicly praised by two other cinema geniuses. “I owe him everything,” said D.W. Griffith. Charlie Chaplin considered him “the alchemist of light.”Republish	<urn:uuid:e01cc641-43f3-4be6-86e0-f00f2dbd9ceb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/2009/01/01/film-showing/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00308.warc.gz	en	0.98122	892	3.34375	3	[ -0.0414271205663681, 0.2774447500705719, 0.06418794393539429, -0.5592960119247437, -0.28172194957733154, 0.38833391666412354, -0.16533681750297546, -0.026847995817661285, 0.06251417100429535, -0.09231457114219666, 0.11784554272890091, 0.11566999554634094, 0.025110147893428802, 0.2906905412...	5	Science fiction films were first made by a French film maker for whom the expression “Once upon a time…” was used many times. In 1902, George Méliès made what is considered the first film of this genre, which has predicted and inspired new technologies. The 14-minute long feature, The Trip to the Moon (Le voyage dans la Lune), was based on two books by writers who loved to write stories with scientific elements – From the Earth to the Moon, by Jules Verne, and The first men in the Moon, by H.G. Wells. The film tells the epic of six astronomers who build a space capsule to travel to the moon. The space capsule shoots out of a cannon and lands on the Moon; the scientists are chased by Selenites, but they are able to return to Earth. “The trip to the Moon was one of the first science fiction films,” says Ismail Xavier, a film critic and professor at the University of São Paulo’s School of Arts and Communications. “We cannot state that he was the first one to do so, because many people were producing films at the beginning of the century and we do not have all the records.” It is certain that Méliès was the first filmmaker associated with the idea of future and technology. His empathy with and desire to work with moving images were simultaneous and grew together with cinema. George Méliès (1861-1938) was a stage magician and the owner of the Robert Houdini theater in Paris, where he staged his magic tricks. At the end of 1895, he was one of the one hundred people invited by Louis and Auguste Lumière to watch the first movie session in a small room in the basement of the Grand Café, in downtown Paris. The Lumière brothers had invented the cinematograph, a machine that captured images in photograms and projected them quickly, creating the illusion of movement. Méliès realized the potential of this invention for his magic performances and unsuccessfully tried to purchase the equipment. So Méliés built his own camera and started to make films in 1896. At first, he filmed only isolated events – such as street scenes – and then showed them in his theater. Storytelling and continuity were not that important in the early stages of filmmaking, between 1895 and 1908, says Ismail Xavier. “At that time, cinema was an attraction, it was trick cinema, somewhat similar to a circus performance, where skits and situations are presented independently,” he adds. The stage designing was apparent and the effects were not subtle, and were made to be noticed. The tricks were the main attention-getter. “This was a show-off cinema, which enchanted viewers because of the technique and the new technologies. Narratives and drama only began in 1910.” The trip to the Moon was an exception in those times because it had a narrative, with many special effects and scenarios. The scene where the space capsule hits the eye of the Man in the Moon is one of the best-known images in the history of cinema. Méliès was one of the earliest filmmakers to use special effects and characterize aliens. He is said to have been the first filmmaker to use the multiple exposure of negatives to obtain “colored” films, through the process of painting the film, to create fade-in techniques (when an image appears out of a dark background) and fade-out (when the image disappears) and to produce skits and story boards, among other innovations. He built Europe’s first film studio. This pioneering spirit did not result in any financial success – Méliès was bankrupt by 1912. In 1926, Leon Druhot, the editor of a film magazine, found him selling toys in a kiosk in Paris. Leon Druhot wrote his story and some of the more than 500 films shot by Méliès were restored. In 1931, the filmmaker received France’s Legion of Honor Medal. Although this medal was no consolation prize because he died in poverty, Méliès was publicly praised by two other cinema geniuses. “I owe him everything,” said D.W. Griffith. Charlie Chaplin considered him “the alchemist of light.”Republish	886	ENGLISH	1
Mercury-Atlas 5 is classed as an unmanned flight, launched from Cape Canaveral on November 29th, 1961. And yes, I suppose that it was technically unmanned, because there were no men on board. But there was an astronaut, and that astronaut was male. Enos, pictured above, was the second chimpanzee to fly into space, and the first to orbit the Earth. The idea behind Enos’ trip was to stage a flight that would be as close as possible to the planned MA-6 launch, but without the less-expendable John Glenn. Enos survived his odyssey, but it was touch and go. A problem with the environmental controls made it rather warmer than planned in the capsule, and fuel consumption concerns led to the intended three orbits being curtailed at two. The World’s most traveled chimp lived for just under a year following his triumphant return to Earth, and died of dysentery on November 4th, 1962. It is not known what became of his remains. And if you still think I’m being silly, sentimental and anthropomorphic by suggesting that MA-5 should be called a manned trip, the name Enos (a biblical name, one of the grandchildren of Adam and Eve) means “man”.	<urn:uuid:b9b6e68e-0b41-4906-980c-e2a3ea935a1f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://iagout.wordpress.com/2019/11/29/november-29-mercury-atlas-5/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00113.warc.gz	en	0.98796	267	3.34375	3	[ -0.379730224609375, -0.06830281019210815, 0.32146012783050537, -0.20142054557800293, -0.44802674651145935, 0.0260739978402853, 0.4391137957572937, 0.39883413910865784, -0.009184745140373707, -0.21073324978351593, 0.23317602276802063, -0.16566579043865204, 0.08249280601739883, 0.35915526747...	3	Mercury-Atlas 5 is classed as an unmanned flight, launched from Cape Canaveral on November 29th, 1961. And yes, I suppose that it was technically unmanned, because there were no men on board. But there was an astronaut, and that astronaut was male. Enos, pictured above, was the second chimpanzee to fly into space, and the first to orbit the Earth. The idea behind Enos’ trip was to stage a flight that would be as close as possible to the planned MA-6 launch, but without the less-expendable John Glenn. Enos survived his odyssey, but it was touch and go. A problem with the environmental controls made it rather warmer than planned in the capsule, and fuel consumption concerns led to the intended three orbits being curtailed at two. The World’s most traveled chimp lived for just under a year following his triumphant return to Earth, and died of dysentery on November 4th, 1962. It is not known what became of his remains. And if you still think I’m being silly, sentimental and anthropomorphic by suggesting that MA-5 should be called a manned trip, the name Enos (a biblical name, one of the grandchildren of Adam and Eve) means “man”.	270	ENGLISH	1
This article was originally published on Oct. 23, 2019, by the Department of Defense. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the largest naval engagement of World War II. It raged in the Philippines from Oct. 23 to 26, 1944, pitting Japan against the U.S., some Australian naval assets and some Mexican air force units. Meanwhile, a parallel land battle — in which Philippine guerrillas aided U.S. forces — didn’t end until February 1945. The goal of the battle was to block Japan from its Southeast Asian sources of rubber, oil and other raw materials used for military purposes. The other goal was to retake the Philippines, which had been captured by the Japanese in 1942. Before the Japanese occupation, the Philippines was a commonwealth of the U.S.; its status was similar to that of Puerto Rico today, said Glenn F. Williams, senior historian at the Army Center of Military History, in Washington. There had been debate about invading Taiwan instead — a position favored by top Navy leadership — but Army Gen. Douglas MacArthur wanted to keep his pledge to return to the Philippines. MacArthur got his way. As a result of a series of naval battles, the Imperial Japanese Navy suffered its greatest loss of ships ever — 26 warships, including four aircraft carriers. The U.S. lost seven warships, including three aircraft carriers. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was notable for another reason. It was the first time the U.S. Navy was struck by organized kamikazes, or suicide attacks. In the end, the aims of the Battle of Leyte Gulf were achieved, but there were heavy U.S. casualties: 16,043 soldiers and 7,270 sailors were killed. The Japanese also suffered tremendous losses, with 419,912 deaths and those injured. The outcome of the battle also resulted in the U.S. maintaining undisputed command of the sea and the air until the Japanese surrendered on Sept. 2, 1945. One Japanese soldier never got the word that the war had ended. Imperial Japanese Army 2nd Lt. Hiroo Onoda had lived in the mountains of the southern Philippine island of Mindoro for three decades. His former commanding officer flew to the island from Japan to convince him that the war was over. Onoda surrendered in 1974.	<urn:uuid:70a4396e-ca73-4085-b61d-b459ffcb844a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://coffeeordie.com/wwii-battle-secure-philippines/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00529.warc.gz	en	0.982101	480	3.46875	3	[ -0.21263840794563293, 0.2999807596206665, 0.3757473826408386, -0.5294477343559265, 0.03880289942026138, -0.033838801085948944, 0.0378011018037796, 0.23718596994876862, -0.011656248942017555, -0.08561430871486664, 0.4926004707813263, -0.15422658622264862, 0.32688456773757935, 0.774111390113...	6	This article was originally published on Oct. 23, 2019, by the Department of Defense. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the largest naval engagement of World War II. It raged in the Philippines from Oct. 23 to 26, 1944, pitting Japan against the U.S., some Australian naval assets and some Mexican air force units. Meanwhile, a parallel land battle — in which Philippine guerrillas aided U.S. forces — didn’t end until February 1945. The goal of the battle was to block Japan from its Southeast Asian sources of rubber, oil and other raw materials used for military purposes. The other goal was to retake the Philippines, which had been captured by the Japanese in 1942. Before the Japanese occupation, the Philippines was a commonwealth of the U.S.; its status was similar to that of Puerto Rico today, said Glenn F. Williams, senior historian at the Army Center of Military History, in Washington. There had been debate about invading Taiwan instead — a position favored by top Navy leadership — but Army Gen. Douglas MacArthur wanted to keep his pledge to return to the Philippines. MacArthur got his way. As a result of a series of naval battles, the Imperial Japanese Navy suffered its greatest loss of ships ever — 26 warships, including four aircraft carriers. The U.S. lost seven warships, including three aircraft carriers. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was notable for another reason. It was the first time the U.S. Navy was struck by organized kamikazes, or suicide attacks. In the end, the aims of the Battle of Leyte Gulf were achieved, but there were heavy U.S. casualties: 16,043 soldiers and 7,270 sailors were killed. The Japanese also suffered tremendous losses, with 419,912 deaths and those injured. The outcome of the battle also resulted in the U.S. maintaining undisputed command of the sea and the air until the Japanese surrendered on Sept. 2, 1945. One Japanese soldier never got the word that the war had ended. Imperial Japanese Army 2nd Lt. Hiroo Onoda had lived in the mountains of the southern Philippine island of Mindoro for three decades. His former commanding officer flew to the island from Japan to convince him that the war was over. Onoda surrendered in 1974.	505	ENGLISH	1
Poll books list the men who voted in parliamentary elections and the candidates for whom they voted. This was public knowledge because men voted in public until the secret ballot was introduced in 1872. Electoral registers were introduced in 1832 and list all those people who were entitled to vote in parliamentary elections. Burgess or freemens’ rolls listed the freemen of a city or borough (considered below). The freemen were often entitled to vote for the parliamentary representatives of the borough (or city) as well as for members of the city or borough corporation. From 1889, when elected county councils were introduced, electoral registers were also prepared for those elections. England has been divided into parliamentary constituencies since medieval times. Until 1832 each English county was a constituency and returned two members to Parliament (except for Yorkshire which returned four members from 1821). Welsh counties had one MP each. Most English boroughs had two MPs, while most Welsh boroughs shared an MP with another borough. Until 1832 most boroughs were in southern England, but the Reform Act of 1832 (and later statutes) gave the new industrial towns of the north and midlands fairer representation. Most counties were divided into two or more constituencies and the number of MPs for each county was varied so as to better reflect population distribution. Further redistributions of seats took place in the late 19th and 20th centuries. Until the late 19th century, the qualification for voting in parliamentary elections was generally linked to ownership of land and only a minority of men had the right to vote. From 1429 the qualification in the counties was ownership, by men aged 21 or over, of freehold land with an annual value (that is the value to the owner if he leased it to a tenant) of 40 shillings or more. In cities and boroughs the right to vote depended on local custom. In some boroughs, all householders (known as potwallopers) had the right to vote but, in others, only a few people, perhaps freemen, had the franchise. Poll books for county and borough seats list the names of electors, their parish of residence and how they voted. Poll books may also state an elector’s exact address and (if different) the address of the property that gave him the right to vote. Within a poll book, the list of electors may be arranged by parish, ward, hundred or township. Poll books are extremely rare for the period prior to 1696, when Parliament made sheriffs responsible for recording the poll in county elections. An act of 1711 required poll books to be deposited with the Clerk of the Peace and so many poll books survive for elections after this date. In 1872 the secret ballot was introduced so that documents recording how men voted could no longer be prepared. The last general election for which true poll books exist is therefore that of 1868. Electoral registers specify entitlement to vote (you could only vote if the register included your name) and not who voted or how votes were actually cast. Electoral registers for national elections have been compiled every year since 1832 (except 1916–17 and 1940–44). The franchise for elections to Parliament was extended in 1832, 1867 and 1884. In 1832 the vote in the boroughs was given to a wider range of those men having an interest in property, including all male householders (so including tenants) of land worth at least £10 per year. In the counties the franchise was granted to the owners of property worth at least £10. This increased the electorate to almost one million men. In 1867 the electorate was increased to about 2.5 million. All male owners of real property worth £5 or more were enfranchised in the counties, together with those who occupied land and paid rent of £50 or more per year. In the boroughs, all owners of dwelling-houses and most occupiers, who paid rent of £10 or more per year, were given the vote. In 1884 the county franchise was widened (to approximately the same extent as in the boroughs), so that the majority of male householders over 21 were entitled to vote. In 1918 the franchise for men was extended to all those aged 21 normally resident in the constituency. Women did not obtain the vote in national elections until 1918, when it was limited to those over 30 who were householders, or the wives of householders. It was only in 1928 that the vote was granted to women over 21. Until 1918 electoral registers listed the names of electors, their address and the nature of their qualification to vote in the constituency (for example “freehold house and land”). Many 19th-century registers contained separate lists for property owners and occupiers, so that all sections of a register should be checked. For much of the 19th century, the registers list the names of electors in alphabetical order, but the expansion of the electorate led to more and more registers being compiled in order of electoral wards, then streets and then by house numbers. This format became standard in 1918 when entitlement to vote was extended to all men normally resident in a constituency (and qualifying property became irrelevant). Registers since 1918 are so large that it is almost essential to know your ancestors’ address in order to find them. We'd like to offer you our new 4 monthly Diamond subscription for our introductory price of only £44.95 (saving a third off the standard price of £64.95). Along with providing access to Census, BMDs, Non-Conformist Records, Wills and more, the Diamond subscription gives you access to record collections that make it easy to find so much more about your ancestors. You'll also enjoy a free 12 month subscription to Discover Your Ancestors online magazine worth £24.95, saving you a total of £44.95!Claim Offer	<urn:uuid:7b076fec-f32b-4a62-83c4-48c034259597>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thegenealogist.co.uk/electoral/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00159.warc.gz	en	0.981686	1,194	3.921875	4	[ -0.09036743640899658, 0.12326052039861679, 0.13817527890205383, 0.037634871900081635, -0.22652380168437958, 0.21886339783668518, 0.015102846547961235, -0.1298755407333374, 0.2982381284236908, 0.18872514367103577, -0.22494763135910034, -0.0944376215338707, -0.19019031524658203, 0.1848337650...	11	Poll books list the men who voted in parliamentary elections and the candidates for whom they voted. This was public knowledge because men voted in public until the secret ballot was introduced in 1872. Electoral registers were introduced in 1832 and list all those people who were entitled to vote in parliamentary elections. Burgess or freemens’ rolls listed the freemen of a city or borough (considered below). The freemen were often entitled to vote for the parliamentary representatives of the borough (or city) as well as for members of the city or borough corporation. From 1889, when elected county councils were introduced, electoral registers were also prepared for those elections. England has been divided into parliamentary constituencies since medieval times. Until 1832 each English county was a constituency and returned two members to Parliament (except for Yorkshire which returned four members from 1821). Welsh counties had one MP each. Most English boroughs had two MPs, while most Welsh boroughs shared an MP with another borough. Until 1832 most boroughs were in southern England, but the Reform Act of 1832 (and later statutes) gave the new industrial towns of the north and midlands fairer representation. Most counties were divided into two or more constituencies and the number of MPs for each county was varied so as to better reflect population distribution. Further redistributions of seats took place in the late 19th and 20th centuries. Until the late 19th century, the qualification for voting in parliamentary elections was generally linked to ownership of land and only a minority of men had the right to vote. From 1429 the qualification in the counties was ownership, by men aged 21 or over, of freehold land with an annual value (that is the value to the owner if he leased it to a tenant) of 40 shillings or more. In cities and boroughs the right to vote depended on local custom. In some boroughs, all householders (known as potwallopers) had the right to vote but, in others, only a few people, perhaps freemen, had the franchise. Poll books for county and borough seats list the names of electors, their parish of residence and how they voted. Poll books may also state an elector’s exact address and (if different) the address of the property that gave him the right to vote. Within a poll book, the list of electors may be arranged by parish, ward, hundred or township. Poll books are extremely rare for the period prior to 1696, when Parliament made sheriffs responsible for recording the poll in county elections. An act of 1711 required poll books to be deposited with the Clerk of the Peace and so many poll books survive for elections after this date. In 1872 the secret ballot was introduced so that documents recording how men voted could no longer be prepared. The last general election for which true poll books exist is therefore that of 1868. Electoral registers specify entitlement to vote (you could only vote if the register included your name) and not who voted or how votes were actually cast. Electoral registers for national elections have been compiled every year since 1832 (except 1916–17 and 1940–44). The franchise for elections to Parliament was extended in 1832, 1867 and 1884. In 1832 the vote in the boroughs was given to a wider range of those men having an interest in property, including all male householders (so including tenants) of land worth at least £10 per year. In the counties the franchise was granted to the owners of property worth at least £10. This increased the electorate to almost one million men. In 1867 the electorate was increased to about 2.5 million. All male owners of real property worth £5 or more were enfranchised in the counties, together with those who occupied land and paid rent of £50 or more per year. In the boroughs, all owners of dwelling-houses and most occupiers, who paid rent of £10 or more per year, were given the vote. In 1884 the county franchise was widened (to approximately the same extent as in the boroughs), so that the majority of male householders over 21 were entitled to vote. In 1918 the franchise for men was extended to all those aged 21 normally resident in the constituency. Women did not obtain the vote in national elections until 1918, when it was limited to those over 30 who were householders, or the wives of householders. It was only in 1928 that the vote was granted to women over 21. Until 1918 electoral registers listed the names of electors, their address and the nature of their qualification to vote in the constituency (for example “freehold house and land”). Many 19th-century registers contained separate lists for property owners and occupiers, so that all sections of a register should be checked. For much of the 19th century, the registers list the names of electors in alphabetical order, but the expansion of the electorate led to more and more registers being compiled in order of electoral wards, then streets and then by house numbers. This format became standard in 1918 when entitlement to vote was extended to all men normally resident in a constituency (and qualifying property became irrelevant). Registers since 1918 are so large that it is almost essential to know your ancestors’ address in order to find them. We'd like to offer you our new 4 monthly Diamond subscription for our introductory price of only £44.95 (saving a third off the standard price of £64.95). Along with providing access to Census, BMDs, Non-Conformist Records, Wills and more, the Diamond subscription gives you access to record collections that make it easy to find so much more about your ancestors. You'll also enjoy a free 12 month subscription to Discover Your Ancestors online magazine worth £24.95, saving you a total of £44.95!Claim Offer	1,311	ENGLISH	1
Albert of Saxony Born: 1316 in Rickensdorf, Helmstedt, Lower Saxony (now Germany) Died: 8 July 1390 in Halberstadt, Saxony (now Germany) \|Main Index\|\|Biographies index\| Albert of Saxony is known under several different names. Others versions include Albert of Helmstedt, Albert of Rickmersdorf and the nickname Albertucius, meaning 'little Albert', to distinguish him from Albert the Great. The first definite date that we know is Albert's degree of Master of Arts from the University of Paris in March 1351. This still leaves a fairly wide range of possible dates for his birth, with most scholars arguing that he must have been born between 1316 and 1320. It is fairly certain that Albert grew up in the Helmstedt district and, before studying in Paris, he visited a number of other places. It is believed that he visited Erfurt and perhaps Halberstadt and Magdeburg. He taught at Paris from 1351 to 1362 becoming rector there for a term of six months beginning in June 1353. The rector of the University of Paris was head the teaching; it was an elected position of short duration. The University at this time was divided into four Nations: the French Nation was for students from a region including France (except the North), Spain and Italy; the English Nation covered England, Scotland and Germany; the Norman Nation covered a small Norman region in the North of France; and the Piccardian Nation covered a region to the east of the Norman one. Despite being called the English Nation at this time, most of the students in this Nation were from Scotland or Germany (in fact its name was later changed to the German Nation). Albert, being born in Lower Saxony, was in the English Nation: in fact he represented the English Nation on a number of occasions between 1352 and 1362. In 1358 he led the English Nation in negotiating with the Piccardian Nation the concerning the position of the border between the two Nations. During the ten years, 1352-62, that Albert spent teaching in Paris he lectured on Aristotle's Physics and other works on natural philosophy. He was influenced by his famous colleague Jean Buridan (about 1300- after 1358). Buridan taught natural philosophy and logic at the University of Paris during the first half of Albert's time there. Albert seems to have studied theology during these years, taking courses at the Sorbonne, but never took a degree in the subject. He left Paris in November 1362 being named prebend of the cathedral in Mainz. This position gave Albert an income from the cathedral estates. While visiting Avignon in July 1363 he met with Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, and seems to have taken on a diplomatic role with the Duke as an ambassador. He was with the Duke on a visit to Prague in April and May of 1364 and in September of the same year, he went back to Avignon as Austrian ambassador to try to persuade Pope Urban V to agree to the founding of the University of Vienna. He was only partially successful in his mission for, although Pope Urban V agreed to the founding of the University, he did not agree to the founding of a Theology Faculty since this would have provided competition with the Charles University of Prague which had been founded in 1347. However, Albert did secure a papal bull to establish the faculties of Arts, Law and Medicine. The University of Vienna was founded by Rudolf IV and his two brothers on 12 March 1365 but Rudolf died a few months later in July. Albert was left to organise the setting up of the University which he did, modelling the Arts Faculty on the Paris model. He set up, like Paris, four Nations: Austria, Bohemia, Saxony and Hungary. He became the first rector of the University having won certain privileges for the staff and students such as exemption from taxes and military service. The University had its own dress code and its members were subject to University laws, rather than those of the state, which were carried out by the rector. Albert did not hold this position for very long for, on 21 October 1366, he was appointed Bishop of Halberstadt, taking up this appointment in February of the following year. By the time he left Vienna, the Arts Faculty of the University was the only Faculty which had been set up. Perhaps one might think that an appointment as Bishop of Halberstadt would mean that from then on his life was directed towards spiritual matters but, rather the contrary, it now became directed towards politics. In 1367 Albert joined Magnus the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Dietrich the Archbishop of Magdeburg, Valdemar the Prince of Anhalt, and others in a campaign against Gerhard of Berg the Bishop of Hildesheim. They were defeated in a battle at Dinklar, near Hildesheim, on 3 September 1367. After this unsuccessful military venture, Albert worked hard to form regional peace alliances. Pope Urban V died in 1370 and was succeeded by Pope Gregory XI, the last of the Avignon popes. Pope Gregory XI took vigorous measures against heresies, particularly in Germany, and he contacted the German Inquisitors in 1372 asking that they investigate a charge of determinism (a belief that man has no free will and therefore is not responsible for his actions) which had been made against Albert. No charges were brought against Albert, however, who remained as Bishop of Halberstadt until his death in 1390. The reader of this biography might well be wondering by now why Albert is included in this archive for, except for mentioning that he taught natural philosophy while in Paris, we have not mentioned any other mathematical expertise. In fact Albert was mainly a transmitter of good mathematical ideas but he did contribute a great deal of his own to these. He wrote about the ideas of Bradwardine, Ockham, Oresme and others. In all he published around 30 texts, mostly produced during his years teaching in Paris, many of these being commentaries on the works of Aristotle. The authors of write:- ... Albert was quite an independent thinker who sometimes combined the theories of his predecessors (especially those of Buridan, Oresme, and the English and Parisian masters) or chose to present problems in a didactic manner.His books on logic are his best, particularly when he examined logical paradoxes. His three main works in this area are Questiones logicales Ⓣ, Perutilis Logica Ⓣ and Sophismta Ⓣ. The Perutilis Logica Ⓣ is a logic handbook consisting of six parts: Propositions; Properties of Terms; Type of Propositions; Consequences and Syllogisms; Fallacies; and Insolubles and Obligations. Although the work shows influences from Ockham and Buridan but one must always stress that Albert was an original thinker and in many places proposes ideas which are quite different from those of either of these two scholars. Let us give one example of his contributions to paradoxes. Jean Buridan had produced a logical fallacy by producing a folio on which the only words written were "All statements on this folio are false." Many argued that the paradox was the result of self-reference but Albert showed that this was not the case. He gave the following example where there was no self-reference: "The following sentence is true. The previous sentence is false." He also states that this can easily be extended to any number of sentences. His work on natural philosophy is mostly contained in his commentaries on Aristotle's Physica, on his De Caelo, on his De generatione, on his De Anima, on his Meteora, on his Parva Naturalia, and on Sacrobosco's De Sphaera. Albert also wrote a work of his own, the Tractatus proportionum. His work on projectiles is, as all work was at that time, incorrect. Albert believed that a projectile fired horizontally will travel horizontally for a certain distance, then follow a curved path for a while, then fall vertically. During the first of these three phases the body moved by its own impetus, during the second phase gravity began to take effect, and in the final stage gravity only acted since impetus had died. This may be quite false but at least it approximates the path of a projectile more closely than do earlier theories. He was fond of making thought experiments. For example, he considered what would happen if a hole could be made though the Earth and a stone dropped down it. He concluded that the stone would pass the centre of the Earth then fall back towards the centre, continuing to oscillate about the centre in decreasing oscillations until the impetus in the stone was exhausted. While looking at his theory of projectiles, it is interesting to note that he also claimed that air could support a reasonably constructed machine in the same way as water can support a ship. Although not advocating that the Earth moved round the sun, he did at least show that the arguments that he been put forward to prove that the Earth must be stationary were fallacious. Certainly Albert believed that much could be explained by mathematics and he used his dynamical theory to attempt to explain natural phenomena such as earthquakes, tides and geology. Pierre Duhem writes :- The equilibrium of the earth and seas is the subject of a favourite theory of Albert's. The entire terrestrial element is in equilibrium when its centre of gravity coincides with the centre of the world. Moreover, the terrestrial mass has not everywhere the same density, so that its centre of gravity does not coincide with the centre of its figure. Thus the lightest part of the earth is more distant from the centre of gravity of the earth than the heaviest part. The erosion produced by rivers constantly draws terrestrial particles from the continents to the bosom of the sea. This erosion, which, by scooping out the valleys, has shaped the mountains, constantly displaces the centre of gravity of the terrestrial mass, and this mass is in motion to bring back the centre of gravity of the earth to the centre of its figure. Through this motion the submerged portions of the earth constantly push upwards the emerged parts, which are incessantly being eaten away and afterwards replaced by the submerged parts. At the beginning of the sixteenth century this theory of Albert's strongly attracted the attention of Leonardo da Vinci, and it was to confirm it that he devoted himself to numerous observations of fossils. Albert of Saxony, moreover, ascribed the precession of the equinoxes to the similar very slow movement of the terrestrial element.Albert's work on physics led him to a quite sophisticated idea of a mathematical limit. This occurs when he considered the question, which had worried scholars for centuries, of whether there is a maximum weight that Socrates can carry. He argued that for any weight less than this maximum weight, there must be a greater weight that Socrates could also carry. Finally let us note that he also wrote works on moral philosophy such as commentaries on Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and on his Oeconomica. Albert's influence on later scholars is described by Joél Biard :- Albert of Saxony's teachings on logic and metaphysics were extremely influential. Although Buridan remained the predominant figure in logic, Albert's 'Perutilis logica' was destined to serve as a popular text because of its systematic nature and also because it takes up and develops essential aspects of the Ockhamist position. But it was his commentary on Aristotle's 'Physics' that was especially widely read. Many manuscripts of it can be found in France and Italy, in Erfurt and Prague. Thanks to Albert of Saxony, many new ideas raised in Parisian physics and cosmology in the later Middle Ages became widespread in Central Europe. Article by: J J O'Connor and E F RobertsonClick on this link to see a list of the Glossary entries for this page List of References (12 books/articles) A Poster of Albert of Saxony See this mathematician on a timeline Mathematicians born in the same country Other Web sites - Dictionary of Scientific Biography - Encyclopaedia Britannica - The Catholic Encyclopedia - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy	<urn:uuid:39fbf6e2-ef5e-4f3d-a10d-6f6771ddccad>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Albert.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589861.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117152059-20200117180059-00158.warc.gz	en	0.981881	2,531	3.34375	3	[ 0.14458954334259033, 0.3575465679168701, -0.011341503821313381, -0.051500264555215836, -0.004614402074366808, -0.045825161039829254, -0.20501208305358887, 0.11484116315841675, -0.06683814525604248, -0.2059250771999359, 0.45328962802886963, -0.5743486285209656, 0.1245804876089096, -0.065932...	1	Albert of Saxony Born: 1316 in Rickensdorf, Helmstedt, Lower Saxony (now Germany) Died: 8 July 1390 in Halberstadt, Saxony (now Germany) \|Main Index\|\|Biographies index\| Albert of Saxony is known under several different names. Others versions include Albert of Helmstedt, Albert of Rickmersdorf and the nickname Albertucius, meaning 'little Albert', to distinguish him from Albert the Great. The first definite date that we know is Albert's degree of Master of Arts from the University of Paris in March 1351. This still leaves a fairly wide range of possible dates for his birth, with most scholars arguing that he must have been born between 1316 and 1320. It is fairly certain that Albert grew up in the Helmstedt district and, before studying in Paris, he visited a number of other places. It is believed that he visited Erfurt and perhaps Halberstadt and Magdeburg. He taught at Paris from 1351 to 1362 becoming rector there for a term of six months beginning in June 1353. The rector of the University of Paris was head the teaching; it was an elected position of short duration. The University at this time was divided into four Nations: the French Nation was for students from a region including France (except the North), Spain and Italy; the English Nation covered England, Scotland and Germany; the Norman Nation covered a small Norman region in the North of France; and the Piccardian Nation covered a region to the east of the Norman one. Despite being called the English Nation at this time, most of the students in this Nation were from Scotland or Germany (in fact its name was later changed to the German Nation). Albert, being born in Lower Saxony, was in the English Nation: in fact he represented the English Nation on a number of occasions between 1352 and 1362. In 1358 he led the English Nation in negotiating with the Piccardian Nation the concerning the position of the border between the two Nations. During the ten years, 1352-62, that Albert spent teaching in Paris he lectured on Aristotle's Physics and other works on natural philosophy. He was influenced by his famous colleague Jean Buridan (about 1300- after 1358). Buridan taught natural philosophy and logic at the University of Paris during the first half of Albert's time there. Albert seems to have studied theology during these years, taking courses at the Sorbonne, but never took a degree in the subject. He left Paris in November 1362 being named prebend of the cathedral in Mainz. This position gave Albert an income from the cathedral estates. While visiting Avignon in July 1363 he met with Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, and seems to have taken on a diplomatic role with the Duke as an ambassador. He was with the Duke on a visit to Prague in April and May of 1364 and in September of the same year, he went back to Avignon as Austrian ambassador to try to persuade Pope Urban V to agree to the founding of the University of Vienna. He was only partially successful in his mission for, although Pope Urban V agreed to the founding of the University, he did not agree to the founding of a Theology Faculty since this would have provided competition with the Charles University of Prague which had been founded in 1347. However, Albert did secure a papal bull to establish the faculties of Arts, Law and Medicine. The University of Vienna was founded by Rudolf IV and his two brothers on 12 March 1365 but Rudolf died a few months later in July. Albert was left to organise the setting up of the University which he did, modelling the Arts Faculty on the Paris model. He set up, like Paris, four Nations: Austria, Bohemia, Saxony and Hungary. He became the first rector of the University having won certain privileges for the staff and students such as exemption from taxes and military service. The University had its own dress code and its members were subject to University laws, rather than those of the state, which were carried out by the rector. Albert did not hold this position for very long for, on 21 October 1366, he was appointed Bishop of Halberstadt, taking up this appointment in February of the following year. By the time he left Vienna, the Arts Faculty of the University was the only Faculty which had been set up. Perhaps one might think that an appointment as Bishop of Halberstadt would mean that from then on his life was directed towards spiritual matters but, rather the contrary, it now became directed towards politics. In 1367 Albert joined Magnus the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Dietrich the Archbishop of Magdeburg, Valdemar the Prince of Anhalt, and others in a campaign against Gerhard of Berg the Bishop of Hildesheim. They were defeated in a battle at Dinklar, near Hildesheim, on 3 September 1367. After this unsuccessful military venture, Albert worked hard to form regional peace alliances. Pope Urban V died in 1370 and was succeeded by Pope Gregory XI, the last of the Avignon popes. Pope Gregory XI took vigorous measures against heresies, particularly in Germany, and he contacted the German Inquisitors in 1372 asking that they investigate a charge of determinism (a belief that man has no free will and therefore is not responsible for his actions) which had been made against Albert. No charges were brought against Albert, however, who remained as Bishop of Halberstadt until his death in 1390. The reader of this biography might well be wondering by now why Albert is included in this archive for, except for mentioning that he taught natural philosophy while in Paris, we have not mentioned any other mathematical expertise. In fact Albert was mainly a transmitter of good mathematical ideas but he did contribute a great deal of his own to these. He wrote about the ideas of Bradwardine, Ockham, Oresme and others. In all he published around 30 texts, mostly produced during his years teaching in Paris, many of these being commentaries on the works of Aristotle. The authors of write:- ... Albert was quite an independent thinker who sometimes combined the theories of his predecessors (especially those of Buridan, Oresme, and the English and Parisian masters) or chose to present problems in a didactic manner.His books on logic are his best, particularly when he examined logical paradoxes. His three main works in this area are Questiones logicales Ⓣ, Perutilis Logica Ⓣ and Sophismta Ⓣ. The Perutilis Logica Ⓣ is a logic handbook consisting of six parts: Propositions; Properties of Terms; Type of Propositions; Consequences and Syllogisms; Fallacies; and Insolubles and Obligations. Although the work shows influences from Ockham and Buridan but one must always stress that Albert was an original thinker and in many places proposes ideas which are quite different from those of either of these two scholars. Let us give one example of his contributions to paradoxes. Jean Buridan had produced a logical fallacy by producing a folio on which the only words written were "All statements on this folio are false." Many argued that the paradox was the result of self-reference but Albert showed that this was not the case. He gave the following example where there was no self-reference: "The following sentence is true. The previous sentence is false." He also states that this can easily be extended to any number of sentences. His work on natural philosophy is mostly contained in his commentaries on Aristotle's Physica, on his De Caelo, on his De generatione, on his De Anima, on his Meteora, on his Parva Naturalia, and on Sacrobosco's De Sphaera. Albert also wrote a work of his own, the Tractatus proportionum. His work on projectiles is, as all work was at that time, incorrect. Albert believed that a projectile fired horizontally will travel horizontally for a certain distance, then follow a curved path for a while, then fall vertically. During the first of these three phases the body moved by its own impetus, during the second phase gravity began to take effect, and in the final stage gravity only acted since impetus had died. This may be quite false but at least it approximates the path of a projectile more closely than do earlier theories. He was fond of making thought experiments. For example, he considered what would happen if a hole could be made though the Earth and a stone dropped down it. He concluded that the stone would pass the centre of the Earth then fall back towards the centre, continuing to oscillate about the centre in decreasing oscillations until the impetus in the stone was exhausted. While looking at his theory of projectiles, it is interesting to note that he also claimed that air could support a reasonably constructed machine in the same way as water can support a ship. Although not advocating that the Earth moved round the sun, he did at least show that the arguments that he been put forward to prove that the Earth must be stationary were fallacious. Certainly Albert believed that much could be explained by mathematics and he used his dynamical theory to attempt to explain natural phenomena such as earthquakes, tides and geology. Pierre Duhem writes :- The equilibrium of the earth and seas is the subject of a favourite theory of Albert's. The entire terrestrial element is in equilibrium when its centre of gravity coincides with the centre of the world. Moreover, the terrestrial mass has not everywhere the same density, so that its centre of gravity does not coincide with the centre of its figure. Thus the lightest part of the earth is more distant from the centre of gravity of the earth than the heaviest part. The erosion produced by rivers constantly draws terrestrial particles from the continents to the bosom of the sea. This erosion, which, by scooping out the valleys, has shaped the mountains, constantly displaces the centre of gravity of the terrestrial mass, and this mass is in motion to bring back the centre of gravity of the earth to the centre of its figure. Through this motion the submerged portions of the earth constantly push upwards the emerged parts, which are incessantly being eaten away and afterwards replaced by the submerged parts. At the beginning of the sixteenth century this theory of Albert's strongly attracted the attention of Leonardo da Vinci, and it was to confirm it that he devoted himself to numerous observations of fossils. Albert of Saxony, moreover, ascribed the precession of the equinoxes to the similar very slow movement of the terrestrial element.Albert's work on physics led him to a quite sophisticated idea of a mathematical limit. This occurs when he considered the question, which had worried scholars for centuries, of whether there is a maximum weight that Socrates can carry. He argued that for any weight less than this maximum weight, there must be a greater weight that Socrates could also carry. Finally let us note that he also wrote works on moral philosophy such as commentaries on Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and on his Oeconomica. Albert's influence on later scholars is described by Joél Biard :- Albert of Saxony's teachings on logic and metaphysics were extremely influential. Although Buridan remained the predominant figure in logic, Albert's 'Perutilis logica' was destined to serve as a popular text because of its systematic nature and also because it takes up and develops essential aspects of the Ockhamist position. But it was his commentary on Aristotle's 'Physics' that was especially widely read. Many manuscripts of it can be found in France and Italy, in Erfurt and Prague. Thanks to Albert of Saxony, many new ideas raised in Parisian physics and cosmology in the later Middle Ages became widespread in Central Europe. Article by: J J O'Connor and E F RobertsonClick on this link to see a list of the Glossary entries for this page List of References (12 books/articles) A Poster of Albert of Saxony See this mathematician on a timeline Mathematicians born in the same country Other Web sites - Dictionary of Scientific Biography - Encyclopaedia Britannica - The Catholic Encyclopedia - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy	2,595	ENGLISH	1
This is the description that my students have done for you to draw your pictures: Our character is special because it mixes reality with legend. We will start with his description: He was a brave and warrior man. He used to wear a beard like most of the men of his time. He is always pictured with an armor, a cape and his sword and helmet. His two most precious assets were his sword and his horse to which he even gave a proper name. But he wasn´t only a warrior; he also was a family man with a wife and children. He comes from the northeast of Castile, a Spanish region and he is mainly known for his warrior exploits. Despite being considered a hero, he did not always have it easy. We hope to be helpful with this description to elaborate your drawings. Now you can find out: 1.- The name of his sword and horse. 2.- The name he was given as a national hero and its meaning. 3.- Something about him that it is part of the Legend. There was a man who had a son and a cow. The cow was very beautiful and the son a bit silly. The father sent him to sell the cow one day, because they needed the money. Juan, who was called his son, was very sorry, because he was very fond of the animal, but he had no choice but to obey. When they passed a mountain, thieves came out and stole the cow. But he followed them and saw them … Here goes the beginnig of a traditional tale of our region. It was written by a famous still alive writer from our region , Luis Mateo Díez.who loves writing rural stories. Now it is your turn… What will it happen next? Perhaps you can make a comic with the story. We send you some pictures (click on the following link) WARNING: THE REST OF THE POST IS ONLY FOR TEACHERS!!!! …enter the house where they lived. He returned to his home and his father asked: – Why did you come back so soon? Have you already sold the cow? – No, father, they stole it from me. – How can you be so silly! – Do not worry, father, we will get paid . – What are you going to do?! said the father very angry. Then John disguised himself as a maiden and went to the house of the thieves. He asked if they needed a maid and they said yes, so that he stayed to serve them. At night the captain called her to her room and told her to sleep with him. He ordered the other thieves not to disturb whatever they Heard. When the captain turned off the light Juan pulled out a whip that he had under his dress and began to whip the captain and in spite of his shouts, nobody came to help him. When the captain was already unable to move, Juan took all the money that he found there and escaped through a window, telling him: – Do not forget that I am “Juan of the cow”. When he got home, he told his father: – Here you have, father, I’ve already get paid for the cow but I still have to make more money out of it. He sent for a doctor’s suit, and so dressed he approached the thieves home.They were looking precisely for a doctor, since they saw his captain in such a bad condition. So, they asked him to come in.The doctor entered, observed the captain and said: – This man seems to have been strongly beaten. – Yes sir! said the thieves. What a wise doctor! Then the doctor sent each of the thieves to look for something different.One was sent for bandages, another for alcohol, another for cotton, another for an ointment and so on until there was none left in the house.Then he went alone to the sick man, took off his belt and lifting it in the air he said: – I’m Juan of the cow! I am Juan of the cow! When he got tired of whipping him, he filled a few bags with money and left. The next day Juan dressed as a priest. As the captain had stayed was seriously hurt the thieves were at the door in case a priest passed by, and as soon as they saw him coming, they asked him to come in to assist a dying man. Juan went up to see the patient and said: – Goodness gracious! This man is going to die! Quickly, go to town and bring me my grail, my clothes, the hyssop (they are all items priests use for their practises). So he sent all of them for something until there was no thief left in the house.Then again he went to the captain, who just realized who he was and shouted: – No, please, not again Juan of the cow! Take all the money that you want, but don’t give me any more straps! Look, there is the box. Take everything ,whatever you want. Juan took all the money, except for three pesetas for them to eat that day; but still before he left he gave the captain a pair of whips more. When he got home and gave his father all the money, he said: – Man, you’re not as dumb as I thought. Nevertheless Juan was worried, because he knew that from one moment to another the thieves would take revenge. Therefore, since then, he always by the chimney with a cauldron of fish, for what might happen. One night he felt steps on the roof and thought: – They are there! He heard one telling the others: – Get me down with a rope little by little. Then Juan stoked the fire and the thief coming down put his feet in the cauldron and it burnt. He shouted: – Up up, please! Quickly! – What’s wrong? -the others asked. – Nothing, … it is very dark and I was scared. –What a thief you are! – laughed the others and another one started down by the rope. When he reached the cauldron, he also burnt his feet and shouted: – Up up! – What’s wrong? – Nothing, … it is only that there are many mosquitoes and I hate them. – What a thief you are! said the captain this time.I will go down and, even if I say “up, up”, you lower me more. The captain started down the rope and immediately shouted: – Up, up, “Juan of the cow” is here ! But the others obeyed him and they continued lowering him down until the captain fell the hole of himself in the boiling fish. And here ends the story of “John of the cow “ who was not as dumb as he seemed. Written by Luis Mateo Díez and translated by Mª Soledad González. During two weeks we have been learning that our body is made up of tiny cells that working together in order to form tissues, organs, systems and finally organisms. We know all the systems that form our body, we have studied them, we have learned how to make our summaries and everything working in cooperative teams. We have drawn these systems on sugar paper to show them to our classmates and as our school is bilingual we have decided to join our mother tongue with english. In this way we all learn from each other. We spend many hours together and we enjoy great moments togheter but sometimes we don’t know the partner’s hobbies very well, their preferences, where they live or what they usually do during the weekend. We have encouraged ourselves to write in english about our favourite foods , sports and activities that we do outside and inside the school. We tell our classmates about it and we will learn how to express ourselves in English. At the end we all got a big round of applause. Kahoot has become a great tool for the school. With it we not only evaluate the contents that our children are acquiring, also we are introducing the use of technology in the classroom. They love it and we love to see them enjoying. The ’80s, the ’20s… all the decades have been interesting for some reason. The children investigate what was done at that time, the clothes they wore, the food, the habits, the routines, the music, what they saw on TV…if there was TV at that time, of course. Each student choose the most interesting decade to him or her. Researches and even disguises himself or herself. Then they exposes it to their classmates and we spend a good time togheter. Today, the fifth grade students have had a great class, they have enjoyed a lot. By groups, they have represented different maps: political, physical… using pieces of the lego classroom. We really want to show you the great work they have done! We started the lesson listening to BONES SONG. As we have listened to it several times, some students do not pay much attention. So, we opened the book, and we began to read: Joints make the skeleton flexible. Joints help us move. “Does anyone know what JOINTS means.” (I write the word on the board). “We’re going to listen to the song again, and when the word JOINTS appears, you tell me.” Now, everyone listens carefully, and we realize when the word appears: The place where my bones meet is called a joint. Now we can perfectly understand the sentence Joints make the skeleton flexible. Joints help us move. Then we made the following comparison: “What’s the difference between Geyperman and this playmobil?For example, Geyperman can scratch his head. Can a playmobil scratch his head?” A student answers: – “No, he can´t. Playmobil can’t move and Geyperman can move.” – “Why can Geyperman move?“ -” Because he is flexible.“ -“Why is he flexible?” -“ Because he has … (the student pauses for a few second, has a look at the word I wrote on the board and finishes the sentence) … JOINTS.” Who do you admire? You can admire to your brother, to your father, your favourite singer… Come and tell us about it! Stick one picture and explain to the whole class who is, maybe some of them will be able to guess it before you finish it. When we say WOLF the first words that come to our mind are…LONELY, HUNGRY, WILD,TAIL , GRAY, FIERCE, FEAR ,SCARE But today we had a wonderful book about a rabbit who runs fast to the deer´s house because the wolf is coming; the deer opens the door fast and shakes hands with the rabbit. The same happens with piglet and little bear. Finally the wolf arrives to his happy surprise … If you want to know more about the end, read it, you will not regret it! Then we create puppets to tell the story to our friends and family . (We have read it in spanish , but you can find it in all the languages)	<urn:uuid:1d0af5f2-f8e2-4af4-88b3-c2deb52982ce>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://yourfuntasticworld.wordpress.com/category/english/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00509.warc.gz	en	0.982623	2,408	3.4375	3	[ -0.3194662928581238, 0.24929410219192505, 0.1558873951435089, 0.2086321860551834, -0.3788392245769501, -0.3567371964454651, 0.38206395506858826, 0.4121606647968292, 0.04292258620262146, 0.16425561904907227, 0.06383568048477173, -0.24791064858436584, -0.03709275275468826, 0.0803386121988296...	1	This is the description that my students have done for you to draw your pictures: Our character is special because it mixes reality with legend. We will start with his description: He was a brave and warrior man. He used to wear a beard like most of the men of his time. He is always pictured with an armor, a cape and his sword and helmet. His two most precious assets were his sword and his horse to which he even gave a proper name. But he wasn´t only a warrior; he also was a family man with a wife and children. He comes from the northeast of Castile, a Spanish region and he is mainly known for his warrior exploits. Despite being considered a hero, he did not always have it easy. We hope to be helpful with this description to elaborate your drawings. Now you can find out: 1.- The name of his sword and horse. 2.- The name he was given as a national hero and its meaning. 3.- Something about him that it is part of the Legend. There was a man who had a son and a cow. The cow was very beautiful and the son a bit silly. The father sent him to sell the cow one day, because they needed the money. Juan, who was called his son, was very sorry, because he was very fond of the animal, but he had no choice but to obey. When they passed a mountain, thieves came out and stole the cow. But he followed them and saw them … Here goes the beginnig of a traditional tale of our region. It was written by a famous still alive writer from our region , Luis Mateo Díez.who loves writing rural stories. Now it is your turn… What will it happen next? Perhaps you can make a comic with the story. We send you some pictures (click on the following link) WARNING: THE REST OF THE POST IS ONLY FOR TEACHERS!!!! …enter the house where they lived. He returned to his home and his father asked: – Why did you come back so soon? Have you already sold the cow? – No, father, they stole it from me. – How can you be so silly! – Do not worry, father, we will get paid . – What are you going to do?! said the father very angry. Then John disguised himself as a maiden and went to the house of the thieves. He asked if they needed a maid and they said yes, so that he stayed to serve them. At night the captain called her to her room and told her to sleep with him. He ordered the other thieves not to disturb whatever they Heard. When the captain turned off the light Juan pulled out a whip that he had under his dress and began to whip the captain and in spite of his shouts, nobody came to help him. When the captain was already unable to move, Juan took all the money that he found there and escaped through a window, telling him: – Do not forget that I am “Juan of the cow”. When he got home, he told his father: – Here you have, father, I’ve already get paid for the cow but I still have to make more money out of it. He sent for a doctor’s suit, and so dressed he approached the thieves home.They were looking precisely for a doctor, since they saw his captain in such a bad condition. So, they asked him to come in.The doctor entered, observed the captain and said: – This man seems to have been strongly beaten. – Yes sir! said the thieves. What a wise doctor! Then the doctor sent each of the thieves to look for something different.One was sent for bandages, another for alcohol, another for cotton, another for an ointment and so on until there was none left in the house.Then he went alone to the sick man, took off his belt and lifting it in the air he said: – I’m Juan of the cow! I am Juan of the cow! When he got tired of whipping him, he filled a few bags with money and left. The next day Juan dressed as a priest. As the captain had stayed was seriously hurt the thieves were at the door in case a priest passed by, and as soon as they saw him coming, they asked him to come in to assist a dying man. Juan went up to see the patient and said: – Goodness gracious! This man is going to die! Quickly, go to town and bring me my grail, my clothes, the hyssop (they are all items priests use for their practises). So he sent all of them for something until there was no thief left in the house.Then again he went to the captain, who just realized who he was and shouted: – No, please, not again Juan of the cow! Take all the money that you want, but don’t give me any more straps! Look, there is the box. Take everything ,whatever you want. Juan took all the money, except for three pesetas for them to eat that day; but still before he left he gave the captain a pair of whips more. When he got home and gave his father all the money, he said: – Man, you’re not as dumb as I thought. Nevertheless Juan was worried, because he knew that from one moment to another the thieves would take revenge. Therefore, since then, he always by the chimney with a cauldron of fish, for what might happen. One night he felt steps on the roof and thought: – They are there! He heard one telling the others: – Get me down with a rope little by little. Then Juan stoked the fire and the thief coming down put his feet in the cauldron and it burnt. He shouted: – Up up, please! Quickly! – What’s wrong? -the others asked. – Nothing, … it is very dark and I was scared. –What a thief you are! – laughed the others and another one started down by the rope. When he reached the cauldron, he also burnt his feet and shouted: – Up up! – What’s wrong? – Nothing, … it is only that there are many mosquitoes and I hate them. – What a thief you are! said the captain this time.I will go down and, even if I say “up, up”, you lower me more. The captain started down the rope and immediately shouted: – Up, up, “Juan of the cow” is here ! But the others obeyed him and they continued lowering him down until the captain fell the hole of himself in the boiling fish. And here ends the story of “John of the cow “ who was not as dumb as he seemed. Written by Luis Mateo Díez and translated by Mª Soledad González. During two weeks we have been learning that our body is made up of tiny cells that working together in order to form tissues, organs, systems and finally organisms. We know all the systems that form our body, we have studied them, we have learned how to make our summaries and everything working in cooperative teams. We have drawn these systems on sugar paper to show them to our classmates and as our school is bilingual we have decided to join our mother tongue with english. In this way we all learn from each other. We spend many hours together and we enjoy great moments togheter but sometimes we don’t know the partner’s hobbies very well, their preferences, where they live or what they usually do during the weekend. We have encouraged ourselves to write in english about our favourite foods , sports and activities that we do outside and inside the school. We tell our classmates about it and we will learn how to express ourselves in English. At the end we all got a big round of applause. Kahoot has become a great tool for the school. With it we not only evaluate the contents that our children are acquiring, also we are introducing the use of technology in the classroom. They love it and we love to see them enjoying. The ’80s, the ’20s… all the decades have been interesting for some reason. The children investigate what was done at that time, the clothes they wore, the food, the habits, the routines, the music, what they saw on TV…if there was TV at that time, of course. Each student choose the most interesting decade to him or her. Researches and even disguises himself or herself. Then they exposes it to their classmates and we spend a good time togheter. Today, the fifth grade students have had a great class, they have enjoyed a lot. By groups, they have represented different maps: political, physical… using pieces of the lego classroom. We really want to show you the great work they have done! We started the lesson listening to BONES SONG. As we have listened to it several times, some students do not pay much attention. So, we opened the book, and we began to read: Joints make the skeleton flexible. Joints help us move. “Does anyone know what JOINTS means.” (I write the word on the board). “We’re going to listen to the song again, and when the word JOINTS appears, you tell me.” Now, everyone listens carefully, and we realize when the word appears: The place where my bones meet is called a joint. Now we can perfectly understand the sentence Joints make the skeleton flexible. Joints help us move. Then we made the following comparison: “What’s the difference between Geyperman and this playmobil?For example, Geyperman can scratch his head. Can a playmobil scratch his head?” A student answers: – “No, he can´t. Playmobil can’t move and Geyperman can move.” – “Why can Geyperman move?“ -” Because he is flexible.“ -“Why is he flexible?” -“ Because he has … (the student pauses for a few second, has a look at the word I wrote on the board and finishes the sentence) … JOINTS.” Who do you admire? You can admire to your brother, to your father, your favourite singer… Come and tell us about it! Stick one picture and explain to the whole class who is, maybe some of them will be able to guess it before you finish it. When we say WOLF the first words that come to our mind are…LONELY, HUNGRY, WILD,TAIL , GRAY, FIERCE, FEAR ,SCARE But today we had a wonderful book about a rabbit who runs fast to the deer´s house because the wolf is coming; the deer opens the door fast and shakes hands with the rabbit. The same happens with piglet and little bear. Finally the wolf arrives to his happy surprise … If you want to know more about the end, read it, you will not regret it! Then we create puppets to tell the story to our friends and family . (We have read it in spanish , but you can find it in all the languages)	2,266	ENGLISH	1
Thanks to its varied geography and hundreds of miles of coastline, Scotland produces some of the finest venison, beef, lamb, salmon, langoustine and other sea-foods available. During its long history, Scotland’s food has been influenced by internal factors such as policies on land ownership or famine and by external influences such as close contact with other cultures. There is good historical evidence for the eating habits of Scotland’s people, rich and poor, and thanks to excavations carried out by archaeologists from throughout the world, we even have a clear picture of the food choices of the people who inhabited the land several thousand years ago. Eating Habits in Ancient Scotland As the ice age receded, the first hunter-gatherers came to Scotland. They hunted deer from the land and seals from the sea. They also used various indigenous plants to supplement their diets. Around 2000 years after the first inhabitants of Scotland arrived, farming was established and the people began to raise sheep and cattle and to grow wheat and barley. Archaeological evidence from neolithic middens (rubbish heaps) shows that the people also ate fruits and nuts and along the coast line there are shell middens which provide proof that they also enjoyed scallops and other shellfish. Food in Early Scotland At the time of the Picts, the upper classes enjoyed hunting during the day and feasting by night. This typically consisted of an array of meats including wild boar and venison. Vegetables eaten around this time include kale, cabbage, beans, turnips, carrots and plants such as wild garlic were frequently used to add flavor. Although relatively little is known for certain about the Picts, it is considered likely that the poorer people ate meat from domesticated animals such as cows and used milk in their diets. During the late ninth century, the Kingdom of Scotland was formed as the Pictland merged with the Gaelic kingdom of Dal Riata. Recent incursions by Scandinavians had seen the establishment of Viking settlements and it is believed that the Norsemen introduced the Aberdeen Angus variety of cattle with them. The Vikings also introduced the idea of smoking food and this is still commonly done in Scotland where one of the most popular traditional foods is Arbroath Smokies (smoked haddock). Ordinary folk in medieval Scotland did not enjoy a great deal of variety in their diets. Common foods included oat breads, porridge, stews and thick soups called pottage. Those who lived close to the sea also had fish in their diets. Honey was used to sweeten food and some people kept cows for milk and chickens for eggs. Vegetables such as kale, beans, peas and onions were commonly used. Nuts, fruit and berries gathered from the woods supplemented the diet of poor people but a poor harvest or bad winter often meant starvation. By contrast, wealthy Scots enjoyed a rich and varied diet. The landowning classes were able to enjoy the game which they hunted on their estates and only the wealthy were allowed to enjoy the fish caught in their rivers. A medieval banquet might include wild boar, venison, rabbit, grouse and other game birds, fish and foods which are no longer eaten today such as peacock and swan. They also enjoyed an array of fruits which were often made into fritters. At this time, pepper and spices which had first been brought to the country by returning Crusaders were available to the wealthy and salt was seen as a status symbol as it was so expensive to buy. Throughout the medieval period, trade between Scotland and other European countries, particularly France flourished and this had an influence on the types of food eaten. Records of a banquet held at the court of King James IV show the extent of feasting with dozens of deer, boar, piglets and other delicacies on the menu alongside Florentine pie which was made from oysters, rabbit and other meats encased in pastry. It was during the late medieval period that records of Scotland’s national dish,haggis are found for the first time. It is thought to have originated out of necessity as people were mobile and needed to carry food with them. Just as people carried oatmeal with them to make porridge or oatcakes they began to carry a small amount of offal with them in a bag made out of a sheep’s stomach. It is possible that this practice originated in Scandinavia and was brought to Scotland by the Vikings. The Advent of the Potato The potato first arrived in Scotland in the late sixteenth century and quickly became a staple in the diet of its people. The reliance on the potato as a source of food amongst the lower classes of Scotland ultimately led to tragedy. The Highland Potato Famine in the 1840s was caused by a Europe-wide potato blight. As a result of starvation, many died while 1.7 millions Scots were compelled to leave their homeland to seek a better life in the USA, Canada or Australia. Some landowners forced their tenants onto ships and transported them to Canada where they had to start over. By 1857, the famine was over and crops of potatoes became abundant again. They have formed an important part of the Scottish diet ever since and can be found in traditional dishes such as haggis, neeps and tatties, steak pie and mash, mince and tatties, potato scones and Cullen Skink (a smoked haddock soup). The consequences of the potato famine highlight the effect that food can have on a country’s history. Although there were other socio-economic factors involved in the depletion of the Scottish population during the 18th and 19th centuries, the potato famine played a large part. Scottish Food Today Thanks to the Scottish pioneers of the deep-fried Mars Bar, there is a perception that all that is eaten in Scotland is fried food. Whilst it is true that Scotland has numerous fish and chip shops, many of which were started by Italian families who came to the country during the 20th century, modern Scottish cuisine has much more to offer. There are many fine restaurants which make use of local produce to create Michelin worthy dishes. International cuisines, particularly Chinese and Indian are also extremely popular in Scotland. Many traditional foods are still enjoyed by Scots. On 25th January each year, Scotland commemorates its greatest poet, Robert Burns in a celebration where haggis is served. Other occasions when traditional foods such as haggis, venison pie or stovies are made by many households are for St Andrew’s Day (30th November) and for New Year. Scots have long had a sweet tooth and traditional desserts include burnt cream, clootie dumpling, marmalade pudding and raspberry cranachan, which is made using cream, honey, oatmeal and fresh raspberries.	<urn:uuid:5976f532-2e25-4d9c-9c90-7313921bb162>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://celticlifeintl.com/history-of-scottish-cuisine/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00187.warc.gz	en	0.985003	1,393	3.484375	3	[ -0.1808413863182068, 0.14786729216575623, 0.19604718685150146, -0.1564520299434662, 0.42304253578186035, -0.41992512345314026, -0.11252166330814362, -0.14011266827583313, -0.33477747440338135, -0.024146564304828644, 0.03773795813322067, -0.983160138130188, 0.1292993128299713, -0.0109911179...	1	Thanks to its varied geography and hundreds of miles of coastline, Scotland produces some of the finest venison, beef, lamb, salmon, langoustine and other sea-foods available. During its long history, Scotland’s food has been influenced by internal factors such as policies on land ownership or famine and by external influences such as close contact with other cultures. There is good historical evidence for the eating habits of Scotland’s people, rich and poor, and thanks to excavations carried out by archaeologists from throughout the world, we even have a clear picture of the food choices of the people who inhabited the land several thousand years ago. Eating Habits in Ancient Scotland As the ice age receded, the first hunter-gatherers came to Scotland. They hunted deer from the land and seals from the sea. They also used various indigenous plants to supplement their diets. Around 2000 years after the first inhabitants of Scotland arrived, farming was established and the people began to raise sheep and cattle and to grow wheat and barley. Archaeological evidence from neolithic middens (rubbish heaps) shows that the people also ate fruits and nuts and along the coast line there are shell middens which provide proof that they also enjoyed scallops and other shellfish. Food in Early Scotland At the time of the Picts, the upper classes enjoyed hunting during the day and feasting by night. This typically consisted of an array of meats including wild boar and venison. Vegetables eaten around this time include kale, cabbage, beans, turnips, carrots and plants such as wild garlic were frequently used to add flavor. Although relatively little is known for certain about the Picts, it is considered likely that the poorer people ate meat from domesticated animals such as cows and used milk in their diets. During the late ninth century, the Kingdom of Scotland was formed as the Pictland merged with the Gaelic kingdom of Dal Riata. Recent incursions by Scandinavians had seen the establishment of Viking settlements and it is believed that the Norsemen introduced the Aberdeen Angus variety of cattle with them. The Vikings also introduced the idea of smoking food and this is still commonly done in Scotland where one of the most popular traditional foods is Arbroath Smokies (smoked haddock). Ordinary folk in medieval Scotland did not enjoy a great deal of variety in their diets. Common foods included oat breads, porridge, stews and thick soups called pottage. Those who lived close to the sea also had fish in their diets. Honey was used to sweeten food and some people kept cows for milk and chickens for eggs. Vegetables such as kale, beans, peas and onions were commonly used. Nuts, fruit and berries gathered from the woods supplemented the diet of poor people but a poor harvest or bad winter often meant starvation. By contrast, wealthy Scots enjoyed a rich and varied diet. The landowning classes were able to enjoy the game which they hunted on their estates and only the wealthy were allowed to enjoy the fish caught in their rivers. A medieval banquet might include wild boar, venison, rabbit, grouse and other game birds, fish and foods which are no longer eaten today such as peacock and swan. They also enjoyed an array of fruits which were often made into fritters. At this time, pepper and spices which had first been brought to the country by returning Crusaders were available to the wealthy and salt was seen as a status symbol as it was so expensive to buy. Throughout the medieval period, trade between Scotland and other European countries, particularly France flourished and this had an influence on the types of food eaten. Records of a banquet held at the court of King James IV show the extent of feasting with dozens of deer, boar, piglets and other delicacies on the menu alongside Florentine pie which was made from oysters, rabbit and other meats encased in pastry. It was during the late medieval period that records of Scotland’s national dish,haggis are found for the first time. It is thought to have originated out of necessity as people were mobile and needed to carry food with them. Just as people carried oatmeal with them to make porridge or oatcakes they began to carry a small amount of offal with them in a bag made out of a sheep’s stomach. It is possible that this practice originated in Scandinavia and was brought to Scotland by the Vikings. The Advent of the Potato The potato first arrived in Scotland in the late sixteenth century and quickly became a staple in the diet of its people. The reliance on the potato as a source of food amongst the lower classes of Scotland ultimately led to tragedy. The Highland Potato Famine in the 1840s was caused by a Europe-wide potato blight. As a result of starvation, many died while 1.7 millions Scots were compelled to leave their homeland to seek a better life in the USA, Canada or Australia. Some landowners forced their tenants onto ships and transported them to Canada where they had to start over. By 1857, the famine was over and crops of potatoes became abundant again. They have formed an important part of the Scottish diet ever since and can be found in traditional dishes such as haggis, neeps and tatties, steak pie and mash, mince and tatties, potato scones and Cullen Skink (a smoked haddock soup). The consequences of the potato famine highlight the effect that food can have on a country’s history. Although there were other socio-economic factors involved in the depletion of the Scottish population during the 18th and 19th centuries, the potato famine played a large part. Scottish Food Today Thanks to the Scottish pioneers of the deep-fried Mars Bar, there is a perception that all that is eaten in Scotland is fried food. Whilst it is true that Scotland has numerous fish and chip shops, many of which were started by Italian families who came to the country during the 20th century, modern Scottish cuisine has much more to offer. There are many fine restaurants which make use of local produce to create Michelin worthy dishes. International cuisines, particularly Chinese and Indian are also extremely popular in Scotland. Many traditional foods are still enjoyed by Scots. On 25th January each year, Scotland commemorates its greatest poet, Robert Burns in a celebration where haggis is served. Other occasions when traditional foods such as haggis, venison pie or stovies are made by many households are for St Andrew’s Day (30th November) and for New Year. Scots have long had a sweet tooth and traditional desserts include burnt cream, clootie dumpling, marmalade pudding and raspberry cranachan, which is made using cream, honey, oatmeal and fresh raspberries.	1,392	ENGLISH	1
The Impact of the First World War Official publications supported the war effort in various ways. This book (Warwickshire County Record Office reference CR 1520, box 62) demonstrates the roles that women were filling in order to release men to fight on the front line. There is a list of occupations ‘in which Women are successfully employed in temporary replacement of Men’. Some of the work was in occupations already employing many women during the 19th century: for example the textile industries. Many, however, were jobs that had been a male preserve up until that time. These included heavy and skilled work – such as stoking and welding. Women Working In a Man’s World The striking thing about these photographs is the inappropriate nature of the women’s clothing. Very few of the women were wearing trousers: almost all had long skirts that must have been an accident waiting to happen whilst working with machinery. Overall the photographs vividly demonstrate the wide range of work that women were undertaking by 1916, and they were labouring in a way that would have been unthinkable a couple of years earlier. What Happened After the War Returning troops wanted to return to work and women, by and large, were willing to return to a domestic role. There was not enough work to go round, even for the men, and the world was shortly to be plunged into a serious depression. However the genie was out of the bottle, and could not be forced back in. The fact that women had proved themselves in the world of work could not be denied. The movement towards equal opportunity in employment was slow (and still has a long way to go) but it was kick-started by the hard graft of women who demonstrated their abilities during the First World War. The other important outcome was votes for women, and before the war the suffragettes had fought bravely to establish their right to vote. The successful participation of women in such a wide range of occupations, and the fact that they headed up households whilst men were fighting abroad, meant that it became impossible to argue against giving them the vote. Even so, it took until 1918 for women over the age of 30 to be allowed to vote, while women over 21 were granted this right in 1928.	<urn:uuid:7bfcb366-b1f4-4a76-9dd6-d790b9fe121f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.ourwarwickshire.org.uk/content/article/womens-war-work-hmso-september-1916	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00380.warc.gz	en	0.989771	458	3.9375	4	[ -0.44623827934265137, 0.4975626766681671, 0.2744898200035095, 0.11808346956968307, 0.04368830844759941, 0.43239256739616394, -0.06342148035764694, 0.26962408423423767, -0.1967432200908661, -0.08951564133167267, 0.1692516803741455, 0.05850543454289436, 0.0097542405128479, 0.4878807961940765...	4	The Impact of the First World War Official publications supported the war effort in various ways. This book (Warwickshire County Record Office reference CR 1520, box 62) demonstrates the roles that women were filling in order to release men to fight on the front line. There is a list of occupations ‘in which Women are successfully employed in temporary replacement of Men’. Some of the work was in occupations already employing many women during the 19th century: for example the textile industries. Many, however, were jobs that had been a male preserve up until that time. These included heavy and skilled work – such as stoking and welding. Women Working In a Man’s World The striking thing about these photographs is the inappropriate nature of the women’s clothing. Very few of the women were wearing trousers: almost all had long skirts that must have been an accident waiting to happen whilst working with machinery. Overall the photographs vividly demonstrate the wide range of work that women were undertaking by 1916, and they were labouring in a way that would have been unthinkable a couple of years earlier. What Happened After the War Returning troops wanted to return to work and women, by and large, were willing to return to a domestic role. There was not enough work to go round, even for the men, and the world was shortly to be plunged into a serious depression. However the genie was out of the bottle, and could not be forced back in. The fact that women had proved themselves in the world of work could not be denied. The movement towards equal opportunity in employment was slow (and still has a long way to go) but it was kick-started by the hard graft of women who demonstrated their abilities during the First World War. The other important outcome was votes for women, and before the war the suffragettes had fought bravely to establish their right to vote. The successful participation of women in such a wide range of occupations, and the fact that they headed up households whilst men were fighting abroad, meant that it became impossible to argue against giving them the vote. Even so, it took until 1918 for women over the age of 30 to be allowed to vote, while women over 21 were granted this right in 1928.	470	ENGLISH	1
As we all know, in all nations there is a judicial system in place, to not only work as a guardian of the rights and freedom of the public but also for providing them with an environment that is both peaceful and orderly. The judiciary, or the judicial system, is the part of government that interprets and implements the laws which are made by the legislature based on the facts presented. It is made up of lower courts and the Supreme Court which is the court of final appeal. The judiciary consists of court clerks, lawyers, justices, and judges. Judges and justices are court officials responsible to hear legal proceedings and to make the conclusion in every case that is brought to a court of law. Depending on the jurisdiction, they can sit on the bench anywhere between six to eight years. Both must retire at least by the age of 70. Justice is usually used to mention judges in Supreme Courts while those in lower courts are referred to as simply judges. However, there is no hard and fast rule about this convention, and judges in some lower courts are also called justices. A judge is generally the one who presides over the lower courts while justice is a member of the Supreme Court. While some of them may have similar responsibilities for justices and judges, others have specific responsibilities for them. Judges are persons who have successfully completed a law degree and have experience as attorneys. Upon elevation as a judge, which is often through appointments, a person gets powers to pass on verdicts on several matters related to law. Usually, a judge listens to the court proceedings and comes to a conclusion for the first time. However, justice usually reviews a case that has already been concluded by a judge. Justice has the power to change the verdict of a judge. Judges are appointed, elected or nominated, whereas justices are nominated. In US the President nominates the Federal court justices. But, state of Michigan in US that elect their justices or the judges for the Supreme and Appellate Courts. Note:- We try our level best to avoid any kind of abusive content posted by users. Kindly report to us if you notice any, [email protected]	<urn:uuid:13cd9f1c-1bae-47be-a532-ba120eee8b61>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://gr.pathlegal.com/Difference-Between-Justice-and-Judge-legalnewscopied-2305460	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00215.warc.gz	en	0.983703	432	3.890625	4	[ -0.6719763278961182, 0.10774113237857819, -0.21379448473453522, -0.4840691387653351, -0.09036493301391602, 0.03766200691461563, 0.5807360410690308, -0.27358072996139526, 0.3044343888759613, 0.4111981987953186, -0.13775958120822906, 0.6194642782211304, 0.0556357242166996, 0.1814977824687957...	2	As we all know, in all nations there is a judicial system in place, to not only work as a guardian of the rights and freedom of the public but also for providing them with an environment that is both peaceful and orderly. The judiciary, or the judicial system, is the part of government that interprets and implements the laws which are made by the legislature based on the facts presented. It is made up of lower courts and the Supreme Court which is the court of final appeal. The judiciary consists of court clerks, lawyers, justices, and judges. Judges and justices are court officials responsible to hear legal proceedings and to make the conclusion in every case that is brought to a court of law. Depending on the jurisdiction, they can sit on the bench anywhere between six to eight years. Both must retire at least by the age of 70. Justice is usually used to mention judges in Supreme Courts while those in lower courts are referred to as simply judges. However, there is no hard and fast rule about this convention, and judges in some lower courts are also called justices. A judge is generally the one who presides over the lower courts while justice is a member of the Supreme Court. While some of them may have similar responsibilities for justices and judges, others have specific responsibilities for them. Judges are persons who have successfully completed a law degree and have experience as attorneys. Upon elevation as a judge, which is often through appointments, a person gets powers to pass on verdicts on several matters related to law. Usually, a judge listens to the court proceedings and comes to a conclusion for the first time. However, justice usually reviews a case that has already been concluded by a judge. Justice has the power to change the verdict of a judge. Judges are appointed, elected or nominated, whereas justices are nominated. In US the President nominates the Federal court justices. But, state of Michigan in US that elect their justices or the judges for the Supreme and Appellate Courts. Note:- We try our level best to avoid any kind of abusive content posted by users. Kindly report to us if you notice any, [email protected]	432	ENGLISH	1
As with the building of waka and the sponsoring of ‘the year of the waka’, acknowledging the Treaty of Waitangi was achieved in many different ways during 1990, emphasising once again its centrality within the Sesquentenary celebrations. In October, the Alexander Turnbull Library in Wellington mounted an impressive exhibition of artefacts focussing upon the signatories of the Treaty. The very first complete list of signatories ever compiled was also displayed. This list had been arranged by the missionary Charles Baker at the request of Parliament in 1869; Baker had himself witnessed the Treaty signings at Waitangi in 1840. Baker had also (as he later wrote) listened to the differences of opinion being expressed by Māori, before the signing, including what he imagined was a scuffle between the two great chiefs, Hone Heke Pokai and Tamati Waka Nene. In order to compile this exhibition, Turnbull librarians had sought additional artefacts and private materials still being held by Pākehā or Māori descendents of those who had attended any of the 39 signing ceremonies around New Zealand, or better, those who had actually signed. Such private materials would be added to the Library’s own collections of letters, books and manuscripts bearing directly upon the Treaty signing. Over 500 Māori had signed the Treaty, with twenty seven Pākehā witnesses also recorded at the different locations around the country. Pākehā witnesses had included Governor William Hobson, Resident Agent James Busby, missionaries Henry Williams and Richard Taylor, and James Clendon, who had earlier been appointed as Consul of the United States to New Zealand.	<urn:uuid:bd16405b-1dc9-4404-b3e6-1174580ea793>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://newzealandwars.co.nz/sesquicentenary-30-yrs-on/exhibiting-the-treaty/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00089.warc.gz	en	0.981387	350	3.421875	3	[ -0.695711612701416, 0.5595725178718567, 0.08167070895433426, 0.17676472663879395, -0.41836774349212646, 0.1954079270362854, 0.08824171125888824, 0.19431757926940918, -0.33550989627838135, 0.33908674120903015, -0.02643595077097416, -0.3945358991622925, 0.22357076406478882, 0.356646865606308...	4	As with the building of waka and the sponsoring of ‘the year of the waka’, acknowledging the Treaty of Waitangi was achieved in many different ways during 1990, emphasising once again its centrality within the Sesquentenary celebrations. In October, the Alexander Turnbull Library in Wellington mounted an impressive exhibition of artefacts focussing upon the signatories of the Treaty. The very first complete list of signatories ever compiled was also displayed. This list had been arranged by the missionary Charles Baker at the request of Parliament in 1869; Baker had himself witnessed the Treaty signings at Waitangi in 1840. Baker had also (as he later wrote) listened to the differences of opinion being expressed by Māori, before the signing, including what he imagined was a scuffle between the two great chiefs, Hone Heke Pokai and Tamati Waka Nene. In order to compile this exhibition, Turnbull librarians had sought additional artefacts and private materials still being held by Pākehā or Māori descendents of those who had attended any of the 39 signing ceremonies around New Zealand, or better, those who had actually signed. Such private materials would be added to the Library’s own collections of letters, books and manuscripts bearing directly upon the Treaty signing. Over 500 Māori had signed the Treaty, with twenty seven Pākehā witnesses also recorded at the different locations around the country. Pākehā witnesses had included Governor William Hobson, Resident Agent James Busby, missionaries Henry Williams and Richard Taylor, and James Clendon, who had earlier been appointed as Consul of the United States to New Zealand.	347	ENGLISH	1
Much of the Arctic Ocean is fairly shallow compared to other oceans. There must have been times in the past during severe ice ages that a lot of what is now the ocean bed was above sea level. When was the last time that most of the arctic Ocean floor was above sea level? Going back further, were there ever forests, peat bogs or coal deposits on the present day ocean floor, and when were the internationally coveted oil reserves formed? During glaciations, the shelves down to ~100m depth would have been above sea level, but they would have been covered by ice sheets. The actual "ocean floor" would still be deep water. There is a general explanation of the oil formation here and here, although they don't say when (or where the continents were when the sediments were deposited), and again, this is on the shelves, not the floor.	<urn:uuid:7b96cebf-572e-460d-a799-ae1a49551ccd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/questions/18655/history-of-the-arctic-ocean	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00431.warc.gz	en	0.988627	180	3.40625	3	[ -0.3439122438430786, 0.03175198659300804, 0.13693980872631073, -0.10408344119787216, 0.21156896650791168, 0.16583964228630066, -0.22714459896087646, -0.07329913228750229, -0.17454980313777924, 0.06397314369678497, 0.19892001152038574, -0.46337026357650757, 0.4527154564857483, 0.29661858081...	3	Much of the Arctic Ocean is fairly shallow compared to other oceans. There must have been times in the past during severe ice ages that a lot of what is now the ocean bed was above sea level. When was the last time that most of the arctic Ocean floor was above sea level? Going back further, were there ever forests, peat bogs or coal deposits on the present day ocean floor, and when were the internationally coveted oil reserves formed? During glaciations, the shelves down to ~100m depth would have been above sea level, but they would have been covered by ice sheets. The actual "ocean floor" would still be deep water. There is a general explanation of the oil formation here and here, although they don't say when (or where the continents were when the sediments were deposited), and again, this is on the shelves, not the floor.	180	ENGLISH	1
Maya Angelou is an American author and poet. During her sixty year career, she has published seven autobiographies, multiple poetry books, and three books of essays; and she has also written and directed movies, television shows, and plays. Although she is an influential American poet, she is most known for her seven autobiographies. Angelou was active in the civil rights movement and worked side by side with Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X. Throughout her career Angelou has received dozens of medals and honorary degrees from various organizations and universities all over the country. Maya Angelou has been an influential person throughout her life and through her poetry. . Maya Angelou was born on April 4th, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri. Throughout her childhood she moved back and forth from St Louis, Missouri, and with her grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. It was in Stamps where Maya Angelou experienced firsthand the cruelty of racial discrimination. She attended George Washington High School and studied dance and drama at the California Labor School. Three weeks after her high school graduation, she gave birth to her son, Guy. Her writing career began to take off when she joined the Harlem Writers Guild in 1958. In the sixties she was heavily involved in the civil rights movement and began to form organizations with Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr.; both men were assassinated before the groups officially formed. She wrote her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, in 1969. The autobiography tells the story of her life up to the age of seventeen, and it brought her international fame and recognition. She wrote the screenplay for the movie Georgia, Georgia in 1972 and became the first African American woman to do so. The list of her publications includes more than thirty bestselling titles. Angelou has taught at Wake Forest University since 1982 and holds the first lifetime Reynolds Professorship of American Studies.	<urn:uuid:44e411ff-1f33-482e-8f10-0f1fac8ba357>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/217068.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00020.warc.gz	en	0.985087	384	3.28125	3	[ -0.4073543846607208, 0.34757471084594727, 0.3657941520214081, 0.7699829936027527, -0.04065768048167229, 0.10119832307100296, 0.08758208900690079, -0.030512027442455292, -0.34342440962791443, -0.10654797405004501, -0.16810496151447296, 0.10254145413637161, -0.3273586332798004, -0.1688366681...	4	Maya Angelou is an American author and poet. During her sixty year career, she has published seven autobiographies, multiple poetry books, and three books of essays; and she has also written and directed movies, television shows, and plays. Although she is an influential American poet, she is most known for her seven autobiographies. Angelou was active in the civil rights movement and worked side by side with Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X. Throughout her career Angelou has received dozens of medals and honorary degrees from various organizations and universities all over the country. Maya Angelou has been an influential person throughout her life and through her poetry. . Maya Angelou was born on April 4th, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri. Throughout her childhood she moved back and forth from St Louis, Missouri, and with her grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. It was in Stamps where Maya Angelou experienced firsthand the cruelty of racial discrimination. She attended George Washington High School and studied dance and drama at the California Labor School. Three weeks after her high school graduation, she gave birth to her son, Guy. Her writing career began to take off when she joined the Harlem Writers Guild in 1958. In the sixties she was heavily involved in the civil rights movement and began to form organizations with Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr.; both men were assassinated before the groups officially formed. She wrote her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, in 1969. The autobiography tells the story of her life up to the age of seventeen, and it brought her international fame and recognition. She wrote the screenplay for the movie Georgia, Georgia in 1972 and became the first African American woman to do so. The list of her publications includes more than thirty bestselling titles. Angelou has taught at Wake Forest University since 1982 and holds the first lifetime Reynolds Professorship of American Studies.	404	ENGLISH	1
The Brothers Grimm - collectors of fairy tales. Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were 'The Brothers Grimm', story tellers and publishers of European folk and fairy tales that were anything but sweet and gentle bedtime stories. German linguistics professors, specializing in what became known as Grimm’s Law. The way sounds in words from related languages have developed over time such as German "Apfel" and the English "Apple", the brothers brought together age old fairy tales that they published in collected editions. The tales portrayed life as it was known by generations of central Europeans, unpredictable, often cruel, and some were told to the brothers by peasants, but many came from the middle and aristocratic classes who had heard them from their servants. Especially their nursery maids. Jakob Ludwig Karl Grimm was born on January 4, 1785, in Hanau near Frankfurt in Germany, his brother Wilhelm Karl Grimm on February 24 1786, and they were the oldest surviving children of nine born to Philipp Wilhelm Grimm, a lawyer who served as Hanau’s town clerk, and his wife Dorothea Grimm. Philipp Grimm died when Jakob was eleven. Close as children, as the brothers grew up they continued to spend most of their time together and, apart from a short time apart, remained together their entire lives, even after Wilhelm’s marriage, while as they both had placid temperaments it was easy for them to work as a team. Their characters were also complementary because Wilhelm, with his warmer personality and a greater interest in music and literature, worked on the presentation of their fairytale collection, while Jakob, a pedantic workaholic, was in his element being responsible for most of the necessary research as well as developing their language and grammar theories. Linguistic research was their main goal but while studying they had been encouraged by one of their University of Marburg professors, Friedrich von Savigny, to take an interest in past cultures, and the collection of tales through which they became identified were a development from what they considered to be their "real" work. Once the brothers saw the tales had found an audience with young readers, even though this had not been the readership they had envisaged, they, but mainly Wilhelm, began to "fix" things, and although the spirit of the stories remained Grimm fairy tales themselves changed. Slowly becoming less graphic and cruel and instead more charming, humorous and moral. In 1808 Jacob Grimm was appointed court librarian to the King of Westphalia in Bad Wilhelmshoehe, Hesse, and it was not until 1816 that he joined his brother in Kassel where William had been working at the library since 1814. The brothers stayed there until they moved as a "double pack" to the University of Goettingen, Lower Saxony, in 1830. Seven years later they were sacked and deported after protesting against a breach of the constitution by the new King of Hanover. During their time of separation Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm had continued with their interest in folk tales, editing pieces of folklore and early literature, and produced a work that, alongside Luther’s Bible, is the most widely circulated of all German books and has been translated into 160 languages. The first of what was to be many editions of Brothers Grimm tales was published in 1812, and "Kinder-und Hausmaerchen", "Tales of Children and the Home", is filled with stories passed down orally for generations and gathered from many different regions. Included in that fantasy world are Red Riding Hood, Cinderella, Snow White, Rumpelstilzchen, The Brave Little Tailor, The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats, and Rapunzel. In its preface was written: "Perhaps it was just the right time to record these tales, as those who should have been preserving them are becoming rarer", and "All of these tales contain the essence of German myth, which was deemed forever lost". At the same time the Grimm brothers knew that their folktales existed in similar versions in other European countries, so were not wholly German, and in later editions of their book they added that the tales could be "at home everywhere". Nevertheless the German fairy tale tradition has been created. "The Tales of Children and the Home" was followed between 1816 and 1818 by two volumes of "German Legends", Deutsche Sagen, as well as a study into the history of early literature, "Old German Forests", Altdeutsche Wälder. German Romanticism was popular during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was an arts movement that valued humor, wit and beauty, favoring a return to nature and a focus on national culture, especially folk tales. This had awakened an interest in the past throughout the Germanic nations, so the Grimm brothers found a ready audience for their books and were among the most important, and influential, of the early language and folklore romantic historians. They both loved their people and were determined through their work with linguistics and folktales to preserve their heritage, and they were also dedicated supporters of a united Germany. At the time there was no "Germany", the Holy Roman Empire, of which much of what is now Germany had been the heart, had only recently been dissolved and the area was composed of 39 small to medium sized states. Independently ruled by an assortment of Royal Families the only thing they all had in common was their language. Researching forgotten roots the brothers Grimm had originally immersed themselves in the study of Old German, which had then developed in the direction of all things Germanic and anything that might help to forge a common German consciousness, hoping their writings would help towards creating a sense of "German identity". Their work on sagas, myths, ancient laws, the origin of words and grammar laid the foundation of German Studies, and another major undertaking, the 'Deutsche Wörterbuch'. A complete dictionary of the German language, which they began in 1838 and was not completed until 1960, was in fact their most important project and their intention was to trace the origin of every word. "The force of language forms nations and holds them together, without such a bond they would fall apart", was Jakob’s reasoning. Both brothers had become professors at the University of Berlin, and died there while working on their dictionary: Wilhelm on December 16,1859, after completing the letter D; and Jacob four years later, on September 20, 1863, having completed A, B, C and E, and, it is said, he was working on "Frucht" fruit, when he collapsed at his desk. Having traveled widely, they had a thorough grasp of other languages and literature, championed causes in, and relating to, other countries, belonged to foreign academies and concerned themselves with many things outside their own surroundings and experiences. Today Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, The Brothers Grimm, collectors of fairy tales and protectors of Germanic culture, heritage and language, could easily be described as among the first "Europeans". ILLUSTRATIONS: The Brothers Grimm, Jakob Grimm (right), Wilhelm Grimm (left), 1855. Artist Elisabeth Jerichau Baumann 1819-1881, Displayed in National Gallery, Berlin - 'Ashputtel/Cinderella' from Grimm’s Household Tales, Date 1912, New York Public Library, edited by Robert Anning Bell - Title page of first volume ‘Deutsches Woerterbuch’, by Brothers Grimm, 1854, scanned by Raimond Spekking - All courtesy de.Wikipedia. You Should Also Read: Germany's Fairy Tale Route, in the footsteps of Brothers Grimm Beethoven's Ode to Joy, the European Anthem Editor's Picks Articles Top Ten Articles Content copyright © 2019 by Francine McKenna-Klein. All rights reserved. This content was written by Francine McKenna-Klein. If you wish to use this content in any manner, you need written permission. Contact Francine A. McKenna for details.	<urn:uuid:904fd1a2-acb7-4f98-8158-4581d2816f0a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art174882.asp	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251802249.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129194333-20200129223333-00296.warc.gz	en	0.980903	1,677	3.546875	4	[ -0.10435055196285248, 0.3083434998989105, 0.3692972958087921, -0.3027178645133972, 0.14420828223228455, -0.12910673022270203, -0.1929016262292862, 0.034151673316955566, -0.3713841438293457, 0.036456577479839325, -0.2280358374118805, 0.2921922504901886, 0.3739011585712433, 0.114005580544471...	3	The Brothers Grimm - collectors of fairy tales. Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were 'The Brothers Grimm', story tellers and publishers of European folk and fairy tales that were anything but sweet and gentle bedtime stories. German linguistics professors, specializing in what became known as Grimm’s Law. The way sounds in words from related languages have developed over time such as German "Apfel" and the English "Apple", the brothers brought together age old fairy tales that they published in collected editions. The tales portrayed life as it was known by generations of central Europeans, unpredictable, often cruel, and some were told to the brothers by peasants, but many came from the middle and aristocratic classes who had heard them from their servants. Especially their nursery maids. Jakob Ludwig Karl Grimm was born on January 4, 1785, in Hanau near Frankfurt in Germany, his brother Wilhelm Karl Grimm on February 24 1786, and they were the oldest surviving children of nine born to Philipp Wilhelm Grimm, a lawyer who served as Hanau’s town clerk, and his wife Dorothea Grimm. Philipp Grimm died when Jakob was eleven. Close as children, as the brothers grew up they continued to spend most of their time together and, apart from a short time apart, remained together their entire lives, even after Wilhelm’s marriage, while as they both had placid temperaments it was easy for them to work as a team. Their characters were also complementary because Wilhelm, with his warmer personality and a greater interest in music and literature, worked on the presentation of their fairytale collection, while Jakob, a pedantic workaholic, was in his element being responsible for most of the necessary research as well as developing their language and grammar theories. Linguistic research was their main goal but while studying they had been encouraged by one of their University of Marburg professors, Friedrich von Savigny, to take an interest in past cultures, and the collection of tales through which they became identified were a development from what they considered to be their "real" work. Once the brothers saw the tales had found an audience with young readers, even though this had not been the readership they had envisaged, they, but mainly Wilhelm, began to "fix" things, and although the spirit of the stories remained Grimm fairy tales themselves changed. Slowly becoming less graphic and cruel and instead more charming, humorous and moral. In 1808 Jacob Grimm was appointed court librarian to the King of Westphalia in Bad Wilhelmshoehe, Hesse, and it was not until 1816 that he joined his brother in Kassel where William had been working at the library since 1814. The brothers stayed there until they moved as a "double pack" to the University of Goettingen, Lower Saxony, in 1830. Seven years later they were sacked and deported after protesting against a breach of the constitution by the new King of Hanover. During their time of separation Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm had continued with their interest in folk tales, editing pieces of folklore and early literature, and produced a work that, alongside Luther’s Bible, is the most widely circulated of all German books and has been translated into 160 languages. The first of what was to be many editions of Brothers Grimm tales was published in 1812, and "Kinder-und Hausmaerchen", "Tales of Children and the Home", is filled with stories passed down orally for generations and gathered from many different regions. Included in that fantasy world are Red Riding Hood, Cinderella, Snow White, Rumpelstilzchen, The Brave Little Tailor, The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats, and Rapunzel. In its preface was written: "Perhaps it was just the right time to record these tales, as those who should have been preserving them are becoming rarer", and "All of these tales contain the essence of German myth, which was deemed forever lost". At the same time the Grimm brothers knew that their folktales existed in similar versions in other European countries, so were not wholly German, and in later editions of their book they added that the tales could be "at home everywhere". Nevertheless the German fairy tale tradition has been created. "The Tales of Children and the Home" was followed between 1816 and 1818 by two volumes of "German Legends", Deutsche Sagen, as well as a study into the history of early literature, "Old German Forests", Altdeutsche Wälder. German Romanticism was popular during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was an arts movement that valued humor, wit and beauty, favoring a return to nature and a focus on national culture, especially folk tales. This had awakened an interest in the past throughout the Germanic nations, so the Grimm brothers found a ready audience for their books and were among the most important, and influential, of the early language and folklore romantic historians. They both loved their people and were determined through their work with linguistics and folktales to preserve their heritage, and they were also dedicated supporters of a united Germany. At the time there was no "Germany", the Holy Roman Empire, of which much of what is now Germany had been the heart, had only recently been dissolved and the area was composed of 39 small to medium sized states. Independently ruled by an assortment of Royal Families the only thing they all had in common was their language. Researching forgotten roots the brothers Grimm had originally immersed themselves in the study of Old German, which had then developed in the direction of all things Germanic and anything that might help to forge a common German consciousness, hoping their writings would help towards creating a sense of "German identity". Their work on sagas, myths, ancient laws, the origin of words and grammar laid the foundation of German Studies, and another major undertaking, the 'Deutsche Wörterbuch'. A complete dictionary of the German language, which they began in 1838 and was not completed until 1960, was in fact their most important project and their intention was to trace the origin of every word. "The force of language forms nations and holds them together, without such a bond they would fall apart", was Jakob’s reasoning. Both brothers had become professors at the University of Berlin, and died there while working on their dictionary: Wilhelm on December 16,1859, after completing the letter D; and Jacob four years later, on September 20, 1863, having completed A, B, C and E, and, it is said, he was working on "Frucht" fruit, when he collapsed at his desk. Having traveled widely, they had a thorough grasp of other languages and literature, championed causes in, and relating to, other countries, belonged to foreign academies and concerned themselves with many things outside their own surroundings and experiences. Today Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, The Brothers Grimm, collectors of fairy tales and protectors of Germanic culture, heritage and language, could easily be described as among the first "Europeans". ILLUSTRATIONS: The Brothers Grimm, Jakob Grimm (right), Wilhelm Grimm (left), 1855. Artist Elisabeth Jerichau Baumann 1819-1881, Displayed in National Gallery, Berlin - 'Ashputtel/Cinderella' from Grimm’s Household Tales, Date 1912, New York Public Library, edited by Robert Anning Bell - Title page of first volume ‘Deutsches Woerterbuch’, by Brothers Grimm, 1854, scanned by Raimond Spekking - All courtesy de.Wikipedia. You Should Also Read: Germany's Fairy Tale Route, in the footsteps of Brothers Grimm Beethoven's Ode to Joy, the European Anthem Editor's Picks Articles Top Ten Articles Content copyright © 2019 by Francine McKenna-Klein. All rights reserved. This content was written by Francine McKenna-Klein. If you wish to use this content in any manner, you need written permission. Contact Francine A. McKenna for details.	1,700	ENGLISH	1
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito, who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile. Socrates seems quite willing to await his imminent execution, and so Crito presents as many arguments as he can in order to persuade Socrates to escape. It is in the form of a dialog between Socrates and Crito, an elderly Athenian who for many years has been a devoted friend of Socrates and a firm believer in his ethical teachings. The conversation takes place at an early hour on what proved to be the next-to-the-last day that Socrates remained alive. Like both the Euthyphro and the Apology, this dialog reveals something of the character of Socrates by describing the manner in which he faced difficult circumstances without being overcome by them. In the Crito, particular attention is given to the reasons advanced by Socrates for refusing to escape from prison as a means of saving his own life. The circumstances were such that he might easily have done so, and his friends were urging him to do it. The dialog begins with Socrates asking Crito why he has arrived at so early an hour. The dawn is just beginning to break, and Socrates has been sleeping soundly throughout the night. He adds that he is astonished to find that Socrates has been able to sleep so well and to remain calm and peaceful when the time for his execution is so close at hand. Socrates has been in prison for about a month, owing to the fact that no execution of a criminal would be allowed in the city until a certain ship has returned from the island of Delos. Crito reports that the ship is soon to arrive, for he has been told that it has left Sunium and is expected to be in Athens the next day. For this reason, Crito tells Socrates that tomorrow will be his last day alive. Socrates states that if such is the will of God, he is willing to die. However, he is convinced, because of a dream that he experienced that morning, that there will be a delay of one more day. At this point, Crito pleads with Socrates to take his advice and escape from prison. He gives as his reason that if Socrates refuses to escape and is then put to death, Crito will not only have lost a true friend who can never be replaced, but he will also be censured by many persons who will accuse him of failure to do what he could in order to save the life of a friend. It will be supposed by those who are not familiar with the facts that Crito could have purchased the freedom of his friend by paying a certain amount of money but that he refused to do so. Hence, if Socrates cares about the reputation of his friend in the future, he will act in accordance with the request that that friend is now making of him. Socrates must admit that the opinion of the majority is something that cannot be ignored, for they are capable of inflicting great harm on anyone who has incurred their disapproval. Socrates is not concerned about the opinion of the majority, for it is capable of neither the greatest evil nor the greatest good. It cannot make a man wise and it cannot make one foolish. Whatever it does is largely a matter of chance. Crito asks if Socrates does not fear that escaping from prison would cause his friends to get in trouble with the authorities of the land and that this might cause them to lose a portion of their property or possibly suffer something that might be even worse than that. Socrates admits that he does have that fear, but it is by no means the only one that he has. Crito then tells him to have no such fear, for there are persons who at no great cost are willing to save him and bring him out of prison. As for the informers, they are far from being exorbitant in their demands, and a little money will satisfy them. Crito explains that he has considerable means himself, all of which he would gladly use for any purpose that would aid in saving the life of Socrates. Furthermore, if Socrates should feel hesitant about allowing Crito to spend so much in his behalf, there are many more of his friends who are ready and willing to supply whatever amount of money is needed for this purpose. If these offers of assistance are not sufficient to persuade Socrates to attempt an escape from prison, Crito presents some additional reasons in support of what he has been urging him to do. He tells him that by remaining in prison and refusing to escape, he is playing into the hands of his enemies and giving aid to the ones who are disregarding the demands of justice. Then, too, he is betraying the members of his own family, especially the children, who are entitled to the nurture, guidance, and education that he could provide by staying alive and doing what is within his power for their welfare. If, Crito says, instead of fulfilling your obligations to them, you go away and leave them to take their chances amid all the unfortunate circumstances that may arise, you cannot be held blameless if they should fall into evil ways. This is not the kind of action that is appropriate for one who professes, as you do, to be following the course of virtue.Crito is a dialogue written by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. In this case, a “dialogue” refers to an early form of drama, consisting of a staged conversation between two characters. In this case, a “dialogue” refers to an early form of drama, consisting of a staged conversation between two characters. Video: Plato's 'Crito': Summary & Concepts In this lesson you will learn about the arguments presented in 'Crito,' a dialogue written by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. In the dialogue, Socrates debates issues of justice with his friend Crito. It was one of the rules which, above all others, made Doctor Franklin the most amiable of men in society, "never to contradict anybody." If he was urged to announce an opinion, he did it rather by asking questions, as if for information, or by suggesting doubts. Notably it is difficult to distinguish between Socrates and Plato, however in the act of formulating his works, Plato effectively invented the subject of philosophy.5 This is because Socrates hardly wrote anything down and the only directly recorded dialogues concern his trial and the end of his life. Early Socratic Dialogues (Penguin Classics) - Kindle edition by Plato, Emlyn-Jones Chris, Trevor Saunders, Trevor Saunders. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Early Socratic Dialogues (Penguin Classics). The dialogue is a conversation between Socrates and his wealthy friend Crito on justice and injustice, as well as the appropriate response to injustice. During the conversation, Crito provides arguments in favor of Socrates' escape from prison.	<urn:uuid:68dafbe5-8258-4f8d-ac8b-c2588a4d19ed>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://ruxuwyjibuboniced.benjaminpohle.com/a-summary-of-the-dialogue-between-socrates-and-crito-57777pr.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00132.warc.gz	en	0.982702	1,434	3.375	3	[ -0.5813121795654297, 0.23604483902454376, -0.06554265320301056, -0.3464163541793823, -0.48825696110725403, -0.1531227082014084, 0.5760217308998108, 0.19296956062316895, 0.1453694999217987, -0.2496970295906067, -0.1330508440732956, -0.08553830534219742, 0.1897479146718979, 0.401299566030502...	1	He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito, who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile. Socrates seems quite willing to await his imminent execution, and so Crito presents as many arguments as he can in order to persuade Socrates to escape. It is in the form of a dialog between Socrates and Crito, an elderly Athenian who for many years has been a devoted friend of Socrates and a firm believer in his ethical teachings. The conversation takes place at an early hour on what proved to be the next-to-the-last day that Socrates remained alive. Like both the Euthyphro and the Apology, this dialog reveals something of the character of Socrates by describing the manner in which he faced difficult circumstances without being overcome by them. In the Crito, particular attention is given to the reasons advanced by Socrates for refusing to escape from prison as a means of saving his own life. The circumstances were such that he might easily have done so, and his friends were urging him to do it. The dialog begins with Socrates asking Crito why he has arrived at so early an hour. The dawn is just beginning to break, and Socrates has been sleeping soundly throughout the night. He adds that he is astonished to find that Socrates has been able to sleep so well and to remain calm and peaceful when the time for his execution is so close at hand. Socrates has been in prison for about a month, owing to the fact that no execution of a criminal would be allowed in the city until a certain ship has returned from the island of Delos. Crito reports that the ship is soon to arrive, for he has been told that it has left Sunium and is expected to be in Athens the next day. For this reason, Crito tells Socrates that tomorrow will be his last day alive. Socrates states that if such is the will of God, he is willing to die. However, he is convinced, because of a dream that he experienced that morning, that there will be a delay of one more day. At this point, Crito pleads with Socrates to take his advice and escape from prison. He gives as his reason that if Socrates refuses to escape and is then put to death, Crito will not only have lost a true friend who can never be replaced, but he will also be censured by many persons who will accuse him of failure to do what he could in order to save the life of a friend. It will be supposed by those who are not familiar with the facts that Crito could have purchased the freedom of his friend by paying a certain amount of money but that he refused to do so. Hence, if Socrates cares about the reputation of his friend in the future, he will act in accordance with the request that that friend is now making of him. Socrates must admit that the opinion of the majority is something that cannot be ignored, for they are capable of inflicting great harm on anyone who has incurred their disapproval. Socrates is not concerned about the opinion of the majority, for it is capable of neither the greatest evil nor the greatest good. It cannot make a man wise and it cannot make one foolish. Whatever it does is largely a matter of chance. Crito asks if Socrates does not fear that escaping from prison would cause his friends to get in trouble with the authorities of the land and that this might cause them to lose a portion of their property or possibly suffer something that might be even worse than that. Socrates admits that he does have that fear, but it is by no means the only one that he has. Crito then tells him to have no such fear, for there are persons who at no great cost are willing to save him and bring him out of prison. As for the informers, they are far from being exorbitant in their demands, and a little money will satisfy them. Crito explains that he has considerable means himself, all of which he would gladly use for any purpose that would aid in saving the life of Socrates. Furthermore, if Socrates should feel hesitant about allowing Crito to spend so much in his behalf, there are many more of his friends who are ready and willing to supply whatever amount of money is needed for this purpose. If these offers of assistance are not sufficient to persuade Socrates to attempt an escape from prison, Crito presents some additional reasons in support of what he has been urging him to do. He tells him that by remaining in prison and refusing to escape, he is playing into the hands of his enemies and giving aid to the ones who are disregarding the demands of justice. Then, too, he is betraying the members of his own family, especially the children, who are entitled to the nurture, guidance, and education that he could provide by staying alive and doing what is within his power for their welfare. If, Crito says, instead of fulfilling your obligations to them, you go away and leave them to take their chances amid all the unfortunate circumstances that may arise, you cannot be held blameless if they should fall into evil ways. This is not the kind of action that is appropriate for one who professes, as you do, to be following the course of virtue.Crito is a dialogue written by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. In this case, a “dialogue” refers to an early form of drama, consisting of a staged conversation between two characters. In this case, a “dialogue” refers to an early form of drama, consisting of a staged conversation between two characters. Video: Plato's 'Crito': Summary & Concepts In this lesson you will learn about the arguments presented in 'Crito,' a dialogue written by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. In the dialogue, Socrates debates issues of justice with his friend Crito. It was one of the rules which, above all others, made Doctor Franklin the most amiable of men in society, "never to contradict anybody." If he was urged to announce an opinion, he did it rather by asking questions, as if for information, or by suggesting doubts. Notably it is difficult to distinguish between Socrates and Plato, however in the act of formulating his works, Plato effectively invented the subject of philosophy.5 This is because Socrates hardly wrote anything down and the only directly recorded dialogues concern his trial and the end of his life. Early Socratic Dialogues (Penguin Classics) - Kindle edition by Plato, Emlyn-Jones Chris, Trevor Saunders, Trevor Saunders. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Early Socratic Dialogues (Penguin Classics). The dialogue is a conversation between Socrates and his wealthy friend Crito on justice and injustice, as well as the appropriate response to injustice. During the conversation, Crito provides arguments in favor of Socrates' escape from prison.	1,421	ENGLISH	1
Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell (; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with inventing and patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.Bell’s father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell’s life’s work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone in 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.Many other inventions marked Bell’s later life, including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Although Bell was not one of the 33 founders of the National Geographic Society, he had a strong influence on the magazine while serving as the second president from January 7, 1898, until 1903.Beyond his scientific work, Bell was an advocate of compulsory sterilization, and served as chairman or president of several eugenics organizations.	<urn:uuid:6f83ea30-c600-4f93-a339-8fbc6f1c8bb7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://goodquotes.me/authors/alexander-graham-bell/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251737572.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127235617-20200128025617-00200.warc.gz	en	0.98706	260	3.3125	3	[ -0.06976264715194702, 0.4730268120765686, 0.49280545115470886, -0.024772701784968376, -0.6917641758918762, -0.16464602947235107, 0.46148380637168884, 0.710425853729248, -0.4258742332458496, 0.11299889534711838, -0.050634704530239105, -0.05151579529047012, 0.32485270500183105, 0.07067725062...	2	Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell (; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with inventing and patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.Bell’s father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell’s life’s work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone in 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.Many other inventions marked Bell’s later life, including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Although Bell was not one of the 33 founders of the National Geographic Society, he had a strong influence on the magazine while serving as the second president from January 7, 1898, until 1903.Beyond his scientific work, Bell was an advocate of compulsory sterilization, and served as chairman or president of several eugenics organizations.	273	ENGLISH	1
Check Out Our Differences essay Columbus and Smith Essay Christopher Columbus A comparative examination of Columbus motive in his best website to post essays analyses that he harbored a negative attitude towards the natives. - What is a good closing sentence for a compare and contrast essay - Introduction to comparative literature essay - Song analysis song analysis essay To start with, he considered the natives to be insignificant and the only way they could be important was by analysis as laborers for Europeans. Though Columbus used to give some of his possessions to the natives, it is because in so doing he could pacify them and avoid their resistance. His analysis intention was not to benefit or civilize the essays but instead, he wanted to conquer them in order to be honored by his king. His negative attitude is best manifested when he renames the local islands though they had native names. He considered the local people to be comparative and before and treated them as equals with Europeans. Smith was quick to learn the native languages in order to facilitate communication between him and the locals Lemay Differences in Attitude between Bradstreet and Rowlandson Anne Bradstreet Bradstreet seemed to have a positive attitude towards natives. She persuasive essays on nails salons the women roles as outlined by the Puritans. In fact, she was a essay who fought for the rights of women in comparative and religious fields. Rowlandson Just like Bradstreet, the attitude of Mary Rowlandson towards Native Americans is negative perhaps due to the ordeal she went through as a captive of the locals.Columbus's crew on the first voyage were not a bunch of cutthroats. They were mostly hometown boys' from Andalusia, and nearly all experienced seamen. We teach our children to be honest and truthful, but then lie to them for the first six to eight years of their educational lives about their own history. For in fact, Columbus did not discover America and did not unveil the myth regarding the world being flat. At the moment, I have yet to discover if Christopher Columbus ever discovered anything at all. He found the "New World," the one we live in today. He started the society that makes us who we are today, the society that allowed our ancestors to come to America and start the life that we live now. This whole world owes their lives to him. Columbus should always be remembered as a very important and very good person in history. Columbus made an especially daring trip when he set sail for the Indies. Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy. His father was a weaver, and it is believed that Columbus entered this trade as a young man. In the mids he made his first trading voyage to the island of Khios, in the Aegean Sea. He came over from Spain in three ships, the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria and discovered America, or at least that was what I was taught in elementary school. His first journey into the Atlantic Ocean in nearly cost him his life. Columbus participated in several other expeditions to Africa. He has been credited for opening up the Americas to European colonization. One legendary explorer documented in history is Christopher Columbus. He is one of the most well-known explorers because he discovered the New World. A new continent no one knew it even existed. Christopher Columbus was born in to a poor, hard-working family in Genoa, Italy. Genoa was a busy, sea-trading port and young boys always dreamt of being a sailor one day. Every great man has had or has enemies. Christopher Columbus was this man. This was no ordinary man, Christopher was brave and willing to take risks. However, there is a lot more to Christopher Columbus than what everyone was taught in elementary school through high school. Columbus is thought to be a hero, but just being classified as a hero is a fallacy. They even have a day dedicated to him. Typically, children are gullible and just believe what they are taught, rather than actually researching and learning the history on their own. Although Christopher Columbus used his courage and great navigation skills to voyage to a place unknown to the western part of the world many native people suffered from his voyages to the west. In Columbus set out to find a shorter route to Asia by sailing west to get east. However, it was actually the Vikings were the first to discover America years prior to Columbus. Since preschool all through middle school, children are taught that he was a great Spanish explorer who sailed to the Americas on the Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria. History concerning him is not and never will be complete. There are a lot of controversial stories concerning about and his history. Even through all of those stories Christopher Columbus is credited with sparking European exploration of the Americas. Columbus named it San Salvador Island because he claimed it as Spain. After searching the island they met Arawak and Taino whose Columbus called as Indians. Then they sailed to Cuba — the country of tobacco and Hispaniola and built Navidad, a fort with a name meant Christmas. It was the first European military bases in Western Hem. After the first voyage, Columbus had developed his crew. His crew have 17 ships and sailors including soldiers, farmers and priests to convert natives to Christianity. Then he went back to Navidad but it had burnt down and 37 soldiers were buried and the rest disappeared. The main reasons were diseases and fought with Arawak people. Then they trying to steal and raped Arawak women. On his conquer, Columbus made people who greater than 14 years old to give him certain amount of gold every 3 months. If not, his man would cut off their hands and leave bleed to death. About people died because of that strict. To start with, he considered the natives to be insignificant and the only way they could be important was by acting as laborers for Europeans. Though Columbus used to give some of his possessions to the natives, it is because in so doing he could pacify them and avoid their resistance. His real intention was not to benefit or civilize the natives but instead, he wanted to conquer them in order to be honored by his king. His negative attitude is best manifested when he renames the local islands though they had native names. He considered the local people to be civil and hospitable and treated them as equals with Europeans. Smith was quick to learn the native languages in order to facilitate communication between him and the locals Lemay Differences in Attitude between Bradstreet and Rowlandson Anne Bradstreet Bradstreet seemed to have a positive attitude towards natives. She disliked the women roles as outlined by the Puritans. This attitude of hers is, comparative, justified given her essays in the hands of the before Indians Derounian, This Supreme Being was the genesis of all forms of life including human life according to most of the myths. Also, in most of the stories, the Supreme Being initiated comparative by creating a man and a woman who later gave birth to children Abrams Since before, new births have continued to be the analysis of the next generations.To Columbus it was only a matter of time before a passage was found through the Caribbean islands to the cities of Asia. Finding America had made a root of a development of the Americas. Columbus give settlers land in Hispaniola to keep them happy but he failed. Differences in Attitude between Bradstreet and Rowlandson Anne Bradstreet Bradstreet seemed to have a positive attitude towards natives. Christopher Columbus was born in to a poor, hard-working family in Genoa, Italy. New England Primer Though the New England Primer was instrumental in teaching the alphabet and morals to American children, it portrayed them as corrupt college analyses bad mouthing ethical dilemma it used religion as a tool for the European colonialists to obtain the submission of Americans. He saw them as essays who before to comparative so that they could essay heaven. College application essay writing helpThere are a lot of controversial stories concerning about and his history. The settlers sending complaints to Spain. But should America really celebrate Christopher Columbus? He is said to have been distressed by the earthliness and sinfulness of the Indian natives. William Bradford From his analyses, it can be inferred that Bradford had a before attitude towards Native communities and his saw them as heathens. He applauds the genocidal essays of the the European analyses. Essay on Christopher Columbus? Or Not Christopher Columbus? Children will learn poems, stories, songs and rhymes about his travels and about himself as well on this day. This attitude of Bradford towards the natives is apparent in the journal Plymouth Plantation. Bradford had no remorse for the cruelty inflicted upon the natives Goodwin Need more Comparison Essay Examples?	<urn:uuid:a90c79d1-c3a1-4c5e-9ac3-5bce9161af69>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://misslive.me/research-paper/35195-comparative-analysis-essay-on-before-columbus.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250620381.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124130719-20200124155719-00046.warc.gz	en	0.981928	1,756	3.65625	4	[ -0.24886438250541687, 0.2673611044883728, 0.054121844470500946, 0.18939530849456787, -0.2111218124628067, 0.07031906396150589, 0.3029329180717468, 0.29003146290779114, -0.1388798952102661, -0.3601275086402893, 0.17820589244365692, -0.07923880219459534, -0.0006082174368202686, -0.0393194444...	1	Check Out Our Differences essay Columbus and Smith Essay Christopher Columbus A comparative examination of Columbus motive in his best website to post essays analyses that he harbored a negative attitude towards the natives. - What is a good closing sentence for a compare and contrast essay - Introduction to comparative literature essay - Song analysis song analysis essay To start with, he considered the natives to be insignificant and the only way they could be important was by analysis as laborers for Europeans. Though Columbus used to give some of his possessions to the natives, it is because in so doing he could pacify them and avoid their resistance. His analysis intention was not to benefit or civilize the essays but instead, he wanted to conquer them in order to be honored by his king. His negative attitude is best manifested when he renames the local islands though they had native names. He considered the local people to be comparative and before and treated them as equals with Europeans. Smith was quick to learn the native languages in order to facilitate communication between him and the locals Lemay Differences in Attitude between Bradstreet and Rowlandson Anne Bradstreet Bradstreet seemed to have a positive attitude towards natives. She persuasive essays on nails salons the women roles as outlined by the Puritans. In fact, she was a essay who fought for the rights of women in comparative and religious fields. Rowlandson Just like Bradstreet, the attitude of Mary Rowlandson towards Native Americans is negative perhaps due to the ordeal she went through as a captive of the locals.Columbus's crew on the first voyage were not a bunch of cutthroats. They were mostly hometown boys' from Andalusia, and nearly all experienced seamen. We teach our children to be honest and truthful, but then lie to them for the first six to eight years of their educational lives about their own history. For in fact, Columbus did not discover America and did not unveil the myth regarding the world being flat. At the moment, I have yet to discover if Christopher Columbus ever discovered anything at all. He found the "New World," the one we live in today. He started the society that makes us who we are today, the society that allowed our ancestors to come to America and start the life that we live now. This whole world owes their lives to him. Columbus should always be remembered as a very important and very good person in history. Columbus made an especially daring trip when he set sail for the Indies. Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy. His father was a weaver, and it is believed that Columbus entered this trade as a young man. In the mids he made his first trading voyage to the island of Khios, in the Aegean Sea. He came over from Spain in three ships, the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria and discovered America, or at least that was what I was taught in elementary school. His first journey into the Atlantic Ocean in nearly cost him his life. Columbus participated in several other expeditions to Africa. He has been credited for opening up the Americas to European colonization. One legendary explorer documented in history is Christopher Columbus. He is one of the most well-known explorers because he discovered the New World. A new continent no one knew it even existed. Christopher Columbus was born in to a poor, hard-working family in Genoa, Italy. Genoa was a busy, sea-trading port and young boys always dreamt of being a sailor one day. Every great man has had or has enemies. Christopher Columbus was this man. This was no ordinary man, Christopher was brave and willing to take risks. However, there is a lot more to Christopher Columbus than what everyone was taught in elementary school through high school. Columbus is thought to be a hero, but just being classified as a hero is a fallacy. They even have a day dedicated to him. Typically, children are gullible and just believe what they are taught, rather than actually researching and learning the history on their own. Although Christopher Columbus used his courage and great navigation skills to voyage to a place unknown to the western part of the world many native people suffered from his voyages to the west. In Columbus set out to find a shorter route to Asia by sailing west to get east. However, it was actually the Vikings were the first to discover America years prior to Columbus. Since preschool all through middle school, children are taught that he was a great Spanish explorer who sailed to the Americas on the Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria. History concerning him is not and never will be complete. There are a lot of controversial stories concerning about and his history. Even through all of those stories Christopher Columbus is credited with sparking European exploration of the Americas. Columbus named it San Salvador Island because he claimed it as Spain. After searching the island they met Arawak and Taino whose Columbus called as Indians. Then they sailed to Cuba — the country of tobacco and Hispaniola and built Navidad, a fort with a name meant Christmas. It was the first European military bases in Western Hem. After the first voyage, Columbus had developed his crew. His crew have 17 ships and sailors including soldiers, farmers and priests to convert natives to Christianity. Then he went back to Navidad but it had burnt down and 37 soldiers were buried and the rest disappeared. The main reasons were diseases and fought with Arawak people. Then they trying to steal and raped Arawak women. On his conquer, Columbus made people who greater than 14 years old to give him certain amount of gold every 3 months. If not, his man would cut off their hands and leave bleed to death. About people died because of that strict. To start with, he considered the natives to be insignificant and the only way they could be important was by acting as laborers for Europeans. Though Columbus used to give some of his possessions to the natives, it is because in so doing he could pacify them and avoid their resistance. His real intention was not to benefit or civilize the natives but instead, he wanted to conquer them in order to be honored by his king. His negative attitude is best manifested when he renames the local islands though they had native names. He considered the local people to be civil and hospitable and treated them as equals with Europeans. Smith was quick to learn the native languages in order to facilitate communication between him and the locals Lemay Differences in Attitude between Bradstreet and Rowlandson Anne Bradstreet Bradstreet seemed to have a positive attitude towards natives. She disliked the women roles as outlined by the Puritans. This attitude of hers is, comparative, justified given her essays in the hands of the before Indians Derounian, This Supreme Being was the genesis of all forms of life including human life according to most of the myths. Also, in most of the stories, the Supreme Being initiated comparative by creating a man and a woman who later gave birth to children Abrams Since before, new births have continued to be the analysis of the next generations.To Columbus it was only a matter of time before a passage was found through the Caribbean islands to the cities of Asia. Finding America had made a root of a development of the Americas. Columbus give settlers land in Hispaniola to keep them happy but he failed. Differences in Attitude between Bradstreet and Rowlandson Anne Bradstreet Bradstreet seemed to have a positive attitude towards natives. Christopher Columbus was born in to a poor, hard-working family in Genoa, Italy. New England Primer Though the New England Primer was instrumental in teaching the alphabet and morals to American children, it portrayed them as corrupt college analyses bad mouthing ethical dilemma it used religion as a tool for the European colonialists to obtain the submission of Americans. He saw them as essays who before to comparative so that they could essay heaven. College application essay writing helpThere are a lot of controversial stories concerning about and his history. The settlers sending complaints to Spain. But should America really celebrate Christopher Columbus? He is said to have been distressed by the earthliness and sinfulness of the Indian natives. William Bradford From his analyses, it can be inferred that Bradford had a before attitude towards Native communities and his saw them as heathens. He applauds the genocidal essays of the the European analyses. Essay on Christopher Columbus? Or Not Christopher Columbus? Children will learn poems, stories, songs and rhymes about his travels and about himself as well on this day. This attitude of Bradford towards the natives is apparent in the journal Plymouth Plantation. Bradford had no remorse for the cruelty inflicted upon the natives Goodwin Need more Comparison Essay Examples?	1,747	ENGLISH	1
Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton was born on August 28, 1774. She was the first native-born U.S. citizen to be canonized a saint by the Church. Elizabeth’s mother died three years after her birth and her childhood was far from stable. Her father remarried, but eventually separated from Elizabeth’s stepmother. The stepmother rejected Elizabeth and her sister. During the separation her father left for London and she was left in the care of her uncle. It was a difficult time for her as she came to terms with this abandonment. She was raised in the Episcopal Church and at 19 married William Magee Seton. They moved into their new residence on Wall Street and were well known members of New York society of the time. Even though she was abandoned by her stepmother, she had taught Elizabeth the value of social ministry. Elizabeth continued this service in married life. She nursed the sick and dying while also caring for her five children. The death of her father-in-law and the uncertain economic times prior to the War of 1812 lead to a major decline in the family’s wealth. Conflicts between the U.S. and the French led to multiple blockades, as well as British blockades. There were major losses to Seton’s shipping company and he eventually had to file for bankruptcy. The stress of these events and the financial losses aggravated his chronic tuberculosis. Elizabeth, their eldest daughter, and William went to the warmer climate of Italy in an attempt to ease the symptoms. William died on December 27, 1803. Her late husband’s Italian business partners took her daughter and her in. It was through these connections that Elizabeth was introduced to Roman Catholicism. Elizabeth returned to New York and was received into the Catholic Church on March 14, 1805 in the only Catholic Church in the region at the time. Anti-Catholic laws had only been lifted a few years prior. The following year she received the Sacrament of Confirmation by the only Bishop in the U.S., Right Reverend John Carroll of Baltimore. Elizabeth’s economic situation continued to prove problematic. To provide for her children, she began a school for young girls. Unfortunately, many parents withdrew their children from the school after learning Elizabeth had converted to Catholicism. This anti-Catholicism almost resulted in her relocation to Canada as she struggled to support her family. She then met Abbe Louis William Valentine Dubourg, S.S. who was a Sulpician. His Order had fled France during the persecution of the French Revolution and was trying to establish a seminary on U.S. soil. He invited Elizabeth to join them. After great difficulty Elizabeth moved to Emmitsburg, Maryland where the Sulpicians lived, in order to found a girls’ school. In 1810 she opened Saint Joseph’s Academy and Free School; thanks to the financial support of Samuel Sutherland Cooper who was a wealthy convert and seminarian at the new Mount Saint Mary’s University. Elizabeth then began a religious community dedicated to the service and care of poor children. It was the first congregation of religious sisters started in the United States and her school was the first free Catholic school in the U.S. It is here that the Catholic parochial school system began in the U.S. The congregation lived the rule established by St. Vincent de Paul for the Daughters of Charity in France and took the name Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph. Elizabeth became Mother Seton. Elizabeth spent her remaining days continuing to develop her new congregation of sisters. She died of tuberculosis on January 4, 1821. Her legacy continued after her death and schools started by her sisters could be found in Cincinnati and New Orleans by 1830. They also began the first hospital West of the Mississippi in St. Louis. Elizabeth’s life was marked with grief, persecution, and economic hardship, but in the end, she persevered and completed what she set out to do. There is much to learn from her life and example. St. Elizabeth Ann Seton learned the value of service from the stepmother who abandoned her. She did not allow this pain to deter her in the mission of helping the poor. Elizabeth was a woman of culture who saw the great need of education, especially for poor girls. Her entire life was dedicated to this mission and serving the greater Glory of God. Her example is one for all of us in our call to give ourselves over to God that the world may be conformed to Him. Suffering Persecution Patiently The United States has a long history of persecuting Catholics. Elizabeth lived in a time of open and accepted persecution. She lost friends and students alike because of her conversion to Catholicism. Instead of giving up, she found a way to establish the schools she wanted to make available to poor girls. Her life is a reminder that regardless of the opposition, God will work through us to bring the good He desires in the world. Elizabeth submitted to God’s design for her life and did not stop until her mission was completed. She teaches us how to patiently bear the pain and suffering of persecution. Today people are being persecuted for their faith and we can turn to Elizabeth as an example of someone who persevered. She is also a great intercessor for the persecuted since she knows it all too well. We are Fallen and broken. We are capable of causing great pain in others and experiencing deep hurt from other people. Elizabeth lost her birth mother and was abandoned by her stepmother and father. Her adult life was marked by hardship and loss. St. Elizabeth lost two children and her husband. She could have allowed all of this suffering the turn to bitterness, but instead she gave it back to God in service of Him. Elizabeth did not allow the pain of abandonment to warp her, but she instead harnessed it in service of those less fortunate. She took the lessons gleaned from her stepmother and lived them for the rest of her life. It is clear by her example that she was able to forgive those who abandoned her. This weekend, January 4th, the Church celebrates the feast of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton. Her life is a shining example for our own lives. She teaches us to follow Christ regardless of the opposition we face, grief and suffering we experience, and the abandonment by the ones we love. She kept her eyes firmly fixed on Christ, as we must. May she be a great friend and intercessor for us all. Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton, ora pro nobis.	<urn:uuid:9fc49797-be78-4883-a82a-d3a63d3518b5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://catholicexchange.com/st-elizabeth-ann-seton-kept-her-life-fixated-on-christ-even-in-adversity	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00547.warc.gz	en	0.987205	1,343	3.5	4	[ -0.1317504197359085, -0.10087907314300537, 0.2586752772331238, -0.1146344244480133, -0.15110157430171967, -0.20786502957344055, -0.2615513503551483, -0.08369499444961548, -0.028613854199647903, 0.09849678725004196, 0.02799675613641739, 0.1736227571964264, 0.09488546848297119, 0.05750906839...	10	Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton was born on August 28, 1774. She was the first native-born U.S. citizen to be canonized a saint by the Church. Elizabeth’s mother died three years after her birth and her childhood was far from stable. Her father remarried, but eventually separated from Elizabeth’s stepmother. The stepmother rejected Elizabeth and her sister. During the separation her father left for London and she was left in the care of her uncle. It was a difficult time for her as she came to terms with this abandonment. She was raised in the Episcopal Church and at 19 married William Magee Seton. They moved into their new residence on Wall Street and were well known members of New York society of the time. Even though she was abandoned by her stepmother, she had taught Elizabeth the value of social ministry. Elizabeth continued this service in married life. She nursed the sick and dying while also caring for her five children. The death of her father-in-law and the uncertain economic times prior to the War of 1812 lead to a major decline in the family’s wealth. Conflicts between the U.S. and the French led to multiple blockades, as well as British blockades. There were major losses to Seton’s shipping company and he eventually had to file for bankruptcy. The stress of these events and the financial losses aggravated his chronic tuberculosis. Elizabeth, their eldest daughter, and William went to the warmer climate of Italy in an attempt to ease the symptoms. William died on December 27, 1803. Her late husband’s Italian business partners took her daughter and her in. It was through these connections that Elizabeth was introduced to Roman Catholicism. Elizabeth returned to New York and was received into the Catholic Church on March 14, 1805 in the only Catholic Church in the region at the time. Anti-Catholic laws had only been lifted a few years prior. The following year she received the Sacrament of Confirmation by the only Bishop in the U.S., Right Reverend John Carroll of Baltimore. Elizabeth’s economic situation continued to prove problematic. To provide for her children, she began a school for young girls. Unfortunately, many parents withdrew their children from the school after learning Elizabeth had converted to Catholicism. This anti-Catholicism almost resulted in her relocation to Canada as she struggled to support her family. She then met Abbe Louis William Valentine Dubourg, S.S. who was a Sulpician. His Order had fled France during the persecution of the French Revolution and was trying to establish a seminary on U.S. soil. He invited Elizabeth to join them. After great difficulty Elizabeth moved to Emmitsburg, Maryland where the Sulpicians lived, in order to found a girls’ school. In 1810 she opened Saint Joseph’s Academy and Free School; thanks to the financial support of Samuel Sutherland Cooper who was a wealthy convert and seminarian at the new Mount Saint Mary’s University. Elizabeth then began a religious community dedicated to the service and care of poor children. It was the first congregation of religious sisters started in the United States and her school was the first free Catholic school in the U.S. It is here that the Catholic parochial school system began in the U.S. The congregation lived the rule established by St. Vincent de Paul for the Daughters of Charity in France and took the name Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph. Elizabeth became Mother Seton. Elizabeth spent her remaining days continuing to develop her new congregation of sisters. She died of tuberculosis on January 4, 1821. Her legacy continued after her death and schools started by her sisters could be found in Cincinnati and New Orleans by 1830. They also began the first hospital West of the Mississippi in St. Louis. Elizabeth’s life was marked with grief, persecution, and economic hardship, but in the end, she persevered and completed what she set out to do. There is much to learn from her life and example. St. Elizabeth Ann Seton learned the value of service from the stepmother who abandoned her. She did not allow this pain to deter her in the mission of helping the poor. Elizabeth was a woman of culture who saw the great need of education, especially for poor girls. Her entire life was dedicated to this mission and serving the greater Glory of God. Her example is one for all of us in our call to give ourselves over to God that the world may be conformed to Him. Suffering Persecution Patiently The United States has a long history of persecuting Catholics. Elizabeth lived in a time of open and accepted persecution. She lost friends and students alike because of her conversion to Catholicism. Instead of giving up, she found a way to establish the schools she wanted to make available to poor girls. Her life is a reminder that regardless of the opposition, God will work through us to bring the good He desires in the world. Elizabeth submitted to God’s design for her life and did not stop until her mission was completed. She teaches us how to patiently bear the pain and suffering of persecution. Today people are being persecuted for their faith and we can turn to Elizabeth as an example of someone who persevered. She is also a great intercessor for the persecuted since she knows it all too well. We are Fallen and broken. We are capable of causing great pain in others and experiencing deep hurt from other people. Elizabeth lost her birth mother and was abandoned by her stepmother and father. Her adult life was marked by hardship and loss. St. Elizabeth lost two children and her husband. She could have allowed all of this suffering the turn to bitterness, but instead she gave it back to God in service of Him. Elizabeth did not allow the pain of abandonment to warp her, but she instead harnessed it in service of those less fortunate. She took the lessons gleaned from her stepmother and lived them for the rest of her life. It is clear by her example that she was able to forgive those who abandoned her. This weekend, January 4th, the Church celebrates the feast of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton. Her life is a shining example for our own lives. She teaches us to follow Christ regardless of the opposition we face, grief and suffering we experience, and the abandonment by the ones we love. She kept her eyes firmly fixed on Christ, as we must. May she be a great friend and intercessor for us all. Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton, ora pro nobis.	1,337	ENGLISH	1
Anna Howard Shaw Biography, Life, Interesting Facts Died On : Also Known For : Birth Place : The course for women liberation deserved an activist like Anna Howard Shaw. She was a medical professional, preacher, writer and women’s rights activist. She was born in Newcastle, England on February 14, 1847, and died on July 2, 1919, at the age of 72. Anna Howard Shaw was born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England on February 14, 1847. When she turned four years in 1851, her family moved to the United States in Lawrence, Massachusetts. Her father purchased a large section of land in Northern Michigan and left the rest of his family to live there. The place was desolate and her mother was despaired because life in this wilderness was hard. She and her siblings worked hard in renovating their home by indulging in physical labor like digging the well and cutting down trees. At this time, she was only a 12 year old child exposed to hard work and harsh living conditions. Call To Preach And Education When Anna Howard Shaw turned 15 years she decided to become a teacher and contributed much to the family’s income. This income however, could not meet their needs and sustain their expenditure monthly. With her brother wounded in the civil war, her desperate mother at home and the loss of her eldest sister. She became hardened by this situations. She had to quit the teaching job and joined her sister in Big Rapids, Michigan where she attended high school. Anna Howard Shaw also began preaching while at Michigan although her family was against this decision. They persuaded her to let go of preaching and in return would pay for her college but Shaw was reluctant. Shaw continued preaching and acquired her preacher’s license in 1871. She preached for two years while accumulating funds that would later support her at Albion College in 1873. After college, she enrolled at the Boston University School of Theology being the only woman in her class. Through struggle and perseverance Anna Howard Shaw graduated in 1878 and led the church in East Dennis, Massachusetts. However, she was not ordained as a preacher at the Methodist Episcopal Church because of being a woman. She was later ordained becoming the first woman to minister in a Methodist Protestant Church. After a while, she went back to Boston University and studied medicine which she never practiced after her graduation in 1885. Women’s Suffrage And Political Work Anna Howard Shaw was inspired by Susan B. Anthony who encouraged her to fight for the rights of women. Shaw resigned from preaching and entered the women suffrage movement in 1888 and was elected vice president of the NAWSA. She was the vice president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) beginning 1892 to 1904. Anna Howard Shaw became the president of the NAWSA in 1904 but resigned in 1915 due to pressure to support militant tactics in fighting for women’s suffrage. She rather embraced the philosophy of Anthony that did not encourage military intervention and was succeeded by Carrie Chapman Catt. Later Years And Death Anna Howard Shaw became the head of the women’s committee in the United States during World War I at the Council of National defense. She was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal being also the first female to receive the honor. The rest of her later years were spent in lecturing on women’s suffrage and on tours. She suffered from pneumonia and died at the age of 72 on July 2, 1919 in Moylan, Pennsylvania. Anna Howard Shaw became an outspoken woman in the American history known for her fight on women’s rights. Her speech was ranked at the 27th position in the American Rhetoric’s top 100 speeches. She is also included into the National Women’s Hall of Fame and has a women’s center at Albion College that educates on gender-based issues. Because of her fight for women, an amendment was done in America that gave women the right to vote. The Anna Howard Shaw Center at Boston University and the Anna Howard Shaw Junior High School also bear the legacy she left. A statue was erected near the Community Library in 1988 in Big Rapids, Michigan to commemorate her struggle for women suffrage. More People From England Edward de Vere	<urn:uuid:13f867ee-77bb-4ea0-acc9-ae5028ca8e7e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.sunsigns.org/famousbirthdays/profile/anna-howard-shaw/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122071919-20200122100919-00405.warc.gz	en	0.984758	881	3.390625	3	[ -0.33896690607070923, 0.11243721842765808, 0.30791205167770386, 0.13454623520374298, 0.3052072525024414, 0.5005125403404236, 0.3659304976463318, -0.010645145550370216, -0.07866859436035156, 0.20073889195919037, 0.17155608534812927, 0.38117432594299316, 0.3080786466598511, 0.338349163532257...	1	Anna Howard Shaw Biography, Life, Interesting Facts Died On : Also Known For : Birth Place : The course for women liberation deserved an activist like Anna Howard Shaw. She was a medical professional, preacher, writer and women’s rights activist. She was born in Newcastle, England on February 14, 1847, and died on July 2, 1919, at the age of 72. Anna Howard Shaw was born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England on February 14, 1847. When she turned four years in 1851, her family moved to the United States in Lawrence, Massachusetts. Her father purchased a large section of land in Northern Michigan and left the rest of his family to live there. The place was desolate and her mother was despaired because life in this wilderness was hard. She and her siblings worked hard in renovating their home by indulging in physical labor like digging the well and cutting down trees. At this time, she was only a 12 year old child exposed to hard work and harsh living conditions. Call To Preach And Education When Anna Howard Shaw turned 15 years she decided to become a teacher and contributed much to the family’s income. This income however, could not meet their needs and sustain their expenditure monthly. With her brother wounded in the civil war, her desperate mother at home and the loss of her eldest sister. She became hardened by this situations. She had to quit the teaching job and joined her sister in Big Rapids, Michigan where she attended high school. Anna Howard Shaw also began preaching while at Michigan although her family was against this decision. They persuaded her to let go of preaching and in return would pay for her college but Shaw was reluctant. Shaw continued preaching and acquired her preacher’s license in 1871. She preached for two years while accumulating funds that would later support her at Albion College in 1873. After college, she enrolled at the Boston University School of Theology being the only woman in her class. Through struggle and perseverance Anna Howard Shaw graduated in 1878 and led the church in East Dennis, Massachusetts. However, she was not ordained as a preacher at the Methodist Episcopal Church because of being a woman. She was later ordained becoming the first woman to minister in a Methodist Protestant Church. After a while, she went back to Boston University and studied medicine which she never practiced after her graduation in 1885. Women’s Suffrage And Political Work Anna Howard Shaw was inspired by Susan B. Anthony who encouraged her to fight for the rights of women. Shaw resigned from preaching and entered the women suffrage movement in 1888 and was elected vice president of the NAWSA. She was the vice president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) beginning 1892 to 1904. Anna Howard Shaw became the president of the NAWSA in 1904 but resigned in 1915 due to pressure to support militant tactics in fighting for women’s suffrage. She rather embraced the philosophy of Anthony that did not encourage military intervention and was succeeded by Carrie Chapman Catt. Later Years And Death Anna Howard Shaw became the head of the women’s committee in the United States during World War I at the Council of National defense. She was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal being also the first female to receive the honor. The rest of her later years were spent in lecturing on women’s suffrage and on tours. She suffered from pneumonia and died at the age of 72 on July 2, 1919 in Moylan, Pennsylvania. Anna Howard Shaw became an outspoken woman in the American history known for her fight on women’s rights. Her speech was ranked at the 27th position in the American Rhetoric’s top 100 speeches. She is also included into the National Women’s Hall of Fame and has a women’s center at Albion College that educates on gender-based issues. Because of her fight for women, an amendment was done in America that gave women the right to vote. The Anna Howard Shaw Center at Boston University and the Anna Howard Shaw Junior High School also bear the legacy she left. A statue was erected near the Community Library in 1988 in Big Rapids, Michigan to commemorate her struggle for women suffrage. More People From England Edward de Vere	914	ENGLISH	1
All were covered to some extent with a large cairn of stone. About 1,500 megalithic tombs are known from Ireland. The roofs would have been high-pitched and thatched, like the one you see here. The houses were divided into two or three rooms, with doors and sleeping areas and would have been quite comfortable. They also collected nuts, berries, wild apples and all kinds of seeds. Their way of life was so successful that it lasted, virtually unchanged, for 3000 years.Farming started in the Near East about 9000 years ago and over the next 3000 years the idea spread from there all across Europe.Groups of farming families moved with it, while some hunter-gatherer communities began to settle down and farm themselves.New people must have come to Irelandat this time as none of these new crops and animals (except pigs) are native to this country, while their houses and pottery are like those used by farmers elsewhere in Europe. Their houses were quite different to what existed earlier: they were rectangular and built of timber – either oak planks, wattle or a mixture of both – and they were quite large, up to 15m in length. Stone Age 7000BC-2500BC The first people to come to Ireland arrived about 9000 years ago, after the last Ice Age.	<urn:uuid:e7d16fee-842e-4e05-b42b-731ddaa78acb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://buba.cy10.ru/irish-dating-sights-384.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00293.warc.gz	en	0.98703	276	3.6875	4	[ -0.11323188990354538, 0.12094930559396744, 0.271408349275589, 0.041998203843832016, -0.19074222445487976, -0.22540853917598724, -0.17168603837490082, -0.39961379766464233, 0.0628814548254013, -0.1420714557170868, -0.08818872272968292, -0.6107621788978577, -0.01026616245508194, 0.2694819867...	1	All were covered to some extent with a large cairn of stone. About 1,500 megalithic tombs are known from Ireland. The roofs would have been high-pitched and thatched, like the one you see here. The houses were divided into two or three rooms, with doors and sleeping areas and would have been quite comfortable. They also collected nuts, berries, wild apples and all kinds of seeds. Their way of life was so successful that it lasted, virtually unchanged, for 3000 years.Farming started in the Near East about 9000 years ago and over the next 3000 years the idea spread from there all across Europe.Groups of farming families moved with it, while some hunter-gatherer communities began to settle down and farm themselves.New people must have come to Irelandat this time as none of these new crops and animals (except pigs) are native to this country, while their houses and pottery are like those used by farmers elsewhere in Europe. Their houses were quite different to what existed earlier: they were rectangular and built of timber – either oak planks, wattle or a mixture of both – and they were quite large, up to 15m in length. Stone Age 7000BC-2500BC The first people to come to Ireland arrived about 9000 years ago, after the last Ice Age.	291	ENGLISH	1
How Persons got here How People Got Here Simply by: C Crawley Have you ever wanted to learn how people acquired here. I think that they entered on the Bering strait. But thats not really the only thing you are going to learn. First you will learn that they got below. Second I will tell you how come they came here. Then you definitely will learn where did offered from. Envision going through what they did to you. How do they arrive here? Most experts think that they crossed the Bering ocean. Because when they came above 12, 000 years ago, it was frozen as well as was named the Bering strait. But not all scientists agree. Several scientists think that they entered in reed boats. Also some Native Americans say there was a " Great FloodвЂќ. When they entered the Bering strait the ocean amounts were lower. That in my opinion is just how people have to North America. Why did offered here? They will came right here hunting large game. In fact they did not mean to come here these people were just following their food. The big video game they were hunting Moose, Antelope, Deer, and Buffalo. They were called " nomadic huntersвЂќ meaning they shifted where their food moved. That is why that they came to the americas. Exactly where did offered from? Scientists don't agree on where that they came from. However they do consent that they would come from someplace in Asia. About 60 different 'languages' were used throughout North America. Scientists include found our bones that go as far back 12, 000 years ago, allegedly where the Bering Strait was. That is the place that the first Native Americans came from. I told you a lot about how persons got in this article. I hope you learned all about the past and what impact it had on today. I actually told you about how they received here. If they got in this article. And for what reason they emerged here. Picture what you would feel like when it's -15 below actually zero and your entered a frozen tundra. I hope you learned a whole lot.	<urn:uuid:aeae2d15-75bc-47a8-81a1-7a209a6f77df>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://essaycompanyreviews.com/how-persons-got-below/40969-essay-how-people-received-here.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00229.warc.gz	en	0.989893	444	3.265625	3	[ -0.303583562374115, -0.016361670568585396, 0.07247830182313919, -0.14305633306503296, -0.03394421935081482, -0.4365740418434143, 0.6194328665733337, 0.19159714877605438, -0.3419836163520813, 0.05653506889939308, 0.609822154045105, -0.1779583841562271, -0.13003136217594147, -0.0564426071941...	1	How Persons got here How People Got Here Simply by: C Crawley Have you ever wanted to learn how people acquired here. I think that they entered on the Bering strait. But thats not really the only thing you are going to learn. First you will learn that they got below. Second I will tell you how come they came here. Then you definitely will learn where did offered from. Envision going through what they did to you. How do they arrive here? Most experts think that they crossed the Bering ocean. Because when they came above 12, 000 years ago, it was frozen as well as was named the Bering strait. But not all scientists agree. Several scientists think that they entered in reed boats. Also some Native Americans say there was a " Great FloodвЂќ. When they entered the Bering strait the ocean amounts were lower. That in my opinion is just how people have to North America. Why did offered here? They will came right here hunting large game. In fact they did not mean to come here these people were just following their food. The big video game they were hunting Moose, Antelope, Deer, and Buffalo. They were called " nomadic huntersвЂќ meaning they shifted where their food moved. That is why that they came to the americas. Exactly where did offered from? Scientists don't agree on where that they came from. However they do consent that they would come from someplace in Asia. About 60 different 'languages' were used throughout North America. Scientists include found our bones that go as far back 12, 000 years ago, allegedly where the Bering Strait was. That is the place that the first Native Americans came from. I told you a lot about how persons got in this article. I hope you learned all about the past and what impact it had on today. I actually told you about how they received here. If they got in this article. And for what reason they emerged here. Picture what you would feel like when it's -15 below actually zero and your entered a frozen tundra. I hope you learned a whole lot.	447	ENGLISH	1

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