Split (1)

train · 729k rows

text string	id string	dump string	url string	file_path string	language string	language_score float64	token_count int64	score float64	int_score int64	embedding list	count int64	Content string	Tokens int64	Top_Lang string	Top_Conf float64
Why was World War II was most important for African independence movements? A. The German colonies were destroyed during the war. B. Many Africans served in Allied armies and returned with radical new ideas. C. Africans listened closely to German propaganda. D. Africans liberated their countries during the war. E. Colonialism was exposed as a corrupt practice. The correct answer is option B – Many Africans served in Allied armies and returned with radical new ideas. During World War II, many African nations were made to fight for their colonial ruler, Britain. They fought against the Axis countries. Africans played a vital role in bringing an end to World War II. However, the African contribution to World War II is most times missing in the conventional history of World War II. The British forces made troops from Africa in the West, East, and southern African territories. After World War II, many African nations saw the need to fight for their independence and self-determination from their colonial leaders. Africans did not listen closely to German propaganda as they were on the Allied side.	<urn:uuid:99ef9ae6-69ba-4d04-a6c2-cfaa9276eb51>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.proprofs.com/discuss/q/1211481/world-war-ii-was-most-important-for-african-independence-mov	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00364.warc.gz	en	0.981607	213	4.0625	4	[ -0.34881147742271423, 0.5501996874809265, 0.006537861190736294, -0.1561330109834671, 0.11579540371894836, -0.08505655825138092, 0.027054037898778915, 0.3341479003429413, -0.2374143898487091, 0.11727648228406906, 0.2488572895526886, -0.2676481306552887, -0.07859906554222107, 0.5261150002479...	1	Why was World War II was most important for African independence movements? A. The German colonies were destroyed during the war. B. Many Africans served in Allied armies and returned with radical new ideas. C. Africans listened closely to German propaganda. D. Africans liberated their countries during the war. E. Colonialism was exposed as a corrupt practice. The correct answer is option B – Many Africans served in Allied armies and returned with radical new ideas. During World War II, many African nations were made to fight for their colonial ruler, Britain. They fought against the Axis countries. Africans played a vital role in bringing an end to World War II. However, the African contribution to World War II is most times missing in the conventional history of World War II. The British forces made troops from Africa in the West, East, and southern African territories. After World War II, many African nations saw the need to fight for their independence and self-determination from their colonial leaders. Africans did not listen closely to German propaganda as they were on the Allied side.	210	ENGLISH	1
During the Civil War, there were many difficulties handed to the south by the Union.Export ships, non-slave labor, and grain production were just three of the many things that the Confederates lacked during the war.The advantages of the north against the south during the Civil War were manufacturing, iron production and their population. To begin with, Manufacturing was an important part of the Civil War. The south only had one fort while the north had many of them and tons of manufacturers. Manufacturers played an important role in the Union overpowering the south because of the making of vehicles. The south had to use the same vehicles for war while the north could constantly be building new ones. Also, they built supplies in order to give the Union a power boost. These supplies could have included armor, clothes, tents, etc. Anything needed by the north was made instantly thanks to manufacturers. Secondly, a beneficial advantage the Union had over the south was iron production.More weapons were being produced to replace broken or damaged ones. These weapons included rifles, bayonets, and cannons.Also, iron production meant that the Union's forts would be made using iron.Stronger forts meant more protection from enemy fire and infiltration. This was crucial if they wanted to protect their people and their soldiers. Therefore the Union outsmarted the south in order to get closer to victory. Lastly, a higher population means that the Union would have a much higher soldier count than the southern states. This gave them the advantage in military power because they could outnumber the southern armies in no time leading them one step closer to victory in a shorter amount of time. Also, if anything should go wrong during the war, they could call back for reinforcements, another advantage of having a higher population than the south. If for some reason the Union would fall in war against the …	<urn:uuid:12337aa2-1bc5-47cf-b4fc-22f6a504a0fa>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://gemmarketingsolutions.com/civil-war-hardships/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00379.warc.gz	en	0.987225	375	3.8125	4	[ -0.42852988839149475, 0.10324331372976303, 0.1854037046432495, -0.0387154147028923, 0.31022897362709045, 0.05687838792800903, 0.09154321998357773, 0.21866127848625183, -0.4633654057979584, -0.15632542967796326, 0.04035399481654167, 0.03980250656604767, 0.24246668815612793, 0.22821198403835...	1	During the Civil War, there were many difficulties handed to the south by the Union.Export ships, non-slave labor, and grain production were just three of the many things that the Confederates lacked during the war.The advantages of the north against the south during the Civil War were manufacturing, iron production and their population. To begin with, Manufacturing was an important part of the Civil War. The south only had one fort while the north had many of them and tons of manufacturers. Manufacturers played an important role in the Union overpowering the south because of the making of vehicles. The south had to use the same vehicles for war while the north could constantly be building new ones. Also, they built supplies in order to give the Union a power boost. These supplies could have included armor, clothes, tents, etc. Anything needed by the north was made instantly thanks to manufacturers. Secondly, a beneficial advantage the Union had over the south was iron production.More weapons were being produced to replace broken or damaged ones. These weapons included rifles, bayonets, and cannons.Also, iron production meant that the Union's forts would be made using iron.Stronger forts meant more protection from enemy fire and infiltration. This was crucial if they wanted to protect their people and their soldiers. Therefore the Union outsmarted the south in order to get closer to victory. Lastly, a higher population means that the Union would have a much higher soldier count than the southern states. This gave them the advantage in military power because they could outnumber the southern armies in no time leading them one step closer to victory in a shorter amount of time. Also, if anything should go wrong during the war, they could call back for reinforcements, another advantage of having a higher population than the south. If for some reason the Union would fall in war against the …	366	ENGLISH	1
On May 4th, 1922, an unusual weather event occurred in Austin, Texas. Two different tornadoes developed within minutes of each other, initially six to seven miles apart, but with tracks that ultimately were parallel and only about three miles apart. Both tornadoes moved from north-northeast toward the south-southwest. Twelve people died and more than fifty were injured. All of the deaths and most of the injuries were caused by what was described as “the eastern storm”. Although there were newspaper reports contemporaneous with the event and its aftermath, what follows is based on written reports prepared by three men with scientific backgrounds: Dr. Frederic Simonds, chair of the Geology Dept. at the University of Texas, Paul T. Seashore, a student in the geology department, and Fred Morris, who was the U.S. Weather Bureau’s cooperative observer for Austin at the time. Fred Morris’ report describes in some detail the events leading up to the development of the tornadoes. The morning of May 4, 1922 dawned mostly clear and muggy in Austin. There was little, if any, breeze, very few clouds, but heat and humidity were high as the sun climbed into the sky during the morning. By midday, cumulus clouds were forming, but the surface wind remained light from the southeast, and there was no real indication of what was to come later in the afternoon. Not long after midday, towering cumulus clouds began developing, mainly north and northeast of the University of Texas campus, which then on the north side of Austin. By 3pm, one large cloud evolved into a cumulonimbus, located north through northeast of the university campus, and that cloud was moving slowly southward. Between 3pm and 4pm, an increase in cloud cover at various altitudes was noted, as was a second cumulonimbus cloud that had formed north of the campus. Lightning increased and thunder was heard, and it had grown dark enough that artificial lighting was needed in the campus buildings. It isn’t clear which tornado developed first. Several reports suggest that the “western storm” may have developed prior to the “eastern storm”, but the timing is far from certain. What is clear is that the “western storm” attracted more attention from people in downtown Austin, and was perhaps more visible from the downtown area. “The Eastern Storm”: “(T)here was a visible lowering of the central portion of its base … a violent churning action about this protuberance … the whole base of the cloud seemed badly agitated … the projection was lowering and the agitation becoming more violent as it moved southward.” He also noted that “the whole storm was moving in a direction about 30 degrees west of south at an increasing rate of speed.” A tornado was forming, and the first damage occurred at the Texas State Cemetery (located at East 9th Street and Comal Street), where branches were torn from trees. The tornado initially appeared to be just “a fierce whirlwind”. The tornado intensified as it moved south toward the Colorado River. Before reaching the river, at Sixth and Navasota, two buildings were badly damaged, and while crossing First Street and Waller Street, one of Austin’s signature tall light towers was blown down on top of a city fire station. From that point to the river, a number of buildings were badly damaged. Meanwhile, northwest of the State Capitol about five miles, the other (weaker) tornado (described as “the western storm”) had formed and was also moving toward the south-southwest, causing structural damage along the way. “The Western Storm”: The “western storm” developed near Fiskville (then a rural community northwest of the city of Austin, but now very much a part of the city). The tornado moved toward the south-southwest and caused significant damage at a state facility for infirm children. The tornado was reported to have lifted and touched backed to earth multiple times as it progressed toward the Colorado River. It is not clear if the tornado was intermittently lifting off the ground, or if the condensation funnel was pulsating between being more visible and less visible. The tornado reached the Deep Eddy area on the Colorado River, then located on the outskirts of the city. (Deep Eddy was a popular swimming hole in the river, and the land surrounding the area had been developed as the Deep Eddy Bathing Beach, which featured cabins, camping, and concessions.) Several cabins and other buildings were destroyed by the tornado that day. The most reliable reports state that the tornado crossed the river and disappeared into hills covered by thick cedar trees, where it presumably dissipated. “The Eastern Storm” (continued): Meanwhile, the eastern tornado intensified as it crossed the Colorado River, moving south-southwest up a gentle incline through the Travis Heights residential area, where many homes were damaged or destroyed. The intensifying tornado then struck at St. Edwards College, where the first fatality of the day occurred. A student at the college was killed, and several large structures were damaged or destroyed, including a dormitory and the college power plant. After moving past St. Edwards, the tornado next encountered the Woodward Manufacturing Company, located near Penn Field, which was an abandoned World War I airfield. The manufacturing plant was severely damaged, with several buildings destroyed, and numerous workers were injured. Three people were killed in homes located near Penn Field. The tornado next moved through the St. Elmo community, still intensifying and become larger. Two people died in homes near Manchaca. The tornado began a gradual turn to the right (more toward the southwest), as it moved across rural farmland, and destroyed the Hartkoff Dairy, and the Bargsley residence near Davis Hill, Six of the twelve deaths occurred at the Bargsley residence. The tornado continued toward the west-southwest and eventually dissipated as it neared Oak Hill. The photo below shows the tornado, as seen from the University of Texas campus, prior to its dissipation. There were several unusual factors about the Austin tornadoes of May 4, 1922 including: 1) the tornadoes were simultaneous, 2) the tornadoes both moved toward the south-southwest on parallel paths, and 3) the eastern tornado was much stronger than the western tornado. It seems that a comparison to the 1997 Central Texas Tornado Outbreak (including the F5 tornado at Jarrell) is inescapable: 1) all of the tornadoes on May 27, 1997 moved toward the south-southwest; 2) on at least two occasions, two tornadoes were occurring simultaneously; and 3) the stronger tornadoes tended to be the “eastern” ones. Unlike the 1997 event, however, there is very little meteorological data to aid in understanding what conditions produced the event in 1922. Only one weather observation was made daily in Austin in 1922, and it was more of a climatological nature. There were no regular hourly surface observations, no upper air data, and (obviously) no radar data. [The written reports by Morris and Seashore were published in the Monthly Weather Review (now a publication of the A.M.S. but then published by the U.S. Weather Bureau). Dr. Simonds wrote a report that was published in the University of Texas Bulletin, No. 2307, Feb. 15, 1923. These reports are available online.] Did you enjoy reading about this event? Help us create MORE summaries like this one by becoming a Supporter on Patreon! Questions or comments about this summary? Contact us here: https://tornadotalk.com/contact-us/ Join the tornado history discussion on our Discord Channel: https://discordapp.com/invite/Xm43dQj	<urn:uuid:3ab3d2cc-86df-4df6-8a85-eb21bb15ad3b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.tornadotalk.com/austin-tx-tornadoes-of-may-4-1922/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00226.warc.gz	en	0.984932	1,641	3.5625	4	[ -0.2717459201812744, -0.33522820472717285, 0.19781413674354553, 0.20244522392749786, 0.5904868245124817, 0.41841042041778564, -0.395719051361084, -0.10544019937515259, -0.1673840582370758, -0.08237176388502121, -0.14836819469928741, -0.012529866769909859, 0.3098563253879547, -0.27781948447...	4	On May 4th, 1922, an unusual weather event occurred in Austin, Texas. Two different tornadoes developed within minutes of each other, initially six to seven miles apart, but with tracks that ultimately were parallel and only about three miles apart. Both tornadoes moved from north-northeast toward the south-southwest. Twelve people died and more than fifty were injured. All of the deaths and most of the injuries were caused by what was described as “the eastern storm”. Although there were newspaper reports contemporaneous with the event and its aftermath, what follows is based on written reports prepared by three men with scientific backgrounds: Dr. Frederic Simonds, chair of the Geology Dept. at the University of Texas, Paul T. Seashore, a student in the geology department, and Fred Morris, who was the U.S. Weather Bureau’s cooperative observer for Austin at the time. Fred Morris’ report describes in some detail the events leading up to the development of the tornadoes. The morning of May 4, 1922 dawned mostly clear and muggy in Austin. There was little, if any, breeze, very few clouds, but heat and humidity were high as the sun climbed into the sky during the morning. By midday, cumulus clouds were forming, but the surface wind remained light from the southeast, and there was no real indication of what was to come later in the afternoon. Not long after midday, towering cumulus clouds began developing, mainly north and northeast of the University of Texas campus, which then on the north side of Austin. By 3pm, one large cloud evolved into a cumulonimbus, located north through northeast of the university campus, and that cloud was moving slowly southward. Between 3pm and 4pm, an increase in cloud cover at various altitudes was noted, as was a second cumulonimbus cloud that had formed north of the campus. Lightning increased and thunder was heard, and it had grown dark enough that artificial lighting was needed in the campus buildings. It isn’t clear which tornado developed first. Several reports suggest that the “western storm” may have developed prior to the “eastern storm”, but the timing is far from certain. What is clear is that the “western storm” attracted more attention from people in downtown Austin, and was perhaps more visible from the downtown area. “The Eastern Storm”: “(T)here was a visible lowering of the central portion of its base … a violent churning action about this protuberance … the whole base of the cloud seemed badly agitated … the projection was lowering and the agitation becoming more violent as it moved southward.” He also noted that “the whole storm was moving in a direction about 30 degrees west of south at an increasing rate of speed.” A tornado was forming, and the first damage occurred at the Texas State Cemetery (located at East 9th Street and Comal Street), where branches were torn from trees. The tornado initially appeared to be just “a fierce whirlwind”. The tornado intensified as it moved south toward the Colorado River. Before reaching the river, at Sixth and Navasota, two buildings were badly damaged, and while crossing First Street and Waller Street, one of Austin’s signature tall light towers was blown down on top of a city fire station. From that point to the river, a number of buildings were badly damaged. Meanwhile, northwest of the State Capitol about five miles, the other (weaker) tornado (described as “the western storm”) had formed and was also moving toward the south-southwest, causing structural damage along the way. “The Western Storm”: The “western storm” developed near Fiskville (then a rural community northwest of the city of Austin, but now very much a part of the city). The tornado moved toward the south-southwest and caused significant damage at a state facility for infirm children. The tornado was reported to have lifted and touched backed to earth multiple times as it progressed toward the Colorado River. It is not clear if the tornado was intermittently lifting off the ground, or if the condensation funnel was pulsating between being more visible and less visible. The tornado reached the Deep Eddy area on the Colorado River, then located on the outskirts of the city. (Deep Eddy was a popular swimming hole in the river, and the land surrounding the area had been developed as the Deep Eddy Bathing Beach, which featured cabins, camping, and concessions.) Several cabins and other buildings were destroyed by the tornado that day. The most reliable reports state that the tornado crossed the river and disappeared into hills covered by thick cedar trees, where it presumably dissipated. “The Eastern Storm” (continued): Meanwhile, the eastern tornado intensified as it crossed the Colorado River, moving south-southwest up a gentle incline through the Travis Heights residential area, where many homes were damaged or destroyed. The intensifying tornado then struck at St. Edwards College, where the first fatality of the day occurred. A student at the college was killed, and several large structures were damaged or destroyed, including a dormitory and the college power plant. After moving past St. Edwards, the tornado next encountered the Woodward Manufacturing Company, located near Penn Field, which was an abandoned World War I airfield. The manufacturing plant was severely damaged, with several buildings destroyed, and numerous workers were injured. Three people were killed in homes located near Penn Field. The tornado next moved through the St. Elmo community, still intensifying and become larger. Two people died in homes near Manchaca. The tornado began a gradual turn to the right (more toward the southwest), as it moved across rural farmland, and destroyed the Hartkoff Dairy, and the Bargsley residence near Davis Hill, Six of the twelve deaths occurred at the Bargsley residence. The tornado continued toward the west-southwest and eventually dissipated as it neared Oak Hill. The photo below shows the tornado, as seen from the University of Texas campus, prior to its dissipation. There were several unusual factors about the Austin tornadoes of May 4, 1922 including: 1) the tornadoes were simultaneous, 2) the tornadoes both moved toward the south-southwest on parallel paths, and 3) the eastern tornado was much stronger than the western tornado. It seems that a comparison to the 1997 Central Texas Tornado Outbreak (including the F5 tornado at Jarrell) is inescapable: 1) all of the tornadoes on May 27, 1997 moved toward the south-southwest; 2) on at least two occasions, two tornadoes were occurring simultaneously; and 3) the stronger tornadoes tended to be the “eastern” ones. Unlike the 1997 event, however, there is very little meteorological data to aid in understanding what conditions produced the event in 1922. Only one weather observation was made daily in Austin in 1922, and it was more of a climatological nature. There were no regular hourly surface observations, no upper air data, and (obviously) no radar data. [The written reports by Morris and Seashore were published in the Monthly Weather Review (now a publication of the A.M.S. but then published by the U.S. Weather Bureau). Dr. Simonds wrote a report that was published in the University of Texas Bulletin, No. 2307, Feb. 15, 1923. These reports are available online.] Did you enjoy reading about this event? Help us create MORE summaries like this one by becoming a Supporter on Patreon! Questions or comments about this summary? Contact us here: https://tornadotalk.com/contact-us/ Join the tornado history discussion on our Discord Channel: https://discordapp.com/invite/Xm43dQj	1,634	ENGLISH	1
Traditionally, Bibles were held in containers known as “Bible Boxes.” A box such as this would be used to store a Bible, as well as protect it while it was being transported. Popular in the 17th century, boxes were ornate and made out of wood, metal, or even ceramics. However, as modern forms of mailing and transportation came about, these Bible Boxes became subdued in style, but more pragmatic for modern shipping. The boxes started to look more like what we consider today as a FedEx box. Let us deconstruct one of our Bibles that is encased in a Bible Box. Bibles would be sold in these boxes by the publishers, which would often be indicated on the side of the box. This particular Bible was being distributed by the publisher Nelson. Then, as seen by this example, the top of the box could be pasted over with paper, stamped, and shipped out to another recipient. In our example here, there are two 3 cents stamps on the pasted paper, along with a postmark. The postmark, unfortunately, does not include a date. However, on this top cover, it faintly reads (in pencil!) that the recipient is “Hon. Samuel Nelson Sawyer,” who was the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New York F. & A.M. from 1908-1909. And, the Bible inside the box, which is from Sea & Field Lodge No. 1 F. & A. M., is dated as being from 1918. In the back of the Bible, there is a library due card stamped with dates from 1936. As such, it can be determined that Hon. Samuel Nelson Sawyer received this Bible from between 1918-1936. Examples like this are reminders that, not only is the object itself important, but so is the case that it came in. And, don’t forget to visit our new display, Selections from the Bible Collection at the Chancellor Robert R Livingston Library & Museum, that is currently being exhibited in the Library!	<urn:uuid:ac95f2d2-6300-452c-af52-837b6bc279d6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://nymasoniclibrary.org/its-all-in-the-case-bible-boxes/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00420.warc.gz	en	0.984402	429	3.359375	3	[ -0.16788898408412933, 0.3616153299808502, 0.20775143802165985, -0.15659856796264648, 0.3088584542274475, -0.25478890538215637, -0.09422063827514648, 0.1518554538488388, -0.1752634197473526, 0.35317113995552063, -0.2970682680606842, 0.001991084311157465, 0.03757796809077263, -0.149293288588...	12	Traditionally, Bibles were held in containers known as “Bible Boxes.” A box such as this would be used to store a Bible, as well as protect it while it was being transported. Popular in the 17th century, boxes were ornate and made out of wood, metal, or even ceramics. However, as modern forms of mailing and transportation came about, these Bible Boxes became subdued in style, but more pragmatic for modern shipping. The boxes started to look more like what we consider today as a FedEx box. Let us deconstruct one of our Bibles that is encased in a Bible Box. Bibles would be sold in these boxes by the publishers, which would often be indicated on the side of the box. This particular Bible was being distributed by the publisher Nelson. Then, as seen by this example, the top of the box could be pasted over with paper, stamped, and shipped out to another recipient. In our example here, there are two 3 cents stamps on the pasted paper, along with a postmark. The postmark, unfortunately, does not include a date. However, on this top cover, it faintly reads (in pencil!) that the recipient is “Hon. Samuel Nelson Sawyer,” who was the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New York F. & A.M. from 1908-1909. And, the Bible inside the box, which is from Sea & Field Lodge No. 1 F. & A. M., is dated as being from 1918. In the back of the Bible, there is a library due card stamped with dates from 1936. As such, it can be determined that Hon. Samuel Nelson Sawyer received this Bible from between 1918-1936. Examples like this are reminders that, not only is the object itself important, but so is the case that it came in. And, don’t forget to visit our new display, Selections from the Bible Collection at the Chancellor Robert R Livingston Library & Museum, that is currently being exhibited in the Library!	433	ENGLISH	1
Defence of the Realm (DORA) Act The Government introduced new laws to help pay for and win the war. This started with the ‘Defence of the Realm Act or (DORA) in 1914’. Basic tax increased from 6% to 30% and the number of people in Britain who paid tax, tripled to 3.5 million. Clocks went forward to make the most of daylight hours. The Government took over coal mines, shipping, railways and land to secure supplies and food production. It set up ‘state run’, munitions factories and worked with Trade Unions to prevent strikes. All beaches along the East Coast were closed during the war. Trivial peacetime activities which were banned, included using fireworks, flying kites, starting bonfires, buying binoculars, feeding wild animals bread, discussing naval and military matters or buying alcohol on public transport. People were not allowed to whistle for a Taxis in case this sounded like an air raid alarm, or loiter around railways and tunnels. You could not spread rumours, trespass on railway lines and bridges, ring church bells, melt down gold, or silver, or use invisible ink when writing abroad. Alcoholic beverages were watered down and pub opening times were restricted to noon to 3pm and 6:30pm to 9:30pm (the requirement for an afternoon gap in permitted hours, lasted in England until the Licensing Act 1988 was brought into force). The law was designed to help prevent invasion and to keep morale at home high. It imposed censorship of journalism and of letters coming home from the front line. The press was subject to controls on reporting troop movements, numbers or any other operational information that could be exploited by the enemy. People who breached the regulations with intent to assist the enemy could be sentenced to death. It is estimated that almost one million people were arrested for breaching DORA rules and 11 ‘German Spies’ were executed under the regulations. Though some provisions of Dora may seem strange, they did have their purposes. Flying a kite or lighting a bonfire could attract Zeppelins, and after rationing was introduced in 1917, feeding wild animals was a waste of food. Pigeon racing was stopped, so pigeons being flown were in training or in the service of the Government. There was a penalty for shooting one or not handing over an injured one because it would be regarded as helping the enemy. The DORA legislation was amended six times during the war, to increase social control, help prevent invasion and keep morale high. Curfews were introduced and their was censorship of letters and newspapers. Germans living in the City could be interned. Pubs shut at 11pm for the first time, and ‘treating’ or buying your friends a round of drinks was banned. New factories were built with work canteens, wash rooms for women and even creches for children of working mothers. Exempted trades or reserved occupations were introduced. On 27th January, 1916, there was compulsory conscription of single men, aged between 18 and 41 years. Four months later, this conscription was extended to married men. In May 1916, clocks were brought forward for the first time, to maximise working daylight hours. ‘Blackouts’ were introduced in certain towns to protect against air raids. People were fined or faced imprisonment for breaking any one of hundreds of new regulations. In Hull, fines of 10 shilling and sixpence were imposed for breaching lighting restrictions, and £5 fines were not uncommon. During the First World War, propaganda was employed on a global scale. Unlike previous wars, this was the first total war, in which whole nations and not just professional armies were locked in mortal combat. This (and subsequent modern wars) required propaganda to mobilise hatred against the enemy; to convince the population of the justness of the cause; to enlist the active support and cooperation of neutral countries; and to strengthen the support of allies. Government’s tried hard to persuade people to think in a certain way. This is called propaganda. The British Govenment created ‘The Ministry for Information’ to produce propaganda. This was directed by the Canadian newspaper baron Lord Beaverbrook and actively influenced public opinion towards the war, using posters, news articles, and new mediums, like cinema film. For example, posters were printed that made the army look exciting. Other posters told men it was their duty to join and they would feel proud if they did.Some posters even tried to make them feel guilty, saying that their children would be embarrassed if their father had done nothing in the war. The messages were simple; support your country, support your soldiers, support your family, enlist, contribute, work. Posters were colourful and caught the eye, they were also everywhere.Stories about bad things the Germans had done were also encouraged. The Government knew people would be angry and even frightened. Everyone would want Britain to win the war and make the Germans pay for the dreadful things they were supposed to have done. Many of the tales were untrue. The Germans told the same stories about the British. Access to the front was strictly controlled and journalists were frequently given stories and facts to publish by official press contacts; in the early years of the war, the British government for example, continually put a positive spin on the bad news from the front, casting every failed battle as a heroic last stand. To bolster public hatred against the enemy, both sides also turned to atrocity propaganda, spreading stories about rape, murder, and torture to ensure that the civilians at home continued to call for war against the “savage Huns” or “British dogs”. As the war dragged on, civilians and soldiers became increasingly distrustful of official news and the use of propaganda became subtler and more refined. By the end of the war, winning hearts and minds was just as important as winning a battle, and propaganda at a national scale became an essential prt of any military action.	<urn:uuid:acd0eeee-9ea4-427b-a107-06b1f0ee1aab>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.ww1hull.com/ww1-new-laws-and-defence-of-the-realm/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00545.warc.gz	en	0.984821	1,235	3.28125	3	[ -0.13196754455566406, -0.11135897040367126, 0.6868995428085327, 0.0051624830812215805, 0.5214552283287048, 0.28921931982040405, 0.2735869586467743, 0.3193879723548889, -0.1999986171722412, 0.0674968883395195, -0.15332743525505066, -0.19181941449642181, -0.4640657305717468, 0.70253300666809...	6	Defence of the Realm (DORA) Act The Government introduced new laws to help pay for and win the war. This started with the ‘Defence of the Realm Act or (DORA) in 1914’. Basic tax increased from 6% to 30% and the number of people in Britain who paid tax, tripled to 3.5 million. Clocks went forward to make the most of daylight hours. The Government took over coal mines, shipping, railways and land to secure supplies and food production. It set up ‘state run’, munitions factories and worked with Trade Unions to prevent strikes. All beaches along the East Coast were closed during the war. Trivial peacetime activities which were banned, included using fireworks, flying kites, starting bonfires, buying binoculars, feeding wild animals bread, discussing naval and military matters or buying alcohol on public transport. People were not allowed to whistle for a Taxis in case this sounded like an air raid alarm, or loiter around railways and tunnels. You could not spread rumours, trespass on railway lines and bridges, ring church bells, melt down gold, or silver, or use invisible ink when writing abroad. Alcoholic beverages were watered down and pub opening times were restricted to noon to 3pm and 6:30pm to 9:30pm (the requirement for an afternoon gap in permitted hours, lasted in England until the Licensing Act 1988 was brought into force). The law was designed to help prevent invasion and to keep morale at home high. It imposed censorship of journalism and of letters coming home from the front line. The press was subject to controls on reporting troop movements, numbers or any other operational information that could be exploited by the enemy. People who breached the regulations with intent to assist the enemy could be sentenced to death. It is estimated that almost one million people were arrested for breaching DORA rules and 11 ‘German Spies’ were executed under the regulations. Though some provisions of Dora may seem strange, they did have their purposes. Flying a kite or lighting a bonfire could attract Zeppelins, and after rationing was introduced in 1917, feeding wild animals was a waste of food. Pigeon racing was stopped, so pigeons being flown were in training or in the service of the Government. There was a penalty for shooting one or not handing over an injured one because it would be regarded as helping the enemy. The DORA legislation was amended six times during the war, to increase social control, help prevent invasion and keep morale high. Curfews were introduced and their was censorship of letters and newspapers. Germans living in the City could be interned. Pubs shut at 11pm for the first time, and ‘treating’ or buying your friends a round of drinks was banned. New factories were built with work canteens, wash rooms for women and even creches for children of working mothers. Exempted trades or reserved occupations were introduced. On 27th January, 1916, there was compulsory conscription of single men, aged between 18 and 41 years. Four months later, this conscription was extended to married men. In May 1916, clocks were brought forward for the first time, to maximise working daylight hours. ‘Blackouts’ were introduced in certain towns to protect against air raids. People were fined or faced imprisonment for breaking any one of hundreds of new regulations. In Hull, fines of 10 shilling and sixpence were imposed for breaching lighting restrictions, and £5 fines were not uncommon. During the First World War, propaganda was employed on a global scale. Unlike previous wars, this was the first total war, in which whole nations and not just professional armies were locked in mortal combat. This (and subsequent modern wars) required propaganda to mobilise hatred against the enemy; to convince the population of the justness of the cause; to enlist the active support and cooperation of neutral countries; and to strengthen the support of allies. Government’s tried hard to persuade people to think in a certain way. This is called propaganda. The British Govenment created ‘The Ministry for Information’ to produce propaganda. This was directed by the Canadian newspaper baron Lord Beaverbrook and actively influenced public opinion towards the war, using posters, news articles, and new mediums, like cinema film. For example, posters were printed that made the army look exciting. Other posters told men it was their duty to join and they would feel proud if they did.Some posters even tried to make them feel guilty, saying that their children would be embarrassed if their father had done nothing in the war. The messages were simple; support your country, support your soldiers, support your family, enlist, contribute, work. Posters were colourful and caught the eye, they were also everywhere.Stories about bad things the Germans had done were also encouraged. The Government knew people would be angry and even frightened. Everyone would want Britain to win the war and make the Germans pay for the dreadful things they were supposed to have done. Many of the tales were untrue. The Germans told the same stories about the British. Access to the front was strictly controlled and journalists were frequently given stories and facts to publish by official press contacts; in the early years of the war, the British government for example, continually put a positive spin on the bad news from the front, casting every failed battle as a heroic last stand. To bolster public hatred against the enemy, both sides also turned to atrocity propaganda, spreading stories about rape, murder, and torture to ensure that the civilians at home continued to call for war against the “savage Huns” or “British dogs”. As the war dragged on, civilians and soldiers became increasingly distrustful of official news and the use of propaganda became subtler and more refined. By the end of the war, winning hearts and minds was just as important as winning a battle, and propaganda at a national scale became an essential prt of any military action.	1,247	ENGLISH	1
Shakespeare's interpretation of women in Measure for Measure very much reflects society's opinion of women at the time, which was that men have more freedom and should be given more respect that women. The society of the time was a patriarchal one, where a male God was the ultimate leader, and below him came the king, then the nobles. However, although the society gave men more rights than women, Measure for Measure demonstrates that they also had more responsibilities. This is shown through the situation with Claudio and Juliet, as although they are both equally to blame for Juliet's pregnancy, it is Claudio facing the death penalty. Shakespeare shows the Duke's opinion of women in act 5, scene 1, when the Duke talks to Mariana and says "Why, you are nothing then: neither maid, widow nor wife." This shows that a women is only something if she has either a husband or her purity, and without both of these she is worthless. This opinion of women is confirmed by Isabella's determination to hold on to her virginity and its importance to her, as if she loses her virginity before marriage, she will be regarded as nothing in society. Isabella is used in the play as an example of a perfect woman to the Jacobean society, as she is the epitome of purity and chastity within the play, and the fact that she wants to become a nun shows her to be a very religious person, which is what would have been important to Shakespeare's audience. At the same time, Isabella shows herself to be someone who is very easily controlled, especially by the men in the play, such as agreeing with the plan when the Duke disguised as the friar suggests using Mariana to sleep with Angelo instead. Although this is still wrong according to Isabella's beliefs and morals, she does not contest the Duke's idea. This could also be interpreted as Isabella being very selfish, and that she does not care if other people do wrong and what the consequences for them might be, as long as she is safe. This could be Shakespeare taking some inspiration from the Bible, as Eve is associated with taking the apple from the Garden of Eden, and her selfishness causes suffering for everyone else. Isabella can also be seen to be controlled by religion, as it is her religious beliefs that prevent her from saving her brother's life. This helps to give the audience the impression that she is very easily led, and it is easy for others, especially men, to manipulate her. Shakespeare demonstrates his opinion of the importance of women in the play through the characters alone. There are a total of eighteen male characters in the play, but only five female ones. As well as this, although Juliet is crucial to the plotline, she only has a speaking part in one scene, which is Shakespeare showing that he wants only the minimum amount of female appearances in the play to make it work. Juliet's lack of appearances and speech within the play shows that her opinion is very unimportant compared to the...	<urn:uuid:69af2b95-7fdb-4829-9273-7befdbfe88dd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightkite.com/essay-on/shakespeare-s-interpretation-of-feamales-in-measure-for-measure	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00521.warc.gz	en	0.98647	611	3.5625	4	[ -0.07269519567489624, -0.023969631642103195, 0.2754462957382202, -0.05540740489959717, -0.35484740138053894, -0.1612967997789383, 0.7584203481674194, 0.4236346483230591, 0.2481488138437271, -0.006268815137445927, 0.009279100224375725, -0.3311197757720947, -0.11709374189376831, 0.1922764182...	1	Shakespeare's interpretation of women in Measure for Measure very much reflects society's opinion of women at the time, which was that men have more freedom and should be given more respect that women. The society of the time was a patriarchal one, where a male God was the ultimate leader, and below him came the king, then the nobles. However, although the society gave men more rights than women, Measure for Measure demonstrates that they also had more responsibilities. This is shown through the situation with Claudio and Juliet, as although they are both equally to blame for Juliet's pregnancy, it is Claudio facing the death penalty. Shakespeare shows the Duke's opinion of women in act 5, scene 1, when the Duke talks to Mariana and says "Why, you are nothing then: neither maid, widow nor wife." This shows that a women is only something if she has either a husband or her purity, and without both of these she is worthless. This opinion of women is confirmed by Isabella's determination to hold on to her virginity and its importance to her, as if she loses her virginity before marriage, she will be regarded as nothing in society. Isabella is used in the play as an example of a perfect woman to the Jacobean society, as she is the epitome of purity and chastity within the play, and the fact that she wants to become a nun shows her to be a very religious person, which is what would have been important to Shakespeare's audience. At the same time, Isabella shows herself to be someone who is very easily controlled, especially by the men in the play, such as agreeing with the plan when the Duke disguised as the friar suggests using Mariana to sleep with Angelo instead. Although this is still wrong according to Isabella's beliefs and morals, she does not contest the Duke's idea. This could also be interpreted as Isabella being very selfish, and that she does not care if other people do wrong and what the consequences for them might be, as long as she is safe. This could be Shakespeare taking some inspiration from the Bible, as Eve is associated with taking the apple from the Garden of Eden, and her selfishness causes suffering for everyone else. Isabella can also be seen to be controlled by religion, as it is her religious beliefs that prevent her from saving her brother's life. This helps to give the audience the impression that she is very easily led, and it is easy for others, especially men, to manipulate her. Shakespeare demonstrates his opinion of the importance of women in the play through the characters alone. There are a total of eighteen male characters in the play, but only five female ones. As well as this, although Juliet is crucial to the plotline, she only has a speaking part in one scene, which is Shakespeare showing that he wants only the minimum amount of female appearances in the play to make it work. Juliet's lack of appearances and speech within the play shows that her opinion is very unimportant compared to the...	613	ENGLISH	1
The Small Community During the period before the Second World War, two influential experiments in community landholding were established in the United States. Arthur E. Morgan was the godfather of both. The Koinonia Connection Koinonia Farm was founded as an intentional, interracial community where wealth would be shared in a common purse and where blacks and whites could live, work, and worship together in a spirit of equality. Unconventional ideas and intentional communities native to the United States did as much to seed and to shape the modern CLT as ideas imported from abroad. Even before there was a United States, Native Americans believed that land was a resource that was given by God to all, not “property” to bought and sold. This was a view shared by many of the new republic’s greatest thinkers and leaders. The American thinker who took this concept the furthest, believing that land should be treated differently than the buildings upon it was Henry George. His writings inspired the formation of a number of single-tax colonies during the opening decades of the 20th Century. The land in these communities was owned by a nonprofit corporation. The buildings were individually owned by families, businesses, or cooperatives. A new crop of intentional communities, established on community-owned lands that were leased to the individual owners of any buildings on these lands, sprang up in the 1930s and 1940s. They were started or inspired by Ralph Borsodi, Mildred Loomis, and Arthur Morgan. It was Borsodi who first described these leased-land experiments as “land trusts.” He believed that land should never be individually owned and was quite vehement in insisting that land not even be called “property.” He preferred a term that he had coined himself: “trustery.” Another intentional community was to have a major influence on CLT development. This was Koinonia Farm, a Christian community in southwest Georgia founded in 1942 by the Reverend Clarence Jordan. Among the many supporters who visited Koinonia in the 1950s and 1960s, as it faced of an economic boycott and violent harassment by racist neighbors, were men and women who later helped to create the first rural and urban CLTs. Kononia may have been the place where many of them initially met and hatched their plans, with Jordan in the middle of their conversation. This chapter of Roots & Branches is a collection of historical materials about people, places, and ideas inside the United States that directly or indirectly influenced the later theory and practice of CLT practitioners.	<urn:uuid:cfe723e9-2e5e-4819-bfce-8fc5cae414bb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://cltweb.org/roots-2/domestic-pioneers/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00224.warc.gz	en	0.985521	524	3.421875	3	[ 0.06411774456501007, 0.1693015843629837, -0.05745993182063103, 0.438804030418396, 0.015010270290076733, 0.10903732478618622, -0.013874285854399204, 0.2682223320007324, -0.1316276341676712, -0.14026878774166107, 0.016104860231280327, -0.04333162307739258, -0.009316083043813705, 0.4255943298...	2	The Small Community During the period before the Second World War, two influential experiments in community landholding were established in the United States. Arthur E. Morgan was the godfather of both. The Koinonia Connection Koinonia Farm was founded as an intentional, interracial community where wealth would be shared in a common purse and where blacks and whites could live, work, and worship together in a spirit of equality. Unconventional ideas and intentional communities native to the United States did as much to seed and to shape the modern CLT as ideas imported from abroad. Even before there was a United States, Native Americans believed that land was a resource that was given by God to all, not “property” to bought and sold. This was a view shared by many of the new republic’s greatest thinkers and leaders. The American thinker who took this concept the furthest, believing that land should be treated differently than the buildings upon it was Henry George. His writings inspired the formation of a number of single-tax colonies during the opening decades of the 20th Century. The land in these communities was owned by a nonprofit corporation. The buildings were individually owned by families, businesses, or cooperatives. A new crop of intentional communities, established on community-owned lands that were leased to the individual owners of any buildings on these lands, sprang up in the 1930s and 1940s. They were started or inspired by Ralph Borsodi, Mildred Loomis, and Arthur Morgan. It was Borsodi who first described these leased-land experiments as “land trusts.” He believed that land should never be individually owned and was quite vehement in insisting that land not even be called “property.” He preferred a term that he had coined himself: “trustery.” Another intentional community was to have a major influence on CLT development. This was Koinonia Farm, a Christian community in southwest Georgia founded in 1942 by the Reverend Clarence Jordan. Among the many supporters who visited Koinonia in the 1950s and 1960s, as it faced of an economic boycott and violent harassment by racist neighbors, were men and women who later helped to create the first rural and urban CLTs. Kononia may have been the place where many of them initially met and hatched their plans, with Jordan in the middle of their conversation. This chapter of Roots & Branches is a collection of historical materials about people, places, and ideas inside the United States that directly or indirectly influenced the later theory and practice of CLT practitioners.	527	ENGLISH	1
The most apparent theme of The Bat-Poet is the value of looking at life from a different point of view. This theme is developed through contrasts between the bat-poet and the mockingbird, who represent different kinds of poets, and between the chipmunk and the other bats, who represent different kinds of audiences. Although the story is about poetry, The Bat-Poet is ultimately concerned with the nature of life and how one should live it. The attitudes toward poetry of the animals in the story represent various ways of relating to life and to others. The mockingbird substitutes poetry for life. An egotist, he feels superior to the other creatures, whom he either drives out of his territory or ignores completely. All that he wants is to listen to the sound of his own voice singing his own songs. Although he enjoys being praised, he is not interested in knowing and communicating with others. The bat-poet, on the other hand, is curious about life. He wants to know what happens in the daytime. He wants to know the other animals and to communicate with them. He writes poems not for himself but to please others, to warn them against danger, and to show them things that they do not know, even about themselves. The difference between the mockingbird and the bat-poet is reflected in their attitudes about form and content. The mockingbird imposes form on content; this parallels his domination of the other birds and animals. For the bat-poet, on the other hand, form is a result of content. In its form, his poem about the chipmunk goes in and out because it reflects the activity of chipmunks going in and out of their holes. The last line of his owl poem is minus two poetic feet because the little bat was holding his breath when the owl was out, not because he was thinking about metrical structure when he composed the poem. The chipmunk represents the ideal audience for the poet. He is willing to listen and to learn. He is open to the poem’s content and to its meaning. Most important, he is willing to change his life because of the poem, deciding to go to bed earlier and to dig more holes for escape in case he does encounter the owl. In contrast, the mockingbird is not interested in the owl and responds to the content of a poem only when it is about him. He then becomes defensive when he thinks that he is... (The entire section is 626 words.)	<urn:uuid:11ce0469-2fbd-4e61-a25b-d63076a01ffa>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/topics/bat-poet-57824	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00355.warc.gz	en	0.981621	510	3.84375	4	[ 0.08599267899990082, 0.19687773287296295, -0.03793034702539444, 0.3186725080013275, -0.20793330669403076, 0.11410637199878693, 0.6739546656608582, 0.2559259235858917, -0.10949598997831345, -0.0792539194226265, -0.02317497693002224, -0.3099144399166107, -0.12157049030065536, 0.1205861046910...	1	The most apparent theme of The Bat-Poet is the value of looking at life from a different point of view. This theme is developed through contrasts between the bat-poet and the mockingbird, who represent different kinds of poets, and between the chipmunk and the other bats, who represent different kinds of audiences. Although the story is about poetry, The Bat-Poet is ultimately concerned with the nature of life and how one should live it. The attitudes toward poetry of the animals in the story represent various ways of relating to life and to others. The mockingbird substitutes poetry for life. An egotist, he feels superior to the other creatures, whom he either drives out of his territory or ignores completely. All that he wants is to listen to the sound of his own voice singing his own songs. Although he enjoys being praised, he is not interested in knowing and communicating with others. The bat-poet, on the other hand, is curious about life. He wants to know what happens in the daytime. He wants to know the other animals and to communicate with them. He writes poems not for himself but to please others, to warn them against danger, and to show them things that they do not know, even about themselves. The difference between the mockingbird and the bat-poet is reflected in their attitudes about form and content. The mockingbird imposes form on content; this parallels his domination of the other birds and animals. For the bat-poet, on the other hand, form is a result of content. In its form, his poem about the chipmunk goes in and out because it reflects the activity of chipmunks going in and out of their holes. The last line of his owl poem is minus two poetic feet because the little bat was holding his breath when the owl was out, not because he was thinking about metrical structure when he composed the poem. The chipmunk represents the ideal audience for the poet. He is willing to listen and to learn. He is open to the poem’s content and to its meaning. Most important, he is willing to change his life because of the poem, deciding to go to bed earlier and to dig more holes for escape in case he does encounter the owl. In contrast, the mockingbird is not interested in the owl and responds to the content of a poem only when it is about him. He then becomes defensive when he thinks that he is... (The entire section is 626 words.)	501	ENGLISH	1
The Civil War is one of the most important wars in the history of the world. As the deadliest war in United States history, the Civil War divided the nation in a way that would leave a rippling effect ushering through the rest of the developing world. 5,000 battles would take place during a four-year period, across twenty states. While this war was instrumental in the formation of America as it is today, it was woefully under-documented. Today, we are going to guide you through 38 incredibly rare and stunning photos from the Civil War. This image shows a Union soldier stumbling across a Confederate soldier in the remnants of a burnt-out camp. The wounded soldier appears to have been left behind by his compatriots, likely due to the fact that he was too injured to travel. This image shows a close-up and personal view of the terrors that existed throughout the Civil War. When we stop and look at the war from a personal level, rather than a broad historical one, the consequences become alarmingly clear. Ulysses S. Grant is one of the most famous men to have served during the Civil War. This rare image shows Grant standing before a tent in Cold Harbor, VA, in June of 1864. Grant was a pivotal leader during the war and his efforts would help to turn the tide, thus preserving the Union that we cherish to this day. This haunting image shows a string of burnt out buildings, known collectively as Haxall's Mills. These buildings were razed by Confederate soldiers after working their way through Richmond, Virginia. At the time of this photo, Haxall's Mills was the largest flour mill in the world, or at the least very near to the top. Bolling Haxall was the owner of the mill, and he was one of the wealthiest men in the country at the time. The decorated figure sitting before the tree is General John Sedgewick. General Sedgewick earned the honor of being the highest-ranked Union soldier to be killed in the Civil War. Sedgewick's final words were haunting, as well. Sedgewick had been commanding his soldiers to stand up and return fire during a skirmish. Sedgewick's last words were, "Stand up! They couldn't shoot an elephant from this distance." On July 21, 1861, the battle of Sudley Springs would begin. This horrific image shows the first real battle of the Civil War and the impact that it would have on the land and the people fighting within it. Throughout the broader Battle of Bull Run, more than 4,500 soldiers lost their lives, were grievously wounded, or simply vanished. You are looking at a 200-pound gun that was placed in defense of Fort Wagner, located on the Charleston Harbor. There were 13 total guns of this size defending the fort, making Fort Wagner difficult to approach, to say the least. These guns were set in place at Fort Wagner until 1863 when Confederate forces managed to overrun the Union fort. While President Lincoln was the face of the North during the Civil War, finding pictures of the President during the war can be difficult. Here we see Lincoln speaking with soldiers at a battlefield in Antietam, Maryland. Antietam was one of the defining battles during the Civil War as it succeeded in preventing Northern Virginia's Confederate soldiers from invading the North. This battle would serve to inspire Lincoln during his writing of the Emancipation Proclamation. Fort Sumter was one of the first places to be bombarded during the Civil War. Fort Sumter saw action on April 12, 1861, from Confederate forces who were angered by President Lincoln's decision to reinforce the fort. The bombardment of Fort Sumter would help to kickstart the war. Nobody was killed during the bombardment as Union forces were quick to surrender. This haunting photo captures Dunker Church, located around Sharpsburg, MD. This church was involved in the Battle of Antietam as it served as a battlefield between the two forces. The Battle of Antietam was, of course, one of the bloodiest battles in the history of the United States. The church was blown down by a storm before promptly being rebuilt. Have you ever seen a cannon in action? The loud booming noises must have scared soldiers to their core. Now, let your eyes trace the ground of this battlefield. All of those round items on the ground are massive cannonballs that served to tear men apart. This image was captured in Richmond, Virginia. This wooden hut may not look like much, but during the winter it would serve to keep soldiers warm. This building was known as Pine Cottage and it served as one of the few decently insulated buildings in the area. As a result, soldiers would gather at the building in order to stay warm when the weather started to turn. During the Battle of Wilderness in 1864, a Union and Confederate soldier would both seek to take cover in the same gully. The two began arguing in order to try to convince the other to surrender. Eventually, they began a brawl that would cause the entire battle to pause. The entire battlefield watched the two men during their fistfight. Once the Confederate soldier won, the Union fighter agreed to surrender. This astonishing picture was captured in Ringgold, Georgia. In the middle of the picture, you will find General George Thomas. These war councils were instrumental in deciding how the Civil War would progress. Both the Union and the Confederacy would rely on impromptu war councils in order to advise their various commanders. The Albemarle was an ironclad ram used by the Confederacy. What you see here is all that remained of the ship after it was destroyed by Union forces. While the Albemarle was literally reduced to rubble, it still succeeded in taking out two Union ships while aiding in the death of Captain Fusser of the Miami. While the Civil War consisted of the United States fighting itself, it still spawned interest from foreign nations. This image shows a collection of foreign diplomats from all of the world. Take in New York State in 1863, this image reveals foreign ministers from Great Britain, France, Italy, Sweden, Russia, and Nicaragua. While hydrogen air balloons had already been a thing by the time of the Civil War, they had not made their way to North America. In this image, you see an inventor and Union soldier named Thaddeus Lowe standing by his hydrogen air balloon. Lowe believed that the balloons could be used for military advantage but, instead, he ended up being blown off course before landing in enemy territory. That horrifying looking cannon was known as the Dictator. This photo was captured in 1864 in Petersburg, Virginia. The Dictator weighed an astonishing 17,120 pounds and it would be used to shoot 218-pound shells over a span of 2.5 miles. To say that the Dictator had an impact during the war would be an understatement. During the civil war, resource management was incredibly important. Leaving steel behind could lead to Union soldiers seizing it for use on their railroad. As a result, confederate soldiers began burning steel in this formation. Union General William Sherman loved the idea and appropriated it for use, himself, thus claiming the name of the method. We already briefly talked about the importance of the railroad, so it is only fitting that we discuss Deveraux Station. This image shows the U.S. military feverishly working in order to develop the U.S. Military Railroad. These rails allowed Union soldiers to create a supply line across the nation as they continued pushing forward during the war. Did you know that Washington D.C. was only one hundred miles away from the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia? The two capitals were so close together that soldiers from both sides would visit the other. Here, we see Union soldiers looking down on Richmond. It would take the Union three years before they could overcome Richmond. This astonishing image shows the impact that war can have on industrial development. We are looking at the Firefly Train Engine as it uses the Orange and Alexandria Railway. This railway was absolutely pivotal to supplying soldiers of both sides with life-saving resources and supplies. Owning the railway was an important point of contention between the North and South. The man seated in the middle of this photograph is Matthew Harrison Brady. Brady is widely considered to be the original creator of photojournalism. Due to his work and expertise, we get to enjoy all of the photographs that you have been looking at. Without Brady and his work, who knows what we would have forgotten about the war? Unfortunately, Brady would die in debt after selling his photo collection for a fraction of its value. Religion obviously played a huge cultural role during the Civil War. In this image, we see the United States Christian Commission (USCC) in Germantown, MD. The USCC provided soldiers with supplies, medical resources, social assistance, and religious aid. The USCC isn't widely known about, but it certainly made an impact during the war. While we tend to think of the Civil War as a land-based battle, it was anything but. This image shows the crew of the USS Monitor as it arrives at a battlefield in support of Union soldiers. The Monitor was a pivotal ship in the development of naval warfare and its battle with the Merrimack would go down in history. As we've discussed several times, religious services were instrumental morale during the war. We've seen what the United States Christian Commission did for soldiers, now we see more soldiers attending to a religious service being held aboard the U.S. Passaic. The U.S. Passaic was a slow warship that carried larger weaponry during transportation. This image shows a large pontoon bridge. While fairly harmless in and of itself, this bridge would be employed by General Grant for one of the most impressive flanking maneuvers of the war. Grant sent his soldiers across the bridge in formation so that they could capture the Confederate advanced guard by surprise. Did you know that New Orleans was the largest slave center in the U.S. during the Civil War? It's true! However, Alexandria, VA, was right behind New Orleans. Here we see a slave auction house located on Duke Street, located in Alexandria. Nowadays, the building is used as the location of the Freedom House Museum. General Sheridan earned a reputation for himself that will live on forever down South. Most notably tied to the burning that he ordered in the Shenandoah Valley, General Sheridan was also considered to be one of the finest military minds of the war. Sheridan would become one of the greatest nemesis of General Robert E. Lee during the war. Adequate medical care was almost impossible to find during the Civil War, so soldiers had to make do where they could. Here we are looking at the Brompton Oak plantation in Spotsylvania, Fredericksburg. This area was used as a pop-up hospital for soldiers who were wounded in the battle of Spotsylvania. You can still tour the area in order to find buildings that are riddled with bullet holes. The Battle of Gettysburg is one of the most famous battles in the world, as well as the most important battle of the Civil War. Now known for being a popular tourist destination, the Battlefield of Gettysburg is filled with areas that were pivotal to the outcome of the battle. One such place is Devil's Den, a curious collection of rocks and boulders. While we are still in Gettysburg, let's head on over to the Evergreen Cemetery. This cemetery was built roughly a decade before the Battle of Gettysburg. Of course, you might also recognize the Evergreen Cemetery for being featured during the Gettysburg Address. During Lincoln's speech, you can see the cemetery in the background of several photographs. General Ambrose Burnside probably had the most impressive facial features of the Civil War. Unfortunately, Burnside's sideburns couldn't protect him from making a rather terrible string of military decisions. Burnside replaced General McClellan before heading off on several reckless charges against General Lee. Burnside would only have the job for three months before resigning. This fascinating image shows the Arlington House. The Arlington House belonged to General Robert E. Lee, the face of the Confederate army. Once used as his home, this building is now a memorial to the work that Lee did while serving the Confederacy. While General Lee was staunchly against confederate memorials, we wonder what he'd think of his own memorial? George Armstrong Custer is famous for the Battle of Little Big Horn. Most notably, people conflate Custer's name with being a poor military leader. However, Custer was once one of the most decorated soldiers in the Union army. The man next to Custer is John W. Lea, a confederate soldier that Custer had trained with while at West Point. Custer would save a wounded Lea during the Battle of Williamsburg, carrying him to a hospital where he would be saved. This image shows the U.S. Capitol's iron dome, looming over the surrounding area. The Capitol building was erected during the Civil War. Below the dome, you can see the stocks where a confederate captain named Henry Wirz would be executed. This powerful image also shows several men standing in the trees so that they could get a better view of the execution. Here you can see an image of Little Round Top. This image shows the area where the Union army almost got completely derailed. Little Round Top ended up being a rallying cry for the Union army and it would be instrumental in General Lee's downfall as it motivated Pickett's Charge. Many heroic men died on the land in this image. For a different view of the Civil War era, we are showing you the President's Box at the Ford Theater. You will remember the Ford Theater, of course, as the place where President Lincoln was assassinated. The theater would be closed for over 100 years following the murder of Lincoln before opening once again in the 1960s. This image shows the largest artillery barrage ever performed in North America. Led by Confederate general George Pickett, this barrage would lead to Pickett charging his 12,000 men toward the Union army. The barrage did little damage but Pickett didn't know this, due to the accidental explosion of a Union ammunition store. Thinking that he was winning the battle, Pickett would charge headlong into defeat, losing half of his men along the way. © Sherry Rucherman	<urn:uuid:ceb68253-67a3-4cde-8f69-a060382c45be>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://sufferingsmoke.com/welcome/civilwar/civilwar.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00518.warc.gz	en	0.980292	2,974	3.390625	3	[ -0.330094575881958, 0.16971920430660248, 0.48240524530410767, 0.24482914805412292, 0.22260379791259766, 0.11339433491230011, 0.12880247831344604, 0.28676143288612366, -0.42746418714523315, 0.2924792766571045, 0.043318457901477814, -0.14369259774684906, 0.030787039548158646, 0.6361567974090...	1	The Civil War is one of the most important wars in the history of the world. As the deadliest war in United States history, the Civil War divided the nation in a way that would leave a rippling effect ushering through the rest of the developing world. 5,000 battles would take place during a four-year period, across twenty states. While this war was instrumental in the formation of America as it is today, it was woefully under-documented. Today, we are going to guide you through 38 incredibly rare and stunning photos from the Civil War. This image shows a Union soldier stumbling across a Confederate soldier in the remnants of a burnt-out camp. The wounded soldier appears to have been left behind by his compatriots, likely due to the fact that he was too injured to travel. This image shows a close-up and personal view of the terrors that existed throughout the Civil War. When we stop and look at the war from a personal level, rather than a broad historical one, the consequences become alarmingly clear. Ulysses S. Grant is one of the most famous men to have served during the Civil War. This rare image shows Grant standing before a tent in Cold Harbor, VA, in June of 1864. Grant was a pivotal leader during the war and his efforts would help to turn the tide, thus preserving the Union that we cherish to this day. This haunting image shows a string of burnt out buildings, known collectively as Haxall's Mills. These buildings were razed by Confederate soldiers after working their way through Richmond, Virginia. At the time of this photo, Haxall's Mills was the largest flour mill in the world, or at the least very near to the top. Bolling Haxall was the owner of the mill, and he was one of the wealthiest men in the country at the time. The decorated figure sitting before the tree is General John Sedgewick. General Sedgewick earned the honor of being the highest-ranked Union soldier to be killed in the Civil War. Sedgewick's final words were haunting, as well. Sedgewick had been commanding his soldiers to stand up and return fire during a skirmish. Sedgewick's last words were, "Stand up! They couldn't shoot an elephant from this distance." On July 21, 1861, the battle of Sudley Springs would begin. This horrific image shows the first real battle of the Civil War and the impact that it would have on the land and the people fighting within it. Throughout the broader Battle of Bull Run, more than 4,500 soldiers lost their lives, were grievously wounded, or simply vanished. You are looking at a 200-pound gun that was placed in defense of Fort Wagner, located on the Charleston Harbor. There were 13 total guns of this size defending the fort, making Fort Wagner difficult to approach, to say the least. These guns were set in place at Fort Wagner until 1863 when Confederate forces managed to overrun the Union fort. While President Lincoln was the face of the North during the Civil War, finding pictures of the President during the war can be difficult. Here we see Lincoln speaking with soldiers at a battlefield in Antietam, Maryland. Antietam was one of the defining battles during the Civil War as it succeeded in preventing Northern Virginia's Confederate soldiers from invading the North. This battle would serve to inspire Lincoln during his writing of the Emancipation Proclamation. Fort Sumter was one of the first places to be bombarded during the Civil War. Fort Sumter saw action on April 12, 1861, from Confederate forces who were angered by President Lincoln's decision to reinforce the fort. The bombardment of Fort Sumter would help to kickstart the war. Nobody was killed during the bombardment as Union forces were quick to surrender. This haunting photo captures Dunker Church, located around Sharpsburg, MD. This church was involved in the Battle of Antietam as it served as a battlefield between the two forces. The Battle of Antietam was, of course, one of the bloodiest battles in the history of the United States. The church was blown down by a storm before promptly being rebuilt. Have you ever seen a cannon in action? The loud booming noises must have scared soldiers to their core. Now, let your eyes trace the ground of this battlefield. All of those round items on the ground are massive cannonballs that served to tear men apart. This image was captured in Richmond, Virginia. This wooden hut may not look like much, but during the winter it would serve to keep soldiers warm. This building was known as Pine Cottage and it served as one of the few decently insulated buildings in the area. As a result, soldiers would gather at the building in order to stay warm when the weather started to turn. During the Battle of Wilderness in 1864, a Union and Confederate soldier would both seek to take cover in the same gully. The two began arguing in order to try to convince the other to surrender. Eventually, they began a brawl that would cause the entire battle to pause. The entire battlefield watched the two men during their fistfight. Once the Confederate soldier won, the Union fighter agreed to surrender. This astonishing picture was captured in Ringgold, Georgia. In the middle of the picture, you will find General George Thomas. These war councils were instrumental in deciding how the Civil War would progress. Both the Union and the Confederacy would rely on impromptu war councils in order to advise their various commanders. The Albemarle was an ironclad ram used by the Confederacy. What you see here is all that remained of the ship after it was destroyed by Union forces. While the Albemarle was literally reduced to rubble, it still succeeded in taking out two Union ships while aiding in the death of Captain Fusser of the Miami. While the Civil War consisted of the United States fighting itself, it still spawned interest from foreign nations. This image shows a collection of foreign diplomats from all of the world. Take in New York State in 1863, this image reveals foreign ministers from Great Britain, France, Italy, Sweden, Russia, and Nicaragua. While hydrogen air balloons had already been a thing by the time of the Civil War, they had not made their way to North America. In this image, you see an inventor and Union soldier named Thaddeus Lowe standing by his hydrogen air balloon. Lowe believed that the balloons could be used for military advantage but, instead, he ended up being blown off course before landing in enemy territory. That horrifying looking cannon was known as the Dictator. This photo was captured in 1864 in Petersburg, Virginia. The Dictator weighed an astonishing 17,120 pounds and it would be used to shoot 218-pound shells over a span of 2.5 miles. To say that the Dictator had an impact during the war would be an understatement. During the civil war, resource management was incredibly important. Leaving steel behind could lead to Union soldiers seizing it for use on their railroad. As a result, confederate soldiers began burning steel in this formation. Union General William Sherman loved the idea and appropriated it for use, himself, thus claiming the name of the method. We already briefly talked about the importance of the railroad, so it is only fitting that we discuss Deveraux Station. This image shows the U.S. military feverishly working in order to develop the U.S. Military Railroad. These rails allowed Union soldiers to create a supply line across the nation as they continued pushing forward during the war. Did you know that Washington D.C. was only one hundred miles away from the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia? The two capitals were so close together that soldiers from both sides would visit the other. Here, we see Union soldiers looking down on Richmond. It would take the Union three years before they could overcome Richmond. This astonishing image shows the impact that war can have on industrial development. We are looking at the Firefly Train Engine as it uses the Orange and Alexandria Railway. This railway was absolutely pivotal to supplying soldiers of both sides with life-saving resources and supplies. Owning the railway was an important point of contention between the North and South. The man seated in the middle of this photograph is Matthew Harrison Brady. Brady is widely considered to be the original creator of photojournalism. Due to his work and expertise, we get to enjoy all of the photographs that you have been looking at. Without Brady and his work, who knows what we would have forgotten about the war? Unfortunately, Brady would die in debt after selling his photo collection for a fraction of its value. Religion obviously played a huge cultural role during the Civil War. In this image, we see the United States Christian Commission (USCC) in Germantown, MD. The USCC provided soldiers with supplies, medical resources, social assistance, and religious aid. The USCC isn't widely known about, but it certainly made an impact during the war. While we tend to think of the Civil War as a land-based battle, it was anything but. This image shows the crew of the USS Monitor as it arrives at a battlefield in support of Union soldiers. The Monitor was a pivotal ship in the development of naval warfare and its battle with the Merrimack would go down in history. As we've discussed several times, religious services were instrumental morale during the war. We've seen what the United States Christian Commission did for soldiers, now we see more soldiers attending to a religious service being held aboard the U.S. Passaic. The U.S. Passaic was a slow warship that carried larger weaponry during transportation. This image shows a large pontoon bridge. While fairly harmless in and of itself, this bridge would be employed by General Grant for one of the most impressive flanking maneuvers of the war. Grant sent his soldiers across the bridge in formation so that they could capture the Confederate advanced guard by surprise. Did you know that New Orleans was the largest slave center in the U.S. during the Civil War? It's true! However, Alexandria, VA, was right behind New Orleans. Here we see a slave auction house located on Duke Street, located in Alexandria. Nowadays, the building is used as the location of the Freedom House Museum. General Sheridan earned a reputation for himself that will live on forever down South. Most notably tied to the burning that he ordered in the Shenandoah Valley, General Sheridan was also considered to be one of the finest military minds of the war. Sheridan would become one of the greatest nemesis of General Robert E. Lee during the war. Adequate medical care was almost impossible to find during the Civil War, so soldiers had to make do where they could. Here we are looking at the Brompton Oak plantation in Spotsylvania, Fredericksburg. This area was used as a pop-up hospital for soldiers who were wounded in the battle of Spotsylvania. You can still tour the area in order to find buildings that are riddled with bullet holes. The Battle of Gettysburg is one of the most famous battles in the world, as well as the most important battle of the Civil War. Now known for being a popular tourist destination, the Battlefield of Gettysburg is filled with areas that were pivotal to the outcome of the battle. One such place is Devil's Den, a curious collection of rocks and boulders. While we are still in Gettysburg, let's head on over to the Evergreen Cemetery. This cemetery was built roughly a decade before the Battle of Gettysburg. Of course, you might also recognize the Evergreen Cemetery for being featured during the Gettysburg Address. During Lincoln's speech, you can see the cemetery in the background of several photographs. General Ambrose Burnside probably had the most impressive facial features of the Civil War. Unfortunately, Burnside's sideburns couldn't protect him from making a rather terrible string of military decisions. Burnside replaced General McClellan before heading off on several reckless charges against General Lee. Burnside would only have the job for three months before resigning. This fascinating image shows the Arlington House. The Arlington House belonged to General Robert E. Lee, the face of the Confederate army. Once used as his home, this building is now a memorial to the work that Lee did while serving the Confederacy. While General Lee was staunchly against confederate memorials, we wonder what he'd think of his own memorial? George Armstrong Custer is famous for the Battle of Little Big Horn. Most notably, people conflate Custer's name with being a poor military leader. However, Custer was once one of the most decorated soldiers in the Union army. The man next to Custer is John W. Lea, a confederate soldier that Custer had trained with while at West Point. Custer would save a wounded Lea during the Battle of Williamsburg, carrying him to a hospital where he would be saved. This image shows the U.S. Capitol's iron dome, looming over the surrounding area. The Capitol building was erected during the Civil War. Below the dome, you can see the stocks where a confederate captain named Henry Wirz would be executed. This powerful image also shows several men standing in the trees so that they could get a better view of the execution. Here you can see an image of Little Round Top. This image shows the area where the Union army almost got completely derailed. Little Round Top ended up being a rallying cry for the Union army and it would be instrumental in General Lee's downfall as it motivated Pickett's Charge. Many heroic men died on the land in this image. For a different view of the Civil War era, we are showing you the President's Box at the Ford Theater. You will remember the Ford Theater, of course, as the place where President Lincoln was assassinated. The theater would be closed for over 100 years following the murder of Lincoln before opening once again in the 1960s. This image shows the largest artillery barrage ever performed in North America. Led by Confederate general George Pickett, this barrage would lead to Pickett charging his 12,000 men toward the Union army. The barrage did little damage but Pickett didn't know this, due to the accidental explosion of a Union ammunition store. Thinking that he was winning the battle, Pickett would charge headlong into defeat, losing half of his men along the way. © Sherry Rucherman	3,002	ENGLISH	1
When the United States opened a federal court for Indian Territory in Muskogee in 1889, it naturally brought a number of attorneys to the city. Many moved to Muskogee from Fort Smith where they had done business with the federal court there. Prior to this time, few lawyers had reason to practice in Indian Territory because only tribal courts operated here. A few notable Native American attorneys such as Colonel E.C. Boudinot and Ridge Paschal argued cases both before the tribal courts and the federal court in Fort Smith. The attorneys who came to Muskogee in 1889 quickly formed the Indian Territory Bar Association. James M. Shackleford, the presiding judge of the federal court, was elected president of the Association. Other members of the new Bar Association included Stockton S. Fears, Napoleon B. Maxey, who was later appointed to Oklahoma Supreme Court, and W. T. Walrond who served as vice president of the legal organization. According to Judge Maxey, the first criminal case argued before Shackleford involved the theft of a horse. The defense attorney was Colonel Boudinot. Maxey joked that the case dragged on so long that the horse died of old age before it was settled. The first civil case heard in the new federal court pitted S.S. Fears again N.B. Maxey. Many of the first civil cases heard in the Muskogee court related to the Land Run that had just occurred. Fears had come to Muskogee from Denison, Texas, where he had practiced law for a number of years. Before his time in Denison, he had lived in Sherman, Texas, and served three terms as mayor of that city. He was a widower with four children who also accompanied him to Indian Territory in 1889. Fears had been born in Atlanta, Georgia, and educated in Virginia. He graduated from college just as the Civil War broke out and he joined the Confederacy and served under General Robert E. Lee. He rose to the rank of colonel, fighting in some of the most historic battles of the War. He was addressed as Colonel Fears for the remainder of his life, but like many other old soldiers, he rarely spoke of his war experiences. After settling in Muskogee, Colonel Fears remarried and he and his family became some of the city’s leading citizens. His son William built a fine home on North Thirteenth Street that stands today in the Founders’ Place Historical District. This area was a part of the ranch owned and operated by Creek Chief Pleasant Porter. The Fears' home was one of the first built outside of the downtown core. Colonel Fears’ daughter Millie married William Porter, son of Chief Porter. Fears, along with the hundreds of others who came to Muskogee when the federal court opened, added credence to the old joke that of the 300 leading citizens of Muskogee at the time of statehood, half of them were attorneys. Reach Jonita Mullins at email@example.com.	<urn:uuid:d34e0241-e78a-46c1-ba37-795d25a79af5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.muskogeephoenix.com/news/three-forks-history-federal-court-changed-muskogee-s-population/article_dcd53b22-b257-5238-bf8a-60ff5dcfa5d7.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00377.warc.gz	en	0.985406	636	3.265625	3	[ -0.27189403772354126, -0.00730790663510561, 0.31104210019111633, 0.16973057389259338, -0.39750993251800537, -0.36641645431518555, 0.4655139446258545, -0.2551144063472748, -0.21420426666736603, -0.0032183092553168535, 0.018433012068271637, 0.22712908685207367, -0.06885027885437012, 0.011197...	1	When the United States opened a federal court for Indian Territory in Muskogee in 1889, it naturally brought a number of attorneys to the city. Many moved to Muskogee from Fort Smith where they had done business with the federal court there. Prior to this time, few lawyers had reason to practice in Indian Territory because only tribal courts operated here. A few notable Native American attorneys such as Colonel E.C. Boudinot and Ridge Paschal argued cases both before the tribal courts and the federal court in Fort Smith. The attorneys who came to Muskogee in 1889 quickly formed the Indian Territory Bar Association. James M. Shackleford, the presiding judge of the federal court, was elected president of the Association. Other members of the new Bar Association included Stockton S. Fears, Napoleon B. Maxey, who was later appointed to Oklahoma Supreme Court, and W. T. Walrond who served as vice president of the legal organization. According to Judge Maxey, the first criminal case argued before Shackleford involved the theft of a horse. The defense attorney was Colonel Boudinot. Maxey joked that the case dragged on so long that the horse died of old age before it was settled. The first civil case heard in the new federal court pitted S.S. Fears again N.B. Maxey. Many of the first civil cases heard in the Muskogee court related to the Land Run that had just occurred. Fears had come to Muskogee from Denison, Texas, where he had practiced law for a number of years. Before his time in Denison, he had lived in Sherman, Texas, and served three terms as mayor of that city. He was a widower with four children who also accompanied him to Indian Territory in 1889. Fears had been born in Atlanta, Georgia, and educated in Virginia. He graduated from college just as the Civil War broke out and he joined the Confederacy and served under General Robert E. Lee. He rose to the rank of colonel, fighting in some of the most historic battles of the War. He was addressed as Colonel Fears for the remainder of his life, but like many other old soldiers, he rarely spoke of his war experiences. After settling in Muskogee, Colonel Fears remarried and he and his family became some of the city’s leading citizens. His son William built a fine home on North Thirteenth Street that stands today in the Founders’ Place Historical District. This area was a part of the ranch owned and operated by Creek Chief Pleasant Porter. The Fears' home was one of the first built outside of the downtown core. Colonel Fears’ daughter Millie married William Porter, son of Chief Porter. Fears, along with the hundreds of others who came to Muskogee when the federal court opened, added credence to the old joke that of the 300 leading citizens of Muskogee at the time of statehood, half of them were attorneys. Reach Jonita Mullins at email@example.com.	631	ENGLISH	1
Presentation on theme: "A fable is a story with a moral."— Presentation transcript: 1 A fable is a story with a moral. Fables.A fable is a story with a moral. 2 The Ant and the Grasshopper. In a field one summer's day a Grasshopper was hopping about, chirping and singing to its heart's content. An Ant passed by, struggling to carry a heavy ear of corn he was taking to the nest. "Why not come and chat with me," said the Grasshopper, "instead of toiling and moiling in that way?" "I am helping to save up food for the winter," said the Ant, "and recommend you to do the same." "Why bother about winter?" said the Grasshopper; “We have got plenty of food at the moment." But the Ant went on its way and continued its toil. When the winter came, the Grasshopper had no food and found itself dying of hunger, while it saw the ants giving out corn and grain every day from the stores they had collected in the summer. Then the Grasshopper knew:Moral: It is important to think ahead and be prepared. 3 The horse, the hunter and the stag. A quarrel had arisen between the Horse and the Stag, so the Horse came to a Hunter to ask his help to take revenge on the Stag.The Hunter agreed, but said: "If you want to conquer the Stag, you must permit me to place this piece of iron between your jaws, so that I can guide you with these reins, and allow this saddle to be placed upon your back so that I may keep steady upon you as we follow after the enemy."The Horse agreed to the deal, and the Hunter soon saddled and bridled him. Then with the help of the Hunter, the Horse soon won the battle with the Stag, and said to the Hunter: "Now, get off, and remove those things from my mouth and back." "Not so fast, friend," said the Hunter. "I have now got you with a bit and saddle, and prefer to keep you as you are at present.“Moral: Letting other people do all your work will mean they will get the reward. 4 The Hare and the Tortoise. The Hare was once boasting of his speed in front of the other animals. "I have never yet been beaten," said he, "when I show my full speed. I challenge any one here to race with me." The Tortoise said quietly, "I accept your challenge." "That’s a good joke," said the Hare; "I could dance round you all the way." "Keep your boasting till you've beaten me," answered the Tortoise. "Shall we race?" So a running track and a start line was made. The Hare darted almost out of sight at once, but he was so confident he soon stopped, and lay down to have a nap. The Tortoise plodded on and plodded on, and when the Hare awoke from his nap, he saw the Tortoise just near the winning-post and could not run up in time to save the race. Then said the Tortoise:Moral: Plodding wins the race. 5 The Goose with the Golden Eggs. One day a countryman going to the nest of his Goose found there an egg all yellow and glittering. When he took it up it was as heavy as lead and he was going to throw it away, because he thought a trick had been played upon him.But he took it home on second thoughts, and soon found to his delight that it was an egg of pure gold. Every morning the same thing occurred, and he soon became rich by selling his eggs.As he grew rich he grew greedy; and thinking to get at once all the gold the Goose could give, he killed it and opened it only to find nothing.Moral: Never be greedy.	<urn:uuid:684e7836-79dc-4608-a2a4-7fb9dd457940>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://slideplayer.com/slide/7054755/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00281.warc.gz	en	0.983547	826	3.734375	4	[ -0.13437268137931824, 0.3011418282985687, 0.23039314150810242, 0.3309250473976135, -0.17554469406604767, 0.06129109859466553, -0.09965813159942627, 0.5802268981933594, -0.08439631760120392, 0.3906595706939697, -0.1778755784034729, -0.1799994260072708, -0.08093537390232086, 0.20701345801353...	1	Presentation on theme: "A fable is a story with a moral."— Presentation transcript: 1 A fable is a story with a moral. Fables.A fable is a story with a moral. 2 The Ant and the Grasshopper. In a field one summer's day a Grasshopper was hopping about, chirping and singing to its heart's content. An Ant passed by, struggling to carry a heavy ear of corn he was taking to the nest. "Why not come and chat with me," said the Grasshopper, "instead of toiling and moiling in that way?" "I am helping to save up food for the winter," said the Ant, "and recommend you to do the same." "Why bother about winter?" said the Grasshopper; “We have got plenty of food at the moment." But the Ant went on its way and continued its toil. When the winter came, the Grasshopper had no food and found itself dying of hunger, while it saw the ants giving out corn and grain every day from the stores they had collected in the summer. Then the Grasshopper knew:Moral: It is important to think ahead and be prepared. 3 The horse, the hunter and the stag. A quarrel had arisen between the Horse and the Stag, so the Horse came to a Hunter to ask his help to take revenge on the Stag.The Hunter agreed, but said: "If you want to conquer the Stag, you must permit me to place this piece of iron between your jaws, so that I can guide you with these reins, and allow this saddle to be placed upon your back so that I may keep steady upon you as we follow after the enemy."The Horse agreed to the deal, and the Hunter soon saddled and bridled him. Then with the help of the Hunter, the Horse soon won the battle with the Stag, and said to the Hunter: "Now, get off, and remove those things from my mouth and back." "Not so fast, friend," said the Hunter. "I have now got you with a bit and saddle, and prefer to keep you as you are at present.“Moral: Letting other people do all your work will mean they will get the reward. 4 The Hare and the Tortoise. The Hare was once boasting of his speed in front of the other animals. "I have never yet been beaten," said he, "when I show my full speed. I challenge any one here to race with me." The Tortoise said quietly, "I accept your challenge." "That’s a good joke," said the Hare; "I could dance round you all the way." "Keep your boasting till you've beaten me," answered the Tortoise. "Shall we race?" So a running track and a start line was made. The Hare darted almost out of sight at once, but he was so confident he soon stopped, and lay down to have a nap. The Tortoise plodded on and plodded on, and when the Hare awoke from his nap, he saw the Tortoise just near the winning-post and could not run up in time to save the race. Then said the Tortoise:Moral: Plodding wins the race. 5 The Goose with the Golden Eggs. One day a countryman going to the nest of his Goose found there an egg all yellow and glittering. When he took it up it was as heavy as lead and he was going to throw it away, because he thought a trick had been played upon him.But he took it home on second thoughts, and soon found to his delight that it was an egg of pure gold. Every morning the same thing occurred, and he soon became rich by selling his eggs.As he grew rich he grew greedy; and thinking to get at once all the gold the Goose could give, he killed it and opened it only to find nothing.Moral: Never be greedy.	812	ENGLISH	1
The Humpback whale was very recently on the brink of extinction due to whale hunting practices in the 1900s. as recently as the 1950s there were as few as 450 humpback whales in the south Atlantic Ocean. That is a frighteningly low number considering that at the start of the 20th century- a mere 50 or so years before, there were 27 000 humpbacks in the south Atlantic. Whales became popular for their oil which was used in a host of things from beauty products to soap and as a result these sea mammals were ruthlessly hunted. In only 12 years as many as 25 000 were slaughtered. By the mid-1960s commercial whale hunting had been banned and a worldwide effort was put in place to help the ailing and under-threat humpback population recover. This global effort yielded positive results and heralded the start of good things. A new study conducted has revealed that the number of humpback has now reached its pre-20th century numbers, equating to approximately 25 000 whales in the wild. What’s even more encouraging is that the numbers have managed to grow in such short time thus exceeding the expectations for recovery. Although the hunting of these whales has been banned, they still face human threat and Countries such as Japan still hunt whale. Humans are undoubtably the biggest threat and are responsible for all the other things which threaten the global whale population. Shipping is a popular means of export and import and many whales fall victim to ship strikes when in commercial shipping lanes. Ocean rubbish and plastic also threaten whales and many of them die as a result of ingesting this stuff. Sounds from other underwater crafts and machines also disrupt the whales’ sonar system which they rely on for feeding. One of the biggest threat, directly caused by humans is climate change. Climate change is causing sea temperatures to rise, and the change in sea temperatures is affecting the humpbacks most vital food source, krill.	<urn:uuid:12ae62b3-9075-481e-84d8-6732ccab93ad>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://pebblebeachsibaya.co.za/insights/humpback-whales-numbers-return-to-those-of-a-century-ago/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00378.warc.gz	en	0.983966	392	3.609375	4	[ -0.08360445499420166, -0.01215285249054432, -0.12892723083496094, -0.27112311124801636, 0.3655153512954712, 0.11147245019674301, -0.13112443685531616, 0.07905226945877075, -0.049164775758981705, 0.09404132515192032, 0.39698177576065063, -0.4530941843986511, 0.0006076748250052333, 0.1344040...	6	The Humpback whale was very recently on the brink of extinction due to whale hunting practices in the 1900s. as recently as the 1950s there were as few as 450 humpback whales in the south Atlantic Ocean. That is a frighteningly low number considering that at the start of the 20th century- a mere 50 or so years before, there were 27 000 humpbacks in the south Atlantic. Whales became popular for their oil which was used in a host of things from beauty products to soap and as a result these sea mammals were ruthlessly hunted. In only 12 years as many as 25 000 were slaughtered. By the mid-1960s commercial whale hunting had been banned and a worldwide effort was put in place to help the ailing and under-threat humpback population recover. This global effort yielded positive results and heralded the start of good things. A new study conducted has revealed that the number of humpback has now reached its pre-20th century numbers, equating to approximately 25 000 whales in the wild. What’s even more encouraging is that the numbers have managed to grow in such short time thus exceeding the expectations for recovery. Although the hunting of these whales has been banned, they still face human threat and Countries such as Japan still hunt whale. Humans are undoubtably the biggest threat and are responsible for all the other things which threaten the global whale population. Shipping is a popular means of export and import and many whales fall victim to ship strikes when in commercial shipping lanes. Ocean rubbish and plastic also threaten whales and many of them die as a result of ingesting this stuff. Sounds from other underwater crafts and machines also disrupt the whales’ sonar system which they rely on for feeding. One of the biggest threat, directly caused by humans is climate change. Climate change is causing sea temperatures to rise, and the change in sea temperatures is affecting the humpbacks most vital food source, krill.	428	ENGLISH	1
Religion in Family History Many people today think that the Pilgrims were Puritans. But were they? As we all learn in school the Pilgrims came to America and settled at Plymouth in 1620. At the time they were not known as Pilgrims. They were not referred to as Pilgrims until around 1800. Before this time they were known as Old-Comers or Forefathers. The name pilgrim does have roots in Plymouth colony however, as Bradford did use the term pilgrimes in his book Of Plymouth Plantation. So they lefte [that] goodly & pleasante citie, which had been ther resting place, nere 12 years; but they knew they were pilgrimes, & looked not much on these things; but lift up their eyes to ye heavens, their dearest cuntrie, and quieted their spirits. This quote was read at a Forefather’s Day observance in 1793 and it sparked the future usage of the term Pilgrim. The settlers of Plymouth would not have been referred to as Puritans at that time. They were known as Brownists or Separatists. One of the early Separatists was Robert Browne, and it was his followers who became know as Brownists. For more about Robert Browne, see my post: Day after Thanksgiving The Separatists had actually withdrawn or separated from the Church of England. Of course, many of the Brownists had been Puritans before joining the Separatists. One example is William Bradford. He joined the Puritans when he was only 12 years old and soon joined the Scrooby congregation. The Scrooby congregation separated from the Church of England and due to intense persecution many of the members found refuge in Leiden, Holland. In 1620 the 30 year old Bradford helped arrange the voyage to America on the Mayflower. Within a decade the Massachusetts Bay Colony was formed by Puritans who were undergoing increased persecution in England. The two colonies remained separate until 1691 when they were joined together as the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The Brownists would definitely not have been referred to as Puritans at the time of the voyage of the Mayflower. They were definitely Separatists and through the years had many conflicts with the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony over religious beliefs. It bugs me a bit when I hear the Pilgrims referred to as Puritans. Recently a popular genealogy TV show referred to William Bradford as a Puritan. Tonight I was watching a History Channel program about Thanksgiving that referred to the Pilgrims as a sect of the Puritans. I believe that the Puritans could be referred to as a sect of the Church of England, but there was definitely a separation between the Puritans and the Brownists (Pilgrims). Are you ready for a Thanksgiving Feast? This post is a part of my Religion in Family History series. Click on the link for a list of posts in the series.	<urn:uuid:1e67e411-c0d7-4301-8e7e-0a664476322f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://bramanswanderings.com/2014/11/26/were-the-pilgrims-puritans/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00183.warc.gz	en	0.988853	615	3.859375	4	[ 0.3035871982574463, 0.0833972916007042, 0.17262521386146545, -0.38948506116867065, -0.21242336928844452, -0.21175312995910645, -0.1997758150100708, 0.1266898512840271, -0.13177071511745453, 0.35189348459243774, -0.2014622688293457, -0.22068840265274048, -0.08510380983352661, 0.093338087201...	3	Religion in Family History Many people today think that the Pilgrims were Puritans. But were they? As we all learn in school the Pilgrims came to America and settled at Plymouth in 1620. At the time they were not known as Pilgrims. They were not referred to as Pilgrims until around 1800. Before this time they were known as Old-Comers or Forefathers. The name pilgrim does have roots in Plymouth colony however, as Bradford did use the term pilgrimes in his book Of Plymouth Plantation. So they lefte [that] goodly & pleasante citie, which had been ther resting place, nere 12 years; but they knew they were pilgrimes, & looked not much on these things; but lift up their eyes to ye heavens, their dearest cuntrie, and quieted their spirits. This quote was read at a Forefather’s Day observance in 1793 and it sparked the future usage of the term Pilgrim. The settlers of Plymouth would not have been referred to as Puritans at that time. They were known as Brownists or Separatists. One of the early Separatists was Robert Browne, and it was his followers who became know as Brownists. For more about Robert Browne, see my post: Day after Thanksgiving The Separatists had actually withdrawn or separated from the Church of England. Of course, many of the Brownists had been Puritans before joining the Separatists. One example is William Bradford. He joined the Puritans when he was only 12 years old and soon joined the Scrooby congregation. The Scrooby congregation separated from the Church of England and due to intense persecution many of the members found refuge in Leiden, Holland. In 1620 the 30 year old Bradford helped arrange the voyage to America on the Mayflower. Within a decade the Massachusetts Bay Colony was formed by Puritans who were undergoing increased persecution in England. The two colonies remained separate until 1691 when they were joined together as the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The Brownists would definitely not have been referred to as Puritans at the time of the voyage of the Mayflower. They were definitely Separatists and through the years had many conflicts with the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony over religious beliefs. It bugs me a bit when I hear the Pilgrims referred to as Puritans. Recently a popular genealogy TV show referred to William Bradford as a Puritan. Tonight I was watching a History Channel program about Thanksgiving that referred to the Pilgrims as a sect of the Puritans. I believe that the Puritans could be referred to as a sect of the Church of England, but there was definitely a separation between the Puritans and the Brownists (Pilgrims). Are you ready for a Thanksgiving Feast? This post is a part of my Religion in Family History series. Click on the link for a list of posts in the series.	635	ENGLISH	1
This summer I had a chance to teach a STEAM class to K-5th graders for a week. For those that may not know, STEAM stands for Science, Technology. Engineering, Art, and Math. I love STEAM. I most cases, children are asked to solve a problem, given some rules, and then set free. How they choose to solve the problem is completely up to them. For example, in the picture above the children were asked to build a bridge between tables that supported a bucket full of rocks. They could only use popsicle sticks, clothes pins, and binder clips. the kids LOVED this project. In fact I even had several adults that wanted to try. Throughout the course of the kids' building we talked about non-standard measurement, observation, and weight distribution. The kids were learning and they didn't even know it! It was awesome! The other thing that I love to teach children when I teach STEAM is the computer programmer's model for solving problems. First we talk about breaking a big problem into smaller parts. For example, with the exercise from above we began simply building a bridge that would go between the two tables. Once they had the bridge we made worked on slowly adding weight until their bridge could hold the entire bucket of rocks. We had a lot of failures, but we talked about how we don't give up when a problem gets hard. We persevere. When the kids did finally create a bridge that worked, they were so happy! There was a lot of cheering. Several kids said at the end of the week how STEAM was their favorite class! Learning and loving it! Using primary sources in the classroom means using objects and artifacts from the time in history that you are studying. It means moving away from the text book and into journal entries and letters. In the past, children might see a picture of a tool in a history book with a caption underneath that told them how the tool was used. That tool would have been completely forgotten mere minutes after the child turned the page. By using primary sources, children are asked to look at a picture of a tool and guess how it was used. To do this they have to make observations and activate their prior knowledge of the time period. All of these leave a longer lasting memory than just looking at a picture in a history book. Did you know that every single state includes the use of primary sources in their standards? Even states like Virginia and Florida that don't use the common core, included the use of primary sources in their standards. In Virginia, using primary sources is the very first standard under history and social sciences in kindergarten. In the month of May, my online class is all about using primary sources. We are going to learn about ways of finding primary sources and the copyright rules that govern using those resources in class. I have some very interesting activities planned, and I think that everyone will find that using primary sources in the classroom can really engage students. I look forward to learning with all of you! Kathryn Harrison has worked in several different educational settings, so she has a unique perspective on education.	<urn:uuid:300f522e-1ec9-4d01-ba03-ea0769fb3961>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://bettertrainings.com/blog/category/interactive	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595787.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119234426-20200120022426-00250.warc.gz	en	0.982883	639	3.3125	3	[ -0.4296928644180298, -0.21549105644226074, 0.47254863381385803, -0.34126606583595276, -0.22454559803009033, -0.12201043963432312, -0.18318763375282288, 0.07910683751106262, -0.37731245160102844, 0.03333084285259247, 0.332189679145813, 0.1409275084733963, -0.021850232034921646, 0.2199160754...	1	This summer I had a chance to teach a STEAM class to K-5th graders for a week. For those that may not know, STEAM stands for Science, Technology. Engineering, Art, and Math. I love STEAM. I most cases, children are asked to solve a problem, given some rules, and then set free. How they choose to solve the problem is completely up to them. For example, in the picture above the children were asked to build a bridge between tables that supported a bucket full of rocks. They could only use popsicle sticks, clothes pins, and binder clips. the kids LOVED this project. In fact I even had several adults that wanted to try. Throughout the course of the kids' building we talked about non-standard measurement, observation, and weight distribution. The kids were learning and they didn't even know it! It was awesome! The other thing that I love to teach children when I teach STEAM is the computer programmer's model for solving problems. First we talk about breaking a big problem into smaller parts. For example, with the exercise from above we began simply building a bridge that would go between the two tables. Once they had the bridge we made worked on slowly adding weight until their bridge could hold the entire bucket of rocks. We had a lot of failures, but we talked about how we don't give up when a problem gets hard. We persevere. When the kids did finally create a bridge that worked, they were so happy! There was a lot of cheering. Several kids said at the end of the week how STEAM was their favorite class! Learning and loving it! Using primary sources in the classroom means using objects and artifacts from the time in history that you are studying. It means moving away from the text book and into journal entries and letters. In the past, children might see a picture of a tool in a history book with a caption underneath that told them how the tool was used. That tool would have been completely forgotten mere minutes after the child turned the page. By using primary sources, children are asked to look at a picture of a tool and guess how it was used. To do this they have to make observations and activate their prior knowledge of the time period. All of these leave a longer lasting memory than just looking at a picture in a history book. Did you know that every single state includes the use of primary sources in their standards? Even states like Virginia and Florida that don't use the common core, included the use of primary sources in their standards. In Virginia, using primary sources is the very first standard under history and social sciences in kindergarten. In the month of May, my online class is all about using primary sources. We are going to learn about ways of finding primary sources and the copyright rules that govern using those resources in class. I have some very interesting activities planned, and I think that everyone will find that using primary sources in the classroom can really engage students. I look forward to learning with all of you! Kathryn Harrison has worked in several different educational settings, so she has a unique perspective on education.	631	ENGLISH	1
The Treaty of Sevres The Treaty of Sèvres was signed with the Ottoman Empire after the end of World War One. The terms of the Treaty of Sèvres were harsh and many in the Ottoman Empire were left angered and embittered by their treatment. The Treaty of Sèvres was signed on August 10th 1920 after more than fifteen months was spent on drawing it up. Great Britain, Italy and France signed it for the victorious Allies. Russia was excluded from the process and by 1920 America had withdrawn into a policy of isolation. The Treaty of Sèvres territorially carved up the ‘Sick Man of Europe’. Britain and France had already decided what would happen to the area generally referred to as the ‘Middle East’. Britain took effective possession and control of Palestine while France took over Syria, Lebanon and some land in southern Anatolia. East and West Anatolia were declared areas of French influence. This had already been decided some three years before the Treaty of Sèvres in the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1917. Britain also took over Iraq and was given very generous oil concessions there via the British-controlled Turkish Petroleum Company, later renamed the Iraq Petroleum Company. The Kingdom of Hejaz was given formal international recognition as an independent kingdom. With Mecca and Medina as its most important cities, the Kingdom of Hejaz was 100,000 square miles in size with a total population of 750,000. Armenia was recognised as a separate sovereign state. Smyrna was put under effective control of Greece while technically remaining within the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Sèvres also gave the people of Smyrna the chance of a plebiscite on whether they wished to join Greece as opposed to remaining in the Ottoman Empire. This plebiscite would be overseen by the League of Nations. Greece was also given Thrace. The Dodecanese Islands were formally handed over to Italy who was also given influence in the coastal region of Anatolia. The Dardanelles Straits was made an international waterway with the Ottoman Empire having no control over it. Certain ports near to Constantinople were declared “free zones” as they were deemed to be of international importance. The Treaty of Sèvres failed to deal with the issue of a Kurdistan. There was an initial agreement on the boundaries of a Kurdistan but nationalist Kurds rejected this as it failed to include a region called Van. The issue ended with some Kurds living in Turkey where they were deemed by the government there as being Turks and some in northwest Iraq where they were deemed to be Iraqis. Like the other defeated Central Powers, the Ottoman Empire had military restrictions imposed on it. The Ottoman Army was limited to 50,000 men. An air force was forbidden and the navy was limited to thirteen boats – six schooners and seven torpedo boats. The Treaty of Sèvres also contained clauses that allowed the Allies to supervise these military terms. The financial consequences of the Treaty of Sèvres equalled those of the Treaty of Versailles in terms of severity; however, the new Weimar Germany was allowed to run her own economy – though the terms of Versailles obviously impacted this. The Ottoman Empire had the control of its finances and economy taken away from her and handed over to the Allies. This included the control of the Ottoman Bank, control over imports and exports, control of the national budget, control over financial regulations, requests for loans and reform of the tax system. The Allies controlled even debt repayments. One of the terms of this was that only France, Italy and Great Britain could be debt bondholders. The Ottoman Empire was also forbidden from having any economic collaboration with Germany, Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria and all the economic assets of these four states were liquidated within the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Sèvres also gave the Allies the right to reform the electoral system of the Ottoman Empire. Those deemed guilty of engaging in “barbarous warfare” were required to be handed over to the Allies. The Grand Vizier, Ahmed Pasha, of the Empire planned to ratify the Treaty of Sèvres but was faced with a rebellion by the Turkish nationalist leader Mustafa Kemal. Pasha’s defeat meant that Kemal refused to sign the Treaty of Sèvres, which he viewed as unacceptable with regards to its terms that directly impacted Turkey. Kemal would not countenance the Dardanelles Straits as being anything other than Turkish and saw no reason why ports in Turkey itself should be deemed “free zones”. Kemal believed that the leaders of the Ottoman Empire had taken the people of Turkey into World War One and that the Turkish people should not be punished for the actions of their former leaders. His stand meant that the victorious Allies and the newly created Turkey had to start treaty negotiations afresh.	<urn:uuid:fee87eb7-9a0d-4b2e-8e0a-f206a1351a39>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/the-treaty-of-sevres/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595787.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119234426-20200120022426-00435.warc.gz	en	0.986211	1,018	3.953125	4	[ -0.23027242720127106, 0.18355855345726013, 0.5889830589294434, -0.15681451559066772, -0.34288328886032104, -0.45726239681243896, -0.04332328587770462, 0.19363485276699066, 0.003717837855219841, 0.18908433616161346, 0.02656880021095276, -0.6315651535987854, 0.11380012333393097, 0.2651329934...	10	The Treaty of Sevres The Treaty of Sèvres was signed with the Ottoman Empire after the end of World War One. The terms of the Treaty of Sèvres were harsh and many in the Ottoman Empire were left angered and embittered by their treatment. The Treaty of Sèvres was signed on August 10th 1920 after more than fifteen months was spent on drawing it up. Great Britain, Italy and France signed it for the victorious Allies. Russia was excluded from the process and by 1920 America had withdrawn into a policy of isolation. The Treaty of Sèvres territorially carved up the ‘Sick Man of Europe’. Britain and France had already decided what would happen to the area generally referred to as the ‘Middle East’. Britain took effective possession and control of Palestine while France took over Syria, Lebanon and some land in southern Anatolia. East and West Anatolia were declared areas of French influence. This had already been decided some three years before the Treaty of Sèvres in the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1917. Britain also took over Iraq and was given very generous oil concessions there via the British-controlled Turkish Petroleum Company, later renamed the Iraq Petroleum Company. The Kingdom of Hejaz was given formal international recognition as an independent kingdom. With Mecca and Medina as its most important cities, the Kingdom of Hejaz was 100,000 square miles in size with a total population of 750,000. Armenia was recognised as a separate sovereign state. Smyrna was put under effective control of Greece while technically remaining within the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Sèvres also gave the people of Smyrna the chance of a plebiscite on whether they wished to join Greece as opposed to remaining in the Ottoman Empire. This plebiscite would be overseen by the League of Nations. Greece was also given Thrace. The Dodecanese Islands were formally handed over to Italy who was also given influence in the coastal region of Anatolia. The Dardanelles Straits was made an international waterway with the Ottoman Empire having no control over it. Certain ports near to Constantinople were declared “free zones” as they were deemed to be of international importance. The Treaty of Sèvres failed to deal with the issue of a Kurdistan. There was an initial agreement on the boundaries of a Kurdistan but nationalist Kurds rejected this as it failed to include a region called Van. The issue ended with some Kurds living in Turkey where they were deemed by the government there as being Turks and some in northwest Iraq where they were deemed to be Iraqis. Like the other defeated Central Powers, the Ottoman Empire had military restrictions imposed on it. The Ottoman Army was limited to 50,000 men. An air force was forbidden and the navy was limited to thirteen boats – six schooners and seven torpedo boats. The Treaty of Sèvres also contained clauses that allowed the Allies to supervise these military terms. The financial consequences of the Treaty of Sèvres equalled those of the Treaty of Versailles in terms of severity; however, the new Weimar Germany was allowed to run her own economy – though the terms of Versailles obviously impacted this. The Ottoman Empire had the control of its finances and economy taken away from her and handed over to the Allies. This included the control of the Ottoman Bank, control over imports and exports, control of the national budget, control over financial regulations, requests for loans and reform of the tax system. The Allies controlled even debt repayments. One of the terms of this was that only France, Italy and Great Britain could be debt bondholders. The Ottoman Empire was also forbidden from having any economic collaboration with Germany, Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria and all the economic assets of these four states were liquidated within the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Sèvres also gave the Allies the right to reform the electoral system of the Ottoman Empire. Those deemed guilty of engaging in “barbarous warfare” were required to be handed over to the Allies. The Grand Vizier, Ahmed Pasha, of the Empire planned to ratify the Treaty of Sèvres but was faced with a rebellion by the Turkish nationalist leader Mustafa Kemal. Pasha’s defeat meant that Kemal refused to sign the Treaty of Sèvres, which he viewed as unacceptable with regards to its terms that directly impacted Turkey. Kemal would not countenance the Dardanelles Straits as being anything other than Turkish and saw no reason why ports in Turkey itself should be deemed “free zones”. Kemal believed that the leaders of the Ottoman Empire had taken the people of Turkey into World War One and that the Turkish people should not be punished for the actions of their former leaders. His stand meant that the victorious Allies and the newly created Turkey had to start treaty negotiations afresh.	1,014	ENGLISH	1
🇲🇽 Querétaro, Qro., México Querétaro is a city in central Mexico that is the capital of the state with the same name. The city has played a very important role in Mexican history, since the Independence war, where the initial conspiracy meetings to start the war took place. In 1847, when the United States invaded Mexico City, the capital was moved to Querétaro, and it was here that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, which forced Mexico to cede almost half of its territory on the north in order to end the war. It was also here where 20 years later (1867), Maximiliano de Habsburgo, who was then Emperor of Mexico, was executed by a firing squad. It was in a theater in this city that, once the 1910 Revolution war ended, the different factions worked to create the third version of the Mexican Constitution in 1917, which is currently effective. The photo shows the aqueduct that was built between 1726 and 1738 to transport water from the water springs to several convents and public plazas in what is now the historic downtown, declared World Heritage site by the UNESCO in 1996.	<urn:uuid:d3248bb9-63d1-42c9-8fb0-8270095f941a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://instatools.online/tag/visitmexico	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00381.warc.gz	en	0.981263	256	3.59375	4	[ 0.21323712170124054, 0.3839431405067444, 0.3553946912288666, 0.39459729194641113, -0.1789552867412567, 0.11082937568426132, -0.003927658777683973, 0.3559023439884186, -0.4772510528564453, -0.29248350858688354, -0.2546969950199127, -0.22886823117733002, -0.07434460520744324, -0.033294793218...	1	🇲🇽 Querétaro, Qro., México Querétaro is a city in central Mexico that is the capital of the state with the same name. The city has played a very important role in Mexican history, since the Independence war, where the initial conspiracy meetings to start the war took place. In 1847, when the United States invaded Mexico City, the capital was moved to Querétaro, and it was here that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, which forced Mexico to cede almost half of its territory on the north in order to end the war. It was also here where 20 years later (1867), Maximiliano de Habsburgo, who was then Emperor of Mexico, was executed by a firing squad. It was in a theater in this city that, once the 1910 Revolution war ended, the different factions worked to create the third version of the Mexican Constitution in 1917, which is currently effective. The photo shows the aqueduct that was built between 1726 and 1738 to transport water from the water springs to several convents and public plazas in what is now the historic downtown, declared World Heritage site by the UNESCO in 1996.	271	ENGLISH	1
The London Bridge – Greenwich railway was the first in London. Building started in April 1834 and it opened in stages: from Spa Road to Deptford in February 1836; from London Bridge to Deptford in December 1836; and from London Bridge to Greenwich in December 1838. It is built completely on 878 brick arches, creating a continuous viaduct of nearly 3.5miles, the longest run of arches in Britain. Early attempts to put housing underneath the arches were unsuccessful, and the spaces were used by local businesses, as they still are today. The biggest problem in building the line was the need to cross the River Ravensbourne. The ground conditions were difficult and a passageway for ships in the busy wharves of Deptford Creek had to be retained. It was agreed to build a drawbridge over the River, to allow access for ships, and it took two years to build the short section from Deptford to Greenwich. The drawbridge seen today dates from 1963 but is no longer used. At its opening, fares were one shilling (5p) first class; and eight pence (3p) second class. Later extensions. In January 1864, the line was extended from London Bridge to Charing Cross, and in September 1866 to Cannon Street. In the other direction, it took 40 years before the line was extended from Greenwich to Maze Hill. This was due to strong opposition from the Admiralty to a tunnel underneath Greenwich Park, as they feared it would upset the instruments in the Royal Observatory. Maze Hill station was opened in January 1873, when the line was opened from there to the North Kent line at Charlton, but it was not until February 1878 that Greenwich and Maze Hill were connected, and the full Greenwich line opened. The present Greenwich station also opened at the same time. Westcombe Park (Coombe Farm Lane) station opened in 1879. A little known curio is that from 1850 to 1901 the London & Greenwich ran trains on the right-hand side; the only British railway ever to do so. When the line was connected to the North Kent line at Charlton, this caused operational problems and a scissors crossing had to be installed to enable trains to cross over to the left. The other Greenwich line, to Greenwich Park. The South Eastern Railway Company, which ran the London Bridge to Greenwich railway, had a fierce rival – the London, Chatham and Dover Railway. They also wanted to build a line to Greenwich, terminating at a station called Greenwich Park. This line was opened as far as Blackheath Hill in September 1871, but did not reach Greenwich Park until October 1888 because of a lack of funds. Greenwich Park station was on Stockwell Street, where the Ibis Hotel and car park are now. Hardly anything remains of this line, but some of the retaining wall for the cutting the railway ran in could still be seen in the Friends of Royal Hill community gardens. Unfortunately, these gardens are now closed. At this point, the railway ran diagonally underneath Burney Street, Royal Hill and Peton Place. The booking office for Lewisham Road station now forms part of the famous Aladdin’s Cave on Loampit Hill. This line was never very successful as it was a circuitous route from stations in the City and trains took around 30 minutes to reach Greenwich Park, compared with the 11 minutes from London Bridge to Greenwich. The line closed in January 1917, but the track from Nunhead to Lewisham is still in use today for freight services and the Victoria – Gravesend services via Bexleyheath, providing a useful link from the Blackheath and Lewisham area to Peckham, King’s College and Victoria.	<urn:uuid:faf4893d-0ee9-4e29-b82b-9ca2145bd967>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://greenwichline.org.uk/history-of-the-greenwich-line/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00526.warc.gz	en	0.983756	776	3.46875	3	[ 0.20996029675006866, -0.5075452327728271, 0.5897745490074158, -0.12888997793197632, -0.4313207268714905, 0.05473749339580536, -0.4895384907722473, -0.186022087931633, -0.16484671831130981, -0.45502591133117676, 0.39852505922317505, -0.31045371294021606, -0.1407964527606964, 0.3229502439498...	4	The London Bridge – Greenwich railway was the first in London. Building started in April 1834 and it opened in stages: from Spa Road to Deptford in February 1836; from London Bridge to Deptford in December 1836; and from London Bridge to Greenwich in December 1838. It is built completely on 878 brick arches, creating a continuous viaduct of nearly 3.5miles, the longest run of arches in Britain. Early attempts to put housing underneath the arches were unsuccessful, and the spaces were used by local businesses, as they still are today. The biggest problem in building the line was the need to cross the River Ravensbourne. The ground conditions were difficult and a passageway for ships in the busy wharves of Deptford Creek had to be retained. It was agreed to build a drawbridge over the River, to allow access for ships, and it took two years to build the short section from Deptford to Greenwich. The drawbridge seen today dates from 1963 but is no longer used. At its opening, fares were one shilling (5p) first class; and eight pence (3p) second class. Later extensions. In January 1864, the line was extended from London Bridge to Charing Cross, and in September 1866 to Cannon Street. In the other direction, it took 40 years before the line was extended from Greenwich to Maze Hill. This was due to strong opposition from the Admiralty to a tunnel underneath Greenwich Park, as they feared it would upset the instruments in the Royal Observatory. Maze Hill station was opened in January 1873, when the line was opened from there to the North Kent line at Charlton, but it was not until February 1878 that Greenwich and Maze Hill were connected, and the full Greenwich line opened. The present Greenwich station also opened at the same time. Westcombe Park (Coombe Farm Lane) station opened in 1879. A little known curio is that from 1850 to 1901 the London & Greenwich ran trains on the right-hand side; the only British railway ever to do so. When the line was connected to the North Kent line at Charlton, this caused operational problems and a scissors crossing had to be installed to enable trains to cross over to the left. The other Greenwich line, to Greenwich Park. The South Eastern Railway Company, which ran the London Bridge to Greenwich railway, had a fierce rival – the London, Chatham and Dover Railway. They also wanted to build a line to Greenwich, terminating at a station called Greenwich Park. This line was opened as far as Blackheath Hill in September 1871, but did not reach Greenwich Park until October 1888 because of a lack of funds. Greenwich Park station was on Stockwell Street, where the Ibis Hotel and car park are now. Hardly anything remains of this line, but some of the retaining wall for the cutting the railway ran in could still be seen in the Friends of Royal Hill community gardens. Unfortunately, these gardens are now closed. At this point, the railway ran diagonally underneath Burney Street, Royal Hill and Peton Place. The booking office for Lewisham Road station now forms part of the famous Aladdin’s Cave on Loampit Hill. This line was never very successful as it was a circuitous route from stations in the City and trains took around 30 minutes to reach Greenwich Park, compared with the 11 minutes from London Bridge to Greenwich. The line closed in January 1917, but the track from Nunhead to Lewisham is still in use today for freight services and the Victoria – Gravesend services via Bexleyheath, providing a useful link from the Blackheath and Lewisham area to Peckham, King’s College and Victoria.	820	ENGLISH	1
Control can be a verb or a noun. used as a verb If someone controls something such as a country or an organization, they have the power to take all the important decisions about the way it is run. The Australian government at that time controlled the island. His family had controlled the company for more than a century. When control is a verb, it is not followed by a preposition. used as a noun Control is also used as a noun to refer to the power that someone has in a country or organization. You say that someone has control of a country or organization, or control over it. Mr Ronson gave up control of the company. The first aim of his government would be to establish control over the area. Control is used as a noun to refer to a place where your documents and luggage are officially checked when you enter a foreign country. I went through passport control into the departure lounge. Don't use control as a verb to mean ‘check’ or ‘inspect’. Don't say, for example, ‘My luggage was controlled’. You say ‘My luggage was checked’ or ‘My luggage was inspected’. I had to wait while the baggage was being checked. The guard took his ID card and inspected it.	<urn:uuid:2d350608-b3c7-4bfb-9ca5-ba228ff87cc8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www2.wordreference.com/EnglishUsage/control	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250611127.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123160903-20200123185903-00253.warc.gz	en	0.986051	275	3.546875	4	[ 0.26331570744514465, -0.05491940304636955, 0.31346219778060913, -0.12853197753429413, -0.05064114183187485, -0.07128261029720306, 1.5679794549942017, -0.1329014152288437, 0.031528666615486145, 0.20916716754436493, -0.12652245163917542, -0.20308808982372284, 0.11044395714998245, 0.312403261...	1	Control can be a verb or a noun. used as a verb If someone controls something such as a country or an organization, they have the power to take all the important decisions about the way it is run. The Australian government at that time controlled the island. His family had controlled the company for more than a century. When control is a verb, it is not followed by a preposition. used as a noun Control is also used as a noun to refer to the power that someone has in a country or organization. You say that someone has control of a country or organization, or control over it. Mr Ronson gave up control of the company. The first aim of his government would be to establish control over the area. Control is used as a noun to refer to a place where your documents and luggage are officially checked when you enter a foreign country. I went through passport control into the departure lounge. Don't use control as a verb to mean ‘check’ or ‘inspect’. Don't say, for example, ‘My luggage was controlled’. You say ‘My luggage was checked’ or ‘My luggage was inspected’. I had to wait while the baggage was being checked. The guard took his ID card and inspected it.	250	ENGLISH	1
Paper type: Essay Pages: 5 (1247 words) The Romantic Era followed the Age of Reason. While the Age of Reason involved emphasis on science and rational thinking, Romanticism was the exact opposite. Romantics valued feeling and intuition over reason. They recognized the worth of the individual, and praised beauty, imagination, and innocence. Some of these writers were Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau. Through this paper the writer intends to present the reasons that these three authors are considered Romantic writers. Margaret Fuller demonstrated her Romantic tendencies even throughout her life. With a genuine disgust for conformity, she went against all the views of her time on what women should be. This was shown in her work Woman in the Nineteenth Century. Here she incorporated several characteristics of Romanticism other than her obvious rebellion against conformity. “‘Frailty thy name is WOMAN. ’ ‘The Earth waits for her Queen. ’ THE connection between these quotations may not be obvious, but it is strict. Yet would any contradict us, if we made them applicable to the other side, and began also Frailty thy name is MAN. The Earth waits for its King? Yet man, if not fully installed in his powers, has given much earnest of his claims. Frail he is indeed,—how frail! how impure! Yet often has the vein of gold displayed itself amid the baser ores, and Man has appeared before us in princely promise worthy of his future. ” (Woman in the Nineteenth Century) This quote is an example of her praising the individual, something very common among Romantic writers. She does not believe in the stereotyping of men or women. She also hates the fact that a man is thought to be better than a woman at all times, even when he is frailer than a woman is. She wants women to have an equal opportunity to have a future. “…I must depend on myself as the only constant friend. This self-dependence, which was honored in me, is deprecated as a fault in most women. They are taught to learn from without, not to unfold it from within. ” (Woman in the Nineteenth Century) Here Fuller confirms another element of Romanticism that is present in her literature. She puts a great emphasis upon having faith in herself, and on her own inner experience. While some may say that it is questionable whether or not Margaret Fuller was a Romantic writer, it is obvious here that she was. Although she believed in education, and did not focus much on nature, she also focused very much on individuality. It is probable that, if women were treated equally at her time, she would have touched upon other matters. However, being that women were not treated equally, she most likely felt that this was more of an issue of importance. Ralph Waldo Emerson had a very unique view on life for his time. This is what made him stand out as one of the most prominent Romantic writers. He believed that a true scholar would trust their own views, but consider others’ ideas as well. However, he was very strongly against accepting other people’s views as your own. He wanted everyone to think for themselves. “There is a time in every man’s education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance, that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better for worse as his proportion; that though the wide universe is full of good, no kernel of nourishing corn can come to him but through his toil bestowed on that plot of ground which is given to him to till. The power which resides in him is new in nature, and none but he knows what that is which he can do…” (Self-Reliance) In this passage, Emerson conveyed his strongest belief. By alone saying “imitation is suicide,”(Self-Reliance) he shows how much he trusts his own beliefs, and that he wants others to do this as well. He wanted true scholars to realize the things he listed in this quote, and to be proud of themselves for doing them. He believed that a person could do anything if they really wanted to. “He shall see that nature is the opposite of the soul, answering to it part for part. One is seal and one is print. Its beauty is the beauty of his own mind. Its laws are the laws of his own mind. Nature then becomes to him the measure of his attainments. So much of nature as he is ignorant of, so much of his own mind does he not yet posses. And, in fine, the ancient precept, ‘Know thyself,’ and the modern precept, ‘Study nature,’ become at last one maxim. ”(The American Scholar) Emerson believed that the ideal situation for a person to be in is that of an equal balance between studying nature and knowing themselves. He thought that these two things naturally go together. This was another common element of Romanticism. He observed nature as the path to development. He believed that there was always room for improvement and development, no matter who you were or where you were in your life. Henry David Thoreau was the most famous Transcendentalist. The work he is most known for is his book Walden. This book is about two years that he spent living in a shack by a pond in order to separate himself from the artificiality of society. Even just based upon the intent of this book you can tell that Thoreau was a Romantic writer. He incorporates several elements of Romanticism in the idea of doing this at all. He shows his dislike for progress by moving into a shack and attempting to live off the land. He also demonstrates his desire for untainted nature. “Every morning was an equal opportunity to make my life of equal simplicity, and may I say innocence, with Nature herself. ” (Walden from Where I Lived and What I Lived For) Thoreau believed that if you simplified your life, all of your troubles would disappear. His opinion was that you could achieve innocence and a connection with nature by doing this. He also thought this should be done every day. “Do not seek so anxiously to be developed, to subject yourself to many influences to be played on; it is all dissipation. Humility like darkness reveals the heavenly lights. ” (Walden from Conclusion) Here Thoreau shows another one of his Romantic opinions. He does not want you to be too eager to progress because then you will “subject yourself to many influences. ”(Walden from Conclusion) He does not want development like that. He is saying that if you try to develop like that it will all fall apart. However, if you trust your intuition, you will be enlightened. Henry David Thoreau knew that not everyone would understand what he was trying to prove through this experience. However, he did it anyway, and he did it for himself. He did it as a development for himself, and shared the experience with others so that they could be inspired. “Only that day dawns to which we are awake. ”(Walden from Conclusion) He wants people to realize that every day is an opportunity, and if you are not taking advantage of this opportunity, you are not really living. In conclusion, Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau were all Romantic writers. They all incorporated several elements of Romanticism into their works, and their Romantic beliefs were evident in their lifestyles. Cite this page Romanticism: Transcendentalism and Henry David Thoreau. (2016, Dec 07). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/romanticism-transcendentalism-and-henry-david-thoreau-essay	<urn:uuid:23536e5b-e1c1-4b42-a471-8c3010d6adfa>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://studymoose.com/romanticism-transcendentalism-and-henry-david-thoreau-essay	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00493.warc.gz	en	0.986656	1,624	3.4375	3	[ -0.16219516098499298, 0.32171306014060974, 0.06613555550575256, 0.23080424964427948, -0.2595446705818176, 0.5764569640159607, 0.12338109314441681, 0.2302522212266922, 0.03478783741593361, -0.13691246509552002, 0.2834385335445404, -0.07066714763641357, 0.3615303039550781, 0.1413417756557464...	1	Paper type: Essay Pages: 5 (1247 words) The Romantic Era followed the Age of Reason. While the Age of Reason involved emphasis on science and rational thinking, Romanticism was the exact opposite. Romantics valued feeling and intuition over reason. They recognized the worth of the individual, and praised beauty, imagination, and innocence. Some of these writers were Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau. Through this paper the writer intends to present the reasons that these three authors are considered Romantic writers. Margaret Fuller demonstrated her Romantic tendencies even throughout her life. With a genuine disgust for conformity, she went against all the views of her time on what women should be. This was shown in her work Woman in the Nineteenth Century. Here she incorporated several characteristics of Romanticism other than her obvious rebellion against conformity. “‘Frailty thy name is WOMAN. ’ ‘The Earth waits for her Queen. ’ THE connection between these quotations may not be obvious, but it is strict. Yet would any contradict us, if we made them applicable to the other side, and began also Frailty thy name is MAN. The Earth waits for its King? Yet man, if not fully installed in his powers, has given much earnest of his claims. Frail he is indeed,—how frail! how impure! Yet often has the vein of gold displayed itself amid the baser ores, and Man has appeared before us in princely promise worthy of his future. ” (Woman in the Nineteenth Century) This quote is an example of her praising the individual, something very common among Romantic writers. She does not believe in the stereotyping of men or women. She also hates the fact that a man is thought to be better than a woman at all times, even when he is frailer than a woman is. She wants women to have an equal opportunity to have a future. “…I must depend on myself as the only constant friend. This self-dependence, which was honored in me, is deprecated as a fault in most women. They are taught to learn from without, not to unfold it from within. ” (Woman in the Nineteenth Century) Here Fuller confirms another element of Romanticism that is present in her literature. She puts a great emphasis upon having faith in herself, and on her own inner experience. While some may say that it is questionable whether or not Margaret Fuller was a Romantic writer, it is obvious here that she was. Although she believed in education, and did not focus much on nature, she also focused very much on individuality. It is probable that, if women were treated equally at her time, she would have touched upon other matters. However, being that women were not treated equally, she most likely felt that this was more of an issue of importance. Ralph Waldo Emerson had a very unique view on life for his time. This is what made him stand out as one of the most prominent Romantic writers. He believed that a true scholar would trust their own views, but consider others’ ideas as well. However, he was very strongly against accepting other people’s views as your own. He wanted everyone to think for themselves. “There is a time in every man’s education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance, that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better for worse as his proportion; that though the wide universe is full of good, no kernel of nourishing corn can come to him but through his toil bestowed on that plot of ground which is given to him to till. The power which resides in him is new in nature, and none but he knows what that is which he can do…” (Self-Reliance) In this passage, Emerson conveyed his strongest belief. By alone saying “imitation is suicide,”(Self-Reliance) he shows how much he trusts his own beliefs, and that he wants others to do this as well. He wanted true scholars to realize the things he listed in this quote, and to be proud of themselves for doing them. He believed that a person could do anything if they really wanted to. “He shall see that nature is the opposite of the soul, answering to it part for part. One is seal and one is print. Its beauty is the beauty of his own mind. Its laws are the laws of his own mind. Nature then becomes to him the measure of his attainments. So much of nature as he is ignorant of, so much of his own mind does he not yet posses. And, in fine, the ancient precept, ‘Know thyself,’ and the modern precept, ‘Study nature,’ become at last one maxim. ”(The American Scholar) Emerson believed that the ideal situation for a person to be in is that of an equal balance between studying nature and knowing themselves. He thought that these two things naturally go together. This was another common element of Romanticism. He observed nature as the path to development. He believed that there was always room for improvement and development, no matter who you were or where you were in your life. Henry David Thoreau was the most famous Transcendentalist. The work he is most known for is his book Walden. This book is about two years that he spent living in a shack by a pond in order to separate himself from the artificiality of society. Even just based upon the intent of this book you can tell that Thoreau was a Romantic writer. He incorporates several elements of Romanticism in the idea of doing this at all. He shows his dislike for progress by moving into a shack and attempting to live off the land. He also demonstrates his desire for untainted nature. “Every morning was an equal opportunity to make my life of equal simplicity, and may I say innocence, with Nature herself. ” (Walden from Where I Lived and What I Lived For) Thoreau believed that if you simplified your life, all of your troubles would disappear. His opinion was that you could achieve innocence and a connection with nature by doing this. He also thought this should be done every day. “Do not seek so anxiously to be developed, to subject yourself to many influences to be played on; it is all dissipation. Humility like darkness reveals the heavenly lights. ” (Walden from Conclusion) Here Thoreau shows another one of his Romantic opinions. He does not want you to be too eager to progress because then you will “subject yourself to many influences. ”(Walden from Conclusion) He does not want development like that. He is saying that if you try to develop like that it will all fall apart. However, if you trust your intuition, you will be enlightened. Henry David Thoreau knew that not everyone would understand what he was trying to prove through this experience. However, he did it anyway, and he did it for himself. He did it as a development for himself, and shared the experience with others so that they could be inspired. “Only that day dawns to which we are awake. ”(Walden from Conclusion) He wants people to realize that every day is an opportunity, and if you are not taking advantage of this opportunity, you are not really living. In conclusion, Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau were all Romantic writers. They all incorporated several elements of Romanticism into their works, and their Romantic beliefs were evident in their lifestyles. Cite this page Romanticism: Transcendentalism and Henry David Thoreau. (2016, Dec 07). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/romanticism-transcendentalism-and-henry-david-thoreau-essay	1,583	ENGLISH	1
The Korean war was a hard fought battle and was hard on the soldiers who fought it. The everyday life during the Korean war for a soldier was a hard one full of stress and tragedy. They fought hard in every battle of the Korean war but the least covered and hardest fought was the battle of "The Punchbowl". The Untied States purpose for entering the Korean war was to stop the spread of communism. The trials of everyday life of a soldier in the fight to stop communism was a hard fought one. The conditions of everyday life for the soldiers in the Korean war was hard fought and full of tragedy. When the United States soldiers arrived they were split into their companies and then their smaller squads. The soldiers were then given directions to their front and due to there being no transportation they set out walking to their destinations. On their way to their units they ate C-rations and rested every once in a while on the long journey. Once in battle everyday is an on the guard kind of day some are sent into enemy held areas to scout, for others the battle found their unit and they are thrown into a fire fight bullets raining down around them. For some soldiers arrival found that their units were already in a fire fight as they arrived and it was straight into battle they went as they arrived. During the battles in Korea it was the hottest and driest summer on record and soldiers were forced to drink water from rice paddies fertilized with human waste so everyday was also a game of roulette for intestinal parasites. One of the hardest fought but least covered battles of the Korean war was a battle called "The Punchbowl". "The Punchbowl" was the hardest Marine fought battle in the Korean war. The battle was for Yoke and Kanmubong ridges and revived very little coverage from historians it was all but forgotten. The fact that "The Punchbowl" is a nearly forgotten battle is nonsensical	<urn:uuid:2fdf70a8-3f73-4296-98cb-9bc7b27d6ca3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightkite.com/essay-on/life-for-the-korean-war	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00259.warc.gz	en	0.984225	407	3.53125	4	[ -0.22429457306861877, 0.2433478683233261, 0.4790389835834503, 0.15720753371715546, 0.34148484468460083, -0.15682607889175415, 0.42772361636161804, 0.19450731575489044, -0.3645741939544678, -0.3545970618724823, 0.09956008940935135, -0.3247641324996948, 0.5454692840576172, 0.2342913150787353...	1	The Korean war was a hard fought battle and was hard on the soldiers who fought it. The everyday life during the Korean war for a soldier was a hard one full of stress and tragedy. They fought hard in every battle of the Korean war but the least covered and hardest fought was the battle of "The Punchbowl". The Untied States purpose for entering the Korean war was to stop the spread of communism. The trials of everyday life of a soldier in the fight to stop communism was a hard fought one. The conditions of everyday life for the soldiers in the Korean war was hard fought and full of tragedy. When the United States soldiers arrived they were split into their companies and then their smaller squads. The soldiers were then given directions to their front and due to there being no transportation they set out walking to their destinations. On their way to their units they ate C-rations and rested every once in a while on the long journey. Once in battle everyday is an on the guard kind of day some are sent into enemy held areas to scout, for others the battle found their unit and they are thrown into a fire fight bullets raining down around them. For some soldiers arrival found that their units were already in a fire fight as they arrived and it was straight into battle they went as they arrived. During the battles in Korea it was the hottest and driest summer on record and soldiers were forced to drink water from rice paddies fertilized with human waste so everyday was also a game of roulette for intestinal parasites. One of the hardest fought but least covered battles of the Korean war was a battle called "The Punchbowl". "The Punchbowl" was the hardest Marine fought battle in the Korean war. The battle was for Yoke and Kanmubong ridges and revived very little coverage from historians it was all but forgotten. The fact that "The Punchbowl" is a nearly forgotten battle is nonsensical	407	ENGLISH	1
When Augustus died in AD 14, the praetorian guard was commanded by two men of equestrian status, Lucius Seius Strabo and his son, Lucius Aelius Sejanus. The guard made up most of the troops actually stationed in Italy, as Augustus had decided that the permanent garrison posts for the legions and auxiliary contingents should be in the provinces. The purpose of this had been partly, of course, to guarantee peace in the provinces but partly also to avoid the impression of military dictatorship which the presence of large numbers of troops in Italy would have given. The praetorian guard, which in republican times had been the bodyguard given to holders of imperium, was assigned to Augustus and arranged into nine cohorts of 1,000 men each. The troops were billeted in the small towns around Rome, presumably to keep their profile low. Further, to avoid the potential danger to himself posed by such troops, Augustus ensured that there would be two commanders (prefects) and that these would be of equestrian, rather than senatorial, status.	<urn:uuid:cf23c92d-41f7-4cf7-af5a-d5739f29b8c7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203976340/chapters/10.4324/9780203976340-14	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00050.warc.gz	en	0.986122	218	3.53125	4	[ -0.582371175289154, 0.578822672367096, 0.3120810389518738, -0.043489761650562286, -0.34393617510795593, -0.4868032932281494, 0.2587224245071411, 0.2331390380859375, 0.022756114602088928, -0.03269120305776596, 0.08651681244373322, -0.4594390094280243, 0.07462383061647415, 0.612953782081604,...	1	When Augustus died in AD 14, the praetorian guard was commanded by two men of equestrian status, Lucius Seius Strabo and his son, Lucius Aelius Sejanus. The guard made up most of the troops actually stationed in Italy, as Augustus had decided that the permanent garrison posts for the legions and auxiliary contingents should be in the provinces. The purpose of this had been partly, of course, to guarantee peace in the provinces but partly also to avoid the impression of military dictatorship which the presence of large numbers of troops in Italy would have given. The praetorian guard, which in republican times had been the bodyguard given to holders of imperium, was assigned to Augustus and arranged into nine cohorts of 1,000 men each. The troops were billeted in the small towns around Rome, presumably to keep their profile low. Further, to avoid the potential danger to himself posed by such troops, Augustus ensured that there would be two commanders (prefects) and that these would be of equestrian, rather than senatorial, status.	230	ENGLISH	1
Every country has had one but rarely does anyone stop to consider how a person gets hired for the position of national hangman. If you ever happen to come on a Dark Stories True Crime Walking Tour in Sydney, or elsewhere for that matter, there's a reasonably high chance that you will hear a story about a hanging. But did you ever imagine yourself, back in your school days, dreaming of becoming the head executioner in your state? How would your career advisor help you reach that goal? What electives could you take? What university should you attend? Then, after graduation, where would you apply? Is there some hangman recruitment agency to whom you could email your resume? Or, conversely, what if you were looking to hire someone for the job; where would you even begin to search? Governor Phillip faced this exact problem at the very beginning of Sydney's fledgling colony life. Precisely one month and one day after the First Fleet arrived in Australia, there was an execution – the first in Australian history (we'll even walk past the spot as we meander through on one of our walking tours in Sydney). However, the hangman was a last-minute recruit and not a permanent appointee; it was a one-off contract. The position needed permanent filling, but no one wanted the job. The officers despised the role of hangman and refused to do it, and the convicts saw the position as the lowest of the low. So what was the Governor to do? Discipline at this early stage of the colony's life could have easily broken down, and so he needed to find an executioner, and he needed to do it quickly, to ensure that he wouldn't lose face nor control. Then, in late February 1788, Governor Phillip found the solution to his problem. The worst crime one could commit in the new colony concerned the government stores of food. The settlers had no way of knowing if or when resupplies might arrive, or whether the crops they were planting would even survive (spoiler alert, they didn't). They made it all around the world only to be immediately put on rations. Therefore, stealing food from the government stores was considered an offense worse than murder, and such crimes demanded severe repercussions. So when four convicts were found guilty of theft from the government stores they were condemned to die that very same day; justice was swift and severe. But Governor Phillip still didn't have a hangman! Nevertheless, the execution ritual began, and the four men advanced under guard to the hanging tree. The first man was granted a reprieve and given lashes instead. Then the second man, James Freeman, was marched to the tree, and the hanging rope fastened around his neck. At the moment James expected to be launched into eternity, he received the offer of a full pardon, but only on the condition that he agree to take on the duty of executioner for as long as he remained in the country James Freeman paused for a few moments, mustered his dignity, and agreed to accept the role. He was given a full pardon, on condition of taking the position for the remainder of his original 7-year sentence, and became a "free man" from that moment. Governor Phillip's strategy was successful, and he granted the remaining two men a reprieve, meaning James Freeman could take some time to get used to his new job. On May 2nd, 1788, James Freeman executed his first man without any complaint from the unwilling customer. His first performance was a killer, and Governor Phillip's innovative new HR Recruitment strategy had proven to be successful.	<urn:uuid:864b4e10-f87c-40c0-b768-f9a5e92a4dc0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://darkstories.com.au/recruiting-a-hangman-by-the-numbers/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606226.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121222429-20200122011429-00458.warc.gz	en	0.985801	740	3.390625	3	[ -0.2153160125017166, 0.4469568133354187, 0.23538972437381744, -0.2624414265155792, 0.047498323023319244, 0.09103207290172577, 0.703538179397583, 0.01311810314655304, -0.08903788775205612, 0.04051951691508293, 0.3668197989463806, 0.049164388328790665, -0.24042439460754395, 0.385705113410949...	5	Every country has had one but rarely does anyone stop to consider how a person gets hired for the position of national hangman. If you ever happen to come on a Dark Stories True Crime Walking Tour in Sydney, or elsewhere for that matter, there's a reasonably high chance that you will hear a story about a hanging. But did you ever imagine yourself, back in your school days, dreaming of becoming the head executioner in your state? How would your career advisor help you reach that goal? What electives could you take? What university should you attend? Then, after graduation, where would you apply? Is there some hangman recruitment agency to whom you could email your resume? Or, conversely, what if you were looking to hire someone for the job; where would you even begin to search? Governor Phillip faced this exact problem at the very beginning of Sydney's fledgling colony life. Precisely one month and one day after the First Fleet arrived in Australia, there was an execution – the first in Australian history (we'll even walk past the spot as we meander through on one of our walking tours in Sydney). However, the hangman was a last-minute recruit and not a permanent appointee; it was a one-off contract. The position needed permanent filling, but no one wanted the job. The officers despised the role of hangman and refused to do it, and the convicts saw the position as the lowest of the low. So what was the Governor to do? Discipline at this early stage of the colony's life could have easily broken down, and so he needed to find an executioner, and he needed to do it quickly, to ensure that he wouldn't lose face nor control. Then, in late February 1788, Governor Phillip found the solution to his problem. The worst crime one could commit in the new colony concerned the government stores of food. The settlers had no way of knowing if or when resupplies might arrive, or whether the crops they were planting would even survive (spoiler alert, they didn't). They made it all around the world only to be immediately put on rations. Therefore, stealing food from the government stores was considered an offense worse than murder, and such crimes demanded severe repercussions. So when four convicts were found guilty of theft from the government stores they were condemned to die that very same day; justice was swift and severe. But Governor Phillip still didn't have a hangman! Nevertheless, the execution ritual began, and the four men advanced under guard to the hanging tree. The first man was granted a reprieve and given lashes instead. Then the second man, James Freeman, was marched to the tree, and the hanging rope fastened around his neck. At the moment James expected to be launched into eternity, he received the offer of a full pardon, but only on the condition that he agree to take on the duty of executioner for as long as he remained in the country James Freeman paused for a few moments, mustered his dignity, and agreed to accept the role. He was given a full pardon, on condition of taking the position for the remainder of his original 7-year sentence, and became a "free man" from that moment. Governor Phillip's strategy was successful, and he granted the remaining two men a reprieve, meaning James Freeman could take some time to get used to his new job. On May 2nd, 1788, James Freeman executed his first man without any complaint from the unwilling customer. His first performance was a killer, and Governor Phillip's innovative new HR Recruitment strategy had proven to be successful.	739	ENGLISH	1
If you are always reading about the Civil War era; you will know about the Confederate Flag. The symbol of the flag is very easy to understand. The Confederate parts of the war are what are represented by the flag. You probably also know that the flag has grown. It has also become more sophisticated. You will also have discovered that the Confederate battle flag was not actually the Buy Rebel Flag. It was also never known as the "Stars and Bars". "Stars and Bars" was actually a part of the national Confederacy Flag. If you read about the war that was in the Trans-Mississippi and Western Theaters, you will know that the "Confederacy battle flag" is a misnomer. There were all kinds of Confederate Units who served under battle flags. \| These flags were not at all like the red flag that has a star-studded blue cross. This information is simply idle. Since the flag has association with Confederate ancestors; there is also much reverence. If you did know this; then you may know others who have emotional connections to this flag. There was a stage in your life when you would have realized not all people share the same view of the Confederate flag as you do. If you did not know this earlier; the events and public response happened in June 2015. This brought about very clear questions many Civil War History students will have to face. These questions include: Why are there so many conflicting and different views of what the meaning of the Confederate flag is? How did these meanings come to be? There was never a symbol to the flag we know. It was more a very practical banner. The commander of the Confederate Army located in Virginia (who was once known as the Army of the Potomac) was searching for an emblem that stood out. This was to be another option to the first Confederacy national flag. This was also known as "Stars and Bars". They wanted something different to serve as a flag for battle. The Stars and Bars was adopted in March 1861 by the Confederate Congress. This is because it was very similar to the Stars and Stripes. It soon became very impractical. Not to mention harmful because of what it represented on the battle field. The difficulty with that was that it forced the Confederate commanders to create a wide range of different flags. These were designed to be used by the Confederate army's during the war. Battle flags soon became idols for those who served underneath them. They used the flags to remember their sacrifices and the esprit de corps. Emotional significance is assumed for descendants and families of former soldiers. Those who try to know what all this means today; will have to realize that it is very important to a Confederate Solider. It acts as a memorial to them. To come to terms as to why African Americans and others assume that the Confederate Flag is a symbol of hatred; you need to have an understanding of the historical usage by white supremacists. In the times of the Civil Rights; this has changed the course of the Confederate Flags in many ways. This is just some of the few things you can learn from the Buy Rebel Flag. If you are fifty years or more in America; the Confederate Flags are very symbolic. And should you be looking for the best place to buy confederate flags wholesale,here is where you can get them. Related Articles - Buy Rebel Flag, buy confederate flags wholesale,	<urn:uuid:1e073b6c-e0f0-491f-ab68-d37f08a4e192>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.amazines.com/article_detail.cfm/6186134?articleid=6186134&title=Buy%2CRebel%2CFlag%2Cbuy%2Cconfederate%2Cflags%2Cwholesale	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00337.warc.gz	en	0.985818	691	3.328125	3	[ -0.45357745885849, 0.5097575187683105, 0.13232120871543884, -0.1131134182214737, 0.029596630483865738, 0.003199624363332987, 0.6016000509262085, 0.1564198136329651, 0.005063056945800781, -0.17477008700370789, 0.39927613735198975, -0.2906920313835144, -0.0633903220295906, -0.025206619873642...	1	If you are always reading about the Civil War era; you will know about the Confederate Flag. The symbol of the flag is very easy to understand. The Confederate parts of the war are what are represented by the flag. You probably also know that the flag has grown. It has also become more sophisticated. You will also have discovered that the Confederate battle flag was not actually the Buy Rebel Flag. It was also never known as the "Stars and Bars". "Stars and Bars" was actually a part of the national Confederacy Flag. If you read about the war that was in the Trans-Mississippi and Western Theaters, you will know that the "Confederacy battle flag" is a misnomer. There were all kinds of Confederate Units who served under battle flags. \| These flags were not at all like the red flag that has a star-studded blue cross. This information is simply idle. Since the flag has association with Confederate ancestors; there is also much reverence. If you did know this; then you may know others who have emotional connections to this flag. There was a stage in your life when you would have realized not all people share the same view of the Confederate flag as you do. If you did not know this earlier; the events and public response happened in June 2015. This brought about very clear questions many Civil War History students will have to face. These questions include: Why are there so many conflicting and different views of what the meaning of the Confederate flag is? How did these meanings come to be? There was never a symbol to the flag we know. It was more a very practical banner. The commander of the Confederate Army located in Virginia (who was once known as the Army of the Potomac) was searching for an emblem that stood out. This was to be another option to the first Confederacy national flag. This was also known as "Stars and Bars". They wanted something different to serve as a flag for battle. The Stars and Bars was adopted in March 1861 by the Confederate Congress. This is because it was very similar to the Stars and Stripes. It soon became very impractical. Not to mention harmful because of what it represented on the battle field. The difficulty with that was that it forced the Confederate commanders to create a wide range of different flags. These were designed to be used by the Confederate army's during the war. Battle flags soon became idols for those who served underneath them. They used the flags to remember their sacrifices and the esprit de corps. Emotional significance is assumed for descendants and families of former soldiers. Those who try to know what all this means today; will have to realize that it is very important to a Confederate Solider. It acts as a memorial to them. To come to terms as to why African Americans and others assume that the Confederate Flag is a symbol of hatred; you need to have an understanding of the historical usage by white supremacists. In the times of the Civil Rights; this has changed the course of the Confederate Flags in many ways. This is just some of the few things you can learn from the Buy Rebel Flag. If you are fifty years or more in America; the Confederate Flags are very symbolic. And should you be looking for the best place to buy confederate flags wholesale,here is where you can get them. Related Articles - Buy Rebel Flag, buy confederate flags wholesale,	692	ENGLISH	1
Human Sacrifice in Ancient Babylon by Estéban Trujillo de Gutiérrez ” … All the younger gods, who displaced the elder gods as one year displaces another, were deities of fertility, battle, lightning, fire, and the sun; it is possible, therefore, that Ashur was like Merodach, son of Ea, god of the deep, a form of Tammuz in origin. His spirit was in the solar wheel which revolved at times of seasonal change. In Scotland it was believed that on the morning of May Day (Beltaine) the rising sun revolved three times. The younger god was a spring sun god and fire god. Great bonfires were lit to strengthen him, or as a ceremony of riddance; the old year was burned out. Indeed the god himself might be burned (that is, the old god), so that he might renew his youth. Melkarth was burned at Tyre. Hercules burned himself on a mountain top, and his soul ascended to heaven as an eagle. These fiery rites were evidently not unknown in Babylonia and Assyria. When, according to Biblical narrative, Nebuchadnezzar “made an image of gold” which he set up “in the plain of Dura, in the province of Babylon,” he commanded: “O people, nations, and languages… at the time ye hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, dulcimer, and all kinds of musick… fall down and worship the golden image.” Certain Jews who had been “set over the affairs of the province of Babylonia,” namely, “Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego,” refused to adore the idol. They were punished by being thrown into “a burning fiery furnace”, which was heated “seven times more than it was wont to be heated.” They came forth uninjured. In the Koran it is related that Abraham destroyed the images of Chaldean gods; he “brake them all in pieces except the biggest of them; that they might lay the blame on that.” According to the commentators the Chaldaeans were at the time “abroad in the fields, celebrating a great festival.” To punish the offender Nimrod had a great pyre erected at Cuthah. “Then they bound Abraham, and putting him into an engine, shot him into the midst of the fire, from which he was preserved by the angel Gabriel, who was sent to his assistance.” Eastern Christians were wont to set apart in the Syrian calendar the 25th of January to commemorate Abraham’s escape from Nimrod’s pyre. It is evident that the Babylonian fire ceremony was observed in the spring season, and that human beings were sacrificed to the sun god. A mock king may have been burned to perpetuate the ancient sacrifice of real kings, who were incarnations of the god. Isaiah makes reference to the sacrificial burning of kings in Assyria: “For through the voice of the Lord shall the Assyrian be beaten down, which smote with a rod. And in every place where the grounded staff shall pass, which the Lord shall lay upon him, it shall be with tabrets and harps: and in battles of shaking will he fight with it. For Tophet is ordained of old; yea, for the king it is prepared: he hath made it deep and large: the pile thereof is fire and much wood: the breath of the Lord, like a stream of brimstone, doth kindle it.” When Nineveh was about to fall, and with it the Assyrian Empire, the legendary king, Sardanapalus, who was reputed to have founded Tarsus, burned himself, with his wives, concubines, and eunuchs, on a pyre in his palace. Zimri, who reigned over Israel for seven days, “burnt the king’s house over him with fire.” Saul, another fallen king, was burned after death, and his bones were buried “under the oak in Jabesh”. In Europe the oak was associated with gods of fertility and lightning, including Jupiter and Thor. The ceremony of burning Saul is of special interest. Asa, the orthodox king of Judah, was, after death, “laid in the bed which was filled with sweet odours and divers kinds of spices prepared by the apothecaries’ art: and they made a very great burning for him” (2 Chronicles, xvi, 14). Jehoram, the heretic king of Judah, who “walked in the way of the kings of Israel,” died of “an incurable disease. And his people made no burning for him like the burning of his fathers” (2 Chronicles, xxi, 18, 19). The conclusion suggested by the comparative study of the beliefs of neighbouring peoples, and the evidence afforded by Assyrian sculptures, is that Ashur was a highly developed form of the god of fertility, who was sustained, or aided in his conflicts with demons, by the fires and sacrifices of his worshippers.” Donald A. Mackenzie, Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, 1915, pp. 348-51.	<urn:uuid:e43f8112-0ee1-4779-a26c-1ef7ee19ab36>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://therealsamizdat.com/2015/01/10/human-sacrifice-in-ancient-babylon/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00418.warc.gz	en	0.981282	1,148	3.3125	3	[ -0.15577685832977295, 0.8431228399276733, -0.002387471031397581, -0.0433037169277668, -0.04511728137731552, -0.32407769560813904, 0.176436185836792, 0.15981976687908173, -0.051927097141742706, 0.010649437084794044, -0.30746346712112427, -0.4341456890106201, 0.30454468727111816, 0.460348725...	11	Human Sacrifice in Ancient Babylon by Estéban Trujillo de Gutiérrez ” … All the younger gods, who displaced the elder gods as one year displaces another, were deities of fertility, battle, lightning, fire, and the sun; it is possible, therefore, that Ashur was like Merodach, son of Ea, god of the deep, a form of Tammuz in origin. His spirit was in the solar wheel which revolved at times of seasonal change. In Scotland it was believed that on the morning of May Day (Beltaine) the rising sun revolved three times. The younger god was a spring sun god and fire god. Great bonfires were lit to strengthen him, or as a ceremony of riddance; the old year was burned out. Indeed the god himself might be burned (that is, the old god), so that he might renew his youth. Melkarth was burned at Tyre. Hercules burned himself on a mountain top, and his soul ascended to heaven as an eagle. These fiery rites were evidently not unknown in Babylonia and Assyria. When, according to Biblical narrative, Nebuchadnezzar “made an image of gold” which he set up “in the plain of Dura, in the province of Babylon,” he commanded: “O people, nations, and languages… at the time ye hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, dulcimer, and all kinds of musick… fall down and worship the golden image.” Certain Jews who had been “set over the affairs of the province of Babylonia,” namely, “Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego,” refused to adore the idol. They were punished by being thrown into “a burning fiery furnace”, which was heated “seven times more than it was wont to be heated.” They came forth uninjured. In the Koran it is related that Abraham destroyed the images of Chaldean gods; he “brake them all in pieces except the biggest of them; that they might lay the blame on that.” According to the commentators the Chaldaeans were at the time “abroad in the fields, celebrating a great festival.” To punish the offender Nimrod had a great pyre erected at Cuthah. “Then they bound Abraham, and putting him into an engine, shot him into the midst of the fire, from which he was preserved by the angel Gabriel, who was sent to his assistance.” Eastern Christians were wont to set apart in the Syrian calendar the 25th of January to commemorate Abraham’s escape from Nimrod’s pyre. It is evident that the Babylonian fire ceremony was observed in the spring season, and that human beings were sacrificed to the sun god. A mock king may have been burned to perpetuate the ancient sacrifice of real kings, who were incarnations of the god. Isaiah makes reference to the sacrificial burning of kings in Assyria: “For through the voice of the Lord shall the Assyrian be beaten down, which smote with a rod. And in every place where the grounded staff shall pass, which the Lord shall lay upon him, it shall be with tabrets and harps: and in battles of shaking will he fight with it. For Tophet is ordained of old; yea, for the king it is prepared: he hath made it deep and large: the pile thereof is fire and much wood: the breath of the Lord, like a stream of brimstone, doth kindle it.” When Nineveh was about to fall, and with it the Assyrian Empire, the legendary king, Sardanapalus, who was reputed to have founded Tarsus, burned himself, with his wives, concubines, and eunuchs, on a pyre in his palace. Zimri, who reigned over Israel for seven days, “burnt the king’s house over him with fire.” Saul, another fallen king, was burned after death, and his bones were buried “under the oak in Jabesh”. In Europe the oak was associated with gods of fertility and lightning, including Jupiter and Thor. The ceremony of burning Saul is of special interest. Asa, the orthodox king of Judah, was, after death, “laid in the bed which was filled with sweet odours and divers kinds of spices prepared by the apothecaries’ art: and they made a very great burning for him” (2 Chronicles, xvi, 14). Jehoram, the heretic king of Judah, who “walked in the way of the kings of Israel,” died of “an incurable disease. And his people made no burning for him like the burning of his fathers” (2 Chronicles, xxi, 18, 19). The conclusion suggested by the comparative study of the beliefs of neighbouring peoples, and the evidence afforded by Assyrian sculptures, is that Ashur was a highly developed form of the god of fertility, who was sustained, or aided in his conflicts with demons, by the fires and sacrifices of his worshippers.” Donald A. Mackenzie, Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, 1915, pp. 348-51.	1,095	ENGLISH	1
T HERE is a big ant-hill in the wood on the way to school. It is at the foot of the old oak tree, near the path, and is almost as tall as Peter. It looks like a loose heap of leaves, mixed with sticks and earth. It is broad at the bottom, and round at the top. When we come home in the evening all is quiet on the ant-hill. We cannot see even one ant outside. It looks as if no one lived there. But when we pass in the morning, and the sun is warm and bright, we can see the ants creeping out of the cracks and running about the heap. They are as big as a grain of barley, and have a tiny knob in the middle of their body. They have long feelers and strong jaws. They bite hard of you touch them. But they do not sting with their tails, as our house ants do. At dinner-time we find them still more busy. They have opened many holes in the hill, and hurry to and fro. Some fetch bits of leaves and sticks, and add them to the heap. Others bring in food. One day Paul saw a number of ants pulling a dead worm to pieces. Then each ant carried a tiny bit in her jaws to the hill, and went in at a hole. Sometimes the ants bring some little white lumps in their mouths out of the hill. Peggy's father, the gamekeeper, gives these white lumps to his birds to eat. He calls them ant-eggs. But Paul says they are not eggs. They are baby ants shut up in silk bags, and they are called "cocoons." Real ant-eggs are much smaller. When the baby ant comes out of the egg it is blind and has no legs. It is called a grub. The nursing ants feed it with honey, and it puts a silk thread out of its mouth and spins a bag round itself. When the bag is done, the nurses cannot feed the grub anymore. So they take care of it. They carry it up to the sunshine by day, and down below at night. Inside the bag, the grub grows into a real ant, with eyes and legs. Then the nurses help it out of its prison, and it begins to work. One day Paul poked a hole in the ant-hill with his stick. We saw in the ground, under the leaves, a hollow place full of white cocoons. The ants were very angry. Some bit us, others picked up the cocoons in their jaws and ran away, for fear we should hurt their babies. When we came back in the evening the ants had mended the hill. Every hole was closed, and all the cocoons were safe inside. One day in summer we saw a number of ants with wings, flying over the ant-hill. Paul says these are the father and mother ants. The ants without wings are the nurses and workers.	<urn:uuid:486def8f-bf4a-44b9-8446-0c48ad23c380>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.gatewaytotheclassics.com/browse/displayitem.php?item=books/buckley/wildlife/ant	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00243.warc.gz	en	0.982661	613	3.578125	4	[ -0.04116746783256531, -0.08404941856861115, 0.2917916178703308, -0.05446768179535866, 0.18930889666080475, 0.05140956491231918, 0.164137601852417, 0.09301149845123291, 0.0017916602082550526, -0.22276723384857178, 0.44315412640571594, -0.5049964785575867, -0.35545438528060913, 0.16166268289...	4	T HERE is a big ant-hill in the wood on the way to school. It is at the foot of the old oak tree, near the path, and is almost as tall as Peter. It looks like a loose heap of leaves, mixed with sticks and earth. It is broad at the bottom, and round at the top. When we come home in the evening all is quiet on the ant-hill. We cannot see even one ant outside. It looks as if no one lived there. But when we pass in the morning, and the sun is warm and bright, we can see the ants creeping out of the cracks and running about the heap. They are as big as a grain of barley, and have a tiny knob in the middle of their body. They have long feelers and strong jaws. They bite hard of you touch them. But they do not sting with their tails, as our house ants do. At dinner-time we find them still more busy. They have opened many holes in the hill, and hurry to and fro. Some fetch bits of leaves and sticks, and add them to the heap. Others bring in food. One day Paul saw a number of ants pulling a dead worm to pieces. Then each ant carried a tiny bit in her jaws to the hill, and went in at a hole. Sometimes the ants bring some little white lumps in their mouths out of the hill. Peggy's father, the gamekeeper, gives these white lumps to his birds to eat. He calls them ant-eggs. But Paul says they are not eggs. They are baby ants shut up in silk bags, and they are called "cocoons." Real ant-eggs are much smaller. When the baby ant comes out of the egg it is blind and has no legs. It is called a grub. The nursing ants feed it with honey, and it puts a silk thread out of its mouth and spins a bag round itself. When the bag is done, the nurses cannot feed the grub anymore. So they take care of it. They carry it up to the sunshine by day, and down below at night. Inside the bag, the grub grows into a real ant, with eyes and legs. Then the nurses help it out of its prison, and it begins to work. One day Paul poked a hole in the ant-hill with his stick. We saw in the ground, under the leaves, a hollow place full of white cocoons. The ants were very angry. Some bit us, others picked up the cocoons in their jaws and ran away, for fear we should hurt their babies. When we came back in the evening the ants had mended the hill. Every hole was closed, and all the cocoons were safe inside. One day in summer we saw a number of ants with wings, flying over the ant-hill. Paul says these are the father and mother ants. The ants without wings are the nurses and workers.	601	ENGLISH	1
The Fantes are the people found in the central region. They speak Fanti. Fantes first settled at Bono Donomanso Techiman and from there to Akan Man Mu and later to Mankessim. Three great traditional priests who were their warlords led them. They were Obunumankoma Odapagyan and Ososn Who were brothers and belonged to the Asona clan during their immigration. Obunumandoma and Adapagyan died but they kept their bodies until they reached Mankessim. Later when the Oson also died, he was buried at the same place and called the place Nananom Pow. The establishment of the Fante confederacy was the proclamation of the several small independent kingdoms that made up the Fante tribes. Ashanti was brought to the people of the Brong and Ahafo States until it was made independent of Kumasi clan chiefs. The British administration worked out a strategy that served the interference of the Kumasi clan chiefs with the internal affairs of the Brong and Ahafo States. When the Ashanti confederacy was restored by the British administration, however, most of the Brong and Ahafo States saw that their independence from Ashanti was being threatened because by restoring the Ashanti confederacy they were to revert to their former overlords in Kumasi. Though the Brong States joined the Ashanit confederacy most were not happy with the reunion because they felt their long historical association with Ashanti had brought them nothing. So Ameyaw the paramount chief of Techiman led Techiman to secede from the Ashanti confederacy. The Brong Ahafo Region Act was enacted after receiving the Governor General’s assent. Sunyani was made the capital of the region. They moved from Mankessim to other places like Ekumfi, Gomoa, Ajumako, Amuam, Abpr.etc. Fantes traded with Europeans and through that many fantes became rich. The fantes fought several wars with the Asanties because they wanted to become middlemen to the Asantes while the Asantes also wanted to trade directly with the Europeans. About this story: Working with the Book Club International program Hannah Bosomtwi, a student in Elmina, Ghana and member of the Adehye Girls Club wrote this story in 2013.	<urn:uuid:bfc8b229-0182-4429-b770-f3c30987d5ea>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://jonathanthurston.wixsite.com/website/single-post/2017/10/30/The-History-of-the-Fantes	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00256.warc.gz	en	0.985388	493	3.265625	3	[ -0.03193335980176926, 0.6887099146842957, 0.4473637044429779, -0.20957355201244354, 0.06698393076658249, 0.05574794113636017, 0.3446211814880371, -0.009970306418836117, -0.22444884479045868, -0.3470805883407593, 0.1655416637659073, -0.6174771189689636, 0.3269650340080261, -0.04313011467456...	2	The Fantes are the people found in the central region. They speak Fanti. Fantes first settled at Bono Donomanso Techiman and from there to Akan Man Mu and later to Mankessim. Three great traditional priests who were their warlords led them. They were Obunumankoma Odapagyan and Ososn Who were brothers and belonged to the Asona clan during their immigration. Obunumandoma and Adapagyan died but they kept their bodies until they reached Mankessim. Later when the Oson also died, he was buried at the same place and called the place Nananom Pow. The establishment of the Fante confederacy was the proclamation of the several small independent kingdoms that made up the Fante tribes. Ashanti was brought to the people of the Brong and Ahafo States until it was made independent of Kumasi clan chiefs. The British administration worked out a strategy that served the interference of the Kumasi clan chiefs with the internal affairs of the Brong and Ahafo States. When the Ashanti confederacy was restored by the British administration, however, most of the Brong and Ahafo States saw that their independence from Ashanti was being threatened because by restoring the Ashanti confederacy they were to revert to their former overlords in Kumasi. Though the Brong States joined the Ashanit confederacy most were not happy with the reunion because they felt their long historical association with Ashanti had brought them nothing. So Ameyaw the paramount chief of Techiman led Techiman to secede from the Ashanti confederacy. The Brong Ahafo Region Act was enacted after receiving the Governor General’s assent. Sunyani was made the capital of the region. They moved from Mankessim to other places like Ekumfi, Gomoa, Ajumako, Amuam, Abpr.etc. Fantes traded with Europeans and through that many fantes became rich. The fantes fought several wars with the Asanties because they wanted to become middlemen to the Asantes while the Asantes also wanted to trade directly with the Europeans. About this story: Working with the Book Club International program Hannah Bosomtwi, a student in Elmina, Ghana and member of the Adehye Girls Club wrote this story in 2013.	488	ENGLISH	1
Vince Akers wrote a three part report on the Westerfield Massacre that was published in Bluegrass Roots, the quarterly journal of the Kentucky Genealogical Society, in the Fall and Winter of 2017, and Spring 2018. Mr. Akers wrote that "the Westerfield Massacre occurred as families were moving from the stations on Beargrass Creek east of Louisville to the interior around Harrodsburg." In this report, Mr. Akers concluded that the massacre occurred in early April 1781. At that time the danger from Native American attack was such that anyone traveling from one place of shelter to another would have reason to fear for his life. According to Mr. Akers, "a large caravan of several families, including two Westerfield families whose patriarchs were cousins, left Floyd's Station on Beargrass Creek on a Monday morning bound for Harrod's Station." Floyd's Station was located on the Middle Fork of Beargrass Creek, near the present day Jamestown Apartments in St. Matthews. It had been established in November 1779 by Col. John Floyd. Their destination had been founded by James Harrod in 1774, and by 1781 was well established. In these dangerous times, it was a relatively safe place. To get there, the caravan intended to travel first to Bullitt's Lick, and then from there take the buffalo road that headed eastwardly along the Salt River. By then Bullitt's Lick saltworks had been in existence for almost two years, and would have afforded the travelers a place to rest, and likely obtain needed supplies of salt before they continued eastward. To get there they followed the buffalo path that lay mainly along what is today called Old Shepherdsville Road until it merged with the main path just east of the area known as the wet woods. From here the pathway continued southward, passed a spring, later known as Brooks Spring, and trailed southwestward crossing several creeks before reaching the small Clear's Station. Past here, the trail passed through the Blue Lick Gap between two knobs and continued toward Bullitt's Lick. However, they had not reached Bullitt's Lick before deciding to camp for the night. According to Mr. Akers, the attack commenced about three in the morning. Mr. Akers carefully outlines the primary and secondary sources available to us as we attempt to discover the details of this terrible event. We will point to a few that are relevant to helping us understand there the attack took place. Over fifty years later, John Ryker would declare in his 1834 application for a Revolutionary War pension that "In the month of __ 1781 went with a party of men under Floyd Whittaker to Bullets Lick to bring back families defeated and massacred by the Indians (such as survived) while moving from Beargrass to Harrodsburgh, massacre was at Clear Station. Went on 2nd trip to bury the dead. Distance not now recollected, suppose it was fifteen miles. Time occupied in going both trips was about 3 or 4 days." In an account later reported in the Draper Manuscripts, the daughter of John Thickston stated that her father had accompanied the party, both to help transport their belongings and to visit Harrods for the first time. According to her statement, her father escaped the attack, and ran until he heard roosters crowing which led him to Clear's Station. From these, and other clues reported by Mr. Akers, we may conclude that the attack occurred within running distance of the small shelter at Clear's, but likely not close enough for any help to have arrived from there. Those massacred included James and John Westerfield, James Swan, James McLaughlin, Thomas Pyburn, Garret Westerfield, and Becky Swan among others. Among those who managed to survive were the cousins John and William Thickston, Mary Westerfield who hid in a sinkhole with three small children, Mary's grown son Samuel, her teenage daughter Leah, and Thomas Pearce who was badly wounded. Deborah and Polly Westerfield were carried off into captivity at Detroit where they were sold to the British. They were later exchanged and finally returned to their remaining family. A historical marker is scheduled to be erected near Brooks Spring in September 2019 to remember this event and honor those whose lives were touched by it. If you, the reader, have an interest in any particular part of our county history, and wish to contribute to this effort, use the form on our Contact Us page to send us your comments about this, or any Bullitt County History page. We welcome your comments and suggestions. If you feel that we have misspoken at any point, please feel free to point this out to us.	<urn:uuid:0a6483cc-e2c8-4467-ab79-595cabf524cb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://bullittcountyhistory.com/bchistory/westerfieldmassacre.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00054.warc.gz	en	0.985158	978	3.3125	3	[ -0.1251034289598465, -0.5629786252975464, 0.12432853877544403, 0.18826177716255188, 0.2969197630882263, -0.05403504893183708, -0.18251389265060425, -0.034884609282016754, -0.39765024185180664, 0.254959374666214, 0.18755412101745605, -0.0776008814573288, -0.05574222281575203, 0.098269842565...	2	Vince Akers wrote a three part report on the Westerfield Massacre that was published in Bluegrass Roots, the quarterly journal of the Kentucky Genealogical Society, in the Fall and Winter of 2017, and Spring 2018. Mr. Akers wrote that "the Westerfield Massacre occurred as families were moving from the stations on Beargrass Creek east of Louisville to the interior around Harrodsburg." In this report, Mr. Akers concluded that the massacre occurred in early April 1781. At that time the danger from Native American attack was such that anyone traveling from one place of shelter to another would have reason to fear for his life. According to Mr. Akers, "a large caravan of several families, including two Westerfield families whose patriarchs were cousins, left Floyd's Station on Beargrass Creek on a Monday morning bound for Harrod's Station." Floyd's Station was located on the Middle Fork of Beargrass Creek, near the present day Jamestown Apartments in St. Matthews. It had been established in November 1779 by Col. John Floyd. Their destination had been founded by James Harrod in 1774, and by 1781 was well established. In these dangerous times, it was a relatively safe place. To get there, the caravan intended to travel first to Bullitt's Lick, and then from there take the buffalo road that headed eastwardly along the Salt River. By then Bullitt's Lick saltworks had been in existence for almost two years, and would have afforded the travelers a place to rest, and likely obtain needed supplies of salt before they continued eastward. To get there they followed the buffalo path that lay mainly along what is today called Old Shepherdsville Road until it merged with the main path just east of the area known as the wet woods. From here the pathway continued southward, passed a spring, later known as Brooks Spring, and trailed southwestward crossing several creeks before reaching the small Clear's Station. Past here, the trail passed through the Blue Lick Gap between two knobs and continued toward Bullitt's Lick. However, they had not reached Bullitt's Lick before deciding to camp for the night. According to Mr. Akers, the attack commenced about three in the morning. Mr. Akers carefully outlines the primary and secondary sources available to us as we attempt to discover the details of this terrible event. We will point to a few that are relevant to helping us understand there the attack took place. Over fifty years later, John Ryker would declare in his 1834 application for a Revolutionary War pension that "In the month of __ 1781 went with a party of men under Floyd Whittaker to Bullets Lick to bring back families defeated and massacred by the Indians (such as survived) while moving from Beargrass to Harrodsburgh, massacre was at Clear Station. Went on 2nd trip to bury the dead. Distance not now recollected, suppose it was fifteen miles. Time occupied in going both trips was about 3 or 4 days." In an account later reported in the Draper Manuscripts, the daughter of John Thickston stated that her father had accompanied the party, both to help transport their belongings and to visit Harrods for the first time. According to her statement, her father escaped the attack, and ran until he heard roosters crowing which led him to Clear's Station. From these, and other clues reported by Mr. Akers, we may conclude that the attack occurred within running distance of the small shelter at Clear's, but likely not close enough for any help to have arrived from there. Those massacred included James and John Westerfield, James Swan, James McLaughlin, Thomas Pyburn, Garret Westerfield, and Becky Swan among others. Among those who managed to survive were the cousins John and William Thickston, Mary Westerfield who hid in a sinkhole with three small children, Mary's grown son Samuel, her teenage daughter Leah, and Thomas Pearce who was badly wounded. Deborah and Polly Westerfield were carried off into captivity at Detroit where they were sold to the British. They were later exchanged and finally returned to their remaining family. A historical marker is scheduled to be erected near Brooks Spring in September 2019 to remember this event and honor those whose lives were touched by it. If you, the reader, have an interest in any particular part of our county history, and wish to contribute to this effort, use the form on our Contact Us page to send us your comments about this, or any Bullitt County History page. We welcome your comments and suggestions. If you feel that we have misspoken at any point, please feel free to point this out to us.	997	ENGLISH	1
In order to understand how economics really work in today’s age we must think about how those economic ideas, revolutionary theories of many economists, that helped to shape the economic structure as we know it now, through many individuals and school of economic though that has existed through the ages. These schools are “the mercantilists, the physiocrats, the classical economists, Marxian economics, the neoclassical economists and the monetarist economics. For this essay I will only refer to the classical economists and the neoclassical economists. The two most influential economists that helped to shape our economy with their thoughts and theories that are still used in modern economy are Adam Smith a classical economist and John Maynard Keynes a neoclassical economist. These two economists are the most famous economists of all times. Even though that its known that their thoughts are opposites to one and other they also share some similarities for example as suggested by (Stephen Yearwood. (2013)) “Both understood that the key to economic prosperity is to keep the money circulating.” They both According to (Greydark (2009)) Demonstrated “that the field of economics is vast, flexible, and able to be interpreted in many ways.” Each influenced the growth of economic thought and birth of modern market based societies. According to (best brielle. (2010)) “Each economist has similar ideas yet different opinions that distinguish them as economic leaders”. Adam Smith, is known as the Father of economics, Capitalism and advocate of free market also known as laissez-faire. His theory of invisible hand of free enterprise and his 1776 Wealth of Nations is what he is most admired for, also the canons of taxation, labour theory of value, the division of labour, lastly he distinguished between production and non-production labour and value in use and value in exchange. Whereas John Maynard Keynes, is known as the Father of the Mixed Economy, and is known for Keynesian Economics. He advocated fiscal policy as the main method of controlling the economy, developed and explained the theory of multiplier, developed the liquidity preference theory of interest rates and showed that savings and investments were not always equal to each one and other. The classical economists were mostly English economists in the 18th and 19th century and they were the first real economists. One of the most famous classical economist is Adam Smith. Adam Smith was Scottish born in 1723 and died in 1790. He was the most influential economist and it could be said that he is the father if classical economics. Adam Smith had developed many economic theories that are still used to this day, many of his books had made a great impact on the development of economic thought. The main publications that Adam Smith had written are Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, both are of great importance. Most of his influential theories can be...	<urn:uuid:fdd941f4-3d86-4bdb-b6f6-60c9daa6ef72>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightkite.com/essay-on/economics-72	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00503.warc.gz	en	0.983576	595	3.703125	4	[ -0.078020840883255, 0.16897065937519073, -0.12726688385009766, 0.21555380523204803, 0.2554852366447449, -0.058412984013557434, 0.19291168451309204, 0.33956727385520935, -0.1860518753528595, -0.195669025182724, 0.01719147339463234, 0.14399680495262146, -0.04352260380983353, 0.00898309703916...	1	In order to understand how economics really work in today’s age we must think about how those economic ideas, revolutionary theories of many economists, that helped to shape the economic structure as we know it now, through many individuals and school of economic though that has existed through the ages. These schools are “the mercantilists, the physiocrats, the classical economists, Marxian economics, the neoclassical economists and the monetarist economics. For this essay I will only refer to the classical economists and the neoclassical economists. The two most influential economists that helped to shape our economy with their thoughts and theories that are still used in modern economy are Adam Smith a classical economist and John Maynard Keynes a neoclassical economist. These two economists are the most famous economists of all times. Even though that its known that their thoughts are opposites to one and other they also share some similarities for example as suggested by (Stephen Yearwood. (2013)) “Both understood that the key to economic prosperity is to keep the money circulating.” They both According to (Greydark (2009)) Demonstrated “that the field of economics is vast, flexible, and able to be interpreted in many ways.” Each influenced the growth of economic thought and birth of modern market based societies. According to (best brielle. (2010)) “Each economist has similar ideas yet different opinions that distinguish them as economic leaders”. Adam Smith, is known as the Father of economics, Capitalism and advocate of free market also known as laissez-faire. His theory of invisible hand of free enterprise and his 1776 Wealth of Nations is what he is most admired for, also the canons of taxation, labour theory of value, the division of labour, lastly he distinguished between production and non-production labour and value in use and value in exchange. Whereas John Maynard Keynes, is known as the Father of the Mixed Economy, and is known for Keynesian Economics. He advocated fiscal policy as the main method of controlling the economy, developed and explained the theory of multiplier, developed the liquidity preference theory of interest rates and showed that savings and investments were not always equal to each one and other. The classical economists were mostly English economists in the 18th and 19th century and they were the first real economists. One of the most famous classical economist is Adam Smith. Adam Smith was Scottish born in 1723 and died in 1790. He was the most influential economist and it could be said that he is the father if classical economics. Adam Smith had developed many economic theories that are still used to this day, many of his books had made a great impact on the development of economic thought. The main publications that Adam Smith had written are Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, both are of great importance. Most of his influential theories can be...	603	ENGLISH	1
In Judaism, this day commemorates the death of two prominent 18th century rabbis, who were also regarded as maggidim or “preachers.” A maggid, or preacher, is distinguished from a typical rabbi in that a rabbi’s audience tends to be scholars and students. A maggid, however, was someone who went to the masses. In the 18th century, these two maggidim made a very large impact on the masses of people in Russia and the Ukraine. This is of interest to us because the role a maggid accurately describes what Messiah was all about. He went outside of the study halls and synagogues, beyond the scribes and scholars to take His message to the common person. The people of God were where His heart was. “But when He saw the multitudes, He was moved with compassion for them, because they were weary and scattered, like sheep having no shepherd.” (Matthew 9:36) And when He spoke to the people, we see that they responded to His words favorably. “Then He went down to Capernaum, a city of Galilee, and was teaching them on the Sabbath. And they were astonished at His teaching, for His word was with authority.” (Luke 4:31-32) The word maggid (maggidim is the plural form) comes from the root word that means “to tell” as in “telling” a story. A related word is the term hagaddah. At Passover, our Jewish friends tell the story of Passover by using a booklet called a hagaddah. All of these terms are related to a word that means “to cut,” or “to penetrate.” The picture is this: as a farming plow penetrates the earth and cuts rows for seed in a field, a preacher goes to the people and tells them what God is saying to them through His Word. The Messiah’s heart is still for people, whether they’re rich or poor, educated or illiterate. He wants people to hear His words and allow it to penetrate their hearts, not necessarily their heads. How does He do that, today? He does it through people like us. We don’t have to be scholars; we just have to be a believer. Obviously, we must know the Word and are to present it responsibly and faithfully. And like the Messiah, our efforts should be focused on those people who need to hear it, not necessarily those who think they already know it. Unfortunately there are some who feel that, unless a person is recognized as a scholar or have a degree in theology, they have no business sharing the Word. Of course, we heartily disagree with position. As fellow sojourners in this world and disciples of the Lord, it is our mandate to make disciples and we can’t do that if we don’t TELL them how. Because His Word has penetrated our hearts, we are obligated to share that Word and allow it to penetrate the hearts of others. Remember that Yeshua spoke to the heart of people, not necessarily their heads. In other words, He didn’t appeal to their intellect so much as He spoke to their inner man and He did so by using word pictures that everyone understood. We must do likewise. We need to share the Word with people in words they can appreciate and in a manner that allows the Word of God to find a place to rest and produce fruit. In short, we must follow the example of the Messiah and fulfill the role of a maggid by going into all the world with the Gospel of the Kingdom.	<urn:uuid:d03efd8c-7b95-49d5-bb44-a9ccebc5f11e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://billcloud.com/2020/01/17-tevet-taking-it-to-the-streets/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00413.warc.gz	en	0.98229	773	3.65625	4	[ 0.0041587939485907555, 0.22547376155853271, -0.1468517780303955, -0.04128442704677582, -0.0869964137673378, -0.08618739247322083, 0.507956862449646, 0.3657084107398987, -0.25320690870285034, -0.30985718965530396, -0.5056889057159424, 0.12943583726882935, 0.13434430956840515, -0.04341169819...	2	In Judaism, this day commemorates the death of two prominent 18th century rabbis, who were also regarded as maggidim or “preachers.” A maggid, or preacher, is distinguished from a typical rabbi in that a rabbi’s audience tends to be scholars and students. A maggid, however, was someone who went to the masses. In the 18th century, these two maggidim made a very large impact on the masses of people in Russia and the Ukraine. This is of interest to us because the role a maggid accurately describes what Messiah was all about. He went outside of the study halls and synagogues, beyond the scribes and scholars to take His message to the common person. The people of God were where His heart was. “But when He saw the multitudes, He was moved with compassion for them, because they were weary and scattered, like sheep having no shepherd.” (Matthew 9:36) And when He spoke to the people, we see that they responded to His words favorably. “Then He went down to Capernaum, a city of Galilee, and was teaching them on the Sabbath. And they were astonished at His teaching, for His word was with authority.” (Luke 4:31-32) The word maggid (maggidim is the plural form) comes from the root word that means “to tell” as in “telling” a story. A related word is the term hagaddah. At Passover, our Jewish friends tell the story of Passover by using a booklet called a hagaddah. All of these terms are related to a word that means “to cut,” or “to penetrate.” The picture is this: as a farming plow penetrates the earth and cuts rows for seed in a field, a preacher goes to the people and tells them what God is saying to them through His Word. The Messiah’s heart is still for people, whether they’re rich or poor, educated or illiterate. He wants people to hear His words and allow it to penetrate their hearts, not necessarily their heads. How does He do that, today? He does it through people like us. We don’t have to be scholars; we just have to be a believer. Obviously, we must know the Word and are to present it responsibly and faithfully. And like the Messiah, our efforts should be focused on those people who need to hear it, not necessarily those who think they already know it. Unfortunately there are some who feel that, unless a person is recognized as a scholar or have a degree in theology, they have no business sharing the Word. Of course, we heartily disagree with position. As fellow sojourners in this world and disciples of the Lord, it is our mandate to make disciples and we can’t do that if we don’t TELL them how. Because His Word has penetrated our hearts, we are obligated to share that Word and allow it to penetrate the hearts of others. Remember that Yeshua spoke to the heart of people, not necessarily their heads. In other words, He didn’t appeal to their intellect so much as He spoke to their inner man and He did so by using word pictures that everyone understood. We must do likewise. We need to share the Word with people in words they can appreciate and in a manner that allows the Word of God to find a place to rest and produce fruit. In short, we must follow the example of the Messiah and fulfill the role of a maggid by going into all the world with the Gospel of the Kingdom.	739	ENGLISH	1
“From this day every German may shoot as many Jews as he wants. If anybody came near the wire fence, as far as his rifle could reach, he could shoot him. Hundreds and hundreds of people perished in the Ghetto this way.” —Israel Unikowski, age 13, diary excerpt Israel Unikowski was born in Kalish, Poland, in 1928. His mother died when he was just three years old. His father fled Poland in 1935. This left Israel and his older brother living in separate orphanages. After the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, the staff of Israel's orphanage fled leaving 32 boys under the care of one adult. The group rented a cart and began the journey to Lodz. Once the group reached Lodz, the Jewish community and Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski took over the care of the boys. In 1940, the orphans were transferred with the rest of the Jews of Lodz to the ghetto, which was later sealed. In the ghetto, Israel was reunited with his brother who had also made his way to Lodz. Israel quickly obtained a job in a tailoring workshop while living in the orphanage. Following the Gehsperre Aktion in the Lodz ghetto, he and his brother lived together in a rented room and Israel began working in a toymaking workshop. His brother died in 1943 after becoming ill, leaving Israel alone. In 1944, Israel was deported to Birkenau where he was put a on a labor detail. The detail was eventually marched to Buchenwald where Israel was liberated. Critical Thinking Questions - Why are diaries an important part of the historical record? - What makes children’s diaries distinct? - How are some of these accounts different from that of Anne Frank? - Investigate the experiences of children in the ghettos.	<urn:uuid:411f0830-28ff-477e-8628-d517a30450af>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/israel-unikowski	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00077.warc.gz	en	0.98587	384	3.8125	4	[ -0.3062858283519745, 0.3267776370048523, -0.07315418124198914, 0.1716492474079132, -0.12274762988090515, 0.0737568736076355, -0.005940624978393316, 0.0974246934056282, -0.365451455116272, -0.09428621828556061, 0.21553966403007507, 0.13025571405887604, 0.246586874127388, 0.35340890288352966...	3	“From this day every German may shoot as many Jews as he wants. If anybody came near the wire fence, as far as his rifle could reach, he could shoot him. Hundreds and hundreds of people perished in the Ghetto this way.” —Israel Unikowski, age 13, diary excerpt Israel Unikowski was born in Kalish, Poland, in 1928. His mother died when he was just three years old. His father fled Poland in 1935. This left Israel and his older brother living in separate orphanages. After the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, the staff of Israel's orphanage fled leaving 32 boys under the care of one adult. The group rented a cart and began the journey to Lodz. Once the group reached Lodz, the Jewish community and Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski took over the care of the boys. In 1940, the orphans were transferred with the rest of the Jews of Lodz to the ghetto, which was later sealed. In the ghetto, Israel was reunited with his brother who had also made his way to Lodz. Israel quickly obtained a job in a tailoring workshop while living in the orphanage. Following the Gehsperre Aktion in the Lodz ghetto, he and his brother lived together in a rented room and Israel began working in a toymaking workshop. His brother died in 1943 after becoming ill, leaving Israel alone. In 1944, Israel was deported to Birkenau where he was put a on a labor detail. The detail was eventually marched to Buchenwald where Israel was liberated. Critical Thinking Questions - Why are diaries an important part of the historical record? - What makes children’s diaries distinct? - How are some of these accounts different from that of Anne Frank? - Investigate the experiences of children in the ghettos.	401	ENGLISH	1
Watson, Missouri facts for kids Flooding at the confluence of the Nishnabotna and Missouri Rivers on June 16, 2011, during the 2011 Missouri River floods Location of Watson, Missouri \|• Total\|\|0.11 sq mi (0.28 km2)\| \|• Land\|\|0.11 sq mi (0.28 km2)\| \|• Water\|\|0 sq mi (0 km2)\| \|Elevation\|\|899 ft (274 m)\| \|• Estimate (2012)\|\|97\| \|• Density\|\|909.1/sq mi (351.0/km2)\| \|Time zone\|\|Central (CST) (UTC-6)\| \|• Summer (DST)\|\|CDT (UTC-5)\| \|GNIS feature ID\|\|0728422\| Watson was platted in 1869. The village was named after a railroad official. A post office was established at Watson in 1869, and remained in operation until 1965. Watson is located at(40.478975, -95.623762). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.11 square miles (0.28 km2), all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 100 people, 40 households, and 28 families residing in the village. The population density was 909.1 inhabitants per square mile (351.0/km2). There were 47 housing units at an average density of 427.3 per square mile (165.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 100.0% White. There were 40 households of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.0% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.96. The median age in the village was 38.7 years. 21% of residents were under the age of 18; 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25% were from 25 to 44; 29% were from 45 to 64; and 15% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 54.0% male and 46.0% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 121 people, 40 households, and 32 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,136.4 people per square mile (424.7/km²). There were 58 housing units at an average density of 544.7 per square mile (203.6/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 99.17% White, and 0.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.48% of the population. There were 40 households out of which 42.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.0% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% were non-families. 17.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.38. In the village, the population was spread out with 26.4% under the age of 18, 12.4% from 18 to 24, 22.3% from 25 to 44, 29.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 120.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 128.2 males. The median income for a household in the village was $27,750, and the median income for a family was $28,500. Males had a median income of $28,594 versus $23,000 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,753. There were 9.4% of families and 7.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 15.2% of under eighteens and none of those over 64. Watson, Missouri Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.	<urn:uuid:b9925f10-16cd-4c70-821a-899c136430fe>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://kids.kiddle.co/Watson,_Missouri	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00289.warc.gz	en	0.980262	966	3.359375	3	[ 0.45663827657699585, -0.11510512977838516, 0.3565729856491089, -0.27831369638442993, -0.04093210771679878, -0.612400233745575, -0.11734970659017563, 0.0012739640660583973, -0.3712989091873169, 0.10879859328269958, 0.25075772404670715, -0.5328899025917053, 0.0637638047337532, -0.26991242170...	2	Watson, Missouri facts for kids Flooding at the confluence of the Nishnabotna and Missouri Rivers on June 16, 2011, during the 2011 Missouri River floods Location of Watson, Missouri \|• Total\|\|0.11 sq mi (0.28 km2)\| \|• Land\|\|0.11 sq mi (0.28 km2)\| \|• Water\|\|0 sq mi (0 km2)\| \|Elevation\|\|899 ft (274 m)\| \|• Estimate (2012)\|\|97\| \|• Density\|\|909.1/sq mi (351.0/km2)\| \|Time zone\|\|Central (CST) (UTC-6)\| \|• Summer (DST)\|\|CDT (UTC-5)\| \|GNIS feature ID\|\|0728422\| Watson was platted in 1869. The village was named after a railroad official. A post office was established at Watson in 1869, and remained in operation until 1965. Watson is located at(40.478975, -95.623762). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.11 square miles (0.28 km2), all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 100 people, 40 households, and 28 families residing in the village. The population density was 909.1 inhabitants per square mile (351.0/km2). There were 47 housing units at an average density of 427.3 per square mile (165.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 100.0% White. There were 40 households of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.0% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.96. The median age in the village was 38.7 years. 21% of residents were under the age of 18; 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25% were from 25 to 44; 29% were from 45 to 64; and 15% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 54.0% male and 46.0% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 121 people, 40 households, and 32 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,136.4 people per square mile (424.7/km²). There were 58 housing units at an average density of 544.7 per square mile (203.6/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 99.17% White, and 0.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.48% of the population. There were 40 households out of which 42.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.0% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% were non-families. 17.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.38. In the village, the population was spread out with 26.4% under the age of 18, 12.4% from 18 to 24, 22.3% from 25 to 44, 29.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 120.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 128.2 males. The median income for a household in the village was $27,750, and the median income for a family was $28,500. Males had a median income of $28,594 versus $23,000 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,753. There were 9.4% of families and 7.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 15.2% of under eighteens and none of those over 64. Watson, Missouri Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.	1,191	ENGLISH	1
The problem play refers to a kind of drama which emerged in the 19th century as a section of the extensive realism movement in the arts. It handles contentious social problems via debates between the stage acting characters, who characteristically signify conflicting viewpoints with an truthful social context. The play normally focuses on handling a certain social issue in an accurate manner structured to alter the public opinion. It is mostly employed to demonstrate a situation where the main character in a play experiences religious, personal, environmental, political and social issues common to her or his entire society. This concept of the problem play has highly been illustrated in the play “A Doll’s House” written by Henrik Ibsen. The play A Doll’s House was written in 1800s and it focused on demonstrating social problems that existed in the society during this time. This is the time when women were supposed to be submissive and to live based on the social restriction. Women were required to stay at home and look after their children and husbands. Men were on the other hand supposed to provide for their families and thus, they could work hard and go out of their way to satisfy the financial needs of the family. Women were considered weak and could only subordinate their men. The society norm was that the man should remain superior in their homes and make their women do what they want (Arnd 2). Although women were supposed to be weak based on the actual societal perspective, Henrik manages to create a very strong women character in Nora. Henrik employed problem play concept by demonstrating women liberalization in the era where conservation was highly practiced. Although Nora initially lived like a naïve housewife, we later in the play realized that Nora was an extra ordinary woman who had gone out of her way to save her husband’s life by borrowing money with forged father’s signature, and working secretly to repay her debt. Nora managed to work and earn money during a time when women were required by the society norm to stay at home and nurture their families. Nora even appeared to adhere to this norm even before her husband. However, she has stood strong for a while to protect her family. She even went against her husband morals with regard to forgery and debts. Nora also display the concept of problem play by deciding to stand on her own when her husband reacted negatively after realizing that she forged her father’s signature and got a loan to a man he regarded as immoral. Based on the families of these times, a man was the head of the family and he was supposed to decide on what should be done during the critical time. Helmer, after seeing the Krogstad reports he decided that he can nolonger have a relation with Nora as a wife, but to protect his image to the society, Nora was to stay in the house and pretend to the world that all was well. She was also not to be entrusted to the children to prevent her from teaching themthe immoral act (Ibsen 38). Based on the societal norms during this time and in this region the family success was judged based on how well it can stick together. This is what Helmer tried to protect. However, Nora did not care about the outer image. Her concern was more on the internal relation and if it was not working out, she was willing to walk out despite what the society would say or think. Nora decision to walk out of her marriage and family was not stopped even by Helmer apology. To her, she had been played by the man she thought loved her. He had considered her as her “wife doll” and she would never live with it. In normal circumstances, a wife could have been happy that the misunderstanding has been cleared and that she would live normally with her husband. However, Nora refused to compromise. She did not take it well that she was supposed to live with her husband without doing anything to save the situation. She treasured her rights as a human being who can think, do anything to save herself and her family, a woman who can work to get her own money, and woman whose mental ability is recognized. She seems to have been insulted by her husband thought of being there to protect him from all problems as she loves him in the return. This episode clearly demonstrated the concept of problem play where by Nora acted completely against what could have been accepted. She even went ahead and left her husband and children to demonstrate that her rights as a human being came before her role as a wife or a mother, and she would never make sacrifices to make others happy while she suffers (Ibsen 45). Nora slams the door and abandons her house to a world of novel chances.She is leaving to realize her personal duties towards herself, with hope of self-realization that normally guides to new beginning. It seems that Nora removed he blind fold and realized that her freedom and individuality have been snatched away by Helmer. After living for her husband, her sacrifice goes unrecognized and she cannot sacrifice herself anymore for a strange man who made her life in the illusion of love for quite a long time. In this section,Henrik painted Nora as a typical modern woman and not as 19th century woman (Ghafourinia and Jamili 424). Nora is a character that was coined to change the public opinion on various issues which included the role of a woman in the society, and the woman submission role in the family. It can also be said to have been used to change the public opinion on women’s mental ability in solving life problem. Although Nora was regarded to be weak and the one who deserved her father and later her husband’s protection, she went out of her way to help her husband. The only reason he considered her weak was because he was not informed about it. She also did forgery, an act that she appeared to be too naïve even to know of its existence. Nora was strong and she was only considered weak for being submissive. The coming out of the marriage as a way of standing up for herself painted submission as the greatest woman’s weakness which should be concurred for a woman to be strong. The obedient that comes hand in hand with submission limits the women’s ability to think on how to handle their problems as well as their family’s problems. Nora is also seen to trying to fight to gain the freedom on deciding what she should purchase rather than telling Helmer to do it for her. Although this makes Helmer give Nora petty names that signifies her love for money, it also demonstrates Women independent mind when it comes to spending and making purchase decision, obligations that were not normally left for women during this time. The change of opinion on women obligation can also be demonstrated by Mrs. Linden. Although she married for money, she later had to work to earn a living for herself and her ill mother and two younger brothers. She later had to work for herself and she is seen requesting Nora to talk to her husband to give him a job in the bank. This demonstrated that women had gone to school and they were climbing the corporate ladder, though they were still in the lower positions in the job market. Mrs. Linden was also seen approaching Krogstad to rekindle their previous romantic relationship and manages to convince him to return Nora’s signed promissory (Ibsen 34). This can be used to demonstrate the power of a woman in a relationship. Although women were supposed to be submissive, Mrs. Linden takes up the initiative of helping her friend using her power over a man. Moreover, Mrs. Linden was given a job while Krogstad was facing the possibilities of being sacked. Despite this, she did not shy off from having a relationship, and Krogstad did not refuse her on the basis of being unable to provide. Instead, Krogstad agreed to rekindle their romantic relationship, and stopped the blackmail to get his job back. This can be interpreted that Krogstad was comfortable to have Mrs. Linden as the family breadwinner, and that Krogstad felt much safer to have her, and to know that she can work to provide for the family. This made him to give up pushing Nora further to be rehired. The incident demonstrates the changing role of the woman in the society, and also the change on the opinion of women’s position in the world. Mrs. Linden is also seen to play a great part in liberating Nora from her marriage where she was forced to be submissive and enhancing her ability to enjoy her freedom. She instructed Krogstad to leave the reports in the Helmer mailbox to allow him to know the truth and eliminate the fear and anxiety in Nora regarding what would happen in case the husband was to know all about it (Ibsen 34). Mrs. Linden acted as Nora confidant and advisor to some extent. The step taken by Mrs. Linden in this case was a way of communicating that women should be ready to test the strength of the marriage bond to be sure whether it is worth the sacrifice they give to it. The information was clear that Nora had borrowed the money using forged signature to save Helmer’s life. However, she was so scared to confess since she feared the outcome and would rather carry the burden. This approach demonstrated how the truth can liberate a woman and give a clear picture of personal worth in a relationship. It also demonstrates the importance of confrontation in a relationship. Submissive women were never given a chance to air their views in serious family problems. Instead men’s judgment was depended on to resolve all problems in the family, disregarding of whether women were satisfied with these decision. They were perceived as children with regard to mental and financial ability. This made it hard for them to confront the actual problems troubling their relationships and keep their pain and agony to themselves. The act of confrontation, especially when Nora tells her husband to sit and have their first conversation eight year after marriage was a liberating act, which demonstrates the changing role of a woman in a relationship, and the creating of equal parties in a marriage relationship. The problem play concept was also displayed clearly in Helmer character. The society was highly concerned about morality, and Helmer did his best to gain respect by working with honesty. He also considered sacking Krogstad from his bank position since he was found with a forgery scandal in the past. His strong principles made him chose to separate with his wife when she realized that she also forged once to save his life. He did not see the wife’s good will in it, but the possibility of a tarnished image incase that information was to leak. He was more concerned about his image and what people would say, rather than what the family had achieved or would lose for his drastic measures. Ironically, when Krogstad canceled the promissory, he became overjoyed and decided to forgive his wife, and to take back all his previous words and decisions. This demonstrates that immorality was a social problem of that time and that even those that seemed to support morality were not truly moral. They only worked hard to ensure their immoral act did not leak to the public. Helmer was ready to separate with his wife to distance himself from her previous forgery acts, irrespective of the fact that she did it to save his life. Here, Helmer can be used to demonstrated problem play concept by being a victim of immorality which is a social problem affecting the society the characters were representing. However, ironically, once Krogstad cancelled the promissory, Helmer was ready to take her wife back and to forgive her. This demonstrates that Helmer was not against the act but the public impact it could have created to his career and public image if the information on his wife involvement in immoral acts could have leaked out. This occurrence demonstrated problem play by demonstrating the deadliness of immorality as a social problem and how the act was probably enacted by everyone while pretending to be clean and moral, and while the society anticipated everyone to be moral and honest (Oxford Reference 1). According to the above analysis, A Doll’s House by Henrik demonstrated the concept of problem play by influencing the change of public opinion regarding the women roles and abilities. This was done in the society that was highly conservative and where women were required to remain submissive in their marriage during the 19th century. The problem play concept is also illustrated by the main play actors facing social problems in this case being immorality; forgery. On one hand, Helmer wants to sack Krogstad for being related with past immoral behavior when he realized that his wife has been practicing immoral activities too. Hoping that he is among the most morally upright individuals in the play, he also withdrew his decision to separate with his wife when he realized that Krogstad would not be broadcasting the incident. This means, he does not hate the act but the destruction of the public image. This demonstrates the intensity of this problem in the society. Order Unique Answer Now	<urn:uuid:7bdb8b6f-4506-42fb-b493-8c8cbd2251a7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://uniquewritersbay.com/blog/research-paper-on-a-doll-house-and-the-concept-of-the-problem-play/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00078.warc.gz	en	0.991732	2,652	3.78125	4	[ -0.035359494388103485, 0.1765463501214981, 0.2427668571472168, -0.42753663659095764, 0.020361844450235367, 0.13399741053581238, 0.14284947514533997, 0.0500660203397274, 0.018463242799043655, -0.2503550052642822, 0.5052528381347656, 0.16216832399368286, 0.33411577343940735, 0.37689810991287...	1	The problem play refers to a kind of drama which emerged in the 19th century as a section of the extensive realism movement in the arts. It handles contentious social problems via debates between the stage acting characters, who characteristically signify conflicting viewpoints with an truthful social context. The play normally focuses on handling a certain social issue in an accurate manner structured to alter the public opinion. It is mostly employed to demonstrate a situation where the main character in a play experiences religious, personal, environmental, political and social issues common to her or his entire society. This concept of the problem play has highly been illustrated in the play “A Doll’s House” written by Henrik Ibsen. The play A Doll’s House was written in 1800s and it focused on demonstrating social problems that existed in the society during this time. This is the time when women were supposed to be submissive and to live based on the social restriction. Women were required to stay at home and look after their children and husbands. Men were on the other hand supposed to provide for their families and thus, they could work hard and go out of their way to satisfy the financial needs of the family. Women were considered weak and could only subordinate their men. The society norm was that the man should remain superior in their homes and make their women do what they want (Arnd 2). Although women were supposed to be weak based on the actual societal perspective, Henrik manages to create a very strong women character in Nora. Henrik employed problem play concept by demonstrating women liberalization in the era where conservation was highly practiced. Although Nora initially lived like a naïve housewife, we later in the play realized that Nora was an extra ordinary woman who had gone out of her way to save her husband’s life by borrowing money with forged father’s signature, and working secretly to repay her debt. Nora managed to work and earn money during a time when women were required by the society norm to stay at home and nurture their families. Nora even appeared to adhere to this norm even before her husband. However, she has stood strong for a while to protect her family. She even went against her husband morals with regard to forgery and debts. Nora also display the concept of problem play by deciding to stand on her own when her husband reacted negatively after realizing that she forged her father’s signature and got a loan to a man he regarded as immoral. Based on the families of these times, a man was the head of the family and he was supposed to decide on what should be done during the critical time. Helmer, after seeing the Krogstad reports he decided that he can nolonger have a relation with Nora as a wife, but to protect his image to the society, Nora was to stay in the house and pretend to the world that all was well. She was also not to be entrusted to the children to prevent her from teaching themthe immoral act (Ibsen 38). Based on the societal norms during this time and in this region the family success was judged based on how well it can stick together. This is what Helmer tried to protect. However, Nora did not care about the outer image. Her concern was more on the internal relation and if it was not working out, she was willing to walk out despite what the society would say or think. Nora decision to walk out of her marriage and family was not stopped even by Helmer apology. To her, she had been played by the man she thought loved her. He had considered her as her “wife doll” and she would never live with it. In normal circumstances, a wife could have been happy that the misunderstanding has been cleared and that she would live normally with her husband. However, Nora refused to compromise. She did not take it well that she was supposed to live with her husband without doing anything to save the situation. She treasured her rights as a human being who can think, do anything to save herself and her family, a woman who can work to get her own money, and woman whose mental ability is recognized. She seems to have been insulted by her husband thought of being there to protect him from all problems as she loves him in the return. This episode clearly demonstrated the concept of problem play where by Nora acted completely against what could have been accepted. She even went ahead and left her husband and children to demonstrate that her rights as a human being came before her role as a wife or a mother, and she would never make sacrifices to make others happy while she suffers (Ibsen 45). Nora slams the door and abandons her house to a world of novel chances.She is leaving to realize her personal duties towards herself, with hope of self-realization that normally guides to new beginning. It seems that Nora removed he blind fold and realized that her freedom and individuality have been snatched away by Helmer. After living for her husband, her sacrifice goes unrecognized and she cannot sacrifice herself anymore for a strange man who made her life in the illusion of love for quite a long time. In this section,Henrik painted Nora as a typical modern woman and not as 19th century woman (Ghafourinia and Jamili 424). Nora is a character that was coined to change the public opinion on various issues which included the role of a woman in the society, and the woman submission role in the family. It can also be said to have been used to change the public opinion on women’s mental ability in solving life problem. Although Nora was regarded to be weak and the one who deserved her father and later her husband’s protection, she went out of her way to help her husband. The only reason he considered her weak was because he was not informed about it. She also did forgery, an act that she appeared to be too naïve even to know of its existence. Nora was strong and she was only considered weak for being submissive. The coming out of the marriage as a way of standing up for herself painted submission as the greatest woman’s weakness which should be concurred for a woman to be strong. The obedient that comes hand in hand with submission limits the women’s ability to think on how to handle their problems as well as their family’s problems. Nora is also seen to trying to fight to gain the freedom on deciding what she should purchase rather than telling Helmer to do it for her. Although this makes Helmer give Nora petty names that signifies her love for money, it also demonstrates Women independent mind when it comes to spending and making purchase decision, obligations that were not normally left for women during this time. The change of opinion on women obligation can also be demonstrated by Mrs. Linden. Although she married for money, she later had to work to earn a living for herself and her ill mother and two younger brothers. She later had to work for herself and she is seen requesting Nora to talk to her husband to give him a job in the bank. This demonstrated that women had gone to school and they were climbing the corporate ladder, though they were still in the lower positions in the job market. Mrs. Linden was also seen approaching Krogstad to rekindle their previous romantic relationship and manages to convince him to return Nora’s signed promissory (Ibsen 34). This can be used to demonstrate the power of a woman in a relationship. Although women were supposed to be submissive, Mrs. Linden takes up the initiative of helping her friend using her power over a man. Moreover, Mrs. Linden was given a job while Krogstad was facing the possibilities of being sacked. Despite this, she did not shy off from having a relationship, and Krogstad did not refuse her on the basis of being unable to provide. Instead, Krogstad agreed to rekindle their romantic relationship, and stopped the blackmail to get his job back. This can be interpreted that Krogstad was comfortable to have Mrs. Linden as the family breadwinner, and that Krogstad felt much safer to have her, and to know that she can work to provide for the family. This made him to give up pushing Nora further to be rehired. The incident demonstrates the changing role of the woman in the society, and also the change on the opinion of women’s position in the world. Mrs. Linden is also seen to play a great part in liberating Nora from her marriage where she was forced to be submissive and enhancing her ability to enjoy her freedom. She instructed Krogstad to leave the reports in the Helmer mailbox to allow him to know the truth and eliminate the fear and anxiety in Nora regarding what would happen in case the husband was to know all about it (Ibsen 34). Mrs. Linden acted as Nora confidant and advisor to some extent. The step taken by Mrs. Linden in this case was a way of communicating that women should be ready to test the strength of the marriage bond to be sure whether it is worth the sacrifice they give to it. The information was clear that Nora had borrowed the money using forged signature to save Helmer’s life. However, she was so scared to confess since she feared the outcome and would rather carry the burden. This approach demonstrated how the truth can liberate a woman and give a clear picture of personal worth in a relationship. It also demonstrates the importance of confrontation in a relationship. Submissive women were never given a chance to air their views in serious family problems. Instead men’s judgment was depended on to resolve all problems in the family, disregarding of whether women were satisfied with these decision. They were perceived as children with regard to mental and financial ability. This made it hard for them to confront the actual problems troubling their relationships and keep their pain and agony to themselves. The act of confrontation, especially when Nora tells her husband to sit and have their first conversation eight year after marriage was a liberating act, which demonstrates the changing role of a woman in a relationship, and the creating of equal parties in a marriage relationship. The problem play concept was also displayed clearly in Helmer character. The society was highly concerned about morality, and Helmer did his best to gain respect by working with honesty. He also considered sacking Krogstad from his bank position since he was found with a forgery scandal in the past. His strong principles made him chose to separate with his wife when she realized that she also forged once to save his life. He did not see the wife’s good will in it, but the possibility of a tarnished image incase that information was to leak. He was more concerned about his image and what people would say, rather than what the family had achieved or would lose for his drastic measures. Ironically, when Krogstad canceled the promissory, he became overjoyed and decided to forgive his wife, and to take back all his previous words and decisions. This demonstrates that immorality was a social problem of that time and that even those that seemed to support morality were not truly moral. They only worked hard to ensure their immoral act did not leak to the public. Helmer was ready to separate with his wife to distance himself from her previous forgery acts, irrespective of the fact that she did it to save his life. Here, Helmer can be used to demonstrated problem play concept by being a victim of immorality which is a social problem affecting the society the characters were representing. However, ironically, once Krogstad cancelled the promissory, Helmer was ready to take her wife back and to forgive her. This demonstrates that Helmer was not against the act but the public impact it could have created to his career and public image if the information on his wife involvement in immoral acts could have leaked out. This occurrence demonstrated problem play by demonstrating the deadliness of immorality as a social problem and how the act was probably enacted by everyone while pretending to be clean and moral, and while the society anticipated everyone to be moral and honest (Oxford Reference 1). According to the above analysis, A Doll’s House by Henrik demonstrated the concept of problem play by influencing the change of public opinion regarding the women roles and abilities. This was done in the society that was highly conservative and where women were required to remain submissive in their marriage during the 19th century. The problem play concept is also illustrated by the main play actors facing social problems in this case being immorality; forgery. On one hand, Helmer wants to sack Krogstad for being related with past immoral behavior when he realized that his wife has been practicing immoral activities too. Hoping that he is among the most morally upright individuals in the play, he also withdrew his decision to separate with his wife when he realized that Krogstad would not be broadcasting the incident. This means, he does not hate the act but the destruction of the public image. This demonstrates the intensity of this problem in the society. Order Unique Answer Now	2,622	ENGLISH	1
The famous “Mother of the Mother Road” didn’t become a part of Route 66 lore until 1941. She and her husband Carl bought a gas station and tourist cabins on a rural part of the road in Oklahoma. Because she was so rugged and self-sustaining, yet constantly lent assistance to motorists, she become legendary. A Trade Route People didn’t just use Route 66 to go on road trips – it was a vital way of life for many. Farmers who lived in rural communities nearby the highway were able to transport their crops, dairy products, etc. faster and to a wider area than before, helping them to increase profits. Trucking companies both small and large found the road to be vital to transporting goods in much of the Midwest and Southwest United States. They had begun competing against the railways, which previously were the only practical means for moving large amounts of goods around the country. The big champion of Route 66 was Cyrus Avery. He was a businessman from Tulsa, Oklahoma and had a vision of improving the roads in his home state. Avery was also the chairman of the state highway commission and had a hand in creating the national highway system. In 1926, Avery proposed a plan to build a highway that would stretch from Chicago to California. Before that, he pioneered the successful Ozark Trail highway that extended from Missouri through Oklahoma and Texas.View on One Page	<urn:uuid:2c7e8fb3-e790-48ed-bac6-4f5b17451e93>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://wheelscene.com/facts-about-route-66/3/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00214.warc.gz	en	0.986658	287	3.484375	3	[ -0.09186649322509766, -0.08985283970832825, 0.42740732431411743, -0.04419366642832756, -0.208604633808136, 0.0825011357665062, 0.07916935533285141, 0.30540376901626587, -0.5342901945114136, -0.033072974532842636, -0.2801618278026581, 0.10252875089645386, -0.13625533878803253, 0.03474399447...	2	The famous “Mother of the Mother Road” didn’t become a part of Route 66 lore until 1941. She and her husband Carl bought a gas station and tourist cabins on a rural part of the road in Oklahoma. Because she was so rugged and self-sustaining, yet constantly lent assistance to motorists, she become legendary. A Trade Route People didn’t just use Route 66 to go on road trips – it was a vital way of life for many. Farmers who lived in rural communities nearby the highway were able to transport their crops, dairy products, etc. faster and to a wider area than before, helping them to increase profits. Trucking companies both small and large found the road to be vital to transporting goods in much of the Midwest and Southwest United States. They had begun competing against the railways, which previously were the only practical means for moving large amounts of goods around the country. The big champion of Route 66 was Cyrus Avery. He was a businessman from Tulsa, Oklahoma and had a vision of improving the roads in his home state. Avery was also the chairman of the state highway commission and had a hand in creating the national highway system. In 1926, Avery proposed a plan to build a highway that would stretch from Chicago to California. Before that, he pioneered the successful Ozark Trail highway that extended from Missouri through Oklahoma and Texas.View on One Page	287	ENGLISH	1
There is a rich cultural heritage in Asia, with numerous ethnicities, countries as well as religions that all shape the human civilization in that part of the world. Music, cuisine, literature, sports and literature shape Asian culture, as well as philosophy and major religions such as Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism. There are over 600 languages that are spoken in Asia, such that the language is widely classified into families. Major families include Japanese spoken in Japan, Sino-Tibetan which includes Taiwanese, Wu, Tibetan and Cantonese. These languages have been passed down generations through literature such as the 1001 Arabian nights. The various ethnic groups of Asian descent, all have varying cultures, shaped by the climate, topography as well as technological advances. One of the unique cultures of Asia is shared religion. In East Asia, countries such as Japan, north and South Korea, Taiwan and China have the same religions, which are Taoism and Buddhism, due to their proximity to each other. Other countries such as Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh and India also have large populations of Buddhists, with Hinduism, Sikhism and Jainism also practiced widely. Antique gallery is a distinctive aspect of Asian culture that has been widely appreciated worldwide, thanks to its great health benefits to the body, as well as being popularized by superstar performers such as Jet Li, Bruce Lee And Jackie Chan. Styles of martial arts such as karate from Japan, Taekwondo from Korea and the Chinese kung Fu are an important aspect of Asian culture. Tea is very important in Asian culture, from China, Malaysia to India. It is a huge part of Asian ceremonies. The art of folding paper, also known as origami, is also a part of Asian culture that is common in Japan and china. Asian art is very rich and diverse, being influenced by the various cultures in this massive region. The Asian peoples value their art a lot since it is a way of preserving their culture and traditions in the face of westernization propagated by years of colonization and modernity. Asian art includes wonderful works of literature like the 1001 Arabian nights. China has also contributed heavily to Asian art, with classical poems and works of art. Other notable works of art include Japanese literature like the haiku form of poetry as well as Persian culture. Asian art has been influenced by religion, the materials available for shaping their art on as well as history and modernity. Asian art covers pottery, ink painting, as well as manga, which are the modern Japanese cartoons that have proven to be widely popular in all parts of the world. Examples are Ruruoni Kenshin, as well as samurai jack. Ceramics as well as sculptures of Buddha are notable examples of how Asians choose to express themselves using art. Asia also has unique styles of architecture, inspired by the Islamic and Buddhist religions, as well as traditional ways of building houses. Notable examples of Asian architecture include the Buddhist temples of china, the Great Wall of China as well as Islamic mosques of Pakistan and India. In a nutshell, art and culture in Asia is as rich and beautiful as in any other part of the world. Indeed, the diversity and large population of the continent means that it is extremely diverse and rich.	<urn:uuid:b09fce1a-4408-4b41-8e41-e7de6d3e8a36>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://myonlinechemist.co.uk/art-and-culture-in-asia/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00227.warc.gz	en	0.981463	668	3.265625	3	[ 0.3480628728866577, 0.21159955859184265, 0.31076085567474365, -0.25543278455734253, -0.0846298485994339, 0.3575628995895386, 0.20589196681976318, -0.15700046718120575, -0.08505147695541382, -0.1158050000667572, -0.05248759314417839, -0.15182632207870483, 0.18717731535434723, 0.499550044536...	3	There is a rich cultural heritage in Asia, with numerous ethnicities, countries as well as religions that all shape the human civilization in that part of the world. Music, cuisine, literature, sports and literature shape Asian culture, as well as philosophy and major religions such as Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism. There are over 600 languages that are spoken in Asia, such that the language is widely classified into families. Major families include Japanese spoken in Japan, Sino-Tibetan which includes Taiwanese, Wu, Tibetan and Cantonese. These languages have been passed down generations through literature such as the 1001 Arabian nights. The various ethnic groups of Asian descent, all have varying cultures, shaped by the climate, topography as well as technological advances. One of the unique cultures of Asia is shared religion. In East Asia, countries such as Japan, north and South Korea, Taiwan and China have the same religions, which are Taoism and Buddhism, due to their proximity to each other. Other countries such as Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh and India also have large populations of Buddhists, with Hinduism, Sikhism and Jainism also practiced widely. Antique gallery is a distinctive aspect of Asian culture that has been widely appreciated worldwide, thanks to its great health benefits to the body, as well as being popularized by superstar performers such as Jet Li, Bruce Lee And Jackie Chan. Styles of martial arts such as karate from Japan, Taekwondo from Korea and the Chinese kung Fu are an important aspect of Asian culture. Tea is very important in Asian culture, from China, Malaysia to India. It is a huge part of Asian ceremonies. The art of folding paper, also known as origami, is also a part of Asian culture that is common in Japan and china. Asian art is very rich and diverse, being influenced by the various cultures in this massive region. The Asian peoples value their art a lot since it is a way of preserving their culture and traditions in the face of westernization propagated by years of colonization and modernity. Asian art includes wonderful works of literature like the 1001 Arabian nights. China has also contributed heavily to Asian art, with classical poems and works of art. Other notable works of art include Japanese literature like the haiku form of poetry as well as Persian culture. Asian art has been influenced by religion, the materials available for shaping their art on as well as history and modernity. Asian art covers pottery, ink painting, as well as manga, which are the modern Japanese cartoons that have proven to be widely popular in all parts of the world. Examples are Ruruoni Kenshin, as well as samurai jack. Ceramics as well as sculptures of Buddha are notable examples of how Asians choose to express themselves using art. Asia also has unique styles of architecture, inspired by the Islamic and Buddhist religions, as well as traditional ways of building houses. Notable examples of Asian architecture include the Buddhist temples of china, the Great Wall of China as well as Islamic mosques of Pakistan and India. In a nutshell, art and culture in Asia is as rich and beautiful as in any other part of the world. Indeed, the diversity and large population of the continent means that it is extremely diverse and rich.	663	ENGLISH	1
In 1690, the Massachusetts Bay Colony became the first to issue paper money in what would become the United States, but soon others began printing their own money as well. The demand for currency in the colonies was due to the scarcity of coins, which had been the primary means of trade 1. Colonies' paper currencies were used to pay for their expenses, as well as a means to lend money to the colonies' citizens. Paper money quickly became the primary means of exchange within each colony, and it even began to be used in financial transactions with other colonies 2. However, some of the currencies were not redeemable in gold or silver, which caused them to depreciate 3. The Currency Act of 1751 set limits on the issuance of Bills of Credit by the New England states and set requirements for the redemption of any bills issued. This Act was in response to the overissuance of bills by Rhode Island, eventually reducing their value to 1/27 of the issuing value 4. The Currency Act of 1764 completely banned the issuance of Bills of Credit (paper money) in the colonies and the making of such bills legal tender because their depreciation allowed the discharge of debts with depreciated paper at a rate less than contracted for, to the great discouragement and prejudice of the trade and commerce of his Majesty's subjects. The ban proved extremely harmful to the economy of the colonies and inhibited trade, both within the colonies and abroad 5. The first attempt at a national currency was during the American Revolutionary War. In 1775 the Continental Congress, as well as the states, began issuing paper currency, calling the bills "Early American currency\|Continentals". The Continentals were backed only by future tax revenue, and were used to help finance the Revolutionary War. Overprinting, as well as British counterfeiting caused the value of the Continental to diminish quickly. This experience with paper money led the United States to strip the power to issue Bills of Credit (paper money) from a draft of the new Constitution on August 16, 1787 6, as well as banning such issuance by the various states, and limiting the states ability to make anything but gold or silver coin legal tender 7. In 1791 the government granted the First Bank of the United States a charter to operate as the U.S. central bank until 1811 8. The First Bank of the United States came to an end under James Madison\|President Madison because Congress refused to renew its charter. The Second Bank of the United States was established in 1816, and lost its authority to be the central bank of the U.S. twenty years later under Andrew Jackson\|President Jackson when its charter expired. Both banks were based upon the Bank of England 9. Ultimately, a third national bank, known as the Federal Reserve, was established in 1913 and still exists to this day.	<urn:uuid:12f1e841-fb1c-4fb9-99c5-e11c4a56ebfb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.opentextbooks.org.hk/ditatopic/12276	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00079.warc.gz	en	0.980949	575	4.09375	4	[ -0.33914414048194885, -0.29935595393180847, 0.12473012506961823, -0.33235102891921997, -0.11283016204833984, 0.23587070405483246, -0.20216220617294312, 0.23838624358177185, -0.165933758020401, 0.12765119969844818, 0.4596484899520874, 0.3867166340351105, -0.31387579441070557, 0.254289805889...	6	In 1690, the Massachusetts Bay Colony became the first to issue paper money in what would become the United States, but soon others began printing their own money as well. The demand for currency in the colonies was due to the scarcity of coins, which had been the primary means of trade 1. Colonies' paper currencies were used to pay for their expenses, as well as a means to lend money to the colonies' citizens. Paper money quickly became the primary means of exchange within each colony, and it even began to be used in financial transactions with other colonies 2. However, some of the currencies were not redeemable in gold or silver, which caused them to depreciate 3. The Currency Act of 1751 set limits on the issuance of Bills of Credit by the New England states and set requirements for the redemption of any bills issued. This Act was in response to the overissuance of bills by Rhode Island, eventually reducing their value to 1/27 of the issuing value 4. The Currency Act of 1764 completely banned the issuance of Bills of Credit (paper money) in the colonies and the making of such bills legal tender because their depreciation allowed the discharge of debts with depreciated paper at a rate less than contracted for, to the great discouragement and prejudice of the trade and commerce of his Majesty's subjects. The ban proved extremely harmful to the economy of the colonies and inhibited trade, both within the colonies and abroad 5. The first attempt at a national currency was during the American Revolutionary War. In 1775 the Continental Congress, as well as the states, began issuing paper currency, calling the bills "Early American currency\|Continentals". The Continentals were backed only by future tax revenue, and were used to help finance the Revolutionary War. Overprinting, as well as British counterfeiting caused the value of the Continental to diminish quickly. This experience with paper money led the United States to strip the power to issue Bills of Credit (paper money) from a draft of the new Constitution on August 16, 1787 6, as well as banning such issuance by the various states, and limiting the states ability to make anything but gold or silver coin legal tender 7. In 1791 the government granted the First Bank of the United States a charter to operate as the U.S. central bank until 1811 8. The First Bank of the United States came to an end under James Madison\|President Madison because Congress refused to renew its charter. The Second Bank of the United States was established in 1816, and lost its authority to be the central bank of the U.S. twenty years later under Andrew Jackson\|President Jackson when its charter expired. Both banks were based upon the Bank of England 9. Ultimately, a third national bank, known as the Federal Reserve, was established in 1913 and still exists to this day.	610	ENGLISH	1
This year marks the 250th anniversary of Beethoven’s birth. He is known for his symphonies, string quartets and other compositions — many of which he composed after he had already started going deaf. Over the last few centuries, medical experts have tried to find out what it was that caused Beethoven’s hearing loss. Some suggested Paget’s disease, based on his autopsy report. Another possible cause was otosclerosis, marked by unusual bone growth in the ear. But no condition was able to perfectly explain all of Beethoven’s reported symptoms. Now, a group of otolaryngologists (ear, nose and throat specialists) in Italy have found a possible new clue to the origin of Beethoven’s hearing loss. In 2018, they saw a patient in their clinic in Padua whose symptoms seemed to match Beethoven’s. Like the composer, her hearing had started to decline, but she had a few additional symptoms that matched reports of Beethoven’s ill health early in his life, such as general weakness and abdominal pain. In the case of the Italian patient, the cause of her problems was easily found: Her blood and urine both contained exceptionally high levels of lead. For years, she had been using an old pan which had been steadily releasing lead into her food after the ceramic layer had worn off. Once she began treatment to remove the lead from her body — and stopped using the old pan — most of her symptoms improved, although her hearing loss was irreversible. Could Beethoven’s hearing loss also be caused by lead poisoning? It’s not an entirely unusual suggestion, because in 2005 an analysis of Beethoven’s hair and skull samples showed that he did indeed have high levels of lead in his body. At the time, researchers speculated that this could be linked to a lead gauntlet he regularly drank from, or to years of drinking cheap wine. In Beethoven’s time, lead was added to some wines to improve the flavor, and Beethoven went through phases of heavy drinking But while there is evidence that Beethoven had lead in his body, that doesn’t necessarily mean that it caused his hearing loss. However, some of his other ailments, such as his abdominal pains, seemed to disappear once he stopped drinking, just like the 2018 patient’s symptoms disappeared after she was no longer exposed to lead. And just like her, his hearing loss unfortunately did not improve after the initial damage. But this is merely speculation, as stopping alcohol consumption did not remove the lead from his body and could have improved Beethoven’s health for a number of different reasons. Still, the similarities with the modern case are striking and it’s not impossible. It’s just difficult to be certain, because Beethoven is no longer around for a physical exam. We may never know the real answer, but no matter what caused Beethoven’s hearing loss, it did not stop him from composing pieces that are still enjoyed two-and-a-half centuries later.	<urn:uuid:8105146e-1e4a-45ff-9c26-a4756f253f13>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.forbes.com/sites/evaamsen/2020/01/12/did-lead-poisoning-cause-beethovens-hearing-loss/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00184.warc.gz	en	0.988149	647	3.578125	4	[ 0.03569059818983078, -0.052815526723861694, 0.37720999121665955, 0.19806113839149475, -0.676283061504364, -0.22902187705039978, 0.41578054428100586, 0.4673653841018677, 0.09305040538311005, -0.4217558205127716, 0.4741308391094208, -0.3182579278945923, -0.2808825671672821, 0.155000060796737...	7	This year marks the 250th anniversary of Beethoven’s birth. He is known for his symphonies, string quartets and other compositions — many of which he composed after he had already started going deaf. Over the last few centuries, medical experts have tried to find out what it was that caused Beethoven’s hearing loss. Some suggested Paget’s disease, based on his autopsy report. Another possible cause was otosclerosis, marked by unusual bone growth in the ear. But no condition was able to perfectly explain all of Beethoven’s reported symptoms. Now, a group of otolaryngologists (ear, nose and throat specialists) in Italy have found a possible new clue to the origin of Beethoven’s hearing loss. In 2018, they saw a patient in their clinic in Padua whose symptoms seemed to match Beethoven’s. Like the composer, her hearing had started to decline, but she had a few additional symptoms that matched reports of Beethoven’s ill health early in his life, such as general weakness and abdominal pain. In the case of the Italian patient, the cause of her problems was easily found: Her blood and urine both contained exceptionally high levels of lead. For years, she had been using an old pan which had been steadily releasing lead into her food after the ceramic layer had worn off. Once she began treatment to remove the lead from her body — and stopped using the old pan — most of her symptoms improved, although her hearing loss was irreversible. Could Beethoven’s hearing loss also be caused by lead poisoning? It’s not an entirely unusual suggestion, because in 2005 an analysis of Beethoven’s hair and skull samples showed that he did indeed have high levels of lead in his body. At the time, researchers speculated that this could be linked to a lead gauntlet he regularly drank from, or to years of drinking cheap wine. In Beethoven’s time, lead was added to some wines to improve the flavor, and Beethoven went through phases of heavy drinking But while there is evidence that Beethoven had lead in his body, that doesn’t necessarily mean that it caused his hearing loss. However, some of his other ailments, such as his abdominal pains, seemed to disappear once he stopped drinking, just like the 2018 patient’s symptoms disappeared after she was no longer exposed to lead. And just like her, his hearing loss unfortunately did not improve after the initial damage. But this is merely speculation, as stopping alcohol consumption did not remove the lead from his body and could have improved Beethoven’s health for a number of different reasons. Still, the similarities with the modern case are striking and it’s not impossible. It’s just difficult to be certain, because Beethoven is no longer around for a physical exam. We may never know the real answer, but no matter what caused Beethoven’s hearing loss, it did not stop him from composing pieces that are still enjoyed two-and-a-half centuries later.	606	ENGLISH	1
"I did but taste a little honey with the end of the rod that was in mine hand, and, lo, I must die" Delaney uses the biblical reference of a 'A Taste of Honey' as the title for her play and a key theme. All of the characters in the play have their 'taste of honey' - they all feel some happiness at some point. Jo's relationship with the Boy Peter and Helen's relationship Geof and Jo's relationship Are they all punished for tasting the honey? Jo is left pregnant and a single mother - but does this mean she has to suffer? Will she lose her chance of a better, independent life when she becomes a mother? Helen is cheated on and left on her own again, but does she suffer because of this? She returns to care for her daughter after all. Geof is forced to leave Jo. Will he suffer on his own again? He did say that he wouldn't be alive without Jo. As well as being able to identify and explain the key themes in the play, it is important to consider how they develop. By asking questions of how the theme is presented and exploring the different presentations of the theme throughout the play, you can show a deeper analysis. In this activity, you will practise this kind of analysis. You should always refer to your own text when working through these examples. These quotations are for reference only.	<urn:uuid:b0774785-1cef-47f3-8884-fbcdf54c09d9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.edplace.com/worksheet_info/english/keystage4/year10/topic/1250/7154/explore-how-themes-develop-in-a-taste-of-honey	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00427.warc.gz	en	0.981033	295	3.765625	4	[ -0.3376574218273163, 0.14801760017871857, 0.17515212297439575, -0.48249632120132446, -0.07472339272499084, 0.06067001447081566, 0.5939176678657532, -0.025796348229050636, 0.06235584616661072, -0.23009836673736572, 0.17439131438732147, -0.46680301427841187, 0.34564536809921265, 0.0817769840...	10	"I did but taste a little honey with the end of the rod that was in mine hand, and, lo, I must die" Delaney uses the biblical reference of a 'A Taste of Honey' as the title for her play and a key theme. All of the characters in the play have their 'taste of honey' - they all feel some happiness at some point. Jo's relationship with the Boy Peter and Helen's relationship Geof and Jo's relationship Are they all punished for tasting the honey? Jo is left pregnant and a single mother - but does this mean she has to suffer? Will she lose her chance of a better, independent life when she becomes a mother? Helen is cheated on and left on her own again, but does she suffer because of this? She returns to care for her daughter after all. Geof is forced to leave Jo. Will he suffer on his own again? He did say that he wouldn't be alive without Jo. As well as being able to identify and explain the key themes in the play, it is important to consider how they develop. By asking questions of how the theme is presented and exploring the different presentations of the theme throughout the play, you can show a deeper analysis. In this activity, you will practise this kind of analysis. You should always refer to your own text when working through these examples. These quotations are for reference only.	285	ENGLISH	1
The relatively large church, which predated the nunnery, had its beginnings about 1090 as a parish church dedicated to Saint Margaret of Antioch during the reign of King Olaf I of Denmark, sometimes called Olaf Hunger. It functioned as the cathedral of Viborg until the new cathedral at Viborg was finished in 1133. It was constructed of granite and limestone in the Romanesque style with rounded arches and few windows. The church was of an irregular shape with a nave, one side-aisle with an apse, and a square choir also with an apse. The most significant event in the history of the church was the murder of Bishop Eskild of Viborg in front of the main altar of the Asmild church in 1133. The murder according to the Roskilde Chronicle was to be laid directly at the feet of King Eric II of Denmark nicknamed Erik Emune of Denmark. Bishop Eskild was a supporter of King Niels of Denmark, who was defeated and killed in the Battle of Fodevig by Erik Emune in 1134. Construction began on Asmild Abbey in 1165 just to the south of Asmild church, which was put at the disposal of the Augustinian nuns. The abbey consisted of three ranges and the church functioned as a disconnected north range, in a quadrilateral layout. The abbey was west of the bishop's residence (Danish:bispegård) as evidenced by the excavations done in the 1950s. The work of the canonesses under the abbess of the abbey was in daily prayers and meditation and education of young women of noble birth. They were assisted in the day-to-day life by lay men and women who did much of the house and farm work required to keep the abbey going. It may be assumed that there was a small school on the premises, much like a religious boarding school. It is unclear whether the nuns at Asmild were regular or secular canonesses. Expansion of the abbey in the 13th century changed the architectural style of parts of the building to Gothic with pointed windows and arches. Apparently, there was a fire which destroyed the 'old' cathedral and abbey in the mid-14th century. The church was replaced on a smaller scale. The abbey was rebuilt though on a smaller scale, perhaps because of the strictness of the rule, and the lack of income producing properties. Most abbeys maintained an archive of letters of gift (Danish: gavebrev) but Asmild's has been lost. There remains only a single 1346 letter offering a gift for continued prayers for a deceased relative. The abbey is last mentioned in a letter of 1461, and then nothing until the 1536 dissolution of the abbey. The lack of information on the last decades of the abbey may be perhaps in part attributed to the local rumors about the immoral behavior of some of the nuns and Augustinian canons at the cathedral. Local tradition has it that a brick tunnel or walkway connected the abbey with the monastery near the cathedral, though no empirical evidence has been located that such a connection existed. If people lost confidence in the abbey's ability to keep a strict rule, no noble family would entrust a daughter or sister to the nuns at Asmild. The Reformation brought about the end of Asmild Abbey when Denmark became a Lutheran state in October 1536. The nuns were permitted to live at the abbey until their death, though without income. The abbey estate came under crown control and Asmild was given to the former Bishop of Børglum, Stygge Krumpen (Rosencrantz) as an income property once he was released from prison. The buildings were turned into an estate farm called Asmild Kloster Farm which passed into private ownership in 1673. The abbey burned down in 1713, but was rebuilt. The buildings called Asmild Kloster became the property of Viborg County in 1906. In 1907 the buildings burned down except for one wing which survived but was eventually torn down in 1958. The only remnants of the abbey today are the stone-lined well, Asmild Church, and one of its bells, cast by an anonymous artist in the 15th century which still rings from the low bell tower. - Asmild Kloster (in Danish)	<urn:uuid:f1cbe335-b6b6-4366-a7f2-1678c94df9cf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmild_Abbey	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251802249.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129194333-20200129223333-00451.warc.gz	en	0.984368	913	3.40625	3	[ 0.3079299330711365, 0.46129271388053894, -0.2373484969139099, 0.10390041768550873, 0.2984747886657715, 0.07891947031021118, -0.5504348278045654, -0.11162203550338745, 0.37836408615112305, 0.03749079257249832, 0.17984630167484283, -0.15823999047279358, 0.5243610143661499, 0.0418758988380432...	2	The relatively large church, which predated the nunnery, had its beginnings about 1090 as a parish church dedicated to Saint Margaret of Antioch during the reign of King Olaf I of Denmark, sometimes called Olaf Hunger. It functioned as the cathedral of Viborg until the new cathedral at Viborg was finished in 1133. It was constructed of granite and limestone in the Romanesque style with rounded arches and few windows. The church was of an irregular shape with a nave, one side-aisle with an apse, and a square choir also with an apse. The most significant event in the history of the church was the murder of Bishop Eskild of Viborg in front of the main altar of the Asmild church in 1133. The murder according to the Roskilde Chronicle was to be laid directly at the feet of King Eric II of Denmark nicknamed Erik Emune of Denmark. Bishop Eskild was a supporter of King Niels of Denmark, who was defeated and killed in the Battle of Fodevig by Erik Emune in 1134. Construction began on Asmild Abbey in 1165 just to the south of Asmild church, which was put at the disposal of the Augustinian nuns. The abbey consisted of three ranges and the church functioned as a disconnected north range, in a quadrilateral layout. The abbey was west of the bishop's residence (Danish:bispegård) as evidenced by the excavations done in the 1950s. The work of the canonesses under the abbess of the abbey was in daily prayers and meditation and education of young women of noble birth. They were assisted in the day-to-day life by lay men and women who did much of the house and farm work required to keep the abbey going. It may be assumed that there was a small school on the premises, much like a religious boarding school. It is unclear whether the nuns at Asmild were regular or secular canonesses. Expansion of the abbey in the 13th century changed the architectural style of parts of the building to Gothic with pointed windows and arches. Apparently, there was a fire which destroyed the 'old' cathedral and abbey in the mid-14th century. The church was replaced on a smaller scale. The abbey was rebuilt though on a smaller scale, perhaps because of the strictness of the rule, and the lack of income producing properties. Most abbeys maintained an archive of letters of gift (Danish: gavebrev) but Asmild's has been lost. There remains only a single 1346 letter offering a gift for continued prayers for a deceased relative. The abbey is last mentioned in a letter of 1461, and then nothing until the 1536 dissolution of the abbey. The lack of information on the last decades of the abbey may be perhaps in part attributed to the local rumors about the immoral behavior of some of the nuns and Augustinian canons at the cathedral. Local tradition has it that a brick tunnel or walkway connected the abbey with the monastery near the cathedral, though no empirical evidence has been located that such a connection existed. If people lost confidence in the abbey's ability to keep a strict rule, no noble family would entrust a daughter or sister to the nuns at Asmild. The Reformation brought about the end of Asmild Abbey when Denmark became a Lutheran state in October 1536. The nuns were permitted to live at the abbey until their death, though without income. The abbey estate came under crown control and Asmild was given to the former Bishop of Børglum, Stygge Krumpen (Rosencrantz) as an income property once he was released from prison. The buildings were turned into an estate farm called Asmild Kloster Farm which passed into private ownership in 1673. The abbey burned down in 1713, but was rebuilt. The buildings called Asmild Kloster became the property of Viborg County in 1906. In 1907 the buildings burned down except for one wing which survived but was eventually torn down in 1958. The only remnants of the abbey today are the stone-lined well, Asmild Church, and one of its bells, cast by an anonymous artist in the 15th century which still rings from the low bell tower. - Asmild Kloster (in Danish)	957	ENGLISH	1
Chloe Cooley was a young black woman held as a slave in Fort Erie and Queenston, Upper Canada in the late 1700s, as the area was being settled by Loyalists from the United States. Her owner forced her into a boat to sell her in 1793 across the Niagara River in the United States This incident was observed by several witnesses, who petitioned the Executive Council of Upper Canada. Although charges were dropped against Cooley's owner, the incident is believed to have led to passage of the Act Against Slavery, 1793, in Upper Canada. It prevented slaves from being imported into the province and provided for gradual abolition of slavery within a generation among those held there. In 1793 Cooley was held by Loyalist Adam Vrooman, a white farmer and former sergeant with Butler's Rangers who fled to Canada from New York after the American Revolution. He had purchased her several months before from Benjamin Hardison, another Loyalist who lived nearby at what is now Fort Erie, Ontario. The Crown had explicitly allowed Loyalists to bring slaves to Canada by the Imperial Act of 1790. They brought an estimated 2000 into Canada after the American Revolutionary War, with an estimated 500 to 700 to Upper Canada, markedly increasing the number in the colonies. The Crown encouraged settlement in Upper Canada and the Maritime Provinces after the war, making land grants to compensate for property lost by Loyalists in the new United States. It wanted to develop these areas with English speakers. There were growing rumours that the government might extend freedom to slaves. Some Black Loyalists, African-American slaves who had been freed by the British after leaving their rebel masters and joining the battle, had also been settled in Upper Canada, but most were resettled in Nova Scotia. The existence of slavery in the new provinces seemed a contradiction to the other rights which were protected for most residents. Vrooman and other slaveholders feared losing their property rights in slaves, who were legally treated as chattel, and began to sell them off. Fearing that he would be forced to free Cooley, Vrooman arranged a sale, against her will, to an American across the Niagara River on March 14, 1793. In order to make the sale, Vrooman beat Cooley, tied her up and forced her into a small boat, aided by two other men. He rowed her across the river while she screamed. Peter Martin, a Black Loyalist of Butler's Rangers, witnessed the incident. He brought William Grisely, a white man who had also witnessed the abduction, to make a report to the Executive Council of Upper Canada. Others saw the incident but took no action. Cooley's fate after she was taken across the river remains unknown. The Executive Council of Upper Canada brought charges against Sergeant Vrooman for disturbing the peace. However, he petitioned against the charges, which were eventually dropped, because Chloe Cooley was considered property. But Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe was outraged by the incident and decided to act to prohibit slavery. While at least 12 members of the 25-person government owned slaves or were members of slave-owning families, they offered little opposition to the bill. The Chloe Cooley incident was considered a catalyst in the passage of Canada's first and only anti-slavery legislation: the Act Against Slavery (Its full name is "An Act to Prevent the further Introduction of Slaves and to limit the Term of Contracts for Servitude (also known as the Act to Limit Slavery in Upper Canada)"). Simcoe gave it Royal Asset on 9 July 1793. Slavery continued to be legal elsewhere until the British Empire abolished it in 1830, effective in 1834. It prohibited the importation of slaves into the province. It allowed the sale of slaves within the province and across the border into the United States. The last slave sale known took place in 1824. The law had three classes of persons: those held in slavery at the time of enactment would continue to be the property of their masters for life unless freed. Persons born to slave mothers would be granted freedom at age 25 (at that age they were judged able to support themselves), and masters were encouraged to employ them as indentured servants, for maximum terms up to nine years, which were renewable. Persons born to free blacks would be free from birth. In 1799 New York State passed a similar law to gradually abolish slavery and forbid any more sales of slaves within its borders. The last slaves in New York were freed in 1827. Other northern states, such as Vermont and Massachusetts, ended the institution earlier. Cooley's story was featured in a five-minute documentary The Echoes of Chloe Cooley (2016) by Andrea Conte, entered in a contest for short works.	<urn:uuid:d442e953-badd-4df2-9db7-9c0195b66318>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://everything.explained.today/Chloe_Cooley/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00512.warc.gz	en	0.984332	976	4.09375	4	[ -0.011245791800320148, 0.3187485635280609, 0.4462165832519531, -0.047694988548755646, 0.092537060379982, -0.3405076265335083, 0.16921687126159668, -0.17092883586883545, -0.3944704830646515, 0.24951256811618805, -0.19339293241500854, -0.04345330968499184, -0.37940841913223267, 0.02395547553...	1	Chloe Cooley was a young black woman held as a slave in Fort Erie and Queenston, Upper Canada in the late 1700s, as the area was being settled by Loyalists from the United States. Her owner forced her into a boat to sell her in 1793 across the Niagara River in the United States This incident was observed by several witnesses, who petitioned the Executive Council of Upper Canada. Although charges were dropped against Cooley's owner, the incident is believed to have led to passage of the Act Against Slavery, 1793, in Upper Canada. It prevented slaves from being imported into the province and provided for gradual abolition of slavery within a generation among those held there. In 1793 Cooley was held by Loyalist Adam Vrooman, a white farmer and former sergeant with Butler's Rangers who fled to Canada from New York after the American Revolution. He had purchased her several months before from Benjamin Hardison, another Loyalist who lived nearby at what is now Fort Erie, Ontario. The Crown had explicitly allowed Loyalists to bring slaves to Canada by the Imperial Act of 1790. They brought an estimated 2000 into Canada after the American Revolutionary War, with an estimated 500 to 700 to Upper Canada, markedly increasing the number in the colonies. The Crown encouraged settlement in Upper Canada and the Maritime Provinces after the war, making land grants to compensate for property lost by Loyalists in the new United States. It wanted to develop these areas with English speakers. There were growing rumours that the government might extend freedom to slaves. Some Black Loyalists, African-American slaves who had been freed by the British after leaving their rebel masters and joining the battle, had also been settled in Upper Canada, but most were resettled in Nova Scotia. The existence of slavery in the new provinces seemed a contradiction to the other rights which were protected for most residents. Vrooman and other slaveholders feared losing their property rights in slaves, who were legally treated as chattel, and began to sell them off. Fearing that he would be forced to free Cooley, Vrooman arranged a sale, against her will, to an American across the Niagara River on March 14, 1793. In order to make the sale, Vrooman beat Cooley, tied her up and forced her into a small boat, aided by two other men. He rowed her across the river while she screamed. Peter Martin, a Black Loyalist of Butler's Rangers, witnessed the incident. He brought William Grisely, a white man who had also witnessed the abduction, to make a report to the Executive Council of Upper Canada. Others saw the incident but took no action. Cooley's fate after she was taken across the river remains unknown. The Executive Council of Upper Canada brought charges against Sergeant Vrooman for disturbing the peace. However, he petitioned against the charges, which were eventually dropped, because Chloe Cooley was considered property. But Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe was outraged by the incident and decided to act to prohibit slavery. While at least 12 members of the 25-person government owned slaves or were members of slave-owning families, they offered little opposition to the bill. The Chloe Cooley incident was considered a catalyst in the passage of Canada's first and only anti-slavery legislation: the Act Against Slavery (Its full name is "An Act to Prevent the further Introduction of Slaves and to limit the Term of Contracts for Servitude (also known as the Act to Limit Slavery in Upper Canada)"). Simcoe gave it Royal Asset on 9 July 1793. Slavery continued to be legal elsewhere until the British Empire abolished it in 1830, effective in 1834. It prohibited the importation of slaves into the province. It allowed the sale of slaves within the province and across the border into the United States. The last slave sale known took place in 1824. The law had three classes of persons: those held in slavery at the time of enactment would continue to be the property of their masters for life unless freed. Persons born to slave mothers would be granted freedom at age 25 (at that age they were judged able to support themselves), and masters were encouraged to employ them as indentured servants, for maximum terms up to nine years, which were renewable. Persons born to free blacks would be free from birth. In 1799 New York State passed a similar law to gradually abolish slavery and forbid any more sales of slaves within its borders. The last slaves in New York were freed in 1827. Other northern states, such as Vermont and Massachusetts, ended the institution earlier. Cooley's story was featured in a five-minute documentary The Echoes of Chloe Cooley (2016) by Andrea Conte, entered in a contest for short works.	1,024	ENGLISH	1
Researchers in early days found it difficult to date the events that happened in the past because by then man had not invented writing. They therefore studied the artifacts and fossils that were excavated by archeologists to estimate the period when an event occurred (Clisson et al., 2002). Archeological studies state that the ancient inhabitants of Amazon were hunters and gatherers. They were called Scythians and they were livestock farmers. There herds-men used to ride on a horse back. This has been proved by the artifacts that have been excavated in the recent which include spears and arrows. These societies shifted from one area to another in pursuit of water and pastures for their animals. Hathaway (2003) argues that these people did not grow crops thus they obtained food by trading their livestock products with crops produce from their neighbors. Due to their lifestyle they had the best archers who were renowned for their excellence in arching skills. These archers used to be hired by their neighbors to provide security. What we don’t know is how they were paid for their services because by then currency had not been invented. Archeological studies have established that the Scythians wore clothing purely made from animal hides and skins. Both men and women used to wear caps that were made in various shapes. Men and particularly warriors used to put on tunics that were decorated with metallic plates of gold. These tunics were fastened by a belt that was also used to hold the weapons of a warrior such as club and axe. The society was defended by both female and male warriors who made the defense system of these communities to stand out from the rest. Women cut their right breast because they believed it was abstracting them when they wanted to use bows and arrows (Hathaway, 2003). This act explains how the name Amazon came into being. Clisson (2002) argues that Europe managed to control the new world because it was the pioneer of industrialization. It relied on other regions such as Africa to produce raw materials for its industries. This was done by creating colonies in this states and assigning them to governors who served the interests of Europe. Africans were evicted from their lands which were then given out to European farmers. Africans were then forced to work in these plantations. Industrialization improved the livelihood of most Europeans and that’s what motivated Europe to expand her territory beyond the big water bodies. According to Ricaut et al (2004), Europe was the first region to be civilized because Greece had many scholars who moved out of Europe when the region was faced with many battles. In fact, the first system of government was established in Europe. This government was very stable and that’s what enabled Britain to dominate the rest of the world. The ancient inhabitants of Amazon were eliminated gradually. This was caused by the decrease in food because they had exhausted the hunting fields and the little that was left could hardly sustain them. Industrialization and urbanization also contributed to their extinction because the habitats of world animals were destroyed to create room for human dwelling places. The few inhabitants of Amazon could have intermarried with early explorers of Amazon hence they were absorbed by other tribes. The frequent battles that are believed to have been staged in Amazon could have led to deaths of the original inhabitants of Amazon. Some of the original inhabitants of Amazon could have been sold to slave traders in order to provide labor force in European farms. Once they arrived there they could have mingled with other slaves from other regions thus became extinguished (Ricaut et al., 2004). Clisson,I. et al. (2002).”Genetic analysis of human remains from a double inhumation in a frozen kurgan in Kazakhstan” (Berelsite, early 3rd century BC).International Journal of Legal Medicine.116:304-308 Hathaway, J. (2003).A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen. Albany: Sunny Press. Ricaut, F.et al. (2004).”Genetic analysis and Ethnic Affinities From Two Scytho-siberian skeletons”, American Journal of Physical Anthropology.123:351-360	<urn:uuid:90b080fd-9c15-4f73-8f86-0c32040a4716>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://virginiaangerclass.com/human-215-unit-3-db-early-periods/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00048.warc.gz	en	0.987157	864	3.828125	4	[ -0.19182494282722473, 0.38496845960617065, 0.4212062656879425, 0.32203811407089233, 0.04000834748148918, -0.5747325420379639, -0.20719832181930542, 0.19317582249641418, -0.2750117778778076, 0.07962694764137268, 0.20887386798858643, -0.32153111696243286, -0.02545274794101715, 0.263636350631...	2	Researchers in early days found it difficult to date the events that happened in the past because by then man had not invented writing. They therefore studied the artifacts and fossils that were excavated by archeologists to estimate the period when an event occurred (Clisson et al., 2002). Archeological studies state that the ancient inhabitants of Amazon were hunters and gatherers. They were called Scythians and they were livestock farmers. There herds-men used to ride on a horse back. This has been proved by the artifacts that have been excavated in the recent which include spears and arrows. These societies shifted from one area to another in pursuit of water and pastures for their animals. Hathaway (2003) argues that these people did not grow crops thus they obtained food by trading their livestock products with crops produce from their neighbors. Due to their lifestyle they had the best archers who were renowned for their excellence in arching skills. These archers used to be hired by their neighbors to provide security. What we don’t know is how they were paid for their services because by then currency had not been invented. Archeological studies have established that the Scythians wore clothing purely made from animal hides and skins. Both men and women used to wear caps that were made in various shapes. Men and particularly warriors used to put on tunics that were decorated with metallic plates of gold. These tunics were fastened by a belt that was also used to hold the weapons of a warrior such as club and axe. The society was defended by both female and male warriors who made the defense system of these communities to stand out from the rest. Women cut their right breast because they believed it was abstracting them when they wanted to use bows and arrows (Hathaway, 2003). This act explains how the name Amazon came into being. Clisson (2002) argues that Europe managed to control the new world because it was the pioneer of industrialization. It relied on other regions such as Africa to produce raw materials for its industries. This was done by creating colonies in this states and assigning them to governors who served the interests of Europe. Africans were evicted from their lands which were then given out to European farmers. Africans were then forced to work in these plantations. Industrialization improved the livelihood of most Europeans and that’s what motivated Europe to expand her territory beyond the big water bodies. According to Ricaut et al (2004), Europe was the first region to be civilized because Greece had many scholars who moved out of Europe when the region was faced with many battles. In fact, the first system of government was established in Europe. This government was very stable and that’s what enabled Britain to dominate the rest of the world. The ancient inhabitants of Amazon were eliminated gradually. This was caused by the decrease in food because they had exhausted the hunting fields and the little that was left could hardly sustain them. Industrialization and urbanization also contributed to their extinction because the habitats of world animals were destroyed to create room for human dwelling places. The few inhabitants of Amazon could have intermarried with early explorers of Amazon hence they were absorbed by other tribes. The frequent battles that are believed to have been staged in Amazon could have led to deaths of the original inhabitants of Amazon. Some of the original inhabitants of Amazon could have been sold to slave traders in order to provide labor force in European farms. Once they arrived there they could have mingled with other slaves from other regions thus became extinguished (Ricaut et al., 2004). Clisson,I. et al. (2002).”Genetic analysis of human remains from a double inhumation in a frozen kurgan in Kazakhstan” (Berelsite, early 3rd century BC).International Journal of Legal Medicine.116:304-308 Hathaway, J. (2003).A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen. Albany: Sunny Press. Ricaut, F.et al. (2004).”Genetic analysis and Ethnic Affinities From Two Scytho-siberian skeletons”, American Journal of Physical Anthropology.123:351-360	884	ENGLISH	1
Keep your nose to the grindstone What's the meaning of the phrase 'Keep your nose to the grindstone'? To keep your nose to the grindstone is to apply yourself conscientiously to your work. What's the origin of the phrase 'Keep your nose to the grindstone'? There are two rival explanations as to the origin of this phrase. One is that it comes from the supposed habit of millers who checked that the stones used for grinding cereal weren't overheating by putting their nose to the stone in order to smell any burning. The other is that it comes from the practice of knife grinders when sharpening blades to bend over the stone, or even to lie flat on their fronts, with their faces near the grindstone in order to hold the blades against the stone. All the evidence is against the miller's tale. Firstly, the stones used by millers were commonly called millstones, not grindstones. The two terms were sometimes interchanged but the distinction between the two was made at least as early as 1400, when this line was printed in Turnament Totenham: "Ther was gryndulstones in gravy, And mylstones in mawmany." The Middle English language there is difficult to interpret but it certainly shows the grindstones and millstones as being distinct from each other. If the derivation was from milling we would expect the phrase to be 'nose to the millstone'. A second point in favour of the tool sharpening derivation is that all the early citations refer to holding someone's nose to the grindstone as a form of punishment. This is more in keeping with the notion of the continuous hard labour implicit in being strapped to one's bench than it is to the occasional sniffing of ground flour by a miller. The first known citation is John Frith's A mirrour or glasse to know thyselfe, 1532: "This Text holdeth their noses so hard to the grindstone, that it clean disfigureth their faces." The phrase appears in print at various dates since the 16th century. It was well-enough known in rural USA in the early 20th century for this picture, which alludes to the 'holding someone's nose to the grindstone' version of the phrase, to have been staged as a joke (circa 1910).	<urn:uuid:846e94dd-455e-4656-9129-3862a1327c7b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/keep-your-nose-to-the-grindstone.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00061.warc.gz	en	0.980009	486	3.265625	3	[ -0.21651765704154968, 0.09938009828329086, 0.0014230347005650401, 0.3437347114086151, -0.21147194504737854, -0.08818467706441879, 0.9277232885360718, -0.38005921244621277, -0.14346915483474731, -0.11899667978286743, -0.396774023771286, -0.4833464026451111, 0.250712126493454, 0.051403142511...	6	Keep your nose to the grindstone What's the meaning of the phrase 'Keep your nose to the grindstone'? To keep your nose to the grindstone is to apply yourself conscientiously to your work. What's the origin of the phrase 'Keep your nose to the grindstone'? There are two rival explanations as to the origin of this phrase. One is that it comes from the supposed habit of millers who checked that the stones used for grinding cereal weren't overheating by putting their nose to the stone in order to smell any burning. The other is that it comes from the practice of knife grinders when sharpening blades to bend over the stone, or even to lie flat on their fronts, with their faces near the grindstone in order to hold the blades against the stone. All the evidence is against the miller's tale. Firstly, the stones used by millers were commonly called millstones, not grindstones. The two terms were sometimes interchanged but the distinction between the two was made at least as early as 1400, when this line was printed in Turnament Totenham: "Ther was gryndulstones in gravy, And mylstones in mawmany." The Middle English language there is difficult to interpret but it certainly shows the grindstones and millstones as being distinct from each other. If the derivation was from milling we would expect the phrase to be 'nose to the millstone'. A second point in favour of the tool sharpening derivation is that all the early citations refer to holding someone's nose to the grindstone as a form of punishment. This is more in keeping with the notion of the continuous hard labour implicit in being strapped to one's bench than it is to the occasional sniffing of ground flour by a miller. The first known citation is John Frith's A mirrour or glasse to know thyselfe, 1532: "This Text holdeth their noses so hard to the grindstone, that it clean disfigureth their faces." The phrase appears in print at various dates since the 16th century. It was well-enough known in rural USA in the early 20th century for this picture, which alludes to the 'holding someone's nose to the grindstone' version of the phrase, to have been staged as a joke (circa 1910).	489	ENGLISH	1
WORLD WAR I REVIEW SHEET The Four Main Causes of World War I were: Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism The Triple Alliance was Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy The Triple Entente was France, England, and Russia. The Spark that set off the war was the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria in Serbia by Gavrilo Princip Austria then attacked Serbia and other countries got involved because of the Alliance system. Germany’s plan to win the war was called the Schlieffen Plan Everyone thought it would be a quick war. Wars before this one had been limited. This war was a total war where a government used all of its resources to attack another country and their economy. In this type of war, civilians often became refugees. The war soon turned into a stalemate with trench warfare. This type of warfare was slow and took place over small pieces of ground. The area between the trenches was called no man’s land and trying to take someone else’s trench was called going over the top. Seven new weapons in the war were Tanks Machine guns Poison gas Artillery Dirigibles Airplanes submarines The type of war where an entire nation’s resources are used on the war effort is called total war. Another word for a draft is conscription. One-sided information to promote a cause is called propaganda. The Germans sank the Lusitania and this angered the United States. Women worked in war industries and served as nurses. War fatigue was what set in when both sides did not believe they could win the war. Three reasons why the United States joined the war were cultural ties with England, the Lusitania and The Zimmerman Note. President Wilson’s plan to end the war was called the 14 Points. In 1918, there was an enormous outbreak of the flu. Germany was required to take all blame for the war. They also had to pay huge reparations to the winners. Germany, Austria Hungary, and Russia were not invited to the Paris Peace Conference.	<urn:uuid:c4007628-16f0-4d92-9011-f63364ec7767>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://studylib.net/doc/8803944/world-war-i-review-sheet	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00178.warc.gz	en	0.981739	414	3.375	3	[ -0.2954087257385254, 0.5524535775184631, 0.1446675956249237, -0.09498804807662964, 0.2599441409111023, 0.10901086032390594, 0.07189276069402695, 0.5134499073028564, -0.16671346127986908, -0.11193595081567764, 0.40936940908432007, -0.1528298258781433, 0.15376053750514984, 0.6894058585166931...	4	WORLD WAR I REVIEW SHEET The Four Main Causes of World War I were: Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism The Triple Alliance was Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy The Triple Entente was France, England, and Russia. The Spark that set off the war was the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria in Serbia by Gavrilo Princip Austria then attacked Serbia and other countries got involved because of the Alliance system. Germany’s plan to win the war was called the Schlieffen Plan Everyone thought it would be a quick war. Wars before this one had been limited. This war was a total war where a government used all of its resources to attack another country and their economy. In this type of war, civilians often became refugees. The war soon turned into a stalemate with trench warfare. This type of warfare was slow and took place over small pieces of ground. The area between the trenches was called no man’s land and trying to take someone else’s trench was called going over the top. Seven new weapons in the war were Tanks Machine guns Poison gas Artillery Dirigibles Airplanes submarines The type of war where an entire nation’s resources are used on the war effort is called total war. Another word for a draft is conscription. One-sided information to promote a cause is called propaganda. The Germans sank the Lusitania and this angered the United States. Women worked in war industries and served as nurses. War fatigue was what set in when both sides did not believe they could win the war. Three reasons why the United States joined the war were cultural ties with England, the Lusitania and The Zimmerman Note. President Wilson’s plan to end the war was called the 14 Points. In 1918, there was an enormous outbreak of the flu. Germany was required to take all blame for the war. They also had to pay huge reparations to the winners. Germany, Austria Hungary, and Russia were not invited to the Paris Peace Conference.	406	ENGLISH	1
The spotted turtle is one of the at risk turtle species in Canada. It can be found in a few areas mostly in Ontario, including a wetland complex south of Ottawa which has a county road passing through it. But is this road a threat to the turtles? Previously, all spotted turtles captured were on the east side of the road, but it was important to determine if they also occur on the west side, and if they commonly cross this road. This was accomplished through a combination of surveys on the west side of the road and tagging 5 adults with radio transmitters from the east side of the road. During multiple surveys on the west side of the road, no spotted turtles were captured but two other species at risk were found during surveys: Blanding’s turtles and an eastern prairie fringed orchid. But when the east side of the road was investigated, a total of 22 turtles of different ages (16 adults) were observed. Some of these turtles were out-fitted with radio transmitters which helped determine the home ranges (or the space needed to survive). Radio tracking data also indicated that the spotted turtles do not cross the road and make use of the habitat on the west side only. It is possible that crossings may occur occasionally, but it is probably not common. The data gathered during this study also show that, while a few juveniles were observed, this population of spotted turtles is fairly small. Nonetheless, efforts to increase the size of the population should be considered to ensure that it remains in this area.	<urn:uuid:60ade888-ea33-419c-957a-0f47d58d6ad0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://cwf-fcf.org/en/explore/endangered-species/amphibians-reptiles/spotted-turtle-1.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00346.warc.gz	en	0.982112	309	3.46875	3	[ 0.15672937035560608, -0.22946374118328094, 0.28033918142318726, -0.04535675421357155, 0.04447734355926514, 0.21266014873981476, 0.44822967052459717, 0.48249050974845886, -0.174669086933136, 0.560025691986084, 0.5003685355186462, -0.4003273844718933, 0.1602562516927719, 0.25529423356056213,...	2	The spotted turtle is one of the at risk turtle species in Canada. It can be found in a few areas mostly in Ontario, including a wetland complex south of Ottawa which has a county road passing through it. But is this road a threat to the turtles? Previously, all spotted turtles captured were on the east side of the road, but it was important to determine if they also occur on the west side, and if they commonly cross this road. This was accomplished through a combination of surveys on the west side of the road and tagging 5 adults with radio transmitters from the east side of the road. During multiple surveys on the west side of the road, no spotted turtles were captured but two other species at risk were found during surveys: Blanding’s turtles and an eastern prairie fringed orchid. But when the east side of the road was investigated, a total of 22 turtles of different ages (16 adults) were observed. Some of these turtles were out-fitted with radio transmitters which helped determine the home ranges (or the space needed to survive). Radio tracking data also indicated that the spotted turtles do not cross the road and make use of the habitat on the west side only. It is possible that crossings may occur occasionally, but it is probably not common. The data gathered during this study also show that, while a few juveniles were observed, this population of spotted turtles is fairly small. Nonetheless, efforts to increase the size of the population should be considered to ensure that it remains in this area.	310	ENGLISH	1
British Admiral Jackie Fisher, the great Edwardian naval reformer who was behind the introduction of dreadnought battleships and battlecruisers, once said that “the essence of war is violence. Moderation in war is imbecility.” He was not a personally aggressive man, nor was he a warmonger. What he believed was that once war happened, it was the duty of those in uniform to fight to the utmost, until victory was achieved. No one would have agreed more with his sentiments than Fisher’s hero, Horatio Nelson. For much of the 18th century, warfare between Europeans was defined by notions of chivalry from an earlier age. The admirals and generals on both sides were mostly aristocratic. In 1745, at the Battle of Fontenoy, Lord Charles Hay is said to have invited "the gentlemen of France" to fire first. By the end of the century such notions were becoming increasingly archaic. The French revolution swept aside the old order, allowing much more decisive generals like Napoleon to emerge. In the Royal Navy change had started much earlier, with successive leaders building on the tactics of their predecessors. During the wars that followed the French revolution, admirals like Duncan and Jervis showed aggressive determination in the face of the enemy, but the true maritime equivalent of Napoleon was undoubtedly Horatio Nelson. The son of a rural clergyman in unfashionable Norfolk, he believed in winning, whatever the cost. Throughout his career he always displayed the maximum aggression in the face of the enemy. At the Battle of Cape St Vincent in 1797, it was Nelson, in his ship the 74 Captain who broke from the safety of the British line to head off the Spanish fleet. As a result he found himself heavily out-gunned by the enemy with only one other Royal Navy ship in support of him. Undismayed, he personally led the party who boarded and captured first the 80 gun San Nicolas and then the 112 gun San Josef. His cry when doing so is said to have been "Westminster Abbey (i.e. a state funeral) or glorious victory!" This personal approach to leadership was fraught with danger for him. His first significant victory, the capture of a fortress from the Spanish deep in the disease-ridden jungles of Nicaragua, came at the cost of bouts of sickness that would affect him for the rest of his life. During a siege in Corsica in 1793, he lost the sight in one eye. Four years later he lost his right arm to a musket ball while leading an attack on Santa Cruz in the Canary Islands. After the Battle of the Nile he was to suffer from persistent headaches for the rest of his life, the result of being struck on the head by a piece of shrapnel. Nelson’s aggressive tactics could prove devastating, winning overwhelming victories at battles such as the Nile, Copenhagen and of course Trafalgar. But they also came with an appreciable risk of failure. The attack on Santa Cruz in 1797, that cost him his arm, was made in the dark, in a storm and without the benefit of surprise. No amount of aggression could produce a victory from such unfavourable circumstances, and the attack was rebuffed, with 250 killed and 128 wounded. A similar night attack on Boulogne in 1801 was also unsuccessful. Nelson’s legacy will always be associated with his final victory at the Battle of Trafalgar. It is also one of the best examples of his high-risk, aggressive approach to naval conflict. The British fleet of 27 ships of the line was smaller than the Franco-Spanish fleet of 33, but Nelson showed none of the caution that might be expected from an outnumbered opponent. He ordered his ships to attack in two lines that would approach the enemy at right angles. This tactic had all the hallmarks of the man behind it. Aggressive, in that it meant the British would close the range as quickly as possible, but also full of risk. The warships of the time could only fire effectively sideways, so Nelson’s line of attack meant that all the enemy’s ships, and none of his, would be able to fire during this initial phase. But he was confident that once the Royal Navy ships could get amongst the enemy’s fleet, victory would follow. It was characteristic of the man that both he and his deputy, Vice Admiral Collingwood, placed their own flagships at the head of the two British columns, where they took the brunt of the enemy’s shot. Collingwood on the Royal Sovereign would be badly wounded in the battle, and Nelson on the Victory would be killed. Their ships were both very badly damaged, but those that followed arrived at the Franco-Spanish line largely unscathed. The result of these aggressive tactics was arguably one of the most complete victories between prepared opponents in naval warfare, even if it was to earn Nelson the state funeral he had predicted eight years earlier.	<urn:uuid:75817275-01ff-4eb4-8a4d-0698bf5adade>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.philipkallan.com/single-post/2019/05/20/Nelson-and-the-Essence-of-War	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00235.warc.gz	en	0.983678	1,020	3.3125	3	[ -0.24386611580848694, 0.37989965081214905, 0.23506814241409302, -0.6782687306404114, -0.02657931111752987, -0.42946571111679077, 0.3323521614074707, 0.27239787578582764, -0.2966659665107727, -0.4015694558620453, 0.06167208030819893, -0.4386492669582367, 0.006177481263875961, 0.105157181620...	3	British Admiral Jackie Fisher, the great Edwardian naval reformer who was behind the introduction of dreadnought battleships and battlecruisers, once said that “the essence of war is violence. Moderation in war is imbecility.” He was not a personally aggressive man, nor was he a warmonger. What he believed was that once war happened, it was the duty of those in uniform to fight to the utmost, until victory was achieved. No one would have agreed more with his sentiments than Fisher’s hero, Horatio Nelson. For much of the 18th century, warfare between Europeans was defined by notions of chivalry from an earlier age. The admirals and generals on both sides were mostly aristocratic. In 1745, at the Battle of Fontenoy, Lord Charles Hay is said to have invited "the gentlemen of France" to fire first. By the end of the century such notions were becoming increasingly archaic. The French revolution swept aside the old order, allowing much more decisive generals like Napoleon to emerge. In the Royal Navy change had started much earlier, with successive leaders building on the tactics of their predecessors. During the wars that followed the French revolution, admirals like Duncan and Jervis showed aggressive determination in the face of the enemy, but the true maritime equivalent of Napoleon was undoubtedly Horatio Nelson. The son of a rural clergyman in unfashionable Norfolk, he believed in winning, whatever the cost. Throughout his career he always displayed the maximum aggression in the face of the enemy. At the Battle of Cape St Vincent in 1797, it was Nelson, in his ship the 74 Captain who broke from the safety of the British line to head off the Spanish fleet. As a result he found himself heavily out-gunned by the enemy with only one other Royal Navy ship in support of him. Undismayed, he personally led the party who boarded and captured first the 80 gun San Nicolas and then the 112 gun San Josef. His cry when doing so is said to have been "Westminster Abbey (i.e. a state funeral) or glorious victory!" This personal approach to leadership was fraught with danger for him. His first significant victory, the capture of a fortress from the Spanish deep in the disease-ridden jungles of Nicaragua, came at the cost of bouts of sickness that would affect him for the rest of his life. During a siege in Corsica in 1793, he lost the sight in one eye. Four years later he lost his right arm to a musket ball while leading an attack on Santa Cruz in the Canary Islands. After the Battle of the Nile he was to suffer from persistent headaches for the rest of his life, the result of being struck on the head by a piece of shrapnel. Nelson’s aggressive tactics could prove devastating, winning overwhelming victories at battles such as the Nile, Copenhagen and of course Trafalgar. But they also came with an appreciable risk of failure. The attack on Santa Cruz in 1797, that cost him his arm, was made in the dark, in a storm and without the benefit of surprise. No amount of aggression could produce a victory from such unfavourable circumstances, and the attack was rebuffed, with 250 killed and 128 wounded. A similar night attack on Boulogne in 1801 was also unsuccessful. Nelson’s legacy will always be associated with his final victory at the Battle of Trafalgar. It is also one of the best examples of his high-risk, aggressive approach to naval conflict. The British fleet of 27 ships of the line was smaller than the Franco-Spanish fleet of 33, but Nelson showed none of the caution that might be expected from an outnumbered opponent. He ordered his ships to attack in two lines that would approach the enemy at right angles. This tactic had all the hallmarks of the man behind it. Aggressive, in that it meant the British would close the range as quickly as possible, but also full of risk. The warships of the time could only fire effectively sideways, so Nelson’s line of attack meant that all the enemy’s ships, and none of his, would be able to fire during this initial phase. But he was confident that once the Royal Navy ships could get amongst the enemy’s fleet, victory would follow. It was characteristic of the man that both he and his deputy, Vice Admiral Collingwood, placed their own flagships at the head of the two British columns, where they took the brunt of the enemy’s shot. Collingwood on the Royal Sovereign would be badly wounded in the battle, and Nelson on the Victory would be killed. Their ships were both very badly damaged, but those that followed arrived at the Franco-Spanish line largely unscathed. The result of these aggressive tactics was arguably one of the most complete victories between prepared opponents in naval warfare, even if it was to earn Nelson the state funeral he had predicted eight years earlier.	1,037	ENGLISH	1
Story[ edit ] This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Character Analysis When he arrived at the Danish land, Beowulf was a young man seeking adventure and glory. Beowulf was distinguished among his people, the Geats, for his bravery. As a young man Beowulf fought in many battles and as a result showed his great character to others. Beowulf had many characteristics which helped him to succeed in battle. As a young man, Beowulf was known as the strongest man alive. His strength allowed him to dominate in battle. If it were not for his pure strength, he would not have been able to defeat Grendel, for weapons would not work. By fighting Beowulf character study without weapons, he opened himself up to greater glorification. While his cockiness allowed Beowulf to be sure of himself in battle, some of his peers found it to be a character flaw. Beowulf also had a strong spirit of adventure. His spirit of adventure was part of the reason that Beowulf went to fight Grendel. Beowulf used his glory in previous battles to justify himself when coming to help Hrothgar. In addition, his self assurance, and known bravery probably guided his decision. While in his young age, Beowulf used his strength for glory and recognition. As he became older his great strength was taken away from him, and Beowulf found himself without one of his greatest abilities. Beowulf then was king of the Geats, and when a dragon attacked his land, it was his responsibility to protect his people. Feeling angry and eager for slaughter, Beowulf and his men went to slay the dragon. During the battle Beowulf is overwhelmed by the force of the dragon due to his lack of strength, and had to be saved by one of his thanes, Wiglaf. The loss of strength, and the battle was disheartening to Beowulf, however he took it in stride. After his battle with the dragon Beowulf realized his time was over. In this lesson, we'll take a look at the Old English epic, Beowulf. We'll explore what happens, how it's written and why it has such a lasting. Welcome to Beowulf Mastiffs Global & Beowulf French Bulldogs. I am a 5 week old Beowulf Mastiff puppy. I wanted to give you a "high 5" and say hi. Beowulf exemplifies the traits of the perfect hero. The poem explores his heroism in two separate phases—youth and age—and through three separate and increasingly difficult conflicts—with Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and the dragon. However, he used the time on his death bed to reflect on his life. He also used this time to regain some glory, in reminding his thanes of all the great battles he fought.Introduction. Beowulf is an epic poem of more than 3, lines originally written in Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon) about a Scandinavian prince of the same name. It was composed and. Grendel is a character in the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf (AD –). He is one of the poem's three antagonists (along with Grendel's mother and the dragon), all aligned in opposition against the protagonist tranceformingnlp.coml is feared by all but Beowulf. Grendel is described as descended from the lineage of the Biblical figure Cain, from Genesis 4 of the Bible. Beowulf, Prince of the Geats, has many fine qualities. As the title character of the Old English epic Beowulf, he is a classic epic hero. An epic is a long narrative poem or story, typically told in 'lofty' language, about the brave deeds of a hero who embodies the values of a certain culture. Beowulf (/ ˈ b eɪ ə w ʊ l f /; Old English: [ˈbeːo̯wulf]) is an Old English epic story consisting of 3, alliterative tranceformingnlp.com may be the oldest surviving long story in Old English and is commonly cited as one of the most important works of Old English tranceformingnlp.com date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars; the only certain dating pertains to the manuscript, which. Explanatory Notes of Beowulf. (= "They played at tæfl [a chess-like board game] in the court, and were happy. They lacked no gold, until three came to them from the world of the giants, giant-maidens with terrifying power".). Literature Guides - Beowulf Characters and Analysis. Beowulf. The epic hero or protagonist. He is hero of the Geats who defeats Grendel and his Ogress mother.	<urn:uuid:294d6204-18d6-4e23-8936-292910d17b79>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://peqiwepunak.tranceformingnlp.com/beowulf-character-study-51053uc.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00159.warc.gz	en	0.984477	1,044	3.75	4	[ -0.5273217558860779, 0.804178774356842, 0.33537375926971436, 0.0059889997355639935, -0.7717311382293701, 0.00625301618129015, 0.4600032567977905, 0.2756694555282593, -0.423993319272995, -0.2599463164806366, -0.3116508722305298, -0.6063946485519409, 0.573003888130188, 0.33839094638824463, ...	1	Story[ edit ] This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Character Analysis When he arrived at the Danish land, Beowulf was a young man seeking adventure and glory. Beowulf was distinguished among his people, the Geats, for his bravery. As a young man Beowulf fought in many battles and as a result showed his great character to others. Beowulf had many characteristics which helped him to succeed in battle. As a young man, Beowulf was known as the strongest man alive. His strength allowed him to dominate in battle. If it were not for his pure strength, he would not have been able to defeat Grendel, for weapons would not work. By fighting Beowulf character study without weapons, he opened himself up to greater glorification. While his cockiness allowed Beowulf to be sure of himself in battle, some of his peers found it to be a character flaw. Beowulf also had a strong spirit of adventure. His spirit of adventure was part of the reason that Beowulf went to fight Grendel. Beowulf used his glory in previous battles to justify himself when coming to help Hrothgar. In addition, his self assurance, and known bravery probably guided his decision. While in his young age, Beowulf used his strength for glory and recognition. As he became older his great strength was taken away from him, and Beowulf found himself without one of his greatest abilities. Beowulf then was king of the Geats, and when a dragon attacked his land, it was his responsibility to protect his people. Feeling angry and eager for slaughter, Beowulf and his men went to slay the dragon. During the battle Beowulf is overwhelmed by the force of the dragon due to his lack of strength, and had to be saved by one of his thanes, Wiglaf. The loss of strength, and the battle was disheartening to Beowulf, however he took it in stride. After his battle with the dragon Beowulf realized his time was over. In this lesson, we'll take a look at the Old English epic, Beowulf. We'll explore what happens, how it's written and why it has such a lasting. Welcome to Beowulf Mastiffs Global & Beowulf French Bulldogs. I am a 5 week old Beowulf Mastiff puppy. I wanted to give you a "high 5" and say hi. Beowulf exemplifies the traits of the perfect hero. The poem explores his heroism in two separate phases—youth and age—and through three separate and increasingly difficult conflicts—with Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and the dragon. However, he used the time on his death bed to reflect on his life. He also used this time to regain some glory, in reminding his thanes of all the great battles he fought.Introduction. Beowulf is an epic poem of more than 3, lines originally written in Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon) about a Scandinavian prince of the same name. It was composed and. Grendel is a character in the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf (AD –). He is one of the poem's three antagonists (along with Grendel's mother and the dragon), all aligned in opposition against the protagonist tranceformingnlp.coml is feared by all but Beowulf. Grendel is described as descended from the lineage of the Biblical figure Cain, from Genesis 4 of the Bible. Beowulf, Prince of the Geats, has many fine qualities. As the title character of the Old English epic Beowulf, he is a classic epic hero. An epic is a long narrative poem or story, typically told in 'lofty' language, about the brave deeds of a hero who embodies the values of a certain culture. Beowulf (/ ˈ b eɪ ə w ʊ l f /; Old English: [ˈbeːo̯wulf]) is an Old English epic story consisting of 3, alliterative tranceformingnlp.com may be the oldest surviving long story in Old English and is commonly cited as one of the most important works of Old English tranceformingnlp.com date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars; the only certain dating pertains to the manuscript, which. Explanatory Notes of Beowulf. (= "They played at tæfl [a chess-like board game] in the court, and were happy. They lacked no gold, until three came to them from the world of the giants, giant-maidens with terrifying power".). Literature Guides - Beowulf Characters and Analysis. Beowulf. The epic hero or protagonist. He is hero of the Geats who defeats Grendel and his Ogress mother.	1,020	ENGLISH	1
Elizabeth—The Story of How England Was Saved from the Spaniards HILIP, King of Spain, who had been married to Among the many famous Englishmen of this time was a man called Drake. He had sailed in King Philip was very angry, but he at once set to work to repair his ships and to build others, and next year was ready to attack England. In May 1588 A.D., one hundred and twenty-nine great ships sailed out from Spain but, hindered by a storm, it was many weeks later before they came in sight of the English coast. These Spanish ships with their gilded prows and white sails shining in the sun made a splendid show as they sailed along in the shape of a crescent seven miles long. King Philip called his fleet the Invincible Armada. Invincible means, "which cannot be conquered"; Armada is a Spanish word meaning "navy." Once again, as in the days of the Romans and as in the days of the Danes, the little green island in the lonely sea was threatened with conquerors coming in great ships. The people of England had been slow to believe that there was any danger from Spain, and the Queen was unwilling to make preparations. But when at last they saw that the Spaniards meant to come, the country rose like one man. Roman Catholics and Protestants forgot their quarrels, and remembering only that they were Englishmen, worked together against the common enemy. The English navy at this time was very small, but gentlemen and merchants gave money and ships, and soon it was almost as large as the Spanish navy, although the ships were smaller. Besides these ships and sailors, a great army gathered on land in order to resist Philip, should he succeed in reaching England, in spite of the "wooden walls" as the English war vessels came to be called. Men young and old flocked to the standard. Very few were real soldiers, but all of them were eager to fight for their Queen and for their country. Elizabeth herself reviewed the army and spoke such brave words that the hopes of the men who heard her rose high. "I am come among you," she said, "not for pleasure nor to amuse myself. I am come to live or die with you in battle; to lay down my honour and my life for my God, for my country and for my people. I know that I have but the body of a poor, weak woman, but I have the heart of a King, and of an English King. I think foul scorn that any Spanish Prince, or any Prince in Europe, should dare to invade my kingdom. Rather than be so dishonoured I myself will take up arms. Myself will be your general and the judge and rewarder of every one of you for your deeds in the field of battle." So eagerly did the people work that England was ready before Spain, and Lord Howard, the chief admiral, sailed out to meet the enemy. But week after week passed, and as still the Spaniards did not come, he returned to Plymouth with his ships. Elizabeth was not fond of spending money. She thought that it was dreadful waste to keep all these soldiers and sailors and ships waiting for an enemy who never came, and she told Lord Howard to pay off his men, and send them to their homes. But Lord Howard refused to obey, and he with his captains and his men held their ships in readiness at Plymouth. Day by day they kept watch, looking always anxiously out to sea, and spending the long, weary hours as best they could. At last, one sunny day in July, when Drake and some of the other sea captains were playing at bowls, they were interrupted by a cry, "The Spaniards! the Spaniards!" The game was stopped, all eyes were turned towards the Channel. Yes, there at last, far out to sea, the proud Spanish vessels were to be seen. They were distant yet, but a sailor's eye could see that they were mighty and great ships, and the number of them was very large. But the brave English captains were not afraid. "Come," said Drake, after a few minutes, "there is time to finish the game and to beat the Spaniards too." So they went back to their play, and when the game was finished they went down to the harbour, got the ships ready, and sailed out to meet and fight the Spaniards. For more than a week the battle lasted, the English always having the best of it. Their ships were smaller, but for that very reason they could be moved and turned about more easily than the great painted and gilded Spanish vessels. The wind, too, was in favour of the English and against the Spaniards. In those days, before steam-engines and steamers had been invented, when ships were still moved by sails, the wind was of great importance. Day by day the wind grew fiercer, the waves became white and wild, till the Spanish ships were driven northward by a terrible storm. Without pilots, through unknown seas, past strange islands they were driven. Shattered on unfriendly rocks, refused the shelter of every port, up to the north of Scotland and back round the west coast of Ireland they sped. At last, ruined by shot and shell, torn and battered by wind and waves, about fifty maimed and broken wrecks, all that were left of the Invincible Armada, reached Spain. Once again England was saved. How the people rejoiced! Bells rang, bonfires blazed, and every heart was filled with thankfulness. In memory of the victory, the Queen ordered a medal to be made, and on it, in Latin, were the words, "God blew with his breath, and they were scattered." Although Philip had lost nearly all his ships, he did not consider that he was beaten, and the war went on until the death of Elizabeth. But the English people no longer feared the Spaniards	<urn:uuid:34d12a21-7da4-4000-a037-0d725b862495>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.gatewaytotheclassics.com/browse/display.php?author=marshall&book=island&story=spaniards	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681625.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125222506-20200126012506-00205.warc.gz	en	0.992359	1,239	3.5	4	[ 0.009835610166192055, 0.4538838863372803, 0.2639288902282715, -0.051651809364557266, -0.05336104333400726, -0.5116576552391052, 0.1877153366804123, 0.17146140336990356, 0.1258494257926941, -0.16345396637916565, -0.2209310382604599, -0.292361319065094, 0.27216148376464844, 0.137322366237640...	8	Elizabeth—The Story of How England Was Saved from the Spaniards HILIP, King of Spain, who had been married to Among the many famous Englishmen of this time was a man called Drake. He had sailed in King Philip was very angry, but he at once set to work to repair his ships and to build others, and next year was ready to attack England. In May 1588 A.D., one hundred and twenty-nine great ships sailed out from Spain but, hindered by a storm, it was many weeks later before they came in sight of the English coast. These Spanish ships with their gilded prows and white sails shining in the sun made a splendid show as they sailed along in the shape of a crescent seven miles long. King Philip called his fleet the Invincible Armada. Invincible means, "which cannot be conquered"; Armada is a Spanish word meaning "navy." Once again, as in the days of the Romans and as in the days of the Danes, the little green island in the lonely sea was threatened with conquerors coming in great ships. The people of England had been slow to believe that there was any danger from Spain, and the Queen was unwilling to make preparations. But when at last they saw that the Spaniards meant to come, the country rose like one man. Roman Catholics and Protestants forgot their quarrels, and remembering only that they were Englishmen, worked together against the common enemy. The English navy at this time was very small, but gentlemen and merchants gave money and ships, and soon it was almost as large as the Spanish navy, although the ships were smaller. Besides these ships and sailors, a great army gathered on land in order to resist Philip, should he succeed in reaching England, in spite of the "wooden walls" as the English war vessels came to be called. Men young and old flocked to the standard. Very few were real soldiers, but all of them were eager to fight for their Queen and for their country. Elizabeth herself reviewed the army and spoke such brave words that the hopes of the men who heard her rose high. "I am come among you," she said, "not for pleasure nor to amuse myself. I am come to live or die with you in battle; to lay down my honour and my life for my God, for my country and for my people. I know that I have but the body of a poor, weak woman, but I have the heart of a King, and of an English King. I think foul scorn that any Spanish Prince, or any Prince in Europe, should dare to invade my kingdom. Rather than be so dishonoured I myself will take up arms. Myself will be your general and the judge and rewarder of every one of you for your deeds in the field of battle." So eagerly did the people work that England was ready before Spain, and Lord Howard, the chief admiral, sailed out to meet the enemy. But week after week passed, and as still the Spaniards did not come, he returned to Plymouth with his ships. Elizabeth was not fond of spending money. She thought that it was dreadful waste to keep all these soldiers and sailors and ships waiting for an enemy who never came, and she told Lord Howard to pay off his men, and send them to their homes. But Lord Howard refused to obey, and he with his captains and his men held their ships in readiness at Plymouth. Day by day they kept watch, looking always anxiously out to sea, and spending the long, weary hours as best they could. At last, one sunny day in July, when Drake and some of the other sea captains were playing at bowls, they were interrupted by a cry, "The Spaniards! the Spaniards!" The game was stopped, all eyes were turned towards the Channel. Yes, there at last, far out to sea, the proud Spanish vessels were to be seen. They were distant yet, but a sailor's eye could see that they were mighty and great ships, and the number of them was very large. But the brave English captains were not afraid. "Come," said Drake, after a few minutes, "there is time to finish the game and to beat the Spaniards too." So they went back to their play, and when the game was finished they went down to the harbour, got the ships ready, and sailed out to meet and fight the Spaniards. For more than a week the battle lasted, the English always having the best of it. Their ships were smaller, but for that very reason they could be moved and turned about more easily than the great painted and gilded Spanish vessels. The wind, too, was in favour of the English and against the Spaniards. In those days, before steam-engines and steamers had been invented, when ships were still moved by sails, the wind was of great importance. Day by day the wind grew fiercer, the waves became white and wild, till the Spanish ships were driven northward by a terrible storm. Without pilots, through unknown seas, past strange islands they were driven. Shattered on unfriendly rocks, refused the shelter of every port, up to the north of Scotland and back round the west coast of Ireland they sped. At last, ruined by shot and shell, torn and battered by wind and waves, about fifty maimed and broken wrecks, all that were left of the Invincible Armada, reached Spain. Once again England was saved. How the people rejoiced! Bells rang, bonfires blazed, and every heart was filled with thankfulness. In memory of the victory, the Queen ordered a medal to be made, and on it, in Latin, were the words, "God blew with his breath, and they were scattered." Although Philip had lost nearly all his ships, he did not consider that he was beaten, and the war went on until the death of Elizabeth. But the English people no longer feared the Spaniards	1,224	ENGLISH	1
Throughout history there has been the need to restrain individuals. From prisoners of war mentally ill persons, to criminals. While the basic idea of restraining hands has a long history, today’s zip-ties or the classic metal chain link ratcheting device are the end result of fine-tuning hand restraints over the centuries. Earliest times in history recorded the use of animal hides or vines to restrain individuals. They were one time use and could easily be gotten out of. Later ropes were used, but the same issues were there. As we began to use metal, chains were used to bind people together or with their hands and feet. They were difficult to remove and caused limited movement in the individual. It was a time consuming process to attach and unattached. They were not adjustable, thus persons with big angles or wrists were severely injured by the installation and while wearing them. While people with small ankles and wrists could easily get out of them and flee. In the mid 1800’s W.V. Adams invented the ratcheting cuffs device and received a patent for it. This device had a square bow and notches inside. Soon after Orson Phelps put the notches in the inner part. Then John Tower in 1865 added three chain lengths. As a result they were more flexible and comfortable. Around 1880 He invented the double lock which is still the standard today. A few years later E.D. Bean added the quick release button which enabled the cuffs to be locked only after they were placed on the wrists. His company, Tower & Lyon, developed the thumb cuff in 1909 but it never really caught on. In recent times additional developments in hinged cuffs and the plastic ties called zip-ties and for the police Flex-Cuffs are available for most detectives and patrol officers. They provide a one time, quick, inexpensive use and are easily attached, but must be cut off. Dr. Kuch has a PhD, MA, and MS in Criminal Justice. He is a former Deputy Sheriff and has taught for over twenty years. He is on the adjunct faculty at Galatasaray University.	<urn:uuid:0f3e09d4-6680-476f-adea-2f0ff1b08c59>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.lawenforcementtoday.com/the-history-of-police-handcuffs/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700675.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127112805-20200127142805-00411.warc.gz	en	0.983843	434	3.5625	4	[ -0.6568059325218201, 0.18283604085445404, 0.3603791296482086, -0.24514219164848328, -0.08575349301099777, 0.020358312875032425, 0.44685429334640503, 0.17466215789318085, -0.21524491906166077, -0.3683321177959442, -0.040996961295604706, 0.3349030315876007, 0.016615791246294975, 0.3035591542...	2	Throughout history there has been the need to restrain individuals. From prisoners of war mentally ill persons, to criminals. While the basic idea of restraining hands has a long history, today’s zip-ties or the classic metal chain link ratcheting device are the end result of fine-tuning hand restraints over the centuries. Earliest times in history recorded the use of animal hides or vines to restrain individuals. They were one time use and could easily be gotten out of. Later ropes were used, but the same issues were there. As we began to use metal, chains were used to bind people together or with their hands and feet. They were difficult to remove and caused limited movement in the individual. It was a time consuming process to attach and unattached. They were not adjustable, thus persons with big angles or wrists were severely injured by the installation and while wearing them. While people with small ankles and wrists could easily get out of them and flee. In the mid 1800’s W.V. Adams invented the ratcheting cuffs device and received a patent for it. This device had a square bow and notches inside. Soon after Orson Phelps put the notches in the inner part. Then John Tower in 1865 added three chain lengths. As a result they were more flexible and comfortable. Around 1880 He invented the double lock which is still the standard today. A few years later E.D. Bean added the quick release button which enabled the cuffs to be locked only after they were placed on the wrists. His company, Tower & Lyon, developed the thumb cuff in 1909 but it never really caught on. In recent times additional developments in hinged cuffs and the plastic ties called zip-ties and for the police Flex-Cuffs are available for most detectives and patrol officers. They provide a one time, quick, inexpensive use and are easily attached, but must be cut off. Dr. Kuch has a PhD, MA, and MS in Criminal Justice. He is a former Deputy Sheriff and has taught for over twenty years. He is on the adjunct faculty at Galatasaray University.	435	ENGLISH	1
The cenotaph is located opposite the British Foreign Office building on Whitehall Road in London. The monument is made of limestone and was designed by the architect Sir Edwin Lutyens between 1919-1920. This is the most famous monument among modern monuments of this design. It is composed of horizontal steps that create a diagonal vertical and is mounted on a stage consisting of three steps. On its two narrow walls are engraved wreaths of stone, with the inscription: "The Glorious Dead." The expression was suggested by the famous British author, Rudyard Kipling, whose son was killed in World War I. The two broad sides of the monument are adorned with masts with various cloth flags that are switched every few years. A memorial ceremony is held on Memorial Day at the foot of the monument every year for the fallen from British wars. The uniformed officers and police are obliged to salute the monument as they pass by. There is a story that illustrates the importance of the monument to the British. It is of a soldier driving the carriage that led Princess Diana's coffin during her funeral. During the funeral procession, they found on TV cameras that he avoided a salute while driving even to the queen, but just as the carriage passed by the cenotaph he made a point of saluting the monument.	<urn:uuid:ac2b3b98-0c1e-4df4-8361-5f87ca7da3f9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://guidolapp.com/item/96455/The-Cenotaph	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00071.warc.gz	en	0.980016	267	3.40625	3	[ -0.05725553631782532, 0.3355995714664459, 0.7300996780395508, 0.20289094746112823, -0.36027780175209045, 0.16818390786647797, 0.6906953454017639, -0.27160441875457764, -0.15691570937633514, -0.05568321794271469, 0.21356692910194397, -0.19066135585308075, 0.17166703939437866, 0.184345260262...	1	The cenotaph is located opposite the British Foreign Office building on Whitehall Road in London. The monument is made of limestone and was designed by the architect Sir Edwin Lutyens between 1919-1920. This is the most famous monument among modern monuments of this design. It is composed of horizontal steps that create a diagonal vertical and is mounted on a stage consisting of three steps. On its two narrow walls are engraved wreaths of stone, with the inscription: "The Glorious Dead." The expression was suggested by the famous British author, Rudyard Kipling, whose son was killed in World War I. The two broad sides of the monument are adorned with masts with various cloth flags that are switched every few years. A memorial ceremony is held on Memorial Day at the foot of the monument every year for the fallen from British wars. The uniformed officers and police are obliged to salute the monument as they pass by. There is a story that illustrates the importance of the monument to the British. It is of a soldier driving the carriage that led Princess Diana's coffin during her funeral. During the funeral procession, they found on TV cameras that he avoided a salute while driving even to the queen, but just as the carriage passed by the cenotaph he made a point of saluting the monument.	269	ENGLISH	1
Poet Emily Elizabeth Dickinson was born on December 10, 1830, in Amherst, Massachusetts. Dickinson was born into a prominent, but not wealthy family. Her grandfather had helped found Amherst College and her father was a lawyer. As a child, Dickinson was well behaved and displayed a talent for music, especially the piano. Dickinson attended Amherst Academy and briefly Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, but returned home after just 10 months. For a while, she enjoyed the local events of the college town of Amherst and took pleasure in household activities, particularly baking. However, by the mid-1850s, her mother was bedridden with illness and Dickinson took on additional household responsibilities in addition to caring for her mother. This gave her little time to leave the house, but Dickinson found refuge in her books and nature. Dickinson had been writing for some time and in 1858, she began reviewing her earlier poems, rewriting them, and putting them together in books. Between 1858 and 1865, she put together 40 manuscripts containing nearly 800 poems. During this time her family also befriended the editor-in-chief of the Springfield Republican. Dickinson grew close to him and send him dozens of letters and 50 poems, a few of which he published in the paper. By the early 1860s, Dickinson rarely left the family home. He doctor at the time diagnosed her with “nervous prostration,” while some later historians believe she might have had agoraphobia and epilepsy. However, this proved to be her most creative writing period. In 1862 she also began corresponding with literary critic Thomas Wentworth Higginson. She had initially sought his suggestions on publishing her work, but he told her to write more before doing that, unaware of how much she had already written. Though they continued to correspond until her death, Dickinson never brought up publishing with him again. In addition to writing, Dickinson’s other great joy was botany. She tended the family’s garden and put together a collection of 424 pressed flower specimens. Dickinson suffered many losses over the years – friends, family, mentors, and her dog – that were all reflected in her poetry. She became more reclusive and was rarely seen outside of her home. In fact, when people came to visit, she would only speak to them through the door, but she would also leave gifts and poems for them. Though she saw few people in person, she corresponded with a number of close friends in letters that were highly expressive and imaginative. Dickinson became more eccentric in her later years, sometimes confining herself to her bedroom for extended periods of time. She grew ill in the mid-1880s and died on May 15, 1886 from Bright’s disease. Only about a dozen of her poems were published during her lifetime. After he death, Dickinson’s younger sister discovered her collection of nearly 1,800 poems and began collecting these for publication in 1890. Her poems were heavily edited before being published. It wasn’t until 1955 that unaltered versions of her poems were finally released.	<urn:uuid:11d2439d-e20d-446e-b4cc-48a7212601fb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.mysticstamp.com/Products/United-States/1436/USA/FDC/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251705142.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127174507-20200127204507-00264.warc.gz	en	0.992829	640	3.421875	3	[ 0.11933527886867523, -0.12917782366275787, 0.30379602313041687, 0.10337693244218826, 0.03890015557408333, -0.26709237694740295, -0.11946406215429306, 0.18262264132499695, -0.6992368698120117, -0.055556319653987885, 0.03800247609615326, -0.08303629606962204, -0.17483872175216675, -0.1543427...	2	Poet Emily Elizabeth Dickinson was born on December 10, 1830, in Amherst, Massachusetts. Dickinson was born into a prominent, but not wealthy family. Her grandfather had helped found Amherst College and her father was a lawyer. As a child, Dickinson was well behaved and displayed a talent for music, especially the piano. Dickinson attended Amherst Academy and briefly Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, but returned home after just 10 months. For a while, she enjoyed the local events of the college town of Amherst and took pleasure in household activities, particularly baking. However, by the mid-1850s, her mother was bedridden with illness and Dickinson took on additional household responsibilities in addition to caring for her mother. This gave her little time to leave the house, but Dickinson found refuge in her books and nature. Dickinson had been writing for some time and in 1858, she began reviewing her earlier poems, rewriting them, and putting them together in books. Between 1858 and 1865, she put together 40 manuscripts containing nearly 800 poems. During this time her family also befriended the editor-in-chief of the Springfield Republican. Dickinson grew close to him and send him dozens of letters and 50 poems, a few of which he published in the paper. By the early 1860s, Dickinson rarely left the family home. He doctor at the time diagnosed her with “nervous prostration,” while some later historians believe she might have had agoraphobia and epilepsy. However, this proved to be her most creative writing period. In 1862 she also began corresponding with literary critic Thomas Wentworth Higginson. She had initially sought his suggestions on publishing her work, but he told her to write more before doing that, unaware of how much she had already written. Though they continued to correspond until her death, Dickinson never brought up publishing with him again. In addition to writing, Dickinson’s other great joy was botany. She tended the family’s garden and put together a collection of 424 pressed flower specimens. Dickinson suffered many losses over the years – friends, family, mentors, and her dog – that were all reflected in her poetry. She became more reclusive and was rarely seen outside of her home. In fact, when people came to visit, she would only speak to them through the door, but she would also leave gifts and poems for them. Though she saw few people in person, she corresponded with a number of close friends in letters that were highly expressive and imaginative. Dickinson became more eccentric in her later years, sometimes confining herself to her bedroom for extended periods of time. She grew ill in the mid-1880s and died on May 15, 1886 from Bright’s disease. Only about a dozen of her poems were published during her lifetime. After he death, Dickinson’s younger sister discovered her collection of nearly 1,800 poems and began collecting these for publication in 1890. Her poems were heavily edited before being published. It wasn’t until 1955 that unaltered versions of her poems were finally released.	677	ENGLISH	1
Who was at fault for the Boston Massacre? Historians disagree about who was at fault for the Boston Massacre. On March 5, 1770, growing tensions between the Americans and the British soldiers reached a breaking point. A crowd of Americans surrounded a small group of British soldiers and began hurling insults, snowballs, and--eventually--rocks. As the crowd grew to as many as 400 people, the soldiers became nervous. They loaded their rifles, but the crowd was not dissuaded. One American--Crispus Attucks--knocked down a soldier, after which the British fired into the crowd. Five Americans were killed, including Attucks, and six others were wounded. Clearly, neither side behaved entirely uprightly; both bear some of the blame for the events that transpired. The Americans claimed the British were at fault because they overreacted, unjustly killing five Americans. They used the "massacre" as a propaganda tool to spark dissent in the colonies. However, the British soldiers--heavily outnumbered--likely feared for their lives; while not excusable, their actions are at least understandable. Moreover, the Americans were the first to physically assault the British. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	<urn:uuid:635eb481-5258-4d6a-814d-60f045e56a5b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/who-was-fault-boston-massacre-559453?en_action=hh-question_click&en_label=hh-sidebar&en_category=internal_campaign	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00044.warc.gz	en	0.98214	251	4.03125	4	[ -0.06436500698328018, -0.053989116102457047, 0.3405598998069763, -0.010889798402786255, -0.08238959312438965, -0.01046969834715128, 0.42467373609542847, -0.06856366246938705, -0.04137733578681946, -0.17567694187164307, 0.17372436821460724, -0.2914661169052124, -0.05389266088604927, 0.36445...	1	Who was at fault for the Boston Massacre? Historians disagree about who was at fault for the Boston Massacre. On March 5, 1770, growing tensions between the Americans and the British soldiers reached a breaking point. A crowd of Americans surrounded a small group of British soldiers and began hurling insults, snowballs, and--eventually--rocks. As the crowd grew to as many as 400 people, the soldiers became nervous. They loaded their rifles, but the crowd was not dissuaded. One American--Crispus Attucks--knocked down a soldier, after which the British fired into the crowd. Five Americans were killed, including Attucks, and six others were wounded. Clearly, neither side behaved entirely uprightly; both bear some of the blame for the events that transpired. The Americans claimed the British were at fault because they overreacted, unjustly killing five Americans. They used the "massacre" as a propaganda tool to spark dissent in the colonies. However, the British soldiers--heavily outnumbered--likely feared for their lives; while not excusable, their actions are at least understandable. Moreover, the Americans were the first to physically assault the British. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	258	ENGLISH	1
"Crossing the Rubicon" means embarking on a course of action on which there is no going back. The phrase comes from the time when Rome changed from a republic to an empire. Julius Caesar, who was the governor of the Roman province of Gaul, took his armies across the river Rubicon, which marked the boundary between Gaul and Italy, to attempt to seize power in Rome. The governor of a Roman province had great power within his own domain, including direct command over large armies. Because of this, Roman rulers had feared that a governor might be tempted to use his armies to seize power in the capital. For this reason, they made it a capital offence for a Roman governor to take his armies outside the boundaries of his province into Italian territory. So, when Caesar took his armies across the Rubicon, he had made himself liable to execution, and would either succeed in his goal of becoming Roman dictator or would fail and be killed.	<urn:uuid:257058d9-f1dd-4bfb-9af9-d7862dbfd6c6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://references-definitions.blurtit.com/12396/what-does-the-phrase-crossing-the-rubicon-mean	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00555.warc.gz	en	0.992342	191	3.71875	4	[ -0.2454327940940857, -0.06443855911493301, 0.27533194422721863, 0.2706000804901123, -0.37902650237083435, -0.12182184308767319, 0.5979705452919006, 0.3576100170612335, 0.072804756462574, -0.30248332023620605, 0.0831700786948204, -0.5285647511482239, 0.1698838472366333, 0.14800333976745605,...	5	"Crossing the Rubicon" means embarking on a course of action on which there is no going back. The phrase comes from the time when Rome changed from a republic to an empire. Julius Caesar, who was the governor of the Roman province of Gaul, took his armies across the river Rubicon, which marked the boundary between Gaul and Italy, to attempt to seize power in Rome. The governor of a Roman province had great power within his own domain, including direct command over large armies. Because of this, Roman rulers had feared that a governor might be tempted to use his armies to seize power in the capital. For this reason, they made it a capital offence for a Roman governor to take his armies outside the boundaries of his province into Italian territory. So, when Caesar took his armies across the Rubicon, he had made himself liable to execution, and would either succeed in his goal of becoming Roman dictator or would fail and be killed.	191	ENGLISH	1
Lesson time 9:56 min Your responsibility as a writer: don't lie. David discusses how the audience comes to the theatre to hear the truth and how drama helps us search for the truth. He gives examples of conveying the truth from two of his most revered plays. Topics include: Conveying the Truth • Examples of the Truth A guy comes to the rabbi and says if I'm only going to obey one rule in my life, what would that rule be? Rabbi says don't lie. Pretty good rule-- hard, but pretty good rule. Because A-- if you don't lie, B-- you're not going to do anything you have to lie about. So I always thought that my responsibility as a writer and a director is don't lie-- that there is something called the truth, which exists somewhere in an ideal form outside of myself. And if I really pay attention, I might have access to some of it. And sometimes, I don't know the truth, but if I try to find out the truth, I'm doing my job. And so if I'm writing a play, it might take me 10 minutes to find out the truth. Or it might take me 20 years. But if I say no, no, no, this is not quite true, I can get by with it. I can cheat with it. The audience might even buy. It might even be successful. I don't know. But if it's not quite true, then I'm not doing my job. So it's important to me to tell the truth. So in order to tell the truth, you got to figure out what the truth is. And sometimes, that's a very unpleasant process. Curiously, the theater is the place we go to hear the truth. And the theater in this is like the religious setting. And I'll prove it to you. How many people come late to a movie? Nobody comes late to a movie. Everybody gets to the movie early. How many people come late to church and synagogue-- everyone. Everyone in the world has the same experience of for God's sake, we're late with blah, blah, blah. Don't change your shoes. Did you lose your keys? Get the car, I'll get the kids. We're going to church. We're going to school. We're late. Don't you understand? We're late. Everybody comes late. Everybody also comes late to the theater. My God, we got tickets to the theater. We're late, blah, blah, blah. We're not going to get there. But nobody comes late to the movies. Why-- because the movies don't challenge them. The church, the synagogue, and the theater challenges them so deeply, because there is a human need to hear the truth-- challenges them so deeply, they have to retain some measure of autonomy. I'm not going to say I'm anxious about the word of God, or I'm anxious about the play. They say no, I'm anxious about the time. Freud said psychoanalysis is the art of the obvious. It's hard to face the truth, isn't it? I've been fortunate to be very friendly with and studied with a great rabbi and named Mordecai Finley And he was telling a story one day about counseling. And he said this woman comes and says Rabbi, my mother has forgotten my birthday for the fourth time in a row. She calls me one day, two days later. She said it was so busy. She says she never sends a present. She says she'll write a letter a month later saying I thought I'd send you a present, because I missed the birthday and blah, bl... David Mamet sat in on a poker game full of thieves and left with the inspiration for American Buffalo. Now, the Pulitzer Prize-winning writer of Glengarry Glen Ross takes you through his process for turning life’s strangest moments into dramatic art. In his writing class, he’ll teach you the rules of drama, the nuances of dialogue, and the skills to develop your own voice and create your masterpiece. I feel so blessed with the Masterclass taught by David Mamet. It gave me, enthusiasm, curiosity and information to write theater and think about my existence. I highly recommend this class! Thanks very much for the opportunity! David was honest, articulate, and absurdly amazing. I can't stop thinking about the class, and talking about what I was told. I can't wait to forget it. Thank you!! Very well done. I enjoyed this and gained valuable information that will help move along in my work. David Mamet is a wonderful instructor and motivator. I highly recommend this to any artist, whether writer or actor. Thank you David Mamet. I greatly enjoyed David Mamet's class. He became my mentor after I read his book "On directing film". After attending this class, he became my mentor on how to write. Thank you very much for this great class!	<urn:uuid:5d037cd6-b2b4-4437-b9e9-d74a9f029c1f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.masterclass.com/classes/david-mamet-teaches-dramatic-writing/chapters/lies-truth	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00519.warc.gz	en	0.982042	1,027	3.640625	4	[ -0.0041936538182199, 0.06991586089134216, -0.005932412575930357, -0.3103795647621155, -0.08952932059764862, 0.24230796098709106, 0.3921038508415222, -0.0873945876955986, -0.00722062774002552, -0.15321460366249084, -0.054845720529556274, 0.18833360075950623, 0.14636409282684326, 0.402040839...	1	Lesson time 9:56 min Your responsibility as a writer: don't lie. David discusses how the audience comes to the theatre to hear the truth and how drama helps us search for the truth. He gives examples of conveying the truth from two of his most revered plays. Topics include: Conveying the Truth • Examples of the Truth A guy comes to the rabbi and says if I'm only going to obey one rule in my life, what would that rule be? Rabbi says don't lie. Pretty good rule-- hard, but pretty good rule. Because A-- if you don't lie, B-- you're not going to do anything you have to lie about. So I always thought that my responsibility as a writer and a director is don't lie-- that there is something called the truth, which exists somewhere in an ideal form outside of myself. And if I really pay attention, I might have access to some of it. And sometimes, I don't know the truth, but if I try to find out the truth, I'm doing my job. And so if I'm writing a play, it might take me 10 minutes to find out the truth. Or it might take me 20 years. But if I say no, no, no, this is not quite true, I can get by with it. I can cheat with it. The audience might even buy. It might even be successful. I don't know. But if it's not quite true, then I'm not doing my job. So it's important to me to tell the truth. So in order to tell the truth, you got to figure out what the truth is. And sometimes, that's a very unpleasant process. Curiously, the theater is the place we go to hear the truth. And the theater in this is like the religious setting. And I'll prove it to you. How many people come late to a movie? Nobody comes late to a movie. Everybody gets to the movie early. How many people come late to church and synagogue-- everyone. Everyone in the world has the same experience of for God's sake, we're late with blah, blah, blah. Don't change your shoes. Did you lose your keys? Get the car, I'll get the kids. We're going to church. We're going to school. We're late. Don't you understand? We're late. Everybody comes late. Everybody also comes late to the theater. My God, we got tickets to the theater. We're late, blah, blah, blah. We're not going to get there. But nobody comes late to the movies. Why-- because the movies don't challenge them. The church, the synagogue, and the theater challenges them so deeply, because there is a human need to hear the truth-- challenges them so deeply, they have to retain some measure of autonomy. I'm not going to say I'm anxious about the word of God, or I'm anxious about the play. They say no, I'm anxious about the time. Freud said psychoanalysis is the art of the obvious. It's hard to face the truth, isn't it? I've been fortunate to be very friendly with and studied with a great rabbi and named Mordecai Finley And he was telling a story one day about counseling. And he said this woman comes and says Rabbi, my mother has forgotten my birthday for the fourth time in a row. She calls me one day, two days later. She said it was so busy. She says she never sends a present. She says she'll write a letter a month later saying I thought I'd send you a present, because I missed the birthday and blah, bl... David Mamet sat in on a poker game full of thieves and left with the inspiration for American Buffalo. Now, the Pulitzer Prize-winning writer of Glengarry Glen Ross takes you through his process for turning life’s strangest moments into dramatic art. In his writing class, he’ll teach you the rules of drama, the nuances of dialogue, and the skills to develop your own voice and create your masterpiece. I feel so blessed with the Masterclass taught by David Mamet. It gave me, enthusiasm, curiosity and information to write theater and think about my existence. I highly recommend this class! Thanks very much for the opportunity! David was honest, articulate, and absurdly amazing. I can't stop thinking about the class, and talking about what I was told. I can't wait to forget it. Thank you!! Very well done. I enjoyed this and gained valuable information that will help move along in my work. David Mamet is a wonderful instructor and motivator. I highly recommend this to any artist, whether writer or actor. Thank you David Mamet. I greatly enjoyed David Mamet's class. He became my mentor after I read his book "On directing film". After attending this class, he became my mentor on how to write. Thank you very much for this great class!	1,022	ENGLISH	1
In the North Atlantic Ocean between Canada and Norway there lives a species of very long-lived sharks called Greenland or gray sharks. Researchers believe that in 2017 they found one that was probably born in 1505, lived at the time of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII, and is still alive! Here is a short video from Wonder World explaining the phenomenal creature, which could be the oldest vertebrate alive: In one of the Icelandic sagas, there is a story about a huge shark or whale that was probably a Greenland shark. The sagas were written about events that took place from the 9th century to the 12th century in Iceland, Norway, Greenland, and Labrador. Given that the description of the creature they found said that it was huge, and that size indicates age in Greenland sharks, I wonder how old was the one referred to in the saga?	<urn:uuid:1eafb5b6-e7c9-4975-a01a-7c1df2b0e8c8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://timitownsend51.me/2019/12/24/a-shark-that-could-be-514-years-old/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00088.warc.gz	en	0.985689	177	3.265625	3	[ -0.3844376802444458, 0.5376273989677429, -0.2129828929901123, -0.08172188699245453, -0.021688885986804962, -0.04278015345335007, -0.10534530878067017, 0.3808114230632782, 0.04504401609301567, 0.404800146818161, 0.3463287651538849, -0.5424672365188599, 0.21545667946338654, 0.399353623390197...	7	In the North Atlantic Ocean between Canada and Norway there lives a species of very long-lived sharks called Greenland or gray sharks. Researchers believe that in 2017 they found one that was probably born in 1505, lived at the time of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII, and is still alive! Here is a short video from Wonder World explaining the phenomenal creature, which could be the oldest vertebrate alive: In one of the Icelandic sagas, there is a story about a huge shark or whale that was probably a Greenland shark. The sagas were written about events that took place from the 9th century to the 12th century in Iceland, Norway, Greenland, and Labrador. Given that the description of the creature they found said that it was huge, and that size indicates age in Greenland sharks, I wonder how old was the one referred to in the saga?	182	ENGLISH	1
What is Ka-mon Ka-mon (家紋) are Japanese emblems used to decorate and identify an individual or family. While Mon is an encompassing term that may refer to any such device, ka-mon and mondokoro refer specifically to emblems used to identify a family. An authoritative mon reference compiles Japan's 241 general categories of mon based on structural resemblance (a single mon may belong to multiple categories), with 5116 distinct individual mon (it is however well acknowledged that there exist lost or obscure mon that are not in this compilation). The devices are similar to the badges and coats of arms in European heraldic tradition, which likewise are used to identify individuals and families. Mon are often referred to as crests in Western literature; another European heraldic device similar to the mon in function. Mon may have originated as fabric patterns to be used on clothes in order to distinguish individuals or signify membership in a specific clan or organization. By the twelfth century, sources give a clear indication that heraldry had been implemented as a distinguishing feature, especially for use in battle. It is seen on flags, tents, and equipment. Like European heraldry, mon were initially held only by aristocratic families, and were gradually adapted by commoners. On the battlefield, mon served as army standards, even though this usage was not universal and uniquely designed army standards were just as common as mon-based standards. (cf. sashimono, uma-jirushi) Mon were also adapted by various organizations, such as merchant and artisan guilds, temples and shrines, theater troupes and even criminal gangs. In an illiterate society, they served as useful symbols for recognition. Japanese traditional formal attire generally displays the mon of the wearer. Commoners without mon often used those of their patron or the organization they belonged to. In cases when none of those were available, they sometimes used one of the few mon which were seen as "vulgar", or invented or adapted whatever mon they wished, passing it on to their descendants. It was not uncommon for shops, and therefore shop-owners, to develop mon to identify themselves. Rules regulating the choice and use of mon were somewhat limited, though the selection of mon was generally determined by social customs. It was considered improper to use a mon that was known to be held by someone else, and offensive to use a mon that was held by someone of a high rank. When mon came into conflict, the lower-ranked person sometimes changed their mon to avoid offending their superior. The mon held by the ruling clans of Japan, such as Tokugawa's hollyhock mon and the Emperor's chrysanthemum mon, were legally protected from unauthorized usage. Occasionally, patron clans granted the use of their mon to their retainers as a reward. Similar to the granting of the patron's surnames, this was considered a very high honor. Alternatively, the patron clan may have added elements of its mon to that of its retainer, or choose a completely different mon for them.	<urn:uuid:b11209e4-5808-4a5b-b2ef-7cdfca88eba1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.ilovejapan.info/kamon	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00081.warc.gz	en	0.981305	630	3.703125	4	[ -0.122823067009449, 0.43160754442214966, 0.14469988644123077, -0.07264527678489685, 0.08215472847223282, -0.08203676342964172, 0.9363127946853638, 0.12457728385925293, -0.16317294538021088, -0.12417617440223694, 0.21054629981517792, -0.3687196373939514, 0.43811649084091187, 0.0137270651757...	12	What is Ka-mon Ka-mon (家紋) are Japanese emblems used to decorate and identify an individual or family. While Mon is an encompassing term that may refer to any such device, ka-mon and mondokoro refer specifically to emblems used to identify a family. An authoritative mon reference compiles Japan's 241 general categories of mon based on structural resemblance (a single mon may belong to multiple categories), with 5116 distinct individual mon (it is however well acknowledged that there exist lost or obscure mon that are not in this compilation). The devices are similar to the badges and coats of arms in European heraldic tradition, which likewise are used to identify individuals and families. Mon are often referred to as crests in Western literature; another European heraldic device similar to the mon in function. Mon may have originated as fabric patterns to be used on clothes in order to distinguish individuals or signify membership in a specific clan or organization. By the twelfth century, sources give a clear indication that heraldry had been implemented as a distinguishing feature, especially for use in battle. It is seen on flags, tents, and equipment. Like European heraldry, mon were initially held only by aristocratic families, and were gradually adapted by commoners. On the battlefield, mon served as army standards, even though this usage was not universal and uniquely designed army standards were just as common as mon-based standards. (cf. sashimono, uma-jirushi) Mon were also adapted by various organizations, such as merchant and artisan guilds, temples and shrines, theater troupes and even criminal gangs. In an illiterate society, they served as useful symbols for recognition. Japanese traditional formal attire generally displays the mon of the wearer. Commoners without mon often used those of their patron or the organization they belonged to. In cases when none of those were available, they sometimes used one of the few mon which were seen as "vulgar", or invented or adapted whatever mon they wished, passing it on to their descendants. It was not uncommon for shops, and therefore shop-owners, to develop mon to identify themselves. Rules regulating the choice and use of mon were somewhat limited, though the selection of mon was generally determined by social customs. It was considered improper to use a mon that was known to be held by someone else, and offensive to use a mon that was held by someone of a high rank. When mon came into conflict, the lower-ranked person sometimes changed their mon to avoid offending their superior. The mon held by the ruling clans of Japan, such as Tokugawa's hollyhock mon and the Emperor's chrysanthemum mon, were legally protected from unauthorized usage. Occasionally, patron clans granted the use of their mon to their retainers as a reward. Similar to the granting of the patron's surnames, this was considered a very high honor. Alternatively, the patron clan may have added elements of its mon to that of its retainer, or choose a completely different mon for them.	619	ENGLISH	1
It was 1865, the Civil War had ended and President Abraham Lincoln has been assassinated.Lincoln had been the moderator between the extreme beliefs of the Republican majority in Congress and the liberal ideas of the Democrats or Confederate sympathizers. None the less Reconstruction needed to begin as soon as possible. The South needed to be rebuilt, economically as well as geographically; the Union would haveto readmit all former Confederate states in order for the reconstruction to begin.Lincoln's point of view had been that the South deserved to be readmitted. Others, such as Congress, felt like the South should pay for their rebellious behavior. They felt this way because they were afraid that the South would rebel again. There were many different ideas on how the Reconstruction for the South was to be dealt with, but the most important were Lincoln's Plan, Johnson Plans of Reconstruction, and the Radical Republican Reconstruction. Lincoln's Plan consisted of two major points: the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, which included the Ten Percent Plan and the acceptance of the Thirteenth Amendment. The Proclamation of Amnesty stated that "before returning to the Union, the Confederates would take an oath to support the Constitution of the United States of America and the Union of the states there under".Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction was to readmit Southern States on liberal terms, and offered a 10% plan. This plan allowed southern states to reenter the union and develop a state government as soon as 10% of the state’s population signed a loyalty pledge however Congress wished to be more severe. Lincoln might have been able to carry his plan through but he was killed shortly after the beginning of his second term in office. Andrew Johnson, the successor to Lincoln, initially showed views on Reconstruction similar to those that Lincoln had	<urn:uuid:c50b4453-ee1a-4430-a78a-28b8751a82f0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://gemmarketingsolutions.com/civil-war-reconstruction/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00259.warc.gz	en	0.981243	360	4.125	4	[ -0.3291025459766388, -0.10597418993711472, 0.14190100133419037, -0.021151777356863022, 0.03417287394404411, 0.2805615961551666, -0.13576547801494598, 0.10742104798555374, -0.4291749596595764, 0.004920576233416796, 0.2461618185043335, 0.24044950306415558, 0.06069396063685417, 0.574720561504...	1	It was 1865, the Civil War had ended and President Abraham Lincoln has been assassinated.Lincoln had been the moderator between the extreme beliefs of the Republican majority in Congress and the liberal ideas of the Democrats or Confederate sympathizers. None the less Reconstruction needed to begin as soon as possible. The South needed to be rebuilt, economically as well as geographically; the Union would haveto readmit all former Confederate states in order for the reconstruction to begin.Lincoln's point of view had been that the South deserved to be readmitted. Others, such as Congress, felt like the South should pay for their rebellious behavior. They felt this way because they were afraid that the South would rebel again. There were many different ideas on how the Reconstruction for the South was to be dealt with, but the most important were Lincoln's Plan, Johnson Plans of Reconstruction, and the Radical Republican Reconstruction. Lincoln's Plan consisted of two major points: the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, which included the Ten Percent Plan and the acceptance of the Thirteenth Amendment. The Proclamation of Amnesty stated that "before returning to the Union, the Confederates would take an oath to support the Constitution of the United States of America and the Union of the states there under".Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction was to readmit Southern States on liberal terms, and offered a 10% plan. This plan allowed southern states to reenter the union and develop a state government as soon as 10% of the state’s population signed a loyalty pledge however Congress wished to be more severe. Lincoln might have been able to carry his plan through but he was killed shortly after the beginning of his second term in office. Andrew Johnson, the successor to Lincoln, initially showed views on Reconstruction similar to those that Lincoln had	365	ENGLISH	1
CONSTITUTION OF 1869 CONSTITUTION OF 1869. The Constitutional Convention of 1868–69, called in compliance with the Congressional Reconstruction Acts of 1867, broke up without completing a constitution. Its work was gathered up under orders of the military officers, published as the Constitution of 1869, and accepted by the electorate. The preface of the bill of rights of the new document reflected the sentiments of its makers in its condemnation of nullification and secession. The Constitution of the United States was declared to be the supreme law. Slavery was forbidden, and the equality of all persons before the law was recognized. The House of Representatives was set at ninety members and the Senate at thirty. One-third of the senators were chosen biennially, and their term of office was increased from four to six years. Sessions were held annually. The salary of the governor was increased to five thousand dollars a year. The attorney general and secretary of state were appointed by the governor; other officials were elected by the voters. The Supreme Court was reduced from five to three judges and the term reduced to nine years, one new judge to take office every third year. All judicial offices were appointive. All elections were held at the county seat and had to continue through four consecutive days. A poll tax was authorized; its receipts, along with the income from the school lands and one-fourth of the annual taxes, went to the school fund. The office of state superintendent of public instruction was continued, and school attendance was made compulsory. An immigration bureau was authorized; county and local government was outlined in detail; blacks were included as voters; homesteads were to be given gratis to actual settlers; mineral rights were released to landowners; the legislature was forbidden to grant divorces or authorize lotteries; all qualified voters were to be qualified jurors; and the legislature was permitted to prohibit the sale of liquor near colleges, except at county seats. Permission for the legislature to call a new constitutional convention was withheld, but the amendment procedure was unchanged. This constitution, formulated under pressure from Washington, was disputed by a large constituency of Texans. Many felt that it was one of the longest and most unsatisfactory of Texas constitutions. Over the years, however, alternate interpretations have pointed out some positive goals that delegates tried to achieve such as the establishment of a common school system, centralized law enforcement, and broader civil rights. The programs, implemented by greater taxation, drew heavy criticism from many citizens, and though it may have laid some of the foundations for a strong educational system, as well as strengthening the branches of state government, the Constitution of 1869 sparked much controversy among political and social factions in Texas. Image Use Disclaimer All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 related to Copyright and “Fair Use” for Non-Profit educational institutions, which permits the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship, education, and inform the public. The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Handbook of Texas Online, S. S. McKay, "CONSTITUTION OF 1869," accessed January 19, 2020, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mhc06. Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.	<urn:uuid:7b361304-8671-4722-a157-cf9159921f92>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mhc06	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00383.warc.gz	en	0.983272	790	3.984375	4	[ -0.41734540462493896, -0.16969101130962372, 0.156492680311203, -0.32417646050453186, -0.38066667318344116, 0.006120132748037577, 0.06541700661182404, -0.3295852541923523, -0.39798790216445923, 0.08936958014965057, 0.12987370789051056, -0.08849447965621948, 0.38017183542251587, 0.0939260572...	1	CONSTITUTION OF 1869 CONSTITUTION OF 1869. The Constitutional Convention of 1868–69, called in compliance with the Congressional Reconstruction Acts of 1867, broke up without completing a constitution. Its work was gathered up under orders of the military officers, published as the Constitution of 1869, and accepted by the electorate. The preface of the bill of rights of the new document reflected the sentiments of its makers in its condemnation of nullification and secession. The Constitution of the United States was declared to be the supreme law. Slavery was forbidden, and the equality of all persons before the law was recognized. The House of Representatives was set at ninety members and the Senate at thirty. One-third of the senators were chosen biennially, and their term of office was increased from four to six years. Sessions were held annually. The salary of the governor was increased to five thousand dollars a year. The attorney general and secretary of state were appointed by the governor; other officials were elected by the voters. The Supreme Court was reduced from five to three judges and the term reduced to nine years, one new judge to take office every third year. All judicial offices were appointive. All elections were held at the county seat and had to continue through four consecutive days. A poll tax was authorized; its receipts, along with the income from the school lands and one-fourth of the annual taxes, went to the school fund. The office of state superintendent of public instruction was continued, and school attendance was made compulsory. An immigration bureau was authorized; county and local government was outlined in detail; blacks were included as voters; homesteads were to be given gratis to actual settlers; mineral rights were released to landowners; the legislature was forbidden to grant divorces or authorize lotteries; all qualified voters were to be qualified jurors; and the legislature was permitted to prohibit the sale of liquor near colleges, except at county seats. Permission for the legislature to call a new constitutional convention was withheld, but the amendment procedure was unchanged. This constitution, formulated under pressure from Washington, was disputed by a large constituency of Texans. Many felt that it was one of the longest and most unsatisfactory of Texas constitutions. Over the years, however, alternate interpretations have pointed out some positive goals that delegates tried to achieve such as the establishment of a common school system, centralized law enforcement, and broader civil rights. The programs, implemented by greater taxation, drew heavy criticism from many citizens, and though it may have laid some of the foundations for a strong educational system, as well as strengthening the branches of state government, the Constitution of 1869 sparked much controversy among political and social factions in Texas. Image Use Disclaimer All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 related to Copyright and “Fair Use” for Non-Profit educational institutions, which permits the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship, education, and inform the public. The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Handbook of Texas Online, S. S. McKay, "CONSTITUTION OF 1869," accessed January 19, 2020, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mhc06. Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.	809	ENGLISH	1
African American Pioneers In Gastroenterology The medical field is a very demanding career for anyone to have; nonetheless there have been countless African-American gastroenterologists that have made significant contributions to society and humanity. Some of these doctors were not only the first in their class, but also achieved firsts in their field. In honor of Black History Month, here are a few notable African-American gastroenterologists and some of their accomplishments: Leonidas Berry was the first African-American gastroenterologist, and was considered to be the forerunner in endoscopy and gastroscopy. Berry was instrumental in the development of the gastroscope, as he invented the first Gastroscopy scope; the gastroscope is still currently being used today for non-invasive procedures that explore the gastrointestinal tract. Berry was the first black physician at Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, the first black internist at Cook County Hospital, and was also one of the first black doctors to be admitted to the American Medical Association. In addition, Berry was also a published author, teacher, and was very dedicated to the community. His public service included work with the African Methodist Episcopal Church, civil rights, and was very involved with the racial problems of public health. In fact, Berry has even helped bring medical care to black communities in Illinois and Alabama that originally did not have any preexisting medical centers! Sadye Beatryce Curry The first African-American female gastroenterologist in the United States, Sadye Curry is a founding member and former President of the Leonidas Berry Society for Digestive Disease, a national society of predominately African-American doctors. In addition, Curry was the first African-American woman postgraduate trainee at Duke University Medical Center, and was also the first African-American to train in the gastroenterology fellowship program at Duke University. However, Curry’s list of achievements did not end there, as she went on to receive the Howard University College of Medicine Student Council Faculty Award for Teaching Excellence, the Kaiser-Permanente Faculty Award for Excellence in Teaching, and was also selected for the Woman of the Year Award from the Howard University College of Medicine Student American Medical Women’s Association. Recently, Curry has become the first woman to be elected chair for the Internal Medicine Section of the National Medical Association. Richter originally opened his practice in 1983, and for the past 30+ years Richter has achieved a lot during his career; he is still in practice, and has described the connection that he has with his patients to be one of the most rewarding aspects of his work. A former president of the Atlanta Medical Association, Richter currently runs Consultative Gastroenterology in Atlanta, and has become the first African-American president of the Medical Association of Atlanta. In the past, the relationship between the Medical Association of Atlanta and the African-American community has not always been “rosy”, but according to Richter he is changing this. Richter is very passionate about organized medicine, and believes wholeheartedly that one must make their voice heard, and remain active in society. The Medical Association of Atlanta is dedicated to the changing needs of Atlanta’s physicians, and since Richter has served on the board of directors since 1995, he has the ability to help pave the way for other up and coming African American doctors. The post African American Pioneers in Gastroenterology appeared first on Vanguard Medical Group NYC.	<urn:uuid:83271c42-74a5-45d0-85ed-ba134a132a83>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.gastro-nyc.com/african-american-pioneers-gastroenterology-vanguard-gastroenterology-in-new-york-ny	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00313.warc.gz	en	0.980424	704	3.3125	3	[ 0.12411098927259445, 0.24461261928081512, 0.21280920505523682, 0.23042213916778564, -0.35639965534210205, -0.055437080562114716, 0.3855181634426117, 0.2602797746658325, -0.19233489036560059, -0.14327850937843323, -0.05429035425186157, -0.4314711093902588, -0.3548309803009033, 0.32633566856...	8	African American Pioneers In Gastroenterology The medical field is a very demanding career for anyone to have; nonetheless there have been countless African-American gastroenterologists that have made significant contributions to society and humanity. Some of these doctors were not only the first in their class, but also achieved firsts in their field. In honor of Black History Month, here are a few notable African-American gastroenterologists and some of their accomplishments: Leonidas Berry was the first African-American gastroenterologist, and was considered to be the forerunner in endoscopy and gastroscopy. Berry was instrumental in the development of the gastroscope, as he invented the first Gastroscopy scope; the gastroscope is still currently being used today for non-invasive procedures that explore the gastrointestinal tract. Berry was the first black physician at Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, the first black internist at Cook County Hospital, and was also one of the first black doctors to be admitted to the American Medical Association. In addition, Berry was also a published author, teacher, and was very dedicated to the community. His public service included work with the African Methodist Episcopal Church, civil rights, and was very involved with the racial problems of public health. In fact, Berry has even helped bring medical care to black communities in Illinois and Alabama that originally did not have any preexisting medical centers! Sadye Beatryce Curry The first African-American female gastroenterologist in the United States, Sadye Curry is a founding member and former President of the Leonidas Berry Society for Digestive Disease, a national society of predominately African-American doctors. In addition, Curry was the first African-American woman postgraduate trainee at Duke University Medical Center, and was also the first African-American to train in the gastroenterology fellowship program at Duke University. However, Curry’s list of achievements did not end there, as she went on to receive the Howard University College of Medicine Student Council Faculty Award for Teaching Excellence, the Kaiser-Permanente Faculty Award for Excellence in Teaching, and was also selected for the Woman of the Year Award from the Howard University College of Medicine Student American Medical Women’s Association. Recently, Curry has become the first woman to be elected chair for the Internal Medicine Section of the National Medical Association. Richter originally opened his practice in 1983, and for the past 30+ years Richter has achieved a lot during his career; he is still in practice, and has described the connection that he has with his patients to be one of the most rewarding aspects of his work. A former president of the Atlanta Medical Association, Richter currently runs Consultative Gastroenterology in Atlanta, and has become the first African-American president of the Medical Association of Atlanta. In the past, the relationship between the Medical Association of Atlanta and the African-American community has not always been “rosy”, but according to Richter he is changing this. Richter is very passionate about organized medicine, and believes wholeheartedly that one must make their voice heard, and remain active in society. The Medical Association of Atlanta is dedicated to the changing needs of Atlanta’s physicians, and since Richter has served on the board of directors since 1995, he has the ability to help pave the way for other up and coming African American doctors. The post African American Pioneers in Gastroenterology appeared first on Vanguard Medical Group NYC.	696	ENGLISH	1
In chap. 5 Crane describes the officers as having "neglected to stand in picturesque attitudes." What does this mean and/or signifiy? "The Red Badge of Courage" by Stephen Crane As a Naturalist, Stephen Crane broke with the Romantic tradition and refused to idealize war. In "The Red Badge of Courage" the officers are not arranged as though they are in a painting, gallant and commanding in "picturesque attitudes." Instead, Crane portrays the disorientation and chaos of the battlefield: They [the officers] were bobbing to and fro offering directions and encouragements. The dimensions of their howls were extraordinary. They expended their lungs with prodigal wills. And often they nearly stood upon their heads in their anxiety to observe the enemy on the other side of the tumbling smoke. Behind the battlelines, a lieutenant has a deserter by the collar and scolds him, forcing him back to the battle lines. The officer even has to load the man's rifle for him. In very naturalist diction, Crane describes Henry, the main character, as after the battle, he assesses the situation in which he stands: The youth thought that at last he was going to suffocate. He became aware of the foul atmosphere in which he had been struggling. He was grimy and dripping like a laborer in a factory. He grasped his canteen and took a long swallow of the warm water. Viewed through the eyes of Crane's youth. war is not noble, not picturesque. Rather, it is stifling, grimy, and foul. A soldier is no more than a sweating laborer. There is a helplessness conveyed in Henry who never knows where he is fighting; he is simply moved by an implacable fate that "neglects" to place him in "picturesque" areas. War is no picturesque, glorious portrait of men of honor. It is a smoky line of youths who do not even know exactly where they are firing their rifles. They are choked by the smoke, the grim, and the sordidness of their acts. Critic Cumberland states that "in the realistic universe, there is no God to make human folly seem sane. Henry Fleming is forced to confront the fact of death and the inevitability of his own death." check Approved by eNotes Editorial	<urn:uuid:ec32d145-6370-4580-a02d-9d86ef82dbdb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/chap-5-crane-talking-about-officers-when-he-says-90159	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00148.warc.gz	en	0.980918	489	3.609375	4	[ -0.47040098905563354, 0.5156530141830444, 0.022996501997113228, -0.015219032764434814, -0.17957882583141327, 0.0778711587190628, 1.167146921157837, 0.026489486917853355, -0.29368579387664795, -0.5365232825279236, 0.13978706300258636, -0.032436124980449677, 0.336289644241333, 0.073377281427...	1	In chap. 5 Crane describes the officers as having "neglected to stand in picturesque attitudes." What does this mean and/or signifiy? "The Red Badge of Courage" by Stephen Crane As a Naturalist, Stephen Crane broke with the Romantic tradition and refused to idealize war. In "The Red Badge of Courage" the officers are not arranged as though they are in a painting, gallant and commanding in "picturesque attitudes." Instead, Crane portrays the disorientation and chaos of the battlefield: They [the officers] were bobbing to and fro offering directions and encouragements. The dimensions of their howls were extraordinary. They expended their lungs with prodigal wills. And often they nearly stood upon their heads in their anxiety to observe the enemy on the other side of the tumbling smoke. Behind the battlelines, a lieutenant has a deserter by the collar and scolds him, forcing him back to the battle lines. The officer even has to load the man's rifle for him. In very naturalist diction, Crane describes Henry, the main character, as after the battle, he assesses the situation in which he stands: The youth thought that at last he was going to suffocate. He became aware of the foul atmosphere in which he had been struggling. He was grimy and dripping like a laborer in a factory. He grasped his canteen and took a long swallow of the warm water. Viewed through the eyes of Crane's youth. war is not noble, not picturesque. Rather, it is stifling, grimy, and foul. A soldier is no more than a sweating laborer. There is a helplessness conveyed in Henry who never knows where he is fighting; he is simply moved by an implacable fate that "neglects" to place him in "picturesque" areas. War is no picturesque, glorious portrait of men of honor. It is a smoky line of youths who do not even know exactly where they are firing their rifles. They are choked by the smoke, the grim, and the sordidness of their acts. Critic Cumberland states that "in the realistic universe, there is no God to make human folly seem sane. Henry Fleming is forced to confront the fact of death and the inevitability of his own death." check Approved by eNotes Editorial	479	ENGLISH	1
This article focuses on tsar Alexander III of Russia in detail. Hope this article proves to be useful to you. Tsar Alexander III attempted to prevent the Russian Empire being convulsed by revolution whilst continuing his murdered father’s apparently successful economic reforms. Stronger economy equals stronger autocracy His short reign was certainly repressive but his son Nicholas II would eventually undo all his alleged successes in maintaining dynastic stability. He hoped that a more modern economy would help the monarchy get stronger. Effective repression covered up imperial weaknesses Alexander III was born in 1845 and became Tsar in 1881 following the assassination of his father Alexander II. Alexander was determined from the outset to control and eventually destroy all opposition to the Romanov monarchy. He also sought to punish his father's murderers, which was the justification for repressing anarchist and left - wing groups. The repression did much to cause widespread dislike of the Tsarist regime. In the short - term Alexander III's repressive measures propped up the imperial government. However over the long - term the suppression of peasant groups, and political protesters increased resentment of the regime. Alexander took political power away from the regions and concentrated it into his own hands in St Petersburg. Yet that made both liberal and radical reformers determined to force change The Russification of the empire He increased resentment in the border areas of the Russian Empire by curtailing the use of non - Russian languages for official uses. Alexander also promoted anti -Semitism throughout his realm, which had dire consequences in the wake of the 1905 Revolution. This meant that Russian rule was unpopular in the Baltic states, Ukraine, and the Russian controlled parts of Poland. That rule would turn out to be weaker than his subjects believed. The seeds of imperial self destruction When Alexander died in 1894 his policies were to backfire on his son, the autocracy falling to pieces during the First World War. Nicholas II was weak and badly advised, totally incapable of ruling over a vast and generally backward empire. Alexander himself had enough will power to keep control over his empire yet his son had less capacity to do so and was faced with greater challenges than expected or that Russia could deal with. Did you know that a religious leader of indigenous people in our country also became a revolutionary leader during the propagation of Christian Religion in our country during the 16th century? . The article speaks about the charm of travelling in flight from Kolkata to Chennai. The distance is huge. The article speaks about the romantic weather and beautiful place Punakha in Bhutan and the important destinations in the area..	<urn:uuid:b704976f-65e8-44fe-8db3-4877d766e1d0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://travelandculture.expertscolumn.com/alexander-iii	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00152.warc.gz	en	0.980917	526	3.359375	3	[ -0.017500214278697968, 0.000042308587580919266, 0.266192764043808, 0.2519347667694092, 0.041705720126628876, -0.14647157490253448, -0.03361734002828598, 0.5920019745826721, -0.17455193400382996, 0.07145652920007706, -0.12932120263576508, 0.028220919892191887, 0.0270282793790102, -0.0103902...	1	This article focuses on tsar Alexander III of Russia in detail. Hope this article proves to be useful to you. Tsar Alexander III attempted to prevent the Russian Empire being convulsed by revolution whilst continuing his murdered father’s apparently successful economic reforms. Stronger economy equals stronger autocracy His short reign was certainly repressive but his son Nicholas II would eventually undo all his alleged successes in maintaining dynastic stability. He hoped that a more modern economy would help the monarchy get stronger. Effective repression covered up imperial weaknesses Alexander III was born in 1845 and became Tsar in 1881 following the assassination of his father Alexander II. Alexander was determined from the outset to control and eventually destroy all opposition to the Romanov monarchy. He also sought to punish his father's murderers, which was the justification for repressing anarchist and left - wing groups. The repression did much to cause widespread dislike of the Tsarist regime. In the short - term Alexander III's repressive measures propped up the imperial government. However over the long - term the suppression of peasant groups, and political protesters increased resentment of the regime. Alexander took political power away from the regions and concentrated it into his own hands in St Petersburg. Yet that made both liberal and radical reformers determined to force change The Russification of the empire He increased resentment in the border areas of the Russian Empire by curtailing the use of non - Russian languages for official uses. Alexander also promoted anti -Semitism throughout his realm, which had dire consequences in the wake of the 1905 Revolution. This meant that Russian rule was unpopular in the Baltic states, Ukraine, and the Russian controlled parts of Poland. That rule would turn out to be weaker than his subjects believed. The seeds of imperial self destruction When Alexander died in 1894 his policies were to backfire on his son, the autocracy falling to pieces during the First World War. Nicholas II was weak and badly advised, totally incapable of ruling over a vast and generally backward empire. Alexander himself had enough will power to keep control over his empire yet his son had less capacity to do so and was faced with greater challenges than expected or that Russia could deal with. Did you know that a religious leader of indigenous people in our country also became a revolutionary leader during the propagation of Christian Religion in our country during the 16th century? . The article speaks about the charm of travelling in flight from Kolkata to Chennai. The distance is huge. The article speaks about the romantic weather and beautiful place Punakha in Bhutan and the important destinations in the area..	533	ENGLISH	1
Pterosaurs are commonly referred to as Pterodactyls. However scientists prefer Pterosaurs, so this name is used in this book. Pterosaurs are not dinosaurs ("fearfully great lizards"), they are a close relative and lived alongside dinosaurs and died out during the same period. Due to their more avian nature (bird like) they are even often simply referred as birds in the context of that era, but our understanding is that their branch (in the tree of evolution of species) does not link to modern birds. On the Ground As well as flying probably very large distances due to the different atmospheric content (dense oxygen-rich atmosphere). Pterosaurs could move on the ground and needed to as to be able to take flight. For a while scientists didn't know if this was using two feet (bipedal), or using four feet (quadrupedal). We now know that they used four, from fossil footprints. However, we don't know if they did this all the time. Some scientists think that small Pterosaurs could walk or even run on two feet, but larger ones used all four like bats do now. The different types of pterosaurs all had different sizes. Ranging from 0.75m wingspan and of the Pterodactylus to 11 meters wingspan and 135 kg weight of the Quetzalcoatlus. Quetzalcoatlus was the largest pterosaur, its wingspan being 45 feet. The pterosaurs are divided into two groups; the Rhamphorhynchoids had no crests and tails, while the Pterodactyloids had crests but no tails. Most large Pterodactyloids had crests on their head, possibly colored brightly, but different types of Pterodactyloids had differently shaped crests. All were narrow, but some stretched out behind their head in a triangle shape (as in the picture on the left), while others were small rounded humps on top of their heads. They didn't have feathered wings, like today's birds do, but some scientists think they might have had fur, like bats! They might have been for warmth, just like bats! What did they eat? Pterodactyls were carnivores and scavengers. In the first few months of their life, they ate insects. As an adult they ate a lot of fish which they would catch from the surface of the water by dipping their long beaks in as they flew over, but they would also eat dinosaurs who were already dead. When did they live? The Pterosaurs lived all through the mesozoic era. The Rhamphorhynchoids lived in the Triassic and early Jurassic periods; and the Pterodactyloids in late Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Where did they live? It is believed that most of the species of Pterosaurs lived close to the sea shores, as to have easy access to fish and ample space to fly and glide with the benefit from different temperatures in air columns (hot to climb and cold to drop). Like some modern birds they seem to form large groups and behaviour should have been as varied as with today's bird species. Some Pterosaurs fossils have even been found in caves. When and how they were discovered? Different types of pterosaurs were discovered at different times. The earliest to be found was the Pterodactylus in 1784 in France by the Italian scientist Cosimo Collini. He didn't think they could fly but thought they could swim. This seems silly now that we know they have wings. Another species was discovered in 1876 by Othneil C. Marsh, and one of the most recently discovered the gigantic Quetzalcoatlus found by Douglas A. Lawson. New discoveries are still being made; in the 1990s there were several discoveries made to suggest that even a larger pterosaur could have existed than previously known (Arambourgiania philadelphiae). How were they wiped out? The last of the larger Pterodactylids seems to have been killed in the K-T extinction, along with the dinosaurs. However, the Rhamphorynchids seem to have been extinguished earlier, probably because they could not compete with birds (which evolved around that time). What do we need to learn? - What colour were they? - What were the crests on their heads used for? - Were they really scavengers? - Were they all covered in fur?	<urn:uuid:d518893a-453c-4dc2-a998-07d1df3e2cac>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:Dinosaurs/Pterosaurs	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00429.warc.gz	en	0.986773	950	4	4	[ 0.2621539235115051, 0.07809430360794067, -0.005910475738346577, 0.155898317694664, -0.6166726350784302, -0.1375579684972763, 0.09060594439506531, 0.4139413833618164, -0.1821945309638977, 0.058478228747844696, -0.02897004224359989, -0.48889586329460144, 0.01079063955694437, -0.0508029274642...	4	Pterosaurs are commonly referred to as Pterodactyls. However scientists prefer Pterosaurs, so this name is used in this book. Pterosaurs are not dinosaurs ("fearfully great lizards"), they are a close relative and lived alongside dinosaurs and died out during the same period. Due to their more avian nature (bird like) they are even often simply referred as birds in the context of that era, but our understanding is that their branch (in the tree of evolution of species) does not link to modern birds. On the Ground As well as flying probably very large distances due to the different atmospheric content (dense oxygen-rich atmosphere). Pterosaurs could move on the ground and needed to as to be able to take flight. For a while scientists didn't know if this was using two feet (bipedal), or using four feet (quadrupedal). We now know that they used four, from fossil footprints. However, we don't know if they did this all the time. Some scientists think that small Pterosaurs could walk or even run on two feet, but larger ones used all four like bats do now. The different types of pterosaurs all had different sizes. Ranging from 0.75m wingspan and of the Pterodactylus to 11 meters wingspan and 135 kg weight of the Quetzalcoatlus. Quetzalcoatlus was the largest pterosaur, its wingspan being 45 feet. The pterosaurs are divided into two groups; the Rhamphorhynchoids had no crests and tails, while the Pterodactyloids had crests but no tails. Most large Pterodactyloids had crests on their head, possibly colored brightly, but different types of Pterodactyloids had differently shaped crests. All were narrow, but some stretched out behind their head in a triangle shape (as in the picture on the left), while others were small rounded humps on top of their heads. They didn't have feathered wings, like today's birds do, but some scientists think they might have had fur, like bats! They might have been for warmth, just like bats! What did they eat? Pterodactyls were carnivores and scavengers. In the first few months of their life, they ate insects. As an adult they ate a lot of fish which they would catch from the surface of the water by dipping their long beaks in as they flew over, but they would also eat dinosaurs who were already dead. When did they live? The Pterosaurs lived all through the mesozoic era. The Rhamphorhynchoids lived in the Triassic and early Jurassic periods; and the Pterodactyloids in late Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Where did they live? It is believed that most of the species of Pterosaurs lived close to the sea shores, as to have easy access to fish and ample space to fly and glide with the benefit from different temperatures in air columns (hot to climb and cold to drop). Like some modern birds they seem to form large groups and behaviour should have been as varied as with today's bird species. Some Pterosaurs fossils have even been found in caves. When and how they were discovered? Different types of pterosaurs were discovered at different times. The earliest to be found was the Pterodactylus in 1784 in France by the Italian scientist Cosimo Collini. He didn't think they could fly but thought they could swim. This seems silly now that we know they have wings. Another species was discovered in 1876 by Othneil C. Marsh, and one of the most recently discovered the gigantic Quetzalcoatlus found by Douglas A. Lawson. New discoveries are still being made; in the 1990s there were several discoveries made to suggest that even a larger pterosaur could have existed than previously known (Arambourgiania philadelphiae). How were they wiped out? The last of the larger Pterodactylids seems to have been killed in the K-T extinction, along with the dinosaurs. However, the Rhamphorynchids seem to have been extinguished earlier, probably because they could not compete with birds (which evolved around that time). What do we need to learn? - What colour were they? - What were the crests on their heads used for? - Were they really scavengers? - Were they all covered in fur?	952	ENGLISH	1
When Korea was liberated from colonial rule with the Japanese defeat in the Pacific War in 1945, Koreans in Japan immediately started to set up “National Language Institutes” to learn their own language, or “uri mal” (“our language” in Korean), which had long been prohibited under strict Japanization policy. Despite poverty and hardships, Koreans pooled their knowledge and limited resources to provide education for their children. By 1946, a year following the liberation, the number of such language schools exceeded over 500. These schools are the forerunner of Korean ethnic education in Japan. Since Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910, the number of Koreans in Japan gradually increased as a result of colonial policy. In the meantime, Japanese colonial government began to impose restrictions on autonomous education by Koreans. Particularly after the late 1930s when Japan entered the war against China and the U.S., through forced assimilation policy, Koreans were deprived of language, culture, and even their names. As traditional basis of livelihood were destroyed by the harsh exploitation under the colonial rule, influx of Korean migrants to Japan grew rapidly. Korean people’s attempt to run ethnic education in Japan was also suppressed by the authorities. By August of 1945, there were estimated 2 million Koreans residing in Japan. As they prepared to return to the liberated homeland, one of the most urgent tasks was teaching Korean language to Japan-born children who had little or no command of their mother tongue. This was the driving force behind the making of “National Language Institutes” throughout Japan. However, soon after the liberation was achieved, the Korean Peninsula was divided along the 38th parallel, with the US occupying the southern half and the Soviet Union taking charge of the North. The sizzling political tension between the two great powers eventually led to the Korean War in 1950. In addition to the chaos in homeland created by the conflict and Cholera epidemic, with restrictions enforced by the Allied Forces (repatriating Koreans could take 1000 yen of cash and 250 pounds of goods) (repatriating Koreans could take 1000 yen of cash and 250 pounds of goods), a significant number of Koreans decided to remain in Japan for the time being –which ended up being permanent. Having started with elementary schools, Korean education grew to include junior high schools, senior high schools, and even a university. When Koreans first launched ethnic education in Japan, the homeland governments were unable to provide any means of support, due to the heightening political tension and conflict between the two. Even to this day, the Japanese government has not fulfilled its responsibility for the former colonial subjects as they strive to recover their Korean ethnicity, in which Japan had deprived from. In summary, Koreans in Japan had to mobilize their own resources to start and sustain Korean education as a way to restore their ethnic identity, which had been denied during the colonial period. In order to teach children their language, culture, and history, they worked tirelessly under the slogan of, “Those physical strength contribute with labor, those with knowledge pool their knowledge and those with money donate money.”	<urn:uuid:84f0e7c5-ad9d-4897-b4f6-f3df82e8d3d4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://urihakkyo.org/?page_id=120	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00413.warc.gz	en	0.981879	628	4.03125	4	[ -0.3115186393260956, 0.49188032746315, 0.5252373218536377, -0.4042556881904602, 0.016563545912504196, 0.25741657614707947, -0.24352572858333588, 0.2836496829986572, -0.20714055001735687, -0.027204161509871483, 0.22099849581718445, 0.1645958423614502, 0.44051262736320496, 0.8036245703697205...	8	When Korea was liberated from colonial rule with the Japanese defeat in the Pacific War in 1945, Koreans in Japan immediately started to set up “National Language Institutes” to learn their own language, or “uri mal” (“our language” in Korean), which had long been prohibited under strict Japanization policy. Despite poverty and hardships, Koreans pooled their knowledge and limited resources to provide education for their children. By 1946, a year following the liberation, the number of such language schools exceeded over 500. These schools are the forerunner of Korean ethnic education in Japan. Since Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910, the number of Koreans in Japan gradually increased as a result of colonial policy. In the meantime, Japanese colonial government began to impose restrictions on autonomous education by Koreans. Particularly after the late 1930s when Japan entered the war against China and the U.S., through forced assimilation policy, Koreans were deprived of language, culture, and even their names. As traditional basis of livelihood were destroyed by the harsh exploitation under the colonial rule, influx of Korean migrants to Japan grew rapidly. Korean people’s attempt to run ethnic education in Japan was also suppressed by the authorities. By August of 1945, there were estimated 2 million Koreans residing in Japan. As they prepared to return to the liberated homeland, one of the most urgent tasks was teaching Korean language to Japan-born children who had little or no command of their mother tongue. This was the driving force behind the making of “National Language Institutes” throughout Japan. However, soon after the liberation was achieved, the Korean Peninsula was divided along the 38th parallel, with the US occupying the southern half and the Soviet Union taking charge of the North. The sizzling political tension between the two great powers eventually led to the Korean War in 1950. In addition to the chaos in homeland created by the conflict and Cholera epidemic, with restrictions enforced by the Allied Forces (repatriating Koreans could take 1000 yen of cash and 250 pounds of goods) (repatriating Koreans could take 1000 yen of cash and 250 pounds of goods), a significant number of Koreans decided to remain in Japan for the time being –which ended up being permanent. Having started with elementary schools, Korean education grew to include junior high schools, senior high schools, and even a university. When Koreans first launched ethnic education in Japan, the homeland governments were unable to provide any means of support, due to the heightening political tension and conflict between the two. Even to this day, the Japanese government has not fulfilled its responsibility for the former colonial subjects as they strive to recover their Korean ethnicity, in which Japan had deprived from. In summary, Koreans in Japan had to mobilize their own resources to start and sustain Korean education as a way to restore their ethnic identity, which had been denied during the colonial period. In order to teach children their language, culture, and history, they worked tirelessly under the slogan of, “Those physical strength contribute with labor, those with knowledge pool their knowledge and those with money donate money.”	651	ENGLISH	1
Like other cultures Vikings also performed some rituals of funerals and burials trying their hardest to send their friends, family or fallen comrades to a successful afterlife. Vikings were Norse seafarers, mainly speaking the Old Norse language, who raided and traded from their Northern European homelands across wide areas of northern, central, eastern and western Europe, during the late 8th to late 11th centuries. They had strong beliefs regarding death and afterlife. Out of nine realms, two realms in Norse mythology that were commonly associated with the religious practises of funerals and burials were Valhalla and Helheim. Valhalla was a place for fallen warriors and in opposite contrast, Helheim was for Viking people who had died from what was considered a dishonourable death. To die in bed of sloth, or to die of old age was not considered brave in old Norse times. There are typically two common ways to bury the dead, and the Vikings did practise both at some point. The first method, cremation is to burn the body at temperatures so hot that flesh and bone would turn to ash, the ash could then be scattered, buried or sailed out to sea. The second, inhumation was to bury the body in its current state under the ground, and then either place earth, dirt or stones on top of the body. It was normal in Norse times to cremate the deceased body before a land or sea burial, a practise that had significant reach to their afterlife. By cremating their dead the Vikings believed the smoke would carry them to their rightful destination in the afterlife. Successful cremation in Viking times required a very hot fire, hot enough to burn flesh and bone to ash, and to achieve this a pyre was required. The Vikings created and used pyres to cremate their dead. Without the intense heat caused by a pyre, a normal fire would likely not burn the body completely. This could leave parts of the body remaining and is of course not desirable. Therefore the Viking uses pyre to ensure their dead were successfully cremated. A pyre is easily described as a large volume of wood, or a construction of wood that the body is laid upon. The construction of such pyres could take hours to build, necessary to ensure the heat was located in such a way that the body would burn effectively. When it comes to the burial, the Vikings would bury the ashes of their dead in graves or even under piles of rocks. Goods and belongings would be buried with the deceased, suitable to match their life. Viking graveyards were even common, with certain settlements and groups keeping all their dead in one location. There are even large stone ships structures in Scandinavia to allow the dead to sail even without a sea burial. Another kind of burial was for the Vikings to sail their dead out to sea. The lore of this practise often involves the burning of the ship before the dead are cast out. However in practise it's believed that this was not always the case, with many believing the body to be cremated before the ship was sailed. Either way it was common for the dead’s goods to travel with them out into the water. In Norse mythology it is believed and alluded too, in many texts that the afterlife you reached would depend on how you lived your life. The Vikings believed that the brave warriors who fell in battle would reap the most reward in the afterlife. This belief in many ways freed the Vikings to walk into battle with no fear and this would be the goal for many Viking in death. If you weren’t a warrior then of course you still had an opportunity for an afterlife as well. Valhalla was the hall situated in Asgard the realm of the gods, and Odin’s home. It’s often reported that Valhalla was a place for only warriors to go to, if you fell in battle as a brave warrior then entry to Valhalla would be granted to you. Helheim was possibly the worst outcome for a Norse person in the afterlife. Helheim was cold and dark, ruled by the Goddess Hel, it was reserved for those Norse folk who died in a dishonourable way. This could be from laziness, old age, for example to die in your bed. In Viking times, dying in a brave way was definitely the most honourable. Funeral celebrations occurred in old Norse society, but the Vikings would wait for seven days before celebration. This day would be marked with the drinking of ale, which signified the passing of any property from the deceased. After this celebration the heir would truly claim their inheritance. Death is a part of life, nobody can defy death. Atheists believe that it’s the end while some optimistic cultures believe that It is not the destination or the end, that your deeds lead you to either Valhalla or Helheim(Heaven or Hell) for the afterlife. Disneyland is a synonym for fun but have you ever seen the dark side of this fun moon. The rides that provide us endless fun and... Enuma Elish is the Babylonian creation myth, which is known to be the oldest among all existing theories about the creation of ...	<urn:uuid:76106223-7f9e-43a2-9535-090395f97557>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://stillunfold.com/history/everything-you-need-to-know-about-viking-funerals-and-the-afterlife	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00292.warc.gz	en	0.981082	1,058	3.828125	4	[ -0.06242925673723221, 0.5831365585327148, 0.14175070822238922, -0.10566291213035583, 0.10940131545066833, 0.1078839898109436, 0.03972719609737396, 0.17260241508483887, -0.1063157320022583, -0.06862707436084747, 0.17092859745025635, -0.29783907532691956, -0.19047634303569794, 0.283575862646...	1	Like other cultures Vikings also performed some rituals of funerals and burials trying their hardest to send their friends, family or fallen comrades to a successful afterlife. Vikings were Norse seafarers, mainly speaking the Old Norse language, who raided and traded from their Northern European homelands across wide areas of northern, central, eastern and western Europe, during the late 8th to late 11th centuries. They had strong beliefs regarding death and afterlife. Out of nine realms, two realms in Norse mythology that were commonly associated with the religious practises of funerals and burials were Valhalla and Helheim. Valhalla was a place for fallen warriors and in opposite contrast, Helheim was for Viking people who had died from what was considered a dishonourable death. To die in bed of sloth, or to die of old age was not considered brave in old Norse times. There are typically two common ways to bury the dead, and the Vikings did practise both at some point. The first method, cremation is to burn the body at temperatures so hot that flesh and bone would turn to ash, the ash could then be scattered, buried or sailed out to sea. The second, inhumation was to bury the body in its current state under the ground, and then either place earth, dirt or stones on top of the body. It was normal in Norse times to cremate the deceased body before a land or sea burial, a practise that had significant reach to their afterlife. By cremating their dead the Vikings believed the smoke would carry them to their rightful destination in the afterlife. Successful cremation in Viking times required a very hot fire, hot enough to burn flesh and bone to ash, and to achieve this a pyre was required. The Vikings created and used pyres to cremate their dead. Without the intense heat caused by a pyre, a normal fire would likely not burn the body completely. This could leave parts of the body remaining and is of course not desirable. Therefore the Viking uses pyre to ensure their dead were successfully cremated. A pyre is easily described as a large volume of wood, or a construction of wood that the body is laid upon. The construction of such pyres could take hours to build, necessary to ensure the heat was located in such a way that the body would burn effectively. When it comes to the burial, the Vikings would bury the ashes of their dead in graves or even under piles of rocks. Goods and belongings would be buried with the deceased, suitable to match their life. Viking graveyards were even common, with certain settlements and groups keeping all their dead in one location. There are even large stone ships structures in Scandinavia to allow the dead to sail even without a sea burial. Another kind of burial was for the Vikings to sail their dead out to sea. The lore of this practise often involves the burning of the ship before the dead are cast out. However in practise it's believed that this was not always the case, with many believing the body to be cremated before the ship was sailed. Either way it was common for the dead’s goods to travel with them out into the water. In Norse mythology it is believed and alluded too, in many texts that the afterlife you reached would depend on how you lived your life. The Vikings believed that the brave warriors who fell in battle would reap the most reward in the afterlife. This belief in many ways freed the Vikings to walk into battle with no fear and this would be the goal for many Viking in death. If you weren’t a warrior then of course you still had an opportunity for an afterlife as well. Valhalla was the hall situated in Asgard the realm of the gods, and Odin’s home. It’s often reported that Valhalla was a place for only warriors to go to, if you fell in battle as a brave warrior then entry to Valhalla would be granted to you. Helheim was possibly the worst outcome for a Norse person in the afterlife. Helheim was cold and dark, ruled by the Goddess Hel, it was reserved for those Norse folk who died in a dishonourable way. This could be from laziness, old age, for example to die in your bed. In Viking times, dying in a brave way was definitely the most honourable. Funeral celebrations occurred in old Norse society, but the Vikings would wait for seven days before celebration. This day would be marked with the drinking of ale, which signified the passing of any property from the deceased. After this celebration the heir would truly claim their inheritance. Death is a part of life, nobody can defy death. Atheists believe that it’s the end while some optimistic cultures believe that It is not the destination or the end, that your deeds lead you to either Valhalla or Helheim(Heaven or Hell) for the afterlife. Disneyland is a synonym for fun but have you ever seen the dark side of this fun moon. The rides that provide us endless fun and... Enuma Elish is the Babylonian creation myth, which is known to be the oldest among all existing theories about the creation of ...	1,057	ENGLISH	1
In January 1919 some of the Allied nations suggested that there should be a single medal created for all allied and associated countries, so that there would be no need for the exchange of commemorative medals between the victorious nations. In March 1919 a conference of Allied and Associated Powers met to discuss medals and the first question they looked at was the idea for an “Inter-Allied Medal”. After much debate, the result was the Victory Medal (so called because they wanted a name that the Germans and their allies could not use). The new medal was to have the same ribbon, regardless of country and an image representing victory on the obverse. Before the official ribbon was approved a number of commercial companies created their own versions of what they thought the Victory Medal ribbon could look like. These unofficial ribbons often combined the flags, or colours from the flags of many of the victorious nations. Small lengths of the unofficial ribbon were sold for mounting on medal ribbon bars so they could be worn while the men waited for their medals to be issued – most Australians received their Victory Medals between 1921 and 1923, but pieces of the official ribbon were available after its approval and so most medal ribbon bars will have a piece of the official silk ribbon rather than this unofficial ribbon. As to the official ribbon, many proposals were put forward and the American representative even brought a large number of examples of ribbons to the conference. The British representative pointed out the conference was too large to make a decision on the ribbon and proposed the selection be left to the French representative, which was eventually agreed to. The French representative said the only way a coloured ribbon could be produced that could please everyone was to use the rainbow as it had all colours. The British objected as the 1914-15 Star (with a watered silk red, white and blue ribbon) was already “rainbow like”. The French representative understood the concern so suggested a double rainbow which was agreed to by all representatives.	<urn:uuid:1b9f539d-e84e-4aff-b72c-ca750a12f088>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.extremerelichunters.com/ww1-victory-medals	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00314.warc.gz	en	0.986161	395	3.5625	4	[ -0.6010156273841858, 0.5960093140602112, -0.23213309049606323, -0.22780020534992218, -0.08961242437362671, 0.150117889046669, 0.030853701755404472, 0.2709912657737732, -0.003742270404472947, -0.037376053631305695, 0.33998769521713257, -0.5577661991119385, 0.27505192160606384, 0.39403960108...	7	In January 1919 some of the Allied nations suggested that there should be a single medal created for all allied and associated countries, so that there would be no need for the exchange of commemorative medals between the victorious nations. In March 1919 a conference of Allied and Associated Powers met to discuss medals and the first question they looked at was the idea for an “Inter-Allied Medal”. After much debate, the result was the Victory Medal (so called because they wanted a name that the Germans and their allies could not use). The new medal was to have the same ribbon, regardless of country and an image representing victory on the obverse. Before the official ribbon was approved a number of commercial companies created their own versions of what they thought the Victory Medal ribbon could look like. These unofficial ribbons often combined the flags, or colours from the flags of many of the victorious nations. Small lengths of the unofficial ribbon were sold for mounting on medal ribbon bars so they could be worn while the men waited for their medals to be issued – most Australians received their Victory Medals between 1921 and 1923, but pieces of the official ribbon were available after its approval and so most medal ribbon bars will have a piece of the official silk ribbon rather than this unofficial ribbon. As to the official ribbon, many proposals were put forward and the American representative even brought a large number of examples of ribbons to the conference. The British representative pointed out the conference was too large to make a decision on the ribbon and proposed the selection be left to the French representative, which was eventually agreed to. The French representative said the only way a coloured ribbon could be produced that could please everyone was to use the rainbow as it had all colours. The British objected as the 1914-15 Star (with a watered silk red, white and blue ribbon) was already “rainbow like”. The French representative understood the concern so suggested a double rainbow which was agreed to by all representatives.	409	ENGLISH	1
What can we learn from the Ancient Biblical Wedding? Marriage in ancient biblical times was very different to nowadays and there is a lot we can learn. Nowadays it is all about the bride and groom, whereas in ancient times it was all about negotiations. From Old Testament times up until the Middle Ages, as a rule, fathers arranged matches between families. In an ancient Jewish wedding, a dowry – or bride price – would have been paid to the father of the bride-to-be following negotiations. If the father of the bride had died, close family members such as a brother and/or mother would step-in. This dowry was called the ‘mohar.’ This was not necessarily a cash deal either. Sometimes it was paid in kind, or in service. Genesis also describes the story of Abraham’s servant who sought a union between Isaac (Abraham’s son) and Rebekah. It tells us in Genesis 24:53, “Then the servant brought out gold and silver jewelry and articles of clothing and gave them to Rebekah; he also gave costly gifts to her brother and to her mother.” The gold and silver jewelry and clothing were Rebekah’s ‘mattan’ – her gifts from the groom. The additional gifts to her brother and mother, were called the ‘mohar.’ Chiefly because Abraham was an extremely wealthy man at the stage. The entire process is portrayed perfectly in this chapter. In these ancient of days, marriage was not really about two individuals but about the agreement between two families. As well as the mattan from the groom, and the portion of the mohar from her father; the daughter could expect a field or other property as well as female slaves. This additional property could only occur if the father was wealthy. Let’s now skip to the New Testament. Over the years Mary and Joseph have been portrayed as somehow ‘not married,’ when Mary conceived of the Holy Spirit. It has been interpreted that they were only engaged – as in a modern time concept. However, right up until the Middle Ages, marriage consisted of two ceremonies within the Jewish communities. That meant two celebrations with an interval in-between. The betrothal/engagement or ‘erusin’ meant that the woman was in fact legally married. In ancient times she remained in her father’s house for a about a year. She could not belong or have relations with another man unless she was divorced from her betrothed. In Matthew 1:19 we read, “Because Joseph her husband was faithful to the law, and yet did not want to expose her to public disgrace, he had in mind to divorce her quietly.” Therefore, we know that the first ceremony, the betrothal, between Joseph and Mary had taken place, From that moment, their relationship could only be broken by a divorce. It is important to note that although the wedding ceremony had not yet taken place, Joseph is referred to as her husband. The second ceremony called the ‘nissuin’ was a colorful procession that would lead the woman from her father’s house to the house of the groom. A marriage ceremony would take place and as would the consummation of the marriage. In these ancient times, the betrothal was considered more important than the wedding. This was because the marriage was based upon the purchase of the woman. Again, looking at the scenario of Joseph and Mary we can read in Matthew 1 verse 24, “When Joseph woke up, he did what the angel of the Lord had commanded him and took Mary home as his wife. But he did not consummate their marriage until she gave birth to a son. And he gave him the name Jesus.” Also, it is important to note that prior to ‘taking Mary home’ or the wedding taking place, Joseph is referred to as her husband. What did we learn? When you study the scriptures, do you tend to read them at face value? Set against modern traditions? Would it not be more interesting to read the scriptures with the Hebraic roots in mind? If we look at the Word, for instance, regarding marriage and weddings with what it meant to the Jewish people in those days, it sheds a whole new light on God’s Word. Weddings and wedding banquets occur a lot in the scriptures. Jesus said this, “The kingdom of heaven is like a king who prepared a wedding banquet for his son.” Matthew 22:2. Therefore, let us delve deeper into the meaning of the Word of God. Look up the scriptures? Embrace the Hebraic roots and what it meant to His people and ask yourself, what is God really trying to show me here, through His Word? And remember in Revelation 19:7 it is written, “Let us rejoice and be glad and give Him glory! For the wedding of the Lamb has come, and His bride has made herself ready.” Are you ready? Sources:Weddings and Marriage: Tradition in Ancient Israel – Bible Odyssey, Ancient Jewish Marriage – My Jewish Learning	<urn:uuid:fb869a6c-b696-4d78-b0c0-980cf2a488a0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://godtv.com/ancient-biblical-wedding-what-can-we-learn/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250616186.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124070934-20200124095934-00129.warc.gz	en	0.982649	1,087	3.546875	4	[ -0.2844490706920624, 0.7998124957084656, -0.26149386167526245, -0.24511608481407166, -0.11147452145814896, -0.15702015161514282, 0.07244662195444107, -0.09244619309902191, -0.027177732437849045, 0.056372351944446564, -0.046456947922706604, -0.07294943928718567, 0.07085742056369781, 0.06078...	5	What can we learn from the Ancient Biblical Wedding? Marriage in ancient biblical times was very different to nowadays and there is a lot we can learn. Nowadays it is all about the bride and groom, whereas in ancient times it was all about negotiations. From Old Testament times up until the Middle Ages, as a rule, fathers arranged matches between families. In an ancient Jewish wedding, a dowry – or bride price – would have been paid to the father of the bride-to-be following negotiations. If the father of the bride had died, close family members such as a brother and/or mother would step-in. This dowry was called the ‘mohar.’ This was not necessarily a cash deal either. Sometimes it was paid in kind, or in service. Genesis also describes the story of Abraham’s servant who sought a union between Isaac (Abraham’s son) and Rebekah. It tells us in Genesis 24:53, “Then the servant brought out gold and silver jewelry and articles of clothing and gave them to Rebekah; he also gave costly gifts to her brother and to her mother.” The gold and silver jewelry and clothing were Rebekah’s ‘mattan’ – her gifts from the groom. The additional gifts to her brother and mother, were called the ‘mohar.’ Chiefly because Abraham was an extremely wealthy man at the stage. The entire process is portrayed perfectly in this chapter. In these ancient of days, marriage was not really about two individuals but about the agreement between two families. As well as the mattan from the groom, and the portion of the mohar from her father; the daughter could expect a field or other property as well as female slaves. This additional property could only occur if the father was wealthy. Let’s now skip to the New Testament. Over the years Mary and Joseph have been portrayed as somehow ‘not married,’ when Mary conceived of the Holy Spirit. It has been interpreted that they were only engaged – as in a modern time concept. However, right up until the Middle Ages, marriage consisted of two ceremonies within the Jewish communities. That meant two celebrations with an interval in-between. The betrothal/engagement or ‘erusin’ meant that the woman was in fact legally married. In ancient times she remained in her father’s house for a about a year. She could not belong or have relations with another man unless she was divorced from her betrothed. In Matthew 1:19 we read, “Because Joseph her husband was faithful to the law, and yet did not want to expose her to public disgrace, he had in mind to divorce her quietly.” Therefore, we know that the first ceremony, the betrothal, between Joseph and Mary had taken place, From that moment, their relationship could only be broken by a divorce. It is important to note that although the wedding ceremony had not yet taken place, Joseph is referred to as her husband. The second ceremony called the ‘nissuin’ was a colorful procession that would lead the woman from her father’s house to the house of the groom. A marriage ceremony would take place and as would the consummation of the marriage. In these ancient times, the betrothal was considered more important than the wedding. This was because the marriage was based upon the purchase of the woman. Again, looking at the scenario of Joseph and Mary we can read in Matthew 1 verse 24, “When Joseph woke up, he did what the angel of the Lord had commanded him and took Mary home as his wife. But he did not consummate their marriage until she gave birth to a son. And he gave him the name Jesus.” Also, it is important to note that prior to ‘taking Mary home’ or the wedding taking place, Joseph is referred to as her husband. What did we learn? When you study the scriptures, do you tend to read them at face value? Set against modern traditions? Would it not be more interesting to read the scriptures with the Hebraic roots in mind? If we look at the Word, for instance, regarding marriage and weddings with what it meant to the Jewish people in those days, it sheds a whole new light on God’s Word. Weddings and wedding banquets occur a lot in the scriptures. Jesus said this, “The kingdom of heaven is like a king who prepared a wedding banquet for his son.” Matthew 22:2. Therefore, let us delve deeper into the meaning of the Word of God. Look up the scriptures? Embrace the Hebraic roots and what it meant to His people and ask yourself, what is God really trying to show me here, through His Word? And remember in Revelation 19:7 it is written, “Let us rejoice and be glad and give Him glory! For the wedding of the Lamb has come, and His bride has made herself ready.” Are you ready? Sources:Weddings and Marriage: Tradition in Ancient Israel – Bible Odyssey, Ancient Jewish Marriage – My Jewish Learning	1,018	ENGLISH	1
Florence Bascom was the first woman in the United States to receive a PhD from John Hopkins University, and only the second woman to receive a degree in geology. Her work has inspired many other female geologists. In a time when few women pursued higher education, Bascom’s family actively supported her decisions and encouraged her to follow her hopes to have a career in science. Bascom’s work focused on the identification of acidic volcanoes and the cycles of erosion as a geological surveyor. She argued that the acidity of volcanoes can change over time, and created prefixes to help identify the acidic changes of the rocks. Bascom also worked as a geological surveyor and authored many reports of geologic folios. One of her findings led to a new definition of how to define a cycle of erosion, as she found evidence that there had been nine previous cycles in Pennsylvania. Before this, scientists believed only three cycles had occurred. During Bascom’s time as a professor, she founded the Department of Geology at Bryn Mawr, and many of her students went on to become Fellows of the Geological Society of America. Throughout her education, Bascom faced many challenges like not being allowed to enroll in the same classrooms as men. During her schooling at John Hopkins University, she even had to sit behind a screen so she wouldn’t disrupt the men in the class. Bascam was able to overcome these challenges and would go on to have many remarkable achievements in geology. In 1901, she was the first female geologist to present a paper to the Geological Survey of Washington. She was the first woman elected to the Council of the Geological Society of America, as well as the first female officer and vice-president of the Geological Society of America. To this day, she serves as an inspiration for women to persist in STEM. Featured Image: Public Domain	<urn:uuid:e5b7418e-ce68-492a-a57c-97636a978606>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.siuestemcenter.org/2020/01/13/florence-boscom/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00448.warc.gz	en	0.983991	388	3.53125	4	[ -0.4953531324863434, 0.3561273515224457, 0.2127278447151184, 0.0673232302069664, -0.4820232391357422, 0.3066498935222626, 0.20550154149532318, 0.15244489908218384, -0.35525694489479065, 0.10489259660243988, -0.2724177837371826, -0.590219259262085, 0.1354721337556839, 0.22949160635471344, ...	16	Florence Bascom was the first woman in the United States to receive a PhD from John Hopkins University, and only the second woman to receive a degree in geology. Her work has inspired many other female geologists. In a time when few women pursued higher education, Bascom’s family actively supported her decisions and encouraged her to follow her hopes to have a career in science. Bascom’s work focused on the identification of acidic volcanoes and the cycles of erosion as a geological surveyor. She argued that the acidity of volcanoes can change over time, and created prefixes to help identify the acidic changes of the rocks. Bascom also worked as a geological surveyor and authored many reports of geologic folios. One of her findings led to a new definition of how to define a cycle of erosion, as she found evidence that there had been nine previous cycles in Pennsylvania. Before this, scientists believed only three cycles had occurred. During Bascom’s time as a professor, she founded the Department of Geology at Bryn Mawr, and many of her students went on to become Fellows of the Geological Society of America. Throughout her education, Bascom faced many challenges like not being allowed to enroll in the same classrooms as men. During her schooling at John Hopkins University, she even had to sit behind a screen so she wouldn’t disrupt the men in the class. Bascam was able to overcome these challenges and would go on to have many remarkable achievements in geology. In 1901, she was the first female geologist to present a paper to the Geological Survey of Washington. She was the first woman elected to the Council of the Geological Society of America, as well as the first female officer and vice-president of the Geological Society of America. To this day, she serves as an inspiration for women to persist in STEM. Featured Image: Public Domain	378	ENGLISH	1
The army was to be central to the success of Frederick William in Brandenburg-Prussia. In FrederickWilliam’s mind, the army was Brandenburg-Prussia and Brandenburg-Prussia was the army. The army was to give him complete control over his lands – at the expense of everybody. \|“Alliances to be sure are good: but a force of one’s own on which one can rely, better. A ruler is treated with no consideration if he does not have troops and means of his own. It is these, thank God, which have made me considerable since the time that I began to have them.” (Frederick William to his son)\| Frederick William inherited a state where the previous ruler had been held in very low regard by the real power base in Brandenburg-Prussia – the Junkers. If Frederick William was to establish himself, he needed to impose his authority and control over the Junkers. Frederick William wanted to put the army at the centre of his state. In 1640, Brandenburg-Prussia relied on mercenaries who were disloyal to the crown. By 1648, Frederick William had rid Brandenburg-Prussia of these mercenaries and had, with the use of money granted by the Junkers, created an army of 8,000 men. However, his lands were geographically very extensive and a force of this size could not control all his lands with the authority, which Frederick William wanted. In 1653, Frederick William and the Junkers agreed to the Recess. This was a deal whereby the Junkers agreed to grant Frederick William 530,000 thalers in return for them having the right to rule their estates as they wished, free from any interference from Frederick William. To the Junkers, this seemed a good deal. In years to come they realised that the money they had given to Frederick William would be used against them. Frederick William used this money to further develop his fledgling army. Frederick William put an emphasis on quality in his army right from the start. Promotion was by merit alone and discipline – frequently lacking in the mercenary armies that had been based in Brandenburg-Prussia – was stern but fair. Soldiers in the army knew that they had a regular income. Now a young man could have a career in the army, whereas before, many saw the army as a last and desperate resort. Those in the army were loyal to Frederick William. Once the army had reached a certain standard, Frederick William turned on those who had funded his army’s expansion – the Junkers. Frederick William turned on the weakest Junkers first. He absorbed their wealth that was then invested in his army. He then moved on to the next Junker family. The process remained the same – subdue a Junker family into acquiescence and use its money to fund an expansion of his army. By the time he planned to move onto the more powerful Junker families, his army was considered so strong, that any confrontation was not needed. Ironically, the Junkers had sealed their fate by agreeing to the Recess believing that it gave them the powers they had always considered their own – except that these powers clashed with Frederick William’s belief that he and he alone ruled Brandenburg-Prussia. However, discontented Junker families were not healthy for Brandenburg-Prussia. Frederick William did not want to alienate those he preferred to see as allies. He gave them positions in his government which were well rewarded and the young men in the Junker families saw a career in the army as a suitably rewarding one. By doing this, Frederick William tied the Junkers to the state and ‘made’ them loyal to his government. By 1660, the Junkers were dependent on Frederick William and not the other way round. Frederick William saw himself and the state as being one – and the protector of his state was the army. The army was at the very centre of Brandenburg-Prussia. By 1688, it numbered 30,000 highly trained men. 50% of Frederick William’s income went on the army. In 1655, the Generalkriegkommissariat was set up and it became Brandenburg-Prussia’s civil service. Its main purpose was to collect taxes, which were invested in the army. In this way, the state and the army became one. The army was to become Frederick William’s instrument of gaining respect for Brandenburg-Prussia throughout Europe. It also enabled him to maintain a constant grip over the Junkers. Frederick William’s investment in the army paid off as he became a sought after ally in Europe. The fear of his army was such that he maintained a solid control of his dispersed lands. Any dissent in his state was crushed – as Konigsberg was to find in 1674. Konigsberg had a history of dissent. In 1661, the city had rebelled against Frederick William, complaining about his domination and tax demands. In this year, the rebellion had been lead by two noblemen – Roth and Kalkstein. In 1663, 2000 troops were sent to the city to enforce the Great Elector’s will. The city paid the taxes demanded from it. In 1674, Konigsberg again rebelled against Frederick William’s authority and this time faced a more severe punishment. Troops were billeted in the city. This meant that families had to put up soldiers as Frederick William did not see why he had to pay for their upkeep in a rebellious city. Billeting was a cruel punishment as soldiers, though loyal to Frederick William, could not be trusted to behave properly in a city that had rebelled against Frederick William. The state’s authorities also felt that the rebellious people of Konigsberg probably deserved the treatment they got from the soldiers. With the exception of mass executions, billeting was probably the worst punishment a city could expect. However, once Frederick William had made his point perfectly clear, the nobility of Konigsberg were brought into positions in his court so that they could have no festering resentment. In 1666, troops were stationed in Cleves and Mark (two of the more outlying properties of Frederick William) to ensure that tax was collected. In punishment, these two areas had to endure rule by men appointed by Frederick William, as the nobility there could not be expected to rule in a loyal way. By 1681, Frederick William had assumed total control over his army. He controlled promotions and he set the standard of discipline. “By the end of his reign, foreign observers agreed that his forces, though not the biggest in Europe, were the most efficient.” (Lockyer) Two very important generals were appointed: George von Derfflinger and Baron Sparr, Otto Christoph On retirement, senior officers were given state posts, which was a good inducement to loyalty. Retiring soldiers were offered positions on royal land – hence soldiers knew that they would be well looked after once they left the army and this further engendered their loyalty. Two departments were established: the Generalskriegkommisariat the Amtskammer The Generalskriegkommisariat collected taxes and managed royal finances whereas the Amtskammer was a general finance office controlling national expenditure and income. By the time of Frederick William’s death in 1688, he had a state that was subservient to his will and an army completely loyal to him and which extended his authority all over his lands. The army ran the civil service and the Central Privy Council (Geheimer Staatsrat) was dominated by it. - Frederick William – or the self-titled ‘Great Elector’ – took Brandenburg-Prussia from obscurity to become one of Europe’s most dominant powers. Such was the impact… - Frederick William tried to modernise Brandenburg-Prussia as quickly as was possible. Frederick William realised that if he wanted Brandenburg-Prussia to be a major power in… - Frederick William and Brandenburg-Prussia gained a well deserved reputation in Europe and Frederick William became a very much sought after ally. By 1688, Brandenburg-Prussia’s military…	<urn:uuid:dcdf47cc-5ace-42e8-b9be-7bfc77005445>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/frederick-william-the-great-elector/frederick-william-and-the-army/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00520.warc.gz	en	0.988915	1,709	3.953125	4	[ -0.3370969593524933, 0.5440939664840698, 0.2892622649669647, 0.05568204075098038, 0.09129439294338226, -0.18074601888656616, 0.1763000786304474, -0.03157159686088562, -0.5069278478622437, -0.21172061562538147, 0.13870716094970703, -0.44292324781417847, 0.14553126692771912, 0.12637059390544...	5	The army was to be central to the success of Frederick William in Brandenburg-Prussia. In FrederickWilliam’s mind, the army was Brandenburg-Prussia and Brandenburg-Prussia was the army. The army was to give him complete control over his lands – at the expense of everybody. \|“Alliances to be sure are good: but a force of one’s own on which one can rely, better. A ruler is treated with no consideration if he does not have troops and means of his own. It is these, thank God, which have made me considerable since the time that I began to have them.” (Frederick William to his son)\| Frederick William inherited a state where the previous ruler had been held in very low regard by the real power base in Brandenburg-Prussia – the Junkers. If Frederick William was to establish himself, he needed to impose his authority and control over the Junkers. Frederick William wanted to put the army at the centre of his state. In 1640, Brandenburg-Prussia relied on mercenaries who were disloyal to the crown. By 1648, Frederick William had rid Brandenburg-Prussia of these mercenaries and had, with the use of money granted by the Junkers, created an army of 8,000 men. However, his lands were geographically very extensive and a force of this size could not control all his lands with the authority, which Frederick William wanted. In 1653, Frederick William and the Junkers agreed to the Recess. This was a deal whereby the Junkers agreed to grant Frederick William 530,000 thalers in return for them having the right to rule their estates as they wished, free from any interference from Frederick William. To the Junkers, this seemed a good deal. In years to come they realised that the money they had given to Frederick William would be used against them. Frederick William used this money to further develop his fledgling army. Frederick William put an emphasis on quality in his army right from the start. Promotion was by merit alone and discipline – frequently lacking in the mercenary armies that had been based in Brandenburg-Prussia – was stern but fair. Soldiers in the army knew that they had a regular income. Now a young man could have a career in the army, whereas before, many saw the army as a last and desperate resort. Those in the army were loyal to Frederick William. Once the army had reached a certain standard, Frederick William turned on those who had funded his army’s expansion – the Junkers. Frederick William turned on the weakest Junkers first. He absorbed their wealth that was then invested in his army. He then moved on to the next Junker family. The process remained the same – subdue a Junker family into acquiescence and use its money to fund an expansion of his army. By the time he planned to move onto the more powerful Junker families, his army was considered so strong, that any confrontation was not needed. Ironically, the Junkers had sealed their fate by agreeing to the Recess believing that it gave them the powers they had always considered their own – except that these powers clashed with Frederick William’s belief that he and he alone ruled Brandenburg-Prussia. However, discontented Junker families were not healthy for Brandenburg-Prussia. Frederick William did not want to alienate those he preferred to see as allies. He gave them positions in his government which were well rewarded and the young men in the Junker families saw a career in the army as a suitably rewarding one. By doing this, Frederick William tied the Junkers to the state and ‘made’ them loyal to his government. By 1660, the Junkers were dependent on Frederick William and not the other way round. Frederick William saw himself and the state as being one – and the protector of his state was the army. The army was at the very centre of Brandenburg-Prussia. By 1688, it numbered 30,000 highly trained men. 50% of Frederick William’s income went on the army. In 1655, the Generalkriegkommissariat was set up and it became Brandenburg-Prussia’s civil service. Its main purpose was to collect taxes, which were invested in the army. In this way, the state and the army became one. The army was to become Frederick William’s instrument of gaining respect for Brandenburg-Prussia throughout Europe. It also enabled him to maintain a constant grip over the Junkers. Frederick William’s investment in the army paid off as he became a sought after ally in Europe. The fear of his army was such that he maintained a solid control of his dispersed lands. Any dissent in his state was crushed – as Konigsberg was to find in 1674. Konigsberg had a history of dissent. In 1661, the city had rebelled against Frederick William, complaining about his domination and tax demands. In this year, the rebellion had been lead by two noblemen – Roth and Kalkstein. In 1663, 2000 troops were sent to the city to enforce the Great Elector’s will. The city paid the taxes demanded from it. In 1674, Konigsberg again rebelled against Frederick William’s authority and this time faced a more severe punishment. Troops were billeted in the city. This meant that families had to put up soldiers as Frederick William did not see why he had to pay for their upkeep in a rebellious city. Billeting was a cruel punishment as soldiers, though loyal to Frederick William, could not be trusted to behave properly in a city that had rebelled against Frederick William. The state’s authorities also felt that the rebellious people of Konigsberg probably deserved the treatment they got from the soldiers. With the exception of mass executions, billeting was probably the worst punishment a city could expect. However, once Frederick William had made his point perfectly clear, the nobility of Konigsberg were brought into positions in his court so that they could have no festering resentment. In 1666, troops were stationed in Cleves and Mark (two of the more outlying properties of Frederick William) to ensure that tax was collected. In punishment, these two areas had to endure rule by men appointed by Frederick William, as the nobility there could not be expected to rule in a loyal way. By 1681, Frederick William had assumed total control over his army. He controlled promotions and he set the standard of discipline. “By the end of his reign, foreign observers agreed that his forces, though not the biggest in Europe, were the most efficient.” (Lockyer) Two very important generals were appointed: George von Derfflinger and Baron Sparr, Otto Christoph On retirement, senior officers were given state posts, which was a good inducement to loyalty. Retiring soldiers were offered positions on royal land – hence soldiers knew that they would be well looked after once they left the army and this further engendered their loyalty. Two departments were established: the Generalskriegkommisariat the Amtskammer The Generalskriegkommisariat collected taxes and managed royal finances whereas the Amtskammer was a general finance office controlling national expenditure and income. By the time of Frederick William’s death in 1688, he had a state that was subservient to his will and an army completely loyal to him and which extended his authority all over his lands. The army ran the civil service and the Central Privy Council (Geheimer Staatsrat) was dominated by it. - Frederick William – or the self-titled ‘Great Elector’ – took Brandenburg-Prussia from obscurity to become one of Europe’s most dominant powers. Such was the impact… - Frederick William tried to modernise Brandenburg-Prussia as quickly as was possible. Frederick William realised that if he wanted Brandenburg-Prussia to be a major power in… - Frederick William and Brandenburg-Prussia gained a well deserved reputation in Europe and Frederick William became a very much sought after ally. By 1688, Brandenburg-Prussia’s military…	1,718	ENGLISH	1
In Kindred, a modern character is sent back in time. By doing this, Butler allows the character, Dana, and the readers a look into what slavery was like. This experience leads Dana to understand how human behavior is directly affected by your surroundings and the social norms of that time which is what led to the normalization of slavery. In the book the two settings of both modern time and Dana’s slave experiences, the reader can compare and contrast how people’s views of African Americans, women, and family have changed and how they haven’t. Racism is still persistent in today’s society and in the modern society in Kindred even without ‘slaves. Dana worked through a labor agency that “regulars often called a slave market”. The workers were seen as less than an insignificant in the eyes of the employer while working for this agency. They were “were winos trying to work themselves into a few more bottles, poor women with children trying to supplement their welfare checks, kids trying to get a first job, older people who’d lost one too many, and usually a poor crazy old street lady who talked to herself constantly and who wasn’t going to be hired no matter what because she only wore one shoe.” The only difference of the modern-day slavery is that it is voluntary, and it mostly happens because of the lack of resources and opportunities there are for minorities. In modern times if a person cannot do work they are punished by being sent home and therefore not earning money. Versus back in time of slavery, slaves were beaten and sometimes killed. “I raised the knife and chopped at the first stalk. It bent over, partially cut. At almost the same moment, Fowler lashed me hard across the back.” Racism is something that is never going to be fully gone. No matter the time, in some way or another it has always been present. There are assumptions in modern society that are based on skin color or where someone comes from. Dana may be educated, speak differently, and be smarter than most white people in the century she travels to, but she is still automatically looked at as less than and because of her skin color is made a slave. Modern society African Americans are assumed to be ‘ghetto’ or sometimes even seen as threat. Police even single out African Americans, with the epidemic of unnecessary arrests and even deaths of African Americans at the hands of police. “In town, once, I heard a man brag how he and his friends had caught a free black, tore up his papers, and sold him to a trader.” I said nothing. He was right, of course. I had no rights – not even any papers to be torn up.” Just like in the time of slavery, free people who do nothing can become slaves, or in this day be arrested for no reason. A black slave and a white man were not allowed to be involved unless the slave was a mistress. Children who came from the involvement of a slave owner and slave were not free unless set free by the owner. This restriction caused Rufus to rape and buy Alice as a slave, so he could be with her. In modern times, relationships between African Americans and whites is allowed but is sometimes frowned upon by certain people. Dana and Kevin’s relationship wasn’t accepted by their families and when they decided to get married their contact with their families basically ended altogether. “I think my aunt accepts the idea of my marrying you because any children we have will be light… She doesn’t care much for white people, but she prefers light-skinned blacks… Anyway, she ‘forgives me for you. But my uncle doesn’t. He’s sorts of taken this personally… He… well, he’s my mother’s oldest brother, and he was like a father to me even before my mother died because my father died when I was a baby. Now… it’s as though I’ve rejected him. Or at least that’s the way he feels” and Kevin’s sister saying, “she didn’t want to meet you, wouldn’t have you in her house – or me either if I married you.” Both of the family’s reactions show how there is still a border between the respective races and how it hasn’t change much from the time of slavery. Kindred also shows the reader how society expects women to act. Margaret Weylin is uneducated compared to the first Mrs. Weylin who was more educated than her husband which bothered Mr. Weylin and in modern age cause problems in relationships. “The second time he asked, though, I told him, and I refused. He was annoyed. The third time when I refused again, he was angry. He said if I couldn’t do him a little favor when he asked, I could leave. So, I went home.” There are expectations of women to clean, cook, and do whatever it takes to make the husband happen. This is still relevant in modern times. Modern time women do have more opportunities but a lot of the time women are expected to conform to societies expectations. If Dana had given up her job that would’ve meant she would have to rely on Kevin and take on the compliant role, which is expected from women. Certain issues that have seemed to disappear from society are still present and very relevant no matter the time. There are certain issues that include race, gender, families that continue to occur no matter the time period. Slavery, racism, and gender abuses are a part of modern world issues. Although slavery isn’t present there are still acts of racism that can be comparable to racism. Women have more opportunities in modern times but also have expectations of being submissive to men. Problems may seem fare removed but if you look deep enough you can find that little parts of past problems still exist and are thriving.	<urn:uuid:7f15f9e2-7dfa-40f2-9062-fdf9eeca1666>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://essayhub.net/essays/the-issue-of-slavery-in-kindred-by-octavia-e-butler	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00034.warc.gz	en	0.984802	1,250	3.53125	4	[ -0.24005559086799622, 0.2889809012413025, 0.029542382806539536, 0.10202926397323608, -0.03612358123064041, 0.23112213611602783, 0.12225311249494553, -0.3332785367965698, -0.2038400024175644, -0.016628820449113846, 0.16654665768146515, 0.11919859051704407, -0.5542391538619995, 0.27068769931...	2	In Kindred, a modern character is sent back in time. By doing this, Butler allows the character, Dana, and the readers a look into what slavery was like. This experience leads Dana to understand how human behavior is directly affected by your surroundings and the social norms of that time which is what led to the normalization of slavery. In the book the two settings of both modern time and Dana’s slave experiences, the reader can compare and contrast how people’s views of African Americans, women, and family have changed and how they haven’t. Racism is still persistent in today’s society and in the modern society in Kindred even without ‘slaves. Dana worked through a labor agency that “regulars often called a slave market”. The workers were seen as less than an insignificant in the eyes of the employer while working for this agency. They were “were winos trying to work themselves into a few more bottles, poor women with children trying to supplement their welfare checks, kids trying to get a first job, older people who’d lost one too many, and usually a poor crazy old street lady who talked to herself constantly and who wasn’t going to be hired no matter what because she only wore one shoe.” The only difference of the modern-day slavery is that it is voluntary, and it mostly happens because of the lack of resources and opportunities there are for minorities. In modern times if a person cannot do work they are punished by being sent home and therefore not earning money. Versus back in time of slavery, slaves were beaten and sometimes killed. “I raised the knife and chopped at the first stalk. It bent over, partially cut. At almost the same moment, Fowler lashed me hard across the back.” Racism is something that is never going to be fully gone. No matter the time, in some way or another it has always been present. There are assumptions in modern society that are based on skin color or where someone comes from. Dana may be educated, speak differently, and be smarter than most white people in the century she travels to, but she is still automatically looked at as less than and because of her skin color is made a slave. Modern society African Americans are assumed to be ‘ghetto’ or sometimes even seen as threat. Police even single out African Americans, with the epidemic of unnecessary arrests and even deaths of African Americans at the hands of police. “In town, once, I heard a man brag how he and his friends had caught a free black, tore up his papers, and sold him to a trader.” I said nothing. He was right, of course. I had no rights – not even any papers to be torn up.” Just like in the time of slavery, free people who do nothing can become slaves, or in this day be arrested for no reason. A black slave and a white man were not allowed to be involved unless the slave was a mistress. Children who came from the involvement of a slave owner and slave were not free unless set free by the owner. This restriction caused Rufus to rape and buy Alice as a slave, so he could be with her. In modern times, relationships between African Americans and whites is allowed but is sometimes frowned upon by certain people. Dana and Kevin’s relationship wasn’t accepted by their families and when they decided to get married their contact with their families basically ended altogether. “I think my aunt accepts the idea of my marrying you because any children we have will be light… She doesn’t care much for white people, but she prefers light-skinned blacks… Anyway, she ‘forgives me for you. But my uncle doesn’t. He’s sorts of taken this personally… He… well, he’s my mother’s oldest brother, and he was like a father to me even before my mother died because my father died when I was a baby. Now… it’s as though I’ve rejected him. Or at least that’s the way he feels” and Kevin’s sister saying, “she didn’t want to meet you, wouldn’t have you in her house – or me either if I married you.” Both of the family’s reactions show how there is still a border between the respective races and how it hasn’t change much from the time of slavery. Kindred also shows the reader how society expects women to act. Margaret Weylin is uneducated compared to the first Mrs. Weylin who was more educated than her husband which bothered Mr. Weylin and in modern age cause problems in relationships. “The second time he asked, though, I told him, and I refused. He was annoyed. The third time when I refused again, he was angry. He said if I couldn’t do him a little favor when he asked, I could leave. So, I went home.” There are expectations of women to clean, cook, and do whatever it takes to make the husband happen. This is still relevant in modern times. Modern time women do have more opportunities but a lot of the time women are expected to conform to societies expectations. If Dana had given up her job that would’ve meant she would have to rely on Kevin and take on the compliant role, which is expected from women. Certain issues that have seemed to disappear from society are still present and very relevant no matter the time. There are certain issues that include race, gender, families that continue to occur no matter the time period. Slavery, racism, and gender abuses are a part of modern world issues. Although slavery isn’t present there are still acts of racism that can be comparable to racism. Women have more opportunities in modern times but also have expectations of being submissive to men. Problems may seem fare removed but if you look deep enough you can find that little parts of past problems still exist and are thriving.	1,167	ENGLISH	1
This article needs more sources for reliability. (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram (5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666) better known by his regnal name Shah Jahan (Persian: "King of the World") was Mughal emperor in India from 1628 until 1658. He was the fifth ruler of the Mughal dynasty The period of his reign is considered as the golden age of Mughal art and architecture. Shah Jahan is best known for erecting many splendid monuments, the most famous of which in all the world, is the Taj Mahal at Agra, built in 1632–1648 as a tomb for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal.She was his third wife. He tried to build a black taj mahal but his son Aurangzeb put him in prison to be the new ruler.Shah Jahan died in the cell. Family[change \| change source] Akbarabadi Mahal, Kandahari Mahal, (most beloved wife) Mumtaz Mahal, Hasina Begum Sahiba, Muti Begum Sahiba, Qudsia Begum Sahiba, Fatehpuri Mahal Sahiba, Sarhindi Begum Sahiba and Shrimati Manbhavathi Baiji Lal Sahiba were the wives of Shah Jahan. Birth[change \| change source] Shah Jahan (also known as Prince Khurram) was born on 5 January bilal rehman 1592 in Lahore, Pakistan, and was the third son of Prince Salim (later known as 'Jahangir' upon his accession). His mother was a Rajput princess from Marwar called Princess Jagat Gosaini (her official name in Mughal chronicles was Bilqis Makani). The name "Khurram" (joyous) was chosen for the young prince by his grandfather, Emperor Akbar, with whom the young prince was close in relation. Just prior to Shah Jahan's birth, a soothsayer had reportedly predicted to the childless Empress Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, Akbar's first wife and chief consort, that the still unborn child was destined for imperial greatness. So, when Shah Jahan was born in 1592 and was only six days old, Akbar ordered that the prince be taken away from his mother and handed him over to Ruqaiya so that he could grow up under her care, and Akbar could fulfill his wife's wish to raise a Mughal emperor. Ruqaiya assumed the primary responsibility for Shah Jahan's upbringing and he grew up under her care. The two shared a close relationship with each other as Salim noted in his memoirs that Ruqaiya had loved his son [Shah Jahan ], "a thousand times more than if he had been her own [son]." Shah Jahan remained with her [Ruqaiya] until he had turned almost 14. After Akbar's death in 1605, the young prince [Khurram] was allowed to return to his father's household, and thus, be closer to his biological mother. Education[change \| change source] As a child, Shah Jahan received a broad education befitting his status as a Mughal prince, which included martial training and exposure to a wide variety of cultural arts, such as poetry and music, most of which was inculcated, according to court chroniclers, by Akbar and Ruqaiya. In 1605, as Akbar lay on his deathbed,Shah Jahan, who at this point was 13, remained by his bedside and refused to move even after his mother tried to retrieve him. Given the politically uncertain times immediately preceding Akbar's death, Shah Jahan was in a fair amount of physical danger of harm by political opponents of his father, and his conduct at this time can be understood as a precursor to the bravery that he would later be known for,he was also well known for his intelligent brain and creative ideas. Governorship[change \| change source] Deccan 1611–1612, Bihar 1613–1614, Gujarat 1614–1618, Delhi 1623–1627, Bengal 1624–1625, Bihar 1625–1627 Religious attitude[change \| change source] Shah Jahan leading the Mughal Army, in the upper left War elephantsbear emblems of the legendary Zulfiqar. Shah Jahan was more radical in his thinking than his father and grandfather. Upon his accession, he adopted new policies which reversed Akbar's treatment of non-Muslims. In 1633, his sixth regnal year, Shah Jahan began to impose his interpretation of Sharia provisions against construction or repair of churches and temples and subsequently ordered the demolitions of newly built Hindu temples. He celebrated Islamic festivals with great pomp and grandeur and with an enthusiasm unfamiliar to his predecessors. Long-dormant royal interest in the Holy Cities was also revived during his reign.	<urn:uuid:6c4c54e8-3fd0-4d88-bf7d-74c239d01bbc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00204.warc.gz	en	0.988921	1,064	3.375	3	[ -0.20788252353668213, 0.6962964534759521, 0.0835428237915039, -0.08110979199409485, -0.43615326285362244, -0.18645578622817993, 0.5018212199211121, -0.14967694878578186, 0.0257883258163929, -0.22156938910484314, 0.2423732578754425, -0.6136694550514221, 0.3539634346961975, 0.337189614772796...	1	This article needs more sources for reliability. (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram (5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666) better known by his regnal name Shah Jahan (Persian: "King of the World") was Mughal emperor in India from 1628 until 1658. He was the fifth ruler of the Mughal dynasty The period of his reign is considered as the golden age of Mughal art and architecture. Shah Jahan is best known for erecting many splendid monuments, the most famous of which in all the world, is the Taj Mahal at Agra, built in 1632–1648 as a tomb for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal.She was his third wife. He tried to build a black taj mahal but his son Aurangzeb put him in prison to be the new ruler.Shah Jahan died in the cell. Family[change \| change source] Akbarabadi Mahal, Kandahari Mahal, (most beloved wife) Mumtaz Mahal, Hasina Begum Sahiba, Muti Begum Sahiba, Qudsia Begum Sahiba, Fatehpuri Mahal Sahiba, Sarhindi Begum Sahiba and Shrimati Manbhavathi Baiji Lal Sahiba were the wives of Shah Jahan. Birth[change \| change source] Shah Jahan (also known as Prince Khurram) was born on 5 January bilal rehman 1592 in Lahore, Pakistan, and was the third son of Prince Salim (later known as 'Jahangir' upon his accession). His mother was a Rajput princess from Marwar called Princess Jagat Gosaini (her official name in Mughal chronicles was Bilqis Makani). The name "Khurram" (joyous) was chosen for the young prince by his grandfather, Emperor Akbar, with whom the young prince was close in relation. Just prior to Shah Jahan's birth, a soothsayer had reportedly predicted to the childless Empress Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, Akbar's first wife and chief consort, that the still unborn child was destined for imperial greatness. So, when Shah Jahan was born in 1592 and was only six days old, Akbar ordered that the prince be taken away from his mother and handed him over to Ruqaiya so that he could grow up under her care, and Akbar could fulfill his wife's wish to raise a Mughal emperor. Ruqaiya assumed the primary responsibility for Shah Jahan's upbringing and he grew up under her care. The two shared a close relationship with each other as Salim noted in his memoirs that Ruqaiya had loved his son [Shah Jahan ], "a thousand times more than if he had been her own [son]." Shah Jahan remained with her [Ruqaiya] until he had turned almost 14. After Akbar's death in 1605, the young prince [Khurram] was allowed to return to his father's household, and thus, be closer to his biological mother. Education[change \| change source] As a child, Shah Jahan received a broad education befitting his status as a Mughal prince, which included martial training and exposure to a wide variety of cultural arts, such as poetry and music, most of which was inculcated, according to court chroniclers, by Akbar and Ruqaiya. In 1605, as Akbar lay on his deathbed,Shah Jahan, who at this point was 13, remained by his bedside and refused to move even after his mother tried to retrieve him. Given the politically uncertain times immediately preceding Akbar's death, Shah Jahan was in a fair amount of physical danger of harm by political opponents of his father, and his conduct at this time can be understood as a precursor to the bravery that he would later be known for,he was also well known for his intelligent brain and creative ideas. Governorship[change \| change source] Deccan 1611–1612, Bihar 1613–1614, Gujarat 1614–1618, Delhi 1623–1627, Bengal 1624–1625, Bihar 1625–1627 Religious attitude[change \| change source] Shah Jahan leading the Mughal Army, in the upper left War elephantsbear emblems of the legendary Zulfiqar. Shah Jahan was more radical in his thinking than his father and grandfather. Upon his accession, he adopted new policies which reversed Akbar's treatment of non-Muslims. In 1633, his sixth regnal year, Shah Jahan began to impose his interpretation of Sharia provisions against construction or repair of churches and temples and subsequently ordered the demolitions of newly built Hindu temples. He celebrated Islamic festivals with great pomp and grandeur and with an enthusiasm unfamiliar to his predecessors. Long-dormant royal interest in the Holy Cities was also revived during his reign.	1,117	ENGLISH	1
The Legends of St. Nicholas: The Merchant's Daughters Historical Context of the Legend and Story St. Nicholas Day is celebrated on December 6th in many parts of the world. St. Nicholas, who morphed into Santa Claus, was a real historical figure, but much of what is known about him is mainly legend. He was a famous bishop in the early days of Christianity and was known throughout the Mediterranean world both for the way he cared for and protected his flock as well as for his other good works, both as an individual Christian and as a bishop. There is a dispute as to whether Nicholas attended the Council of Nicaea which was an early Christian Church council held in 325 AD in the city of Nicaea (now Iznik in present day Turkey). There are few written records from those days and records from later times based upon oral traditions tend to differ. In the case of St. Nicholas some claim he not only attended the Council but also during the theological dispute for which the Council was being held to resolve St. Nicholas physically attacked Arius of Alexandria, a priest and presbyter from Alexandria, Egypt. Arius and his faction lost the theological dispute which resulted in the heresy of Arianism which resulted in the first major split in the early Christian Church. While his attacking of Arius and many of the other legendary actions attributed to Nicholas not necessarily literally true, the stories and legends that have grown up around St. Nicholas have a basis in his good character (even in his supposed attack on Arius was a blow from the faction that won the debate). St. Nicholas and the Merchant's Daughters The following is a story I created for my children using the legend of St. Nicholas and the Merchant's Daughters as the basis. This legend takes many forms, but it is basically the story of a rich merchant and loving father who falls on hard times and is worried about dying and leaving his three daughters penniless in a world dominated by men. In those days, wealthy men wouldn't marry a woman unless her family provided a dowry in form of a large amount of gold or other valuables. Even among peasants, many expected a woman's family to provide them with something of value, such as a cow or sheep, to accompany the woman they married. Options for single women without money in those days were very limited and amounted mostly to choosing between begging, prostitution, or being sold into slavery. The Origins of Stockings and Santa Using the Chimney In addition to the later practice of Santa Claus secretly visiting homes while children slept on Christmas Eve, this legend of the merchant's daughters is also the basis for Santa Claus using the chimney to enter homes and the practice of hanging stockings on the fireplace for Santa to fill. In the 4th century, there were no electric dryers for drying clothes, and the best place to dry socks and other clothing wet from snow and rain was to hang them over the fireplace. The Story Begins: A Wealthy Merchant Loses His Fortune Many centuries ago, in the ancient port city of Myra in Asia Minor, there lived a rich merchant named Demetri. Demetri owned six sailing ships that he would load with merchandise and send out to trade for spices, silks, perfumes, and other precious goods available from traders the Mediterranean Sea. These goods, obtained by trading in foreign ports, fetched good prices when sold in the market in Myra, and Demetri's fortune kept growing. However, Demetri's real joy in life lay not in his strongbox containing his gold and jewels nor in the ships that were the source of his yearly profits. No, the real joy in his life was his three daughters: Martha, Ruth, and Angelica. As the years passed, Demetri's home was filled with joy as his daughters grew into young women and filled the home with their singing and laughter. The highlight of each day for Demetri was when he left his counting house at the docks and came home to the warm embraces of his wife and daughters. Life was good! Tragedy Strikes Demetri and His Family Then tragedy struck! First, news arrived that three of his ships returning from a successful trading voyage to the western Mediterranean and loaded with with valuable cargo had encountered a terrific storm that had blown them onto the rocky coast of Sicily, destroying them and their cargo. The few surviving sailors had been rescued by a passing ship a few days later and had returned, penniless, to Myra with the sad news. Shortly after this, word arrived that another two of his ships had been attacked and captured by pirates in the Black Sea. A Devastating Fire The final blow came one cool autumn evening as dock hands worked into the night loading Demetri's final ship with a load of wine and olive oil. Demetri had given them a small cask of wine to have with their dinner, and some consumed too much. Drunk and hurrying to get the ship loaded so it could sail with the morning tide, a couple of tipsy stevedores tripped, causing the cask of oil they were carrying to fall and break. Hearing the crash, another dock hand came running with a lantern to investigate. Slipping on the newly spilled oil, he lost hold of his lantern, which fell and ignited the oil on the dock. It took but a few moments before the ship, the cargo on the dock, and Demetri's counting house were all engulfed in flames. As the sun rose over the docks of Myra the next morning, Demetri's ship, cargo, and counting house were nothing more than smoldering ruins. He had been a wealthy man a few months earlier. Now his entire fortune was gone. But he still had his wife, his three beautiful daughters, and his home. With some hard work, he could rebuild his fortune. A Good Deed Under Cover of Darkness However, fate had a reserved its cruelest blows for last. Over the months while his business was being destroyed, his eldest daughter, Martha, was being courted and falling in love with Jonathan, the son of another wealthy merchant in Myra. It was a fine match and offered Martha the security of a home and family of her own. Jonathan had proposed to Martha and had an appointment to meet with Demetri to sign the marriage contract. But the marriage contract, like all marriage contracts of that day and age, required the bride's father to provide a dowry before the marriage could take place. In this case, the dowry amounted to a large sum of gold. However, Demetri no longer had that much gold. Without a dowry, there would be no marriage. Worse, girls who were unable to find a husband to care for them often ended up impoverished and sold as slaves after their father's death. Demetri was deeply troubled and could not sleep that night. Sometime during the night as Demetri lay in his bed haunted by his fears, he heard a noise on the roof followed by the loud thump of something falling. But he was too troubled to investigate and, just before dawn, fell into a troubled sleep. "Papa! Papa!" shouted Martha as she ran into the bedroom awakening him. "Look, it is a miracle! I have been praying and my prayers have been answered!" she said as she excitedly held a bag before his eyes. Inside the bag were the required number of gold coins needed for the dowry. "I found this in the fireplace when I went to re-start the fire this morning," she said. Demetri couldn't believe his good fortune, and he and his wife quickly knelt and joined Martha in a prayer of thanksgiving to God. Demetri's joy did not last long because, soon after Martha's marriage, Ruth announced that the young officer of the Imperial Guard who had been courting her had proposed marriage. This joyous news brought new worry to Demetri because he still could not afford a dowry, and miracles don't happen twice. Again, Demetri lay in bed worrying about being unable to pay Ruth's dowry and having her future ruined. But, just as last time, he heard footsteps on the roof followed by a loud thump. As he ran to investigate, he bumped into Ruth running from her room. Just as before, there lay a bag of gold with the money for the dowry. "Oh, Papa," exclaimed Ruth, "I have been up praying for this miracle all night! I just knew that God would answer my prayers, and now he has." Ruth was soon happily married and, shortly afterward, Angelica announced that she had fallen in love with the son of a wealthy noble and he had asked her to marry him. "Don't worry, Papa! I have been praying for a miracle like Martha's and Ruth's, and I know that God won't ignore my pleas." Demetri hoped she was right, but, remembering the noises he had heard when the miracles occurred for Martha and Ruth, suspected that God may have had an earthly helper. After his wife and daughter had retired for the night, Demetri crept up on to the roof and waited. All was silent as the moon and stars slowly made their way across the night sky. Demetri Recognizes His Benefactor Cold, stiff, and tired, Demetri was just about to fall asleep when he heard footsteps. Looking up, he saw a figure of a man running across a neighboring roof toward his roof. A quick leap brought the figure on to his roof and next to the chimney. Lifting a sack, the stranger leaned over the chimney and dropped it down the chimney. "Ah Choo!" Demetri sneezed in the cold. Hearing this, the stranger looked in the direction of the sneeze and, by the dim light of the moon, Demetri recognized the face of the young and saintly Nicholas, Bishop of Myra. Demetri started to speak, but Nicholas silenced him, saying, "Don't thank me. Thank God who left me with this fortune. I am only following Jesus' command to share with those in need." He then turned and left. Angelica was married soon after that and, in time, with hard work, Demetri was able to acquire more ships and restore his fortune, much of which he would secretly leave in the back of the church at night for Bishop Nicholas to share with others in need. This content is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional. Questions & Answers © 2006 Chuck Nugent	<urn:uuid:4f26b313-e974-4a2a-8e68-c89fc70e7624>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://holidappy.com/holidays/St_Nicholas_and_the_Merchants_Daughters	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00303.warc.gz	en	0.988667	2,214	3.609375	4	[ 0.5792962312698364, 0.17085793614387512, 0.3799235224723816, -0.12948760390281677, -0.05950112268328667, -0.3067689538002014, 0.3585751950740814, 0.16710911691188812, 0.04662749916315079, -0.07730218023061752, -0.25465425848960876, 0.3444177508354187, -0.002513906918466091, 0.2690360546112...	1	The Legends of St. Nicholas: The Merchant's Daughters Historical Context of the Legend and Story St. Nicholas Day is celebrated on December 6th in many parts of the world. St. Nicholas, who morphed into Santa Claus, was a real historical figure, but much of what is known about him is mainly legend. He was a famous bishop in the early days of Christianity and was known throughout the Mediterranean world both for the way he cared for and protected his flock as well as for his other good works, both as an individual Christian and as a bishop. There is a dispute as to whether Nicholas attended the Council of Nicaea which was an early Christian Church council held in 325 AD in the city of Nicaea (now Iznik in present day Turkey). There are few written records from those days and records from later times based upon oral traditions tend to differ. In the case of St. Nicholas some claim he not only attended the Council but also during the theological dispute for which the Council was being held to resolve St. Nicholas physically attacked Arius of Alexandria, a priest and presbyter from Alexandria, Egypt. Arius and his faction lost the theological dispute which resulted in the heresy of Arianism which resulted in the first major split in the early Christian Church. While his attacking of Arius and many of the other legendary actions attributed to Nicholas not necessarily literally true, the stories and legends that have grown up around St. Nicholas have a basis in his good character (even in his supposed attack on Arius was a blow from the faction that won the debate). St. Nicholas and the Merchant's Daughters The following is a story I created for my children using the legend of St. Nicholas and the Merchant's Daughters as the basis. This legend takes many forms, but it is basically the story of a rich merchant and loving father who falls on hard times and is worried about dying and leaving his three daughters penniless in a world dominated by men. In those days, wealthy men wouldn't marry a woman unless her family provided a dowry in form of a large amount of gold or other valuables. Even among peasants, many expected a woman's family to provide them with something of value, such as a cow or sheep, to accompany the woman they married. Options for single women without money in those days were very limited and amounted mostly to choosing between begging, prostitution, or being sold into slavery. The Origins of Stockings and Santa Using the Chimney In addition to the later practice of Santa Claus secretly visiting homes while children slept on Christmas Eve, this legend of the merchant's daughters is also the basis for Santa Claus using the chimney to enter homes and the practice of hanging stockings on the fireplace for Santa to fill. In the 4th century, there were no electric dryers for drying clothes, and the best place to dry socks and other clothing wet from snow and rain was to hang them over the fireplace. The Story Begins: A Wealthy Merchant Loses His Fortune Many centuries ago, in the ancient port city of Myra in Asia Minor, there lived a rich merchant named Demetri. Demetri owned six sailing ships that he would load with merchandise and send out to trade for spices, silks, perfumes, and other precious goods available from traders the Mediterranean Sea. These goods, obtained by trading in foreign ports, fetched good prices when sold in the market in Myra, and Demetri's fortune kept growing. However, Demetri's real joy in life lay not in his strongbox containing his gold and jewels nor in the ships that were the source of his yearly profits. No, the real joy in his life was his three daughters: Martha, Ruth, and Angelica. As the years passed, Demetri's home was filled with joy as his daughters grew into young women and filled the home with their singing and laughter. The highlight of each day for Demetri was when he left his counting house at the docks and came home to the warm embraces of his wife and daughters. Life was good! Tragedy Strikes Demetri and His Family Then tragedy struck! First, news arrived that three of his ships returning from a successful trading voyage to the western Mediterranean and loaded with with valuable cargo had encountered a terrific storm that had blown them onto the rocky coast of Sicily, destroying them and their cargo. The few surviving sailors had been rescued by a passing ship a few days later and had returned, penniless, to Myra with the sad news. Shortly after this, word arrived that another two of his ships had been attacked and captured by pirates in the Black Sea. A Devastating Fire The final blow came one cool autumn evening as dock hands worked into the night loading Demetri's final ship with a load of wine and olive oil. Demetri had given them a small cask of wine to have with their dinner, and some consumed too much. Drunk and hurrying to get the ship loaded so it could sail with the morning tide, a couple of tipsy stevedores tripped, causing the cask of oil they were carrying to fall and break. Hearing the crash, another dock hand came running with a lantern to investigate. Slipping on the newly spilled oil, he lost hold of his lantern, which fell and ignited the oil on the dock. It took but a few moments before the ship, the cargo on the dock, and Demetri's counting house were all engulfed in flames. As the sun rose over the docks of Myra the next morning, Demetri's ship, cargo, and counting house were nothing more than smoldering ruins. He had been a wealthy man a few months earlier. Now his entire fortune was gone. But he still had his wife, his three beautiful daughters, and his home. With some hard work, he could rebuild his fortune. A Good Deed Under Cover of Darkness However, fate had a reserved its cruelest blows for last. Over the months while his business was being destroyed, his eldest daughter, Martha, was being courted and falling in love with Jonathan, the son of another wealthy merchant in Myra. It was a fine match and offered Martha the security of a home and family of her own. Jonathan had proposed to Martha and had an appointment to meet with Demetri to sign the marriage contract. But the marriage contract, like all marriage contracts of that day and age, required the bride's father to provide a dowry before the marriage could take place. In this case, the dowry amounted to a large sum of gold. However, Demetri no longer had that much gold. Without a dowry, there would be no marriage. Worse, girls who were unable to find a husband to care for them often ended up impoverished and sold as slaves after their father's death. Demetri was deeply troubled and could not sleep that night. Sometime during the night as Demetri lay in his bed haunted by his fears, he heard a noise on the roof followed by the loud thump of something falling. But he was too troubled to investigate and, just before dawn, fell into a troubled sleep. "Papa! Papa!" shouted Martha as she ran into the bedroom awakening him. "Look, it is a miracle! I have been praying and my prayers have been answered!" she said as she excitedly held a bag before his eyes. Inside the bag were the required number of gold coins needed for the dowry. "I found this in the fireplace when I went to re-start the fire this morning," she said. Demetri couldn't believe his good fortune, and he and his wife quickly knelt and joined Martha in a prayer of thanksgiving to God. Demetri's joy did not last long because, soon after Martha's marriage, Ruth announced that the young officer of the Imperial Guard who had been courting her had proposed marriage. This joyous news brought new worry to Demetri because he still could not afford a dowry, and miracles don't happen twice. Again, Demetri lay in bed worrying about being unable to pay Ruth's dowry and having her future ruined. But, just as last time, he heard footsteps on the roof followed by a loud thump. As he ran to investigate, he bumped into Ruth running from her room. Just as before, there lay a bag of gold with the money for the dowry. "Oh, Papa," exclaimed Ruth, "I have been up praying for this miracle all night! I just knew that God would answer my prayers, and now he has." Ruth was soon happily married and, shortly afterward, Angelica announced that she had fallen in love with the son of a wealthy noble and he had asked her to marry him. "Don't worry, Papa! I have been praying for a miracle like Martha's and Ruth's, and I know that God won't ignore my pleas." Demetri hoped she was right, but, remembering the noises he had heard when the miracles occurred for Martha and Ruth, suspected that God may have had an earthly helper. After his wife and daughter had retired for the night, Demetri crept up on to the roof and waited. All was silent as the moon and stars slowly made their way across the night sky. Demetri Recognizes His Benefactor Cold, stiff, and tired, Demetri was just about to fall asleep when he heard footsteps. Looking up, he saw a figure of a man running across a neighboring roof toward his roof. A quick leap brought the figure on to his roof and next to the chimney. Lifting a sack, the stranger leaned over the chimney and dropped it down the chimney. "Ah Choo!" Demetri sneezed in the cold. Hearing this, the stranger looked in the direction of the sneeze and, by the dim light of the moon, Demetri recognized the face of the young and saintly Nicholas, Bishop of Myra. Demetri started to speak, but Nicholas silenced him, saying, "Don't thank me. Thank God who left me with this fortune. I am only following Jesus' command to share with those in need." He then turned and left. Angelica was married soon after that and, in time, with hard work, Demetri was able to acquire more ships and restore his fortune, much of which he would secretly leave in the back of the church at night for Bishop Nicholas to share with others in need. This content is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional. Questions & Answers © 2006 Chuck Nugent	2,166	ENGLISH	1
Juneau, Alaska (KINY) - How do bears learn to survive on their own? Ryan Scott of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game was the monthly lecturer for the Southeast Alaska Wildlife Alliance Wildlife Wednesday event at UAS. His topic was juvenile bears. Scott said they don't have an actual count of bears in Juneau. He went into the research he's done and his observation of bears. He said bears are unpredictable at best. He emphasized nothing is guaranteed for a young bear. Brown and black bears breed in May and July. Cubs are born in the winter in the den. A black bear at birth can weigh less than one pound. A momma bear can have up to four cubs per litter and two is the most common. Bears breed every other year. How in the world does a bear learn to be a bear? How do they get to maturity and how do they measure success? The cubs mostly learn from their mother. They often stay as long as two to three years with a mother, Scott explained. The black bear can become sexually mature between the age of three and six. Around Juneau, it is typically five years. Brown bears will sexually mature at around five years. Most mothers have their first cubs at age seven in Juneau. "It is super easy to think of bear activity in human terms. Bears are learning lessons in much different ways than we know and understand." The ADFG report 87% of female black bear yearlings, 32%-59% of male black bear yearlings, 55% of brown bear cubs, and 63% of brown bear yearlings survive. "Black bear yearlings are busy bodies and they wander, females stay closer to mom with a much smaller home range." Brown bear yearlings are larger than black bear yearlings and that is the reason for the higher survival rate. Once they reach adulthood, the survival rate for bears is 90%. Many bears learn about food supply at landfills. That is a bad habit to get into and can lead to problems. He recalled a group of bears downtown in the summer of 2011 that attracted hundreds of tourists. They were a big hit with visitors. The interaction was monitored and ended successfully. They relied a lot on urban garbage. Scott also talked about the relocation of a mother and two cubs from the Mendenhall Valley. They released them on the road system. There was no history of aggression. They placed a monitor on the mom and the monitor lasted for 75 days. She went back from out the road to Auke Bay three times and ultimately settled on Thunder Mountain. One of the cubs tagged became known as bear 154. As a juvenile, it broke into chicken coops and caused a nuisance. It showed up at the Mendenhall Glacier with a litter of cubs. She has had multiple litters at the glacier. A recent count of bears found 11 females and no males around the glacier. The cubs will remember that there is food there and it is safe there. Scott said there is nothing guaranteed for a bear. Downtown bears and those in remote areas both need food sources and how they get food can put them into danger. Scott said be respectful of any wild animal. "I don't think they (juvenile bears) will shred us, they can get scared and respond in a negative way." Young bears don't know their limits and will push their boundaries, that could be a second door balcony, trying to take a deer you hunt in the field. As they grow and mature they learn lessons. Some don't get to learn all the lessons. One of the key skills they learn is how to fish. Adult bears can be the young bears worse enemy. Human contact, hunting and vehicle accidents, can also lead to death. Scott said there are polar opposite opinions about bears. Some believe we shouldn't tolerate any bears in downtown Juneau. Others believe you should never call the Department of Fish and Game about a bear. In 2017 there were 13 bear cubs around the glacier. In 2018 there were over 800 phone complaints about bears. Juvenile bears were making mistakes in their interactions with humans. Scott compared the juvenile bears to teenagers trying to become adults and self-sufficient. "Your like a ping pong ball at times, you're trying to figure out where you're going to go and what you are going to do." I think bears form a strong sibling bond, and they don't want to leave mom because that is where they are most comfortable.	<urn:uuid:b035d981-168c-4640-b1eb-faa7354fd06e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.kinyradio.com/news/news-of-the-north/the-habits-of-yearling-bears-explained/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00464.warc.gz	en	0.982571	936	3.265625	3	[ -0.18122445046901703, -0.19913844764232635, -0.20686933398246765, -0.19635990262031555, 0.010742878541350365, 0.24736109375953674, -0.019324228167533875, 0.051438845694065094, -0.2502939701080322, -0.0359581895172596, -0.06433554738759995, -0.403781533241272, 0.2671664357185364, 0.16819146...	1	Juneau, Alaska (KINY) - How do bears learn to survive on their own? Ryan Scott of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game was the monthly lecturer for the Southeast Alaska Wildlife Alliance Wildlife Wednesday event at UAS. His topic was juvenile bears. Scott said they don't have an actual count of bears in Juneau. He went into the research he's done and his observation of bears. He said bears are unpredictable at best. He emphasized nothing is guaranteed for a young bear. Brown and black bears breed in May and July. Cubs are born in the winter in the den. A black bear at birth can weigh less than one pound. A momma bear can have up to four cubs per litter and two is the most common. Bears breed every other year. How in the world does a bear learn to be a bear? How do they get to maturity and how do they measure success? The cubs mostly learn from their mother. They often stay as long as two to three years with a mother, Scott explained. The black bear can become sexually mature between the age of three and six. Around Juneau, it is typically five years. Brown bears will sexually mature at around five years. Most mothers have their first cubs at age seven in Juneau. "It is super easy to think of bear activity in human terms. Bears are learning lessons in much different ways than we know and understand." The ADFG report 87% of female black bear yearlings, 32%-59% of male black bear yearlings, 55% of brown bear cubs, and 63% of brown bear yearlings survive. "Black bear yearlings are busy bodies and they wander, females stay closer to mom with a much smaller home range." Brown bear yearlings are larger than black bear yearlings and that is the reason for the higher survival rate. Once they reach adulthood, the survival rate for bears is 90%. Many bears learn about food supply at landfills. That is a bad habit to get into and can lead to problems. He recalled a group of bears downtown in the summer of 2011 that attracted hundreds of tourists. They were a big hit with visitors. The interaction was monitored and ended successfully. They relied a lot on urban garbage. Scott also talked about the relocation of a mother and two cubs from the Mendenhall Valley. They released them on the road system. There was no history of aggression. They placed a monitor on the mom and the monitor lasted for 75 days. She went back from out the road to Auke Bay three times and ultimately settled on Thunder Mountain. One of the cubs tagged became known as bear 154. As a juvenile, it broke into chicken coops and caused a nuisance. It showed up at the Mendenhall Glacier with a litter of cubs. She has had multiple litters at the glacier. A recent count of bears found 11 females and no males around the glacier. The cubs will remember that there is food there and it is safe there. Scott said there is nothing guaranteed for a bear. Downtown bears and those in remote areas both need food sources and how they get food can put them into danger. Scott said be respectful of any wild animal. "I don't think they (juvenile bears) will shred us, they can get scared and respond in a negative way." Young bears don't know their limits and will push their boundaries, that could be a second door balcony, trying to take a deer you hunt in the field. As they grow and mature they learn lessons. Some don't get to learn all the lessons. One of the key skills they learn is how to fish. Adult bears can be the young bears worse enemy. Human contact, hunting and vehicle accidents, can also lead to death. Scott said there are polar opposite opinions about bears. Some believe we shouldn't tolerate any bears in downtown Juneau. Others believe you should never call the Department of Fish and Game about a bear. In 2017 there were 13 bear cubs around the glacier. In 2018 there were over 800 phone complaints about bears. Juvenile bears were making mistakes in their interactions with humans. Scott compared the juvenile bears to teenagers trying to become adults and self-sufficient. "Your like a ping pong ball at times, you're trying to figure out where you're going to go and what you are going to do." I think bears form a strong sibling bond, and they don't want to leave mom because that is where they are most comfortable.	943	ENGLISH	1
The famous ‘Battle of Kinsale’ in 1601 saw the area become the cockpit of Europe with the armies of England, Spain and the Northern Irish Chieftains in contention. It was a turning point in Irish history as the Irish forces and their Spanish allies were defeated and the result effectively, was the decline of the old Gaelic way of life in Ireland with the breakdown of the power of the Chieftans and Clans. Though victorious, England was alarmed by the successful landing of the Spanish on their western flank and this led to the building of James Fort and later Charles Fort at the mouth of the harbour. Following the establishment of the Forts, Kinsale remained a garrison town and port of consequence for over 300 years, leaving a legacy of Georgian and Victorian architecture. In the 17th and 18th centuries Kinsale was also an important naval base and ships were built here using timbers from the surrounding oak forests.	<urn:uuid:68f1d8ba-3dea-4ed4-9820-992509f6d60f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.bonniejeannephotography.com/Travel/2013-Cruise/Falmouth-Cork/i-XvWZt2j/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00351.warc.gz	en	0.983232	195	3.71875	4	[ 0.1866058111190796, 0.4075212776660919, 0.40717408061027527, -0.11766939610242844, -0.33319544792175293, -0.037057578563690186, -0.12379196286201477, 0.041237249970436096, -0.07972397655248642, -0.5663575530052185, -0.3658900856971741, -0.6312447190284729, 0.011144671589136124, 0.341804325...	1	The famous ‘Battle of Kinsale’ in 1601 saw the area become the cockpit of Europe with the armies of England, Spain and the Northern Irish Chieftains in contention. It was a turning point in Irish history as the Irish forces and their Spanish allies were defeated and the result effectively, was the decline of the old Gaelic way of life in Ireland with the breakdown of the power of the Chieftans and Clans. Though victorious, England was alarmed by the successful landing of the Spanish on their western flank and this led to the building of James Fort and later Charles Fort at the mouth of the harbour. Following the establishment of the Forts, Kinsale remained a garrison town and port of consequence for over 300 years, leaving a legacy of Georgian and Victorian architecture. In the 17th and 18th centuries Kinsale was also an important naval base and ships were built here using timbers from the surrounding oak forests.	206	ENGLISH	1
Agnostids were a group of marine animals that became extinct about 450 million years ago. Agnostid fossils can be found in rocks in many areas around the world. From the fossil remains, we know that agnostids were primitive arthropods—relatives of modern-day insects. However, the fossil information does not allow paleontologists to determine with certainty what agnostids ate or how they behaved. There are several different theories about how agnostids may have lived. First, the agnostids may have been free-swimming predators that hunted smaller animals. It is known that other types of primitive arthropods were strong swimmers and active predators, so it is reasonable that the agnostids may have lived that way as well. And while the agnostids were small, sometimes just six millimeters long, there were plenty of smaller organisms in the ancient ocean for them to prey on. Second, they may have dwelled on the seafloor. Again, there are examples of other types of primitive arthropods living this way, so it is possible that agnostids did too. On the seafloor they would have survived by scavenging dead organisms or by grazing on bacteria. Third, there is the possibility that the agnostids were parasites, living on and feeding off larger organisms. One reason that this seems possible is that there are many species of modern-day arthropods that exist as parasites, such as fleas, ticks, and mites. The agnostids might have lived on primitive fish or even on other, larger arthropods. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific theories presented in the reading passage.	<urn:uuid:369f1fb7-cfc8-44be-9b3a-8f4707e68c62>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://toefl.kmf.com/detail/write/71f60j.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00237.warc.gz	en	0.980153	364	4.46875	4	[ -0.06295326352119446, -0.22944681346416473, 0.17340706288814545, -0.10783913731575012, 0.017435995861887932, -0.23505087196826935, -0.13547201454639435, 0.14633451402187347, -0.32712987065315247, -0.26700595021247864, 0.16800937056541443, -0.2554168403148651, 0.010374855250120163, 0.155613...	8	Agnostids were a group of marine animals that became extinct about 450 million years ago. Agnostid fossils can be found in rocks in many areas around the world. From the fossil remains, we know that agnostids were primitive arthropods—relatives of modern-day insects. However, the fossil information does not allow paleontologists to determine with certainty what agnostids ate or how they behaved. There are several different theories about how agnostids may have lived. First, the agnostids may have been free-swimming predators that hunted smaller animals. It is known that other types of primitive arthropods were strong swimmers and active predators, so it is reasonable that the agnostids may have lived that way as well. And while the agnostids were small, sometimes just six millimeters long, there were plenty of smaller organisms in the ancient ocean for them to prey on. Second, they may have dwelled on the seafloor. Again, there are examples of other types of primitive arthropods living this way, so it is possible that agnostids did too. On the seafloor they would have survived by scavenging dead organisms or by grazing on bacteria. Third, there is the possibility that the agnostids were parasites, living on and feeding off larger organisms. One reason that this seems possible is that there are many species of modern-day arthropods that exist as parasites, such as fleas, ticks, and mites. The agnostids might have lived on primitive fish or even on other, larger arthropods. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific theories presented in the reading passage.	351	ENGLISH	1
The Ram, the Pig and the Big Bad Wolf~ Learn to Read with English Stories for Kids (Similar to the Classic Tale of the Three Little Pigs) ONCE UPON A TIME there was a ram (a ram is a boy sheep with big horns), and the ram lived on a farm. Every morning, a girl came into Ram's pen and gave him lots of food. You can see this Ram had a very happy life. One morning, the girl came into Ram's pen. She gave him even more food than before and said, "Eat well, Ram. For you will not be here long. The next time I see you, it will be on our dinner plates!" What could Ram do? He ate and ate till he could eat no more. Then he bumped his head very hard at the pen. He pushed that pen so hard it flew wide open, and out he went! Ram knew just where to go - to the farm next door where his friend Pig lived. “Pig is smart," said Ram. "She will know what to do." "Good day, friend Ram!" said Pig, when she saw Ram. "It may be a good day for you," said Ram. "But it is not such a good day for me." "Why is that?" said Pig. "I just found out some very bad news,” said Ram. “I know why I have been so very well fed at the farm.” “Why is that?" said Pig. "I know why I have been so very well fed at the farm." "I am fed well only to end up on their dinner plates!" said Ram. "Ah, my grits!" said Pig. "Is it really true?" “Yes!” said Ram. "I just heard it myself this morning from the girl who brings in my food. Please tell me, what should I do?” “Well, if that is how it is at your farm,” said Pig, “It must be true here at my farm, too. There is only one thing to do - we must get away! We must go off into the woods. Let's build a house in the woods for us to live in, and we will take care of ourselves." "Yes, let's!" said Ram. And so the two of them set off. After they had gone past the farm, they met a goose. "Good day, good sirs," said Goose, "where are the two of you headed?" "Where are the two of you headed?" "Good day to you, too," said Ram. "If you must know, we found out some bad news about why we are so well fed at the farm. We are going into the woods to set up a house for ourselves." "Well!" said Goose, "it is much the same with me at my farm. May I come with you, too?" "Well," said Pig, "what can you do to help? You can make a good honk, honk sound, but to build a house that takes help on the ground." "I can too help!” said Goose with pride. “No one is better than I at picking up leaves and moss and pushing it into small spaces. When I jam this in between the logs, your house will be tight and warm." "Well that does sound like good help!" So it was okay for Goose could join them. For more than anything, Pig wanted to be warm and cozy in their new house. Pig wanted to be warm and cozy in their new house. When they were almost at the woods they met a hare, who came hopping out of the woods. "Good day," said Hare. "Where are you three headed off to today?" "Good day to you, friend Hare," said Ram. "We were far too well fed at home, and now we know the terrible reason why. We are going off into the woods where will build a house and set up for ourselves." "Is that right?" said Hare. "Every summer, every bush is a good house for me. But in winter I have said many times, 'If I only live till next summer, I will build a proper house.' So I have half a mind to go and build the house with you." "But could you help?" said Pig. “I suppose if we got into trouble with some dogs, you might run off and they would chase you away." "But could you help?" said Pig. "I can do more than that!” said Hare. “With my teeth I can chew wood into pegs. With my paws I can push the pegs into walls. My teeth and hands are good tools and as they say, 'good tools make for good work.'" "So they do!" So Hare joined them, too. When they had gone a bit more, laughing and happy, they met a rooster. "Good day," said Rooster. "You all seem to be having a good time. Where are you off to?" "We are," said Ram, "but at home we were too well fed. Now we know the terrible reason why, so we are going off into the woods. We are going to build a house in the woods and set up for ourselves." "Well!" said Rooster, "isn't that a fine idea! You may know that all cocks crow the loudest at home. Now if I might join such a fine group as yours, I would like to go with you." "With my teeth I can chew wood into pegs." "Ah!" said Pig, "we are sure that you have a very loud crow, but not a brick does that lay so we must say 'no.' ” "Oh, but listen to me!" said Rooster. "A house without a dog or rooster is one without a clock. I am up early, and will be sure everyone else wakes for the day's work." "That would be good," said Pig. For you must know, Pig was always the deepest sleeper. If there were no other way, sleep could take up all her day. So they all set off into the woods. Soon they found a very good spot indeed. And there they stopped to build their house. Pig cut the timber and Ram carried it home. Hare chewed the wood and pushed pegs into the walls and roof. Goose picked up moss and stuffed it between the logs. You can be sure no one slept late in the morning as Rooster would crow and crow at dawn! Soon they found a very good spot indeed. And there they stopped to build their house. When the roof was lined with bark and covered with grass and mud, the house was ready. And there the animals lived by themselves, and were happy and well. Ram said, "It is good to travel east and west, but after all one's own home is best." You must know that a bit deeper into the woods there was a den. In that den there lived two gray wolves. One of the wolves said to the other, "Look! A new house going up!" “Ah!” said the other. “Who is setting up a new house very close to where we live?” And they licked their chops just thinking about it. One of the wolves made up a reason to go to the new house. He went up to the house, knocked on the door, and asked for some honey for his table. But as soon as the wolf got one foot inside the door, Ram gave him such a bump into the stove that the wolf fell head first into it. Then Pig began to bite him, Goose to peck him, and Rooster crowed and crowed. As for Hare, she raced back and forth on the floor and dashed about to every corner of the house. The wolf ran very fast out of the house! "Well!" said the other wolf who had waited outside. "What became of the honey? For I do not see a jar or spoon." "I am just glad to get out of there!" panted the wolf. "The most terrible creatures you can think of live in that house! As soon as I got inside the door, one of them threw me into the fire. There were two monsters who beat me and pinched me. There must have been a hunter there, too, for I heard him dashing about looking for his gun. It was my good luck that he did not find it! If he had gotten hold of me, I am sure I never would have come out alive!" Question 1. Why did the ram and the pig ask the other animals what they could do to help build a house before they were allowed to join? Question 2. Talk about something you did in a group that you couldn't have done by yourself. WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU! "The Ram and the Pig Who Set Up House" is adapted from "The Sheep and the Pig Who Set Up House," a story from Tales from the Field by P. Asbjornsen (London: Chapman & Hall, 193, Piccadilly, 1874), pp. 267-272. Adapted by Elaine Lindy ©1998. All rights reserved. This storyline, where several barnyard animals build a home together and defend it against intruders, is a popular motif in folktales. The Brothers Grimm tell such a version in "The Bremen Town Musicians", where a dog, a cat, a donkey, and a rooster join forces. Another tale is the English-American "How Jack Went to Seek His Fortune" (North American Legends by Virginia Haviland, 1979), where Jack joins a cat, dog, goat, bull, skunk and rooster and together they scare a band of robbers from their house in the woods.	<urn:uuid:61bf5832-e228-401a-a072-536e5bcf4d56>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.storiestogrowby.org/story/early-reader-ram-pig-short-story-kids/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00061.warc.gz	en	0.986683	2,082	3.40625	3	[ 0.1316850185394287, 0.2934891879558563, -0.10651344060897827, 0.3207847774028778, -0.14341068267822266, -0.1234157532453537, -0.03608155623078346, -0.3621797561645508, 0.19105678796768188, -0.18222036957740784, 0.060314588248729706, -0.5047996640205383, 0.18411555886268616, 0.0082721821963...	2	The Ram, the Pig and the Big Bad Wolf~ Learn to Read with English Stories for Kids (Similar to the Classic Tale of the Three Little Pigs) ONCE UPON A TIME there was a ram (a ram is a boy sheep with big horns), and the ram lived on a farm. Every morning, a girl came into Ram's pen and gave him lots of food. You can see this Ram had a very happy life. One morning, the girl came into Ram's pen. She gave him even more food than before and said, "Eat well, Ram. For you will not be here long. The next time I see you, it will be on our dinner plates!" What could Ram do? He ate and ate till he could eat no more. Then he bumped his head very hard at the pen. He pushed that pen so hard it flew wide open, and out he went! Ram knew just where to go - to the farm next door where his friend Pig lived. “Pig is smart," said Ram. "She will know what to do." "Good day, friend Ram!" said Pig, when she saw Ram. "It may be a good day for you," said Ram. "But it is not such a good day for me." "Why is that?" said Pig. "I just found out some very bad news,” said Ram. “I know why I have been so very well fed at the farm.” “Why is that?" said Pig. "I know why I have been so very well fed at the farm." "I am fed well only to end up on their dinner plates!" said Ram. "Ah, my grits!" said Pig. "Is it really true?" “Yes!” said Ram. "I just heard it myself this morning from the girl who brings in my food. Please tell me, what should I do?” “Well, if that is how it is at your farm,” said Pig, “It must be true here at my farm, too. There is only one thing to do - we must get away! We must go off into the woods. Let's build a house in the woods for us to live in, and we will take care of ourselves." "Yes, let's!" said Ram. And so the two of them set off. After they had gone past the farm, they met a goose. "Good day, good sirs," said Goose, "where are the two of you headed?" "Where are the two of you headed?" "Good day to you, too," said Ram. "If you must know, we found out some bad news about why we are so well fed at the farm. We are going into the woods to set up a house for ourselves." "Well!" said Goose, "it is much the same with me at my farm. May I come with you, too?" "Well," said Pig, "what can you do to help? You can make a good honk, honk sound, but to build a house that takes help on the ground." "I can too help!” said Goose with pride. “No one is better than I at picking up leaves and moss and pushing it into small spaces. When I jam this in between the logs, your house will be tight and warm." "Well that does sound like good help!" So it was okay for Goose could join them. For more than anything, Pig wanted to be warm and cozy in their new house. Pig wanted to be warm and cozy in their new house. When they were almost at the woods they met a hare, who came hopping out of the woods. "Good day," said Hare. "Where are you three headed off to today?" "Good day to you, friend Hare," said Ram. "We were far too well fed at home, and now we know the terrible reason why. We are going off into the woods where will build a house and set up for ourselves." "Is that right?" said Hare. "Every summer, every bush is a good house for me. But in winter I have said many times, 'If I only live till next summer, I will build a proper house.' So I have half a mind to go and build the house with you." "But could you help?" said Pig. “I suppose if we got into trouble with some dogs, you might run off and they would chase you away." "But could you help?" said Pig. "I can do more than that!” said Hare. “With my teeth I can chew wood into pegs. With my paws I can push the pegs into walls. My teeth and hands are good tools and as they say, 'good tools make for good work.'" "So they do!" So Hare joined them, too. When they had gone a bit more, laughing and happy, they met a rooster. "Good day," said Rooster. "You all seem to be having a good time. Where are you off to?" "We are," said Ram, "but at home we were too well fed. Now we know the terrible reason why, so we are going off into the woods. We are going to build a house in the woods and set up for ourselves." "Well!" said Rooster, "isn't that a fine idea! You may know that all cocks crow the loudest at home. Now if I might join such a fine group as yours, I would like to go with you." "With my teeth I can chew wood into pegs." "Ah!" said Pig, "we are sure that you have a very loud crow, but not a brick does that lay so we must say 'no.' ” "Oh, but listen to me!" said Rooster. "A house without a dog or rooster is one without a clock. I am up early, and will be sure everyone else wakes for the day's work." "That would be good," said Pig. For you must know, Pig was always the deepest sleeper. If there were no other way, sleep could take up all her day. So they all set off into the woods. Soon they found a very good spot indeed. And there they stopped to build their house. Pig cut the timber and Ram carried it home. Hare chewed the wood and pushed pegs into the walls and roof. Goose picked up moss and stuffed it between the logs. You can be sure no one slept late in the morning as Rooster would crow and crow at dawn! Soon they found a very good spot indeed. And there they stopped to build their house. When the roof was lined with bark and covered with grass and mud, the house was ready. And there the animals lived by themselves, and were happy and well. Ram said, "It is good to travel east and west, but after all one's own home is best." You must know that a bit deeper into the woods there was a den. In that den there lived two gray wolves. One of the wolves said to the other, "Look! A new house going up!" “Ah!” said the other. “Who is setting up a new house very close to where we live?” And they licked their chops just thinking about it. One of the wolves made up a reason to go to the new house. He went up to the house, knocked on the door, and asked for some honey for his table. But as soon as the wolf got one foot inside the door, Ram gave him such a bump into the stove that the wolf fell head first into it. Then Pig began to bite him, Goose to peck him, and Rooster crowed and crowed. As for Hare, she raced back and forth on the floor and dashed about to every corner of the house. The wolf ran very fast out of the house! "Well!" said the other wolf who had waited outside. "What became of the honey? For I do not see a jar or spoon." "I am just glad to get out of there!" panted the wolf. "The most terrible creatures you can think of live in that house! As soon as I got inside the door, one of them threw me into the fire. There were two monsters who beat me and pinched me. There must have been a hunter there, too, for I heard him dashing about looking for his gun. It was my good luck that he did not find it! If he had gotten hold of me, I am sure I never would have come out alive!" Question 1. Why did the ram and the pig ask the other animals what they could do to help build a house before they were allowed to join? Question 2. Talk about something you did in a group that you couldn't have done by yourself. WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU! "The Ram and the Pig Who Set Up House" is adapted from "The Sheep and the Pig Who Set Up House," a story from Tales from the Field by P. Asbjornsen (London: Chapman & Hall, 193, Piccadilly, 1874), pp. 267-272. Adapted by Elaine Lindy ©1998. All rights reserved. This storyline, where several barnyard animals build a home together and defend it against intruders, is a popular motif in folktales. The Brothers Grimm tell such a version in "The Bremen Town Musicians", where a dog, a cat, a donkey, and a rooster join forces. Another tale is the English-American "How Jack Went to Seek His Fortune" (North American Legends by Virginia Haviland, 1979), where Jack joins a cat, dog, goat, bull, skunk and rooster and together they scare a band of robbers from their house in the woods.	2,004	ENGLISH	1
Most historians date the beginning of the modern civil rights movement in the United States to December 1, 1955. That was the day when an unknown seamstress in Montgomery, Alabama refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger. This brave woman, Rosa Parks, was arrested and fined for violating a city ordinance, but her lonely act of defiance began a movement that ended legal segregation in America, and made her an inspiration to freedom-loving people everywhere. Rosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama to James McCauley, a carpenter, and Leona McCauley, a teacher. At the age of two she moved to her grandparents’ farm in Pine Level, Alabama with her mother and younger brother, Sylvester. At the age of 11 she enrolled in the Montgomery Industrial School for Girls, a private school founded by liberal-minded women from the northern United States. The school’s philosophy of self-worth was consistent with Leona McCauley’s advice to “take advantage of the opportunities, no matter how few they were.” Opportunities were few indeed. “Back then,” Mrs. Parks recalled in an interview, “we didn’t have any civil rights. It was just a matter of survival, of existing from one day to the next. I remember going to sleep as a girl hearing the Klan ride at night and hearing a lynching and being afraid the house would burn down.” In the same interview, she cited her lifelong acquaintance with fear as the reason for her relative fearlessness in deciding to appeal her conviction during the bus boycott. “I didn’t have any special fear,” she said. “It was more of a relief to know that I wasn’t alone.” After attending Alabama State Teachers College, the young Rosa settled in Montgomery, with her husband, Raymond Parks. The couple joined the local chapter of the NAACP and worked quietly for many years to improve the lot of African Americans in the segregated South. “I worked on numerous cases with the NAACP,” Mrs. Parks recalled, “but we did not get the publicity. There were cases of flogging, peonage, murder, and rape. We didn’t seem to have too many successes. It was more a matter of trying to challenge the powers that be, and to let it be known that we did not wish to continue being second-class citizens.” The bus incident led to the formation of the Montgomery Improvement Association, led by the young pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The association called for a boycott of the city-owned bus company. The boycott lasted 381 days and brought Mrs. Parks, Dr. King, and their cause to the attention of the world. A Supreme Court decision struck down the Montgomery ordinance under which Mrs. Parks had been fined, and outlawed racial segregation on public transportation. In 1957, Mrs. Parks and her husband moved to Detroit, Michigan, where Mrs. Parks served on the staff of U.S. Representative John Conyers. The Southern Christian Leadership Council established an annual Rosa Parks Freedom Award in her honor. After the death of her husband in 1977, Mrs. Parks founded the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self-Development. The Institute sponsors an annual summer program for teenagers called Pathways to Freedom. The young people tour the country in buses, under adult supervision, learning the history of their country and of the civil rights movement. President Clinton presented Rosa Parks with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1996. She received a Congressional Gold Medal in 1999. When asked if she was happy living in retirement, Rosa Parks replied, “I do the very best I can to look upon life with optimism and hope and looking forward to a better day, but I don’t think there is any such thing as complete happiness. It pains me that there is still a lot of Klan activity and racism. I think when you say you’re happy, you have everything that you need and everything that you want, and nothing more to wish for. I haven’t reached that stage yet.” Mrs. Parks spent her last years living quietly in Detroit, where she died in 2005 at the age of 92. After her death, her casket was placed in the rotunda of the United States Capitol for two days, so the nation could pay its respects to the woman whose courage had changed the lives of so many. She is the only woman and second African American in American history to lie in state at the Capitol, an honor usually reserved for Presidents of the United States. Rosa Parks, the “Mother of the Civil Rights Movement” was one of the most important citizens of the 20th century. Mrs. Parks was a seamstress in Montgomery, Alabama when, in December of 1955, she refused to give up her seat on a city bus to a white passenger. The bus driver had her arrested. She was tried and convicted of violating a local ordinance. Her act sparked a citywide boycott of the bus system by blacks that lasted more than a year. The boycott raised an unknown clergyman named Martin Luther King, Jr., to national prominence and resulted in the U.S. Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation on city buses. Over the next four decades, she helped make her fellow Americans aware of the history of the civil rights struggle. This pioneer in the struggle for racial equality was the recipient of innumerable honors, including the Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Her example remains an inspiration to freedom-loving people everywhere. In 1955, you refused to give up your seat to a white passenger on a public bus in Montgomery, Alabama. Your act inspired the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the event historians call the beginning of the modern Civil Rights Movement. Could you tell us exactly what happened that day? Rosa Parks: I was arrested on December 1, 1955 for refusing to stand up on the orders of the bus driver, after the white seats had been occupied in the front. And of course, I was not in the front of the bus as many people have written and spoken that I was — that I got on the bus and took the front seat, but I did not. I took a seat that was just back of where the white people were sitting, in fact, the last seat. A man was next to the window, and I took an aisle seat and there were two women across. We went on undisturbed until about the second or third stop when some white people boarded the bus and left one man standing. And when the driver noticed him standing, he told us to stand up and let him have those seats. He referred to them as front seats. And when the other three people — after some hesitancy — stood up, he wanted to know if I was going to stand up, and I told him I was not. And he told me he would have me arrested. And I told him he may do that. And of course, he did. Two policemen came on the bus and one asked me if the driver had told me to stand and I said, “Yes.” And he wanted to know why I didn’t stand, and I told him I didn’t think I should have to stand up. And then I asked him, why did they push us around? And he said, and I quote him, “I don’t know, but the law is the law and you are under arrest.” And with that, I got off the bus, under arrest. Did they take you down to the police station? Rosa Parks: Yes. A policeman wanted the driver to swear out a warrant, if he was willing, and he told him that he would sign a warrant when he finished his trip and delivered his passengers, and he would come straight down to the City Hall to sign a warrant against me. Did he do that? Rosa Parks: Yes, he did. Did the public response begin immediately? Rosa Parks: Actually, it began as soon as it was announced. It was put in the paper that I had been arrested. Mr. E.D. Nixon was the legal redress chairman of the Montgomery branch of the NAACP, and he made a number of calls during the night, called a number of ministers. I was arrested on a Thursday evening, and on Friday evening is when they had the meeting at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, where Dr. Martin Luther King was the pastor. A number of citizens came, and I told them the story and from then on, it became news about my being arrested. My trial was December 5, when they found me guilty. The lawyers Fred Gray and Charles Langford, who represented me, filed an appeal and, of course, I didn’t pay any fine. We set a meeting at the Holt Street Baptist Church on the evening of December 5th, because December 5th was the day the people stayed off in large numbers and did not ride the bus. In fact, most of the buses, I think all of them were just about empty with the exception of maybe very, very few people. When they found out that one day’s protest had kept people off the bus, it came to a vote and unanimously, it was decided that they would not ride the buses anymore until changes for the better were made. When you refused to stand up, did you have a sense of anger at having to do it? Rosa Parks: I don’t remember feeling that anger, but I did feel determined to take this as an opportunity to let it be known that I did not want to be treated in that manner and that people have endured it far too long. However, I did not have at the moment of my arrest any idea of how the people would react. And since they reacted favorably, I was willing to go with that. We formed what was known as the Montgomery Improvement Association, on the afternoon of December 5th. Dr. Martin Luther King became very prominent in this movement, so he was chosen as a spokesman and the president of the Montgomery Improvement Association. What are your thoughts when you look back on that time in your life. Any regrets? As I look back on those days, it’s just like a dream. The only thing that bothered me was that we waited so long to make this protest and to let it be known wherever we go that all of us should be free and equal and have all opportunities that others should have. What personal characteristics do you think are most important to accomplish something? Rosa Parks: I think it’s important to believe in yourself and when you feel like you have the right idea, to stay with it. And of course, it all depends upon the cooperation of the people around. People were very cooperative in getting off the buses. And from that, of course, we went on to other things. I, along with Mrs. Field, who was here with me, organized the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self-Development. Raymond, my husband—he is now deceased—was another person who inspired me, because he believed in freedom and equality himself. You were married during the bus incident. Rosa Parks: Yes, I was. How old were you? Rosa Parks: When I was arrested, I was 42 years old. There were so many needs for us to continue to work for freedom, because I didn’t think that we should have to be treated in the way we were, just for the sake of white supremacy, because it was designed to make them feel superior, and us feel inferior. That was the whole plan of racially enforced segregation. What was it like in Montgomery when you were growing up? Rosa Parks: Back in Montgomery during my growing up there, it was completely legally enforced racial segregation, and of course, I struggled against it for a long time. I felt that it was not right to be deprived of freedom when we were living in the Home of the Brave and Land of the Free. Of course, when I refused to stand up, on the orders of the bus driver, for a white passenger to take the seat, and I was not sitting in the front of the bus, as so many people have said, and neither was my feet hurting, as many people have said. But I made up my mind that I would not give in any longer to legally-imposed racial segregation and of course my arrest brought about the protests for more than a year. And in doing so, Dr. Martin Luther King became prominent because he was the leader of our protests along with many other people. And I’m very glad that this experience I had then brought about a movement that triggered across the United States and in other places.	<urn:uuid:12d24e7b-0f49-453b-9cc7-d43ad444cdec>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.achievement.org/achiever/rosa-parks/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00107.warc.gz	en	0.987545	2,659	4.15625	4	[ -0.5249847769737244, -0.06109502166509628, 0.3644213080406189, 0.059677235782146454, -0.1451379954814911, 0.20020458102226257, 0.018971098586916924, -0.178097203373909, 0.1652607023715973, -0.04986624792218208, 0.05587587133049965, 0.47310933470726013, -0.15555620193481445, -0.107414990663...	4	Most historians date the beginning of the modern civil rights movement in the United States to December 1, 1955. That was the day when an unknown seamstress in Montgomery, Alabama refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger. This brave woman, Rosa Parks, was arrested and fined for violating a city ordinance, but her lonely act of defiance began a movement that ended legal segregation in America, and made her an inspiration to freedom-loving people everywhere. Rosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama to James McCauley, a carpenter, and Leona McCauley, a teacher. At the age of two she moved to her grandparents’ farm in Pine Level, Alabama with her mother and younger brother, Sylvester. At the age of 11 she enrolled in the Montgomery Industrial School for Girls, a private school founded by liberal-minded women from the northern United States. The school’s philosophy of self-worth was consistent with Leona McCauley’s advice to “take advantage of the opportunities, no matter how few they were.” Opportunities were few indeed. “Back then,” Mrs. Parks recalled in an interview, “we didn’t have any civil rights. It was just a matter of survival, of existing from one day to the next. I remember going to sleep as a girl hearing the Klan ride at night and hearing a lynching and being afraid the house would burn down.” In the same interview, she cited her lifelong acquaintance with fear as the reason for her relative fearlessness in deciding to appeal her conviction during the bus boycott. “I didn’t have any special fear,” she said. “It was more of a relief to know that I wasn’t alone.” After attending Alabama State Teachers College, the young Rosa settled in Montgomery, with her husband, Raymond Parks. The couple joined the local chapter of the NAACP and worked quietly for many years to improve the lot of African Americans in the segregated South. “I worked on numerous cases with the NAACP,” Mrs. Parks recalled, “but we did not get the publicity. There were cases of flogging, peonage, murder, and rape. We didn’t seem to have too many successes. It was more a matter of trying to challenge the powers that be, and to let it be known that we did not wish to continue being second-class citizens.” The bus incident led to the formation of the Montgomery Improvement Association, led by the young pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The association called for a boycott of the city-owned bus company. The boycott lasted 381 days and brought Mrs. Parks, Dr. King, and their cause to the attention of the world. A Supreme Court decision struck down the Montgomery ordinance under which Mrs. Parks had been fined, and outlawed racial segregation on public transportation. In 1957, Mrs. Parks and her husband moved to Detroit, Michigan, where Mrs. Parks served on the staff of U.S. Representative John Conyers. The Southern Christian Leadership Council established an annual Rosa Parks Freedom Award in her honor. After the death of her husband in 1977, Mrs. Parks founded the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self-Development. The Institute sponsors an annual summer program for teenagers called Pathways to Freedom. The young people tour the country in buses, under adult supervision, learning the history of their country and of the civil rights movement. President Clinton presented Rosa Parks with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1996. She received a Congressional Gold Medal in 1999. When asked if she was happy living in retirement, Rosa Parks replied, “I do the very best I can to look upon life with optimism and hope and looking forward to a better day, but I don’t think there is any such thing as complete happiness. It pains me that there is still a lot of Klan activity and racism. I think when you say you’re happy, you have everything that you need and everything that you want, and nothing more to wish for. I haven’t reached that stage yet.” Mrs. Parks spent her last years living quietly in Detroit, where she died in 2005 at the age of 92. After her death, her casket was placed in the rotunda of the United States Capitol for two days, so the nation could pay its respects to the woman whose courage had changed the lives of so many. She is the only woman and second African American in American history to lie in state at the Capitol, an honor usually reserved for Presidents of the United States. Rosa Parks, the “Mother of the Civil Rights Movement” was one of the most important citizens of the 20th century. Mrs. Parks was a seamstress in Montgomery, Alabama when, in December of 1955, she refused to give up her seat on a city bus to a white passenger. The bus driver had her arrested. She was tried and convicted of violating a local ordinance. Her act sparked a citywide boycott of the bus system by blacks that lasted more than a year. The boycott raised an unknown clergyman named Martin Luther King, Jr., to national prominence and resulted in the U.S. Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation on city buses. Over the next four decades, she helped make her fellow Americans aware of the history of the civil rights struggle. This pioneer in the struggle for racial equality was the recipient of innumerable honors, including the Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Her example remains an inspiration to freedom-loving people everywhere. In 1955, you refused to give up your seat to a white passenger on a public bus in Montgomery, Alabama. Your act inspired the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the event historians call the beginning of the modern Civil Rights Movement. Could you tell us exactly what happened that day? Rosa Parks: I was arrested on December 1, 1955 for refusing to stand up on the orders of the bus driver, after the white seats had been occupied in the front. And of course, I was not in the front of the bus as many people have written and spoken that I was — that I got on the bus and took the front seat, but I did not. I took a seat that was just back of where the white people were sitting, in fact, the last seat. A man was next to the window, and I took an aisle seat and there were two women across. We went on undisturbed until about the second or third stop when some white people boarded the bus and left one man standing. And when the driver noticed him standing, he told us to stand up and let him have those seats. He referred to them as front seats. And when the other three people — after some hesitancy — stood up, he wanted to know if I was going to stand up, and I told him I was not. And he told me he would have me arrested. And I told him he may do that. And of course, he did. Two policemen came on the bus and one asked me if the driver had told me to stand and I said, “Yes.” And he wanted to know why I didn’t stand, and I told him I didn’t think I should have to stand up. And then I asked him, why did they push us around? And he said, and I quote him, “I don’t know, but the law is the law and you are under arrest.” And with that, I got off the bus, under arrest. Did they take you down to the police station? Rosa Parks: Yes. A policeman wanted the driver to swear out a warrant, if he was willing, and he told him that he would sign a warrant when he finished his trip and delivered his passengers, and he would come straight down to the City Hall to sign a warrant against me. Did he do that? Rosa Parks: Yes, he did. Did the public response begin immediately? Rosa Parks: Actually, it began as soon as it was announced. It was put in the paper that I had been arrested. Mr. E.D. Nixon was the legal redress chairman of the Montgomery branch of the NAACP, and he made a number of calls during the night, called a number of ministers. I was arrested on a Thursday evening, and on Friday evening is when they had the meeting at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, where Dr. Martin Luther King was the pastor. A number of citizens came, and I told them the story and from then on, it became news about my being arrested. My trial was December 5, when they found me guilty. The lawyers Fred Gray and Charles Langford, who represented me, filed an appeal and, of course, I didn’t pay any fine. We set a meeting at the Holt Street Baptist Church on the evening of December 5th, because December 5th was the day the people stayed off in large numbers and did not ride the bus. In fact, most of the buses, I think all of them were just about empty with the exception of maybe very, very few people. When they found out that one day’s protest had kept people off the bus, it came to a vote and unanimously, it was decided that they would not ride the buses anymore until changes for the better were made. When you refused to stand up, did you have a sense of anger at having to do it? Rosa Parks: I don’t remember feeling that anger, but I did feel determined to take this as an opportunity to let it be known that I did not want to be treated in that manner and that people have endured it far too long. However, I did not have at the moment of my arrest any idea of how the people would react. And since they reacted favorably, I was willing to go with that. We formed what was known as the Montgomery Improvement Association, on the afternoon of December 5th. Dr. Martin Luther King became very prominent in this movement, so he was chosen as a spokesman and the president of the Montgomery Improvement Association. What are your thoughts when you look back on that time in your life. Any regrets? As I look back on those days, it’s just like a dream. The only thing that bothered me was that we waited so long to make this protest and to let it be known wherever we go that all of us should be free and equal and have all opportunities that others should have. What personal characteristics do you think are most important to accomplish something? Rosa Parks: I think it’s important to believe in yourself and when you feel like you have the right idea, to stay with it. And of course, it all depends upon the cooperation of the people around. People were very cooperative in getting off the buses. And from that, of course, we went on to other things. I, along with Mrs. Field, who was here with me, organized the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self-Development. Raymond, my husband—he is now deceased—was another person who inspired me, because he believed in freedom and equality himself. You were married during the bus incident. Rosa Parks: Yes, I was. How old were you? Rosa Parks: When I was arrested, I was 42 years old. There were so many needs for us to continue to work for freedom, because I didn’t think that we should have to be treated in the way we were, just for the sake of white supremacy, because it was designed to make them feel superior, and us feel inferior. That was the whole plan of racially enforced segregation. What was it like in Montgomery when you were growing up? Rosa Parks: Back in Montgomery during my growing up there, it was completely legally enforced racial segregation, and of course, I struggled against it for a long time. I felt that it was not right to be deprived of freedom when we were living in the Home of the Brave and Land of the Free. Of course, when I refused to stand up, on the orders of the bus driver, for a white passenger to take the seat, and I was not sitting in the front of the bus, as so many people have said, and neither was my feet hurting, as many people have said. But I made up my mind that I would not give in any longer to legally-imposed racial segregation and of course my arrest brought about the protests for more than a year. And in doing so, Dr. Martin Luther King became prominent because he was the leader of our protests along with many other people. And I’m very glad that this experience I had then brought about a movement that triggered across the United States and in other places.	2,609	ENGLISH	1
The Disney company is ever questioned on the world of their movies. Some see racism, prejudice, or ignorance toward history. Now for a sketch that? Introduction This essay discusses the life of Pocahontas, mainly the contributions she made in creating a good relationship between her nation and that of the Englishmen who came from Scandinavia as colonists. Pocahontas was a daughter to a Powhatan paramount chief; it is claimed that she was very close to her father. Though her father had other children, Pocahontas was his favorite child, something that was so clear to everyone in Pocahontas essay kingdom. Pocahontas is remembered in the Indian American history due to the impact she made in the relationship between the Powhatans and the Englishmen. She was later married to John Smith, an Englishman, a marriage that was symbolic and marked a permanent Pocahontas essay relationship between the Indians and the Englishmen. She was brought up in a cultural setting whereby every aspect of life was greatly inclined towards the cultural traditions and values. The Child Pocahontas Pocahontas was a daughter to an Indian chief, Mamanatowic, who was the greatest chief of all Pewhatan towns. The love between Pocahontas and her father was a combination of filial and spiritual love that extended beyond the two of them to the people her father was serving. This father- daughter relationship was so strong to the extent of being easily noticed by the English colonists when they arrived in Powhatan. The strong bond between Pocahontas and her father is said to have resulted from the fact that her mother had died while giving birth to her. When his first wife died, the chief was greatly grieved and devastated but finally found a spiritual connection of his wife in Pocahontas. Since her childhood, her father had great love for his daughter and did everything he could to protect her. This love reciprocated when Pocahontas loved her father equally such that nothing came between her and the love she had for her father. Her Marriage to John Rolfe She is greatly remembered in the American history because of the significant contribution she made towards assisting the colonial settlers in Jamestown. This was brought about by a meeting that took place between her and John smith in These two people originated from two very different tribes, with different cultures and languages, and a different view of the world which made understanding each other close to impossible. Their encounter brought about bonds of peace in their two nations which had lived in chaos for a long time; this was triggered by her conversion to Christianity and marriage to John Rolfe. The relationship between Pocahontas and John Rolfe is said to have started when a small group of English settlers came to James town. This relationship helped shape the American history in that it was the beginning of cooperation between Powhatan people and the Englishmen which led to a successful foundation of Virginia and later creation of a new nation. This relationship led to Princess Pocahontas saving Jamestown from colonization. She would occasionally intervene on behalf of the colonists whenever differences arose between them and her tribesmen. She also travelled to the court of James as an American Indian representative and gave assistance to the Englishmen and in the process taught them on the reality of the existence of Powhatan. There was a time Pocahontas was held hostage in Henrico. It was during this period that she became acquainted to her husband to be John Rolfe.Pocahontas was born in in Werowocomoco (Eastern Virginia) to the powerful tribal leader Powhatan. She was one of as many as one hundred children. Pocahontas essays The story of Pocahontas is well known, at least as it has been recorded by the Europeans. Many Indian nations including actual ancestors of the Powhatan tribe feel it is an inaccurate account of events. Orientalism in Pocahontas Essay. Orientalism in Disney’s Pocahontas While the name suggests an allusion to only Eastern Asia, or the Orient, Orientalism is a branch of Cultural Studies, an area of literary criticism that has applications in various mediums. Jul 16, · Pocahontas Introduction Disney’s Pocahontas has understandably received a lot of flak about the historically inaccurate story that is told about the legendary Pocahontas and Captain John Smith. There is a good reason for that. Pocahontas, however, was said to be Powhatan’s favorite. Powhatan was the chief of the Algonquian Indians in the Virginia area. Pocahontas’s real. Everyone's favorite Powhatan princess Pocahontas is the inspiration behind this strikingly beautiful necklace and earrings set. The Native American styling displays the colors of the wind with metalwork, jewels, and glitter accents. Pocahontas is the tale of a heroine, a child who exhibited moral courage and independence, a child who went against everything she'd been taught all her life in favor of the convictions of her own. -Pocahontas was released in theaters on June 16, -Unlike all animated Disney films before it, Pocahontas was the first to be based on a real, historic figure -Due to this undertaking by Disney, many people were concerned that the film would not be faithful to the original events that occurred. Essay topics about natural disasters quizlet internet english essays notes for css. Essay proofreading and editing revising customs essay uk ethics lumia and lumia comparison essay person that influenced you essay books. Pocahontas was born in Virginia. She was the daughter of Chief Powatan. Her clan name was Matoaka. Her nickname was Pocahontas. Both names mean "mischievous".	<urn:uuid:7c83921b-d64b-43d3-bccb-f6012e5def7d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://vyvexaqyxen.kaja-net.com/pocahontas-essay-31966uj.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00187.warc.gz	en	0.982684	1,217	3.3125	3	[ -0.08802571147680283, 0.3931775689125061, 0.6149212121963501, 0.11554192006587982, -0.6561739444732666, 0.16739332675933838, 0.5375041365623474, 0.16124698519706726, -0.21733833849430084, -0.1607552021741867, 0.07518251985311508, -0.2180248647928238, 0.276045560836792, 0.35409975051879883,...	1	The Disney company is ever questioned on the world of their movies. Some see racism, prejudice, or ignorance toward history. Now for a sketch that? Introduction This essay discusses the life of Pocahontas, mainly the contributions she made in creating a good relationship between her nation and that of the Englishmen who came from Scandinavia as colonists. Pocahontas was a daughter to a Powhatan paramount chief; it is claimed that she was very close to her father. Though her father had other children, Pocahontas was his favorite child, something that was so clear to everyone in Pocahontas essay kingdom. Pocahontas is remembered in the Indian American history due to the impact she made in the relationship between the Powhatans and the Englishmen. She was later married to John Smith, an Englishman, a marriage that was symbolic and marked a permanent Pocahontas essay relationship between the Indians and the Englishmen. She was brought up in a cultural setting whereby every aspect of life was greatly inclined towards the cultural traditions and values. The Child Pocahontas Pocahontas was a daughter to an Indian chief, Mamanatowic, who was the greatest chief of all Pewhatan towns. The love between Pocahontas and her father was a combination of filial and spiritual love that extended beyond the two of them to the people her father was serving. This father- daughter relationship was so strong to the extent of being easily noticed by the English colonists when they arrived in Powhatan. The strong bond between Pocahontas and her father is said to have resulted from the fact that her mother had died while giving birth to her. When his first wife died, the chief was greatly grieved and devastated but finally found a spiritual connection of his wife in Pocahontas. Since her childhood, her father had great love for his daughter and did everything he could to protect her. This love reciprocated when Pocahontas loved her father equally such that nothing came between her and the love she had for her father. Her Marriage to John Rolfe She is greatly remembered in the American history because of the significant contribution she made towards assisting the colonial settlers in Jamestown. This was brought about by a meeting that took place between her and John smith in These two people originated from two very different tribes, with different cultures and languages, and a different view of the world which made understanding each other close to impossible. Their encounter brought about bonds of peace in their two nations which had lived in chaos for a long time; this was triggered by her conversion to Christianity and marriage to John Rolfe. The relationship between Pocahontas and John Rolfe is said to have started when a small group of English settlers came to James town. This relationship helped shape the American history in that it was the beginning of cooperation between Powhatan people and the Englishmen which led to a successful foundation of Virginia and later creation of a new nation. This relationship led to Princess Pocahontas saving Jamestown from colonization. She would occasionally intervene on behalf of the colonists whenever differences arose between them and her tribesmen. She also travelled to the court of James as an American Indian representative and gave assistance to the Englishmen and in the process taught them on the reality of the existence of Powhatan. There was a time Pocahontas was held hostage in Henrico. It was during this period that she became acquainted to her husband to be John Rolfe.Pocahontas was born in in Werowocomoco (Eastern Virginia) to the powerful tribal leader Powhatan. She was one of as many as one hundred children. Pocahontas essays The story of Pocahontas is well known, at least as it has been recorded by the Europeans. Many Indian nations including actual ancestors of the Powhatan tribe feel it is an inaccurate account of events. Orientalism in Pocahontas Essay. Orientalism in Disney’s Pocahontas While the name suggests an allusion to only Eastern Asia, or the Orient, Orientalism is a branch of Cultural Studies, an area of literary criticism that has applications in various mediums. Jul 16, · Pocahontas Introduction Disney’s Pocahontas has understandably received a lot of flak about the historically inaccurate story that is told about the legendary Pocahontas and Captain John Smith. There is a good reason for that. Pocahontas, however, was said to be Powhatan’s favorite. Powhatan was the chief of the Algonquian Indians in the Virginia area. Pocahontas’s real. Everyone's favorite Powhatan princess Pocahontas is the inspiration behind this strikingly beautiful necklace and earrings set. The Native American styling displays the colors of the wind with metalwork, jewels, and glitter accents. Pocahontas is the tale of a heroine, a child who exhibited moral courage and independence, a child who went against everything she'd been taught all her life in favor of the convictions of her own. -Pocahontas was released in theaters on June 16, -Unlike all animated Disney films before it, Pocahontas was the first to be based on a real, historic figure -Due to this undertaking by Disney, many people were concerned that the film would not be faithful to the original events that occurred. Essay topics about natural disasters quizlet internet english essays notes for css. Essay proofreading and editing revising customs essay uk ethics lumia and lumia comparison essay person that influenced you essay books. Pocahontas was born in Virginia. She was the daughter of Chief Powatan. Her clan name was Matoaka. Her nickname was Pocahontas. Both names mean "mischievous".	1,208	ENGLISH	1
Read Hazrat Khalid Bin Waleed RTA and other interesting Urdu Stories, Urdu Kids Articles and Urdu Mazamin. Children Moral stories and Stories with lessons . \|Published (Last):\|\|19 June 2013\| \|PDF File Size:\|\|17.1 Mb\| \|ePub File Size:\|\|10.5 Mb\| \|Price:\|\|Free* [*Free Regsitration Required]\| This page was last edited on 6 Decemberat Hlstory it is believed that relations between Umar and Khalid, cousins, were always something short of cordial, both of them apparently harboured no ill-will towards each other. Since the Muslim forces in Syria were in need of urgent reinforcement, Khalid avoided the conventional route to Syria via Daumat-ul-Jandal because it was a long and histoey take weeks to reach Syria. His father was known for his hostility against Muhammad. Meanwhile, Khalid received a call for relief from northern Arabia at Daumat-ul-Jandal, where another Muslim Arab general, Iyad ibn Ghanm, was being surrounded by rebel tribes. During which he is said to have collected a few hairs of Muhammad as a holy relic, believing that they would help him win his battles. According to hadiths considered Sahih by Sunni Muslims, he was first referred to as “a Sword amongst the Swords of Allah” krdu Muhammad while he was describing the Battle of Mu’tah. He converted to Islamand joined Muhammad after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and participated in various expeditions for him, such as the Battle of Gistorywhich was the first battle between the Romans and the Muslims. Submit to Islam and be safe. A khali Muslim army under Khalid ibn al-Walid lay siege to the city of Bosra, decisively defeating a larger army of Byzantines and Christian Arabs. Khalid turned those skirmishing tactics into something that could be used anywhere. However, when he went to Abu Ubaida, he told him that he had been dismissed on the order of Umar and is required to go back to Bni. Tulaiha’s power was crushed after his remaining followers were defeated at the Battle of Ghamra. The latter two were captured after the Battle of Qaryatayn and the Battle of Hawarin. Khalid is said to have solved the water shortage issue using a Bedouin method. Before assaulting the Persian capital, Khalid decided to eliminate all Persian forces from the south and west, and thus marched against the border city of Firaz, where he defeated a combined force of Sassanid Persians, Byzantine Romans and Christian Arabs and captured the city’s fortress during the Battle of Firaz in December Farewell, a long farewell to Syria, my fair province. Abu Ubaida was himself an admirer of Khalid and loved him as his younger brother, and so said that he was not capable of doing it. I was sure, taking into consideration your brilliance, your wisdom and foresight that surely one day you would accept Islam as your religion. Khalid ibn al-Walid Khalid son of al-Walid was from the Meccan tribe of Qurayshfrom a clan that initially opposed Muhammad. I’ve fought in so many battles seeking martyrdom that there is no spot in my body left without a scar or a wound made by a spear or sword. May the eyes of the cowards never rest. In either case he would be dismissed, and Abu Ubaida would take charge of his duties. But after gaining victory, Muhammad visited him and treated his wounds which healed quickly. Khalid ibn al-Walid – Wikipedia Take her as a gift, there shall be no ransom. Catching the Byzantines off guard, he quickly captured several towns, virtually cutting off the communications of the Byzantine army at Ajnadayn with its high command at Emesawhere emperor Heraclius himself resided. Much of Khalid’s strategic and tactical genius lies in biin use of extreme methods. It is unknown how many children Khalid ibn al-Walid had, but names of his three sons and one known daughter are mentioned in history which are as follows:. The Commanders of Muslim Army. Inhe was dismissed from military services. The conquest of Syria continued under his Generalship and, Abu Ubaidah being an admirer of Khalid, gave him command of the cavalry and used him as a military advisor. Umar is said to have later regretted this decision. 14.Story of Hazrat Khalid ibn al-Walid (Khalid bin Walid). Urdu & Hindi Reclaiming Muslim Civilisation from the Past. He was part of the expedition to Tabuk under the command of Muhammad, and from there he was sent to Daumat-ul-Jandal where he fought and captured the Arab Prince of Daumat-ul-Jandalforcing Daumat-ul-Jandal to submit. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Retrieved from ” https: The communication between Northern Syria and Palestine was now cut off. But fate had decided otherwise, as when he reached Medina, news of Khalid’s death reached him. And yet here I am, dying on my bed like an old camel. After his past experiences Heraclius had been avoiding pitched battles with the Muslims. During his childhood Khalid suffered a mild attack of smallpox, which he survived, but it left some pockmarks on his left cheek. He was able to maintain his heavily outnumbered army of 3, men against an army of 10, of the Byzantine Empire and Ghassanid Arabs. You were honored in life and content in death. Archived from the original on 27 September In order to save the empire from annihilation, a desperate battle was fought between the Muslim army and that of the defenders of Antioch outside the city near Orontes riverpopularly known as Battle of Iron bridge. The inhabitants were given peace on the terms of annual payment of jizya tribute and agreed to provide intelligence for Muslims. The Roman army was totally annihilated at the Battle of Hazirwhich even forced Umar to praise Khalid’s military genius. With the devastating defeat at Yarmouk his empire was extremely vulnerable to Muslim invasion. He bypassed Damascus while crossing a mountain pass which is now known as “Sanita-al-Uqab” “the Uqab pass” after the name of Khalid’s army standard. Khalid, gave a pledge of loyalty to the new caliph and continued service as an ordinary commander under Abu Ubaidah. Ridda wars and Malik ibn Nuwayrah. You must understand, O Khalid, that when the Messenger of Allah Muhammadon whom be the blessings of Allah and peace, named you Sword of Allahhe predetermined that you would not fall in battle. The Prophet said, “Zaid took the flag as the commander of the army and was martyred, then Ja’far took it and was martyred, and then Ibn Rawaha took it and was martyred. Umar is said to have praised him in uurdu words: Khalid ibn Al-Walid reported that the fighting was so intense, that while fighting, he broke nine swords in the battle. Khalid destroyed the statue as well as the shrine and killed those who resisted. Khalid selected a rather shorter route to Syria which unconventionally passed through the Syrian Desert.	<urn:uuid:5e455e54-5f9a-4743-bea4-f471970cbd43>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://bakugan-games.ru/history-of-khalid-bin-waleed-in-urdu-83/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00033.warc.gz	en	0.980443	1,547	3.328125	3	[ -0.24173754453659058, 0.7198412418365479, 0.08002970367670059, -0.08171248435974121, -0.26996198296546936, -0.3310825228691101, -0.02125426009297371, 0.327056884765625, -0.23448166251182556, 0.024990666657686234, 0.08034180104732513, -0.2616210877895355, 0.25350141525268555, 0.222563415765...	3	Read Hazrat Khalid Bin Waleed RTA and other interesting Urdu Stories, Urdu Kids Articles and Urdu Mazamin. Children Moral stories and Stories with lessons . \|Published (Last):\|\|19 June 2013\| \|PDF File Size:\|\|17.1 Mb\| \|ePub File Size:\|\|10.5 Mb\| \|Price:\|\|Free* [*Free Regsitration Required]\| This page was last edited on 6 Decemberat Hlstory it is believed that relations between Umar and Khalid, cousins, were always something short of cordial, both of them apparently harboured no ill-will towards each other. Since the Muslim forces in Syria were in need of urgent reinforcement, Khalid avoided the conventional route to Syria via Daumat-ul-Jandal because it was a long and histoey take weeks to reach Syria. His father was known for his hostility against Muhammad. Meanwhile, Khalid received a call for relief from northern Arabia at Daumat-ul-Jandal, where another Muslim Arab general, Iyad ibn Ghanm, was being surrounded by rebel tribes. During which he is said to have collected a few hairs of Muhammad as a holy relic, believing that they would help him win his battles. According to hadiths considered Sahih by Sunni Muslims, he was first referred to as “a Sword amongst the Swords of Allah” krdu Muhammad while he was describing the Battle of Mu’tah. He converted to Islamand joined Muhammad after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and participated in various expeditions for him, such as the Battle of Gistorywhich was the first battle between the Romans and the Muslims. Submit to Islam and be safe. A khali Muslim army under Khalid ibn al-Walid lay siege to the city of Bosra, decisively defeating a larger army of Byzantines and Christian Arabs. Khalid turned those skirmishing tactics into something that could be used anywhere. However, when he went to Abu Ubaida, he told him that he had been dismissed on the order of Umar and is required to go back to Bni. Tulaiha’s power was crushed after his remaining followers were defeated at the Battle of Ghamra. The latter two were captured after the Battle of Qaryatayn and the Battle of Hawarin. Khalid is said to have solved the water shortage issue using a Bedouin method. Before assaulting the Persian capital, Khalid decided to eliminate all Persian forces from the south and west, and thus marched against the border city of Firaz, where he defeated a combined force of Sassanid Persians, Byzantine Romans and Christian Arabs and captured the city’s fortress during the Battle of Firaz in December Farewell, a long farewell to Syria, my fair province. Abu Ubaida was himself an admirer of Khalid and loved him as his younger brother, and so said that he was not capable of doing it. I was sure, taking into consideration your brilliance, your wisdom and foresight that surely one day you would accept Islam as your religion. Khalid ibn al-Walid Khalid son of al-Walid was from the Meccan tribe of Qurayshfrom a clan that initially opposed Muhammad. I’ve fought in so many battles seeking martyrdom that there is no spot in my body left without a scar or a wound made by a spear or sword. May the eyes of the cowards never rest. In either case he would be dismissed, and Abu Ubaida would take charge of his duties. But after gaining victory, Muhammad visited him and treated his wounds which healed quickly. Khalid ibn al-Walid – Wikipedia Take her as a gift, there shall be no ransom. Catching the Byzantines off guard, he quickly captured several towns, virtually cutting off the communications of the Byzantine army at Ajnadayn with its high command at Emesawhere emperor Heraclius himself resided. Much of Khalid’s strategic and tactical genius lies in biin use of extreme methods. It is unknown how many children Khalid ibn al-Walid had, but names of his three sons and one known daughter are mentioned in history which are as follows:. The Commanders of Muslim Army. Inhe was dismissed from military services. The conquest of Syria continued under his Generalship and, Abu Ubaidah being an admirer of Khalid, gave him command of the cavalry and used him as a military advisor. Umar is said to have later regretted this decision. 14.Story of Hazrat Khalid ibn al-Walid (Khalid bin Walid). Urdu & Hindi Reclaiming Muslim Civilisation from the Past. He was part of the expedition to Tabuk under the command of Muhammad, and from there he was sent to Daumat-ul-Jandal where he fought and captured the Arab Prince of Daumat-ul-Jandalforcing Daumat-ul-Jandal to submit. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Retrieved from ” https: The communication between Northern Syria and Palestine was now cut off. But fate had decided otherwise, as when he reached Medina, news of Khalid’s death reached him. And yet here I am, dying on my bed like an old camel. After his past experiences Heraclius had been avoiding pitched battles with the Muslims. During his childhood Khalid suffered a mild attack of smallpox, which he survived, but it left some pockmarks on his left cheek. He was able to maintain his heavily outnumbered army of 3, men against an army of 10, of the Byzantine Empire and Ghassanid Arabs. You were honored in life and content in death. Archived from the original on 27 September In order to save the empire from annihilation, a desperate battle was fought between the Muslim army and that of the defenders of Antioch outside the city near Orontes riverpopularly known as Battle of Iron bridge. The inhabitants were given peace on the terms of annual payment of jizya tribute and agreed to provide intelligence for Muslims. The Roman army was totally annihilated at the Battle of Hazirwhich even forced Umar to praise Khalid’s military genius. With the devastating defeat at Yarmouk his empire was extremely vulnerable to Muslim invasion. He bypassed Damascus while crossing a mountain pass which is now known as “Sanita-al-Uqab” “the Uqab pass” after the name of Khalid’s army standard. Khalid, gave a pledge of loyalty to the new caliph and continued service as an ordinary commander under Abu Ubaidah. Ridda wars and Malik ibn Nuwayrah. You must understand, O Khalid, that when the Messenger of Allah Muhammadon whom be the blessings of Allah and peace, named you Sword of Allahhe predetermined that you would not fall in battle. The Prophet said, “Zaid took the flag as the commander of the army and was martyred, then Ja’far took it and was martyred, and then Ibn Rawaha took it and was martyred. Umar is said to have praised him in uurdu words: Khalid ibn Al-Walid reported that the fighting was so intense, that while fighting, he broke nine swords in the battle. Khalid destroyed the statue as well as the shrine and killed those who resisted. Khalid selected a rather shorter route to Syria which unconventionally passed through the Syrian Desert.	1,533	ENGLISH	1
Last week marked three quarters of a century since the first Nazi extermination camp was liberated and the world first caught a glimpse of the Holocaust – but few today know the camp’s name. Natzweiler-Struthof, a relatively small death camp in the mountains of Alsace, is now home to a striking Holocaust memorial in the grounds of a cemetery, but was once the site of industrial murder. Among those to survive was Boris Pahor. Pahor, 106, is the oldest known survivor of a Nazi concentration camp and, having told his story in the form of a book called Necropolis, he was the subject of an emotional BBC documentary with Alan Yentob last week, entitled The Man Who Saw Too Much. Arrested in Italy for anti-fascist writings, Pahor was locked up in Natzweiler, a camp built soon after the Nazis occupied France in 1940. It was the first camp to be liberated by the Western Allies in 1944. A British intelligence officer at the time recorded that “the majority of deaths were caused by shooting” and outlined Nazi medical experiments as well as torture. He said freezing winter temperatures led many to die from swollen limbs. In the one-hour BBC documentary, Yentob retraced Pahor’s steps. A loyal Slovenian born in Trieste, Pahor recalls the joy of hot water on his freezing body, even though he knew the camp’s furnace was powered by burning bodies. Pahor was first sent to Dachau, where he was beaten with a strap until he looked “like a zebra”, then transferred to Natzweiler, a camp for political prisoners and resistance fighters, who were given a number and labelled with a red triangle. There were also a small number of Jews, gypsies and Jehovah’s Witnesses there. Of the 52,000 people who entered the camp, 22,000 never left, and 86 Jews were murdered there in order to provide skeletons for what one historian interviewed called a ‘zoological museum of an extinct species’. Pahor survived because a chance encounter with the camp’s Norwegian doctor meant the doctor retained his services as a translator, with Pahor staying in the barracks. “They made me a diarrhoea nurse, right there in the worst condition,” Pahor told Yentob from his home in Trieste. “Whoever had a job that enabled them to stay in the barracks had a hope of survival.” The camp, whose end came about 75 years ago this week, was built next to a fashionable 1930s ski resort, where the local hotel was commandeered for SS officers and where the village hall was turned into a gas chamber. Camp commandant Josef Kramer, who lived in a large house with a pool, personally gassed the 80 Jews for the “skeleton collection”. Kramer was later transferred to Auschwitz and then to Bergen-Belsen, where he was nicknamed “the Beast of Belsen” by prisoners. Yentob’s visit to Natzweiler for the documentary comes 55 years after Pahor himself returned to the camp, recalling his time there. “You came in at the top and the gallows welcomed you,” he recalls. “You were told there was an oven down there and that there was no way out but through the chimney. In Natzweiler, you were always afraid.” The Man Who Saw Too Much is available to view on BBC iPlayer	<urn:uuid:b920232c-0283-48f9-af03-b82430187d67>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/the-man-who-saw-too-much-in-natzweiler-you-were-always-afraid/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00021.warc.gz	en	0.980398	758	3.265625	3	[ 0.024931957945227623, 0.9141014814376831, -0.07154272496700287, 0.04597180709242821, 0.21963489055633545, 0.3809642493724823, 0.08468843996524811, 0.012891348451375961, -0.32587024569511414, -0.14716817438602448, 0.027400169521570206, -0.1617061048746109, 0.06821122765541077, 0.65829145908...	1	Last week marked three quarters of a century since the first Nazi extermination camp was liberated and the world first caught a glimpse of the Holocaust – but few today know the camp’s name. Natzweiler-Struthof, a relatively small death camp in the mountains of Alsace, is now home to a striking Holocaust memorial in the grounds of a cemetery, but was once the site of industrial murder. Among those to survive was Boris Pahor. Pahor, 106, is the oldest known survivor of a Nazi concentration camp and, having told his story in the form of a book called Necropolis, he was the subject of an emotional BBC documentary with Alan Yentob last week, entitled The Man Who Saw Too Much. Arrested in Italy for anti-fascist writings, Pahor was locked up in Natzweiler, a camp built soon after the Nazis occupied France in 1940. It was the first camp to be liberated by the Western Allies in 1944. A British intelligence officer at the time recorded that “the majority of deaths were caused by shooting” and outlined Nazi medical experiments as well as torture. He said freezing winter temperatures led many to die from swollen limbs. In the one-hour BBC documentary, Yentob retraced Pahor’s steps. A loyal Slovenian born in Trieste, Pahor recalls the joy of hot water on his freezing body, even though he knew the camp’s furnace was powered by burning bodies. Pahor was first sent to Dachau, where he was beaten with a strap until he looked “like a zebra”, then transferred to Natzweiler, a camp for political prisoners and resistance fighters, who were given a number and labelled with a red triangle. There were also a small number of Jews, gypsies and Jehovah’s Witnesses there. Of the 52,000 people who entered the camp, 22,000 never left, and 86 Jews were murdered there in order to provide skeletons for what one historian interviewed called a ‘zoological museum of an extinct species’. Pahor survived because a chance encounter with the camp’s Norwegian doctor meant the doctor retained his services as a translator, with Pahor staying in the barracks. “They made me a diarrhoea nurse, right there in the worst condition,” Pahor told Yentob from his home in Trieste. “Whoever had a job that enabled them to stay in the barracks had a hope of survival.” The camp, whose end came about 75 years ago this week, was built next to a fashionable 1930s ski resort, where the local hotel was commandeered for SS officers and where the village hall was turned into a gas chamber. Camp commandant Josef Kramer, who lived in a large house with a pool, personally gassed the 80 Jews for the “skeleton collection”. Kramer was later transferred to Auschwitz and then to Bergen-Belsen, where he was nicknamed “the Beast of Belsen” by prisoners. Yentob’s visit to Natzweiler for the documentary comes 55 years after Pahor himself returned to the camp, recalling his time there. “You came in at the top and the gallows welcomed you,” he recalls. “You were told there was an oven down there and that there was no way out but through the chimney. In Natzweiler, you were always afraid.” The Man Who Saw Too Much is available to view on BBC iPlayer	727	ENGLISH	1
How Did Economic, Geographic, and Social Factors Encourage the Growth of Slavery Slavery has been around for a long time, even before the New World was discovered. The Africans were being traded to owners in the Mediterranean looking for workers. However, the usage was minimal at this time. Between 1607 and 1775, the slave trade had a huge boom. Slaves were sent to the New World to work, and they made up over 50 % of the population in colonies. Many factors contributed to this, economically, geographically, and socially. The colonies in the New World often focused on raising crops for export to build their economy. At first, farmers experimented with tobacco and cotton. These farmers were unsuccessful and looked for a new crop to grow. Sugar soon became one the most popular crops and it was generated a great amount of wealth. Sugar is substantial and the market was growing in Europe every day. If sugar were to not sell, it could be distilled into rum which was also a booming market upon the Europeans. Either way, there was no was loss in changing to sugar farms. Sugar cultivating took over the plantations in the New World; farmers began to convert most of their lands to sugar cane. This meant more workers were needed to work on these fields. These jobs were very labor-intensive so they first brought in the indentured servants. These servants were unable to adapt to the harsh tropical climate and the hard work discouraged them. It wasn’t much later when they decided to bring in the African slaves. As these slaves were owned by them, they forced them to do these vigorous jobs. African slaves were sold very cheap by the slave traders. They were also in a great abundance, making work even easier. The best part is however, that there was little in the law protecting the slaves nor controlling the price of the slaves. The slave owners worked their slaves to death as it was cheaper for them to purchase new slaves than to keep their current ones healthy. Rarely did these African slaves live pass forty. These slaves were merely property to the slave owners, rarely were they helped by the slave owners or kept healthy. Slavery grew massively through 1607 to 1775. It was effected by economic, social, and geographic factors. It was highly beneficial for the slave owners and they need not to pay for indentured servants any longer or take care of them. These slaves could also be forced to work under any conditions, whether it was raining or not. They were even treated poorly, and little was done to protect them in the laws.	<urn:uuid:9af81054-b230-464c-8996-a62e0ab6c18e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://newyorkessays.com/essay-how-did-economic-geographic-and-social-factors-encourage-the-growth-of-slavery/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00368.warc.gz	en	0.994057	520	4	4	[ -0.2346891313791275, 0.3735896348953247, 0.16419680416584015, 0.08506924659013748, 0.26744937896728516, -0.07132099568843842, -0.1504829227924347, -0.06473364681005478, -0.35951167345046997, 0.165024071931839, 0.4345911145210266, -0.09832773357629776, -0.20019519329071045, 0.19373315572738...	1	How Did Economic, Geographic, and Social Factors Encourage the Growth of Slavery Slavery has been around for a long time, even before the New World was discovered. The Africans were being traded to owners in the Mediterranean looking for workers. However, the usage was minimal at this time. Between 1607 and 1775, the slave trade had a huge boom. Slaves were sent to the New World to work, and they made up over 50 % of the population in colonies. Many factors contributed to this, economically, geographically, and socially. The colonies in the New World often focused on raising crops for export to build their economy. At first, farmers experimented with tobacco and cotton. These farmers were unsuccessful and looked for a new crop to grow. Sugar soon became one the most popular crops and it was generated a great amount of wealth. Sugar is substantial and the market was growing in Europe every day. If sugar were to not sell, it could be distilled into rum which was also a booming market upon the Europeans. Either way, there was no was loss in changing to sugar farms. Sugar cultivating took over the plantations in the New World; farmers began to convert most of their lands to sugar cane. This meant more workers were needed to work on these fields. These jobs were very labor-intensive so they first brought in the indentured servants. These servants were unable to adapt to the harsh tropical climate and the hard work discouraged them. It wasn’t much later when they decided to bring in the African slaves. As these slaves were owned by them, they forced them to do these vigorous jobs. African slaves were sold very cheap by the slave traders. They were also in a great abundance, making work even easier. The best part is however, that there was little in the law protecting the slaves nor controlling the price of the slaves. The slave owners worked their slaves to death as it was cheaper for them to purchase new slaves than to keep their current ones healthy. Rarely did these African slaves live pass forty. These slaves were merely property to the slave owners, rarely were they helped by the slave owners or kept healthy. Slavery grew massively through 1607 to 1775. It was effected by economic, social, and geographic factors. It was highly beneficial for the slave owners and they need not to pay for indentured servants any longer or take care of them. These slaves could also be forced to work under any conditions, whether it was raining or not. They were even treated poorly, and little was done to protect them in the laws.	528	ENGLISH	1
William the Conqueror sails across the English Channel. William’s ancestors were Norse Vikings who had settled in the part of France which came to be called Normandy. Note the similarity of William’s ship to the clinker-built Viking ships. Tomorrow, Sam Houston Rita Bay After the Norman Conquest in 1066, King William the Conqueror granted his supporters land to hold for him. In return for the land, it was their responsibility to insure peace in the area granted to them and to answer the call to war when it came. The new nobility built motte and bailey castles to defend their territory. The early castles were constructed of wood usually on high ground or on river bends land using forced labour. The motte and bailey castles could be built quickly and provided protection against rebellion. Being constructed of wood, they were only temporary and susceptible to fire. Construction began by digging a motte large mound of earth with a flat top. Then, they built a keep (tower house) surrounded by a fence that would serve as the Norman lord’s home. Next, the bailey was constructed at the foot of the motte. This included the buildings where the workers and soldiers lived and worked. It was surrounded both by a fence and, where possible, a moat of water with a drawbridge. Dover Castle Restoration After the Normans established themselves, they began to build in stone. Although the stone structures took a long time to build, they were extremely well made, very strong and well protected making them difficult to destroy or capture. Some of these castles still stand almost 1,000 years later. The castle was also a residence with different rooms for the Lord and his family. The Tower keep was reached by a wooden bridge from the bailey. The tower keep generally had two or three stories. The kitchen and storeroom were on the ground floor. The Great Hall was located on the first floor and the lord’s apartments on the top floor. Outside the keep was the ‘bailey’ which contained stables and outbuildings. Surrounding the bailey was a stone wall which itself had built into it many guard towers for extra protection. A moat was then dug around the wall. A spiral staircase would lead up to the battlements on the roof, which was guarded by soldiers. A good example of an early castle is the White Tower. It is part of the Tower of London which is situated on north bank of theThames River. William the Conqueror began work on the castle in 1078. It is the most famous Castle Keep in Great Britain. The original structure on the site was a motte and bailey castle. The White Tower is 90 feet high. The thickness of the walls ranged from 15 feet at the base to almost 11 feet in the upper stories. Above the battlements four turrets were built. The East and South sides of the White Tower were protected to the by the old Roman London City walls. The entrance to the Tower was on the first floor accessed via a removable staircase, designed to make invasion of the White Tower more difficult. Tomorrow, Oath of Fealty Rita Bay In 1066 the English Anglo Saxons with the death of the childless King Alfred were in disarray. Alfred’s brother-in-law Harold Godwinson took the throne. Harold’s brother Tostig, however, approached King of Norway, Harald Hardrada, to help him usurp the throne of England. The rapacious Harold, however, decided he had some claim to the throne himself. The two joined forces however, to push their claim by force of arms (that means they were going to attack Harold and England.) At the same time, William, the son of the Duke of Normandy (located in France), a descendent of Norse invaders, decided to press his claim also. After a tumultuous childhood in which three of his guardians were murdered, William secured his dukedom and married into one of the most noble families of Europe. William showed a “magnificent appearance, possessing a fierce countenance” and stood about 5’10.” The Bayeaux Tapestry portrays William invading England. While King Harold awaited William’s arrival in the south, Harald Hardrada with Earl Tostig invaded England from the north (near York). King Harold’s forces marched north and defeated the Norse at Stamford Bridge on September 25, 1066. Both Hardrada and Tostig died in battle. Harold then rushed south with his exhausted troops to meet his death at the hand of William and his Normans at Hastings on October 14, 1066. William the Conqueror William was crowned king of England on Christmas Day, 1066 in Westminster Abbey. William rewarded his allies well and punished his enemies viciously. In the “The Doomsday Book,” a survey of land ownership taken in 1085, only two Anglo-Saxon barons that held lands before 1066 retained those lands twenty years later. About 4,000 nobles were displaced. The Norman landowners built primitive castles to defend their new territories. William built and improved numerous castles. Though extremely obese, William enjoyed excellent health until old age when he was impaled on the saddle of his horse in 1087 after a battle. The coffin was too small for his bloated corpse and when the attendants attempted to force it inside, the body burst. What a mess!! Tomorrow, Castle Construction Rita Bay	<urn:uuid:3ba1fc1c-5438-4d31-9f0a-10a9b8df8b6d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://ritabay.com/tag/william-the-conqueror/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700675.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127112805-20200127142805-00522.warc.gz	en	0.983668	1,128	3.859375	4	[ -0.11330549418926239, 0.3479633927345276, 0.17642515897750854, -0.2703973352909088, -0.22923427820205688, -0.3561250567436218, -0.05504585802555084, -0.18875406682491302, -0.09128161519765854, -0.2706976532936096, -0.12344703078269958, -0.4325847923755646, 0.03087429329752922, 0.1801471114...	5	William the Conqueror sails across the English Channel. William’s ancestors were Norse Vikings who had settled in the part of France which came to be called Normandy. Note the similarity of William’s ship to the clinker-built Viking ships. Tomorrow, Sam Houston Rita Bay After the Norman Conquest in 1066, King William the Conqueror granted his supporters land to hold for him. In return for the land, it was their responsibility to insure peace in the area granted to them and to answer the call to war when it came. The new nobility built motte and bailey castles to defend their territory. The early castles were constructed of wood usually on high ground or on river bends land using forced labour. The motte and bailey castles could be built quickly and provided protection against rebellion. Being constructed of wood, they were only temporary and susceptible to fire. Construction began by digging a motte large mound of earth with a flat top. Then, they built a keep (tower house) surrounded by a fence that would serve as the Norman lord’s home. Next, the bailey was constructed at the foot of the motte. This included the buildings where the workers and soldiers lived and worked. It was surrounded both by a fence and, where possible, a moat of water with a drawbridge. Dover Castle Restoration After the Normans established themselves, they began to build in stone. Although the stone structures took a long time to build, they were extremely well made, very strong and well protected making them difficult to destroy or capture. Some of these castles still stand almost 1,000 years later. The castle was also a residence with different rooms for the Lord and his family. The Tower keep was reached by a wooden bridge from the bailey. The tower keep generally had two or three stories. The kitchen and storeroom were on the ground floor. The Great Hall was located on the first floor and the lord’s apartments on the top floor. Outside the keep was the ‘bailey’ which contained stables and outbuildings. Surrounding the bailey was a stone wall which itself had built into it many guard towers for extra protection. A moat was then dug around the wall. A spiral staircase would lead up to the battlements on the roof, which was guarded by soldiers. A good example of an early castle is the White Tower. It is part of the Tower of London which is situated on north bank of theThames River. William the Conqueror began work on the castle in 1078. It is the most famous Castle Keep in Great Britain. The original structure on the site was a motte and bailey castle. The White Tower is 90 feet high. The thickness of the walls ranged from 15 feet at the base to almost 11 feet in the upper stories. Above the battlements four turrets were built. The East and South sides of the White Tower were protected to the by the old Roman London City walls. The entrance to the Tower was on the first floor accessed via a removable staircase, designed to make invasion of the White Tower more difficult. Tomorrow, Oath of Fealty Rita Bay In 1066 the English Anglo Saxons with the death of the childless King Alfred were in disarray. Alfred’s brother-in-law Harold Godwinson took the throne. Harold’s brother Tostig, however, approached King of Norway, Harald Hardrada, to help him usurp the throne of England. The rapacious Harold, however, decided he had some claim to the throne himself. The two joined forces however, to push their claim by force of arms (that means they were going to attack Harold and England.) At the same time, William, the son of the Duke of Normandy (located in France), a descendent of Norse invaders, decided to press his claim also. After a tumultuous childhood in which three of his guardians were murdered, William secured his dukedom and married into one of the most noble families of Europe. William showed a “magnificent appearance, possessing a fierce countenance” and stood about 5’10.” The Bayeaux Tapestry portrays William invading England. While King Harold awaited William’s arrival in the south, Harald Hardrada with Earl Tostig invaded England from the north (near York). King Harold’s forces marched north and defeated the Norse at Stamford Bridge on September 25, 1066. Both Hardrada and Tostig died in battle. Harold then rushed south with his exhausted troops to meet his death at the hand of William and his Normans at Hastings on October 14, 1066. William the Conqueror William was crowned king of England on Christmas Day, 1066 in Westminster Abbey. William rewarded his allies well and punished his enemies viciously. In the “The Doomsday Book,” a survey of land ownership taken in 1085, only two Anglo-Saxon barons that held lands before 1066 retained those lands twenty years later. About 4,000 nobles were displaced. The Norman landowners built primitive castles to defend their new territories. William built and improved numerous castles. Though extremely obese, William enjoyed excellent health until old age when he was impaled on the saddle of his horse in 1087 after a battle. The coffin was too small for his bloated corpse and when the attendants attempted to force it inside, the body burst. What a mess!! Tomorrow, Castle Construction Rita Bay	1,153	ENGLISH	1
About a hundred years had passed since the death of Charlemagne, and his great empire had fallen to pieces. Seven kings ruled where he had once been sole emperor. West of the Rhine , where the Germans lived, the last descendant of Charlemagne died when he was a mere boy. The German nobles were not willing for any foreign prince to govern them, and yet they saw that they must unite to defend their country against the invasions of the barbarians called Magyars (ma-jarz'). So they met and elected Conrad, duke of Franconia , to be their king. However, although he became king in name, Conrad never had much power over his nobles. Some of them refused to recognize him as king and his reign was disturbed by quarrels and wars. He died in 919, and on his death-bed he said to his brother, "Henry, Duke of Saxony, is the ablest ruler in the empire. Elect him king, and Germany will have peace." A few months after Conrad's death, the nobles met at Aix-la-Chapelle and elected Henry to be their king. At this time it was the custom in Europe to hunt various birds, such as the wild duck and partridge, with falcons. The falcons were long-winged birds of prey, resembling hawks. They were trained to perch on their master's wrist and wait patiently until they were told to fly. Then they would swiftly dart at their prey and bear it to the ground. Henry was very fond of falconry and hence was known as Henry the Fowler, or Falconer. As soon as the other dukes had elected him king a messenger was sent to Saxony to inform him of the honor done him. After a search of some days he was at last found, far up in the Hartz Mountains , hunting with his falcons. Kneeling at his feet, the messenger said: "God save you, Henry of Saxony. I come to announce the death of King Conrad and to tell you that the nobles have elected you to succeed him as king of the Germans." For a moment the duke was speechless with amazement. Then he exclaimed: "Elected me king? I cannot believe it. I am a Saxon, and King Conrad was a Frank and a bitter enemy to me." "It is true, " replied the messenger. "Conrad, when dying, advised that the nobles should choose you as his successor." Henry was silent for while and then he said, "King Conrad was a good man. I know it now; and I am sorry that I did not understand him better when he was alive. I accept the position offered to me and I pray that I may be guided by Heaven in ruling his people." So Henry the Fowler left the chase to take up his duties as king of the Germans.	<urn:uuid:3586f816-1eb9-4da8-bd42-834c0e8dec30>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://e-reading.mobi/chapter.php/70959/59/Haaren_-_Famous_Men_of_The_Middle_Ages.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00197.warc.gz	en	0.994174	601	3.40625	3	[ -0.43861469626426697, 0.8948798775672913, 0.03659210726618767, -0.11794719099998474, -0.3675577640533447, -0.021788284182548523, 0.39996302127838135, 0.21718046069145203, 0.16038689017295837, -0.39430221915245056, -0.11159516870975494, -0.3497077524662018, 0.16173973679542542, -0.018163243...	1	About a hundred years had passed since the death of Charlemagne, and his great empire had fallen to pieces. Seven kings ruled where he had once been sole emperor. West of the Rhine , where the Germans lived, the last descendant of Charlemagne died when he was a mere boy. The German nobles were not willing for any foreign prince to govern them, and yet they saw that they must unite to defend their country against the invasions of the barbarians called Magyars (ma-jarz'). So they met and elected Conrad, duke of Franconia , to be their king. However, although he became king in name, Conrad never had much power over his nobles. Some of them refused to recognize him as king and his reign was disturbed by quarrels and wars. He died in 919, and on his death-bed he said to his brother, "Henry, Duke of Saxony, is the ablest ruler in the empire. Elect him king, and Germany will have peace." A few months after Conrad's death, the nobles met at Aix-la-Chapelle and elected Henry to be their king. At this time it was the custom in Europe to hunt various birds, such as the wild duck and partridge, with falcons. The falcons were long-winged birds of prey, resembling hawks. They were trained to perch on their master's wrist and wait patiently until they were told to fly. Then they would swiftly dart at their prey and bear it to the ground. Henry was very fond of falconry and hence was known as Henry the Fowler, or Falconer. As soon as the other dukes had elected him king a messenger was sent to Saxony to inform him of the honor done him. After a search of some days he was at last found, far up in the Hartz Mountains , hunting with his falcons. Kneeling at his feet, the messenger said: "God save you, Henry of Saxony. I come to announce the death of King Conrad and to tell you that the nobles have elected you to succeed him as king of the Germans." For a moment the duke was speechless with amazement. Then he exclaimed: "Elected me king? I cannot believe it. I am a Saxon, and King Conrad was a Frank and a bitter enemy to me." "It is true, " replied the messenger. "Conrad, when dying, advised that the nobles should choose you as his successor." Henry was silent for while and then he said, "King Conrad was a good man. I know it now; and I am sorry that I did not understand him better when he was alive. I accept the position offered to me and I pray that I may be guided by Heaven in ruling his people." So Henry the Fowler left the chase to take up his duties as king of the Germans.	589	ENGLISH	1
In the 1890s, an American missionary described Korea as a land of demons and ghosts. They were said to be everywhere—haunting every umbrageous tree, on every roof, filling the chimneys, sheds, kitchens and living rooms. They kept the average Korean in “a perpetual state of nervous apprehension” and made “his well-being depend on a continual series of acts of propitiation.” Failure to do so would elicit severe and merciless retribution thus “keeping him under this yoke of bondage from birth to death.” Even some of the Korean palaces were said to be haunted and were thus abandoned. Queen Min refused to stay at one palace because she averred that it was impossible to sleep there at night for the mournful wailing of the voices of her murdered friends, which she heard continually crying, “Why was I killed, why was I killed?” Another early writer described the abandoned palace as having been taken possession of by ghosts and that “frightful tales [were] being told and believed of nocturnal daemon orgies amidst those doleful splendors.” But the royal Korean family wasn’t the only one to live in haunted splendor. Many of the first Westerners in Seoul lived in the homes of Korean officials who had been murdered during the unrest in 1882. These homes were said to be haunted by their former occupants and thus unattractive to anyone but the Westerners. The reputation of the homes made them quite affordable and, as none of the Westerners had seen a ghost, a great subject for conversation. During the late Joseon period, ghosts were also said to haunt the streets of Seoul—especially in the Jongno area where doomed criminals were marched through the streets on their way to their executions. Perhaps even stranger than the ghosts of the condemned were the foreign ghosts. One ghost with blond hair, blue eyes and dark red lips roamed the streets mimicking a child crying. Many believed the ghost was seeking Korean children so that it could kill them and gain power from their young lives. In 1918 a strange story appeared in a newspaper. Apparently an old woman was roaming the countryside in the evening in search of children. Approaching her young victims, she assured them that she could foretell their futures by licking their hands with her tongue. The naïve children would submit their hands for her foul tongue and would promptly die. Mothers began to lock their gates in the evenings to prevent the visits from this woman who was later identified as a nine-tailed fox. In the 1960s, ghosts were often blamed for socially unexplainable pregnancies. Unwed mothers claimed ghost raped them while they slept. The children were then referred to as “ghost children”. Ghosts were also blamed for the average person’s misfortune. Sometimes the haunted person would go to great lengths to lose his ghost. People would jump in front of cars—barely avoiding being hit—in the belief that the vehicle would strike the ghost and take it away. Several years ago a Korean airline was allegedly plagued with a number of ghostly incidents following the suicide of a passenger in the plane’s bathroom. Not too long ago there were rumors that the National Assembly building was haunted by the spirits of palace women who were buried on the grounds. Even a building in Yongsan, the large U.S. military base in Seoul, is said to be haunted by Japanese ghosts. Not too long ago I asked a small Korean boy if he believed in ghosts. He readily assured me that he did because in his house there was a ghost—in the refrigerator. His mother had told him that if he opened the refrigerator without her permission the ghost would snatch him up. Even today, Korea remains—at least for this little boy—a land filled with ghosts demanding obedience.	<urn:uuid:2929fbee-03e9-4cc1-9cc6-6da2c39b0b70>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://10mag.com/korean-history-ghost-story/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00450.warc.gz	en	0.987214	795	3.328125	3	[ -0.03704660013318062, 0.4158819019794464, 0.4813108444213867, -0.2558356523513794, 0.5675623416900635, -0.1378995031118393, 0.2113502025604248, -0.16220372915267944, -0.09859047830104828, -0.1736372709274292, 0.31810837984085083, 0.3600262999534607, 0.1227026879787445, 0.33099499344825745,...	7	In the 1890s, an American missionary described Korea as a land of demons and ghosts. They were said to be everywhere—haunting every umbrageous tree, on every roof, filling the chimneys, sheds, kitchens and living rooms. They kept the average Korean in “a perpetual state of nervous apprehension” and made “his well-being depend on a continual series of acts of propitiation.” Failure to do so would elicit severe and merciless retribution thus “keeping him under this yoke of bondage from birth to death.” Even some of the Korean palaces were said to be haunted and were thus abandoned. Queen Min refused to stay at one palace because she averred that it was impossible to sleep there at night for the mournful wailing of the voices of her murdered friends, which she heard continually crying, “Why was I killed, why was I killed?” Another early writer described the abandoned palace as having been taken possession of by ghosts and that “frightful tales [were] being told and believed of nocturnal daemon orgies amidst those doleful splendors.” But the royal Korean family wasn’t the only one to live in haunted splendor. Many of the first Westerners in Seoul lived in the homes of Korean officials who had been murdered during the unrest in 1882. These homes were said to be haunted by their former occupants and thus unattractive to anyone but the Westerners. The reputation of the homes made them quite affordable and, as none of the Westerners had seen a ghost, a great subject for conversation. During the late Joseon period, ghosts were also said to haunt the streets of Seoul—especially in the Jongno area where doomed criminals were marched through the streets on their way to their executions. Perhaps even stranger than the ghosts of the condemned were the foreign ghosts. One ghost with blond hair, blue eyes and dark red lips roamed the streets mimicking a child crying. Many believed the ghost was seeking Korean children so that it could kill them and gain power from their young lives. In 1918 a strange story appeared in a newspaper. Apparently an old woman was roaming the countryside in the evening in search of children. Approaching her young victims, she assured them that she could foretell their futures by licking their hands with her tongue. The naïve children would submit their hands for her foul tongue and would promptly die. Mothers began to lock their gates in the evenings to prevent the visits from this woman who was later identified as a nine-tailed fox. In the 1960s, ghosts were often blamed for socially unexplainable pregnancies. Unwed mothers claimed ghost raped them while they slept. The children were then referred to as “ghost children”. Ghosts were also blamed for the average person’s misfortune. Sometimes the haunted person would go to great lengths to lose his ghost. People would jump in front of cars—barely avoiding being hit—in the belief that the vehicle would strike the ghost and take it away. Several years ago a Korean airline was allegedly plagued with a number of ghostly incidents following the suicide of a passenger in the plane’s bathroom. Not too long ago there were rumors that the National Assembly building was haunted by the spirits of palace women who were buried on the grounds. Even a building in Yongsan, the large U.S. military base in Seoul, is said to be haunted by Japanese ghosts. Not too long ago I asked a small Korean boy if he believed in ghosts. He readily assured me that he did because in his house there was a ghost—in the refrigerator. His mother had told him that if he opened the refrigerator without her permission the ghost would snatch him up. Even today, Korea remains—at least for this little boy—a land filled with ghosts demanding obedience.	773	ENGLISH	1
There may be no crime that horrifies the public more than child abduction. Historian Elizabeth Foyster writes that this was also true in London 200 years ago, though the crime then typically took a much different form than we expect today. Historians generally agree that the late eighteenth century brought a major change in what English childhood meant. This included more positive attitudes toward kids, and a new wealth of books, toys, and clothes for middle-class urban children. Children were increasingly prized “for giving women a role as mothers,” and as “miniature models of all that a more affluent consumer society could afford,” Foyster writes. If children were becoming more valuable, it stands to reason that, like all valuable things, they were in danger of being stolen. And, indeed, Foyster found 108 cases of child abduction tried in London and reported in the newspapers between 1790 and 1849. Child abduction was nothing new, but it was understood differently than in previous times. In fourteenth-century England, “ravishment” covered both forced and consensual “abduction” of children or adult women. It typically had a sexual element, and the child victims were generally teenagers. Later, in the seventeenth century, abduction was understood as a fate befalling unfortunate boys forced into indentured servitude. In contrast, in the period Foyster studied, the majority of stolen children were under six, and the abductor was usually a woman in her 20s or 30s. In some cases, kids were stolen for their clothes. Abductors might bring fancy children’s clothes to a pawnbroker, leaving a half-naked child outside. Other times, women reportedly stole children to gain sympathy when begging for money or seeking a job. There were also well-off married women who stole—or paid someone else to steal—children they could present as their own. One 22-year-old wrote to her husband, serving in the Navy, about an invented pregnancy and childbirth. When she learned he was returning home, she travelled to London, snatched a four-year-old boy, and cared for him for two months before she was caught. Foyster writes that news accounts paid little attention to possible harm done to the children. Unlike today, child abduction wasn’t generally assumed to be motivated by deviant sexual desire. Instead, newspapers focused on the terror and despair of mothers whose children were stolen, and suggested a parallel lack of feeling in the abductors. A judge told one convicted child thief that, as a childless woman, she was “Ignorant of those heavenly feelings which subsist in the relation between parent and child; for had you been a mother, you must have respected and regarded, instead of agonizing a mother’s heart.” Still, Foyster writes, news reports also acknowledged that child-stealers might be motivated by a twisted “fondness” for children—reflecting their own stunted development. Child-thieves clearly had no place in the growing public conception of natural motherly love. Yet the new understanding of children as valuable objects who gave meaning to women’s lives may have spurred the increase of child abduction.	<urn:uuid:73e5e58c-5238-46e1-b93a-85eea5542f7c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://daily.jstor.org/industrial-londons-maternal-child-abductors/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00318.warc.gz	en	0.982963	675	3.78125	4	[ 0.009095008485019207, -0.17599646747112274, 0.216840922832489, -0.3587510585784912, 0.37957876920700073, 0.18824005126953125, 0.24556609988212585, -0.051252931356430054, 0.1493927240371704, -0.06098344549536705, 0.6536203622817993, 0.16029022634029388, 0.039112720638513565, 0.1614215523004...	9	There may be no crime that horrifies the public more than child abduction. Historian Elizabeth Foyster writes that this was also true in London 200 years ago, though the crime then typically took a much different form than we expect today. Historians generally agree that the late eighteenth century brought a major change in what English childhood meant. This included more positive attitudes toward kids, and a new wealth of books, toys, and clothes for middle-class urban children. Children were increasingly prized “for giving women a role as mothers,” and as “miniature models of all that a more affluent consumer society could afford,” Foyster writes. If children were becoming more valuable, it stands to reason that, like all valuable things, they were in danger of being stolen. And, indeed, Foyster found 108 cases of child abduction tried in London and reported in the newspapers between 1790 and 1849. Child abduction was nothing new, but it was understood differently than in previous times. In fourteenth-century England, “ravishment” covered both forced and consensual “abduction” of children or adult women. It typically had a sexual element, and the child victims were generally teenagers. Later, in the seventeenth century, abduction was understood as a fate befalling unfortunate boys forced into indentured servitude. In contrast, in the period Foyster studied, the majority of stolen children were under six, and the abductor was usually a woman in her 20s or 30s. In some cases, kids were stolen for their clothes. Abductors might bring fancy children’s clothes to a pawnbroker, leaving a half-naked child outside. Other times, women reportedly stole children to gain sympathy when begging for money or seeking a job. There were also well-off married women who stole—or paid someone else to steal—children they could present as their own. One 22-year-old wrote to her husband, serving in the Navy, about an invented pregnancy and childbirth. When she learned he was returning home, she travelled to London, snatched a four-year-old boy, and cared for him for two months before she was caught. Foyster writes that news accounts paid little attention to possible harm done to the children. Unlike today, child abduction wasn’t generally assumed to be motivated by deviant sexual desire. Instead, newspapers focused on the terror and despair of mothers whose children were stolen, and suggested a parallel lack of feeling in the abductors. A judge told one convicted child thief that, as a childless woman, she was “Ignorant of those heavenly feelings which subsist in the relation between parent and child; for had you been a mother, you must have respected and regarded, instead of agonizing a mother’s heart.” Still, Foyster writes, news reports also acknowledged that child-stealers might be motivated by a twisted “fondness” for children—reflecting their own stunted development. Child-thieves clearly had no place in the growing public conception of natural motherly love. Yet the new understanding of children as valuable objects who gave meaning to women’s lives may have spurred the increase of child abduction.	648	ENGLISH	1
Some people think that the sense of competition in children should be encouraged. Others believe that children who are taught to co-operate rather than compete become more useful adults. Discuss Researchers claim that human personality is formed during childhood development. During this period, children learn basic skills that they will use later in their life. One of these fundamental skills is the ability of social communication. Whether competing or coordinating in a group is the topic of my discussion. On one hand, every person should have the ability of competing in various situations. In school those children who have the sense of competition would be able to become the top student and even succeed in getting scholarship to attend college. Thus individual's accomplishments during their education and career would be the result of developing the competition skill during their childhood. Although, feeling competitive, they may lose to collaborate where it is needed. On the other hand, some approaches require cooperating between group members in order to handle the specific task. For example, during higher education career, students should have the ability of collaborating in an organized group to handle a project. The better one can cooperate with his/her partners, the higher chance he/she might have to succeed in his/her field. However, if children be taught just to cooperate in any environment, they may be pushed back by their competitors or even being overused. Overall, Psychologically, children are at the most important stage of their life span. Individual accomplishments go back to what they had been taught and what skills they had learnt during their childhood. Therefore, children should be persuaded to develop both skills of competing and cooperating in order to use each of them at the right situation.	<urn:uuid:93c5c725-a355-4681-8b40-f039e25a5149>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://essayforum.com/writing/children-encouraged-compete-operate-discuss-50625/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607314.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122161553-20200122190553-00400.warc.gz	en	0.982528	335	3.5625	4	[ -0.08704985678195953, 0.05956237390637398, -0.09757211804389954, -0.45992013812065125, -0.580072820186615, 0.40502721071243286, 0.4211887717247009, 0.1525265872478485, -0.11390884220600128, -0.2121974229812622, 0.16422945261001587, -0.26021459698677063, 0.4238857924938202, 0.29998236894607...	2	Some people think that the sense of competition in children should be encouraged. Others believe that children who are taught to co-operate rather than compete become more useful adults. Discuss Researchers claim that human personality is formed during childhood development. During this period, children learn basic skills that they will use later in their life. One of these fundamental skills is the ability of social communication. Whether competing or coordinating in a group is the topic of my discussion. On one hand, every person should have the ability of competing in various situations. In school those children who have the sense of competition would be able to become the top student and even succeed in getting scholarship to attend college. Thus individual's accomplishments during their education and career would be the result of developing the competition skill during their childhood. Although, feeling competitive, they may lose to collaborate where it is needed. On the other hand, some approaches require cooperating between group members in order to handle the specific task. For example, during higher education career, students should have the ability of collaborating in an organized group to handle a project. The better one can cooperate with his/her partners, the higher chance he/she might have to succeed in his/her field. However, if children be taught just to cooperate in any environment, they may be pushed back by their competitors or even being overused. Overall, Psychologically, children are at the most important stage of their life span. Individual accomplishments go back to what they had been taught and what skills they had learnt during their childhood. Therefore, children should be persuaded to develop both skills of competing and cooperating in order to use each of them at the right situation.	328	ENGLISH	1
The National Defence Companies of the Territorial Army were a voluntary military reserve force of the British Army, for the purpose of home defence in the event of war. Enlistment was limited to former members of the British Armed Forces between the ages of 45 and 60. The scheme was established in 1936, during rearmament prior to World War II. On the outbreak of war in September 1939, the National Defence Companies were called up for service and became the basis of the Home Service Battalions. After the end of World War I, responsibility for home defence on land rested with the Territorial Army and also the Royal Defence Corps which consisted of regular army soldiers who were too old or unfit for front line duties. With the rise of Nazi Germany during the 1930s, the British Government came under political pressure to modernise and re-equip the Armed Forces. As a part of that process, Duff Cooper, the Secretary of State for War, announced the disbandment of the Royal Defence Corps and the establishment of National Defence Companies that were to be a part of the Territorial Army. In a statement to the House of Commons on 21 July 1936, he said that the companies would be formed on a county or city basis, each being linked to their local Territorial battalion. Enlistment would start on 1 September of that year, and was open to "ex-members of His Majesty's Forces, normally between the ages of 45 and 60 years". Their role was stated to be "to protect important points in Great Britain when war is threatening or has actually broken out, but members of the force will not be called up until these conditions arise, nor will they be called up on account of civil disturbance". Cooper stated that the national establishment would be 8,450 officers and men, "and I have every confidence that I shall have no difficulty in securing this number of men in a very short time". The National Defence Companies were mobilised on 25 and 26 August 1939, in the week before war was actually declared. In answer to a question in the House of Commons on 26 September, Leslie Hore-Belisha, the Secretary of State for War, said that he had "in contemplation a change in the present method of manning vulnerable points". On 3 October, Sir Victor Warrender, the Financial Secretary to the War Office, announced that recruitment to the companies was "not open at present". In November 1939, the National Defence Companies were formed into battalions attached to regular army regiments; renamed "Home Service Battalions", they would guard vulnerable points and Prisoner of War camps in the United Kingdom throughout the rest of the war.	<urn:uuid:cf658234-498d-4b19-b34a-98bf936df636>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.theinfolist.com/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=National_Defence_Companies	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00548.warc.gz	en	0.980461	532	3.453125	3	[ -0.133853942155838, 0.010465938597917557, 0.33877018094062805, -0.3314441442489624, 0.3060409426689148, -0.04643712937831879, -0.019443580880761147, -0.22403044998645782, -0.29632604122161865, -0.4465239644050598, 0.2695682644844055, -0.3410755693912506, 0.40822118520736694, 0.373365134000...	1	The National Defence Companies of the Territorial Army were a voluntary military reserve force of the British Army, for the purpose of home defence in the event of war. Enlistment was limited to former members of the British Armed Forces between the ages of 45 and 60. The scheme was established in 1936, during rearmament prior to World War II. On the outbreak of war in September 1939, the National Defence Companies were called up for service and became the basis of the Home Service Battalions. After the end of World War I, responsibility for home defence on land rested with the Territorial Army and also the Royal Defence Corps which consisted of regular army soldiers who were too old or unfit for front line duties. With the rise of Nazi Germany during the 1930s, the British Government came under political pressure to modernise and re-equip the Armed Forces. As a part of that process, Duff Cooper, the Secretary of State for War, announced the disbandment of the Royal Defence Corps and the establishment of National Defence Companies that were to be a part of the Territorial Army. In a statement to the House of Commons on 21 July 1936, he said that the companies would be formed on a county or city basis, each being linked to their local Territorial battalion. Enlistment would start on 1 September of that year, and was open to "ex-members of His Majesty's Forces, normally between the ages of 45 and 60 years". Their role was stated to be "to protect important points in Great Britain when war is threatening or has actually broken out, but members of the force will not be called up until these conditions arise, nor will they be called up on account of civil disturbance". Cooper stated that the national establishment would be 8,450 officers and men, "and I have every confidence that I shall have no difficulty in securing this number of men in a very short time". The National Defence Companies were mobilised on 25 and 26 August 1939, in the week before war was actually declared. In answer to a question in the House of Commons on 26 September, Leslie Hore-Belisha, the Secretary of State for War, said that he had "in contemplation a change in the present method of manning vulnerable points". On 3 October, Sir Victor Warrender, the Financial Secretary to the War Office, announced that recruitment to the companies was "not open at present". In November 1939, the National Defence Companies were formed into battalions attached to regular army regiments; renamed "Home Service Battalions", they would guard vulnerable points and Prisoner of War camps in the United Kingdom throughout the rest of the war.	583	ENGLISH	1
622 DISILLUSIONMENT WITH THE PERSIANS The combination of the reneging of Persian promises, local massacres against Jews, and the prohibition of Jews to live within three miles from the Jerusalem, led to a general disappointment by those who had believed that the redemption was at hand. Benjamin of Tiberius (see 613) was offered amnesty by Heraclius on condition that he convert â€“ which he did. In Tomai Egypt, 375 Jews converted to Christianity possibly voluntarily. 622 MOHAMMED (Arabia) Fled Mecca. (This journey is known to Moslems as the Hejira.) 624 - 627 JEWISH ARABIAN TRIBES Were attacked by Mohammed. There were some twenty Jewish tribes had living in the Hijaz (Western Arabia), for centuries. Legend has it that they were sent by Joshua to fight the Amalakites. Others claim that many of them settled at Yatrib (Yathrib) later known as Medina, after the destruction of the first temple . The majority immigrated to Arabia after the Roman persecutions in Eretz Israel. Some of the tribes worked in agriculture others in crafts like goldsmithing. Two of the tribes (Qurayza and Nadir) considered themselves al kahinan (kohanim) One by one they were either expelled or destroyed for refusing to convert to Mohammedanism. Three of the strongest tribes were known as Banu Nadir (Nadhir), Banu Qaynuqa (Kainuka) and Banu Qurayza (Eruzia). 624 March, BANU QAYNUQA (Yathrib) Surrendered to Mohammed after 14 day siege. The Banu Qaynuqa (Kainuka) were traders and goldsmiths. Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy one of the chiefs of the Khazraj tribe which was aligned (for the most part) with Mohammed convinced him to expel them rather then kill them. They were forced to leave their belongings and property behind. Eventually they settled in Dera in present day Syria joining the local Jewish community there. Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy is known to Islamists as a Munafiq (hypocrite). 625 BANU NADIR EXPELLED Mohammed demanded that the Jewish tribe contribute ‘blood money’ for two people that were killed by his own (Muslim) troops, the Banu Nadir refused. Consequently Mohammed accused them of plotting against him and besieged them. After 14 days when no promised help arrived, they surrendered to the Moslem army. The Banu Nadir were known for owning some of the most fertile land in the area. They were only allowed to take what they could on their camels. Everything else was confiscated with a significant portion going directly to Mohammed. 625 THEODOSIUS (Eretz Israel) Commander of the returning Byzantinian army. He promised amnesty to Jews who joined the Persians. He too was greeted by Benjamin of Tiberias. 627 COUNCIL OF CLICHY (France) Decreed that Jews accepting public office had to convert. 627 SEFER (PEREK) ELIYAHU An aggadic midrash (written between the 4th and 6th century) appeared predicting that the Messiah would soon appear to free the Jews from their misery.It is extant in two versions a Hebrew one and a Christian (Coptic) one. It also known and the "Apocalypse of Elijah". 627 April, MASSACRE OF THE BANU QURAYZA ( Yathrib/Medina) After Mohammed's conquest of the Banu-Nadir Jewish tribe, he attacked the Banu- Qurayza (Eruzia). During what was known as the Battle of the Trench at Yathrib, the Jewish tribe had refused to take up sides. Mohammed enraged, ordered Sa'd bin Muadh a devoted follower and one of the chiefs of the Banu Aus (a former alley of the Qurayza), to decided on their fate. Bin Muadh had been mortally wounded in the battle and advised Mohammed to order their conversion or death. The next morning all males 6-800) who had attained puberty were taken out and beheaded . Only 3 or 4 agreed to convert. The women and children were sold into slavery or taken as concubines, many of which were redeemed by the Banu Nadir. One woman, Rayhana bint Zayd was taken personally by Mohammed. According to most sources she refused to convert and as such remained his slave. Years later (c. 1830) Husayn-`Ali Nuri, later known as Baha'u'llah cites the story of the massacre as one of his reasons for leaving Islam and founding the Bahai religion.rnrn 629 DEATH OF MARHAB AL-YAHUDI (Saudi Arabia) A Jewish warrior from a family of renowned warriors and opponent of Mohammed. According to Arab historians, he died in a duel during an attack on Khaybar. 629 DAGOBERT I(Gaul) Encouraged by Emperor Heraclius, he expelled all non-converted Jews from Frankish dominions. For the next 150 years, little was heard from any Jewish community there. 629 March 21, BYZANTINE EMPEROR HERACLIUS (Eretz Israel) Marched into Jerusalem at the head of his army with the support of Jewish inhabitants. The Jews who had previously fought with the Persians against Byzantine rule decided to support him in return for a promise of amnesty. Upon his entry into Jerusalem the local priests convinced him that killing Jews was a positive commandment and that his promise was therefore invalid. Hundreds of Jews were massacred and thousands of others fled to Egypt. Thus, much of the rich Jewish life in the Galilee and Judea came to an end. 629 June, ARABIA-KHAIBAR Despite the surrender of its Arab allies, the Jewish Khaibar (Khaybar) tribes defended themselves. After a bitter battle, a deal was negotiated whereby half their produce would go to Muhammad and they would be "left in peace". Other Jewish tribes, for example, Fadattr, Tedma, and Magna, concluded similar deals. Safiyya bint Huyayy, daughter of á¸¤uyayy ibn Akhá¹ab, the chief of the Banu Nadir tribe, was captured by Muhammad after her father, brother, and young husband along with most of the tribe were slaughtered. She converted and became one of his wives. The treaty lasted barely 15 years before Omar found a pretense to break it expelling many, but not those related to Safiyya or those who had special treaties. Many of those who left settled in Jericho and the Jordan valley. The Khaibar community itself continued at least to the 10th century.	<urn:uuid:47d0c07c-862c-431f-abce-8aaf0cafa438>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.jewishhistory.org.il/history.php?startyear=620&endyear=629	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00169.warc.gz	en	0.981141	1,463	3.296875	3	[ -0.16143101453781128, 0.5780375003814697, 0.042524732649326324, 0.16450007259845734, -0.25125572085380554, -0.15472254157066345, -0.04912210628390312, 0.31561750173568726, -0.16671809554100037, 0.039976850152015686, -0.08535268157720566, -0.6079736948013306, -0.07176857441663742, -0.113770...	6	622 DISILLUSIONMENT WITH THE PERSIANS The combination of the reneging of Persian promises, local massacres against Jews, and the prohibition of Jews to live within three miles from the Jerusalem, led to a general disappointment by those who had believed that the redemption was at hand. Benjamin of Tiberius (see 613) was offered amnesty by Heraclius on condition that he convert â€“ which he did. In Tomai Egypt, 375 Jews converted to Christianity possibly voluntarily. 622 MOHAMMED (Arabia) Fled Mecca. (This journey is known to Moslems as the Hejira.) 624 - 627 JEWISH ARABIAN TRIBES Were attacked by Mohammed. There were some twenty Jewish tribes had living in the Hijaz (Western Arabia), for centuries. Legend has it that they were sent by Joshua to fight the Amalakites. Others claim that many of them settled at Yatrib (Yathrib) later known as Medina, after the destruction of the first temple . The majority immigrated to Arabia after the Roman persecutions in Eretz Israel. Some of the tribes worked in agriculture others in crafts like goldsmithing. Two of the tribes (Qurayza and Nadir) considered themselves al kahinan (kohanim) One by one they were either expelled or destroyed for refusing to convert to Mohammedanism. Three of the strongest tribes were known as Banu Nadir (Nadhir), Banu Qaynuqa (Kainuka) and Banu Qurayza (Eruzia). 624 March, BANU QAYNUQA (Yathrib) Surrendered to Mohammed after 14 day siege. The Banu Qaynuqa (Kainuka) were traders and goldsmiths. Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy one of the chiefs of the Khazraj tribe which was aligned (for the most part) with Mohammed convinced him to expel them rather then kill them. They were forced to leave their belongings and property behind. Eventually they settled in Dera in present day Syria joining the local Jewish community there. Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy is known to Islamists as a Munafiq (hypocrite). 625 BANU NADIR EXPELLED Mohammed demanded that the Jewish tribe contribute ‘blood money’ for two people that were killed by his own (Muslim) troops, the Banu Nadir refused. Consequently Mohammed accused them of plotting against him and besieged them. After 14 days when no promised help arrived, they surrendered to the Moslem army. The Banu Nadir were known for owning some of the most fertile land in the area. They were only allowed to take what they could on their camels. Everything else was confiscated with a significant portion going directly to Mohammed. 625 THEODOSIUS (Eretz Israel) Commander of the returning Byzantinian army. He promised amnesty to Jews who joined the Persians. He too was greeted by Benjamin of Tiberias. 627 COUNCIL OF CLICHY (France) Decreed that Jews accepting public office had to convert. 627 SEFER (PEREK) ELIYAHU An aggadic midrash (written between the 4th and 6th century) appeared predicting that the Messiah would soon appear to free the Jews from their misery.It is extant in two versions a Hebrew one and a Christian (Coptic) one. It also known and the "Apocalypse of Elijah". 627 April, MASSACRE OF THE BANU QURAYZA ( Yathrib/Medina) After Mohammed's conquest of the Banu-Nadir Jewish tribe, he attacked the Banu- Qurayza (Eruzia). During what was known as the Battle of the Trench at Yathrib, the Jewish tribe had refused to take up sides. Mohammed enraged, ordered Sa'd bin Muadh a devoted follower and one of the chiefs of the Banu Aus (a former alley of the Qurayza), to decided on their fate. Bin Muadh had been mortally wounded in the battle and advised Mohammed to order their conversion or death. The next morning all males 6-800) who had attained puberty were taken out and beheaded . Only 3 or 4 agreed to convert. The women and children were sold into slavery or taken as concubines, many of which were redeemed by the Banu Nadir. One woman, Rayhana bint Zayd was taken personally by Mohammed. According to most sources she refused to convert and as such remained his slave. Years later (c. 1830) Husayn-`Ali Nuri, later known as Baha'u'llah cites the story of the massacre as one of his reasons for leaving Islam and founding the Bahai religion.rnrn 629 DEATH OF MARHAB AL-YAHUDI (Saudi Arabia) A Jewish warrior from a family of renowned warriors and opponent of Mohammed. According to Arab historians, he died in a duel during an attack on Khaybar. 629 DAGOBERT I(Gaul) Encouraged by Emperor Heraclius, he expelled all non-converted Jews from Frankish dominions. For the next 150 years, little was heard from any Jewish community there. 629 March 21, BYZANTINE EMPEROR HERACLIUS (Eretz Israel) Marched into Jerusalem at the head of his army with the support of Jewish inhabitants. The Jews who had previously fought with the Persians against Byzantine rule decided to support him in return for a promise of amnesty. Upon his entry into Jerusalem the local priests convinced him that killing Jews was a positive commandment and that his promise was therefore invalid. Hundreds of Jews were massacred and thousands of others fled to Egypt. Thus, much of the rich Jewish life in the Galilee and Judea came to an end. 629 June, ARABIA-KHAIBAR Despite the surrender of its Arab allies, the Jewish Khaibar (Khaybar) tribes defended themselves. After a bitter battle, a deal was negotiated whereby half their produce would go to Muhammad and they would be "left in peace". Other Jewish tribes, for example, Fadattr, Tedma, and Magna, concluded similar deals. Safiyya bint Huyayy, daughter of á¸¤uyayy ibn Akhá¹ab, the chief of the Banu Nadir tribe, was captured by Muhammad after her father, brother, and young husband along with most of the tribe were slaughtered. She converted and became one of his wives. The treaty lasted barely 15 years before Omar found a pretense to break it expelling many, but not those related to Safiyya or those who had special treaties. Many of those who left settled in Jericho and the Jordan valley. The Khaibar community itself continued at least to the 10th century.	1,485	ENGLISH	1
Just as the Rohingya are facing extinction or what the UN has called “ethnic cleansing,” the Cham people faced a similar fate a century ago in Europe. Unlike the Rohingya of Myanmar, however, the Cham are Europeans, from a continent that sees itself as representing modernity, human rights and civilization. I studied the community for my upcoming study, Journey into Europe: Islam, Immigration, and Identity (Brookings Institution Press, 2018) and their plight needs to be brought to the attention of the world. Few have even heard of the Cham Muslims, whose very name, identity, and territory have been taken from them. The Cham are ethnic Albanians who speak their own dialect of Albanian and are indigenous to the area known as Chameria, which is on the Adriatic coast and mostly in the present-day northern Greek province of Epirus. During the Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913, their region was annexed by Greece, and the Cham found themselves cut off from Albania by the international border. Killings were immediately carried out in villages. Thousands escaped, many dying of fatigue, starvation, and typhus, and a stream of Cham began to flee to places like the United States. The Cham were seen by Greeks as Greeks who betrayed them by converting to Islam when Ottomans ruled Greece. Albanian language education was banned, and the speaking of the Albanian language was forbidden in both public and private. A campaign to drive the Muslim Cham out of Greece and assimilate the Cham who were Orthodox Christians was initiated, with paramilitary groups attacking villages and, as the scholars Robert Elsie and Bejtullah Destani write, “terrorising the population, and hundreds of young men were deported to camps on the islands of the Aegean Sea. Large swathes of land were expropriated under the pretense of an agrarian reform.” The final push was made by the Greek military in 1944 and 1945, resulting in as many as 25,000 terror-stricken Cham crossing the border into Albania. Massacres by Greeks in one village alone, Filat, killed 1,286 people. A Cham woman who was twelve years old at the time recounted the horrors of what she witnessed in Filat: “They ordered all of us — men, women, girls, and boys, a total of 3,500 persons—to assemble on the main square . . . separating the men on one side from the women on the other. They took the men off somewhere and killed them, some with knives and others with cleavers. . . . I saw the three boys who were all tied up. They sliced off their ears, gouged out their eyes, cut off their feet, skinned them alive and then left them quivering like hens in a sack. . . . The women and girls were stripped, raped, and murdered.” The “cleansing” campaign was successful, and the Cham minority disappeared in Greece. Over a period of less than ten years, as the scholar Lambros Baltsiotis notes, “nearly all mosques and especially minarets, visible symbols of Muslim presence, were demolished.” The Cham were even purged from Greek documents and public registry rolls. The Cham population in Albania now numbers around 250,000 and they have a further population of 400,000 in other countries. The Cham continue to seek a right of return to their lands and properties in Greece, an acknowledgment of what was done to them, which they have commonly referred to as genocide, and the ability to gain back their Greek citizenship. A memorial to the Cham was constructed in Konispol, Albania, in 1994 and in commemoration of the killings and expulsion, the Cham have annually organized a march from Konispol to the Greek border on 27 June. Complicating matters is the fact that Albania and Greece have technically remained in a state of war since 1940. The Cham have a political party in Albania representing them, the Party for Justice, Integration and Unity, which currently has three seats in parliament. The Greek government asserts that the Cham had departed Greece on their own initiative, and elderly Cham born in Greece who wish to visit the land where they were born, as Robert Elsiein forms us, “are regularly turned back at the Greek-Albanian border. On occasion their passports are torn up in front of their eyes out of some irrational fear that these people, little old ladies for the most part, could destabilize the Greek state.”The Cham are referred to by Greek television anchors as “the pseudo-Chams” or “the self-so-called Chams.”The Greek government maintains, as its Foreign Ministry did as recently as September 2016, that “the Cham issue does not exist.” The tragedy of the Cham and the Rohingya illustrates the dangers of ethnic and religious hatred. We pray that the Rohingya do not meet the same fate as the Cham in Greece. When Pope Francis recently met with some of the more than 600,000 Rohingya refugees who have fled across the border in the last few months in Bangladesh, he and the Rohingya wept. He told them, “In the name of everyone, of those who persecute you, of those who’ve done you wrong, above all, the world’s indifference, I ask you for forgiveness. I now appeal to your big heart, that you’re able to grant us the forgiveness we seek.” Like the Pope asked the Rohingya, we should also ask the Cham to forgive us as we weep for our common humanity.	<urn:uuid:cb259ad5-3839-409f-a425-a581f753f1f4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-cham-rohingyas-of-europe_b_5a3bc0dfe4b0df0de8b062c7	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00374.warc.gz	en	0.980056	1,156	3.3125	3	[ 0.06227899342775345, 0.2832217216491699, 0.2067927122116089, 0.29719778895378113, -0.14690342545509338, -0.24073654413223267, 0.16940084099769592, 0.422201931476593, 0.05013614892959595, 0.18125438690185547, -0.22135107219219208, -0.5581810474395752, 0.1443532407283783, 0.6298983097076416,...	1	Just as the Rohingya are facing extinction or what the UN has called “ethnic cleansing,” the Cham people faced a similar fate a century ago in Europe. Unlike the Rohingya of Myanmar, however, the Cham are Europeans, from a continent that sees itself as representing modernity, human rights and civilization. I studied the community for my upcoming study, Journey into Europe: Islam, Immigration, and Identity (Brookings Institution Press, 2018) and their plight needs to be brought to the attention of the world. Few have even heard of the Cham Muslims, whose very name, identity, and territory have been taken from them. The Cham are ethnic Albanians who speak their own dialect of Albanian and are indigenous to the area known as Chameria, which is on the Adriatic coast and mostly in the present-day northern Greek province of Epirus. During the Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913, their region was annexed by Greece, and the Cham found themselves cut off from Albania by the international border. Killings were immediately carried out in villages. Thousands escaped, many dying of fatigue, starvation, and typhus, and a stream of Cham began to flee to places like the United States. The Cham were seen by Greeks as Greeks who betrayed them by converting to Islam when Ottomans ruled Greece. Albanian language education was banned, and the speaking of the Albanian language was forbidden in both public and private. A campaign to drive the Muslim Cham out of Greece and assimilate the Cham who were Orthodox Christians was initiated, with paramilitary groups attacking villages and, as the scholars Robert Elsie and Bejtullah Destani write, “terrorising the population, and hundreds of young men were deported to camps on the islands of the Aegean Sea. Large swathes of land were expropriated under the pretense of an agrarian reform.” The final push was made by the Greek military in 1944 and 1945, resulting in as many as 25,000 terror-stricken Cham crossing the border into Albania. Massacres by Greeks in one village alone, Filat, killed 1,286 people. A Cham woman who was twelve years old at the time recounted the horrors of what she witnessed in Filat: “They ordered all of us — men, women, girls, and boys, a total of 3,500 persons—to assemble on the main square . . . separating the men on one side from the women on the other. They took the men off somewhere and killed them, some with knives and others with cleavers. . . . I saw the three boys who were all tied up. They sliced off their ears, gouged out their eyes, cut off their feet, skinned them alive and then left them quivering like hens in a sack. . . . The women and girls were stripped, raped, and murdered.” The “cleansing” campaign was successful, and the Cham minority disappeared in Greece. Over a period of less than ten years, as the scholar Lambros Baltsiotis notes, “nearly all mosques and especially minarets, visible symbols of Muslim presence, were demolished.” The Cham were even purged from Greek documents and public registry rolls. The Cham population in Albania now numbers around 250,000 and they have a further population of 400,000 in other countries. The Cham continue to seek a right of return to their lands and properties in Greece, an acknowledgment of what was done to them, which they have commonly referred to as genocide, and the ability to gain back their Greek citizenship. A memorial to the Cham was constructed in Konispol, Albania, in 1994 and in commemoration of the killings and expulsion, the Cham have annually organized a march from Konispol to the Greek border on 27 June. Complicating matters is the fact that Albania and Greece have technically remained in a state of war since 1940. The Cham have a political party in Albania representing them, the Party for Justice, Integration and Unity, which currently has three seats in parliament. The Greek government asserts that the Cham had departed Greece on their own initiative, and elderly Cham born in Greece who wish to visit the land where they were born, as Robert Elsiein forms us, “are regularly turned back at the Greek-Albanian border. On occasion their passports are torn up in front of their eyes out of some irrational fear that these people, little old ladies for the most part, could destabilize the Greek state.”The Cham are referred to by Greek television anchors as “the pseudo-Chams” or “the self-so-called Chams.”The Greek government maintains, as its Foreign Ministry did as recently as September 2016, that “the Cham issue does not exist.” The tragedy of the Cham and the Rohingya illustrates the dangers of ethnic and religious hatred. We pray that the Rohingya do not meet the same fate as the Cham in Greece. When Pope Francis recently met with some of the more than 600,000 Rohingya refugees who have fled across the border in the last few months in Bangladesh, he and the Rohingya wept. He told them, “In the name of everyone, of those who persecute you, of those who’ve done you wrong, above all, the world’s indifference, I ask you for forgiveness. I now appeal to your big heart, that you’re able to grant us the forgiveness we seek.” Like the Pope asked the Rohingya, we should also ask the Cham to forgive us as we weep for our common humanity.	1,166	ENGLISH	1
During the Renaissance period, Sumptuary Laws continued to dictate how each class could dress. As during the medieval period, upper-class citizens were able to dress in fine, expensive fabrics, while the lower class wore basic garments made of wool and linen. Upper-class Renaissance women wore large, elaborate and ornate gowns made of silk, brocade, satin and velvet. Bodices were tight to the waist, and skirts were full to the ankle. Rolls and hoops were worn around the waist and under the skirt to give fullness to the gown. Most gowns had an outer skirt that parted in the middle to reveal a decorated underskirt or petticoat. Sleeves were usually long and large, puffing out from the elbow to the wrist. Necklines were low. Hats were simpler and fit closer to the head with veils extending down the back. Lower-class women wore dresses of a similar cut, but they were much lighter. They were also less fitted and worn without rolls or hoops. This allowed for more freedom of movement as work was performed. Upper-class men dressed in outfits consisting of several main parts: a basic dress shirt, a fitted top (also called a doublet), a fitted jacket (also called a jerkin), upper hose and nether hose. The doublet often extended to the thigh area. Upper hose were close-fitting and usually came down to the knee, although some upper hose were shorter. The nether hose were skin tight and accentuated the man’s calf. Lower-class men wore a similar outfit, only without the doublet and jerkin. Fashion of Colonial America During this period, Sumptuary Law was no longer in effect, so there were fewer differences between the fashions of wealthy and poor. Styles were very similar, but the clothing of the wealthy was more ornate. Gowns of colonial America mimicked those of the Renaissance period in style. Fitted bodices with low-cut necklines were prevalent, although women who lived in more modest communities would often cover the chest and neck with a sheer scarf or collar. Skirts were still very full at the waist, and bustles were worn under the skirt to make it appear larger in the back. Sleeves were fitted to the elbow, with a ruffle extending to the forearm. The split outer skirt with a decorative petticoat was still very popular. Toward the end of the Colonial period, the dress style changed dramatically. Women’s gowns were much lighter, with a high empire waist, short sleeves and flowing skirt that fit close to the body. Colonial men’s fashion was also similar to Renaissance fashion at first; most men wore a loose dress shirt, a doublet or vest and a long coat. Dress shirts of this period had cuffs at the wrist and stiff collars that were worn popped up. The cravat, or decorative neck scarf, became popular during this time and evolved into the modern-day tie. Upper hose were replaced by breeches, but the two are very similar. Tights were still worn below the knee. One distinct change in men’s fashion was the popularity of the wig and folded hat. It was the style for men to wear their hair long, pulled back at the top of the neck and curled in front. They also powdered their hair to make it appear white. It was difficult and uncomfortable to wear a hat with a wig, so hats were often carried under the arm. This led to a new hat style-the ‘three corner hat’ or tricorne that we have come to associate with this time period.	<urn:uuid:12ed58a2-33e7-4bd8-8f46-83d621848782>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://newbalance-outlet.org/renaissance-to-colonial-america/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00334.warc.gz	en	0.989264	759	3.9375	4	[ -0.24102671444416046, 0.3444324731826782, -0.005401685833930969, -0.2782665193080902, 0.06546244025230408, 0.09097235649824142, 0.004937880672514439, 0.2020447850227356, -0.1734505146741867, 0.006769493222236633, -0.02883944660425186, 0.08035534620285034, -0.07628487795591354, -0.159449666...	1	During the Renaissance period, Sumptuary Laws continued to dictate how each class could dress. As during the medieval period, upper-class citizens were able to dress in fine, expensive fabrics, while the lower class wore basic garments made of wool and linen. Upper-class Renaissance women wore large, elaborate and ornate gowns made of silk, brocade, satin and velvet. Bodices were tight to the waist, and skirts were full to the ankle. Rolls and hoops were worn around the waist and under the skirt to give fullness to the gown. Most gowns had an outer skirt that parted in the middle to reveal a decorated underskirt or petticoat. Sleeves were usually long and large, puffing out from the elbow to the wrist. Necklines were low. Hats were simpler and fit closer to the head with veils extending down the back. Lower-class women wore dresses of a similar cut, but they were much lighter. They were also less fitted and worn without rolls or hoops. This allowed for more freedom of movement as work was performed. Upper-class men dressed in outfits consisting of several main parts: a basic dress shirt, a fitted top (also called a doublet), a fitted jacket (also called a jerkin), upper hose and nether hose. The doublet often extended to the thigh area. Upper hose were close-fitting and usually came down to the knee, although some upper hose were shorter. The nether hose were skin tight and accentuated the man’s calf. Lower-class men wore a similar outfit, only without the doublet and jerkin. Fashion of Colonial America During this period, Sumptuary Law was no longer in effect, so there were fewer differences between the fashions of wealthy and poor. Styles were very similar, but the clothing of the wealthy was more ornate. Gowns of colonial America mimicked those of the Renaissance period in style. Fitted bodices with low-cut necklines were prevalent, although women who lived in more modest communities would often cover the chest and neck with a sheer scarf or collar. Skirts were still very full at the waist, and bustles were worn under the skirt to make it appear larger in the back. Sleeves were fitted to the elbow, with a ruffle extending to the forearm. The split outer skirt with a decorative petticoat was still very popular. Toward the end of the Colonial period, the dress style changed dramatically. Women’s gowns were much lighter, with a high empire waist, short sleeves and flowing skirt that fit close to the body. Colonial men’s fashion was also similar to Renaissance fashion at first; most men wore a loose dress shirt, a doublet or vest and a long coat. Dress shirts of this period had cuffs at the wrist and stiff collars that were worn popped up. The cravat, or decorative neck scarf, became popular during this time and evolved into the modern-day tie. Upper hose were replaced by breeches, but the two are very similar. Tights were still worn below the knee. One distinct change in men’s fashion was the popularity of the wig and folded hat. It was the style for men to wear their hair long, pulled back at the top of the neck and curled in front. They also powdered their hair to make it appear white. It was difficult and uncomfortable to wear a hat with a wig, so hats were often carried under the arm. This led to a new hat style-the ‘three corner hat’ or tricorne that we have come to associate with this time period.	724	ENGLISH	1
Julius Caesar wrote The Civil War for the same reason he wrote about his campaigns in Gaul – i.e. to prove to the Roman people that his cause was just and that his opponents were unjust. The work was never completed, and the reason for this may be conjectured as having won the civil war – against the Pompeian faction – Caesar no longer needed to defend his actions because he was in full control of the state. “…but let me remind you it is always at the end of a war that soldiers look for the reward of their efforts, and what that end is going to be not even you can doubt. “Is it conceivable that a side which could make no stand with all its forces intact can now do so when its cause is lost; and can you, who declared for Caesar when victory still hung in the balance, now think of siding with the vanquished, after the issue of the war is decided, and when you ought to be reaping the reward of your services? “With what seems to be a tradition among foreign nations, the African force lay scattered about their camping-ground without any properly made lines; consequently, when our troopers dashed in upon the broken groups of heavily sleeping men, numbers were slaughtered on the spot, and a considerable body took refuge in panic-stricken flight. “But Curio answered unhesitatingly that, having lost the army which Caesar had entrusted to his charge, he would never go back to look him in the face, and with that answer he died fighting. Only a very small proportion of the Roman cavalry escaped from the battle; but those who, as recorded above, had dropped behind in the rear for the purpose of resting their horses, on observing from their distant position that the whole army was a rout, made good their return to the camp. The infantry were all cut down to a man. “Inside the Pompeian lines the eye fell upon the spectacle of arbors artificially constructed, of masses of silver plate laid out for present use, of tents paved with cool, fresh cut sods, and even, in the case of Lentulus and others, protected from the heat by ivy. Many other indications could likewise be discerned of extravagant luxury and of confidence in coming victory, rendering it an easy assumption that men who went so far out of their way in the pursuit of superfluous pleasures could have had no misgivings as to the issue of the day. Yet these were the men who habitually taunted the poverty-stricken, long-suffering army of Caesar with the charge of being voluptuaries; whereas in truth they had all along been in want of the barest necessaries. *All excerpts have been taken from The Civil War, Julius Caesar, Barnes & Noble, Inc.	<urn:uuid:7db0c113-20dc-4f89-9dbe-694d6ee99c49>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://consolationofantiquity.com/page/4/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00249.warc.gz	en	0.985985	574	3.359375	3	[ -0.531503438949585, 0.6093248128890991, 0.22863078117370605, 0.4021279811859131, -0.36604589223861694, -0.10003313422203064, 0.10739559680223465, 0.4379635453224182, 0.07963810861110687, -0.14214780926704407, -0.05138856917619705, -0.29120492935180664, -0.1317993402481079, 0.42668864130973...	23	Julius Caesar wrote The Civil War for the same reason he wrote about his campaigns in Gaul – i.e. to prove to the Roman people that his cause was just and that his opponents were unjust. The work was never completed, and the reason for this may be conjectured as having won the civil war – against the Pompeian faction – Caesar no longer needed to defend his actions because he was in full control of the state. “…but let me remind you it is always at the end of a war that soldiers look for the reward of their efforts, and what that end is going to be not even you can doubt. “Is it conceivable that a side which could make no stand with all its forces intact can now do so when its cause is lost; and can you, who declared for Caesar when victory still hung in the balance, now think of siding with the vanquished, after the issue of the war is decided, and when you ought to be reaping the reward of your services? “With what seems to be a tradition among foreign nations, the African force lay scattered about their camping-ground without any properly made lines; consequently, when our troopers dashed in upon the broken groups of heavily sleeping men, numbers were slaughtered on the spot, and a considerable body took refuge in panic-stricken flight. “But Curio answered unhesitatingly that, having lost the army which Caesar had entrusted to his charge, he would never go back to look him in the face, and with that answer he died fighting. Only a very small proportion of the Roman cavalry escaped from the battle; but those who, as recorded above, had dropped behind in the rear for the purpose of resting their horses, on observing from their distant position that the whole army was a rout, made good their return to the camp. The infantry were all cut down to a man. “Inside the Pompeian lines the eye fell upon the spectacle of arbors artificially constructed, of masses of silver plate laid out for present use, of tents paved with cool, fresh cut sods, and even, in the case of Lentulus and others, protected from the heat by ivy. Many other indications could likewise be discerned of extravagant luxury and of confidence in coming victory, rendering it an easy assumption that men who went so far out of their way in the pursuit of superfluous pleasures could have had no misgivings as to the issue of the day. Yet these were the men who habitually taunted the poverty-stricken, long-suffering army of Caesar with the charge of being voluptuaries; whereas in truth they had all along been in want of the barest necessaries. *All excerpts have been taken from The Civil War, Julius Caesar, Barnes & Noble, Inc.	560	ENGLISH	1
Their social context, life experiences, and gender are reflected in their poetry. Emily Dickinson focused a lot on death and her struggles of being a woman during her time. Her poems often described the inner state of mind. Whitman dickinson essays I but moor To-night in Thee! Among the ranks of other such acclaimed poets as Walt WhitmanEmily Dickinson is considered one of the most original 19th Century American poets. She is noted for her unconventional broken rhyming meter and use of dashes and random capitalisation as well as her creative use of metaphor and overall innovative style. She was a deeply sensitive woman who questioned the puritanical background of her Calvinist family and soulfully explored her own spirituality, often in poignant, deeply personal poetry. She admired the works of John Keats and Elizabeth Barrett Browningbut avoided the florid and romantic style of her time, creating poems of pure and concise imagery, at times witty and sardonic, often boldly frank and illuminating the keen insight she had into the human condition. At times characterised as a semi-invalid, a hermit, a heartbroken introvert, or a neurotic agoraphobic, her poetry is sometimes brooding and sometimes joyous and celebratory. Her sophistication and profound intellect has been lauded by laymen and scholars alike and influenced many other authors and poets into the 21st Century. This biography serves only as an overview of her life and poetry and leaves the in-depth analysis to the many scholars who have devoted years to the study of Emily Dickinson, the woman and her works. She was the second of three children born to Emily Norcross and Edward Dickinsona Yale graduate, successful lawyer, Treasurer for Amherst College and a United States Congressman. Her grandfather Samuel Fowler Dickinson was a Dartmouth graduate, accomplished lawyer and one of the founders of Amherst College. Emily had an older brother named William Austin Dickinson known as Austin who would marry her most intimate friend Susan Gilbert in The Dickinsons were strong advocates for education and Emily too benefited from an early education in classic literature, studying the writings of Virgil and Latin, mathematics, history, and botany. Until she was ten years old, she and her family lived with her grandfather Samuel and his family on Main Street. The same year, Emily entered Amherst Academy under the tutelage of scientist and theologian, Edward Hitchcock. She stayed there less than a year and some of the theories as to why she left are homesickness and poor health. Another reason some speculate is that when she refused to sign an oath publicly professing her faith in Christ, her ensuing chastisement from Mary Lyon proved to be too much humiliation. Back home in the patriarchal household of aspiring politicians, Emily started to write her first poems. In Emily and her sister spent time in the cities of Washington, D. He built an addition to The Homestead, replete with gardens and conservatory. In Dickinson answered a call for poetry submissions in the Atlantic Monthly. She struck up a correspondence with its editor, Thomas Wentworth Higginson. He had tried to correct her work, but she refused to alter it, though they soon became friends and it is speculated that Emily also had romantic feelings for him. Dark times were soon to fall on Emily. In and she went to stay with her Norcross cousins in Boston to see an eye doctor whereupon she was forbidden to read or write. It would be the last time she ventured from Amherst. Around the time her father Edward died suddenly in she stopped going out in public though she still kept up her social contacts via correspondence, writing at her desk in her austere bedroom, and seemed to have enjoyed her solitude. In her friend Samuel Bowles died and another of her esteemed friends Charles Wadsworth died inthe same year her mother succumbed to her lengthy illness.Dickinson and Whitman Essay Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman are two poets that helped shape the way we think about poetry. While their backgrounds and writing styles were quite different, both Dickinson and Whitman challenged accepted forms of writing and . Only five of Emily Dickinson's poems were published while she lived; today, approximately 1, are in print. Dickinson's poetry reflects the power of her contemplative gifts, and her deep sensitivity courses through her correspondence as well. Two Poets, Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson are probably two of the most influential people in American poetry. They are regarded as the founders modern American poetry. Walt Whitman (), for the time was breaking new ground with his diverse, . Walt Whitman biography -Whitman put the living, breathing, sexual body at the center of most of his poetry. -Whitman dropped out of school when he was 11, he wrote in a newspaper -his writing was inspired by emotion of opera. -he became the national poet. Walter "Walt" Whitman (/ ˈ hw ɪ t m ə n /; May 31, – March 26, ) was an American poet, essayist, and journalist.A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his benjaminpohle.comn is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. His work was very controversial in its time. Background and Early Years. Called the "Bard of Democracy" and considered one of America's most influential poets, Walt Whitman was born on May 31, in West Hills, Long Island, New York.	<urn:uuid:6c169ff9-7e7d-4d47-8591-e4c4cd65ca90>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://qifopuviru.benjaminpohle.com/whitman-dickinson-essays-16947qe.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00381.warc.gz	en	0.980817	1,136	3.453125	3	[ 0.22248879075050354, 0.07007402181625366, 0.2903605103492737, 0.15238577127456665, 0.11449778079986572, 0.0754813477396965, 0.4356960356235504, 0.17851150035858154, -0.40389323234558105, -0.3538457751274109, 0.06855039298534393, -0.053168509155511856, -0.005489573813974857, -0.003354124492...	2	Their social context, life experiences, and gender are reflected in their poetry. Emily Dickinson focused a lot on death and her struggles of being a woman during her time. Her poems often described the inner state of mind. Whitman dickinson essays I but moor To-night in Thee! Among the ranks of other such acclaimed poets as Walt WhitmanEmily Dickinson is considered one of the most original 19th Century American poets. She is noted for her unconventional broken rhyming meter and use of dashes and random capitalisation as well as her creative use of metaphor and overall innovative style. She was a deeply sensitive woman who questioned the puritanical background of her Calvinist family and soulfully explored her own spirituality, often in poignant, deeply personal poetry. She admired the works of John Keats and Elizabeth Barrett Browningbut avoided the florid and romantic style of her time, creating poems of pure and concise imagery, at times witty and sardonic, often boldly frank and illuminating the keen insight she had into the human condition. At times characterised as a semi-invalid, a hermit, a heartbroken introvert, or a neurotic agoraphobic, her poetry is sometimes brooding and sometimes joyous and celebratory. Her sophistication and profound intellect has been lauded by laymen and scholars alike and influenced many other authors and poets into the 21st Century. This biography serves only as an overview of her life and poetry and leaves the in-depth analysis to the many scholars who have devoted years to the study of Emily Dickinson, the woman and her works. She was the second of three children born to Emily Norcross and Edward Dickinsona Yale graduate, successful lawyer, Treasurer for Amherst College and a United States Congressman. Her grandfather Samuel Fowler Dickinson was a Dartmouth graduate, accomplished lawyer and one of the founders of Amherst College. Emily had an older brother named William Austin Dickinson known as Austin who would marry her most intimate friend Susan Gilbert in The Dickinsons were strong advocates for education and Emily too benefited from an early education in classic literature, studying the writings of Virgil and Latin, mathematics, history, and botany. Until she was ten years old, she and her family lived with her grandfather Samuel and his family on Main Street. The same year, Emily entered Amherst Academy under the tutelage of scientist and theologian, Edward Hitchcock. She stayed there less than a year and some of the theories as to why she left are homesickness and poor health. Another reason some speculate is that when she refused to sign an oath publicly professing her faith in Christ, her ensuing chastisement from Mary Lyon proved to be too much humiliation. Back home in the patriarchal household of aspiring politicians, Emily started to write her first poems. In Emily and her sister spent time in the cities of Washington, D. He built an addition to The Homestead, replete with gardens and conservatory. In Dickinson answered a call for poetry submissions in the Atlantic Monthly. She struck up a correspondence with its editor, Thomas Wentworth Higginson. He had tried to correct her work, but she refused to alter it, though they soon became friends and it is speculated that Emily also had romantic feelings for him. Dark times were soon to fall on Emily. In and she went to stay with her Norcross cousins in Boston to see an eye doctor whereupon she was forbidden to read or write. It would be the last time she ventured from Amherst. Around the time her father Edward died suddenly in she stopped going out in public though she still kept up her social contacts via correspondence, writing at her desk in her austere bedroom, and seemed to have enjoyed her solitude. In her friend Samuel Bowles died and another of her esteemed friends Charles Wadsworth died inthe same year her mother succumbed to her lengthy illness.Dickinson and Whitman Essay Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman are two poets that helped shape the way we think about poetry. While their backgrounds and writing styles were quite different, both Dickinson and Whitman challenged accepted forms of writing and . Only five of Emily Dickinson's poems were published while she lived; today, approximately 1, are in print. Dickinson's poetry reflects the power of her contemplative gifts, and her deep sensitivity courses through her correspondence as well. Two Poets, Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson are probably two of the most influential people in American poetry. They are regarded as the founders modern American poetry. Walt Whitman (), for the time was breaking new ground with his diverse, . Walt Whitman biography -Whitman put the living, breathing, sexual body at the center of most of his poetry. -Whitman dropped out of school when he was 11, he wrote in a newspaper -his writing was inspired by emotion of opera. -he became the national poet. Walter "Walt" Whitman (/ ˈ hw ɪ t m ə n /; May 31, – March 26, ) was an American poet, essayist, and journalist.A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his benjaminpohle.comn is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. His work was very controversial in its time. Background and Early Years. Called the "Bard of Democracy" and considered one of America's most influential poets, Walt Whitman was born on May 31, in West Hills, Long Island, New York.	1,132	ENGLISH	1
Birds can have similarities as well as differences. They are similar in terms of the animal kingdom that they belong to as well as class. For example, doves and pigeons are both birds and belong to Kingdom Animalia. The scientific name of these birds is Columbidae under the order Columbiformes. Both belong to the class of Aves. Like this, they are similar. However, these two birds also have differences. Though pigeons are similar in terms of appearance with that of doves, pigeons are generally larger. The difference between these two birds can be of color and their general appeal. When it comes to scientific nomenclature, there is no difference between a pigeon and a dove. But in terms of size, a dove is generally smaller in size than that of a pigeon. The difference between a dove and a pigeon is more linguistic. For the bigger ones, they are preferred to be called as pigeons while the smaller ones are called doves. In other words, there is not much difference between the two. When it comes to the number of these species, both have a large number in the different parts of the world. They are actually very common with each other and yet, many have misconceptions about them insisting that the two are different. “Doves and pigeons are both interchangeable names that can be applied to any of those birds that belong to the family of species called Columbidae. In conclusion, there is no official differences between these two that belong to one family.	<urn:uuid:e343610b-d051-4423-9fac-fdddaa5838f7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.koopman-pigeons.com/?page_id=42	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00160.warc.gz	en	0.982988	307	3.53125	4	[ 0.33924761414527893, -0.5543729066848755, 0.1362670361995697, 0.29890531301498413, 0.19822891056537628, 0.27686652541160583, 0.4552288055419922, 0.01236418355256319, 0.7169172167778015, -0.26858431100845337, -0.31435301899909973, -0.6297987103462219, 0.24086876213550568, -0.072166934609413...	2	Birds can have similarities as well as differences. They are similar in terms of the animal kingdom that they belong to as well as class. For example, doves and pigeons are both birds and belong to Kingdom Animalia. The scientific name of these birds is Columbidae under the order Columbiformes. Both belong to the class of Aves. Like this, they are similar. However, these two birds also have differences. Though pigeons are similar in terms of appearance with that of doves, pigeons are generally larger. The difference between these two birds can be of color and their general appeal. When it comes to scientific nomenclature, there is no difference between a pigeon and a dove. But in terms of size, a dove is generally smaller in size than that of a pigeon. The difference between a dove and a pigeon is more linguistic. For the bigger ones, they are preferred to be called as pigeons while the smaller ones are called doves. In other words, there is not much difference between the two. When it comes to the number of these species, both have a large number in the different parts of the world. They are actually very common with each other and yet, many have misconceptions about them insisting that the two are different. “Doves and pigeons are both interchangeable names that can be applied to any of those birds that belong to the family of species called Columbidae. In conclusion, there is no official differences between these two that belong to one family.	309	ENGLISH	1
Biography of Captain James Cook Captain James Cook was a legendary British explorer in the Royal Navy. Cook was a master surveyor and cartographer. These skills were put to full use in the Seven Years’ War: Cook mapped the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River in Canada in 1759, enabling Britain’s stealth attack on the French Army at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham later that year. During his first voyage as captain Cook's expedition became the first group of Europeans to discover Australia’s east coastline. He circumnavigated New Zealand and proved that it was not part of the hypothetical continent of Terra Australis, which was the belief in Europe at the time. During his second voyage, Cook and his expedition were the first people to cross the Atlantic Circle, which is the most southerly of the major circles of latitude. During this voyage he took possession of the island of South Georgia for Britain. In addition, he discovered and named the South Sandwich Islands and Clerke Rocks. At the time he confirmed that Terra Australis does not exist and made accurate maps of the Southern Pacific Ocean that were still used in the mid-1900s. Cook became the first European to make formal contact with Hawaii during his third voyage. Cook was the first person to sight Cape Foulweather in the USA and the first European to sight Yuquot in Canada. In addition, he mapped sections of the Canadian and Alaskan coasts. 1. Cook’s Early Years and Education James Cook was born on 7 November 1728 in Marton, Yorkshire. Cook’s father, James, was a farmhand migrant from Scotland and his mother, Grace, was from Thornaby-on-Tees in North Yorkshire. Only two of Cook's seven siblings survived childhood—his older brother, John, and his sister, Margaret. At the age of eight the young Cook started working for a local farmer, William Walker. The boy tended to the Walkers’ horses and livestock, and ran errands. In exchange Walker’s wife Mary, who noticed that Cook was a bright child, taught him to read. In 1736 Cook’s father became the foreman on a farm in a neighbouring village. Cook was an intelligent boy and as a result his father’s employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for his education at the local village school until he was 12 years old. When Cook left the village school at the age of 12, he worked with his father as a farm labourer until he was 17 years old. After this he earned an apprenticeship in a store in a coastal village, Staithes, working for William Sanderson. In Staithes Cook got into contact with the sea; the store where he worked was 300 yards from the sea. After 18 months Saunderson took Cook to the nearby port town of Whitby; where he introduced Cook to his friends John and Henry Walker, who were shipowners in the coal trade. The Walkers employed Cook as a merchant navy apprentice for their small fleet of vessels. Cook first worked on the bulk cargo ship Freelove along the English coast. He spent a few years between the river Tyne and London, working on Freelove and other coastal trading vessels. At the time Cook studied mathematics, navigation and astronomy as part of his apprenticeship. Once he completed his apprenticeship, Cook started working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea. He was promoted to the rank of mate aboard the collier Friendship and was offered command of it. 2. Cook joins the Royal Navy Less than a month after he assumed command of Friendship, Cook volunteered to join the Royal Navy in the wake of the Seven Years’ War (1756 and 1763). Cook joined up at Wapping in East London on 17 June 1755. HMS Eagle and first promotion Cook first started serving on HMS Eagle, and he soon participated in the capture of a French warship and helped to sink another. After this he was promoted to the rank of boatswain. Less than a year after he joined the navy he took command of Cruizer, a small vessel attached to Eagle. Two years after joining up Cook passed his master's examinations, which made him eligible to command a ship of the King's fleet. Mapping the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River After he passed his examinations, Cook joined HMS Solebay. He then worked on HMS Pembroke as a master during the Seven Years’ War. In Canada he participated in the capture of the Fortress of Louisbourg from the French in 1758, and in the siege of Quebec City in 1759. Cook excelled as a surveyor and cartographer. During the siege of Quebec City he mapped the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River, which enabled Britain’s stealth attack on the French Army during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in the same year. Mapping the coast of Newfoundland In the 1760s Cook, on HMS Grenville, mapped the coast of the Canadian island of Newfoundland to a high degree of accuracy and conducted astronomical observations. He surveyed the north-west, south and west coast of Canada from 1763 to 1767. Cook marries Elizabeth Batts In 1762 Cook married the daughter of one of his mentors, Samuel Batts, who was the keeper of the Bell Inn in Wapping. The wedding between Cook and Elizabeth took place at St Margaret's Church in Barking, Essex, on 21 December 1762. The couple's first son, James, was born the following year. James was baptised at the church Cook attended, St Paul's Church in Shadwell. Cook lived with his wife in the East End of London, but he was at sea most of the time during his marriage. 3. Cook’s First Voyage Cook was commissioned by the Admiralty on 25 May 1768 to command a scientific voyage to the Pacific Ocean to observe the transit of Venus across the sun in 1769. Cook was made a lieutenant to ensure that his status was sufficient to take command, and the expedition departed from England aboard HMS Endeavour on 26 August 1768. Botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander were part of the expedition, and their mission was to retrieve plants from undiscovered territories. Cook was instructed to sail to Tahiti via Cape Horn. Endeavour stopped en route at Rio de Janeiro for supplies, and then at Tierra del Fuego at the tip of South America to get fresh water and wood. At Tierra del Fuego the botanists on board collected plant specimens and an artist on board, Alexander Buchan, drew pictures of the local Huash people. The expedition arrived at Tahiti on 13 April 1769. On Tahiti the explorers made friends with Tupaia, an aristocratic priest and navigator from the neighbouring island of Ra‘iatea. After observing the transit of Venus, of which their observations were inconclusive, the explorers departed to find signs of the hypothetical continent of Terra Australis. They were joined by Tupaia, who guided them through the Polynesian Islands, and his servant Talato. If he were to find Terra Australis; Cook was tasked with examining the nature of the soil, fauna, flora and mineral wealth of the continent. He was instructed to collect botanical and mineral specimens as well. Cook's expedition then reached New Zealand, which had already been discovered by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman. Cook’s orders were to explore as much of the coastline as possible. New Zealand was inhabited by the Māori people who had moved there a few centuries earlier from the Pacific Islands. Cook first landed at a place called Poverty Bay, from where they explored the coastline further. The expedition was invited ashore by two chiefs at a place that Cook called Tolaga Bay. At Tolaga Bay the botanists recorded the locals’ customs and collected artefacts, and the artists made drawings of the area. From there Endeavour made more landings on the east coast of New Zealand’s North Island. They then further explored the west coast, and landed at Queen Charlotte Sound at South Island. Endeavour spent two months circumnavigating the island. Cook charted the island, and proved that it was not part of Terra Australis, which was the belief in Europe. Cook’s expedition reached Australia’s east coast in April 1770. This made them the first recorded Europeans to discover Australia’s eastern coastline. From there they sailed northwards and landed at a place that Cook later called Botany Bay. At Botany Bay Cook’s expedition encountered two hostile men armed with spears and stones, who tried to prevent them from coming ashore. Eventually the British fired at them, and one of the men was wounded in the leg. For the following week Cook’s people and the local Gweagal people observed each other from a distance, but did not make contact. Further north Cook’s expedition encountered the Guugu Yimithirr people, also known as Kokoimudji. Cook’s expedition established a good relationship with them, and one of the British artists put together a vocabulary of their language. The friendly relationship between the British and the locals did not last long because of their different customs, through. Further north Cook landed on an island, which he called it Possession Island. On Possession Island he took possession of the whole Eastern Coast—from where Endeavour first sighted land up to New South Wales—in the name of King George III. Batavia and illness Further north in Batavia, Indonesia, which got known as Jakarta in later years, many of Cook’s expedition started falling ill. Tupaia, Taiato and five other men died. On the way home more than twenty men died, including the astronomer who assisted Cook in charting New Zealand and Australia, Charles Green, and the artist, Sydney Parkinson. Cook arrived at Kent in 1771, and he was made a commander in August that year. Even though Cook believed that the discoveries made during his first voyage were not great, he was seen as a hero back home in Britain after his scientific journals were published. It was the start of the British colonisation of Australia when Cook took possession of the Eastern Coast, and he proved that New Zealand was not attached to a larger landmass to the south. 4. Cook’s Second Voyage Scottish geographer Alexander Dalrymple and others belonging to the Royal Society believed that the hypothetical continent of Terra Australia existed somewhere south of Australia. As a result, the Royal Society commissioned Cook in 1772 to search for this continent. Five days after the birth of his son, George, Cook departed on his second voyage, commanding HMS Resolution. He took along with him a chronometer made by British watchmaker Larcum Kendall, which would enable him to determine his longitudinal position with more accuracy than before. He circumnavigated the globe at an extreme southern latitude, and on 17 January 1773 he crossed the Atlantic Circle, which is the most southerly of the major circles of latitude, that had never been crossed before. Here, in thick fog, he became separated from Tobias Furneaux, the commander of Resolution’s companion ship HMS Adventure. Cook kept on exploring the Antarctic, and on 31 January 1774 he reached 71°10'S. Furneaux continued to New Zealand. After clashing with the Māori people and losing some men, he returned to Britain. Tahiti and other islands Close to Antarctica, Cook had to turn to Tahiti to resupply Resolution. Omai, a Tahitian guide, joined Cook’s expedition and they set sail southwards to find Terra Australis. Cook landed at a group of islands where the inhabitants were so friendly that he named it the Friendly Islands, which got known as Tonga in later years. He stopped at Easter Island, where one of his Polynesian crew members, Hitihiti, was able to communicate with the local Rapa Nui people. They also stopped at Norfolk Island, New Caledonia and Vanuatu in the South Pacific. He then took possession of the island of South Georgia for Britain. In addition, he discovered and named the South Sandwich Islands and Clerke Rocks. Return to England Resolution then set sail for England via South Africa. When he returned home, he confirmed that Terra Australia does not exist. The Larcum Kendall chronometer he took along enabled him to make accurate maps of the Southern Pacific Ocean, which were still used in the mid-1900s. Back home he was promoted to rank-captain, he was made a fellow of the Royal Society and he received the Copley Gold medal for losing nobody to scurvy during his second voyage. Cook was made an officer at Greenwich Hospital in London, which was a permanent home for retired sailors of the Royal Navy. He accepted the position on the condition that he would be allowed to resign if an opportunity for active duty should arrive. 5. Cook’s Third Voyage When a third voyage was planned shortly thereafter, Cook volunteered to find the Northwest Passage.This passage is the sea route to the Pacific Ocean along the northern coast of North America. The public belief at the time was that the purpose of Cook’s third voyage was to return Omai—who had joined the expedition when they visited Tahiti the previous time—home. Cook and his expedition left England on 12 July 1776. Cook commanded Resolution, and Captain Charles Clerke commanded HMS Discovery. First European to reach Hawaii After dropping Omai off at Tahiti, the expedition set sail northwards and reached the Hawaiian Islands in 1778. This made Cook the first European to make formal contact with Hawaii. This first Hawaiian island they landed on was Kauai. Cook named Hawaii the Sandwich Islands in honour of the acting First Lord of the Admiralty, the fourth Earl of Sandwich. He then set sail for northwards to explore the northern west coast of North America. Searching for the Northwest passage Cook’s expedition first stopped at Oregon, naming the place Cape Foulweather. They unwittingly sailed past the Strait of Juan de Fuca, through which the border between North America and Canada runs. Cook’s expedition stopped at Yuquot in Canada. The British established a friendly relationship with the people of Yuquot, but at times these locals asked more valuable articles than the people of Hawaii had expected. After this Cook's expedition explored the coast up to the Bering Strait between Russia and Alaska, and he mapped the coast along the way. At the time he identified what he called Cook inlet. His expedition went through the Bering Strait, into the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic Ocean and up the Alaskan coast. When the expedition could proceed no further north due to ice, they then sailed down the Siberian coast to the Bering Strait and returned to Hawaii in 1779. Cook sailed around the Hawaiian Islands for two months. The expedition landed on Kealakekua Bay on Hawai'i island at the time of a Hawaiian worship festival for Lono, the Polynesian god. Resolution bore a resemblance to the Hawaiians’ religious artefacts in some way, and they came to believe that Cook was Lono that had arrived. Cook's expedition left after a month to further explore the northern Pacific, but when Resolution's foremast broke they returned to Hawaii for repairs. Back at Kealakekua Bay the relationship with the locals soured, and of the Hawaiians stole one of Cook's small boats. Cook then decided to kidnap their king, Kalaniʻōpuʻu. Kalaniʻōpuʻu willingly left with Cook to their boats. On the way the pair were interrupted by one of the king's favourite wives, two chiefs and a priest. A large crowd from the island arrived at the scene, and it dawned on the king that Cook was his enemy. 6. Cook’s Death & Legacy Cook turned around to launch the boats, and he was clubbed over the head by one of the chiefs and then stabbed by one of the king's attendants. Another four Royal Marines were killed and two were wounded as well. Cook’s body preserved After he died, the Hawaiians carried Cook’s body away. As they esteemed Cook, they decided to keep his body. They prepared his body applying the funerary rituals that they typically used for respected members of their society. These rites involved disembowelment of a body, and then baking it to make the removal of the flesh easier. The bones were then meticulously cleaned and preserved. Cook laid to rest and the expedition returns home The Hawaiians returned some of Cook's preserved remains to his crew. He was then formally laid to rest at sea. Clerke replaced Cook as leader, and tried to sail through the Bering Strait. Elizabeth Cook’s reaction Throughout her life—until she died 56 years after him— Cook’s widow showed high respect for his memory, and she wore a ring with a lock of his hair in it. She measured everything by Cook’s standards of honour and morality When she expressed disapproval, she would use the expression that "Mr Cook" would never have done that. Before her death she carefully destroyed all her correspondence with Cook, as she considered this too sacred to share. Cook Honoured and Remembered Cook was honoured both during his lifetime and posthumously for his achievements. Cook's image appeared on an Australian coin. In 1874 an obelisk in his honour was erected at the site where he was killed in Hawaii, and a life-size statue of him was erected in the centre of Sydney in Australia. A town in and numerous businesses in Hawaii are named after him. In addition, many places, institutions, landmarks and monuments in various countries are named after him. Space shuttles have been named after Cook’s ships, and the Cook crater on the moon is named after him. In 1978 the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum was opened at his birthplace in Marton. Cook had six children, five sons and one daughter. His daughter, Elizabeth, died nine years before him, and his sons Joseph and George died in infancy. His son Nathaniel died eight months after him, when his ship went down in a hurricane and he got lost at sea. Cook's son Hugh, who was born in 1776—a few years before his death in 1780—died a few years after his father due to scarlet fever as a young student in 1783. The following year Cook’s eldest son, James, drowned. Cook's children all died before they had children. Therefore, he had no direct descendants.	<urn:uuid:c7c51d94-57ba-4574-832e-b56e3eb1e1a1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://greatestbritons.com/captain-cook-biography.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00086.warc.gz	en	0.982518	3,933	3.421875	3	[ 0.05068491771817207, 0.4198041558265686, 0.6613562703132629, -0.5158332586288452, -0.4260134696960449, -0.11288907378911972, 0.27515876293182373, 0.04629609361290932, -0.44245514273643494, -0.14821797609329224, -0.10281407833099365, -0.9040834903717041, -0.06974191963672638, 0.377991527318...	1	Biography of Captain James Cook Captain James Cook was a legendary British explorer in the Royal Navy. Cook was a master surveyor and cartographer. These skills were put to full use in the Seven Years’ War: Cook mapped the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River in Canada in 1759, enabling Britain’s stealth attack on the French Army at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham later that year. During his first voyage as captain Cook's expedition became the first group of Europeans to discover Australia’s east coastline. He circumnavigated New Zealand and proved that it was not part of the hypothetical continent of Terra Australis, which was the belief in Europe at the time. During his second voyage, Cook and his expedition were the first people to cross the Atlantic Circle, which is the most southerly of the major circles of latitude. During this voyage he took possession of the island of South Georgia for Britain. In addition, he discovered and named the South Sandwich Islands and Clerke Rocks. At the time he confirmed that Terra Australis does not exist and made accurate maps of the Southern Pacific Ocean that were still used in the mid-1900s. Cook became the first European to make formal contact with Hawaii during his third voyage. Cook was the first person to sight Cape Foulweather in the USA and the first European to sight Yuquot in Canada. In addition, he mapped sections of the Canadian and Alaskan coasts. 1. Cook’s Early Years and Education James Cook was born on 7 November 1728 in Marton, Yorkshire. Cook’s father, James, was a farmhand migrant from Scotland and his mother, Grace, was from Thornaby-on-Tees in North Yorkshire. Only two of Cook's seven siblings survived childhood—his older brother, John, and his sister, Margaret. At the age of eight the young Cook started working for a local farmer, William Walker. The boy tended to the Walkers’ horses and livestock, and ran errands. In exchange Walker’s wife Mary, who noticed that Cook was a bright child, taught him to read. In 1736 Cook’s father became the foreman on a farm in a neighbouring village. Cook was an intelligent boy and as a result his father’s employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for his education at the local village school until he was 12 years old. When Cook left the village school at the age of 12, he worked with his father as a farm labourer until he was 17 years old. After this he earned an apprenticeship in a store in a coastal village, Staithes, working for William Sanderson. In Staithes Cook got into contact with the sea; the store where he worked was 300 yards from the sea. After 18 months Saunderson took Cook to the nearby port town of Whitby; where he introduced Cook to his friends John and Henry Walker, who were shipowners in the coal trade. The Walkers employed Cook as a merchant navy apprentice for their small fleet of vessels. Cook first worked on the bulk cargo ship Freelove along the English coast. He spent a few years between the river Tyne and London, working on Freelove and other coastal trading vessels. At the time Cook studied mathematics, navigation and astronomy as part of his apprenticeship. Once he completed his apprenticeship, Cook started working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea. He was promoted to the rank of mate aboard the collier Friendship and was offered command of it. 2. Cook joins the Royal Navy Less than a month after he assumed command of Friendship, Cook volunteered to join the Royal Navy in the wake of the Seven Years’ War (1756 and 1763). Cook joined up at Wapping in East London on 17 June 1755. HMS Eagle and first promotion Cook first started serving on HMS Eagle, and he soon participated in the capture of a French warship and helped to sink another. After this he was promoted to the rank of boatswain. Less than a year after he joined the navy he took command of Cruizer, a small vessel attached to Eagle. Two years after joining up Cook passed his master's examinations, which made him eligible to command a ship of the King's fleet. Mapping the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River After he passed his examinations, Cook joined HMS Solebay. He then worked on HMS Pembroke as a master during the Seven Years’ War. In Canada he participated in the capture of the Fortress of Louisbourg from the French in 1758, and in the siege of Quebec City in 1759. Cook excelled as a surveyor and cartographer. During the siege of Quebec City he mapped the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River, which enabled Britain’s stealth attack on the French Army during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in the same year. Mapping the coast of Newfoundland In the 1760s Cook, on HMS Grenville, mapped the coast of the Canadian island of Newfoundland to a high degree of accuracy and conducted astronomical observations. He surveyed the north-west, south and west coast of Canada from 1763 to 1767. Cook marries Elizabeth Batts In 1762 Cook married the daughter of one of his mentors, Samuel Batts, who was the keeper of the Bell Inn in Wapping. The wedding between Cook and Elizabeth took place at St Margaret's Church in Barking, Essex, on 21 December 1762. The couple's first son, James, was born the following year. James was baptised at the church Cook attended, St Paul's Church in Shadwell. Cook lived with his wife in the East End of London, but he was at sea most of the time during his marriage. 3. Cook’s First Voyage Cook was commissioned by the Admiralty on 25 May 1768 to command a scientific voyage to the Pacific Ocean to observe the transit of Venus across the sun in 1769. Cook was made a lieutenant to ensure that his status was sufficient to take command, and the expedition departed from England aboard HMS Endeavour on 26 August 1768. Botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander were part of the expedition, and their mission was to retrieve plants from undiscovered territories. Cook was instructed to sail to Tahiti via Cape Horn. Endeavour stopped en route at Rio de Janeiro for supplies, and then at Tierra del Fuego at the tip of South America to get fresh water and wood. At Tierra del Fuego the botanists on board collected plant specimens and an artist on board, Alexander Buchan, drew pictures of the local Huash people. The expedition arrived at Tahiti on 13 April 1769. On Tahiti the explorers made friends with Tupaia, an aristocratic priest and navigator from the neighbouring island of Ra‘iatea. After observing the transit of Venus, of which their observations were inconclusive, the explorers departed to find signs of the hypothetical continent of Terra Australis. They were joined by Tupaia, who guided them through the Polynesian Islands, and his servant Talato. If he were to find Terra Australis; Cook was tasked with examining the nature of the soil, fauna, flora and mineral wealth of the continent. He was instructed to collect botanical and mineral specimens as well. Cook's expedition then reached New Zealand, which had already been discovered by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman. Cook’s orders were to explore as much of the coastline as possible. New Zealand was inhabited by the Māori people who had moved there a few centuries earlier from the Pacific Islands. Cook first landed at a place called Poverty Bay, from where they explored the coastline further. The expedition was invited ashore by two chiefs at a place that Cook called Tolaga Bay. At Tolaga Bay the botanists recorded the locals’ customs and collected artefacts, and the artists made drawings of the area. From there Endeavour made more landings on the east coast of New Zealand’s North Island. They then further explored the west coast, and landed at Queen Charlotte Sound at South Island. Endeavour spent two months circumnavigating the island. Cook charted the island, and proved that it was not part of Terra Australis, which was the belief in Europe. Cook’s expedition reached Australia’s east coast in April 1770. This made them the first recorded Europeans to discover Australia’s eastern coastline. From there they sailed northwards and landed at a place that Cook later called Botany Bay. At Botany Bay Cook’s expedition encountered two hostile men armed with spears and stones, who tried to prevent them from coming ashore. Eventually the British fired at them, and one of the men was wounded in the leg. For the following week Cook’s people and the local Gweagal people observed each other from a distance, but did not make contact. Further north Cook’s expedition encountered the Guugu Yimithirr people, also known as Kokoimudji. Cook’s expedition established a good relationship with them, and one of the British artists put together a vocabulary of their language. The friendly relationship between the British and the locals did not last long because of their different customs, through. Further north Cook landed on an island, which he called it Possession Island. On Possession Island he took possession of the whole Eastern Coast—from where Endeavour first sighted land up to New South Wales—in the name of King George III. Batavia and illness Further north in Batavia, Indonesia, which got known as Jakarta in later years, many of Cook’s expedition started falling ill. Tupaia, Taiato and five other men died. On the way home more than twenty men died, including the astronomer who assisted Cook in charting New Zealand and Australia, Charles Green, and the artist, Sydney Parkinson. Cook arrived at Kent in 1771, and he was made a commander in August that year. Even though Cook believed that the discoveries made during his first voyage were not great, he was seen as a hero back home in Britain after his scientific journals were published. It was the start of the British colonisation of Australia when Cook took possession of the Eastern Coast, and he proved that New Zealand was not attached to a larger landmass to the south. 4. Cook’s Second Voyage Scottish geographer Alexander Dalrymple and others belonging to the Royal Society believed that the hypothetical continent of Terra Australia existed somewhere south of Australia. As a result, the Royal Society commissioned Cook in 1772 to search for this continent. Five days after the birth of his son, George, Cook departed on his second voyage, commanding HMS Resolution. He took along with him a chronometer made by British watchmaker Larcum Kendall, which would enable him to determine his longitudinal position with more accuracy than before. He circumnavigated the globe at an extreme southern latitude, and on 17 January 1773 he crossed the Atlantic Circle, which is the most southerly of the major circles of latitude, that had never been crossed before. Here, in thick fog, he became separated from Tobias Furneaux, the commander of Resolution’s companion ship HMS Adventure. Cook kept on exploring the Antarctic, and on 31 January 1774 he reached 71°10'S. Furneaux continued to New Zealand. After clashing with the Māori people and losing some men, he returned to Britain. Tahiti and other islands Close to Antarctica, Cook had to turn to Tahiti to resupply Resolution. Omai, a Tahitian guide, joined Cook’s expedition and they set sail southwards to find Terra Australis. Cook landed at a group of islands where the inhabitants were so friendly that he named it the Friendly Islands, which got known as Tonga in later years. He stopped at Easter Island, where one of his Polynesian crew members, Hitihiti, was able to communicate with the local Rapa Nui people. They also stopped at Norfolk Island, New Caledonia and Vanuatu in the South Pacific. He then took possession of the island of South Georgia for Britain. In addition, he discovered and named the South Sandwich Islands and Clerke Rocks. Return to England Resolution then set sail for England via South Africa. When he returned home, he confirmed that Terra Australia does not exist. The Larcum Kendall chronometer he took along enabled him to make accurate maps of the Southern Pacific Ocean, which were still used in the mid-1900s. Back home he was promoted to rank-captain, he was made a fellow of the Royal Society and he received the Copley Gold medal for losing nobody to scurvy during his second voyage. Cook was made an officer at Greenwich Hospital in London, which was a permanent home for retired sailors of the Royal Navy. He accepted the position on the condition that he would be allowed to resign if an opportunity for active duty should arrive. 5. Cook’s Third Voyage When a third voyage was planned shortly thereafter, Cook volunteered to find the Northwest Passage.This passage is the sea route to the Pacific Ocean along the northern coast of North America. The public belief at the time was that the purpose of Cook’s third voyage was to return Omai—who had joined the expedition when they visited Tahiti the previous time—home. Cook and his expedition left England on 12 July 1776. Cook commanded Resolution, and Captain Charles Clerke commanded HMS Discovery. First European to reach Hawaii After dropping Omai off at Tahiti, the expedition set sail northwards and reached the Hawaiian Islands in 1778. This made Cook the first European to make formal contact with Hawaii. This first Hawaiian island they landed on was Kauai. Cook named Hawaii the Sandwich Islands in honour of the acting First Lord of the Admiralty, the fourth Earl of Sandwich. He then set sail for northwards to explore the northern west coast of North America. Searching for the Northwest passage Cook’s expedition first stopped at Oregon, naming the place Cape Foulweather. They unwittingly sailed past the Strait of Juan de Fuca, through which the border between North America and Canada runs. Cook’s expedition stopped at Yuquot in Canada. The British established a friendly relationship with the people of Yuquot, but at times these locals asked more valuable articles than the people of Hawaii had expected. After this Cook's expedition explored the coast up to the Bering Strait between Russia and Alaska, and he mapped the coast along the way. At the time he identified what he called Cook inlet. His expedition went through the Bering Strait, into the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic Ocean and up the Alaskan coast. When the expedition could proceed no further north due to ice, they then sailed down the Siberian coast to the Bering Strait and returned to Hawaii in 1779. Cook sailed around the Hawaiian Islands for two months. The expedition landed on Kealakekua Bay on Hawai'i island at the time of a Hawaiian worship festival for Lono, the Polynesian god. Resolution bore a resemblance to the Hawaiians’ religious artefacts in some way, and they came to believe that Cook was Lono that had arrived. Cook's expedition left after a month to further explore the northern Pacific, but when Resolution's foremast broke they returned to Hawaii for repairs. Back at Kealakekua Bay the relationship with the locals soured, and of the Hawaiians stole one of Cook's small boats. Cook then decided to kidnap their king, Kalaniʻōpuʻu. Kalaniʻōpuʻu willingly left with Cook to their boats. On the way the pair were interrupted by one of the king's favourite wives, two chiefs and a priest. A large crowd from the island arrived at the scene, and it dawned on the king that Cook was his enemy. 6. Cook’s Death & Legacy Cook turned around to launch the boats, and he was clubbed over the head by one of the chiefs and then stabbed by one of the king's attendants. Another four Royal Marines were killed and two were wounded as well. Cook’s body preserved After he died, the Hawaiians carried Cook’s body away. As they esteemed Cook, they decided to keep his body. They prepared his body applying the funerary rituals that they typically used for respected members of their society. These rites involved disembowelment of a body, and then baking it to make the removal of the flesh easier. The bones were then meticulously cleaned and preserved. Cook laid to rest and the expedition returns home The Hawaiians returned some of Cook's preserved remains to his crew. He was then formally laid to rest at sea. Clerke replaced Cook as leader, and tried to sail through the Bering Strait. Elizabeth Cook’s reaction Throughout her life—until she died 56 years after him— Cook’s widow showed high respect for his memory, and she wore a ring with a lock of his hair in it. She measured everything by Cook’s standards of honour and morality When she expressed disapproval, she would use the expression that "Mr Cook" would never have done that. Before her death she carefully destroyed all her correspondence with Cook, as she considered this too sacred to share. Cook Honoured and Remembered Cook was honoured both during his lifetime and posthumously for his achievements. Cook's image appeared on an Australian coin. In 1874 an obelisk in his honour was erected at the site where he was killed in Hawaii, and a life-size statue of him was erected in the centre of Sydney in Australia. A town in and numerous businesses in Hawaii are named after him. In addition, many places, institutions, landmarks and monuments in various countries are named after him. Space shuttles have been named after Cook’s ships, and the Cook crater on the moon is named after him. In 1978 the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum was opened at his birthplace in Marton. Cook had six children, five sons and one daughter. His daughter, Elizabeth, died nine years before him, and his sons Joseph and George died in infancy. His son Nathaniel died eight months after him, when his ship went down in a hurricane and he got lost at sea. Cook's son Hugh, who was born in 1776—a few years before his death in 1780—died a few years after his father due to scarlet fever as a young student in 1783. The following year Cook’s eldest son, James, drowned. Cook's children all died before they had children. Therefore, he had no direct descendants.	3,875	ENGLISH	1
St Mary's Abbey, Kenilworth The remains of St Mary's Abbey, of Kenilworth, Warwickshire, England are situated in the grounds of St Nicholas' Church and in an adjacent area of Abbey Fields. Some of its ruins are above ground and some are below ground. A priory for Augustinian canons was built on this site in about 1124 by Geoffrey de Clinton, which is about the same time as he built Kenilworth Castle. Gardens and pools were made near to the priory, and the priory gained additional land as gifts from Geoffrey de Clinton. A barn, a gatehouse, a belltower and an infirmary were subsequently built near to the main buildings of the priory, and St Nicholas' Church was built nearby in about 1291. The priory gradually gained wealth and the Pope upgraded its status to an abbey in 1447. St Mary's Abbey was signed over to King Henry VIII on 15 April 1538 with Abbot Simon Jekys receiving a handsome annual pension of £100 (the prior, John Lister, only received a pension of £8 with the remaining monks receiving between £5 and £7). The abbey was then dismantled at part of the Dissolution of the Monasteries. By about 1700 most of the abbey had become ruins except for the gatehouse and the barn. The ruins were excavated in 1840, 1880 and 1922, and most of the ruins were covered in 1967 for their protection. In the early 21st century, a scheme funded by local councils and the Heritage Lottery Fund led to an exhibition in the Barn Museum and the placing of a number of plaques in the ground and on walls in the area of the site. The text on the plaques explaining the historical significance of these portion of the site Media related to St Mary's Abbey, Kenilworth at Wikimedia Commons \|This article about a Warwickshire building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\| \|This article about a church or other Christian place of worship in England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\|	<urn:uuid:fe8e983f-28f4-4193-ab0b-ebc6fc9f5d07>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Abbey,_Kenilworth	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00171.warc.gz	en	0.980412	439	3.3125	3	[ 0.168233722448349, -0.17353574931621552, 0.379154235124588, 0.49017369747161865, 0.3782835602760315, 0.1941104680299759, -0.5037880539894104, -0.22591954469680786, 0.5054295063018799, -0.023534279316663742, -0.3174070119857788, -0.7634220123291016, 0.309738427400589, -0.0075690713711082935...	1	St Mary's Abbey, Kenilworth The remains of St Mary's Abbey, of Kenilworth, Warwickshire, England are situated in the grounds of St Nicholas' Church and in an adjacent area of Abbey Fields. Some of its ruins are above ground and some are below ground. A priory for Augustinian canons was built on this site in about 1124 by Geoffrey de Clinton, which is about the same time as he built Kenilworth Castle. Gardens and pools were made near to the priory, and the priory gained additional land as gifts from Geoffrey de Clinton. A barn, a gatehouse, a belltower and an infirmary were subsequently built near to the main buildings of the priory, and St Nicholas' Church was built nearby in about 1291. The priory gradually gained wealth and the Pope upgraded its status to an abbey in 1447. St Mary's Abbey was signed over to King Henry VIII on 15 April 1538 with Abbot Simon Jekys receiving a handsome annual pension of £100 (the prior, John Lister, only received a pension of £8 with the remaining monks receiving between £5 and £7). The abbey was then dismantled at part of the Dissolution of the Monasteries. By about 1700 most of the abbey had become ruins except for the gatehouse and the barn. The ruins were excavated in 1840, 1880 and 1922, and most of the ruins were covered in 1967 for their protection. In the early 21st century, a scheme funded by local councils and the Heritage Lottery Fund led to an exhibition in the Barn Museum and the placing of a number of plaques in the ground and on walls in the area of the site. The text on the plaques explaining the historical significance of these portion of the site Media related to St Mary's Abbey, Kenilworth at Wikimedia Commons \|This article about a Warwickshire building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\| \|This article about a church or other Christian place of worship in England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\|	470	ENGLISH	1
India has been a land of many great kings and warriors. Lalitaditya Muktapida was also one of the most powerful Kings of the Karkota dynasty of Kashmir. Sadly to say, many of us have not heard about this great king despite he was Indian King. the story of this great warrior is never taught to students. When teachers can teach us the story of the Mughal empire, why they can not teach us the story of a brave king “Lalitaditya Muktapida”? We thought to bring the untold story of Lalitaditya Muktapida before you. Today we are going to tell you about Alexander of Kashmir. I mentioned Alexander of Kashmir because he was one of the most powerful Kings of Kashmir that India has ever produced. He defeated many Islamic invaders during his reign. He saved Kashmir from plundering and always helped innocent and poor people. King Lalitaditya ruled over Kashmir for 37 years from 724 to 761. Under his rule, literature, science, art, architecture, and culture flourished. That is the reason why his rule is considered a golden period in Kashmir. And due to his great conquests, scholars have called him Alexander of Kashmir and he was also known as a world conqueror. According to Kalhana’s Rajatarangini, the Karkota dynasty was founded in 625ce by King Durlabhvardhana and Lalitadiya was the fifth ruler of this dynasty. He recruited several Chinese soldiers and generals in his army which helped him capture parts of central Asia, Afghanistan, and Punjab. Lalitaditya defeated the central Indian king Yashovarman and then headed towards the eastern and southern parts of India. Due to his large army, he managed to subjugate many kings from all over the country. He also established several towns and maintained the dynasty’s traditional capital at Srinagar. Since he was a great conqueror, his kingdom spanned from Uzbekistan to the Sundarbans. Islamic invaders wanted to have complete control over Kashmir as Kashmir was a prosperous region but Lalitaditya defeated Junaid and Islamic invaders and did not let them fulfill their dream. Lalitaditya also defeated the Momin of Uzbekistan four times and killed him the 5th time. His braveness stopped the Muslim Kingdoms from attacking Kashmir. Kashmir has always been a center for Hindu learning research science and Hindu architecture and King Lalitaditya has also encouraged all Hindu arts and sciences. He commissioned great shrines in Kashmir like the famous Martand Sun Temple. He also built many great schools and institutes in Kashmir. His empire was bigger than the Mughal empire, but after his death, all temples and schools were destroyed by Islamic invaders and as a result, his empire shrunk. He was not only a great king of Kashmir but also a great son of India who showed the world what a Hindu king was. A Hindu king is a king who never destroys the culture of the places that he conquers, he does not rape and pillage and murder innocents. He follows the principle of war. A Hindu king never attacks from behind. A Hindu King never backs out from his promises and fights till his last breath. A Hindu King is Noble. This is the true story of Kashmir and that is the reason why Kashmir has always been an integral part of Hindu civilization. Whoever wants to isolate Kashmir from India will be defeated every time. Lalitaditya Muktapida is counted among the greatest kings of Kashmir. During his reign, He did many works for the welfare of the people. Sadly, very few know about such a great King. Our motto is to bring more such great stories before the public and make them aware of such great kings.	<urn:uuid:517b99d6-2868-4cfe-b1e9-d411d99000b1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.theyouth.in/2019/11/26/lalitaditya-muktapida-the-most-powerful-ruler-of-kashmir-who-defeated-islamic-invaders/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00106.warc.gz	en	0.984611	778	3.484375	3	[ -0.00619449932128191, 0.05493124946951866, 0.3645339012145996, 0.08266808837652206, -0.14417117834091187, -0.4841688275337219, 0.43737220764160156, 0.19674904644489288, -0.17873619496822357, -0.10411258041858673, 0.10390299558639526, -0.24706867337226868, 0.04247884452342987, -0.1270120292...	6	India has been a land of many great kings and warriors. Lalitaditya Muktapida was also one of the most powerful Kings of the Karkota dynasty of Kashmir. Sadly to say, many of us have not heard about this great king despite he was Indian King. the story of this great warrior is never taught to students. When teachers can teach us the story of the Mughal empire, why they can not teach us the story of a brave king “Lalitaditya Muktapida”? We thought to bring the untold story of Lalitaditya Muktapida before you. Today we are going to tell you about Alexander of Kashmir. I mentioned Alexander of Kashmir because he was one of the most powerful Kings of Kashmir that India has ever produced. He defeated many Islamic invaders during his reign. He saved Kashmir from plundering and always helped innocent and poor people. King Lalitaditya ruled over Kashmir for 37 years from 724 to 761. Under his rule, literature, science, art, architecture, and culture flourished. That is the reason why his rule is considered a golden period in Kashmir. And due to his great conquests, scholars have called him Alexander of Kashmir and he was also known as a world conqueror. According to Kalhana’s Rajatarangini, the Karkota dynasty was founded in 625ce by King Durlabhvardhana and Lalitadiya was the fifth ruler of this dynasty. He recruited several Chinese soldiers and generals in his army which helped him capture parts of central Asia, Afghanistan, and Punjab. Lalitaditya defeated the central Indian king Yashovarman and then headed towards the eastern and southern parts of India. Due to his large army, he managed to subjugate many kings from all over the country. He also established several towns and maintained the dynasty’s traditional capital at Srinagar. Since he was a great conqueror, his kingdom spanned from Uzbekistan to the Sundarbans. Islamic invaders wanted to have complete control over Kashmir as Kashmir was a prosperous region but Lalitaditya defeated Junaid and Islamic invaders and did not let them fulfill their dream. Lalitaditya also defeated the Momin of Uzbekistan four times and killed him the 5th time. His braveness stopped the Muslim Kingdoms from attacking Kashmir. Kashmir has always been a center for Hindu learning research science and Hindu architecture and King Lalitaditya has also encouraged all Hindu arts and sciences. He commissioned great shrines in Kashmir like the famous Martand Sun Temple. He also built many great schools and institutes in Kashmir. His empire was bigger than the Mughal empire, but after his death, all temples and schools were destroyed by Islamic invaders and as a result, his empire shrunk. He was not only a great king of Kashmir but also a great son of India who showed the world what a Hindu king was. A Hindu king is a king who never destroys the culture of the places that he conquers, he does not rape and pillage and murder innocents. He follows the principle of war. A Hindu king never attacks from behind. A Hindu King never backs out from his promises and fights till his last breath. A Hindu King is Noble. This is the true story of Kashmir and that is the reason why Kashmir has always been an integral part of Hindu civilization. Whoever wants to isolate Kashmir from India will be defeated every time. Lalitaditya Muktapida is counted among the greatest kings of Kashmir. During his reign, He did many works for the welfare of the people. Sadly, very few know about such a great King. Our motto is to bring more such great stories before the public and make them aware of such great kings.	777	ENGLISH	1
- The force is caused by the rower’s arms. - The force is caused by an interaction between the oarsand gravity. - The force is caused by an interaction between the oars and the water the boat is traveling in. - The force is caused by friction. This is College Physics Answers with Shaun Dychko. Let's take a top down view of a rowboat. And here's a person's head and their arms and these are the oars. When they pull back with their arms, hey're going to be exerting a force forwards on the water. The water is going to feel the force forwards, this is a force on the water due to the oars. Then there's going to be a Newton's third law counterpart which is applied on the oars due to the water and that'll be in the opposite direction. This will be the force on the oars due to the water, and it's this force that causes the boat to move backwards. This person is facing forwards there, you know, rowers always move backwards. The boats going to go this way and the person is looking this direction. That's their eye looking forwards. The answer is C, the force is caused by interaction between the oars and the water the boat is traveling in. That's the force that moves the boat forward.	<urn:uuid:280b7285-58f1-410d-bb90-f59017dfb889>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://collegephysicsanswers.com/openstax-solutions/what-causes-force-moves-boat-forward-when-someone-rows-it-force-caused-rowers	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122071919-20200122100919-00293.warc.gz	en	0.980862	278	3.703125	4	[ -0.06591931730508804, -0.03372032195329666, 0.03509875759482384, -0.2879123389720917, -0.24489253759384155, -0.4234854578971863, 0.5373013615608215, 0.1905403882265091, -0.015143240801990032, -0.18056869506835938, 0.34696173667907715, -0.6587677001953125, -0.43543145060539246, -0.074240930...	2	- The force is caused by the rower’s arms. - The force is caused by an interaction between the oarsand gravity. - The force is caused by an interaction between the oars and the water the boat is traveling in. - The force is caused by friction. This is College Physics Answers with Shaun Dychko. Let's take a top down view of a rowboat. And here's a person's head and their arms and these are the oars. When they pull back with their arms, hey're going to be exerting a force forwards on the water. The water is going to feel the force forwards, this is a force on the water due to the oars. Then there's going to be a Newton's third law counterpart which is applied on the oars due to the water and that'll be in the opposite direction. This will be the force on the oars due to the water, and it's this force that causes the boat to move backwards. This person is facing forwards there, you know, rowers always move backwards. The boats going to go this way and the person is looking this direction. That's their eye looking forwards. The answer is C, the force is caused by interaction between the oars and the water the boat is traveling in. That's the force that moves the boat forward.	272	ENGLISH	1
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.Join Britannica's Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work! Ovid, Latin in full Publius Ovidius Naso, (born March 20, 43 bce, Sulmo, Roman Empire [now Sulmona, Italy]—died 17 ce, Tomis, Moesia [now Constanṭa, Romania]), Roman poet noted especially for his Ars amatoria and Metamorphoses. His verse had immense influence both by its imaginative interpretations of Classical myth and as an example of supreme technical accomplishment. Why is Ovid important? What did Ovid write? What was Ovid’s education like? What was Ovid’s occupation? Why was Ovid banished? Publius Ovidius Naso was, like most Roman men of letters, a provincial. He was born at Sulmo, a small town about 90 miles (140 km) east of Rome. The main events of his life are described in an autobiographical poem in the Tristia (Sorrows). His family was old and respectable, and sufficiently well-to-do for his father to be able to send him and his elder brother to Rome to be educated. At Rome he embarked, under the best teachers of the day, on the study of rhetoric. Ovid was thought to have the makings of a good orator, but in spite of his father’s admonitions he neglected his studies for the verse writing that came so naturally to him. As a member of the Roman knightly class (whose rank lay between the commons and the Senate), Ovid was marked by his position, and intended by his father, for an official career. First, however, he spent some time at Athens (then a favourite finishing school for young men of the upper classes) and traveled in Asia Minor and Sicily. Afterward he dutifully held some minor judicial posts, the first steps on the official ladder, but he soon decided that public life did not suit him. From then on he abandoned his official career to cultivate poetry and the society of poets. Ovid’s first work, the Amores (The Loves), had an immediate success and was followed, in rapid succession, by the Epistolae Heroidum, or Heroides (Epistles of the Heroines), the Medicamina faciei (“Cosmetics”; Eng. trans. The Art of Beauty), the Ars amatoria (The Art of Love), and the Remedia amoris (Remedies for Love), all reflecting the brilliant, sophisticated, pleasure-seeking society in which he moved. The common theme of those early poems is love and amorous intrigue, but it is unlikely that they mirror Ovid’s own life very closely. Of his three marriages the first two were short-lived, but his third wife, of whom he speaks with respect and affection, remained constant to him until his death. At Rome Ovid enjoyed the friendship and encouragement of Marcus Valerius Messalla, the patron of a circle that included the poet Albius Tibullus, whom Ovid knew only for a short time before his untimely death. Ovid’s other friends included the poets Horace and Sextus Propertius and the grammarian Hyginus. Having won an assured position among the poets of the day, Ovid turned to more-ambitious projects, the Metamorphoses and the Fasti (“Calendar”; Eng. trans. Ovid’s Fasti). The former was nearly complete, the latter half finished, when his life was shattered by a sudden and crushing blow. In 8 ce the emperor Augustus banished him to Tomis (or Tomi; near modern Constanṭa, Romania) on the Black Sea. The reasons for Ovid’s exile will never be fully known. Ovid specifies two, his Ars amatoria and an offense which he does not describe beyond insisting that it was an indiscretion (error), not a crime (scelus). Of the many explanations that have been offered of that mysterious indiscretion, the most probable is that he had become an involuntary accomplice in the adultery of Augustus’s granddaughter, the younger Julia, who also was banished at the same time. In 2 bce her mother, the elder Julia, had similarly been banished for immorality, and the Ars amatoria had appeared while that scandal was still fresh in the public mind. Those coincidences, together with the tone of Ovid’s reference to his offense, suggest that he behaved in some way that was damaging both to Augustus’s program of moral reform and to the honour of the imperial family. Since his punishment, which was the milder form of banishment called relegation, did not entail confiscation of property or loss of citizenship, his wife, who was well-connected, remained in Rome to protect his interests and to intercede for him. Exile at Tomis, a port originally settled by Greeks on the extreme confines of the Roman Empire, was a cruel punishment for a man of Ovid’s temperament and habits. He never ceased to hope, if not for pardon, at least for mitigation of sentence, keeping up in the Tristia and the Epistulae ex Ponto (“Letters from the Black Sea”) a ceaseless stream of pathetic pleas, chiefly through his wife and friends, to the emperor. But neither Augustus nor his successor Tiberius relented, and there are hints in the later poems that Ovid was even becoming reconciled to his fate when death released him.	<urn:uuid:4236ccae-7590-4321-a52c-a04f638ee782>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00537.warc.gz	en	0.981513	1,198	3.828125	4	[ 0.05235091596841812, 0.31676095724105835, 0.4666118621826172, 0.08746764808893204, -0.09137409925460815, -0.004317672923207283, -0.033445246517658234, 0.5766758918762207, -0.021356675773859024, -0.1898801326751709, -0.46048834919929504, -0.37800198793411255, -0.1952732503414154, 0.49953609...	6	Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.Join Britannica's Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work! Ovid, Latin in full Publius Ovidius Naso, (born March 20, 43 bce, Sulmo, Roman Empire [now Sulmona, Italy]—died 17 ce, Tomis, Moesia [now Constanṭa, Romania]), Roman poet noted especially for his Ars amatoria and Metamorphoses. His verse had immense influence both by its imaginative interpretations of Classical myth and as an example of supreme technical accomplishment. Why is Ovid important? What did Ovid write? What was Ovid’s education like? What was Ovid’s occupation? Why was Ovid banished? Publius Ovidius Naso was, like most Roman men of letters, a provincial. He was born at Sulmo, a small town about 90 miles (140 km) east of Rome. The main events of his life are described in an autobiographical poem in the Tristia (Sorrows). His family was old and respectable, and sufficiently well-to-do for his father to be able to send him and his elder brother to Rome to be educated. At Rome he embarked, under the best teachers of the day, on the study of rhetoric. Ovid was thought to have the makings of a good orator, but in spite of his father’s admonitions he neglected his studies for the verse writing that came so naturally to him. As a member of the Roman knightly class (whose rank lay between the commons and the Senate), Ovid was marked by his position, and intended by his father, for an official career. First, however, he spent some time at Athens (then a favourite finishing school for young men of the upper classes) and traveled in Asia Minor and Sicily. Afterward he dutifully held some minor judicial posts, the first steps on the official ladder, but he soon decided that public life did not suit him. From then on he abandoned his official career to cultivate poetry and the society of poets. Ovid’s first work, the Amores (The Loves), had an immediate success and was followed, in rapid succession, by the Epistolae Heroidum, or Heroides (Epistles of the Heroines), the Medicamina faciei (“Cosmetics”; Eng. trans. The Art of Beauty), the Ars amatoria (The Art of Love), and the Remedia amoris (Remedies for Love), all reflecting the brilliant, sophisticated, pleasure-seeking society in which he moved. The common theme of those early poems is love and amorous intrigue, but it is unlikely that they mirror Ovid’s own life very closely. Of his three marriages the first two were short-lived, but his third wife, of whom he speaks with respect and affection, remained constant to him until his death. At Rome Ovid enjoyed the friendship and encouragement of Marcus Valerius Messalla, the patron of a circle that included the poet Albius Tibullus, whom Ovid knew only for a short time before his untimely death. Ovid’s other friends included the poets Horace and Sextus Propertius and the grammarian Hyginus. Having won an assured position among the poets of the day, Ovid turned to more-ambitious projects, the Metamorphoses and the Fasti (“Calendar”; Eng. trans. Ovid’s Fasti). The former was nearly complete, the latter half finished, when his life was shattered by a sudden and crushing blow. In 8 ce the emperor Augustus banished him to Tomis (or Tomi; near modern Constanṭa, Romania) on the Black Sea. The reasons for Ovid’s exile will never be fully known. Ovid specifies two, his Ars amatoria and an offense which he does not describe beyond insisting that it was an indiscretion (error), not a crime (scelus). Of the many explanations that have been offered of that mysterious indiscretion, the most probable is that he had become an involuntary accomplice in the adultery of Augustus’s granddaughter, the younger Julia, who also was banished at the same time. In 2 bce her mother, the elder Julia, had similarly been banished for immorality, and the Ars amatoria had appeared while that scandal was still fresh in the public mind. Those coincidences, together with the tone of Ovid’s reference to his offense, suggest that he behaved in some way that was damaging both to Augustus’s program of moral reform and to the honour of the imperial family. Since his punishment, which was the milder form of banishment called relegation, did not entail confiscation of property or loss of citizenship, his wife, who was well-connected, remained in Rome to protect his interests and to intercede for him. Exile at Tomis, a port originally settled by Greeks on the extreme confines of the Roman Empire, was a cruel punishment for a man of Ovid’s temperament and habits. He never ceased to hope, if not for pardon, at least for mitigation of sentence, keeping up in the Tristia and the Epistulae ex Ponto (“Letters from the Black Sea”) a ceaseless stream of pathetic pleas, chiefly through his wife and friends, to the emperor. But neither Augustus nor his successor Tiberius relented, and there are hints in the later poems that Ovid was even becoming reconciled to his fate when death released him.	1,151	ENGLISH	1
Antonio Franco Coronel Describes Tensions Among Miners Antonio Franco Coronel was born in Mexico, came to California as a child in 1834, and settled with his family in Los Angeles. As one of the original miners in the state’s gold fields in 1848, he found success at the Placer Seco in northern California. When he returned to the same area in 1849, he found many more miners there, and he describes the tensions that arose among them. After his experiences in the mines, Coronel became mayor of Los Angeles in 1853 and served as state treasurer from 1867 to 1871. . . . I arrived at the Placer Seco [about March, 1849] and began to work at a regular digging. In this place there was already a numerous population of Chileans, Peruvians, Californians, Mexicans, and many Americans, Germans, etc. The camps were almost separated according to nationalities. All, some more, some less, were profiting from the fruit of their work. Presently news was circulated that it had been resolved to evict all of those who were not American citizens from the placers because it was believed that the foreigners did not have the right to exploit the placers. . . . There was a considerable number of people of various nationalities who understood the order to leave—they decided to gather on a hill in order to be on the defensive in case of any attack. On the day in which the departure of the foreigners should take place, and for three or four more days, both forces remained prepared, but the thing did not go beyond cries, shots, and drunken men. Finally all fell calm and we returned to continue our work. Daily, though, the weakest were dislodged from their diggings by the strongest. . . . The reason for most of the antipathy against the Spanish race was that the greater portion was composed of Sonorans who were men accustomed to prospecting and who consequently achieved quicker, richer results—such as the Californios had already attained by having arrived first and [learned how to find gold]. Those who came later [mainly Anglo Americans], were possessed by the terrible fever to obtain gold, but they did not get it because their diggings yielded but little or nothing . . . Well, these men aspired to become rich in a minute and they could not resign themselves to view with patience the better fortune of others. Add to this fever that which the excessive use of liquor gives them. Add that generally among so many people of all nationalities there are a great number of lost people, capable of all conceivable crimes. The circumstance that there were no laws nor authorities who could protect the rights and lives of men gave to these men advantages over peaceful and honorable men. Properly speaking, there was no more law in those times than that of force, and finally, the good person, in his own defense, had to establish the law of retaliation. Creator \| Antonio Franco Coronel Item Type \| Biography/Autobiography Cite This document \| Antonio Franco Coronel, “Antonio Franco Coronel Describes Tensions Among Miners,” HERB: Resources for Teachers, accessed January 24, 2020, https://herb.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/1718.	<urn:uuid:04669705-121d-40c6-9674-9519c33c24f0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://herb.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/1718	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00105.warc.gz	en	0.985486	693	3.28125	3	[ 0.22344113886356354, -0.0338803306221962, 0.018041035160422325, 0.3235023319721222, -0.08086127787828445, -0.21629580855369568, 0.2070193886756897, -0.13908728957176208, -0.29562729597091675, -0.12114695459604263, 0.3922116458415985, 0.005800869315862656, 0.04809938743710518, 0.47304442524...	1	Antonio Franco Coronel Describes Tensions Among Miners Antonio Franco Coronel was born in Mexico, came to California as a child in 1834, and settled with his family in Los Angeles. As one of the original miners in the state’s gold fields in 1848, he found success at the Placer Seco in northern California. When he returned to the same area in 1849, he found many more miners there, and he describes the tensions that arose among them. After his experiences in the mines, Coronel became mayor of Los Angeles in 1853 and served as state treasurer from 1867 to 1871. . . . I arrived at the Placer Seco [about March, 1849] and began to work at a regular digging. In this place there was already a numerous population of Chileans, Peruvians, Californians, Mexicans, and many Americans, Germans, etc. The camps were almost separated according to nationalities. All, some more, some less, were profiting from the fruit of their work. Presently news was circulated that it had been resolved to evict all of those who were not American citizens from the placers because it was believed that the foreigners did not have the right to exploit the placers. . . . There was a considerable number of people of various nationalities who understood the order to leave—they decided to gather on a hill in order to be on the defensive in case of any attack. On the day in which the departure of the foreigners should take place, and for three or four more days, both forces remained prepared, but the thing did not go beyond cries, shots, and drunken men. Finally all fell calm and we returned to continue our work. Daily, though, the weakest were dislodged from their diggings by the strongest. . . . The reason for most of the antipathy against the Spanish race was that the greater portion was composed of Sonorans who were men accustomed to prospecting and who consequently achieved quicker, richer results—such as the Californios had already attained by having arrived first and [learned how to find gold]. Those who came later [mainly Anglo Americans], were possessed by the terrible fever to obtain gold, but they did not get it because their diggings yielded but little or nothing . . . Well, these men aspired to become rich in a minute and they could not resign themselves to view with patience the better fortune of others. Add to this fever that which the excessive use of liquor gives them. Add that generally among so many people of all nationalities there are a great number of lost people, capable of all conceivable crimes. The circumstance that there were no laws nor authorities who could protect the rights and lives of men gave to these men advantages over peaceful and honorable men. Properly speaking, there was no more law in those times than that of force, and finally, the good person, in his own defense, had to establish the law of retaliation. Creator \| Antonio Franco Coronel Item Type \| Biography/Autobiography Cite This document \| Antonio Franco Coronel, “Antonio Franco Coronel Describes Tensions Among Miners,” HERB: Resources for Teachers, accessed January 24, 2020, https://herb.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/1718.	703	ENGLISH	1
Buchenwald Trial at Dachau, April 11 –August 14, 1947 Between July 1937 and April 1945, some 250,000 persons of 30 nationalities were imprisoned at various times at Buchenwald; by Feb. 1945, there were 112,000 prisoners at Buchenwald. It is estimated that about 56,000 were killed or died from starvation and exhaustion as slave laborers. U.S. forces who liberated Buchenwald found about 21,000 survivors, including 4,000 Jews and 1,000 children. Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial. Judgment in the Buchenwald Case All 31 of the accused who committed atrocities in the Buchenwald case were found guilty; 22 were sentenced to be hanged; 5 were sentenced to Life in prison — including Ilse Koch (“the bitch of Buchenwald”) and Dr. Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen, the Harvard credentialed psychiatrist, an ardent eugenicist who had renounced his American citizenship. Katzen-Ellenbogen was charged with (among other atrocities) murdering 1,000 prisoners with phenol injections. (Edwin Black, N.J. Doctor Who Helped Kill 2003). Seven Ravensbrück trials at Hamburg from 1946 to 1948 Ravensbrück was the largest women’s concentration camp; in size it was second only to Auschwitz. During its operation from 1939–1945, an estimated 132,000 women from 23 countries were imprisoned at Ravensbrück. It had 70 sub-camps used for slave labor that were spread across an area from the Baltic Sea to Bavaria. In April 1941, a separate camp for 20,000 men was opened. A conservative estimate is that at least 40,000 to 50,000 prisoners died of torture, execution, starvation, slave labor, heinous medical experiments, or gassed. The trials were held at Hamburg, Germany from 1946 to 1948. They were prosecuted by the British. In the first trial, deputy camp defendants included concentration camp personnel of all levels: SS officers, camp doctors, male guards, female guards (Aufseherinnen), and a few former prisoner-functionaries who had tortured or mistreated other inmates. Six medical doctors, who performed criminal medical experiments, including Walter Sonntag, were sentenced to death and executed; several nurses; 15 female guards were tried, convicted and executed; including Dorothea Binz; and several kapos (inmates) were either executed or imprisoned. Hans Pflaum, camp work leader, whom prisoners called the “cattle merchant,” and Fritz Suhren escaped from the British prior to the Hamburg trials but were recaptured and sentenced to death in the 1950 French military trial at Rastatt, Germany. Aid Our Efforts: Donate! Make a tax-deductible contribution today.	<urn:uuid:d00dbd80-28b4-4a6e-b237-01e422cbc304>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://ahrp.org/april-11-1947-august-14-1947-buchenwald-trial-at-dachau/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00462.warc.gz	en	0.980781	591	3.484375	3	[ -0.3914933204650879, 0.6011196970939636, -0.0016757803969085217, 0.2654739022254944, -0.010967466048896313, 0.19287222623825073, 0.035543300211429596, -0.11480915546417236, -0.16228702664375305, -0.38105130195617676, 0.2397228479385376, -0.4233081340789795, -0.19367843866348267, 0.36757123...	1	Buchenwald Trial at Dachau, April 11 –August 14, 1947 Between July 1937 and April 1945, some 250,000 persons of 30 nationalities were imprisoned at various times at Buchenwald; by Feb. 1945, there were 112,000 prisoners at Buchenwald. It is estimated that about 56,000 were killed or died from starvation and exhaustion as slave laborers. U.S. forces who liberated Buchenwald found about 21,000 survivors, including 4,000 Jews and 1,000 children. Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial. Judgment in the Buchenwald Case All 31 of the accused who committed atrocities in the Buchenwald case were found guilty; 22 were sentenced to be hanged; 5 were sentenced to Life in prison — including Ilse Koch (“the bitch of Buchenwald”) and Dr. Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen, the Harvard credentialed psychiatrist, an ardent eugenicist who had renounced his American citizenship. Katzen-Ellenbogen was charged with (among other atrocities) murdering 1,000 prisoners with phenol injections. (Edwin Black, N.J. Doctor Who Helped Kill 2003). Seven Ravensbrück trials at Hamburg from 1946 to 1948 Ravensbrück was the largest women’s concentration camp; in size it was second only to Auschwitz. During its operation from 1939–1945, an estimated 132,000 women from 23 countries were imprisoned at Ravensbrück. It had 70 sub-camps used for slave labor that were spread across an area from the Baltic Sea to Bavaria. In April 1941, a separate camp for 20,000 men was opened. A conservative estimate is that at least 40,000 to 50,000 prisoners died of torture, execution, starvation, slave labor, heinous medical experiments, or gassed. The trials were held at Hamburg, Germany from 1946 to 1948. They were prosecuted by the British. In the first trial, deputy camp defendants included concentration camp personnel of all levels: SS officers, camp doctors, male guards, female guards (Aufseherinnen), and a few former prisoner-functionaries who had tortured or mistreated other inmates. Six medical doctors, who performed criminal medical experiments, including Walter Sonntag, were sentenced to death and executed; several nurses; 15 female guards were tried, convicted and executed; including Dorothea Binz; and several kapos (inmates) were either executed or imprisoned. Hans Pflaum, camp work leader, whom prisoners called the “cattle merchant,” and Fritz Suhren escaped from the British prior to the Hamburg trials but were recaptured and sentenced to death in the 1950 French military trial at Rastatt, Germany. Aid Our Efforts: Donate! Make a tax-deductible contribution today.	683	ENGLISH	1
Scent marking is a common form of communication across a wide range of mammals. Although dogs can scent mark in various ways, they most often use urine, which is obvious to anyone who has watched dogs pee here, there and everywhere out on walks or during play time. Urination, and other forms of scent marking, allow animals to convey a large amount of information in an indirect manner. That means that they can communicate without direct interactions. That has the advantage of avoiding the costs of social interactions, which can include stress, the energetic costs of interacting and potential injury. In many species, body size is closely correlated with competitive ability, which is why scent marking may be especially important to smaller individuals, who may be unlikely to fare well in direct encounters. Dogs have an enormous size range for a single species, but only recently has the effect of size on frequency of scent marking been investigated. Researchers wondered whether smaller dogs take advantage of the indirect nature of scent marking through urine to be more competitive with larger dogs. In the recent study, “Scent marking in shelter dogs: Effects of body size”, researchers walked 281 shelter dogs (mostly mixed breeds) that they categorized by size. Small dogs measured 33 cm or less at the withers, large dogs measured 50 cm or more, and medium dogs were above 33 cm but less than 50 cm. They recorded urinations during the first 20 minutes of each walk, noting whether they were directed at a target or not. (Targeted urinations were those that occurred after sniffing a spot on the ground or on some other surface, and those that involved urinating somewhere other than the ground even without sniffing it first.) The study found that smaller dogs marked more often than medium or large dogs and that they were more likely to direct their urine at targets compared to large dogs. Though smaller bladder capacities of smaller dogs could explain increased frequency of urination, that cannot account for the increased frequency of urinating on targets. GET THE BARK IN YOUR INBOX! Sign up for our newsletter and stay in the know. As expected, males also marked more frequently and directed their urine at targets more often than female dogs did. The length of time that dogs had spent in the shelter was positively associated with frequency of directed urinations, but not with total number of urinations. Size had no effect on the frequency of defecations on walks, but dogs who had been at the shelter longer were a little bit more likely to defecate on walks. The authors concluded that smaller dogs use scent marking in the form of urination more frequently that medium or large dogs. It is possible that they are using scent marks in order to avoid direct interactions.	<urn:uuid:2f37cced-01b1-4430-80eb-1cbff6ab77ec>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://thebark.com/content/frequency-urination-related-dog-body-size	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00261.warc.gz	en	0.981916	551	3.5	4	[ 0.006457417272031307, -0.4633553624153137, 0.6477693319320679, 0.23495954275131226, 0.1363566517829895, 0.27353811264038086, 0.5577749013900757, 0.2244393527507782, 0.48077452182769775, -0.0010426795342937112, 0.19986820220947266, -0.28401294350624084, 0.4064671993255615, 0.375370681285858...	2	Scent marking is a common form of communication across a wide range of mammals. Although dogs can scent mark in various ways, they most often use urine, which is obvious to anyone who has watched dogs pee here, there and everywhere out on walks or during play time. Urination, and other forms of scent marking, allow animals to convey a large amount of information in an indirect manner. That means that they can communicate without direct interactions. That has the advantage of avoiding the costs of social interactions, which can include stress, the energetic costs of interacting and potential injury. In many species, body size is closely correlated with competitive ability, which is why scent marking may be especially important to smaller individuals, who may be unlikely to fare well in direct encounters. Dogs have an enormous size range for a single species, but only recently has the effect of size on frequency of scent marking been investigated. Researchers wondered whether smaller dogs take advantage of the indirect nature of scent marking through urine to be more competitive with larger dogs. In the recent study, “Scent marking in shelter dogs: Effects of body size”, researchers walked 281 shelter dogs (mostly mixed breeds) that they categorized by size. Small dogs measured 33 cm or less at the withers, large dogs measured 50 cm or more, and medium dogs were above 33 cm but less than 50 cm. They recorded urinations during the first 20 minutes of each walk, noting whether they were directed at a target or not. (Targeted urinations were those that occurred after sniffing a spot on the ground or on some other surface, and those that involved urinating somewhere other than the ground even without sniffing it first.) The study found that smaller dogs marked more often than medium or large dogs and that they were more likely to direct their urine at targets compared to large dogs. Though smaller bladder capacities of smaller dogs could explain increased frequency of urination, that cannot account for the increased frequency of urinating on targets. GET THE BARK IN YOUR INBOX! Sign up for our newsletter and stay in the know. As expected, males also marked more frequently and directed their urine at targets more often than female dogs did. The length of time that dogs had spent in the shelter was positively associated with frequency of directed urinations, but not with total number of urinations. Size had no effect on the frequency of defecations on walks, but dogs who had been at the shelter longer were a little bit more likely to defecate on walks. The authors concluded that smaller dogs use scent marking in the form of urination more frequently that medium or large dogs. It is possible that they are using scent marks in order to avoid direct interactions.	553	ENGLISH	1
Why do we need money ? What does money help us do? What is change? How does it help us in life? We want the students to see the need on why it is important to learn about money and why it can help them directly in their own lives. If the students can see how they can relate it to their own lives they are able to make better connections. Seanna: Money helps us be able to pay for houses and renovations, work out how much it is and how much change you need to get back. Minh: You can you use money to buy stuff and see how much money you need. Sam R: you need money to buy food to survive. Aymen: Helps us pay rent and feed you have to save and invest. Amira: you have to have a budget, a certain amount of money and not go over Djarran: you can save your money for bit coin and wait for it to go up. Jamie: You need money so you know the prices of things if you don’t know the prices you can’t buy anything. Josh: you can use money to buy properties, Luka: To buy a house you need to get a loan. We then got the challenge if we were to buy a house that was $400, 000 and we need a 20 % house deposit how much money would we need to save? The students shared their thinking around what they thought it could be. They found it a little difficult to answer so we broke it down to look at what 10 % of the deposit would be and then doubled it. Minh: two 50c Seanna: 5 20c coins James: 20 5c coins Jaime: 4 20 c coins and two 10 c coins The students then recorded all the ways they can make $1 and $2 using coins, using play money to help them. The students then were given real like scenarios of buying food from the canteen, how much different items would cost them, what change they would get, what they could buy with certain amount of money. This meant it directly related to the students lives and they can learn skills that they can use in their everyday interactions. The students were then challenged with some harder questions where they had to have deeper thinking.	<urn:uuid:6d1e2822-5396-4aaa-bc0d-c5ddce422f93>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://blogs.holyfamily.catholic.edu.au/4mr4pb/2019/11/05/money/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00455.warc.gz	en	0.980165	479	3.4375	3	[ 0.02249431610107422, -0.3256048262119293, 0.2709665596485138, -0.3831455707550049, 0.2516005039215088, 0.17180287837982178, 0.1480254828929901, 0.01808248832821846, -0.056630343198776245, -0.028500426560640335, 0.43251246213912964, -0.10181649774312973, -0.005036772228777409, 0.16411072015...	1	Why do we need money ? What does money help us do? What is change? How does it help us in life? We want the students to see the need on why it is important to learn about money and why it can help them directly in their own lives. If the students can see how they can relate it to their own lives they are able to make better connections. Seanna: Money helps us be able to pay for houses and renovations, work out how much it is and how much change you need to get back. Minh: You can you use money to buy stuff and see how much money you need. Sam R: you need money to buy food to survive. Aymen: Helps us pay rent and feed you have to save and invest. Amira: you have to have a budget, a certain amount of money and not go over Djarran: you can save your money for bit coin and wait for it to go up. Jamie: You need money so you know the prices of things if you don’t know the prices you can’t buy anything. Josh: you can use money to buy properties, Luka: To buy a house you need to get a loan. We then got the challenge if we were to buy a house that was $400, 000 and we need a 20 % house deposit how much money would we need to save? The students shared their thinking around what they thought it could be. They found it a little difficult to answer so we broke it down to look at what 10 % of the deposit would be and then doubled it. Minh: two 50c Seanna: 5 20c coins James: 20 5c coins Jaime: 4 20 c coins and two 10 c coins The students then recorded all the ways they can make $1 and $2 using coins, using play money to help them. The students then were given real like scenarios of buying food from the canteen, how much different items would cost them, what change they would get, what they could buy with certain amount of money. This meant it directly related to the students lives and they can learn skills that they can use in their everyday interactions. The students were then challenged with some harder questions where they had to have deeper thinking.	485	ENGLISH	1
Moral Stories are written to influence young minds. A kid’s mind is clear, clean, and pure hence, the ethics, the morals could easily be imparted to them and they could be stamped in their innocent minds forever. However, moral stories are meant to inspire adults to lead a better life. The importance of reading moral stories cannot be undermined in the contemporary world. These stories often help in reminding us how qualities like kindness, honesty, punctuality, and other values could be inspiring us in every aspect of our lives and every move we make. Moral stories are an amazing source of inspiration and stimulation. They occasionally, wake us up and help us in identifying some misplaced values and rudiments of life. We understand that moral concepts are transmitted from one generation to the other through these moral stories and through real-life stories of outstanding people who have contributed to the well-being of mankind. So could honesty and other morals be promoted by reading moral stories? As per https://www.huffpost.com, worldwide, young kids are constantly reading classic myths, fairy tales, and other stories. Most children enjoy listening to stories; however, storytelling is not merely a fun activity. Storytelling could be used as an important educational tool that could be super-effective in promoting moral reasoning, as well as honesty. Here are just references to a few short moral stories for kids that could teach them many values that could prove useful in building their character and personality. Some Moral Stories: The story of Pinocchio is a classic moral story. It is about a puppet-boy whose nose would grow longer every time he told a lie. This story would leave a great impression on the young minds and would inspire them to speak the truth always. Each time they think of telling a lie, this story would be at the back of their minds, reminding them of the consequences of telling lies. The Boy Who Cried, Wolf: This is another hot-favourite moral story that has been told over and over again through the generations at home or in school. It is the story of a small shepherd boy. He was in the habit of often telling lies to everyone around him. He would raise a false alarm about a wolf attacking him and his sheep. Sadly, when a wolf ultimately attacks him and his sheep, everybody thought it to be the shepherd boy’s prank and so they did not bother to come to his rescue. He and his sheep were ultimately devoured by the wild wolf. Dishonesty never pays. The Greedy Lion: This is the story of a hungry lion. He came out looking for some food. It was a very hot and sultry day. However, he came across a small hare. The lion was not too happy with his catch as the hare was pretty small and was not enough to fill his stomach. So when he saw a deer run past him, he became greedy and decided to chase the deer. He freed the hare as he was keen on eating the bigger of the two, the deer. However, the smart deer had disappeared before the lion could spot him again. The lion was feeling very sorry as he had to remain hungry because of his greed. The moral of the story is ‘A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.’ Short stories with morals are great for reading out to young kids at home or in school. Young children could develop their reading skills by reading these fascinating moral stories. Most importantly, moral stories are a great way of instilling values and ethics to young impressionable minds.	<urn:uuid:489b3c19-886a-4231-83dc-b947f9855795>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://thementalclub.com/encourage-reading-moral-stories-for-promoting-values-in-young-children-34983	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00372.warc.gz	en	0.984449	734	3.640625	4	[ 0.28069406747817993, 0.31644779443740845, 0.078795425593853, -0.06967774033546448, -0.22250427305698395, 0.42341428995132446, -0.23710590600967407, 0.44100457429885864, -0.07536286860704422, -0.02904542163014412, -0.0934390276670456, 0.20680660009384155, 0.38260403275489807, 0.203205361962...	7	Moral Stories are written to influence young minds. A kid’s mind is clear, clean, and pure hence, the ethics, the morals could easily be imparted to them and they could be stamped in their innocent minds forever. However, moral stories are meant to inspire adults to lead a better life. The importance of reading moral stories cannot be undermined in the contemporary world. These stories often help in reminding us how qualities like kindness, honesty, punctuality, and other values could be inspiring us in every aspect of our lives and every move we make. Moral stories are an amazing source of inspiration and stimulation. They occasionally, wake us up and help us in identifying some misplaced values and rudiments of life. We understand that moral concepts are transmitted from one generation to the other through these moral stories and through real-life stories of outstanding people who have contributed to the well-being of mankind. So could honesty and other morals be promoted by reading moral stories? As per https://www.huffpost.com, worldwide, young kids are constantly reading classic myths, fairy tales, and other stories. Most children enjoy listening to stories; however, storytelling is not merely a fun activity. Storytelling could be used as an important educational tool that could be super-effective in promoting moral reasoning, as well as honesty. Here are just references to a few short moral stories for kids that could teach them many values that could prove useful in building their character and personality. Some Moral Stories: The story of Pinocchio is a classic moral story. It is about a puppet-boy whose nose would grow longer every time he told a lie. This story would leave a great impression on the young minds and would inspire them to speak the truth always. Each time they think of telling a lie, this story would be at the back of their minds, reminding them of the consequences of telling lies. The Boy Who Cried, Wolf: This is another hot-favourite moral story that has been told over and over again through the generations at home or in school. It is the story of a small shepherd boy. He was in the habit of often telling lies to everyone around him. He would raise a false alarm about a wolf attacking him and his sheep. Sadly, when a wolf ultimately attacks him and his sheep, everybody thought it to be the shepherd boy’s prank and so they did not bother to come to his rescue. He and his sheep were ultimately devoured by the wild wolf. Dishonesty never pays. The Greedy Lion: This is the story of a hungry lion. He came out looking for some food. It was a very hot and sultry day. However, he came across a small hare. The lion was not too happy with his catch as the hare was pretty small and was not enough to fill his stomach. So when he saw a deer run past him, he became greedy and decided to chase the deer. He freed the hare as he was keen on eating the bigger of the two, the deer. However, the smart deer had disappeared before the lion could spot him again. The lion was feeling very sorry as he had to remain hungry because of his greed. The moral of the story is ‘A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.’ Short stories with morals are great for reading out to young kids at home or in school. Young children could develop their reading skills by reading these fascinating moral stories. Most importantly, moral stories are a great way of instilling values and ethics to young impressionable minds.	708	ENGLISH	1

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