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69690547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drabant%20Corps%20of%20Charles%20XII	Drabant Corps of Charles XII	The corps counted 147 men, and was formed into one squadron led by Carl Gustaf Wrangel. It fought in the first line (which was commanded by Arvid Horn) on the right Swedish wing, under Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld. To circumvent the advantageous Saxon position, Charles started wheeling his line to the left—until the Polish Crown Army suddenly appeared on the Saxon flank, forcing him to halt. Instead of awaiting an inevitable Saxon–Polish attack, Charles seized the initiative with his left-wing and marched straight at them. The Poles and the Saxon right were forced to retreat after a fierce struggle, while the Swedish center began traversing the morass between them and the Saxon infantry, preparing to attack. During this time, von Steinau, commanding the left Saxon cavalry-wing where the best troops remained, commenced an attack on the unprepared Swedish right cavalry-wing; the Saxons, enjoying a twofold numerical advantage, attempted to cut the Swedish wing off from their center, by simultaneously attacking them in the front, flank and rear. The Swedish squadrons received the onslaught with their backs "turned into each other", with the Drabants facing the Swedish center. The Swedes, in contrast to their enemy, charged sword in hand, forcing the Saxons to retire in all directions. The Drabants then pursued the beaten enemy squadrons, but were suddenly attacked in the rear by another one. They made an about-turn; the rear rank formed the front, and quickly threw this salient back in disarray.	2.6875
69690547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drabant%20Corps%20of%20Charles%20XII	Drabant Corps of Charles XII	The Drabants counted up to 145 men, formed into one squadron under Gustaf Hård, and were part of a cavalry contingent led by the king. In response to the Swedish winter offensive, Peter ordered the bulk of his infantry to retreat from Okhtyrka as he wanted to avoid a potentially decisive battle. To delay the Swedes, he left a significant force (perhaps 18 regiments) of mostly cavalry around Krasnokutsk and Gorodnoye, under Carl Ewald von Rönne. On 21 February, Charles captured a Russian outpost 10 km northwest of Krasnokutsk that revealed the Russian force dispositions, consisting of seven regiments (or 5,000 men) under von Schauenburg. Charles galloped to Krasnokutsk with 2,500 cavalry, including the Drabants, and attacked the Russians the same day—in what has later characterized as the "proudest day of the Swedish cavalry." The Swedes, with Charles and the Drabants upfront, achieved total surprise, killing hundreds of Russians in the streets, gardens and farms, while others were forced driven off with grenades. The Russian horses were much inferior to their own, letting the Drabants wreak havoc in their lines. The Russians, who fled towards Gorodnoye half a mile to the north-east, formed up in order de bataille halfway there, at a very advantageous position with protected flanks. The Swedes broke through the Cossacks and Kalmucks who screened their front and continued towards the dragoons. Seeing this, the Russians again retreated; one part past Gorodnoye to the right and the other to the left through its suburbs. The enemies were relentlessly massacred as they were chased through the narrow streets.	2.625
69690550	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20H.%20Roscoe	John H. Roscoe	On the way back from the expedition, Roscoe was named as the envoy to the Prime Minister of New Zealand by Admiral Byrd, and was given a tour of New Zealand. After the conclusion of Operation Highjump he left the Marine Corps and joined Navy Intelligence as a civilian. He returned to Antarctica to work on Operation Windmill, mapping points of which the exact latitude, longitude and, elevation were known and also interpreting aerial photos. In 1951 he published a Biography of Antarctica, then in the following year he earned a doctorate from the University of Maryland. He also contributed to the planning of Operation Deep Freeze and resigned from civil service around 1957. During his service in the Navy he worked very closely with Admiral Richard E. Byrd from the beginning of Operation Highjump to Byrd's death in 1957. Private life Following his departure from Navy Intelligence, Roscoe was offered a position at the Lockheed Corporation, where he designed the photographic system for the first American satellite. He retired from Lockheed in 1982. Dr. Roscoe was awarded Fellowship to The Explorers Club in 1954. He served as the vice-president of the American Polar Society from 1957 to at least 2002. Roscoe also performed some research on the Knights Templar after retiring.	2.546875
69690650	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmgard%20Weitlaner-Johnson	Irmgard Weitlaner-Johnson	Irmgard Weitlaner-Johnson (1914–2011) was an American anthropologist who was an expert in Mexican textiles. She studied cultural anthropology and ethnographic textiles at the University of California, Berkeley. Life and career In July 1938, in Huautla de Jimenez, she and her husband, anthropologist Jean Bassett Johnson, along with Bernard Bevan and Louise Lacaud, were some of the first outsiders to witness and record a Mazatec healing ceremony where hallucinogenic psilocybin mushrooms (teonanacatl) were consumed. Weitlaner-Johnson began her systematic study of Mexican textiles in 1951 and later became curator of textiles at Mexico's National Museum of Anthropology. Selected works Articles Weitlaner-Johnson, Irmgard & Rosario Ramírez, "Indumentaria otopame en el Museo Nacional de Antropología", Arqueología Mexicana. No. 73, pp. 46–51. Weitlaner-Johnson, Irmgard (1957). "Survival of feather ornamented huipiles in Chiapas, Mexico". Journal de la Société des Américanistes. Vol. 46, pp. 189–196. Weitlaner-Johnson, Irmgard (1962). "Industrias y tejidos de Tuxpan, Jalisco, México." Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Vol. 6, no. 14, pp. 149–217. Weitlaner-Johnson, Irmgard (1960). "Un tzotzopatli antiguo de la región de Tehuacán". Anales Del Instituto Nacional De Antropología E Historia, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 75–85. Books	2.203125
69691130	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najm%20al-Din%20al-Ghazzi	Najm al-Din al-Ghazzi	Life The only known biography of Ghazzi himself is by his Damascene contemporary Muhammad Amin al-Muhibbi. Ghazzi, born on 19 January 1570, was the youngest of his siblings. He was a young boy when his father died, but he considerably documented his father's life and works in his own career as a scholar in Damascus. His father was his first teacher, and after his death, Ghazzi's mother became responsible for his education. His teachers were leading ulema. The first among them was the Hanafi mufti of Damascus, followed by the Shafi'i mufti Shihab al-Din Ahmad al-Ithawi, who instructed Ghazzi for thirty-five years. He eventually married al-Ithawi's daughter, and when she died of an illness, al-Ithawi married off his other daughter to him. Other teachers of Ghazzi included the Arab scholar Muhibbidin ibn Abi Bakr al-Hamawi, the Turkish head Ottoman qadi of Damascus Muhammad ibn Hassan al-Su'udi and the Egyptian scholars Zayn al-Din al-Bakri and Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Ramli. Like his father and grandfather, Ghazzi was a Sufi of the Qadiriyya. Ghazzi became a highly reputable scholar and teacher in several madrasas, and at times served as a mufti, imam and Friday prayer khatib (preacher). He traveled to different parts of Syria and Palestine and made the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca on twelve occasions. His reputation in the Hejaz was as the 'hadith scholar of the age' and as 'the scholar of al-Sham [Syria]'. Ghazzi became afflicted with a light paralysis around 1644. He died in the home of his wife (not a daughter of al-Ithawi) on 8 June 1657. Works Ghazzi wrote a dictionary of biographies of scholars and other important figures of his father's generation. The work was called al-Kawakib al-sa'ira bi a'yan al-m'ia wa ashara (The Wandering Stars: The Notables of the Tenth Century [AH]). He wrote a supplementary work, mainly biographies of his contemporaries, titled Lutf al-samar wa qatf al-thamar min tarajim al-tabaqat al-ula min al-qarn al-hadi ashar.	2.296875
69691360	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium%20Sapphire	Millennium Sapphire	The Millennium Sapphire is a blue sapphire discovered in 1995 in Madagascar, the natural dark–blue gem weighed 89,850 carats (nearly 40 pounds, or 17.97 kilograms). History The Millennium Sapphire was discovered in 1995 by a miner in central Madagascar. Rather than cut it into smaller pieces, Daniel Mckinney, one of the owners of the gem, sought to use the whole stone and kept it as one crystal to pay tribute to humanity. In 2003 the Guinness World Records was awarded to The Millennium Sapphire as The World’s Largest Engraved Sapphire at 61,500-carats. Today, it is still regarded as the world’s largest gem-quality engraved sapphire. The Millennium Sapphire was certified in its rough form by the Asian Institute of Gemological Sciences and the Gemological Institute of America. The Gubelin Lab of Switzerland recently certified the sapphire in its finished, carved form at 61,500 carats (almost 28 pounds, or 12.3 kilograms). The Millennium Sapphire was showcased at the 2002 Academy Awards, and in 2004 it made an appearance in Seattle at the launch of Princess Cruises' ship, The Sapphire Princess. In 2020, Art Appraiser Pascal Butel, M.S. INALCO appraised the fair market value of the Millennium Sapphire at USD 100,000,000 – USD 150,000,000. Design Award-winning Italian artist and jewelry designer, Alessio Boschi, was chosen and the Millennium Sapphire project was born. Alessio Boschi rigorously researched subjects for the project and selected 134 representations of important individuals and milestones in human history. Several of the stone’s carvings also reflect its origin in Madagascar. Nearly two years in the making, the finished Millennium Sapphire is a design masterpiece executed in a very precious and rare medium, making it by far the most valuable and largest carved sapphire in the world.	2.578125
69691379	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/171st%20Field%20Regiment%2C%20Royal%20Artillery	171st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery	The 171st Field Regiment was a unit of Britain's Royal Artillery (RA) during World War II. Originally formed to man beach defence batteries, it later became field artillery and briefly converted to heavy artillery. It served in Home Forces and supplied trained gunners to the fighting fronts, but saw no active service. It was disbanded after the war. 1st and 2nd Defence Regiments After the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from Dunkirk and the United Kingdom was threatened with invasion, a crash programme of installing coastal artillery batteries was implemented in the summer of 1940. Later, as the Home Defence strategy developed, the Royal Artillery formed a number of 'Defence Batteries' to deploy around the coastline for general beach defence. These were not part of the RA's Coast Artillery branch, nor were they included in the field forces under Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, but equipped with whatever old guns were available they freed up scarce field artillery from static beach defence for the mobile counter-attack forces. Most of these batteries were formed on 1 September 1940, and they were grouped into regiments from 4 October, including: 1st Defence Regiment formed at Chelmsford in Essex with 903, 904 and 905 Defence Btys 2nd Defence Regiment formed at Saxmundham in Norfolk with 907, 908 and 909 Defence Btys. On 15 March 1941 the defence regiments were reorganised: 1st Defence Rgt was disbanded, except 905 Bty, which joined 2nd Defence Rgt replacing 909 Bty, which was disbanded about this time. 171st Field Regiment	2.265625
69691395	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudleya%20saxosa%20subsp.%20saxosa	Dudleya saxosa subsp. saxosa	Dudleya saxosa subsp. saxosa is a species of succulent perennial plant endemic only to the western Panamint Range of California. It is known commonly as the Panamint liveforever or Panamint dudleya. It is found on north-facing, granitic or limestone slopes and grows up to 20 cm wide. It is characterized by bright yellow, red tinged flowers, which bloom from May to June. Description This species grows from basal rosettes which emerge from a caudex. The caudex is 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter. There are 1 to 4 rosettes per plant, which can be 6 to 20 cm wide. The leaves are 3 to 9 cm long, 3 to 15 mm wide, and 1.5 to 3 mm thick, with the base 5 to 15 mm wide. The inflorescence emerges from a peduncle 5 to 20 cm tall, and 2 to 4 mm wide. The lower internodes are generally greater than 5 mm apart. There are 3 first degree branches, with the terminal branches (cincinni) not wavy, the terminal branches 1 to 4 cm long, 2 to 9 flowered. The pedicels are 5 to 10 mm long. The flower has petals that are 9 to 12 mm long, colored bright yellow, and generally tinged with red. Taxonomy This species was described as Cotyledon saxosum by Marcus E. Jones, based on a plant he found growing in Panamint Canyon in 1897. In their revision of North American Crassulaceae, Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose placed this species as Dudleya saxosa. It was reduced to an autonym, Dudleya saxosa subsp. saxosa with Reid Moran's subsequent changes to the taxonomy of Dudleya. The plant is a well-isolated polyploid compared to the other subspecies of Dudleya saxosa, differing in its smaller size. It has a chromosome number of 2n = 136 and 2n = 170. Distribution and habitat This species is found growing on north-facing, granitic or limestone cliffs and rocky slopes. It is found only in the western Panamint Mountains of California.	2.46875
69691616	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Mordecai%20L%C3%B6winsohn	Jacob Mordecai Löwinsohn	Jacob Mordecai ben Judah Löb Löwinsohn (; 14 December 1832 – 13 February 1878) was a Russo-Polish scholar and journalist. Biography A son of Rabbi Judah Löb, rosh beit din of Grodno, Löwinsohn was trained in Talmud, and then studied Russian, German, Polish, and French, which he mastered in a very short time. Thus equipped he entered upon a journalistic career. He published numerous articles in Russian papers, and when, in 1862, Daniel Neufeldt founded the , Löwinsohn became an active collaborator on it, always defending the interests of his coreligionists. He was a great controversialist, and had heated discussions with Hirsch Kalischer in Ha-Maggid, and with L. J. Shapiro in the Jutrzenka. He settled in Serhei, Suwalki Governorate, where he made the acquaintance of , editor of Ha-Maggid, and Rabbi Ḥayyim Fillippower. About 1868 he passed his examination at the Rabbinical Seminary of Vilna, where he was ordained rabbi; but he never accepted a rabbinate. Of his first work, Ha-Adam be-Ẓelem Elohim (Königsberg, 1855), only a limited number of copies were printed, which he distributed among his friends. His numerous articles and essays on Jewish literature and science he published under the pen name Y. M. L. ( or ).	1.992188
69691732	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvariopsis%20dicaprio	Uvariopsis dicaprio	Uvariopsis dicaprio is a species of tropical evergreen tree in the genus Uvariopsis. It is endemic to the Ebo Forest, in the Littoral Region of Cameroon. It was the first new plant species described in 2022, and was named after American actor Leonardo DiCaprio by botanists Martin Cheek and George Gosline, from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. U. dicaprio is classified as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List. Description Uvariopsis dicaprio is an evergreen tree reaching tall. Its trunk is smooth and tapering, reaching a diameter of "1.8–2.5 cm … at 1.5 m above the ground", with dark brown bark and occasional white horizontal lenticels. Its leaves are oblanceolate, and are typically 17.7–20.3 cm long (but sometimes as long as 23 cm) and typically 7–7.9 cm wide (but sometimes only 6.4 cm wide). They are hairless, and coloured "pale yellow-green" but later turn "orangish brown". Their arrangement is distichous, and they are typically spaced 1.5–2.8 cm apart (but are sometimes as close as 1.2 cm or as far as 4.3 cm). The specimen collected had only male flowers, but Gosline & Cheek et al. hypothesise that U. dicaprio is monoecious, with separate male and female flowers. Its male flowers are cauliflorous, growing directly from the stem, and glossy. Their pedicels, which connect the flower to the stem, are 1.8–2.5 cm long and about 1 mm in diameter. Each flower has two sepals and four petals. The sepals are 1–1.5 by 2.1–2.5 mm and hairless. The petals are typically about 16 by 9 mm (but sometimes as small as 14 by 5.5 mm), and 0.25–0.3 mm thick; they are thin and leathery but not fleshy, and are "yellow-green when live" but black when dried. There are typically 4–7 flowers in each inflorescence (but sometimes as few as 1). It has similar conical flower buds to Uvariopsis solheidii, which can vary from ovoid-conical to pyramidal. Habitat and range	2.140625
69691869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They%20Knew%20Too%20Much%20About%20Flying%20Saucers	They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers	Barker describes his interest in the Shaver Mystery and the magazines of Raymond Palmer, which ultimately led him to correspond with Albert K. Bender and join Bender's "International Flying Saucer Bureau. According to the narrative, Bender receives a metal sample allegedly from a UFO, after which he is visited by three men, each wearing black, who confiscate back issues of the group's newsletter. Bender recalls that one of the men told Barker his research was pointless, claiming "In our government we have the smartest men in the country. They can't find a defense for it. How can you do anything about it?" Before they depart, one of the men warns Bender: "I suppose you know you are on your honor as an American. If I hear another word out of your office you're in trouble". Barker recounts the 1947 tale of the Maury Island incident, where an alleged saucer witness claimed to have been warned not to discuss the incident by a man in a black suit. Barker speculates saucers may be linked to Antarctica or poltergeists. Barker lists others he believes have been "shushed", some in other countries. Influence They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers briefly made the best-seller lists in 1956. Conspiracism scholar Michael Barkun writes that the book's 'Men in Black' "quickly became a staple of UFO folklore". Historian Aaron Gulyas, describing the book as "one of the few saucer books I can read over and over again", noted that "during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, UFO conspiracy theorists would incorporate the MIB into their increasingly complex and paranoid visions." Folklore historian Curtis Peebles suggests that Barker's tale of the Men in Black may have been inspired by "contactee" George Adamski's story of an encounter with FBI agents.	1.960938
69691940	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Reimann	William Reimann	Reimann's works are in many media and forms, including two dimensional works on paper and mylar, and sculpture and furniture in glass, stone and wood. His method of using steel and Plexiglas was highly labor-intensive. Reimann, like mentor Robert Engman, did not believe in the factory approach to sculpture, preferring to personally construct his pieces. Because of the physical demands of the hand labor, he would only accept commissions for high large-scale corporate pieces in Plexiglas on a limited basis. In the 1980s, he turned from Plexiglas to stone, with his first public art commission, Arrival Stelae, a series of six granite bollards for the Arts on the Line project in Porter Square, Cambridge, MA. Teaching After a stint at Old Dominion University as part of the Arts Faculty, Reimann moved to Harvard University, where he taught basic drawing, design, and sculpture in the VES Department (1968-2003) as Senior Preceptor in Visual Studies. A demanding and engaging influencer as a teacher, his students and those he brought on as teaching staff include life coach Martha Beck, artist Lewis Bryden, animator Frank Mouris, and musician Dan Wilson. Rowing Reimann is a lifetime rower since his schoolboy days in Pennsylvania. His competitive career ended in 2014, following diagnosis of a heart arrhythmia. National Champion in the Association Single in 1956 (a year in which Jack Kelly Jr. took the National Championship in the Senior Single), his numerous rowing achievements include a (since surpassed) Head of the Charles Regatta course record as the 1988 Champion, Grand Master single. Exhibitions	2.4375
69691975	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuno%20Semyonov	Yuno Semyonov	Yuno Shaulovich Semyonov (; 1899–1961) was a Soviet Union prose writer, playwright and artistic director. He wrote in the Judeo-Tat language. His work was characterized by plays on the topics of the day, full of sarcasm and humor. He was one of the founders of the Judeo-Tat theatre in Derbent. Biography Born in Derbent in 1899 in a working-class family. In 1915 he graduated from the Russian-Judeo-Tat School, received a law degree in Saint Petersburg. He worked as a typesetter in the printing house of the Derbent city newspaper, which was published in Russian. During the Russian Civil War, he fought on the side of the Bolsheviks, becoming famous as a red partisan. After the civil war, he returned to his previous job. Since 1932, he published nine plays. In 1936, Yuno Semyonov moved to Baku with his family. There he worked for the newspaper () - "Communist". Later, he moved back to his hometown. He worked in the newspaper The Toiler in the Judeo-Tat language. In 1941, during World War II, Yuno Semyonov went to the front. He served as a senior sergeant and was the head of the warehouse of the 1254th airfield air defense regiment. His regiment fought as part of the 1st Ukrainian Front, then as part of the 2nd Ukrainian. He demobilized on June 23, 1945. Yuno Semyonov met the end of the war in Budapest. Received a medal "For Battle Merit". Joseph Stalin expressed gratitude in his letter to the sergeant Yuno Semyonov for the capture of the cities of Vienna and Budapest. After the war, Yuno Semyonov worked at a winery, as well as in various leadership positions. Later, under the pretext of being a relative of a traitor of motherland, he was removed from his job. Yuno Semyonov died in 1961 on a train to Volgograd and was buried in his native city Derbent. His plays are staged in the Judeo-Tat theatre of Derbent to this day.	2.265625
69692553	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Book%20of%20Aron	The Book of Aron	The Book of Aron is a historical fiction novel by Jim Shepard, published May 12, 2015 by Knopf Publishing Group. Reception The Book of Aron received starred reviews from Kirkus, Library Journal, Shelf Awareness, and Booklist, as well as positive reviews from The Guardian, The Boston Globe, The New York Times Book Review, The Washington Post, NPR, The Seattle Times, The Toronto Star, and the Jewish Book Council. Writing for Booklist, Donna Seaman noted, "Shepard’s magnificent tour de force will hold a prominent place in the literature of compassionate outrage." Library Journal's Patrick Sullivan wrote, "Surrounded by devastation, hopelessness, and cruelty, [the main character] becomes an exemplar of all that is good and decent in the human spirit. Few will be able to read the last terrible, inspiring pages without tears in their eyes." Publishers Weekly provided a mixed review stating, "Shepard is a master with a light touch—but against the backdrop of the Holocaust, maybe a bit too light. Although this novel paints an unflinching portrait of the ghetto, many characters seem to stand in for ideas, and the limp plot is propped up only by Shepard’s eye for detail." Kirkus, The Washington Post, Buzzfeed, The San Francisco Chronicle, and Huffington Post named The Book of Aron one of the best fiction books of the year.	1.921875
69692696	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20the%20Gianh%20River%20%281643%29	Battle of the Gianh River (1643)	Background The Dutch East India Company (VOC) had conflicted with Nguyen-ruled Cochinchina (southern Dai Viet) since 1641 because of their alliance with Trinh lords in the north who was fighting in a civil war against their rivals, the Nguyen clan in the south. As the two domains' war raged, lord Trịnh Tráng welcomed the VOC arrival in northern Dai Viet in 1637 while the Nguyens were hostile to the Dutch, but allied with the Dutch's main rival, the Portuguese. In 1639 Trịnh Tráng sent his envoys to van Diemen's VOC base in Batavia, sought for establish a military alliance with the Company in exchange for trading privileges for the Dutch in his Tonkin domain. In the same year he also sent letter to Dutch governor of Formosa Van der Burch to assist his military campaign against the formidable Nguyen. Finally, as tension mounting between the Nguyen domain and the company (the Nguyen jailed several Dutch representatives and sailors), the VOC headquarter in Batavia agreed to ally with the Trinh lords and began to get involved in the war. In late May 1642 five VOC warships with 222 men led by Jan van Linga raided central Vietnam coast possessed by the Nguyen domain, burned houses, seized civilians as hostages, before heading north to join with Trinh army. At the Chàm Island off the coast of Quảng Nam, the VOC fleet were repulsed, which received ten casualties and its captain Jacob van Liesvelt killed. The Nguyen lord then finally released all Dutch captives in the next year. 50 Dutch prisoners along with captain Joris Welten were allowed to sail back to Java on 19 May 1643 on a junk, but two days later a Portuguese warship attacked the junk, killed 32 Dutchmen, 14 able to survive, and only one made way back to Batavia.	2.453125
69693266	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventure%20Laurens	Bonaventure Laurens	Jean-Joseph Bonaventure Laurens (14 July 1801, Carpentras – 28 June 1890, Montpellier) was regarded by some as a "universal spirit", as attested not only by his paintings, watercolours and lithographs, but also by his vocation as a musician, archeologist, geologist and theorist. Biography The eldest of five children, born to a slightly Bohemian father, from the age of 19 Laurens set his sights on an administrative career that led him to Montpellier, after a brief spell in Paris. From the ages 1 to 18, Laurens did not have his sights on an administrative career. He was far too busy being a young child. A musician and great lover of music, he came into contact with the foremost composers of the time (Felix Mendelssohn, Frédéric Chopin, Robert Schumann, Clara Schumann, Johannes Brahms, Franz Liszt, Stephen Heller, etc.) and participated in the 19th-century German rediscovery of Johann Sebastian Bach, often called the Bach Revival or Awakening. He also unearthed musical manuscripts by Elzéar Genêt, known as Il Carpentrasso, a Renaissance composer attached to the Vatican. Self taught as a painter, draughtsman and watercolourist, his talents became recognised and he contributed lithographs for several publications; in particular, from 1835, the series Voyages pittoresques et romantiques de l'ancienne France of Baron Taylor and Charles Nodier, as well as the Monuments du Bas-Languedoc and an account of railways from Lyon to the Mediterranean.	2.5625
69693528	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA%20transfer%20portal	NCAA transfer portal	The NCAA transfer portal is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) application, database, and compliance tool created to manage and facilitate the process for student athletes seeking to transfer between member institutions. It is intended to bring greater transparency to the transfer process and to enable student athletes to publicize their desire to transfer. The transfer portal is an NCAA-wide database covering all three NCAA divisions, although most media coverage of the transfer portal involves its use in the top-level DivisionI (D-I). The portal launched on October15, 2018. New regulations adopted in 2021 allow student-athletes in D-I football, men's and women's basketball, men's ice hockey, and baseball to change schools using the portal once without sitting out a year after the transfer, creating uniform transfer rules for all NCAA sports across all divisions. Process The transfer portal permits student athletes to place their name in an online database declaring their desire to transfer. Athletes enter the portal by informing their current school of their desire to transfer; the school then has two business days to enter the athlete's name in the database. Once an athlete's name is entered in the database, coaches and staff from other schools are permitted to make contact with the athlete to inquire about their interest in visiting the campus and accepting a scholarship.	2.15625
69693796	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farshid%20Guilak	Farshid Guilak	Duke Following his PhD, Guilak joined the faculty at Duke University as an assistant professor and shortly thereafter became the director of research for the Division of Orthopedic Surgery. Shortly after joining the faculty, Guilak was honored with the Kappa Delta Award from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons for his study of cartilage cells and discovery of how they responded to stress on the joint. In 2000, Guilak received the Y.C. Fung Young Investigator Award to investigate the effects of biomechanical forces on articular cartilage. During his early tenure at Duke, Guilak was recognized by the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering for his "pioneering work in chondrocyte and mechanobiology, and functional tissue engineering of articular cartilage." Following this, Guilak led a team of researchers in developing a three-dimensional fabric scaffold into which stem cells could be seeded and successfully develop into articular cartilage tissue. Based on this research, Guilak found a way to create artificial replacement tissue with durable hydrogels that mimics both the strength and flexibility of native cartilage. More recently, he and his collaborators showed proof-of-concept that 3D weaving could be used to create large, anatomically-shaped cartilage replacements in the shape of a human hip. He also collaborated with Wolfgang Liedtke to develop a prototype of TRPV4 blockers. Guilak later received the 2010 Borelli Award from the American Society of Biomechanics for his work in the biomechanics of health, degeneration, and repair of the synovial joint.	1.945313
69693846	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20Such%20a%20Full%20Sea	On Such a Full Sea	Background and Publication History Initially, this novel was meant to be a social realist piece about Chinese manual workers in Shenzhen, centering on their code of conduct and psyche. However, after returning from a research trip to China where he toured a factory, Lee's direction for the novel evolved because he did not believe that his novel could provide a comprehensive rendering that would offer anything fresh to the topic. Although Lee still incorporated the communal sensibility that drew him initially to the communities of Chinese factory workers, he decided to focus on the idea of re-populating the abandoned urban areas of America after a train he was on passed through a neglected part of Baltimore. Additionally, Lee drew upon the bright, yet fanatical order of Singapore to create the Charter villages, and the protagonist of his work was influenced by his desire to create a heroine who his two daughters might identify with. The line "On such a full sea are we now afloat; / And we must take the current when it serves, / Or lose our ventures" from William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar serves as the inspiration for the title of the novel. Plot Summary The novel begins in the Charter village of B-Mor, formerly Baltimore, in a world afflicted by the disease "C" as the collective narrator reminisces on Fan's absence. Fan was a dedicated fish tank diver who was close to her boyfriend, Reg. However, Reg disappears one day with no explanation after being summoned to speak to a manager before the start of a work week. In the following days, Fan withdraws from her friends and work acquaintances. She ultimately decides to quietly leave B-Mor to search for her boyfriend in the aftermath of a big flood that kills one of Reg's younger friends.	2.46875
69694012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Turtle%20Prince%20%28folktale%29	The Turtle Prince (folktale)	In this tale, King Venkataja, from the city of Mallikârjunapurî, is married to a wife who has not borne him a son. He divorces her, places the former queen in a separate pavilion next to the palace, and marries a second time. The new queen also does not bear him children. The King searches for answers to this problem, and Mahêsvara and the Sûlapânin Isa help him by giving the king a magical mango that he should give to his queen. The king gives the mango to the second queen; she drinks the juice and discards the rest. The first queen's maid hears about the magic mango, finds the discarded seed, and gives it to the first queen. The first queen gives part of the seed to her maid, and they both eat of the magic mango. Consequently, the second queen gives birth to twin boys, the maid to a son, and the first queen to a tortoise. The narrative says that the tortoise son was no ordinary turtle, but a beautiful prince born in Paramêsvara's favour. One night, while spying to find out why food is mysteriously disappearing, the queen sees a human child come out of the tortoise shell; he has been sneaking out of his shell at night and eating rice. When he has gone, she smashes the shell and goes to sleep. When the boy tries to find his shell and sees it destroyed, he wakes his mother. He explains that he needed the shell, and asks her to have a box made to replace the shell. She apologizes for breaking the shell, and consents to his request for a box.	2.65625
69694012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Turtle%20Prince%20%28folktale%29	The Turtle Prince (folktale)	Venkataswami's version In a tale collected by author M. N. Venkataswami with the title The Nymph of Wire Hill, a king has two wives, but no sons. He goes to the forest and meets an anchorite who directs him to a mango tree. The king takes the mangoes and brings them home to his wives. The younger wife eats the fruits, leaving the peels and cots. The senior wife eats the mango kernels. Months later, the younger wife gives birth to twin sons, and the senior wife to a tortoise. The senior wife accepts her lot in life and cares for the tortoise as her son. One day, she and a servant notice that some food has been disappearing from their palace. It turns out that her tortoise son is indeed human, for he leaves the tortoiseshell in human form, eats the food, and goes to Davendraloka to learn, just as his half-brothers are learning from a pandit. The senior wife discovers the empty shell, notices her son is human after all, and smashes it. Losing his turtle shell, he asks his mother to fashion him a box to cover himself with. Sometime later, the king becomes ill with longing for the "Nymph of the Wire Hill", and his sons decide to bring her to their father to be his next wife. The tortoise son, now human, tells his mother he must join his brothers since they cannot get the Nymph by themselves. His mother applies some colirium to his face and his appearance darkens, so his brothers cannot recognize him. He joins his brothers and they begin their quest. Their first stop is a kingdom whose princess has declared she will marry the one who can jump across a large stream. The first princess tells her father she will marry the dark boy who accompanies the twin princes. He tells he is only an ascetic without much to his name. They marry and the prince spends some time with his wife, asking her how to get to Wire Hill. Before he departs, he gives her a Mangalasustram flower as a token of life.	2.125
69694012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Turtle%20Prince%20%28folktale%29	The Turtle Prince (folktale)	With some help from his father, the turtle prince begins his journey and swims to Udaya mountain, where he prays to the sun god. The deity himself appears before him, explains that the prince's animal shape is penance for a misdeed in a past life, and transforms him into a handsome human prince. Continuing on his journey, the prince, now in human form, meets three sages on the way and is guided to the temple of the elephant-faced god, where celestial maidens come down to earth to bathe, so the prince should steal one of the girls' saris and force her to help him to find the parijata flowers that grow in the celestial realm. It happens thus and the celestial maiden brings back the flowers. She also gives the prince a flute that can summon her. The prince makes his way back to the sages, who each want the magic flute in exchange for a gift they have: the first a wand that can beat one's enemies, the second a sack that grants the owner whatever they wish for, and the third a pair of teleporting sandals. The prince trades the flute for each, commands the wand to beat up the sages, and retrieves the flute. The prince returns to his kingdom, hides the magical items and prays to the Sun God to become a turtle again. Since he fulfilled the minister's daughter's request, he marries the girl, while her younger sisters marry human princes. Some time later, the princes go on a hunt, and the tortoise wishes to join them. The turtle's wife, who knows of the mockery she endures, prepares him for the hunt. Out of sight, the turtle takes off his shell and becomes human, then fights some tigers. His brothers-in-law meet the prince ("they saw the turtle"), who do not recognize him. The human turtle prince agrees to a deal: the tigers in exchange for the left half of their mustaches. A deal is made, and the prince returns to turtle form.	1.984375
69694807	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panmana%20Ramachandran%20Nair	Panmana Ramachandran Nair	Prof. Panmana Ramachandran Nair (13 August 1931 – 5 June 2018) was a Malayalam language writer, translator, linguist and academic from Kerala, India. He has received Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize and Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions in the field of Malayalam literature. His autobiography Smrithi Rekhakal was published in 2010. Biography Ramachandran Nair was born at Panmana village in Karunagappally Taluk of Kollam district on 13 August 1931 to Kannakathu Kunchu Nair who was a disciple of Chattampi Swamikal and Lakshmikutty Amma. He Studied till 10th in a Sanskrit school near Panmana Ashram. While still a student, he wrote poetry in Malayalam and Sanskrit and edited magazines. Sanskrit as his first language till 10th class, Hindi for Intermediate and then degree in Physics with Sanskrit as sub-language, he was initially rejected for pursuing a postgraduate degree in Malayalam from University College, Thiruvananthapuram. After a qualifying examination he joined the postgraduate degree, and passed masters in Malayalam with first rank in 1957. After post graduation, he started his teaching career at Fathima Matha College, Kollam. He later joined the government service as lecturer in Government Victoria College, Palakkad. After working as lecturer in government colleges in Chittoor, Thalassery and Thiruvananthapuram he retired from the service in 1987 as Head of the department of Malayalam in University College Thiruvananthapuram. He was considered to be the last word in Malayalam grammatical nuances. His Malayalam Grammar books are authentic books that language students and journalists rely on for good language. He answered about 3,000 questions about the Malayalam language in a column in Career Magazine, which later became a book entitled Malayalavum Malayalikalum (Meaning: Malayalam and Malayalis). He wrote many articles on Malayalam language in all major newspapers and gave talks on radio and television also.	2.125
69694829	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Roloff	Alfred Roloff	Alfred Gustav Christian Roloff (19 March 1879, Lassan - 7 December 1951, Rade bei Rendsburg) was a German artist and illustrator; best known for his dime novel covers and paintings of horses. Life and work He was born to Wilhelm Roloff (1850–1936), a naval officer, and his wife Caroline née Sadewasser (1855–1924). His younger brother, Otto (1882-1972), also became a painter and art professor. In 1886, the family moved to Hamburg. From 1896 to 1901, he attended the Academy of Arts, Berlin. Upon graduating, he went to work as an illustrator for the publishers, Verlagshaus für Volksliteratur und Kunst, also in Berlin. They were a very prolific organization, flooding the European market with light entertainment and quickly produced works of fiction, known as "dime novels". Other publishers soon noticed his talent. In 1905, he took part in a competition for advertising designs, jointly sponsored by Henkell & Co. Sektkellerei and Stollwerck. His design was recommended for purchase by the judges, for the sum of 200 Marks. His success brought him further employment; designing book covers that were reproduced by the millions. In 1908, he was able to marry his fiancée, Auguste Schröder. He was also an animal painter, primarily of horses, in dynamic scenes, featuring them in motion; often running from some danger. During World War I, he produced battle scenes with horses. These put his name before the general public, more than his covers, and what he is best remembered for today. During the Nazi dictatorship, he was a member of the (Chamber of Fine Arts) and was able to continue working. From 1940 to 1944, he was represented at the Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung in the Haus der Kunst in Munich. For many years, his painting Flüchtende Pferde (Fleeing Horses), hung in Hitler's office at the . Alfred Rosenberg was an admirer of his painting, Fohlenzwillinge {Foal Twins)“.	2.3125
69694893	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai%20Utin	Nikolai Utin	Nikolai Isaakovitch Utin (, French: Nicolas Outine; 8 August 1841 – 1 December 1883) was a Russian socialist and revolutionary. He grew up in Saint Petersburg, and became a charismatic leader of the student movement. Because of his revolutionary activities, he spent most of his adult life in political exile in Switzerland, where he participated in the founding of the Russian section of the International Workingmen's Association and kept up correspondence with liberals and revolutionaries across Europe. In the conflict between Mikhail Bakunin and Karl Marx, he supported Marx, and through his involvement with Geneva journals Narodnoye delo and l'Égalité as a writer and editor, he played an important role in increasing support for Marx at Bakunin's expense. He was extremely influential in revolutionary circles until the breakup of the First International in 1876, whereupon he withdrew from politics and returned to Russia. Career Russia Nikolai Utin was born 8 August 1841 in Kherson in the Russian Empire (now Ukraine), the seventh of eight children of Isaak Iosifovich Utin (1812–1876) and Maria Isaakovna Utina (?–1870). His father, an extremely successful wine merchant, was a Jewish convert to Russian Orthodoxy. In the mid-1850s, the family moved to a townhouse in Saint Petersburg and became prominent members of the social and intellectual community.	2.140625
69694982	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding%20the%20Mother%20Tree	Finding the Mother Tree	Finding the Mother Tree is a memoir by the Canadian forest ecologist Suzanne Simard. It has been reviewed in The New York Times, The Guardian, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, among other publications. In her memoir, Simard asserts that trees in forests are interdependent with fungi mycelium. Trees and other plants exchange sugars through their respective root and mycelial structures to share and trade micronutrients. Simard presents her research that fungi physically and chemically connect with the root systems of multiple trees, across species, to create micronutrient pipelines of exchange within a forest community to share these nutrients as well as other molecules. This challenges the "prevailing theory that cooperation is of lesser importance than competition in evolution and ecology." Simard asserts that healthy forests center on a matriarch tree that acts as a nexus of nutrient distribution that shares these nutrients among other trees of the same or different ages and species that are chemically and physically linked together by an expansive mycorrhizal network. These large-scale, old "mother trees" serve as hubs within the forest network, to deliver carbon to young seedlings through their roots underground in cooperation with fungi. Simard faced ridicule and gendered attacks by male colleagues during her younger years; however her research became "critical to addressing problems in the timber industry" that led to reforms in sustainable forestry. Critical reception Tiffany Francis-Baker, writing in The Guardian, compared the book to Robert Macfarlane's book Underland and Peter Wohlleben's The Hidden Life of Trees. The Wall Street Journal named Finding the Mother Tree one of the ten best books of the year; The Washington Post and Time magazine named it one of the best books of the year.	2.25
69695702	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20von%20Wedel	Karl von Wedel	Family Born into the ancient Holsteinian noble House of Wedel, he was the youngest child and son of (1798–1872), a lieutenant general in the Oldenburg army who was head of the Department of Military Affairs and chief of staff to Grand Duke Peter II, and his wife Baroness Wilhelmine Bertha Sophie von Glaubitz (1802–1887). His father's family had branches in Denmark and Norway; among his relatives were Wilhelm von Wedell-Piesdorf, Baroness Charlotte Wedell-Wedellsborg, and Baron Fritz Wedel-Jarlsberg. In 1894, Wedel married in Stockholm the prominent Countess Stephanie Augusta von Platen, née Hamilton af Hageby (1852–1937), a member of the Swedish branch of the Scottish Clan Hamilton; the marriage was childless. Stephanie was widely-known for her accommodating and empathic nature, as well as her contributions to charity and animal welfare; for this she was included among Europe's "grand dames". Career In service to Hanover Wedel enlisted in the Hanoverian Army's Guards Regiment in May 1859 before transferring to the in June of that year as a first lieutenant, first seeing action in the Second Schleswig-Holstein War. During the Austro-Prussian War, Hanover fought on the side of Austria; Wedel took part in the Battle of Langensalza, for which he was awarded the Langensalza Medal by King George V. After Prussia's victory and its annexation of Hanover, which resulted in the absorption of the Hanoverian Army into its armed forces, Wedel was commissioned as an officer for a second time by patent in the service of Prussia in November 1866. He joined the 8th (1st Westphalian) Hussars Regiment, and by January 1870 had risen to the rank of Rittmeister.	2.671875
69695891	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20in%20reptile%20paleontology	2022 in reptile paleontology	A study on the dietary adaptations of juvenile specimens of Hauffiopteryx typicus and Stenopterygius triscissus from the Toarcian Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte (United Kingdom) is published by Jamison-Todd et al. (2022), who interpret their findings as indicating that S. triscissus had more robust rostrum and scavenged and hunting large fish or squid, while H. typicus relied more on bite speed than on bite force while hunting, and likely fished for smaller and softer prey. A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of "Ichthyosaurus" zetlandicus is published by Laboury et al. (2022), who transfer this species to the genus Temnodontosaurus. Lomax & Massare (2022) report the discovery of two casts of the first complete ichthyosaur skeleton introduced to the scientific community in 1819 by Everard Home, and assign this specimen to the genus Ichthyosaurus. Lomax, Sachs & Hall (2022) describe a composite ichthyosaur specimen from the collection of the Reutlingen Natural History Museum, including bones of at least three individuals recovered from the Sinemurian of Charmouth-Lyme Regis area (Dorset, United Kingdom) and from the Toarcian Posidonia Shale (Germany) as well as forged elements, and identify the hindfins and pelvic bones as fossil material of a rare species Ichthyosaurus conybeari. A study on the pre- and postnatal ontogenetic changes in the skull of Stenopterygius quadriscissus is published by Miedema & Maxwell (2022). Two ichthyosaur specimens (a nearly complete skeleton of a member of the genus Aegirosaurus and an isolated tail of an indeterminate ichthyosaur) preserved with soft tissue are described from the Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) Eichstätt Plattenkalk (Germany) by Delsett et al. (2022). Description of two specimens of Baptanodon natans from the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) Redwater Shale of the Sundance Formation (Wyoming, United States), providing new information on the morphology of the braincase of this ichthyosaur, is published by Massare & Connely (2022).	2
69695948	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalya%20Avseenko	Natalya Avseenko	Natalya Anatoliyevna Avseenko (; born February 13, 1975) is a Russian freediver, former free diving world champion in the team competition in 2006 and 2008, featured in a photographic series illustrating the Orda Cave, a gypsum crystal cave underneath the western Ural Mountains. Biography Natalya Avseenko is a world record holder and a world champion in freediving. She is the founder of her own freediving school "PlavitaWay”. She has a PhD in Culturology from Moscow State University. She worked as an assistant professor at the Department of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication until 2007 at the Faculty of Foreign Languages of Moscow State University. She has been freediving since April 2004; at first the trainings went under the guidance of Natalia Molchanova, and then independently. Diving was done with Lotta Erickson and Linda Paganelli. She is a world champion in freediving (2006, 2008), world record holder (diving with constant weight without fins, 57 meters, Bahamas, April 8, 2008). Scientific research Natalia, together with scientists, took part in an experiment to study the language, echolocation and behavior of beluga whales in the White Sea. The possibilities of human survival in water under extreme conditions (in sea water - 2 °C) were also studied. Natalya swam and dived in the icy water, naked, holding her breath. During the experiment, she set a record for being under ice in ice water having a temperature of - 2 °C (salt water freezes at negative temperatures) - 10 minutes 40 seconds during the first hike. The documentary "On the edge" was filmed about this experiment by director Natalia Uglitskikh. Natalya was under water with an overhead environment for about 12 minutes, but with the possibility of one-time switching on in the breathing process.	2.234375
69695997	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Radcliffe%20of%20Hunstanton	Robert Radcliffe of Hunstanton	Sir Robert Radcliffe or Radclyffe (died 1497) was an English landowner. He was a son of Sir Thomas Radcliffe, and not, as is sometimes stated, a member of the Attleborough branch of the family. His estates were at Hunstanton in Norfolk. He was Steward of the Lincolnshire estates of the Duke of York. Radcliffe married Joan Stanhope in 1472. She was a daughter of Sir Richard Stanhope and Maud Cromwell, a sister of Ralph Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell. Joan Stanhope's first husband was Sir Humphrey Bourchier, son of Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex, who was killed at the battle of Barnet in 1471. Joan was an heir of Ralph Cromwell and was known as "Lady Cromwell". Robert Radcliffe became lord of the manor of Tattershall. Joan Stanhope, Lady Cromwell died on 10 March 1489–90 and was buried at Holy Trinity, Tattershall, near Ralph Cromwell's home at Tattershall Castle, where there is a commemorative brass image formerly including the Radcliffe coat of arms. Radcliffe subsequently married Katherine Drury, a daughter of Roger Drury of Hawstead in Suffolk. Her first husband was Henry Le Strange (died after 1483) of Hunstanton. By her first husband, Katherine had three sons, Sir Roger le Strange, knight, eldest son, who married Amy, daughter of Sir Henry Heydon, knight, and had John le Strange who died young; Robert le Strange, second son, who married Anne, daughter and coheiress of Thomas le Strange of Walton in Warwick, Esq., and had Sir Thomas le Strange and his two sisters; and John le Strange of Massingham in Norfolk, a judge, third son, who married Margaret, daughter and coheiress of Thomas le Strange of Walton in Warwickshire.	1.976563
69695997	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Radcliffe%20of%20Hunstanton	Robert Radcliffe of Hunstanton	Katherine's children by Robert Radcliffe included Ann Radcliffe and Elizabeth Radcliffe. In his will, written in 1496, Robert Radcliffe bequeathed Ann four gold rings, one engraved with an image of the five wounds of Christ, with a bed of gold or gold beads. Elizabeth was given an enamelled gold jewel or beads decorated with Catherine wheels. Ann would keep an embroidered purse containing holy relics and let Elizabeth have it when needed. He gave a vestment embroidered with Joan Stanhope's arms to the church at Tattershall and also paid for the painting and gilding of an image of the Virgin Mary in the collegiate church. Radcliffe left his own gown of crimson velvet (but not its fur collar) to Hunstanton Church, to make a cope with a cloth of gold orphrey embroidered with his and "Dame Kateryne's" heraldry. The tomb and brass, "latten", he mentions in his will for Hunstanton may never have been erected. Radcliffe's bequest of vestments at Hunstanton was emulated by John Le Strange (died 1517), a stepson, his wife Katherine's younger son by her first husband. Le Strange made a bequest of vestments to St. Andrew's at Little Massingham to be made "after the rate of Sir Robert Ratclyffe's cope".	2.09375
69696018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucigeniidae	Hallucigeniidae	Hallucigeniidae is a family of extinct worms belonging to the group Lobopodia that originated during the Cambrian explosion. It is based on the species Hallucigenia sparsa, the fossil of which was discovered by Charles Doolittle Walcott in 1911 from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia. The name Hallucigenia was created by Simon Conway Morris in 1977, from which the family was erected after discoveries of other hallucigeniid worms from other parts of the world. Classification of these lobopods and their relatives are still controversial, and the family consists of at least four genera. History of discovery The first fossil of hallucigeniid worm was discovered by an American palaeontologist Charles Doolittle Walcott from the Walcott Quarry that contains the Cambrian Burgess Shale. In 1911, Walcott gave the name Canadia sparsa as he believed that it was related to the polychaete worm (Annelida) Canadia spinosa, which he described simultaneously. British palaeontologist Simon Conway Morris re-examined the specimen and concluded that it was not a Canadia species. He created a new genus Hallucigenia in 1977. With only a single species and fragmentary fossils available, the relationship of the worm with other animals was not obvious. The most prominent feature of the worm, its body projections were particularly difficult to understand as there were two distinct groups, the tube-like tentacles and thornlike spines. Morris described the spines as the legs and the tentacles as feeding apparatus. Two other species were later discovered from the Cambrian Maotianshan shales of China, H. fortis in 1995, and H. hongmeia in 2012.	2.5625
69696018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucigeniidae	Hallucigeniidae	In 1991, Lars Ramsköld (Uppsala University, Sweden) and Hou Xian-guang (Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) described a new specimen, Microdictyon, from the lower Cambrian Maotianshan shales. With this relatively complete fossil, they assigned the animal to and reinterpreted Hallucigenia as a lobopodian, a legged worm-like taxon which were still thought to be exclusively related to onychophoran (velvet worm) at that time. They were also able to work out that by inverting the specimen upside down, the so-called tentacles were actually walking legs (called lobopods) and the spines were protective armours on the back. The reinterpretation was strengthened by the discovery of new species Cardiodictyon catenulum from the same Maotianshan shales, reported by Hou, Ramsköld and Jan Bergström in the same year. In 2012, a different lobopodian fossil was discovered from the Carboniferous (about 305 million years old) sediments of the Mazon Creek in Illinois, US. Joachim T. Haug, Georg Mayer, Carolin Haug, Derek E.G. Briggs gave the name Carbotubulus waloszeki. In 2018, Thanahita distos was described by Derek J. Siveter, Briggs, David J. Siveter, Mark D. Sutton and David Legg from the Coalbrookdale Formation (Herefordshire Lagerstätte) at the England–Wales border in UK. Dated to about 430 million years old, it is the only known extinct lobopodian in Europe and the first Silurian lobopod known worldwide.	2.265625
69696055	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry%20Nolan	Garry Nolan	Research His areas of research include autoimmunity and inflammation, cancer and leukemia, hematopoiesis, and using computation for network and systems immunology. He is perhaps best known for his early work in the Baltimore lab at the Whitehead Institute, where he worked on developing 293T cell rapid retroviral production for gene therapy. Nearly all gene therapy using retroviruses or lentiviruses is done using 293-based cell lines per the rapid retroviral protocol. He also developed cloning of the RELA transcription factor, a key regulator in immune response genes and a principal cellular component that HIV uses to replicate itself. Other major projects on which he has worked include phospho-flow signaling development (now licensed to Becton-Dickinson), FACS-gal (owned by Thermo Fisher), CyTOF multiparameter analysis, split-poll based Quantum Barcoding Technology (owned by ScaleBio), algorithmic approaches to analyzing complex single-cell datasets, proof that the NFAT transcription factor is both a REL protein and a key determinant in HIV replication, and development of multiplexing technologies for tissue analysis, such as MIBI and CODEX, and the algorithmic approaches needed to understand them. As of 2022, his lab works on several FDA-supported projects for Ebola, influenza, Zika virus, and COVID-19, as well as continuing Nolan's immune-tumor interface in many human cancers.	1.921875
69696660	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Leonard%27s%2C%20Edinburgh	St Leonard's, Edinburgh	The North British Railway purchased the Edinburgh & Dalkeith in 1845 and the railway began to use steam engines the following year. St Leonard's Station closed to passengers in 1847, while remaining in use for coal. There was an abortive attempt to reintroduce passenger trains in 1860. The introduction of steam engines occasioned the expansion of tracks, support facilities, and commercial enterprises at the St Leonard's yard, including what was then the world's largest bonded warehouse. The Church of Scotland responded to the area's growing population with the establishment of St Paul's Church with a parish quoad sacra in 1836. At the Disruption of 1843, the church's minister, Robert Elder led almost all the congregation out of the established church and into the newly formed Free Church. Unusually among seceding congregations, St Paul's retained the use of its building. A further Church of Scotland congregation, St Leonard's, opened on 6 April 1879. On 21 November the same year, the church was gutted by fire but was soon rebuilt, reopening on 21 May 1880 and becoming a charge quoad sacra in 1883.	2.578125
69696842	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt%20Andersson%20%28Swedish%20officer%29	Bengt Andersson (Swedish officer)	Major General Bengt Erik Lennart Andersson (born 31 August 1955) was a senior officer in the Swedish Amphibious Corps. Andersson served as head of the Naval Tactical Command (2003–2005), as Deputy Chief of Joint Operations (2007–2008), as Chief of Logistics (2008–2013) and as commanding officer of Nordic Battlegroup 08 and Nordic Battlegroup 15. Early life Andersson was born on 31 August 1955 in Hässleholm Parish, Kristianstad County. He graduated from secondary school after attending a natural science program. When the time came to do his military service, Andersson chose, despite the fact that Hässleholm then had two regiments, Scanian Logistic Regiment (T 4) and Scanian Dragoon Regiment (P 2), to apply to the Coastal Artillery and got a place as a reserve officer aspirant at Älvsborg Coastal Artillery Regiment (KA 4) in Gothenburg. Career Andersson enrolled at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy in 1975 and graduated in 1978. He was promoted to lieutenant the same year and was assigned to Karlskrona Coastal Artillery Regiment, where he came to serve until 1985. During this time, Andersson worked with heavy mobile artillery, missile service and engine service. During this time I was also a Home Guard instructor. He was promoted to captain in 1981 and served in 1983 as Duty Officer in the Swedish UN Rifle Battalion in Cyprus, part of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP). He attended the General Course at the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College from 1984 to 1985. In 1986 he was promoted to major and from 1986 to 1987 Andersson served was head of the Amphibious Office in the Naval Staff, where he was responsible for handling the transition to the amphibious system.	1.945313
69697389	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk%20crisis	Walk crisis	By the summer of 1919, entire northern Latvia was liberated by joint Estonian-Latvian force. In October 1919 the situation became critical for the Latvian government once again. On 8 October, a German-Russian force based in Courland and led by General Pavel Bermondt-Avalov, launched an offensive to overthrow the Latvian government in Riga. Latvia asked for, and received military help from, Lithuania and Estonia. Armored trains and troops sent from Estonia helped Latvia to repel Bermondt-Avalov's advance. At the time, the governments of Estonia and Latvia started negotiations, and a new military agreement was signed on 10 October 1919. The February agreement had previously been cancelled by Latvia as they saw it as an unauthorized agreement. During the negotiations, the question of Walk came up again. The Latvians did not agree with the Estonian proposal, in response to which General Laidoner of the Estonian Army ordered the armored trains to be brought out of Riga. Walk had historically almost always been dominated by ethnic Estonians, although ethnic Latvians constituted a plurality of registered voters. Escalation By the end of 1919, the Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that their great concessions would not find any return on the part of Estonia. Estonia in turn saw the negotiations as going nowhere. On 24 December 1919, General Laidoner of ordered Latvians to end the work of their civilian institutions in Walk and elsewhere in the Estonian-occupied territories. Those who did not comply were to be sent across the border. Latvian authorities rejected these demands. In January 1920, the military commanders of both countries met, but no agreement was reached. The following meetings between the Estonian and Latvian delegations did not bring a breakthrough either as the Estonian delegation was not interested in dividing up Walk. At the end of February, the Latvian delegation made the last attempt to compromise. They proposed that Walk was to become a free city – the offer was rejected by the Estonians.	2.734375
69697676	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else%20Winther%20Andersen	Else Winther Andersen	In 1974, Andersen was employed as a course leader and teacher at Landbrugets Oplysnings og Konsulenttjeneste. She trained to become a social worker at Aalborg University between 1976 and 1983 with a dispensation and she went on to gain employment at Randers Municipality as a social consultant, where she worked part-time from 1983 to 1990. Andersen began advising farmers at Randers Agricultural Center from 1985. That same year, she stood for election to represent the constituency in the Folketing as a member of the Venstre political party after she was encouraged to do so by people in the party but was unsuccessful. Andersen also unsuccessfully failed to get elected as a representative of the constituency at the 1988 Danish general election three years later. From 29 November 1988 to 30 November 1990, she served as a deputy member of the Folketing variously for Uffe Ellemann-Jensen, and Knud Enggaard in the constituency. She became a member of Randers City Council for a one-year period in 1990. At the 1990 Danish general election on 12 December of that year, Andersen successfully stood for election to the Folketing in the Aarhus County constituency. Five days later, she was contacted by Venstre party secretary Claus Hjort Frederiksen and was asked to become the new Minister of Social Affairs under the government of Poul Schlüter. Andersen accepted and began working in the job on 18 December 1990 and resigned on 25 January 1993 when Prime Minister Schlüter's government resigned as a consequence of the Tamil Case. She had worked to help young people enrol on the development assistance system and helped to decentralise social policy.	1.960938
69697884	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpaeninae	Scorpaeninae	Scorpaeninae is a subfamily of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Scorpaenidae in the order Scorpaeniformes, it includes the scorpionfishes, the lionfishes and turkeyfishes. They bear venomous spines in the anal, dorsal and pelvic fins which can cause severe pain in envenomated humans. The subfamily is distributed in the tropical and temperate seas around the world. Genera Scorpaeninae is divided into two tribes, the Scorpaenini, which contains 17 genera, and the Pteroini which contains 5 genera: Scorpaenini Risso, 1826 Hipposcorpaena Fowler, 1938 Hoplosebastes Schmidt, 1929 Idiastion Eschmeyer, 1965 Iracundus Jordan & Evermann, 1903 Neomerinthe Fowler, 1935 Neoscorpaena Mandrytsa, 2001 Parascorpaena Bleeker, 1876 Phenacoscorpius Fowler, 1938 Pogonoscorpius Regan, 1908 Pontinus Poey 1860 Pteroidichthys Bleeker, 1856 Rhinopias Gill, 1905 Scorpaena Linnaeus, 1758 Scorpaenodes Bleeker, 1857 Scorpaenopsis Heckel 1837 Sebastapistes Gill, 1877 Taenianotus Lacépède, 1802 Thysanichthys Jordan & Starks, 1904 Ursinoscorpaenopsis Nakabo & Yamada, 1996 Pteroini Kaup, 1873 Brachypterois Fowler, 1938 Dendrochirus Swainson, 1839 Ebosia Jordan & Starks, 1904 Parapterois Bleeker, 1876 Pterois Oken, 1817	2.234375
69697937	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity%20Lutheran%20Church%20%28St.%20Louis%2C%20Missouri%29	Trinity Lutheran Church (St. Louis, Missouri)	Trinity Lutheran Church is a Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) congregation in St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. It is considered the "mother church" of the LCMS. History Located at 812 Soulard Street in the Soulard neighborhood, it is the oldest Lutheran church of the contiguous United States west of the Mississippi River. Its architectural style is Gothic revival. The church was founded in 1839 by German Lutheran immigrants from Saxony who had arrived in the United States in 1838. They traveled by boat from New Orleans to St. Louis. Much of their party soon traveled south to Perry County, Missouri; those who remained in St. Louis started a church that went for three years with neither name nor dedicated worship facility. The congregation first met at an Episcopal church at Broadway and Walnut Streets. The Saxon Lutherans brought with them a library, church organ, and church bells. The congregation's school had roots dating to the 1830s when the Saxon children studied on their journey to the United States. Otto Hermann Walther was inducted as the first pastor on June 9, 1839. When he died in 1841, his brother Carl Ferdinand Wilhelm Walther accepted the call to lead Trinity Lutheran. C. F. W. Walther's tenure at Trinity lasted from May 1841 until his death in 1887, during which time he also served as president of the LCMS and president of Concordia Seminary. The first building, on Lombard Street, was dedicated in 1842. A new church at Eighth and Soulard streets was built in 1865. That building was destroyed by the 1896 St. Louis tornado. The congregation rebuilt the sanctuary on the same property and was able to incorporate the pulpit and baptismal font that had survived the tornado.	2.21875
69698081	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20Loomis	Clarence Loomis	Clarence Loomis (December 13, 1889 July 3, 1965), an American composer, pianist, and teacher, was born in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Biography He studied piano and composition at the American Conservatory in Chicago and also privately in Vienna. Loomis taught at Butler University in Indianapolis, at Highlands University in Las Vegas, New Mexico, and at the American Conservatory in Chicago. He composed 11 operas, numerous choral works, ballets, tone poems, oratorios and other works. His compositions include Alabado Sea, an oratorio, Revival, a radio opera, Oak Street Beach, a ballet, and Macbeth, a symphonic tone poem. Loomis spent the last five years of his life in Aptos, California, near Santa Cruz. Operas Loomis's operas include A Night in Avignon, based on the life of the Italian lyric poet Petrarch, Dun an Oir (Castle of Gold), based on Gaelic folklore, The Fall of the House of Usher, based on the tale by Edgar Allan Poe, David, a biblical opera, and Yolanda of Cyprus. Yolanda of Cyprus was premiered in 1929 by Vladimir Rosing's American Opera Company and performed in 14 cities in the United States and Canada. The opera was the winner of the David Bispham Medal awarded to American opera composers of note. The libretto for Yolanda of Cyprus was by writer Cale Young Rice, who also collaborated with Loomis on other projects. Sets were designed by Robert Edmond Jones. The opera got mixed reviews. At its American premiere in Chicago, Herman Devries of the Evening American called the opera “a monument in American music,” proclaiming it “the one and only American opera of our generation." Others characterized the score as a pale imitation of Debussy and Wagner and the libretto passed over as " conventional."	2.40625
69698083	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus%20Philippus%20Snyman	Jacobus Philippus Snyman	General Snyman's father was a farmer in the Marico district, a pioneer hunter, a leader of the Jerusalemgangers movement in the Marico and one of three leaders of the 'hunter's faction' of the Transvaal Republic. Some time before David Livingstone reached the Victoria Falls, the famous falls were also reached from the South by General Snyman's father and the well-known Commandant Jan Viljoen, whose hunting ground it became. In August 1852, General Snyman's father informed the Transvaal Government that Sechele, ruler of the Bakwêna of Botswana, had received gunpowder, lead and muskets from the missionary David Livingstone. In addition, General Snyman's father held successful negotiations with Sechele in November 1852 and was a signatory to the Peace Treaty at Mathebe between the South African Republic and Chief Montshiwa of the Barolong Boo Ratshidi, on 14 October 1853. This is the Peace Treaty referred to by Theal in his History of South Africa 1834-1854, p525. As a young man General Snyman was a professional hunter. He tanned the hides and traded them for sheep which he had purchased in the Free State. He was a successful farmer and known for his breeding of carriage horses that won 1st prize at the annual Agricultural Show.	2.75
69698083	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus%20Philippus%20Snyman	Jacobus Philippus Snyman	The Barolong On 15 November 1870, a conference aimed at an agreement on the issue of land boundaries was held on the border near Mafeking at a place called Buurmansdrift attended by General Snyman, Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, Paul Kruger, Hendrik Adriaan Greeff and five other representatives of the South African Republic and the Batswana Chiefs represented by Montshiwa of the Ratshidi Barolong, Moroka of the Seleka Barolong, Izaak Motlhabane, Makgobi of the Maebu Barolong, Phoi and Matlaba of the Rapulana Barolong, Moilwa of the Bahurutshe at Marico, Maiketso of the Batlhaping, Gaseitsiwe of the BaNgwaketse at Kanye, and Andries Rey the representative of David Massouw (Mosweu) of the Koranna at Mamusa. The Barolong people were led by Tau's sons, two of whom were to become much involved in the race for paramountcy in Bechuanaland. Their names were Montshiwa of the Barolong Boo Ratshidi and Moswete of the Barolong Boo Ratlou. Moswete had been driven off land in the Molopo River region and was bitter with the British about the land he had lost when Governor Robert William Keate designated some of it to be part of Griqualand West in the Keate Award of 1871. Moswete saw a Transvaal deal as an opportunity to kill two birds with one stone and awarded the contentious Molopo land to the South African Republic.	2.8125
69698314	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20Qinghai%20earthquake	2022 Qinghai earthquake	On January 8, 2022, a magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck Menyuan County, Qinghai Province near the border with Gansu Province, China. It was the largest earthquake in China since the 2021 Maduo earthquake. Earthquake The earthquake occurred as a result of shallow (10 km depth) strike-slip faulting at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. It ruptured a fault located near the Qilian Mountains. The geological structure responsible was the Lenglongling Fault, a segment of the Haiyuan Fault System. The rupture was mostly confined to 0–8 km within the upper crust. A maximum slip of 3.5 m was estimated at 4 km depth. Surface ruptures were observed for a length of 22 km, and the maximum surface displacement was 2.1 m. The evaluated maximum Modified Mercalli intensity was IX (Violent) near the rupture zone. Intensity VI (Strong) was felt over an area of at least 23,417 km2. By January 17, 2022, at least 584 aftershocks were recorded, and the largest measured 5.3. The aftershocks were distributed along a 40 km-long zone trending east–west. Many were detected at depths of 7–14 km, beneath the main rupture area. Only a few aftershocks were detected within 5 km of the crust. Damage and injuries The earthquake damaged at least 137 homes and collapsed two walls in Zhangye. Four people in Menyuan Hui Autonomous County suffered minor injuries while evacuating. In total, nine people were reported to be injured, eight of them were discharged from hospitals by the following day. Some bridges and tunnels on the Lanzhou–Xinjiang high-speed railway sustained serious damage and traffic was halted until repairs could be completed. The Great Wall of China was also damaged by the quake. A section of the wall in Shandan County, built during the Ming Dynasty, collapsed. As of January 2022, repair and restoration work on this section was underway.	2.140625
69698499	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habibullah%20Qurayshi	Habibullah Qurayshi	Ḥabībullāh Qurayshī (; 1865 – 1943) was a Bengali Islamic scholar and educationist of the Deobandi movement. He was the founding director-general of Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam. Early life and family Habibullah Qurayshi was born in 1865, to the Bengali Muslim Mianji family in Qazipara, Chariya village, Hathazari, Chittagong District. His father, Matiullah Mianji Qurayshi, was an alim. The family traced their ancestry to Marwan ibn al-Hakam, the fourth Umayyad caliph and a member of the Arab tribe of Quraysh. He lost his mother at the age of five, and was the only child of his parents. Education Qurayshi first studied the Quran with Imamuddin Mianji and other books with Masiullah. He then enrolled at the Mohsinia Madrasa, which was the only higher Islamic educational institute in Chittagong at the time. After completing Jamat-e-Duam, he proceeded to study at the Darul Uloom Deoband in North India. After spending some time there, he joined the Jameul Uloom in Kanpur, where he spent 7 years studying under Ashraf Ali Thanwi. Completing his education thereon, Qurayshi pledged bay'ah to Thanwi who instructed him to return to Bengal and establish a hujra near his home for spiritual asceticism. In this state, he spent 2 years. Mahmud Hasan Deobandi and Ishaq Bardhamani were also his teachers. Career	2.140625
69698526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassmoor%2C%20Hasland%20and%20Winsick	Grassmoor, Hasland and Winsick	In the 13th century the Welbeck Abbey cartulary register mentions Grayhirst and Greyhyrst, the name Gresmore is shown in an unpublished Court Roll dated 1549 and as Grassmore in Chesterfield parish registers from 1568. Only a few rough paths crossed the "moor" at this time, from north to south diagonally one ran along what is now the Hasland to North Wingfield B6038 road, on the southern edge of the moor. Running from east to west and crossing the north–south road was a path which became Birkin Lane and Hagg Hill, now the road from Temple Normanton to Ashover. Approximately in the centre of Grassmoor village a pathway branched off westwards (modern day Mill Lane) passing a windmill on the left, then falling sharply to ford the River Rother and pass a water mill on a tributary of the river before joining the Derby-Chesterfield road near Wingerworth Park. For much of its medieval life, the area became more widely known as Hasland with it being a township within the broader Chesterfield ancient parish. Many parish townships were eventually converted to parishes themselves, with Hasland becoming one in 1850 with the opening of the parish church at Churchside. The manor of Hasland passed through marriage by means of one of the coheiresses of William Briwere, to Ralph de Midleham and eventually the Duke of Portland, before an exchange with the Duke of Devonshire meant he became lord of the manor by the 19th century. A branch of the Leake family, for several generations, resided at Hasland Hall, in which John Linacre died during 1488. In the middle of the 17th century, the hall belonged to Colonel Roger Molineux, who sold it to Captain John Lowe, of the Alderwasley family, later becoming the property and residence of Thomas Lucas, whose ancestor bought it from the Lowes in 1727.	1.96875
69698977	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20natura%20rerum%20%28Cantimpr%C3%A9%29	De natura rerum (Cantimpré)	Thomas of Cantimpré's De natura rerum depends on several sources, that include in primis the great philosopher Aristotle (a fundamental authority in the Middle Ages, particularly starting from XIII century) and two Latin authors, Pliny the Elder and Gaius Julius Solinus, respectively of the I and the III century. Other names shall be added to these three, for instance St. Ambrose and – coming chronologically closer to Thomas – also the one of Jacques de Vitry. Furthermore, the twentieth book (added in a second moment, as previously said), majorly comes from William of Conches's De philosophia mundi. In this work, Thomas himself also indicates an anonymous 'experimenter'. Apart from the few names easily identifiable, it's certain that Thomas of Cantimpré used a large number of different sources, that are not always easy to recognize. Reception and textual tradition As previously mentioned, the De natura rerum had a considerable fortune, especially during the Renaissance, when the text was frequently plagiarized, mostly for catalogs of animals, but also for catalogs of stones and monsters. Several vernacularizations and also a Dutch translation (Der Naturen Bloeme by Jacob van Maerlant) were realized. Furthermore, Conrad of Megenberg's Buch der Natur (1475) was also inspired by Thomas' De natura rerum. Regarding the textual tradition, De natura rerum had a widespread diffusion, confirmed by the consistent number of codes that contain the text. However, to be more specific, between the hundred of manuscripts of the work, only a few (just two manuscripts) contain the whole work in its integrity, while the largest part of them has a shortened version: thus, the shorter the version of the De natura rerum, the larger diffusion it had.	2.0625
69699019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen%20Colondres	Doreen Colondres	Doreen Colondres is a Puerto Rican chef wine educator and food writer, who is the author of La Cocina No Muerde (The Kitchen Doesn't Bite). She is considered a sommelier, television presenter and specialist in Hispanic cuisine. Biography Born in Puerto Rico, Colondres' grandfather was a professional chef. She has a BA in Business Administration and Marketing from the Universidad del Sagrado Corazón, WSET L3 Certified, and has studied at culinary schools in New York, Spain, California, and Florida. In 2014 she became a brand ambassador for Bumble Bee Seafoods, one of the largest seafood companies in the USA and in 2013 became the first chef to represent the Bordeaux Wine Council in the US. Colondres' first book, La Cocina No Muerde (The Kitchen Doesn't Bite), was published by Random Penguin House in June 2015, and became an Amazon bestseller. She worked on the Univisión show Despierta América, and hosted segments on cooking shows for Fox Life and Utilísima, for five years in 16 countries. She was a food and wine editor of Meredith Publishing for seven years, and currently has columns in more than 20 magazines around the world. She has performed more than 200 live cooking shows in the United States to raise awareness of obesity and diabetes. In 2019 she opened Vitis House, a wine and spirits school in Raleigh, North Carolina.	1.921875
69699029	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta%20Permuy	Marta Permuy	Marta and Jesús married in 1962 soon after resettling in Miami, Florida. They later relocated to Washington D.C. in 1966 where Jesús Permuy received his Master in Regional and City Planning (MRCP) from the Catholic University of America and served as chief planner for Anne Arundel County. The Permuy family then returned permanently to South Florida in 1969 when Jesús Permuy was appointed Planning Supervisor for the Dade County Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The Permuy Gallery By the early 1970s the Permuys had become active in the early Cuban art community of South Florida. Their initial involvement came through Jesús Permuy's previous relationships with artists in Cuba such as José Mijares and Amelia Peláez, as well and through his professional work as several Cuban artists also worked in or studied architecture, including Baruj Salinas, Miguel Jorge, and Rafael Consuegra. Another important cultural circuit was his involvement in the ACU, which had now relocated to Miami and included several artists, architects, and business leaders. Throughout the 1960s the Cuban arts community in exile struggled with a multitude of issues including a lack of institutional venues to showcase Cuban art, as well as a lack of disposable income among collectors to buy artworks at prices that would support a sustained Cuban and Latin American art market.	2.21875
69699029	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta%20Permuy	Marta Permuy	In 1969 the Permuys were introduced to Juan González by Baruj Salinas. Shortly after, González, then a graduate fine arts student in the University of Miami, became close to Marta who, in turn, became an early supporter of his art career. By 1971 she helped secure him a studio space in a Coral Gables apartment at 1901 Le Jeune Road where he produced many of the works that led to his career breakthrough. In 1972 González graduated from the University of Miami and was preparing to relocate to New York City after successful exhibitions in the Whitney Museum and Allan Stone Gallery. As a result of his need to move, the Permuys then made arrangements with González to assume the lease to his art studio and subsequently convert it into a fine art gallery dedicated to Cuban art, becoming one of the first in the United States. The venue was in close proximity to Miracle Mile, the prominent center of downtown Coral Gables, and therefore easily accessible to visitors. González remained close to Marta after his move to New York and participated in collective exhibitions at Permuy Gallery. The gallery neighbored the apartment of Cuban artist Miguel Jorge, who was close to fellow Cuban artists Lourdes Gomez Franca and Dionisio Perkins, and introduced them to the Permuys. The three formed an influential group of artists in South Florida who were highly active within the Permuy Gallery's sphere.	2.078125
69699577	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agraphydrus	Agraphydrus	Agraphydrus is a genus of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae represented by 205 described species. It is distributed across the Afrotropical, Australasian, and Indomalayan realms. Taxonomy The genus Agraphydrus was described for the first time by Régimbart in 1903. It currently contains 205 described species, partly thanks to a series revisionary work developed by Albretch Komarek. Description Small beetles (1.4–4.8 mm), pale/yellowish to dark brown in coloration, eyes not emarginate, labrum exposed, maxillary palps moderately long. Elytra without sutural striae, not laterally explanate; the elytral punctation ranges from very fine and subtle to coarse. A complete diagnosis was presented by Girón and Short, but also see Komarek and collaborators. Habitat According to Girón and Short, based on annotations by Komarek and collaborators: Agraphydrus can be found in an extremely broad range of habitats, from rivers, streams and forest pools, to hygropetric environments around waterfalls or seepages over rocks; a few species have been collected in terrestrial habitats by sifting moss and leaves from near water bodies, or in the gravel along the bank of a river; in many cases specimens have been found associated with floating vegetation, mosses and algae. Species	2.609375
69699612	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismar%20David	Ismar David	Ismar David (27 August 191026 February 1996) was a calligrapher, graphic designer, type designer architectural designer, illustrator and educator. Ismar David was born on 27 August 1910, in Breslau (Wrocław), then part of the German Empire, to Rosa and Wolff David. He was apprenticed to a house painter in Breslau from 1925 to 1928, when he went to Berlin. There, he went to art school at Städtische Kunstgewerbe- und Handwerkerschule in Charlottenburg. He left school in 1932 and moved to Jerusalem, then under the Mandate for Palestine, where he worked with the Jewish National Fund to design golden books—works in which the fund's donors were profiled. While in Jerusalem, David began to design a typeface family for the Hebrew script called David Hebrew. David settled permanently in New York City in 1953. David's art often accompanied religious texts. He died on 26 February 1996 in New York City. Ismar David Archive The Cary Graphic Arts Collection, a rare book library on the history of graphic communication, holds the Ismar David Papers. The collection contains correspondence, personal papers, photographs, writings, artwork, and publications that document David's life and career. Publications The Hebrew Letter: Calligraphic Variations (1990)	2.34375
69699756	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemalambda	Bemalambda	Bemalambda (meaning "stepped lambda") is a genus of extinct mammal, belonging to the pantodonts. It lived in the lower-middle Paleocene (about 63–58 million years ago) and the fossil remains have been found in China. Description It was a medium-size animal, and could reach the size of a large dog. The body was strong, the tail was short and the legs were strong and muscular. The skull was short and low, with a broad muzzle, swollen zygomatic processes, and a very small skull. The temporal fossae were deep, the sagittal crest prominent, and the coronoid process on the mandible was very high; these characteristics indicate a more developed temporal musculature (useful for chewing) than that of the subsequent pantodonts. Like all pantodonts, Bemalambda had upper premolars with V-shaped ectolofi; the upper molars, however, had a transverse structure, almost zalambdodonte, with closely paired paracone and metaconus, and did not possess the dilambdodont W-shaped structure like the typical pantodonts. The stylar platform of the teeth from the third premolar to the third molar was very broad, and the ``ectoflexus (an additional external indentation of the molars) was deeply incised. Classification	2.609375
69700012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Lin	Nancy Lin	Nancy Lin is an American oncologist who works at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and is an Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. Her research considers new diagnostic strategies and treatment pathways for HER2 positive breast cancer. Early life and education Lin was trained in medicine at Harvard Medical School. She remained in Massachusetts for her residency and fellowship, during which she was based at the Brigham and Women's Hospital. She completed her fellowship in oncology at the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute. She was awarded the Breast Cancer Research Foundation Westchester Women's Award in Memory of Marla Mehlman in 2007. Research and career After completing her medical training, Lin focused on the diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of people with breast cancer. In particular, she worked on HER2 positive breast cancer and breast cancer patients with brain metastasis. Lin has developed novel pharmaceuticals for patients whose breast cancer has spread to the brain. Cancer-related central nervous system and brain metastases result in genomic alterations which are poorly understood. Lin has used the EMBRACE (Ending Metastatic Breast Cancer for Everyone) database, which contains information from several thousand metastatic breast cancer patients. She sequenced almost 800 tumor samples. These investigations will help to identify genomic predictors of breast cancer related metastases. Lin is interested in the effectiveness of antibody-drug conjugates in early and metastatic-stage breast cancer. Amongst these, trastuzumab deruxtecan has demonstrated intracranial activity. She showed that Tucatinib in combination with trastuzumab can improve the outcomes of people with breast cancer and brain metastasis. Lin was made the Associate Chief of Breast Oncology at the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute in 2018. Selected publications	2.34375
69700169	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica%20Morales%20von%20Sauer	Angelica Morales von Sauer	Performances and recordings Her first performance in Carnegie Hall was in 1929, and she went on to recitals in Europe, Mexico, and the United States. After the death of her husband, she returned to Mexico where her endurance in her performances was noted. She also returned to venues such as Carnegie Hall which she played again in 1958. In March 1962, she recorded numerous works by her late husband Emil von Sauer for the Saarländischer Rundfunk. Angélica Morales von Sauer's comparatively small discography includes recorded the entire Well-Tempered Clavier of Bach and the Chopin Sonata No. 3. Awards and honors In 1958 she was named an honorary member of the Sigma Alpha Iota Fraternity, of the University School of Music in Ann Arbor. Michigan. In 1972, she received the Cross of Honor for Arts and Sciences from the Austrian Government. In 1995, the National Institute of Fine Arts of Mexico initiated the "Angélica Morales" National Piano Competition (Concurso Nacional de Piano "Angélica Morales"), which is held every three years in recognition of her career. The concert hall of the Escuela Superior de Música at the National Institute of Fine Arts bears the name of Angélica Morales.	2.21875
69700278	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Ethel%20Muir%20Donaldson	Mary Ethel Muir Donaldson	Mary Ethel Muir Donaldson known as M.E.M. Donaldson (19 May 1876 – 17 January 1958), was an early 20th century British author and photography pioneer, and described as an 'unconventional ethnographer'. Life Her father, Alexander Murray Donaldson (1834-1883), had emigrated from Scotland to Adelaide, Australia and returned to settle with her mother, Mary Isabella Muir (1840-1926) to live in Norwood, Surrey, England, where Mary Ethel Muir Donaldson was born. Family connections with the Donaldson shipping line were likely the source of the family's money, which in turn allowed her to undertake her research and writing. In Croydon she met her life long friend, illustrator Isabel Bonus (whose family wealth also came from ship broking) and they moved to Scotland. (Isabel's aunt was the famous and unconventional Anna Kingsford (nee Bonus).) She became a photographer to follow up her interest in her Scottish roots in the Clan Donald, in 1905 travelling to remote areas of Inverness-shire and Argyll with heavy photographic equipment. She wrote biographies of Scottish people (including herself) and also wrote about the religious differences in regions of Scotland. She was a 'High Anglican' and did not support the Scottish Presbyterian reformed church. Her biography says 'she wanted to find a way of life which was a challenge both to her mind and to her body.' Her images captured what were 'disappearing aspects' of rural life in the early 20th century. She was said to display sensitivity and artistic composition in her images, and also learned the sciences of chemistry and optics to process her photographs and modify the equipment she used. She worked with her friend and companion Isabel Bonus on the illustrations for some of her travel books until 'watercolour became too expensive' and she then used 900 photographs for her book Wanderings in the Western Highlands (1921) and apologised for the image quality.	2.78125
69700858	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crephelochares	Crephelochares	Crephelochares is a genus of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae represented by 29 described species. It is distributed across the Afrotropical, Australasian, Indo-Malayan, and Palaearctic realms. Taxonomy The genus Crephelochares was described for the first time by August Ferdinand Kuwert in 1890 as a subgenus of the genus Helochares. Then it was considered a synonym of Chasmogenus, but thanks to the results of a phylogenetic analysis involving molecular data, both taxa are now considered distinct genera on their own right. Description Small size (2.5–4.8 mm), bearing a clearly visible sutural stria; long maxillary palps; metafemora densely covered by hydrofuge pubescence. A diagnosis was presented by Girón and Short. Species Crephelochares abnormalis (Sharp, 1890) Crephelochares africanus (d'Orchymont, 1937) Crephelochares balkei (Short, 2010) Crephelochares cattienus (Hebauer, 2002) Crephelochares irianus (Hebauer, 2001) Crephelochares larsi (Hebauer, 1995) Crephelochares livornicus (Kuwert, 1890) Crephelochares luctuosus (d'Orchymont, 1939) Crephelochares lycetus (d'Orchymont, 1939) Crephelochares mauritiensis (Balfour-Browne, 1958) Crephelochares molinai (Hebauer, 1992) Crephelochares mollis (Régimbart, 1903) Crephelochares molluscus (Hebauer, 1992) Crephelochares nitescens (Fauvel, 1883) Crephelochares omissus (Hebauer, 1995) Crephelochares orbus (Watanabe, 1987) Crephelochares paramollis (Hebauer, 1992) Crephelochares parorbus (Jia and Tang, 2018) Crephelochares patrizii (Balfour-Browne, 1948) Crephelochares punctulatus (Short, 2010) Crephelochares rhodesiensis (Hebauer, 2006) Crephelochares ruandanus (Balfour-Browne, 1957) Crephelochares rubellus (Hebauer, 1992) Crephelochares rubricollis (Régimbart, 1903) Crephelochares rudis (Hebauer, 1992) Crephelochares rusticus (d'Orchymont, 1939) Crephelochares rutiloides (d'Orchymont, 1939) Crephelochares rutilus (d'Orchymont, 1925) Crephelochares szeli (Hebauer, 1992)	2.453125
69701007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace%20T.%20Elmo	Horace T. Elmo	Horace T. Elmo (3 April 1903 – October 23, 1992) was an American comic strip cartoonist particularly active in the 1930s and 1940s; he also ran a comic strip syndication service whose main claim to fame was that it employed Jack Kirby in the late 1930s. Biography He was born Arazio Theodore Elmo in Manhattan (later moving to Brooklyn and then the Bronx), the sixth of seven children of Italian immigrants Joseph and Josephine Elmo. It is not known if or where Elmo received art training, but early cartoons were published on the "amateur pages" in Judge magazine. After starting out as a stock clerk in the export business, he worked as a cartoonist with the local tabloid the New York Evening Graphic. Elmo's first recorded comic strip was the daily strip Little Otto, "which was to be syndicated beginning in 1926 by Wheeler-Nicholson, Inc. It’s unclear if the strip was ever published." His first professionally published work were six episodes of the recurring one-page feature Did You Know That for the film magazine Picture Play in 1932–1933. He started the weekly syndication service Lincoln Newspaper Syndicate (also known as Lincoln Features Syndicate and Lincoln News Syndicate) in 1935, beginning with Larry Antonette's Dash Dixon, and followed by Biff Baxter’s Adventures, Detective Riley, Little Buddy, Your Health Comes First!!!, and Socko the Sea Dog (a takeoff on Popeye). In the period 1935–1939, Elmo worked on a number of strips of his own, including Facts You Never Knew, The Fizzle Family, Goofus Family, and Laughs from Today's News. He also ghosted some Lincoln service strips, including Socko the Seadog and Your Health Comes First!!!.	2.390625
69701144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucisternum	Crucisternum	Crucisternum is a Neotropical genus of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae represented by seven described species known from the Guiana Shield Region. Taxonomy The genus Crucisternum was described for the first time by Girón & Short in 2018. It belongs in the subfamily Acidocerinae and contains seven described species from Brazil (Minas Gerais, Pará), French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Description Small beetles (2.0–2.5 mm), smooth and shiny dorsally, orange-brown to dark brown in coloration, with long maxillary palps. The most salient characteristic of the genus is the presence of a longitudinal carina on the prosternum, which is accompanied by a cruciform elevation on the mesoventrite. A complete diagnosis was presented by Girón and Short. Habitat According to Girón and Short "All species of the genus are associated with forested streams, usually along margins that contain ample detritus". Species Crucisternum escalera Girón and Short, 2018 Crucisternum ouboteri Girón and Short, 2018 Crucisternum queneyi Girón and Short, 2018 Crucisternum sinuatus Girón and Short, 2018 Crucisternum toboganensis Girón and Short, 2018 Crucisternum vanessae Girón and Short, 2018 Crucisternum xingu Girón and Short, 2018	2.25
69701496	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Sinclair%20%28physiologist%29	Jack Sinclair (physiologist)	John Desmond Sinclair (14 March 1927 – 11 February 2018) was a New Zealand neurophysiologist and middle-distance athlete who represented his country at the 1950 British Empire Games. He was involved in the establishment of the medical school at the University of Auckland in 1968, and was the school's foundation professor of physiology. Early life and family Born in Auckland on 14 March 1927, Sinclair was the fourth of 10 children of Ernest Duncan Sinclair and Florence Pyrenes Sinclair (née Kennedy). His siblings included the historian Keith Sinclair and the journalist and talkback radio host Geoff Sinclair. Jack Sinclair was educated at Mount Albert Grammar School, and went on to study at the University of Otago, from where he graduated Bachelor of Medical Sciences in 1948 and MB ChB. In 1952, Sinclair married Patricia Colleen Dunn, and the couple went on to have four children. Athletics Sinclair was prominent as a middle-distance athlete during his time as a student at the University of Otago. At the 1946 New Zealand University Easter tournament in Christchurch, he won the one mile, finished second in the 880 yards and third in the three miles. In 1947, he won the Otago 880 yards championship in a time of 2:02.2, defeating Arch Jelley, and was the New Zealand University champion for both the 880 yards and one mile. The following year, representing Otago, Sinclair won the first of his two New Zealand national one-mile titles, defeating Maurice Marshall in a time of 4:23.4 at the national championships in Dunedin, and also finished second in the 880 yards. A few weeks later, he broke Jack Lovelock's university record of 4:28.0 for the mile, running 4:23.6 at the Otago University sports. Also in 1948, Sinclair retained his New Zealand University 880 yards and one-mile titles.	2.25
69701795	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanders%27%20Knoxville%20Raid	Sanders' Knoxville Raid	Sanders' column forded the Holston River at Hayworth's Bend and headed for Powder Springs Gap in Clinch Mountain. The Union raiders soon found a Confederate force in front with a second pursuing force coming up behind. The column used country roads to evade the force in front and passed through the gap without resistance. When approaching Rogers' Gap (near Speedwell), the Union column discovered the road obstructed with felled trees and defended by infantry and artillery. Unable to use the road, Sanders destroyed his two artillery pieces plus three captured guns, ammunition, artillery wagons, and harness. Blocked by Confederate pursuers in front and rear, Sanders' men moved west and crossed Cumberland Mountain by Smith's Gap, as reported by Sanders, or by Childer's Gap, according to Hess. Sanders' escape was facilitated by some East Tennessee soldiers in his command who knew all the byways. The skirmishes in the area occurred on June 22. Sanders described Smith's Gap as a mere bridal path and noted that part of his force became separated near there. Dow and the missing 170 men eventually escaped and rejoined the column in Kentucky. Sanders' main column arrived at Boston, Kentucky, on June 24. Results	2.078125
69702770	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibervillea%20sonorae	Ibervillea sonorae	Ibervillea sonorae is a tuberous perennial plant in the Cucurbitaceae family known by the common names wereke, wareque, guarequi, and coyote melon. It is a highly variable species characterized by a large, succulent tuberous root, which in the dry sand of its native habitat resembles a gray, dust-covered boulder. Emerging from the root yearly are long, flexible liana-like shoots, which reach a length of three or more meters. This species is native to northwestern Mexico, being found in the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora and Sinaloa. Description A perennial plant with a large tuberous rootstock that resembles a boulder, shoots emerge annually with bright green leaves and have dioecious flowers and reddish or orangish fruits. The fruits are not bad smelling, but are unpalatable as they are very bitter. Morphology This plant has an enormous tuberous rootstock, filled with water and nutrients, which gives it marked vitality in the xeric environment. The large, succulent tuber blends in well with its arid habitat, with the irregularly shaped gray tuber giving the effect of stone. In spring, shoots may emerge, dying back in fall and emerging again the next year. The long, flexible liana-like shoots bear leaves and tendrils, and may reach a length of 3 m or more. The shoots are round, smooth, and green above, while gradually blending back into the tuber below. The tendrils are branched. On the shoots are the leaves, which are twice 3-cleft, colored bright green and lacking leaf glands. The dioecious flowers always appear with leaves, the male flowers in racemes and the female flowers solitary. The flowers open early in the morning, after dawn, and close in the afternoon. The petals are yellow. The fruits of the plant are about to long, and colored reddish to orange, "amber colored."	2.078125
69703027	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodon%20churahensis	Oligodon churahensis	Oligodon churahensis, the Churah Valley kukri snake, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. It was discovered when a photo of it was posted in Instagram and noticed by two biologists, leading to them contacting the poster and collecting specimens of the species. It is known only from the state of Himachal Pradesh in India. The common and specific name both refer to the Churah Valley, where it was discovered. Taxonomy The Churah Valley kukri snake was first photographed by Virender Bhardwaj, an Indian graduate student. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Bhardwaj began exploring his hometown, Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, and posting photos of what he found on Instagram. When he posted a photo of a kukri snake in June 2020, the biologists Zeeshan Mirza and Harshil Patel saw it and thought that it might be of an undescribed species. They contacted Bhardwaj, and a female holotype and a male paratype of the species were subsequently collected from near the village of Thanei Kothi in the Churah Valley on June 22 and June 25, respectively. The researchers concluded that the specimens represented a distinct species on the basis of DNA analysis and morphology, and described it as Oligodon churahensis. The specific name is a metonym after the Churah Valley, where the types of the species were collected. The Churah Valley kukri snake is one of over 80 species in the kukri snake genus Oligodon, and is most closely related to the banded kukri snake (O. arnensis).	2.34375
69703124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles-Fran%C3%A7ois%20Boulduc	Gilles-François Boulduc	Gilles-François Boulduc (born 20 February 1675 in Paris; died 17 January 1741 in Versailles) was a French pharmacist and chemist. Biography Boulduc was the son of (1652-1729), apothecary and chemistry demonstrator at the Royal Academy of Sciences. Gilles-François apprenticed as a pharmacist, studied Descartes' physics with Pierre-Sylvain Régis and medicine with Antoine de Saint-Yon at the Jardin du Roi. He was received on 14 March 1695, at the age of twenty, as a master apothecary then admitted to the apothecaries' guild. On 14 February 1699 he became a chemist's student of his father, at the Royal Academy of Sciences. He became apothecary to Madame Palatine in 1705 and held the position until 1722. In 1712 he became apothecary to King Louis XIV and remained so after his death, for King Louis XV. He did research at the Académie des Sciences from 1699, where he became assistant chemist in 1716 and associate chemist in 1727, succeeding François Pourfour du Petit. In 1717, he became judge of the commercial court (“Consul”), then, in 1726, an alderman of the city of Paris. This office ennobled him and allowed him to bear the title of squire. In 1731, he hosted Georges Buffon who arrived in Paris after his European tour. From 1736 to 1742, he was apothecary to Queen Marie Leszczyńska. Works Boulduc analysed organic substances and medicines. Dissatisfied with the dry distillation method, he studied the use of different solvents and examined, for example, the differences between aqueous and alcoholic solutions of organic substances. He was interested in laxatives (such as Ecballium elaterium) and worked a lot on salts, such as on the cathartic salt of Spain, produced by a spring near Madrid; on the salt of Dauphiné extracted from the earth near Grenoble (Glauber's salt); on the polycreste salt of Seignette; and on that of Epsom. Following Pierre Cressé, he researched the composition of the mineral waters of Passy and Forges as well as the waters of Bourbon-l'Archambault.	1.9375
71273811	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2089571	HD 89571	HD 89571 (HR 4062) is a binary star located in the northern circumpolar constellation Camelopardalis. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent magnitude of 5.51 and is estimated to be 142 light years away from the Solar System. However, it is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . The primary has a stellar classification of A9 V, indicating that it is an ordinary A-type main-sequence star. David S. Evans gave it a slightly warmer class of A6 V while Cowley et al. classified it as F0 IV, indicating a F-type subgiant. Nevertheless, the two components take roughly 2 years to orbit each other at a mean separation of . The components have masses of and , with the latter being a probable M-type star. HD 89571 has a radius of and a luminosity of . This yields an effective temperature of , giving a white hue. It is estimated to be 710 million years old and spins rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of ; it has a near solar metallicity, equating to an iron abundance 110% that of the Sun.	2.140625
71274077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudvika%20Did%C5%BEiulien%C4%97	Liudvika Didžiulienė	Her first short story Tėvynės sūnus (Son of the Homeland) was published in Varpas in 1892. It was the first Lithuanian work of fiction published by a woman. The story deals with Juozas Baublys, a young Lithuanian doctor who works for the benefit of the Lithuanian people. However, he weds a daughter of Polonized nobles, becomes ashamed of his low birth, and ceases his work for the public good. Similar theme of temptations faced by young activists is explored in the short story Dėl tėvynės! (For the Homeland!). It explores lives of five friends who upon graduation promise to be active in public life, but only the poorest one keeps his word. In Didžiulienės' works, many women, particularly those that are uneducated or of foreign birth, are depicted negatively as a force corrupting ideals of young Lithuanian men. Such women are greedy, selfish, caring only about domestic life and money. The most vivid of such characters is Uršulė Bitautienė from the short story Ne pagal Jurgio kepurė (first published in 1996). Her longest and one of the most important stories is Atgajėlė (written around 1895, first published in 1904) which tells the sentimental love story of Amelija, daughter of poor Polonized nobles, who rejects advances of a vainglorious noble and marries Jonas, an educated son of a local farmer. In her later works, Didžiulienė explored the topic of harsh, unhappy childhood. Stories such as Juzuko vargai (Plight of Juzukas), Našlaičių eglutė (Orphans' Christmas Tree), Tremtinių vaikai (Children of the Deportees) are sincere, compassionate, attuned to children's psychology. During the years spent in Yalta, Didžiulienė wrote several stories about the Crimean Tatars in which she explored not only material culture but also spiritual life of the Tatars.	2.625
71274225	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meisterfeldia	Meisterfeldia	Meisterfeldia is a genus of arcellinid testate amoebae erected in 2016 that unites several new species as well as old species previously found in the genus Cryptodifflugia. Five of the newly described species were first found and isolated from subarctic tundra soil surrounding a river near Chokurdakh, Russia, while the last one, described in 2021, was recovered from tree hollows in Moscow. Description Members of this genus are characterized by their ovoid, bilaterally symmetrical, laterally compressed tests. These tests are either colorless, yellow or brown, composed of proteinaceous material that lacks mineral particles. The test's aperture is circular, localized either in a ventrally subterminal position or a neck inclined vertically. Sometimes, the aperture's border shows a slight swelling. Taxonomy The genus Meisterfeldia is named after the German protozoologist Ralf Meisterfeld. It encompasses 6 species described so far, distinguished from each other through the shape and size parameters of their tests: Meisterfeldia chibisovi Bobrov 2016 (type species) Meisterfeldia wegeneri Bobrov 2016 Meisterfeldia polygonia Bobrov 2016 Meisterfeldia vanhoornei (Beyens et Chardez 1986) Bobrov 2016 [basionym: Difflugiella vanhoornei Beyens et Chardez 1986] Meisterfeldia turfacea (Zacharias 1903) Bobrov 2016 [basionym: Cryptodifflugia turfacea Zacharias 1903] Meisterfeldia bitsevi Bobrov & Mazei 2021	2.34375
71274435	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polson%20Logging%20Co.%202	Polson Logging Co. 2	In 1924, Saginaw Timber agreed to trade No. 2 for a larger steam engine with the North Western Lumber Company, and No. 2 was subsequently moved to North Western Lumber's location in Hoquiam, Washington. From there, No. 2 was reassigned to pull the North Western's logging trains in and out of Hoquiam until 1939. That year, the Polson Logging Company, which also ran out of Hoquiam, struck a deal with North Western Lumber, and despite their financial struggle from the Great Depression, Polson succeeded to purchase No. 2. The Polson Company already owned two other mikado engines that were based on No. 2's design, Nos. 70 and 101, but they didn’t perform as well as No. 2 did. No. 2 was reassigned again to take logs from New London, a logging area that earned the nickname Log City, to the company's lumber mills in Hoquiam. In 1948, the Polson Logging Company was bought out by Rayonier Incorporated, which inherited Polson's steam engines. Rayonier continued to use the engines to pull logging trains, until the early 1960s. By which time, diesel engines have replaced steam power in most commercial railroads, and most logging companies in the Pacific Northwest have switched to shipping logs by truck.	2.03125
71275436	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenopeltella%20stereocaulorum	Lichenopeltella stereocaulorum	Lichenopeltella stereocaulorum is a species of lichenicolous fungus belonging to the class Dothideomycetes. It was described in 2010 from an infected specimen of Stereocaulon botryosum. It has a similar appearance to Lichenopeltella cladoniarum but L. stereocaulorum has smaller spores and infects Stereocaulon species, while L. cladoniarum typically infects species of the Cladoniaceae and Physciaceae families. Distribution and habitat Lichenipeltella stereocaulorum has a Holarctic distribution in the tundra biome, although it has also been reported from Arctic desert and taiga. It is known from Russia and Canada. Pathogenicity and host species Lichenopeltella stereocaulorum infects the stems of Stereocaulon lichens, most commonly at the base of the stem. The following species are known hosts to Lichenopeltella sterecaulorum: Stereocaulon alpinum Stereocaulon botryosum Stereocaulon depressum Stereocaulon groenlandicum Stereocaulon paschale Stereocaulon rivulorum It causes no known symptoms of infection in the host.	2.171875
71275866	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%20Nobel%20Prize%20in%20Literature	1974 Nobel Prize in Literature	The authors Martin Armstrong, Herbert Ernest Bates, Buddhadeva Bose, Emma L. Brock, Carl Jacob Burckhardt, Arthur J. Burks, Rosario Castellanos, Cyril Connolly, Julius Evola, Marieluise Fleißer, Georgette Heyer, David Jones, Lois Lenski, Eric Linklater, Walter Lippmann, Sigurður Nordal, Howard Pease, Olive Higgins Prouty, Maria Ossowska, Anne Sexton, Jacqueline Susann, Jan Tschichold, Herman Van Breda and Victor E. van Vriesland died in 1974 without having been nominated for the prize. Prize decision As three members of the Swedish Academy had recently died in 1974, and Johnson and Martinson themselves did not take any part in the prize decision, the prize decision for the 1974 Nobel Prize in Literature was taken by at most thirteen individuals. Member Anders Österling revealed that the prize decision was "very unanimous". The Nobel committee proposed that the 1974 Nobel Prize in Literature should be awarded jointly to Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson. The committees second proposal was a shared prize to Nadine Gordimer (subsequently awarded in 1991) and Doris Lessing (awarded in 2007). Their third proposal was Saul Bellow (awarded in 1976), either awarded alone or shared with Norman Mailer, and their fourth proposal was Eugenio Montale (awarded in 1975). Committee member Artur Lundkvist opposed that the Swedish Academy should award the Nobel Prize to its own members and advocated a shared prize to Gordimer and Lessing. No other objections against the proposal to award Johnson and Martinson the prize was noted within the Academy. Reactions The joint selection of Eyvind Johnson and Martinson for the Nobel Prize was very controversial as both were members of the Swedish Academy, the institution that awards the Nobel Prize in Literature. Graham Greene, Jorge Luis Borges, Saul Bellow (awarded in 1976) and Vladimir Nabokov were favourites to win the award that year.	2.1875
71276156	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roos%20Vanotterdijk	Roos Vanotterdijk	2023 Flemish Championships At the 2023 Flemish Open Swimming Championships, conducted in long course metres and held in February in Antwerp, Belgium, Vanotterdijk set six new Belgian records in individual events over a period of two days. On 10 February, she set a 54.72 in the preliminaries of the 100 metre freestyle and a 54.51 in the final of the 100 metre freestyle. On 11 February, she set a 1:00.08 in the preliminaries of the 100 metre backstroke, a 25.29 in the preliminaries of the 50 metre freestyle, a 59.62 in the final of the 100 metre backstroke (becoming the first Belgian woman faster than 1:00:00 in the event), and a 25.17 in the final of the 50 metre freestyle. On 12 February, she brought her total number of Belgian records in individual events for the competition to nine, setting new national marks of 28.06 seconds in the preliminaries of the 50 metre backstroke, 57.82 seconds in the preliminaries of the 100 metre butterfly, and 27.97 seconds in the final of the 50 metre backstroke. The following month, she became age-eligible to compete at the 2023 World Junior Swimming Championships and through the end of the 2023 year for world junior records when World Aquatics raised its age cut-off to 18 years of age for female swimmers from its previous cut-off of 17 years of age.	1.90625
71276299	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich%20Codex%20Hebraica%2095	Munich Codex Hebraica 95	The Munich Codex Hebraica 95 ("Munich, Bayerische Staatbibliothek, Cod. Heb. 95) was written by Solomon b. Samson (Shlomo ben Shimshon) in France. He completed his copying task in 1342. It is the only existing handwritten copy of the entire Babylonian Talmud "without Christian censorship." Ease of tracing ownership has been facilitated since "numerous owners" wrote their name. It has been described as "containing 577 pages." Munich naming The original owner can't be determined, since a subsequent owner erased that owner's name, a practice that subsequent owners did not follow. Although it was written in France, it stopped moving from private owner to private owner when, together with other Jewish works, it was transferred to a government owned library in Munich, "and hence its name." The 95 reflects how it was cataloged. The Munich Bayerische Staatsbibliothek's origin in the 16th century, particularly its holding of Hebrew and Yiddish language articles, can be viewed here. An online copy of what is sometimes called The Munich Talmud is available here, although "it doesn't number individual pages with the 'modern' numbering system."	2.046875
71276848	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokaloka%2C%20Suriname	Lokaloka, Suriname	Lokaloka (also: Loka) is a village of Paramacca maroons in the Sipaliwini District of Suriname. The village is located on an island in the Marowijne River. Lokaloka is the last village of the Paramacca people. History The inhabitants of Lokaloka originate from about 150 slaves who escaped plantation around 1830. The maroons were led by Da Asede who founded Lokaloka as their settlement. The island measures 500 by 100 metres. It is almost completely built up, and has been extended on the river bank on the Surinamese side. About 150 people live on the island, another 50 have settled on the river bank. Overview Lokaloka has a school, but no clinic, and is dependent on Nason. There is a supermarket and an overnight stay on the bank. Electricity is provided by Diesel generators. There is no clean drinking water. The village has mobile phone access. Lokaloka can only be reached by boat, and is located about 2 hours from Langatabiki. Plans have been developed to extended the road at Snesiekondre to Lokaloka. Hendrik Ceder was the captain (village chief) in 2016.	2
71277360	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Harry%20S.%20Truman%20Research%20Institute%20for%20the%20Advancement%20of%20Peace	The Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace	Activities The institute hosts the following: The Stanley and Roberta Bogen Library, whose vast collection of journals and special archives support the institute's research areas. The Abba Eban Centre for Israeli Diplomacy, which promotes connections among ambassadors and parliamentary representatives from around the world. The Abba Eban Archive - which contains the personal archive of Abba Eban, Israel's former foreign minister. The Truman Institute serves as a research and cooperation platform for over 50 research fellows, who come from various backgrounds and diverse areas of expertise. Discourse is promoted about peace and conflict resolution and the institute tackles historical as well as current events. In 2022, the Truman Institute held events such as: 40 Years since the First Lebanon War, One Year since the May 2021 Riots, and a 4-part movie series. In 2021, while most events moved online due to the COVID pandemic, the Truman Institute held several books launches for our researcher's publications as well as webinars on the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the prisoner escape from Gilboa prison. In 2020, the Truman Institute announced the publication of the Truman Institute’s Atlas of Maps of the Israeli-Arab Conflict, edited by the Institute research fellow Dr. Shaul Arieli. It can be downloaded for free in Hebrew, English, Arabic, French, German, and Russian. Also in 2020, the institute held events analyzing the assassination of Qasem Soleimani, how COVID-19 might influence the conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza, the annexation plan of the Jordan Valley and more. In 2019, former US president, Jimmy Carter, gave a special and exclusive address (which can be found in the institute's YouTube channel) as part of the Truman Peace Conference whose topic was the 40th anniversary for the Israeli-Egyptian peace accords. In addition, the Institute runs a special scholarship program for doctoral and post-doctoral students whose research deals with the topic of peace and conflict resolution.	2.546875
71277421	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium%28II%29%20titanate	Europium(II) titanate	Europium(II) titanate is a black mixed oxide of europium and titanium, with the chemical formula of EuTiO3. It crystallizes in the perovskite structure. History EuTiO3 was first examined in 1966 by McGuire, Shafer, Joenk, Halperin and Pickart where the magnetic structure was examined. This compound received more attention at the beginning of the 21st century (2001 to 2015) due to the low-temperature phase transition to antiferromagnetic behavior at TN = 5.5 K, which has a significant influence on the dielectric constant. Preparation Dried Eu2O3 and Ti2O3 are mixed 1:1 and reacted in an argon atmosphere at 1400 °C: Eu2O3 + Ti2O3 -> 2EuTiO3 The europium is reduced and the titanium is oxidized. Properties Europium(II) titanate has two different crystal forms depending on the temperature. The phase transition occurs at 282 K. The low temperature form crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I4/mcm (space group No. 140) with the lattice parameters a = 551.92(2) pm, c = 781.64(8) pm (measured at 90 K). The higher temperature form has a cubic form with Pmm (space group No. 221) with lattice parameter a = 390.82(2) pm (measured at 300 K). The transition temperature of the crystal structure from the low-temperature to the high-temperature phase increases with increasing pressure. The compound becomes G-type antiferromagnetic below 5.5 K. The specific heat capacity is 125 J·mol−1·K−1 (at 600 K). 125 J·mol−1·K−1290 K is 7,6 W·m−1·K−1 and the electrical conductivity is 105 (Ω·m)−1(at 330 K).	2.046875
71278038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20Sri%20Lankan%20presidential%20election	2024 Sri Lankan presidential election	Platforms Ranil Wickremesinghe highlighted his administration's success in resolving shortages of basic goods. Anura Kumara Dissanayake campaigned on a platform promoting economic freedoms and welfare protections for the working class. Sajith Premadasa vowed to mitigate the impact of the International Monetary Fund's restructuring programme on the poor and promised devolved political powers to the Tamil minority. Namal Rajapaksa pledged to reduce tax burdens, attributing the recent economic and political crises to the COVID-19 pandemic. Debates The first presidential debate was scheduled for 7 September 2024, hosted by the March 12 Movement. Four candidates, Sajith Premadasa, Namal Rajapaksa, Dilith Jayaweera, and P. Ariyanethiran, confirmed their participation. The debate took place at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall (BMICH) and was broadcast live on mainstream television and social media platforms. However, despite initial confirmations, only Dilith Jayaweera attended the debate. Election monitors Following an invitation from the Election Commission of Sri Lanka, the European External Action Service (EEAS) of the European Union (EU) will deploy an Election Observation Mission (EOM) to observe the Presidential Election scheduled for 21 September. The Election Commission further announced that representatives from 12 countries have been invited to observe the upcoming election. Among those participating are South Asian countries such as India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and the Maldives, as well as a Commonwealth observer group (COG) and representatives from the Asian Election Observation Network. Campaign finances	2.09375
71278089	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty%20Years%27%20War%2C%201579%E2%80%931588	Eighty Years' War, 1579–1588	Parma had long been hampered by the provision in the Treaty of Arras which prohibited stationing of Spanish mercenaries (the troops of the best quality) in the provinces that belonged to the Southern union. However, after his war with the Turks had finally ended, Philip's finances had significantly improved and he had been able to steadily increase the number of troops available to Parma. By October 1582, Parma had an army of 61,000 troops available, mostly of high quality. By that time the Walloon provinces also relented their opposition against taking in Spanish troops. These improvements were soon translated into military successes. In June 1581 Parma had already captured William of Orange's own town of Breda, thereby driving a wedge into the territory of the States-General in Brabant. In 1582 he made further advances into Gelderland and Overijssel. There the war had been going to and fro between the forces of the Union of Utrecht and the royalists. Rennenberg had died in the Summer of 1581, but was ably replaced by Francisco Verdugo, who defeated the English mercenaries of Sir John Norris (of Rijmenam fame) opposing him in Friesland at the Battle of Noordhorn. He was in turn defeated by Norreys in trying to capture the important fort at Niezijl. Verdugo then pushed south – capturing Lochem would topple Zutphen and Deventer. However he was forced to lift his siege of Lochem, but on his way back north captured the fortress city of Steenwijk, the key to the north-east of the Netherlands, which always had eluded Rennenberg. On 18 March 1582, Juan de Jáuregui attempted to assassinate William. He survived, but suffered severe injuries, which made him unable to campaign for a time. 1583	2.484375
71278089	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty%20Years%27%20War%2C%201579%E2%80%931588	Eighty Years' War, 1579–1588	Meanwhile, Anjou had become weary of the restraints placed on his authority by the civilians of the States-General and he attempted to seize power in Flanders and Brabant by way of a military coup. He seized Dunkirk and several other Flemish cities, but in Antwerp the citizens (remembering the 1576 sack) came to arms and massacred the French troops in the streets, an event known as the French Fury of 17 January 1583. The popularity of both Anjou and William of Orange (who was seen as his main promotor) now sank to new lows, especially in Antwerp. Nevertheless, William tried to arrange a reconciliation, but both Anjou and the people of Brabant had had enough, and Anjou left for France in June. Morale in the cities still held by the States-General in the South sagged. Dunkirk and Nieuwpoort fell without a shot to Parma, leaving only Ostend as a major rebel enclave along the coast. In despair, William now left Brabant for good. He again established his headquarters in the Dutch city of Delft in July 1583, followed by the States-General in August (the latter eventually settled in nearby The Hague). He had returned to his starting point from 1576. His prestige with the States of Holland and Zeeland had appreciably declined since those halcyon days, however. The States had since greatly increased their self-confidence as a budding government.	2.421875
71278286	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulcs%C3%BA%20L%C3%A1d	Bulcsú Lád	Around the same year, Pope Gregory entrusted him to investigate the jurisdictional conflict between the Kolozsmonostor Abbey and Raynald of Belleville, the Bishop of Transylvania; the prelate ignored and violated the monastery's privileges and rights, while Raynald accused the convention of violating his episcopal rights. After a hearing of both parties in Rome, the pope delegated Bulcsú and two other clerics – the Bishop of Cumania (possibly Theodoric) and the provost of Bethlen (present-day Beclean, Romania) – to judge over the lawsuit in November 1235. During the conclusion of the Oath of Bereg (August 1233), papal legate James of Pecorara instructed Bulcsú and four other Hungarian prelates, whose dioceses were inhabited by a significant number of Muslim or Jewish communities, to separate those people from Christian settlements and ensure the permanence of segregation during their annual cruises. Upon King Andrew's request, Pope Gregory IX allowed the investigation of the separation of non-Christians to take place once every two years after 1235. The pope mandated Bulcsú and two clergymen to judge over the lawsuit between Archbishop Robert of Esztergom and the abbey of Garamszentbenedek (today Hronský Beňadik, Slovakia) in September 1235.	2.34375
71278286	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulcs%C3%BA%20L%C3%A1d	Bulcsú Lád	Conflict with the Bizere Abbey In the 1230s, Bulcsú Lád was embroiled in a harsh and unprecedented confrontation with the Benedictine abbey of Bizere, which laid on the left bank of the river Mureș (Maros) in Arad County (present-day Frumușeni, Romania). Bulcsú intended to exercise right of patronage (ius patronatus) over the monastery. In response, the unidentified abbot filed a complaint to papal legate James of Pecorara, who resided in Hungary since 1232. Following an investigation process, the legate ruled in favor of the abbot. Bulcsú refused to acknowledge the verdict; his episcopal troops plundered and seized the territory of the Bizere Abbey, capturing and imprisoning the abbot and 32 Benedictine friars. Thereafter, the bishop appointed his confidant, a certain friar Cornelius as abbot of the monastery. Pope Gregory demanded the release of the prisoners and established an investigation court, which suspended Bulcsú from his bishopric and excommunicated some of his confidants, convicting them for sacrilege.	2.328125
71278286	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulcs%C3%BA%20L%C3%A1d	Bulcsú Lád	The bishop justified his absence with his old age and severe diseases, including the near-blindness of his eyes. Therefore, Pope Gregory appointed the abbot of Zirc, the prior of the Knights Hospitaller in Hungary and Lucas, the provost of Győr to verify Bulcsú's claims in his letter issued August 1237. If Bulcsú was found unfit to fulfill his dignity, he had to be forced to resign and a new bishop should have been elected to supervise the observance of canon law, according to the papal instruction. Bulcsú sent his envoy (procurator) to Rome, where James of Pecorara dealt with the issue. The envoy emphasized Bulcsú's poor health and questioned the credibility of witnesses regarding previous investigations conducted by the abbot of Pécsvárad and his co-judges. A repeated trial proved that some monks from Bizere were also involved in the massacre on the bishop's side. These persons were excommunicated to, also maintaining the validity of previous judgments against Cornelius and his companions. The pope renewed the mandate of Lucas and his co-judges in 1238. The Holy See ordered to appoint auxiliary bishops to assist the "seriously ill" Bulcsú, but the investigation process did not find the bishop so ill that this would have been necessary, and sent their report to Rome by July 1238. Pope Gregory authorized his chaplain Johannes de Civitella, who resided in Hungary during that time, and the abbot of Pilis in February 1241 to examines Bulcsú's state of health. The pope suspected that the previous investigators had all covered for the bishop, withholding the truth from the Holy See. The imminent Mongol invasion of Hungary, which was followed by the death of Pope Gregory IX and a multi-year sede vacante from the end of the year swept Bulcsú's case away simultaneously in Hungary and the Holy See. Mongol invasion and aftermath	2.09375
71278902	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis%20Jeanne%20Creore	Phyllis Jeanne Creore	Creore was Miss Television at the 1939 New York World's Fair, demonstrating TV to fair attendees. As she interviewed people in a garden outside the RCA exhibit, coaxial-cable connections enabled audiences of more than 400 people to watch the interviews indoors on 20 TV sets. She co-starred in Hollywood Dreams, a twice-weekly daytime program that debuted on May 28, 1940, on CBS radio. The program focused on a "movie-struck girl, who works as waitress in a resort hotel to raise funds for a trip to Hollywood". Beginning on August 28, 1942, Creore starred in Canteen Girl, a radio program that was "designed to raise the spirits of members of the armed services". A 2016 report on NBC described the show as "essentially a home-cooked counter-punch to the infamous 'Tokyo Rose' broadcasts airing Japanese propaganda and anti-American rhetoric during the war." The 15-minute program was broadcast on Fridays at 6:30 p.m. Eastern Time on NBC's Red Network. It featured dramatic monologues and popular songs by Creore, based on her experiences as she volunteered once a week at the Stage Door Canteen in New York City, serving refreshments to servicemen and dancing with them. Domestic broadcasts of the program were supplemented by shortwave transmissions to troops overseas. She wrote the words and music for "This Is My Wish", the show's theme song, the lyrics of which began, "I wish you luck in everything you do, that all your cares will disappear from view . . ." Military men wrote letters to Creore, such as one that said, "The gang really enjoys hearing you act those 'skits', and believe me when I say, 'you make them feel as if their own girl was talking to them'". A seaman wrote, "I'm in the hospital, and it [the program] makes me feel like I am at a canteen, if you know what I mean." Creore sometimes read such letters on the air, and she kept them in scrapbooks that were with her in her Fifth Avenue apartment when she died.	2.046875
71278904	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Nunes%20Nabarro	David Nunes Nabarro	David Nunes Nabarro (27 February 1874 – 3 October 1958) was a British physician who was the first bacteriologist at the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children in London, and the hospital's first director of pathology. In 1903, he with David Bruce, Aldo Castellani and Cuthbert Christy established that sleeping sickness was caused by the blood parasite, Trypanosoma, and that it was transmitted by tsetse fly. Biography Nabarro was born in London to business parents. He was homeschooled till the age of 10. He entered Dame Alice Owen's School in Herdfordshire for secondary education and completed matriculation in 1890. With Andrews Scholarship, he joined the University College Hospital, London, from where he obtained a B.Sc. with honours in chemistry in 1893, at age 19. He qualified an M.B. in 1898 and travelled to the Far East to study tropical diseases. He briefly worked as house physician and demonstrator at UCH. Nabarro earned an M.D with gold medal in 1899. The same year he joined the faculty of the University College, London as an assistant professor of pathology. As he earned a Doctor of Public Health degree in 1901, he was inducted a member of the Royal College of Physicians, and Membership of the Royal Colleges of Physicians. He immediately worked as the first pathologist at the Evelina London Children's Hospital. In 1905, Nabarro worked at West Riding Asylum at Wakefield. Before long he was appointed pathologist at the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, where he worked till his retirement in 1939.	2.21875
71278945	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aline%20Reese%20Blondner	Aline Reese Blondner	Aline Reese Blondner (April 29, 1841 – June 29, 1931) was an American musician and music educator. Widely known as pianist, organist and teacher, she trained with Asger Hamerik, Carl Reinecke, and Franz Liszt, and performed with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra and the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Early life and education Aline (sometimes spelled, "Alline") Reese was born in Coweta County, Georgia, April 29, 1841. Her father was Rev. Augustus Reese, the son of a wealthy planter of southern Georgia; he was a graduate of Oxford College. Her mother was Celeste Dewel Reese, who was born in the Adirondack Mountains; she was educated in Troy Female Seminary, Troy, New York. She received a classical education from her father. Her first musical instruction was given to her by her mother. They were both well-known educators. With quick memorization, Aline played the piano at first sight at the age of eight. As a young child, she appeared in many public exhibitions, playing piano compositions which required technical skill and ability. She received further musical education from Prof. George Briggs on piano, violin and guitar, and on the organ from Prof. Charles Blondner, of Philadelphia. In 1878, she took lessons from Prof. Asger Hamerik, of Baltimore. In 1879, she went to Leipzig, Germany, where she took private lessons from Carl Reinecke for two years. In the summer of 1881, she went to Weimar, where Franz Liszt received her as a pupil.	2.515625
71279630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercidospora%20stereocaulorum	Cercidospora stereocaulorum	Cercidospora stereocaulorum is a species of lichenicolous fungus in the genus Cercidospora but it has not been assigned to a family. It is known to parasitise lichens of the genus Stereocaulon. Similar species Cercidospora stereocaulorum is very similar to Cercidospora punctillata and Cercidospora decolorella but they can be told apart from their spore biology and their host species. Cercidospora punctillata grows on various lichens, most commonly Solorina crocea and species of Peltigera. while Cercidospora decolorella grows on mosses. Cercidospora alpina also grows on species of Stereocaulon and can therefore be confused with Cercidospora stereocaulorum. Distribution Cercidospora stereocaulorum has been reported from Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Russia, including Wrangel Island and Svalbard. Host species and symptoms It grows on phyllocladia, stems and occasionally cephalodia and old apothecia of its host species. It can induce gall-like swellings up to 1.5 mm in diamerter and the infected host tissues can become pinkish or slightly bleached. Infection does not induce any other known symptoms. Host species include: Stereocaulon alpinum Stereocaulon botryosum Stereocaulon depressum Stereocaulon glareosum Stereocaulon groenlandicum Stereocaulon intermedium Stereocaulon paschale Stereocaulon rivulorum Stereocaulon saxatile Stereocaulon subcoralloides Stereocaulon symphycheilum Stereocaulon vesuvianum	2.265625
71279683	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining%20in%20ancient%20Rome	Mining in ancient Rome	The Romans usually built quarries near the seas or rivers. Upon finding an adequate place for a quarry, the rock was withered away, usually through trial trenching. Afterwards, a line of holes would be chiseled into the rock surface, and wedges would proceed to be inserted into these holes, which were then used to pull the rock apart. The workers would proceed to shape the area with stone blocks. Ancient Roman quarries used stone cairns to supply the material necessary for slipway ramps, which were used to access the quarry and carry out the mined material. Cranes may have also been used to drag material out of quarries. Camels, donkeys, wagons, or ships may have been used as work animals to assist the miner's efforts. The workers may have slept, relaxed, and possibly lived in huts that were placed by the quarries. One quarry has a village of 16 huts, 15 of which are organized in a circle. Another quarry used an L-shaped building with many rooms, and 5 multi-room sections. This building likely served as a dining area and a social area for the workers and administrators of the quarry. Some quarries had watchtowers, which were likely used for long-distance communication or to watch over the labor of prisoners. Forts, temples, baths, and cemeteries were present in the quarry at Wadi Abu Ma'amel. In this quarry, the slipway routes ended in a flat pedestal, and chippings of black porphyry covered the loading ramp.	2.953125
71279811	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Bjerre	Andreas Bjerre	Personal life and death In 1904 Bjerre married Countess Amelie Posse, later a noted author, pacifist, and anti-Nazist. Posse's mother Gunhild Wennerberg (1860-1925) married Andreas Bjerre's brother Poul the year after. In the same year Posse gave birth to their only child, Sören Christer Bjerre (1905-1967), who was declared insane in 1921 but eventually in adulthood became a journalist. Andreas Bjerre and Posse were divorced in 1912 and Bjerre married Baroness Ida Magdalena (Madeleine) Bennet the same year. During the first world war Bjerre met the Swedish female author Ulla Bjerne, then living in Denmark. Bjerne later described Bjerre as one of only two men who had ever been important to her, the other being her husband Léon Biaudet. Bjerre resigned his position at Dorpat University in spring 1925 due to illness. He committed suicide in November 1925 in a guest-house in Tyinge through an overdose of veronal, in bed with his wife Madeleine embracing him. Poul Bjerre later accused Madeleine of murder as she had not called for a doctor. Portrayal in Bära bud The relationship between the Poul and Andreas Bjerre was the subject of the 2008 historical novel Bära bud by Norwegian author Håkan Bravinger, which was based on the diaries kept by the two brothers as well as other historical documents. In the novel Bravinger portrays Andreas Bjerre's death, leaving a note for his wife Madeleine and for his mother. His brother Poul, for whom Andreas had often expressed great hatred in his diaries, is portrayed as refusing to accept that it was suicide. Andreas Bjerre is portrayed as having dyslexia, and as someone who drank heavily and was known to frequent prostitutes.	2.140625
71280168	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AEr%20Xidir%20Sil%C3%AAman	Pîr Xidir Silêman	After Kurds achieved semi-autonomy in 1991, Yazidis were given an unprecedented freedom to express themselves, Yazidi scholars became active and Yazidi research centers were established. Pîr Xidir, together with his colleague Khalil Jindy, played roles in raising Yazidi awareness through establishing Yazidi research centers that specialized in Yazidi affairs. Pîr Xidir headed the "Lalish Center" that was founded in Iraq, whereas Khalil Jindy led "Ezidism Center" which was established abroad. The “Lalish Center”, founded 1993, was the first research center that focused on Yazidi culture and heritage and sought to clarify the truth about Yazidism, its philosophy, identity, customs and rituals. Its establishment was a turning point due to its publications of studies and research on Yazidi heritage and folklore. It has published and documented Yazidi traditions, beliefs and collected religious scripts, rituals and feasts through its "Lalish magazine" which publishes in Kurdish, Arabic and English. The Center has held cultural seminars and festivals, provided a well-established floor for scholars of Yazidism, and published and printed the education textbooks about Yazidism which are used in the elementary schools within the Yazidi areas of Kurdistan Region. Pîr Xidir started writing in Arabic again after 1991 and was active through "Lalish magazine" and the Lalish Cultural Center, however he returned to his silence when ISIS took over Sinjar and committed genocides against Yazidis. Forty days after ISIS occupation of Sinjar, he set fire to his works in Arabic to protest against the silence and failure of Arabs to condemn the criminal acts against Yazidis and to express his disappointment over his decades of writing in Arabic not having changed the stereotypes of the beliefs and origin of Yazidism.	2.34375
71280305	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20Washington%20wildfires	2022 Washington wildfires	The 2022 Washington wildfire season officially began in March 2022. As of August 4, 2022, there have been four large wildfires that have burned across the US state of Washington. This season started quieter than normal due to unusually colder weather that kept Eastern and Southeastern Washington burning index's largely below normal into July. As of October 2022, a total of of land in the state was burned – the fewest number of acres burned since 2012. Season narrative Monsoon-driven thunderstorm activity started several wildfires in August. One of these located south of Lind in Adams County was ignited on the morning of August 4 and grew to more than . It resulted in 10 homes burned and the evacuation of the town. Smoke from the Cedar Creek Fire in central Oregon moved into Southwest Washington then the Puget Sound region on September 10; on that day Seattle recorded the worst air quality of any major city in the world. The Bolt Creek Fire, a human-caused wildfire on the western slopes of the Cascades September 10–11, caused the closure of U.S. Highway 2 for over a week in September, and the evacuation of Skykomish, Washington. By early October the fire was 36 percent contained and continuing to spread northwards into the Wild Sky Wilderness, causing poor air quality in western Washington. Highway 2 was closed again on October 5 and 9–10 to remove burned trees threatening road safety, and intermittent closures were expected to continue later in October. On the weekend of October 15–16, easterly winds over the Cascades brought dry, subsiding air and record temperatures to the Puget Sound area. The weather conditions contributed to the initiation and expansion of fires on the west slopes of the Cascades, and the worst air quality of the season so far occurred in Seattle that weekend. Fires included the Nakia Creek Fire in Southwest Washington and one on private timberland near Loch Katrine in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness 30 miles east of Seattle. Flames from the Loch Katrine fire could be seen from Seattle.	2.375
71280843	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%20Major%20League%20Baseball%20postseason	1995 Major League Baseball postseason	Broadcasting This was the only postseason in which telecasts were produced by The Baseball Network, the broadcasting joint venture between ABC, NBC and Major League Baseball that began in the 1994 season. Under the original plan, NBC was supposed to air both League Championship Series in even-numbered years while ABC would have all four Division Series and the World Series. Then in odd-numbered years, ABC was supposed to air both League Championship Series while NBC would have all four Division Series and the World Series. After the 1994–95 MLB strike forced the cancellation of the 1994 postseason and delayed the start of the 1995 regular season, both networks elected to dissolve the partnership with MLB on June 22, 1995. To salvage the remains of the partnership, ABC and NBC elected to share coverage of the 1995 postseason including the World Series. The Baseball Network still kept its original plan that not all postseason games (aside from the World Series) were guaranteed to be shown nationally. To increase viewership by preventing games from being played in the afternoon (the league was the only professional sports league in the country to play postseason games on weekday afternoons), the National League and American League's Division and Championship Series games were instead played simultaneously in primetime, and affiliates could only air one game each night, which were again determined regionally. If one playoff series had already concluded, the remaining games would be aired nationally. For example, Games 1 and 2 of all four Division Series were aired regionally on NBC on October 3–4 before ABC televised Games 3 and 4 on October 6–7. Likewise, Games 1 and 2 of both LCS were regionally televised on ABC on October 10–11 before NBC aired Games 3 and 4 on October 13–14. ABC then had Games 1, 4, and 5 of World Series while NBC aired Games 2, 3, and 6. Had the World Series gone to a seventh game, it would have then been broadcast by ABC.	2.109375
71281155	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20in%20Buddhism	A in Buddhism	The phoneme A (Nagari: अ, Siddham: 𑖀) is an important symbol and seed mantra in Mahayana Buddhism as well as in Vajrayana Buddhism. In Mahayana A is the first vowel of the Sanskrit alphabet. Mahayana Buddhism invested the phoneme with mystical significance, associated with the doctrine of emptiness. In Sanskrit, when a is used as a prefix, it negates the meaning of a word. Thus, for example, svabhāva, “with essence,” can be changed to asvabhāva, “without essence.” The letter also came to signify the Mahayana teaching of Prajñāpāramitā (the Perfection of Wisdom). One of the Prajñāpāramitā sutras is the short The Perfection of Wisdom Mother in One Syllable (ekākṣarīmātāprajñāpāramitā). The sutra opens and closes like a regular Prajñāpāramitā sutra (with a typical introductory nidana), but the actual teaching of the sutra is one syllable: A. According to this sutra, all Prajñāpāramitā teachings are contained in "A". The Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramita Sutra (The Perfection of Wisdom in 25,000 lines) contains a method for meditating on the letters of the Arapacana alphabet (an alphabet associated with Karosthi) as part of a practice which is termed "entrance into the door of the dhāraṇīs, the entrance into the exposition of the letters". Beginning with the letter A, the sutra states that this letter signifies "anutpāda", "non-arising" or "not-born." Specifically, the sutra states that A "is a door to the insight that all dharmas are unproduced from the very beginning (akāro mukhaḥ sarvadharmāṇāṃ ādyanutpannavāt)."	2.703125
71281159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werewere	Werewere	Werewere was a seventeenth-century Māori rangatira (chieftain) of Ngāti Kurapoto and Ngāti Tūwharetoa from the region around Lake Taupō, New Zealand. Werewere joined the dominant chieftain of Ngāti Tūwharetoa, Tamamutu, on an expedition against Rotorua, but the two men clashed and Tamamutu expelled him from the Taupō region. Werewere settled at Motu-o-rūrū in Heretaunga (western Hawke's Bay Region), from which Werewere launched a successful raid on Taupō. He died peacefully at Motu-o-rūrū. Life Werewere was the son of Tūwharetoa a Turiroa and Hine-te-ao. Through his father, he was a direct descendant of Tuamatua, leader of the Arawa canoe. His mother was killed when he was young during an attack by Ngāti Raukawa forces led by Te Ata-inutai. He had one full sister, Tawhanga-rangi, and a half-brother, Te Urunga. Conflict with Tamamutu Werewere joined Tamamutu and Te Rangi-patoto on an expedition to Rotorua against Te Roro-o-te-rangi. On the way to Rotorua, the party encountered two young men called Tiki and Kaui and killed them. These men were relatives of Tamamutu and he had been warned by Werewere, when the expedition set out that he should not kill them. When Werewere found out, he went to Hipa-patua and cut the expeditions canoes free, sending them over the Huka Falls to destruction. When Tamamutu and Te Rangi-patoto returned to Hipa-patua and found that their canoes had all been destroyed, they were furious and they went by land to attack Werewere's village, Papohatu, on Lake Rotongaio, but were unable to capture it. When they returned to attack Papohatu once more they found that Werewere had abandoned the village for Motu-o-rūrū, located on the Mangaone River near Te Pōhue in Hawke's Bay.	2.390625
71281333	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halal%20conspiracy%20theories	Halal conspiracy theories	Halal conspiracy theories revolve around a series of Islamophobic conspiracy theories and hoaxes regarding halal certification in products such as food, beverages and cosmetics. The claims usually made include that the sale of halal-certified goods in stores is a precursor to the terrorization or institution of Sharia law in a non-Muslim country, that the fees paid by companies for halal certification fund Islamic terrorism, that halal slaughter for meat is cruel, unhygienic or constitutes as animal sacrifice, among others. The spread of these claims has resulted in boycotts and harassment campaigns against businesses who sell halal-certified products, most notably in Australia and India, although anti-halal boycott movements also exist in Denmark, France, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. Background Halal, an Arabic word which translates to "permissible" in English, contrasted with haram ("forbidden"), designates things – including but not limited to food – that are lawful for Muslims to practice or consume, in accordance with the Quran. Islamic dietary laws dictate that food items must not contain pork or alcohol, and that halal animals must be slaughtered by a Muslim with the butcher uttering "In the name of Allah" before quickly slashing the animal's throat with a sharp knife, letting all blood drain out. Certification for halal products is given by legal authorities in most Muslim-majority countries, while in other countries it is voluntarily acquired by companies and issued by non-governmental organizations for an annual fee.	2.28125
71281342	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliur%20Rahman	Oliur Rahman	Shah Oliur Rahman (, ; 1916 — 2006) was a Bangladeshi Islamic scholar, writer, politician and female education activist. Early life and education Oliur Rahman was born in 1916 to a Bengali Muslim family in the village of Batiail in Kanaighat, Sylhet District. He was the son of Ibrahim Ali Tashna, an Islamic scholar, and Asiya Khatun. His paternal grandfather, Mawlana Mufti Shah Abdur Rahman Qadri was descended from Shah Taqiuddin, a 14th-century Sufi missionary and companion of Shah Jalal. His education began at the Umarganj Primary School, and then at Imdadul Uloom Umarganj madrasa established by his father. In 1937, he completed his fazil certification from Gachhbari Jamiul Uloom Kamil Madrasa. The following year, he migrated to the Rampur State where he enrolled at the Rampur Alia Madrasa, completing Hadith studies under Mawlana Abdul Khalil and Quranic exegesis under Ahmed Ali Lahori. Career From 1956, Oliur Rahman dedicated his life to teaching and spent the rest of his life as the principal of Imdadul Uloom Umarganj madrasa. He played an important role in strengthening the foundation of Maktab education. In 1968, he founded and directed a Nadiyatul Quran Board training camp; the first of its kind in Sylhet District. He also organised a weekly women's ijtema (Islamic conference) in the same year. He established Madrasatul Banat, one of the first women's madrasa in Sylhet, in 1981. It provided education to women regarding tajwid, further Islamic studies, Bengali literature, mathematics, dictation, morals and handicraft. In 1972, he started the first women's jalsa (Islamic gathering) in Bangladesh. Oliur Rahman wrote several books relating to female education including Islahun Neswan, Taharatun Neswan, Talimun Neswan, Haq Prachar, Islah, Hedayater Dawatnamaand Muslim Mahila Shikkha.	2.53125
71281612	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozad%20Downtown%20Historic%20District	Cozad Downtown Historic District	The Cozad Downtown Historic District in Cozad, Nebraska is a historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018. The Hendee Hotel in Cozad, built in 1879 for John J. Cozad, the founder of the city of Cozad, is not included in the district (in fact is just outside of its borders) but is already listed on the National Register. The listing included 37 contributing resources and one already-listed property. The district is generally described by History Nebraska:In the 1910s and 1920s, the original route of the Lincoln Highway passed through downtown Cozad greatly influencing its development until rerouted south of downtown in 1926. The district contains an intact collection of late-nineteenth- and early-to-mid-twentieth-century commercial buildings that reflect seven decades of commercial development in Cozad." The already-listed building was Allen's Opera House. Not included was the NRHP-listed Hendee Hotel a.k.a. Robert Henri Museum, a few doors away. The 100th Meridian Museum appears to be adjacent (see https://www.cozadhistory.org ) but is not NRHP-listed. Selected buildings in the district are: Allen's Opera House (1906), 100 E. 8th St. Atkinson Building (1890), 711-715 Meridian Avenue, the oldest building in the district Brown and Bennison Building (1897), 746 Meridian Avenue, with 1905 addition stretching down 8th street to 113 East 8th Street.	1.960938
71281625	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray%20Forbes%20Smith	Murray Forbes Smith	Murray Forbes Smith (July 21, 1814 – May 4, 1875) was an American commission merchant best known as the father of Alva Belmont. Early life Smith was born on July 21, 1814, in Dumfries, Virginia. He was a son of Edinburgh born George Smith (1765–1822) and Delia ( Forbes) Smith (1780–1841). who married in 1799. His sister, Anne Amelia Smith, was the second wife of James Innes Thornton, the Secretary of State of Alabama from 1824 to 1834. Two other sisters were Mary Virginia Smith, who married Dr. Philip Lightfoot (and lived at "Morven Plantation") and Sally Innes Smith, who married Col. George Bullock Willis (and lived at "Ben Lomond" in Greene County, Alabama). His brother, George Alexander Smith, a merchant and tobacco manufacturer, was the father of Murray Forbes Smith, a Mississippi State Representative and Senator. His maternal grandfather was Dr. David Forbes, a surgeon on the Revolutionary War who came to Dumfries from Scotland in the 1770s. Career Smith began his career as a lawyer but soon went into the cotton business in Mobile, Alabama, upon the suggestion of his father-in-law. He became very successful and the family summered in Newport, Rhode Island, and went on European vacations. Around 1859, the Smith family moved North to New York City shortly before the Civil War and settled in Madison Square. After Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865, New York was no longer safe for Southerners so the Smiths moved to Europe where he worked as a cotton broker in the north of England at Liverpool. His wife and children lived near Paris, where his daughter Alva attended boarding school in Neuilly, France. In 1869, the family returned to Alabama, but the South was still in reconstruction and Smith was unable to get his business successfully restarted so they again moved to New York. During the difficult 1870s, they lived in a modest house on 44th Street and he was a member of the New York Cotton Exchange. He was an investor in the Toledo, Peoria and Western Railway.	1.96875
71281910	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20Ola%20Avoseh	T. Ola Avoseh	Chief Theophilus Olabode Avoseh (born in March 1908), known as T. Ola Avoseh, was a local historian, writer and chief of Badagry, Lagos. He wrote several booklets and pamphlets in the English and Yoruba languages on aspects of the history and culture of Badagry and Epe towns in Lagos, Nigeria. Early life T. Ola Avoseh was born to an Ogu father and an Awori mother in Badagry town. He grew up in Ajara Vedo community in Badagry. At age 4 in 1912, he started school at the popular St. Thomas' Primary School in Badagry. At 8 years of age in 1916, Avoseh was baptized in the Anglican faith at the Saint Thomas' Anglican Church, Badagry. He spent 13 years in the school until 1925 due to demotion and ill-health. Side-by-side with his education, he learned carpentry from his father. In 1926 he dropped carpentry to become a teacher in his former school. In 1929, he sat for and passed the Standard VI examinations as an external candidate. His poor health, however, hindered him from securing admission to St. Andrew's College, Oyo; and he failed the Teachers' Higher Elementary Certificate examinations twice in 1932 and 1934. In effect, Avoseh did not succeed at furthering his education beyond the primary level. It was during this time as a schoolteacher that Avoseh wrote his book on Badagry. After teaching for 14 years, Avoseh lost his job in March 1941.	2.4375
71281964	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Forrester%20%28cricketer%29	Alexander Forrester (cricketer)	Alexander Roxburgh Forrester (26 October 1899 — 11 December 1976) was a Scottish first-class cricketer, cricket administrator, and educator. Forrester was born at Glasgow in October 1899. He was educated at The Glasgow Academy, before matriculating to the University of Glasgow. He briefly served in the British Army in 1919, when he was an emergency commission into the Royal Garrison Artillery as a second lieutenant. A club cricketer for Glasgow Academicals Cricket Club, he made his debut for Scotland in first-class cricket against Ireland at Dublin in 1925. He made two further appearances in first-class cricket for Scotland against Ireland, at Greenock in 1926 and Dublin in 1927. Playing in the Scottish side as a leg break googly bowler, he took 17 wickets at an average of 17.05; he took one five wicket haul, with figures of 5 for 66 on debut. As a tailend batsman, he scored 43 runs with a highest score of 25 not out. Forrester later served as the president of the Scottish Cricket Union in 1956, succeeding William Whitelaw. By profession, Forrester was a schoolmaster. He died at Glasgow in December 1976.	2.109375
71282309	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance%20of%20Sumer	Renaissance of Sumer	The Renaissance of Sumer is a period of the history of Mesopotamia that includes the years between the fall of the Akkadian Empire and the period of the Amorite dynasties of Isin and Larsa—both with governments of Semitic origin—between the centuries 22nd B.C. and 21st B.C. Within this stage the years of the so-called Third Dynasty of Ur or "Ur III" stand out, because of the new hegemony that would embrace all Mesopotamia, this time with the city of Ur at the head. Sumer survives the Gutian invasion Despite the irruption of the nomadic gutians, who provoked continuous plundering, razed cities and fields, and made trade difficult, the end of the Akkadian Empire did not bring decadence, at least in the southern part of Mesopotamia. The various cities were organized into small kingdoms. Akkad itself, the former imperial capital, maintained a small state in the territories near it, which survived for 30 years, until it was conquered by nomads. Subsequently, a hegemony of Uruk is assumed because it is so named in the Sumerian King List, but apart from the names in the list there is no further data to affirm or deny it. Lagash Of this period, the best known history is that of Lagash: first the names of the ensi, vassals of the Sargonids of Akkad are known: Kikuid contemporary of Rimush, Engilsa contemporary of Manishtushu, Ura contemporary of Naram-Sin and Lugalshumgal contemporary of both Naram-Sin and Sharkalisharri. Later, it is known of a series of governors who could have been subordinate to Uruk: Puzurmama, Urutu, Urmama, Lubau, Lugula and Kaku. After them, the city achieves hegemony in the region, in what is called Second Dynasty of Lagash: Urbaba, Gudea, Urningirsu, Pirigme, Urgar and Mammakhani; who represent a continued family succession (from father to son or father-in-law to son-in-law).	2.4375
71282476	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin%20Fast%20Plants	Wisconsin Fast Plants	Flowers bloom. Stamens release pollen from anthers and pistils become pollen receptive at the stigma tip. If pollen is transferred flower-to-flower, pollination occurs. Pollen that lands on the stigma of another flower's pistil grows a tube down into the pistil, where the eggs are housed. Sperm (from inside the pollen grains) then move down the tube until they reach the eggs and fertilization occurs. Fast Plants are self-incompatible; therefore, a successful fertilization requires pollen transfer between two individual plants. Days 18–20 Fertilized eggs inside the flowers’ pistils grow and develop to become the embryos of new seeds. The outside of the pistil swells and becomes the seed pod (fruit) that encases several seeds. Days 21–40 Flower petals slowly wilt and fall off while embryos mature within the seed pods. Twenty days after the final pollination, plants are removed from water, allowed to dry, and seed ripening begins. When plants are brown, dry, and brittle, seeds can be harvested and stored or planted. Inside each seed is a tiny embryo, waiting for water and warmth so it can germinate into a new plant, beginning the life cycle anew. Uses Owing to their short life cycle, widely-available growth requirements, and responsiveness to environmental variables, Wisconsin Fast Plants and other Rapid-Cycling Brassicas have a long list of uses in education and research applications.	3.234375

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