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71282883	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why%20Women%20Have%20Better%20Sex%20Under%20Socialism	Why Women Have Better Sex Under Socialism	Why Women Have Better Sex Under Socialism is a 2018 book by anthropologist Kristen Ghodsee. In the book, Ghodsee argues that social safety nets create a fairer and better society for women. She argues that under unregulated free markets, the primary burden of childrearing, elder-care and care for the sick falls on women who end up providing the labor for free. She uses case studies drawn from Eastern Europe to illustrate her argument. She rejects a return to 20th-century state socialism, arguing instead that some of the social safety nets found in Eastern Europe, as well as Scandinavia and Western Europe, would improve the lives of women. Publication Why Women Have Better Sex Under Socialism: And Other Arguments for Economic Independence is a 2018 book by anthropologist Kristen Ghodsee, and published by Vintage Books. Ghodsee is a professor of Russian and East European Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. The book has also been translated into multiple foreign languages, including Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Dutch, Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Indonesian, Thai, Korean, and Japanese. Synopsis In the book, Ghodsee argues that socialist societies are better for women. She presents the reader with a view of motherhood from an economic and political perspective. She is critical of the sexualised images that frequently appear in western magazines and television, which she describes as capitalism commodifying women. She presents a series of case studies from Eastern Europe and claims that compared to capitalist societies, women are more liberated and have more control of their lives in socialist societies. She points out how women tend to earn less than men in capitalist societies, thus making women more dependent on men, and receiving more pressure to get married.	2.109375
71283077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20submarine%20Pasteur	French submarine Pasteur	On either 3 or 14 September 1939, according to different sources, the four submarines of the 2nd Submarine Division as well as their sister ships and received orders to establish a standing patrol off the coast of Spain. The six submarines spent six weeks patrolling off Vigo, where part of the German merchant fleet — which the Allies suspected of serving as supply ships for German U-boats — had taken refuge at the start of the war. One source specifies that Pasteur, Casabianca, and Sfax rotated on patrol off Vigo beginning on 1 October 1939. Before their patrols ended on 30 or 31 October 1939, according to different sources, the six French submarines had spent a combined 67 days at sea on patrol in very harsh conditions with no results. On 14 November 1939, the 2nd Submarine Division received orders to proceed to Halifex, Nova Scotia, Canada, to take part in Allied convoy operations in the Atlantic Ocean. Fighting bad weather, Pasteur, Achille, Casabianca, and Sfax arrived at Halifax at 07:30 on 25 November 1939,. where the British Royal Navy submarines , , , and joined them for convoy escort operations on 26 November 1939. During the winter of 1939–1940, the submarines escorted three convoys from Halifax to the United Kingdom, always in difficult weather conditions. Beginning on 22 March 1940, the division was based at Harwich on the North Sea coast of England. On 17 April 1940, the division moved to Dundee, Scotland, to operate in the North Sea in support of Allied forces fighting in the Norwegian campaign as German forces began their conquest of Norway. While departing Dundee for her first Norwegian patrol on 18 April 1940, Pasteur collided with Achille, suffering damage to one of her diving planes and one of her propeller shafts. She was towed first to Cherbourg, France, and then to Brest for repairs, arriving there under tow by the tug Abeille 4 on 15 June 1940.	2.5625
71283280	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%20Nobel%20Prize%20in%20Literature	1953 Nobel Prize in Literature	The authors Hilaire Belloc, Henri Bernstein, Elsa Beskow, Ugo Betti, Émile Cammaerts, Idris Davies, Julia de Burgos, Ellen Hørup, C. E. M. Joad, Elizabeth Mary Jones (known as Moelona), Alice Milligan, Theodore Francis Powys, Hans Reichenbach, Marjorie Rawlings, Dylan Thomas, Marguerite Vallette-Eymery (known as Rachilde), John van Melle, and Alfred Vierkandt died in 1953 without having been nominated for the prize. Prize decision Churchill was first nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1946, but his candidacy was then rejected. In 1948 academy member Nils Ahnlund wrote in a report that Churchill is "not entirely qualified for the literature prize", but considering his rhetorics Ahnlund said he was qualified: "This rhetoric, by turns simple, by turns elevated but always comprehensible for each and everyone, has the mark of genuine art." The Swedish Academy was however worried that a prize to Churchill would be seen as politically motivated, and his candidacy was postponed. By 1953, the academy thought that enough time had passed since the end of the war and hoped that a prize to Churchill would be regarded as a literary award. Reactions The decision to award Winston Churchill the Nobel Prize in Literature has been questioned. "Winston Churchill is historical but he belongs only to a little extent to the history of literature," wrote Helmer Lång in his 2001 book about the Nobel Prizes in literature, "It was the defender of democracy, the winner against fascism, that was awarded a Nobel Prize". Lång said that "for once it was also a master of eloquence that was awarded", that it was Churchill's speeches during World War II and his recently completed non-fiction work The Second World War that got him the prize.	2.25
71283546	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona%E2%80%93Arizona%20State%20baseball%20rivalry	Arizona–Arizona State baseball rivalry	The Arizona–Arizona State baseball rivalry is a college baseball rivalry between the University of Arizona Wildcats and the Arizona State University Sun Devils. Both programs are two of the most storied and successful in college baseball history, combining for a total of 9 College World Series championships, 40 College World Series appearances, 82 NCAA tournament appearances and 27 conference regular-season championships. Since Arizona State (then-Tempe Normal School) founded a baseball program in 1907 the teams have met 489 times. History Early history Though both teams had fielded baseball teams since the beginning of the century, the rivalry did not truly develop until the 1950s. Prior the establishment of the varsity baseball program at Arizona State in 1959, Arizona had dominated the Sun Devils collecting a record of 115–18. Things would change quickly beginning with Bobby Winkles' tenure: by 1965, Arizona State had doubled its total number of victories over Arizona, appeared in the College World Series twice and had won its 1st College World Series championship - something Arizona had yet to do in 7 College World Series appearances to that point. Before the end of the decade the Sun Devils would win two more College World Series in 1967 and 1969.	1.945313
71283597	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%20Heinrich%20Andreae	August Heinrich Andreae	August Heinrich Andreae (4 December 1804, Garbsen – 6 January 1846, Hanover) was a German architect, painter, and etcher. Biography His father was a pastor. He first studied architecture with in Hanover. This was followed by studies with Friedrich Weinbrenner in Karlsruhe (1823), and Georg Moller in Darmstadt (1826). Soon after, he applied for a position with the Royal Hanoverian Court Building Office, but was rejected. Instead, he volunteered at the , and became a construction supervisor. When he had gained some experience, he took and passed the state examination, and created several apartments in Hanover, which established his reputation. In 1829, he succeeded Justus Gerhard Kahle (retired) as Hannover's Master Builder. His first major project was the new city hospital, which occupied him until 1832. His design incorporated elements from Italian Renaissance architecture. The building was heavily remodeled twice, in 1858 and 1933, and ultimately destroyed by an air raid during World War II. In 1835, he designed the replacement building for the Altes Rathaus (old town hall). The prison wing was built from 1839 to 1841, but the court wing was not completed until 1850, four years after his death. During construction of the prison wing, he visited southern Germany and Venice. In 1845, he built a water tower for the waterworks. In recognition of his work, the city provided him with a house and garden. Shortly after moving in, he married a woman from Oldenburg. Only a few months later, he fell ill with consumption. He died the following year, and was interred at the . A street was named after him in 1847, but it was torn up in 1865 to make room for a storage facility.	2.109375
71283892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma%20%28archaeological%20site%29	Paloma (archaeological site)	The shape of the roof is not entirely certain. At first, archaeologists assumed that the huts were dome-shaped like the ones at the nearby Chilca I site, but the well-preserved House 101 had a collapsed section of latticework lying on the floor, which led Engel to propose that it was originally a flat, square roof on top of a hut with a round base. Many of the huts have an extra outer wall extending out in an arc, always on the southwest side of the house. These most likely functioned as windbreaks to help insulate the house from cold winter winds - the prevailing winds today come from the southwest, and they probably did in ancient times as well. The area enclosed by these outer walls may have also been used as a storage area. On average, the houses at Paloma were 10.9 square meters - which might seem small, but Paloma's residents would have spent most of their time outdoors, so they wouldn't have needed big houses. Additionally, sleeping close together would have helped provide more warmth on cold winter nights. Even today, the most basic of huts in the region often measure about 10 square meters.	2.9375
71283892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma%20%28archaeological%20site%29	Paloma (archaeological site)	Burials One of the most important sources of information at Paloma is the numerous burials - not only do they reveal how Palomans buried their dead, but the physical remains also provide a source on health and mortality. Most of them were buried wrapped in a reed mat either below the floor of a house or outdoors. The soil and midden preserved the skeletons in good condition. Although not abundant, there were also small amounts of skin and muscle preserved in places where the wrappings protected them from disintegrating. Hair, brains, and internal organs were also found in some cases, but in most cases the only trace of internal organs was as stains in the soil. The relative lack of soft body parts can be explained by water seepage below ground, which happens in relatively damp lomas - better-preserved burials tend to be found in drier places. In general, deeper burials were better preserved because relatively less fog moisture seeped down that far. Almost all Paloman burials seem to have been first-time burials, with only a few minor cases where they were later disturbed. Most burials were done in specifically-dug grass-lined pits below the floor of a house. There are also a couple of cases where infants were buried in abandoned storage pits. Towards the later part of Paloma's occupation, Level 200, another option for burial also appeared: instead of digging a burial pit, the dead were simply placed on the floor and then the house was destroyed. (A similar practice has also been noted at Chilca I, which took place at about the same time.) Usually, the dead were posed with the knees tucked in toward the chest. Hands were often placed at the face or hips. Broken bones and cuts in hands and feet indicate that the bodies may have been forcibly positioned like this after death. Benfer and Edward suggested that the bodies may have been covered with salt before being buried. The presence of coprolites in some graves indicates that burial likely took place quickly after death.	3.203125
71283892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma%20%28archaeological%20site%29	Paloma (archaeological site)	Eight skeletons found at Paloma had surfer's ear - bone spurs in the inner ear caused by prolonged contact with cold water. Because all eight were male, this may indicate that fishing was mostly done by men at Paloma; however, the small sample size makes it impossible to generalize. The discrepancy could also be explained by a theory that women are less prone to developing surfer's ear than men. Sexual dimorphism decreased at Paloma over time, as women got taller and more muscular. This may have been due to a difference in activity, with both men and women taking part in gathering fish and shellfish - which would require more upper body strength than previous foraging activities that may have been sex-specialized. It may also have been due to natural selection - taller, more muscular women may have been better adapted for survival and having more children. Finally, sexual selection may have also been behind this shift. Only three carious lesions were present in people from Paloma - all in Level 300, which had the most evidence of grasses and carbohydrates. The low rate is typical of pre-agricultural populations. Enamel hypoplasia was fairly common on teeth. Dental wear decreased over time, indicating a shift in diet towards less abrasive foods and possibly less tuberous plants. Parasites appear to have been rare at Paloma, and no parasite eggs have been found. The presence of a latrine area at Paloma indicates that sanitation may have been relatively good.	3.234375
71283892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma%20%28archaeological%20site%29	Paloma (archaeological site)	Shellfish found at Paloma include several species of mussels (Perumytilus purpuratus, Semimytilus algosus, Choromytilus chorus) and clams (Protothaca thaca, Mesodesma donacium). The first clams appear at Level 300, while mussels also increase in prominence at that point. Mussels are commonly found on rockier shores, while clams are mostly found on sandy beaches. As a result, it seems that the Palomans expanded their range of exploitation over time - the closest shores to the site are rocky shores ideal for gathering mussels, while sandy beaches for gathering clams are farther afield - the nearest large areas for clam gathering are 6 km northwest, at San Bartolo, or near the mouth of the Chilca River to the south. Cultivated gourds, the earliest known domesticated plant in South America, are relatively common at Paloma. Here, they were probably used less as a dietary staple and more for non-food uses like floats and containers. Some gourd fragments were found with holes near the rims and thin cords going through them, which may have been to hang them on strings. One gourd fragment with lots of holes in it may have been used as a sieve or colander. One lomas plant, a begonia called Begonia geraniifolia, may have been under the process of domestication at Paloma. This plant has large edible tubers, similar to potatoes, which in some areas were the most common plant remains found at the site. It may not have been fully domesticated, but it was probably at least managed or encouraged. There is "no modern, historical, or ethnographic evidence for the use of this plant". The fruits of the mito (Carica candicans), the algarrobo (Prosopis), and the cactus Loxanthocereus were also consumed.	2.90625
71283892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma%20%28archaeological%20site%29	Paloma (archaeological site)	Trade Some items found at Paloma are not found locally, suggesting that the people who lived here traded with other groups who lived farther away. The nearest source of obsidian, for example, is at Huancavelica, in the southern mountains 400 km away. A worked femur of a spider monkey is also unlikely to have been local - the spider monkey doesn't live in the lomas; its closest habitats are the ceja de la selva in the Andes or the moister slopes further north near the present-day border with Ecuador. A bright red Spondylus shell was also found at Paloma; this species is "not usually found south of the warm waters of the Gulf of Guayaquil and it is almost certain that this has always been their southern limit." Trade with these distant areas was likely done indirectly, through "down-the-line" exchanges, rather than direct contact with those groups. Archaeobotany Since the time when Paloma was a village, the ecosystem of the surrounding lomas has changed considerably. In ancient times, there may have been an abundance of plant species that are now extinct or rare. For example, the most common type of pollen found at archaeological sites in the area is not identifiable with any present-day species. (It may belong to the genus Heliotropium, but this is uncertain.) Meanwhile, many of the plant species now present in the area were only introduced after the Spanish conquest. The lomas surrounding ancient Paloma had a richer plant life than the present day. Trees were much more abundant then, which helped retain moisture from winter fogs and in turn promoted growth of other plants. Among the more common trees were willow (Salix), chaydo (Capparis prisca), and Caesalpinia of various species. Several leafy shrubs, like Piqueria, Croton alnifolius, and Heliotropium, also contributed to the canopy's moisture retention.	2.8125
71284012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenHarmony	OpenHarmony	Harmony Distributed File System (HMDFS) is a distributed file system designed for large-scale data storage and processing that is also used in openEuler. It is inspired by the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). The file system suitable for scenarios where large-scale data storage and processing are essential, such as IoT applications, edge computing, and cloud services. On Orange Pi OS (OHOS), the native file system shows LOCAL and shared_disk via OpenHarmony's Distributed File System (HMDFS) File path/root folder for the file system uses ">" instead of traditional "/" in Unix/Linux/Unix-like and "\" on Windows with its DLL (Dynamic-link library) system. Access token manager is an essential component in OpenHarmony-based distributed operating systems, responsible for unified app permission management based on access tokens. Access tokens serve as identifiers for apps, containing information such as app ID, user ID, app privilege level (APL), and app permissions. By default, apps can access limited system resources. ATM ensures controlled access to sensitive functionalities which combines both RBAC and CBAC models as a hybrid ACL model. OpenHarmony kernel abstract layer employs the third-party musl libc library and native APIs, providing support for the Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) for Linux syscalls within the Linux kernel side and LiteOS kernel that is the inherent part of the original LiteOS design in POSIX API compatibility within multi-kernel Kernel Abstract Layer architecture. Developers and vendors can create components and applications that work on the kernel based on POSIX standards. OpenHarmony NDK is a toolset that enables developers to incorporate C and C++ code into their applications. Specifically, in the case of OpenHarmony, the NDK serves as a bridge between the native world (C/C++) and the OpenHarmony ecosystem.	2.171875
71284403	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirbelia%20pungens	Mirbelia pungens	Mirbelia pungens, commonly known as prickly mirbelia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It is an erect or prostrate shrub with sharply-pointed linear leaves and orange-red flowers with blue or purple markings. Description Mirbelia pungens is an erect or prostrate shrub that typically grows to a height of , and has softly-hairy stems. Its leaves are linear and sharply pointed, mostly long, about wide on a petiole up to long. The flowers are arranged singly or in groups of up to four in leaf axils on a peduncle up to about long. The sepals are long, softly-hairy and joined at the base, the lobes shorter than the sepal tube. The standard petal is orange-red with blue or purple markings, the keel purplish and nearly as long as the wings. Flowering occurs from September to November and the fruit is an oval pod about long. Taxonomy Mirbelia pungens was first formally described in 1832 by George Don in A General History of Dichlamydeous Plants from an unpublished manuscript by Allan Cunningham. The specific epithet (pungens) means "ending in a sharp, hard point". Distribution and habitat This mirbelia grows in stony areas in heath and is widespread in south-eastern Queensland, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and in the far north-east of Victoria. Conservation status Mirbelia pungens is listed as "vulnerable in Victoria" on the Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment's Advisory List of Rare Or Threatened Plants In Victoria.	2.59375
71284877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Leicester%20Engineering%20Building	University of Leicester Engineering Building	The Engineering Building is part of the University of Leicester. It was designed by the architects James Stirling and James Gowan. The Red Trilogy The building is part of the Red Trilogy by James Stirling. Beginning in the late 1950s, the architect designed three university buildings featuring distinctly red materials: red bricks and red tiles. The Red Trilogy includes the Engineering Building, University of Leicester (1959–1963), the Faculty of History, University of Cambridge (1964–1967), and the Florey Building, The Queen's College, Oxford (1966–1971). James Stirling and James Gowan worked together on the design for the Engineering Building. The Trilogy's two later buildings were designed by Stirling, without Gowan. Design The Engineering Building is a large and complex structure. Stirling and Gowan were tasked to design spaces for offices, laboratories, auditorium, and workshops with heavy machinery. The design also includes a water tank on top. The workshops are located in the low-rise section of the building, in a hall with a rectangular floor plan. Connected to the workshop hall is the tower, which houses auditorium, offices, and laboratories. The water tank sits on top of the tower. The tower section is notable for its chamfered edges and its prismatic geometry. The auditorium is located at the base of the tower. The auditoriums seating arrangement is designed typically stadium-like with staggered rows of seats. The angled auditorium floor results in a pronounced wedge-shape on the building's exterior. The tower's facades are clad in glass and red tiles, the workshop hall's facade is entirely made of frosted glass.	2.375
71284905	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine%20Perera	Katharine Perera	Katharine Perera (1943-2016) was a Professor of linguistics at the University of Manchester specialising in Children's language development. She was a pro- and later senior pro-vice-chancellor at the University of Manchester. In addition to her scholarly work she was a major contributor to a contentious report for the Department for Education and Science on the national school curriculum in English. One of her recommendations was that "Children should write in standard English when appropriate." Margaret Thatcher the UK prime minister argued for the deletion of the last two words of this sentence .... but they were, at Perera's insistence, retained. Selected publications Perera, K. (1980). The assessment of linguistic difficulty in reading material. Educational review, 32(2), 151-161. Perera, K. (1984). Children's writing and reading: Analysing classroom language. Blackwell. Perera, K. (1994). Child language research: Building on the past, looking to the future. Journal of Child Language, 21(1), 1-7. Perera, K. (2020). Standard English: the debate. In Teaching English (pp. 79–88). Routledge. Service Editor of the "Journal of Child Language", 1986-96.	2.078125
71285275	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated%20River	Illuminated River	The installation of the second phase started in July 2020. In an interview with Illuminated River contractor’s FM Conway, published in New Civil Engineer, it is stated that “...the second phase included the installation of around 4,000 light fittings, 15km of power and fibre optic cabling and cable trays, as well as approximately 250,000 fixings.” The proximity to existing railway infrastructure required negotiation with Network Rail. The Chair of the Illuminated River Foundation, Neil Mendoza, said: “The project was completed on time despite the difficulties of COVID-19 and funded, almost in its entirety, by philanthropists.” The project won a Royal Town Planning Institute Award for Planning Excellence in 2021. Design Designed by Leo Villareal with British architects Lifschutz Davidson Sandilands and lighting designers Atelier Ten, Illuminated River employs LEDs and custom fittings to produce sequenced patterns of light across the Thames bridge structures. The patterns of movement continually change and avoid repetition. The installation’s colour scheme is influenced by impressionist paintings of the Thames: “The colours and tones used in the paintings of those inveterate Thames-watchers Monet, Whistler and Turner provide some of the inspiration, while at Westminster [Bridge] a shade of green was chosen to complement the colour of the leather upholstery in the House of Commons”. Leo Villareal described how he intended the artwork to respond to the historical and current context of the site:	1.976563
71285283	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarkWare%20Industries	StarkWare Industries	StarkWare Industries is an Israeli software company that specializes in cryptography. It develops zero-knowledge proof technology that compresses information to address the scalability problem of the blockchain, and works on the Ethereum platform. In May 2022, the company's estimated value was $8 billion, an increase from $2 billion six months earlier. History StarkWare Industries was founded in 2018 by Eli Ben-Sasson (CEO & President) from the Technion, one of the founders of Zcash, his former phd. student Michael Riabzev, Uri Kolodny (former CEO), and Alessandro Chiesa from UC Berkeley (chief scientist). In April 2019 Technion sued Ben-Sasson and Riabazev for violating its Intellectual property. The institute claimed that Ben-Sasson established StarkWare clandestinely, for his academic research without consent and demand 50% of his stake in the company. Ben-Sasson claimed that he didn't use any invention belonging to the Technion, merely based on StarkWares’ employees' knowledge. In 2020 the two sides reached an agreement and Ben-Sasson left the Technion. Starkware raised $6 million in seed money and afterward $30 million in series A round led by Paradigm Operations, VC fund by Fred Ehrsam. Other participants were Intel Capital, Sequoia Capital, Coinbase and Vitalik Buterin. In March 2021 the company raised $75 million in series B round. It was led by Paradigm, along with other VCs such as Sequoia, DCVC, Pantera Capital, Wing, Alameda Research, and Founders Fund. In addition it received $12 million from the Ethereum Foundation. In November 2021 StarkWare raised $50 million in a Series C round led by Sequoia, making its total raised money to $163 million and bringing its value to $2 billion, making it a Unicorn. In May 2022 StarkWare raised 100 million in a Series D round led by Greenoaks Capital and Coatue Management, bringing its value to $8 billion. Series D was carried out despite a bear market.	1.96875
71285304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael%20Lotilla	Raphael Lotilla	Raphael Perpetuo "Popo" Mercado Lotilla (born June 16, 1958), is a Filipino lawyer, businessman and government official. He is the Secretary of Energy under the administrations of Presidents Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and Bongbong Marcos, respectively. Education Lotilla studied at University of the Philippines Diliman, where he obtained his Bachelor of Science in Psychology (1980), Bachelor of Arts in History, and Bachelor of Laws (1984). He then attended University of Michigan, where he obtained his Master of Laws in 1987. Career Lotilla began his career as an assistant professor of law in 1985 at University of the Philippines Diliman. He was also an adjunct faculty at the Asian Institute of Management. Lotilla also served as legal consultant at the Office of Senate President, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, and some senators beginning in 1987. He was also named as the legal adviser of the National Economic and Development Authority in 1990. Lotilla served as PSALM Chief Operating Officer. He served as president and chief executive officer of the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation (PSALM). He was Deputy Director-General (DDG) from 1996 to January 2004. He was the supervising official of the secretariat of the Legislative-Executive Development Advisory Council (LEDAC). As adviser of LEDAC, his key reform bill was the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 that privatized the power sector's entire supply chain. Lotilla's first term as the Secretary of Energy was under President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo from 2005 to 2007. His second term began on July 11, 2022, under President Bongbong Marcos.	2.03125
71285856	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neu%20Darchau%20-%20Darchau%20ferry	Neu Darchau - Darchau ferry	The Neu Darchau to Darchau ferry is a ferry route across the Elbe river in Germany. It crosses between the town of Neu Darchau, in the district of Lüchow-Dannenberg, and Darchau, in the municipality of Amt Neuhaus and district of Lüneburg. Both terminals are in the state of Lower Saxony, about southeast of the city of Hamburg. Ferries have existed on this stretch of the Elbe since historic times, with many farms on the south bank having pasture on the north side of the river. However after the Second World War and the partition of Germany, the Amt Neuhaus area on the north bank found itself in East Germany, whilst the south bank was in West Germany. The Elbe forming a closed frontier between the two and it was only after the Wende, in 1989, that travel across the river became possible again. Initially the demand was satisfied by the chartered passenger ferry Luna, but in 1990 the municipality of Neu Darchau purchased a ferry, named Tanja, and commenced vehicle ferry service. In 1993 the first Tanja was replaced by the current Tanja. The ferry runs from 05:00 to 21:00 on Monday tr Saturday, and from 09:00 to 21:00 on Sundays and public holidays. During operating hours the ferry operates a round trip every 10 minutes, with a journey time of approximately 5 minutes. A road bridge over the Elbe between Neu Darchau and Darchau, which would replace the ferry, has been proposed and is in the initial planning stages.	1.984375
71286046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga%20in%20advertising	Yoga in advertising	Other uses, for products unrelated to yoga, have been described as ranging from "offensive" to "just plain bizarre", with the Hindu god Shiva depicted on beer cans, the sacred syllable Om in marketing materials, and a foldable computer named "Yoga". The yoga teacher and studio owner Arundhati Baitmangalkar, writing in Yoga International, describes some of this marketing as cultural appropriation. She identifies yoga studios, yoga teachers and yoga-related businesses as among those misusing yoga, stating that sacred symbols like idols of Buddha, Ganesha, Patanjali, and Shiva need to be treated with "reverence", just as the Om symbol, yoga sutras, and mandalas are not "décor" and that they should not be added "casually" to beautify a yoga space. On the other hand, the first-generation Indian American yoga researcher and teacher, Rina Deshpande, writes that people from India can feel excluded if Indian words and symbols are forbidden in an attempt to make yoga classes more inclusive. Deshpande notes that it is ironic that yoga is now "often marketed by affluent Westerners to affluent Westerners—and Indians, ironically, are marginally represented, if at all." The Welsh author Holly Williams, writing about the commercialisation of yoga in The Independent, commented that she had "unfollowed people on Instagram whose artful shots of their Lycra-clad one-legged wheel poses come with a barrage of hashtags (#fitspo #yogaeverydamnday #beagoddess)." Themes	2.078125
71286719	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwar%20Donn%C3%A9r	Iwar Donnér	Nils Olof Iwar Donnér, who went by the name Iwar Donnér, (1964) was a Swedish artist and illustrator Early life Iwar Donnér was born in Sölvesborg in 1884 to August Donner, who was the mayor of the town, and Alma Lundgren Donner. At a young age he went to see above the British ship Ewardina that cruised between the UK and Rangoon, until she sank whilst he was on leave in Liverpool. Donnér began studying art at Valand Academy in Gothenburg, which was followed by a ten-year period 1910–20 in Copenhagen where he made the acquaintance of the Swedish female author Ulla Bjerne. In the years 1920-22 he was in Paris, where he studied under L'hote and Arogeau, and later returned to Paris and travelled extensively in the Mediterranean. Artistic career During his stay in Copenhagen Donnér made his name as an illustrator drawing humorous cartoons for the Danish newspaper Politiken, and later worked for Dagens Nyheter and Stockholms-Tidningen. From 1919 onwards he began to focus more on painting works of art, with his art being exhibited in Stockholm in 1940, in Örebro in 1941 and in Norrköping and Västerås in 1942. His works contained sailing and Mediterranean motifs. Personal life In 1915 he was married to Cätschen Looft, and from 1930–38 to Astrid Cassel.	2.09375
71286813	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisola%20Ojikutu	Bisola Ojikutu	Bisola Ojikutu is an American physician, infectious disease specialist, public health leader and health equity researcher. In July 2021, she was appointed as the Executive Director of the Boston Public Health Commission. Ojikutu is the fifth Commissioner of Public Health for the City of Boston and the first Black woman to permanently hold this position. She currently serves on the Cabinet of Mayor Michelle Wu. Background Ojikutu is a native of Chicago, Illinois and a graduate of Washington University in St. Louis, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Harvard School of Public Health. After receiving her medical degree, she completed a primary care-internal medicine residency at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and an infectious disease fellowship at the Massachusetts General Hospital/Brigham and Women's Hospital Program. She received a master's degree in public health from the Harvard School of Public Health and is an alumna of the Commonwealth Fund/Harvard University Fellowship in Minority Health Policy. Ojikutu completed post-doctoral research training in clinical investigation funded by the National Institutes of Health. Career Ojikutu is a board-certified physician in internal medicine and infectious diseases and a Fellow of the Infectious Disease Society of America. She currently serves as the executive director of the Boston Public Health Commission, as an Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, and as a faculty member within the Division of Global Health Equity at Brigham and Women's Hospital. Ojikutu practices medicine within the Infectious Disease Division at Massachusetts General Hospital. She is also an Adjunct Faculty Member at the Fenway Institute. As of December 2021, she serves as chair of Boston Mayor Michelle Wu's 17-member COVID Advisory Committee.	1.960938
71287026	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katafyki%20Cave	Katafyki Cave	Katafyki (Greek: Σπήλαιο Καταφύκι) is a cave located in Dryopida on the island of Kythnos in the Cyclades. It has been named "Katafiki" as it has served as a shelter in various time periods. It also bears the name "Giorgos Martinos Cave" in honor of the geologist who studied it. Description Katafyki cave is located in Fires of Dryopida. More than 600 meters of the natural cave have been mapped, which, having served as a mine, has a 2000-metre-long man-made gallery. Long tunnels have been formed in the cave due to the flow of water from a torrent. It is estimated that the cave's passageways cover an area of 3500 square meters. At the entrance there is a plateau called the 'small plateau' and further on lies the 'large plateau' or piazza. In the 'large piazza' people of Dryopida used to hold religious festivals after the Resurrection during Easter. Further to the right there are corridors, two of which lead to the 'stalactite hall', of an area of 25x17 meters, where one can find stalactites and stalagmites. The stalactites in the hall are of various colours and shapes and have names such as 'jellyfish', 'octopus', 'teddy bear', etc. A large stalagmite is called 'Tower of Babel'. To the right of the room are sheets of limestone and iron ore. In another area of the cave, there is a "trough" formation as water accumulates there between the stalactites and stalagmites. Blasting has destroyed much of the general stalactite and stalagmite decoration in the cave, as have, to a lesser extent, fires from rituals within the cave. The rocks of the cave are stratified vertically into shale, marble and slate. The cave operated as an iron mine and the main mineral extracted was hematite.	2.4375
71287037	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalia%20Municipal%20Airport	Vandalia Municipal Airport	Vandalia Municipal Airport (IATA: VLA, ICAO: KVLA, FAA: VLA) is a civil, public use airport located 3 miles northwest of Vandalia, Illinois. The airport is publicly owned by the Vandalia Park District, which also manages the fixed-base operator (FBO) on the field. Facilities and aircraft The airport has two asphalt runways. Runway 18/35 is 3751 x 100 ft (1143 x 30 m), and runway 9/27 is 3001 x 75 ft (915 x 23 m). The airport has a number of hangars and storage facilities for its based aircraft. In 2019, a tornado destroyed some of these facilities and the aircraft stored inside them. The fixed-base operator at the airport offers services including self-serve fuel, a pilots lounge, and a courtesy car. In 2021, the Illinois Department of Transportation awarded Vandalia Airport $300,000 for pavement maintenance as part of its Airport Improvement Program. For the 12-month period ending March 31, 2020, the airport has 25 aircraft operations per day, or about 9,000 per year. This is 99% general aviation and <1% air taxi. For the same time period, there are 13 aircraft based on the field: 12 single-engine and 1 multi-engine airplane. Accidents and incidents On May 21, 2005, a Cessna R182 collided with the terrain following a loss of control while taking off from Vandalia Municipal Airport. A witness reported watching the airplane takeoff on runway 36. She stated that approximately 20 seconds after taking off, the airplane entered a 90-degree left bank and disappeared below the tree line. During post-accident investigation, an FAA inspector reported that flight control continuity was established from the cockpit controls to all flight control surfaces, and the landing gear and flaps were retracted. The propeller blades exhibited "S" bending and chordwise scratching, and engine continuity was established. No airframe or engine failures/malfunctions were found which would have resulted in the accident. The reason for the pilot's failure to maintain control of the aircraft could not be determined.	2.046875
71287258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20relations%20of%20East%20Germany	Foreign relations of East Germany	The Foreign policy of East Germany was characterized by the close ties of East Germany (German Democratic Republic, GDR) to the Eastern Bloc. During its existence, the most important partner was the Soviet Union (USSR), which acted as a protecting power and most important trade and economic partner, which is why the GDR was often called a satellite state. The GDR remained closely linked to the other socialist states through organizations such as the Warsaw Pact and Comecon. While the GDR was relatively isolated outside the communist world in the first two decades of its existence due to the Hallstein Doctrine of West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany, FRG), a change took place in the 1970s with the rapprochement with West Germany under Chancellor Willy Brandt's new Ostpolitik. As a result, the GDR was able to gain international status and establish diplomatic relations with almost 130 countries. While the Marxist-Leninist state ideology played a major role in the foreign policy of the East German government (which was reflected in the close alignment with the socialist partner states and the support of anti-Western rebel movements in the Third World), it was however also influenced by their own economic and political interests. From the 1970s onwards, the GDR increasingly emancipated itself from the Soviet Union and pursued an independent policy towards West Germany, as loans from the West had become vital for the GDR's survival. In the 1980s, Erich Honecker refused to implement liberalizing reforms, which alienated the GDR from the USSR under Mikhail Gorbachev. After the revolutions of 1989, the Eastern Bloc collapsed and Germany was reunified, ending the period of an independent East German foreign policy.	2.59375
71287258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20relations%20of%20East%20Germany	Foreign relations of East Germany	United States As the Western superpower of the Cold War, the United States was viewed as an enemy of the party and state media. The GDR's official anti-Americanism condemned US foreign policy as imperialist and the Americans in turn saw the GDR as a mere puppet of the Soviet Union. The U.S. was the most important ally of West Germany. After rapprochement with West Germany in the 1970s, the GDR and the U.S. established diplomatic relations in December 1974 with Rolf Sieber became the first ambassador of the GDR to the U.S. From July 30 to August 1, 1975, President Gerald Ford met with Erich Honecker and had a brief conversation during a meeting in Helsinki, which led to the adoption of the Helsinki Accords. This was the first high-level government contact between the two countries. On June 11, 1990, Prime Minister Lothar de Maizière was the first and only head of state of the GDR to visit the United States meeting President George H. W. Bush at the White House. The United States was a supporter of German reunification and played a key role in the relevant negotiations. Israel/Palestine	2.734375
71287262	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champa%20%28Ja%20Thak%20Wa%29	Champa (Ja Thak Wa)	The last Cham kingdom, Panduranga or the Principality of Thuận Thành, was annexed by Minh Mang of Vietnam in August 1832. In response, the Cham resistance movement led by Ja Thak Wa established a second Kingdom of Champa in 1834 upon the launching of his large-scale Cham revolution against Vietnamese ruler Minh Mang's wake of oppression over the old Champa. It was dissolved in the following year when Vietnamese forces crushed the resistance movement. Origin of Ja Thak Wa Ja Thak Wa, a Cham religious leader from Văn Lâm village, Ninh Thuận, originally a distinguished leader of Sumat's uprising, refrained from following Khaṭīb Sumat's prophecies after having a dispute with the khatib about motivation and planning. Sumat's uprising quickly fell apart due to the same reason. Ja Thak Wa criticized Sumat for his fanatical Islamic extremism and sycophant behaviors. He splintered his band from Sumat in late 1833 to the western mountains (Central Highlands). Ja Thak Wa was a moderate Bani dignitary and his movement in chiaroscuro was not motivated by Islamism. His desires were restoring an independent state of Champa with multiethnic and multicultural harmonies from Vietnamese rules, urging the Cham natives to revolt and drive Vietnamese settlers out of Champa. First phase of the revolution In August 1834, Ja Thak Wa's forces began the first uprising by organizing attacks on Vietnamese military garrisons in coastal Bình Thuan and rallied people to revolt. An account calls his forlorn homeland quaked and awakened by resentful "holy fire" (Apuei Kadhir). But the Cham leadership in the lowland were too afraid if they denounced the Vietnamese and joined the rebellion against Minh Mang.	2.78125
71287367	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium%20vs%20Netherlands%20Cups	Belgium vs Netherlands Cups	The Belgium vs Netherlands Cups were a series of international football friendly cup matches contested by the national teams of Belgium and the Netherlands. From their first unofficial friendly derbies in the early 1900s, until the mid-1920s, Belgium and the Netherlands competed for floating trophies. During the encounters in Belgium the teams played for the Coupe Vanden Abeele until 1925, while in the Netherlands they faced off for the Rotterdamsch Nieuwsblad Beker until 1923. In total, there has been 39 Belgian-Dutch friendly cup duels, of which 35 were official internationals. The cup awarded in Belgium was named in honor of the donator of the trophy, Frédéric Vanden Abeele Sr., the father of the secretary of Beerschot Athletic Club (where the first tournament was held), in reaction to Brussels' successful staging of the Coupe Van der Straeten Ponthoz one year earlier. As the Dutch disliked the design of the Belgian trophy, they quickly nicknamed it Het Koperen Dingetje, meaning "The Copper Thingy". These Belgian-Dutch friendly cups are among the oldest international football cups along with the 1904 Évence Coppée Trophy. History	2.3125
68404635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano%20Morgante	Nano Morgante	Nano Morgante (nickname of Braccio di Bartolo - English: Dwarf Morgante 1600s) was an Italian dwarf who was a famed buffoon and court jester in the court of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Morgante was ironically nicknamed after the giant from the poem of the same name by Luigi Pulci. He was the most celebrated of the five dwarves of the Medici court at the Palazzo Pitti. He is immortalized by a statue from 1560 by Valerio Cioli in the Boboli Gardens where his nude likeness is rendered bearded and riding a tortoise. In 1572 the statue which is at the entrance to the gardens was turned into a fountain. Today it is known as the Fontana del Bacchino (Fountain of Bacchino - Bacchus). The artist Bronzino flush with taking the painting side in the "Paragone" debate laid down by Giorgio Vasari as to which art discipline, sculpture or painting could render a subject more fully, in 1560 created a full-length double-sided nude portrait of Morgante, i.e. his front side and back each depicted on one verso of the canvas. In 2010 this work after many years of neglect was restored and placed on permanent display in its own glass case in the Palazzo Pitti. In 1582 the sculptor Giambologna was commissioned by Francesco de Medici to create the bronze statue The Dwarf Morgante Riding a Sea Monster for the terrace fountain of the Loggia dei Lanzi's terrace which is now known as the 'Terrazza Panoramica' of the Uffizi Gallery. Giambologna's original Nano Morgante is today in the Bargello Museum in Florence. One of the pastimes at Cosimo's Court was to watch Morgante battle a monkey.	2.484375
68405003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Petter%20Norrlin	Johan Petter Norrlin	Johan Petter Norrlin (6 September 1842 in Hollola – 7 January 1917 in Helsinki) was a Finnish botanist and a professor of botany at the University of Helsinki from 1879 to 1903. He was a pioneer of plant geography in Finland, and is also well known for his work on lichens and on the taxonomy of the apomictic taxa of the plant genera Hieracium and Pilosella. Early life and education Johan Petter Norrlin was born on 6 September 1842 in Hollola, Finland. Norrlin's parents were Nils Nathanael Norrlin and Fredrika Charlotta Lang. He became a student in 1862 at Porvoo high school, and graduated in 1866 as a forester from Evo Forestry College. Norrlin then studied at the University of Helsinki. It was around this time that he met Edvard August Vainio (then named Edvard Lang), the neighbour's son, who was nearly 11 years younger. Young Edvard Lang often accompanied Norrlin on his botanical excursions around Lake Vesijärvi in the summers of 1868 and 1869, helping him collect samples of plants and cryptogams (mosses and lichens). Due to Norrlin's influence, Vainio chose to study botany at university, and his first publications were about plant geography and floristics; Vainio would later become a world-renowned lichenologist. In 1873, Norrlin married Lang's sister. Norrlin graduated with a bachelor's and master's degree in philosophy in 1869 and a licentiate and doctorate in philosophy in 1879. This gave him the qualifications to become a docent. Norrlin was an associate professor at the University of Helsinki from 1879 to 1903.	2.375
68405195	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald%20Dodson	Gerald Dodson	Sir Gerald Dodson (28 August 1884 – 2 November 1966) was Recorder of London from 1937 to 1959, the longest holder of that office. He was also well-known to the public due to his authorship of the libretto of a popular operetta, The Rebel Maid, composed by Montague Phillips in 1921. Dodson was the son of John Dodson, justice of the peace, a former Sheriff of Norwich. He was educated privately and at Downing College, Cambridge. He was called to the bar by the Inner Temple in 1907. During the First World War he served in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve in Scotland, where he was stationed with the composer Montague Phillips. It was during this time that the first sketches for the operetta The Rebel Maid were created. This work included the lyrics to the song 'The Fishermen of England', sung and broadcast all around the world. From 1925 to 1934 he was Counsel to the Crown at the Central Criminal Court, and Recorder of Tenterden from 1932 to 1934, becoming a Judge that year. He was made Recorder of London in September 1937, succeeding Henry Holman Gregory, by the unanimous vote of the Court of Aldermen. He was knighted in 1939. From 1945 Dodson began to have trouble with his eyesight, even learning braille at one point, but he recovered and was able to continue working. He married twice: to Emily Alice Chater in 1910, and after her death in 1961 to Marjorie Binks Heath three years later. His memoirs were published posthumously in 1967.	2.09375
68405332	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress%20Dowager%20Xiaoyi%20%28Ming%20dynasty%29	Empress Dowager Xiaoyi (Ming dynasty)	Empress Dowager Xiaoyi (; 1397 – 16 January 1462), of the Wu clan, was a concubine of the Xuande Emperor. Biography Records say she comes from the Wu clan from Zhejiang Province. Her family consisted of her father Wu Yanming, her mother Lady Shen, her four brothers Wu Xing, Wu Zhong, Wu Rong and Wu An and three sisters: Wu Miaoxiang, Wu Miaoyin and Wu Miaoqing. She entered court on the 10th year of Yongle (1412) when she was sixteen years old. At this time Zhu Zhanji was the emperor's grandson, and she was assigned as his servant in Yuqing Palace. After this, the next record of her is when she gave birth to Zhu Qiyu in 1428 and was instated as Consort Xian that same year. It is rumored however that Zhu Qiyu is not the Xuande Emperor's child. After the death of the Xuande Emperor, his eldest son by his wife Empress Sun was enthroned as the Zhengtong Emperor. In 1449, the Zhengtong Emperor became a prisoner of the Oirat Mongols and because of this, Zhu Qiyu was enthroned as the Jingtai Emperor. He honored his mother as empress dowager. But after the deposition of the Jingtai Emperor, the Zhengtong Emperor demoted Empress Dowager Wu and gave her the title of Consort Xuanmiaoxian (宣廟賢妃). When she died she was given the posthumous title of Consort Rongsixian (榮思賢妃). After the enthronement of the Hongguang Emperor, she was elevated to the rank of empress dowager and was given the posthumous title Empress Dowager Xiàoyì Chénhuì Shūshèn Círén Kuāngtiān Xīshèng (孝翼溫惠淑慎慈仁匡天錫聖皇太后).	1.960938
68405372	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simrauta	Simrauta	Semrauta is a village in Tiloi block of Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located at the intersection of the Maharajganj-Inhauna and Mohanganj-Haidargarh roads, about 20 km from Maharajganj, the tehsil headquarters. Although now eclipsed by Maharajganj, Semrauta was historically a relatively important village that served as the headquarters of a pargana and the capital of a branch of the Kanhpuria Rajputs, who later became known as the Rajas of Chandapur. As of 2011, the population of Simrauta is 6,423, in 1,031 households. Semrauta hosts a Dhanush Yagya festival annually on Agrahayana Sudi 15. It is dedicated to worship of Rama. Vendors bring sweets, toys, and everyday items to sell at the fair. Siemrauta also hosts a general market twice per week, on Wednesdays and Sundays. History Semrauta was historically the seat of a pargana. At the time of Akbar in the late 1500s, the area that would later form the pargana was then split between the mahals of Jais (in the sarkar of Manikpur) and Subeha (in the sarkar of Awadh).	1.960938
68405584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrado%20Govoni	Corrado Govoni	Corrado Govoni (Tàmara, Copparo, 29 October 1884 – Lido dei Pini, 20 October 1965). was an Italian poet. His work dealt with modern urban representations, the states of memory, nostalgia, and longing, using an expressive and evocative style of writing. Biography Corrado Govoni was an Italian poet whose work emphasized "the minutiae of daily life". Prolific author, he can be considered as a member of both: the crepuscolari, or "twilight poets," and of the futurist movement. In Florence, as a young man, Govoni met the poet Giovanni Papini, who helped him to publish his first book of poems, Le fiale, in 1903, a volume "full of exotic images, difficult and rare rhymes, and unusual lexicon interspersed with archaic vocabulary". Govoni’s works, during his long literary career, exhibits characteristics of many different literary currents and styles: while his early poems exhibited a ‘liberty-symbolism’, later in his career their style shifts towards crepuscolarsimo and futurism. In 1944 he experienced the loss of his son, Aladino Govoni, killed by nazi-fascists. In 1950 Govoni won the Viareggio Prize for poetry. Selected works Poetry	2.078125
68406067	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving%20With%20a%20Purpose	Diving With a Purpose	Diving With a Purpose (DWP) is an American non-profit organization aimed at locating and documenting shipwrecks, predominantly those related to the Atlantic slave trade. History Diving With a Purpose was founded in 2005 by Kenneth Stewart (born 1944/45), a retired copier repairman with the Tennessee Aquatic Project and the National Association of Black Scuba Divers, and Brenda Lanzendorf (1958–2008), a maritime archaeologist at Biscayne National Park. They met during the filming of the 2004 documentary The Guerrero Project, a film chronicling efforts to locate the wreck of Spanish slave ship Guerrero, which are still ongoing, although a likely candidate has since been discovered. DWP was featured in 2020 television documentary series Enslaved, featuring DWP member Kramer Wimberley, starring and produced by Samuel L. Jackson. It is also the subject of a 2021 documentary titled Lessons from the Water: Diving with a Purpose by filmmaker Charles Todd. Activities Roughly 300 divers have participated in Diving With a Purpose's maritime archaeology program since its foundation. The program includes one week of training and requires some prior experience, with the stated aim of training divers to become "able to assist in the historical documentation and preservation of artifacts and wreck sites". An offshoot program directed at a younger audience entitled Youth Diving With a Purpose (YDWP) was introduced in 2011. The group has been involved with the discovery or documentation of numerous shipwrecks, including the São José Paquete Africa and the Clotilda. Other activities of the organization have included the location and mapping of plane wrecks related to the Tuskegee Airmen in the Great Lakes. A memorial site in Port Huron, Michigan, was constructed in 2021.	2.875
68406210	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Maitland%2C%207th%20Earl%20of%20Lauderdale%20%28Reynolds%20painting%29	James Maitland, 7th Earl of Lauderdale (Reynolds painting)	James Maitland, 7th Earl of Lauderdale is a painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds of James Maitland, the 7th Earl of Lauderdale. It was painted during 1759–1760, and is presently in the collection of the Art Gallery of New South Wales. Painting James Maitland was 41 years old when he sat for this portrait after a distinguished career in the army. At this time, Reynolds was well known as one of the greatest portrait painters of the British aristocracy. The three rows of ermine on his robe indicate that he is an Earl, as do the eight silver balls on raised points alternating with strawberry leaves on his coronet. Being lent on by Lord Lauderdale, is a Solomonic column, suggestive of a trip to Italy, when in fact, the Scottish peer had never been there. History The Earl sat for the portrait during 1759, and purchased it from Reynolds in 1761 for £80. The painting passed through the family until 1976, when the Hon Gerald Edward Ian Maitland-Carew sold the painting at Christie's on 26 March. The painting was purchased by the Art Gallery of New South Wales, a public collection, after the gallery had received an anonymous gift fund to purchase an 18th-century portrait earlier that year.	2.046875
68406245	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical%20Storm%20Lupit%20%282021%29	Tropical Storm Lupit (2021)	Tropical Storm Lupit, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Huaning, was a tropical cyclone that affected Hong Kong and Macau, while also impacting the Guangdong and Fujian provinces in Mainland China, Taiwan and Japan in early-August 2021. The ninth named storm of the 2021 Pacific typhoon season, the system was first tracked as a tropical depression by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) as a tropical depression over Zhanjiang. It then moved east-northeastward, affecting Hong Kong and Macau before strengthening to a tropical storm, whereas it was named Lupit. On August 5, as it neared the coast of Guangdong Province, it slightly intensified before the storm made two consecutive landfalls over Nan'ao County in Guangdong and Dongshan County in Fujian on that day. It then turned towards Taiwan before striking the northern part of the country. After lashing the area with torrential rainfall that led to numerous landslides and unknown damages, it approached and made two consecutive landfalls at mainland Japan before entering the Sea of Japan, in where it became extratropical. Many people in the affected area of Lupit immediately evacuated due to the possible hazards from the storm. 6 deaths were confirmed from Lupit: four in Taiwan and the other in Japan. Another was missing in the former. Damages were calculated at $266.8 million (2021 USD). Meteorological history	2.1875
68406245	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical%20Storm%20Lupit%20%282021%29	Tropical Storm Lupit (2021)	Despite the remaining wind shear impacting the system, a near-equatorial ridge to the south guided the depression to a more favorable environment that signified 13W's intensification. As it shifted east-northeast, the system slightly improved during the early hours of August 3, although the depression slowly interacted with the landmass of Macau and Hong Kong, which caused it to slightly degrade. On 21:00 UTC that day, the JTWC reported that 13W further intensified to a tropical storm as infrared satellite imagery revealed convective banding on the northern side of the system's circulation; the JMA did the same on the next day, naming the system as Lupit. As the system slowed down by that day, it remained its convective signature as marginal conditions buoyed the system to slowly strengthen while moving north-northwestward, at that time. Its inner core also became well-defined on satellite imagery, being separated from large spiral banding to the northeast. Continuous wind shear resulted in Lupit becoming asymmetric by the early hours of August 5. As it neared the coast of Shantou, its circulation became distinct; however, its convection remained strongest on the south side due to wind shear. At 03:20 UTC (11:20 CST), Lupit made landfall over Nan'ao County, Shantou before tracking northeastward inland and weakening slightly to from its initial intensity of upon moving inland due to land interaction. It followed another landfall at Dongshan County, Fujian at 08:50 UTC (04:50 CST) that day as Lupit's structure rapidly degraded with weakening convection and core structure. Early the next day, it moved over Xiamen Island while moving northeastward and further, exited into the Taiwan Strait as it shifted to the east-northeastward from Quanzhou's east. In addition, its structure slowly became organized as it moved over the marginal warm waters of the area.	2.03125
68406333	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural%20depictions%20of%20blindness	Cultural depictions of blindness	Characters blinded not by gods but by humans include Polyphemus, Phoenix, Plexippus and Pandion, Polymestor, and Metope. Sometimes, blind people in Greek mythology are granted special abilities by way of compensation. Tiresias and Evenius received the gift of prophecy, and the poet Demodocus was granted a beautiful voice. There are several blind figures in the Hebrew Bible: In Genesis 27, Jacob takes advantage of his father Isaac's blindness to steal the blessing intended for his elder brother Esau. He dresses himself in Esau's clothes, and wraps goatskins around his hands and neck. Isaac recognises Jacob's voice, but is deceived by the smell of his garments and the hairiness of his hands, and therefore gives him the blessing. In Judges 16, Samson is captured by the Philistines, who put out his eyes and set him to forced labour. On the occasion of a great religious festival, Samson is brought into the temple of Dagon, for the entertainment of the Philistines assembled there. However, to avenge himself for the loss of his eyes, Samson topples the two central pillars and brings down the roof of the temple, killing himself and everyone within. In 1 Samuel 3, the high priest Eli becomes blind with age, at the time of the calling of Samuel. In chapter 4, following the capture of the Ark of the Covenant by the Philistines, Eli enquires about the cause of the commotion in the city. When he is told that the Ark has been taken, he falls backwards out of his seat and breaks his neck. In 1 Kings 14, the son of the Israelite king Jeroboam falls sick, and Joroboam sends his wife to consult the blind prophet Ahijah. She disguises herself, intending to conceal her identity, but Ahijah is informed by God that she is coming. As soon as she enters, therefore, he addresses her as the wife of Jeroboam, and tells her that the child will die.	2.96875
68406617	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%20Nichols	Nat Nichols	Nichols moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana in 1965 and got a regular job in a club called Johny's Nightcap. "I stayed here a few years, recorded a couple of albums with the Nat Nichols Trio. Then I moved to a place outside Chicago. I've been working around there almost 30 years, playing gigs mostly in northeast Indiana." Nat says. His first record album 'Wind from the Danube' (1965) was a musical tribute to and a remembrance of the Hungarian Revolution, commemorating the events with each track (e.g. March for Freedom, Revolution, God bless the Hungarians, Russian take over). In his second album 'Springplay' (1966) Nat showed his ability to play jazz he loved and introduce several of his own composition. He was granted citizenship in 1970. With time Nat grew in composition and play. Many cassette recordings featured his work with different vocalist and jazz musicians joining him both in recordings and on stage. He also appeared in Europe in such places as the London Palladium and the Titania Palace in West Berlin, as well as in Switzerland. Missionary activity He visited his homeland several times, when he brought Christian samizdat publications and gospel music (on magnetic tapes) banned by the communist regime. Nat clashed with the Hungarian authorities over his actions (which were then prohibited). There was an arrest warrant against him. On one occasion, the cassettes were found at the border, so he was arrested on charges of espionage and imprisoned for two days. He was released through a lawyer who was an acquaintance of his parents, but had to leave the country within 24 hours. Returning to the United States, he was notified a few months later that he had been acquitted of espionage. He traveled home again in the 1980s and continued his Christian missionary activities throughout Hungary. He also broadcast Christian messages from the Transworld Radio station (a transmitter originally built during World War II by the Germans for propaganda purposes in the tiny Riviera country Monaco). Late years	2.171875
68407221	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossiaea%20leptacantha	Bossiaea leptacantha	Bossiaea leptacantha is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to southern Western Australia. It is a low, compact, spreading, many-branched shrub, the branches ending in cladodes, the leaves reduced to small scales, and with deep yellow, red and greenish yellow flowers. Description Bossiaea leptacantha is a low, compact, spreading, many-branched shrub that typically grows up to high, wide and is glabrous except for the youngest growth. The branches end in cladodes wide, the leaves reduced to dark brown scales long. The flowers are usually arranged singly, each flower on a pedicel up to long with up to thirteen overlapping bracts up to long. The five sepals are joined at the base forming a tube long, the two upper lobes long and the three lower lobes long, with egg-shaped bracteoles long on the pedicel. The standard petal is deep yellow with a red base and long, the wings deep yellow and long, and the keel is greenish yellow and long. Flowering occurs from July to December and the fruit is an oblong pod long. Taxonomy and naming Bossiaea leptacantha was first formally described in 1904 by Ernst Georg Pritzel in the Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie. The specific epithet (leptacantha) means "thin and prickly", referring to the branchlets. Distribution and habitat This bossiaea grows in sand on dunes and undulating plains from near Peak Charles to Madura in the Coolgardie, Hampton and Mallee biogeographic regions of southern Western Australia. Conservation status Bossiaea leptacantha is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.	2.625
68407281	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparajitaprccha	Aparajitaprccha	The Aparajitaprccha (lit. "the questions of Aparajit") is a 12th-century Sanskrit text of Bhuvanadeva with major sections on architecture (Vastu Shastra) and arts (Kala). Predominantly a Hindu text, it largely reflects the north and western Indian traditions. The text also includes chapters on Jain architecture and arts. The text is notable for its sections on temple architecture (vastu), sculpture (shilpa), painting (chitra) and classical music and dance (sangita, nritya). Several incomplete manuscripts of Aparajitaprccha were discovered in Gujarat in early 20th-century (particularly Baroda), and others later in central and north India. It has at least 239 sutras, each sutra followed by many verses. This collection is called sutrasantana, and thus extends into over 7500 verses. The first edition and translation of the text was published by Popatbhai Mankad in 1950, while Lal Mani Dubey published another critical study with translation and bhasya (commentary) on the text in 1987. The exact date of its composition is unclear. The generally accepted range is sometime between 1000 and 1200 CE based on its language, internal evidence such as those it cites and iconography it recommends, as well as matching its specific teachings with actual temples built and which can be dated with confidence. However, peculiar details such as subtle measurements for moldings specified in it, as well as its specifications for deity Vayu and Yama suggests that the final edition of the Aparajitaprccha was likely completed in the 12th-century. The Aparajitaprccha shows significant influences from Samarangana Sutradhara, another major Hindu vastu and shilpa sastra text that has survived into the modern age. It acknowledges this influence and elaborates the principles. The different manuscripts of Aparajitaprccha show variations, likely errors created as the manuscript was interpolated and copied over the centuries. Significance	2.578125
68407281	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparajitaprccha	Aparajitaprccha	Though incomplete and with errors, the Aparajitaprccha is one of the six best known, influential and most complete Hindu treatises on architecture and iconography that have survived. The text lists and discusses the various designs of temples, housing, water infrastructure, sculpture, pillars, domes, arrangement of architectural space (chanda) and such topics. Some sections present the theory behind Hindu and Jain temples in north and western parts of India, useful in appreciating the Maru-Gurjara style of intricately carved architecture found in the temples of Rajasthan and Gujarat. According to Vohra and Dhaky, known for publications and a multi-volume encyclopedia on Indian architecture, the Aparajitaprccha is one of the "few and most valuable texts on the Nagara school of architecture". The text includes sections that digress into Hindu puranic summaries that has little to do with architecture, it also has many sections where there are "cogent and perfectly detailed statements about the canons of architecture", state Vohra and Dhaky. Its discussion on complex large Nagara-style temples is one of the oldest and most complete, particularly in the context of historic temples of western regions of India. Its canonical guidelines are followed in highly ornate Hindu and Jain marble-stone temples built after the 11th-century, and sections of the text are found in traditional shilpin families in Gujarat, Rajasthan and nearby regions.	2.375
68407399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apportionment%20by%20country	Apportionment by country	A separate obstacle to proportional representation is that almost all of the states choose electors on a winner-take-all basis, where the state's electors are awarded to the candidate with the most popular votes in that state. Maine and Nebraska are the only states that instead use the congressional district method, selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and awarding two electors by a statewide popular vote. With the "winner-takes-all" method used by most of the states, a candidate can still win the presidency without winning the national popular vote (such as what happened in 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016). The Electoral College denies voters equal influence in the presidential election. It encourages political campaigners to focus on so-called swing states while ignoring the rest of the country where the outcome is widely expected. States in which polling shows no clear favorite are usually inundated with campaign visits, television advertising, get-out-the-vote efforts by party organizers and debates, while four out of five voters in the national election are "absolutely ignored," according to one assessment. In the event that the Electoral College does not produce a majority for any candidate, the 12th Amendment (roughly as Article II, Section 1 had done) throws the election to the U.S. House (the U.S. Senate choosing the Vice President), but under a procedure where each state's delegation, regardless of size, casts one vote—thus giving smaller states more voting power in the event of a deadlock than larger states. For example, Wyoming, with only one representative, has the same power as California, with 53 representatives.	2.703125
68407660	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricetta%20di%20Malta	Ricetta di Malta	The Ricetta di Malta, also known as the Ricetta dei Cavalieri di Malta, is a ruined historic building in Augusta, Sicily. It was built in the 17th century by the Knights Hospitaller as a supply base. History In 1648, Viceroy of Sicily John Joseph of Austria granted permission to the Hospitaller Grand Master Giovanni Paolo Lascaris to establish a supply base in Augusta. This supplied provisions to the Hospitaller fleet and drinking water to the island of Malta, which was ruled by the Hospitallers. This supply base was initially established in rented warehouses and other buildings, but after the 1693 Sicily earthquake a permanent base was constructed over an area of approximately , incorporating barracks, granaries, warehouses, stables, workshops, a windmill, a bakery and a pantry. The complex also included an oratory and a garden. A Hospitaller knight with the title of Ricevitore Capo was in charge of the complex, which was known as a ricetta. The base was also used to supply food and medicine to the residents of Augusta during disease epidemics, and it facilitated trade between Augusta and Malta. The complex remained in use until the end of the 18th century, when the Hospitallers were expelled from Malta by the French. In 1806, the ricetta was briefly taken over by the British (who by then had acquired Malta), but the complex closed down soon afterwards during the early 19th century. Most of the complex no longer exists, but a small part of it still survives in Via Epicarmo and Via Cordai, although it is in a ruinous and neglected state. The site was owned by the Palumbo-Fossati family until it was donated to the Comune of Augusta in 1999. Two escutcheons depicting Hospitaller coats of arms which were originally installed on the now-demolished windmill are preserved at the Museo della Piazzaforte di Augusta.	2.484375
68407774	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula%20%28goddess%29	Gula (goddess)	Gula (Sumerian: "the great") was a Mesopotamian goddess of medicine, portrayed as a divine physician and midwife. Over the course of the second and first millennia BCE, she became one of the main deities of the Mesopotamian pantheon, and eventually started to be viewed as the second highest ranked goddess after Ishtar. She was associated with dogs, and could be depicted alongside these animals, for example on kudurru (inscribed boundary stones), and receive figurines representing them as votive offerings. While Gula was initially regarded as unmarried, in the Kassite period she came to be associated with Ninurta. In Babylon his role could also be fulfilled by Mandanu, while the god list An = Anum links Gula with Pabilsag and Abu. The circle of deities closely associated with her also included Damu and Gunura, who eventually started to be regarded as her children, as well as her sukkal (divine attendant) Urmašum, who might have been imagined as a dog-like being. Through various syncretic processes she could be equated with other goddesses of similar character, including Ninisina, Ninkarrak, Nintinugga, Bau and Meme, though all of them were originally separate, and with the exception of the last of them did not entirely cease to be worshiped separately, even though their individual cults did decline. A well known composition dedicated to describing Gula's syncretic associations is the Gula Hymn of Bulluṭsa-rabi, which seemingly was copied by Mesopotamian practitioners of medicine during their formal training.	2.375
68407774	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula%20%28goddess%29	Gula (goddess)	Gu2-la2 Jeremiah Peterson states that Gula (𒀭𒄖𒆷) and Gu2-la2 (𒀭𒄘𒇲), who frequently appears in god lists in association with Abu, were most likely understood as two orthographies of a single theonym, though he accepts the possibility that they were originally separate deities, and notes they might have continued to be recognized as such as late as in the Old Babylonian period. Researchers who support this proposal include Marcos Such-Gutiérrez, Joan Goodnick Westenholz and Irene Sibbing-Plantholt. Evidence in favor of this possibility includes the location of the respective cult centers of Gula and Gu2-la2 in different parts of Mesopotamia in the Ur III period, lack of any indications that the writing gu2-la2 ever corresponded to the term gula, and separate placement in god lists, though it is not unambiguous. It is also possible that the name of Gu2-la2 had a different etymology, with the verb gu2-la2, "to lean over" or "to embrace," being suggested by Sibbing-Plantholt. Gu2-la2 is first attested in the Early Dynastic period in the Fara and Abu Salabikh god lists, as well as in theophoric names. However, she is absent from literary texts, and evidence of her cult is not present in any texts postdating the Old Babylonian period. There is no indication that she was a healing goddess in known sources, and her character is unknown. In the later god list An = Anum Gula, rather than Gu2-la2, appears as the spouse of Abu. A third goddess who due to her name being homophonous could be connected to or confused with Gula and Gu2-la2 was Ukulla, the spouse of Tishpak. Furthermore, Wilfred G. Lambert has identified examples of confusion between the name of Gula and that of the male bricklayer deity Kulla. Ninnibru	1.929688
68407774	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula%20%28goddess%29	Gula (goddess)	There is some evidence that Gula and Ninkarrak could both be treated as analogous to Ninisina in bilingual Sumero-Akkadian texts. Bilingual texts where Nintinugga appears in Sumerian and Gula in Akkadian are attested too. Other deities who could serve as the Sumerian translation of Gula include Damu and Meme, though she could also appear under her own name in both versions of a bilingual text. Gula Hymn of Bulluṭsa-rabi The phenomenon of syncretising other deities with Gula is documented in a hymn describing various identities assigned to her which has been composed by Bulluṭsa-rabi (also spelled Bullussa-rabi) at some point between 1400 BCE and 700 BCE. Based on the initial study of the text undertaken by Wilfred G. Lambert it is assumed it cannot be older, as no similar syncretic hymns are known from the Old Babylonian period, and Ningirsu's description as an agricultural deity included in one of the passages is similarly typical only for later times. Known fragments come chiefly from between the Neo-Assyrian and Seleucid periods, though some might date to Arsacid times. It is considered the best known example of an aretalogy in Mesopotamian literature.	1.96875
68408203	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%20Villupuram%20atrocity	1978 Villupuram atrocity	On the morning of July 25, the dominant caste members aimed rockets which destroyed five more huts. The Dalits in retaliation torched houses of the dominant caste members and attacked them. A number of hundred steel-helmeted policemen stood idle during the carnage. 80 to 100 Dalit houses were destroyed and at least 12 Dalits were killed on the same day by skull factures and injuries to vital organs. The Villupuram police force was severely depleted after a significant portion of it was deployed to oversee the Madurai Municipal elections. On July 27, three more bodies were found. During the violence, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. G. Ramachandran was 200 km away in Madurai, canvassing for the Municipal elections. Aftermath and convictions Indian National Congress leader Jagjivan Ram, M. Karunanidhi, and Chief Minister M.G.Ramachandran visited the afflicted area. The government formed an Enquiry Commission which was established on July 29, 1978. 41 caste Hindus were implicated to the crime, and 34 of them were detained. In the court verdict, three accused were condemned to death which was later lowered to a life sentence and 27 others were sentenced to life in prison. Many of those sentenced to life in prison were later released when the time of their convictions were later reduced.	2.046875
68408249	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis%20C.%20Robinson	Curtis C. Robinson	Pharmaceutical career In 1947, Robinson relocated to Washington, D.C., with his pregnant wife to work at the National Security Agency. Though Robinson applied to become an airline pilot, no major commercial airline would hire him, discriminating against him on the basis of his race. In 1948, Robinson enrolled at Howard University's School of Pharmacy to pursue a Bachelors of science degree in Pharmacy. After graduating in 1952, Robinson started Washington, DC-area "Robinson Apothecary" pharmacy during the latter period of racial segregation, eventually expanding to six pharmacies. In January 2008, Robinson closed the last of his six pharmacies. Robinson owned Robnor Publishing, LLC, a company he co-founded with George Norfleet to release Robinson’s autobiography, "A Pilot’s Journey." Robinson and his family lived in the Hillcrest community of Washington, D.C. Honors In 2003, Howard University School of Pharmacy awarded Robinson its Howard University School of Pharmacy achievement award. In 2004, Claflin University inducted Robinson into its Hall of Fame. In 2006 the Tuskegee Airmen were awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. Death Robinson died on October 12, 2009, in Washington, D.C. He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery, plot sec: 4, Site: 2715-A, in Arlington, Virginia, Arlington County.	2.59375
68408446	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%20There%20a%20God%3F	Is There a God?	Chapter 1: God Swinburne defines theism as the claim that there is a God, as generally understood by "Western religion" (Christianity, Judaism, and Islam). It entails that this God is a personal being, an individual who can act intentionally and has purposes and beliefs. He possesses the essential properties of being everlastingly omnipotent, omniscient and perfectly free. However, God cannot do what is logically impossible and so cannot know what a human will freely do in the future. This is a departure from the standard Jewish, Christian or Islamic view. Swinburne assumes that humans have some limited free will by a choice of God, and are not fully determined by their brain states or by God. From the properties of omnipotence, omniscience and perfect freedom it follows that God is independent of matter and therefore bodiless. Furthermore, he is omnipresent and the creator and sustainer of the universe, perfectly good, and a source of moral obligation. According to theism, God is responsible for the properties of inanimate things. Swinburne posits that there are moral truths independent of God's will and sides here with Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus. There exist two kinds of good actions: duties and supererogatory good actions, the latter are beyond obligation. Swinburne posits, that it is logically impossible for the omnipotent God to do all possible good acts. Theism maintains that God is the ultimate brute fact which explains everything else, except the existence of God itself. Chapter 2: How We Explain Things Swinburne defines a substance as an individual thing, with properties and relations with other things or substances. Events are phenomena caused by substances. Events have two kinds of explanations, inanimate and intentional personal explanations. Science provides inanimate explanations, generalized in laws of nature or scientific laws.	2.671875
68408446	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%20There%20a%20God%3F	Is There a God?	Laws of nature are human summaries, not substances by themselves. Swinburne cites the quantitative explanation of the orbit and the position of the planet Jupiter by Newton's laws for motion and gravitation and "Einstein's laws", by which he means General relativity. If a natural law provides a full explanation, an event must occur deterministically, but a law can also give a partial explanation, in terms of probabilities, such as for radioactive decay processes. According to Swinburne, laws of nature are justified by four criteria, namely 1. a law leads us to accurately expect many and varied events we do in fact observe, 2. is simple, 3. fits in with background knowledge, and 4. does not have a rival law which works better or just as good. Criterion 2 is related to the principle of Occam's razor. Falsifiability is not mentioned. Swinburne claims that just as we may need to postulate "unobservable" planets, such as Neptune by Le Verrier in 1846, and atoms to explain phenomena, we may need to postulate non-embodied persons, such as a God, to better explain the phenomena applying the four criteria above. Chapter 3: The Simplicity of God Three possible kinds of ultimate explanations are listed: 1. Materialism means that all factors in personal explanation have a complete inanimate explanation. The personal and the mental are fully caused by the physical. Everything harks back to a first beginningless state. 2. Mixed theories such as humanism. Here factors in both personal and inanimate explanation do not all have an ultimate inanimate explanation, as in materialism. 3. Theories in which factors in inanimate explanation are themselves explained in personal terms, including God. So theism is a theory of this kind. Swinburne claims that God provides a complete explanation of the universe and everything that happens in it, except in so far as he permits humans to make free choices. God is then the ultimate explanation of the universe.	2.6875
68408461	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/148th%20Siege%20Battery%2C%20Royal%20Garrison%20Artillery	148th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery	The battery went out to the Western Front in August 1916, manning four 9.2-inch howitzers, and initially joined XIII Corps' Heavy Artillery. XIII Corps had been heavily engaged in the early part of the Battle of the Somme and was in the process of being relieved, so the battery was transferred to 33rd HAG under Fourth Army HQ. XIV Corps took over the line from XIII Corps, and continued the Battle of Delville Wood with a carefully-planned attack towards Guillemont. Zero hour was fixed for 14.45 on 18 August and was preceded by a 36-hour methodical bombardment; the rate of fire was not to quicken before the assault so that the enemy would receive no warning. The infantry were then to advance to the first objective behind a curtain of fire provided by the lighter field artillery. There was then to be a 2-hour pause for consolidation while a fresh bombardment was fired at the second objective. The right attack was held up, but good progress was made on the left, where Waterlot Farm and Lonely Trench were captured and consolidated. Fighting continued in Delville Wood, with XIV Corps making a fresh attacks on 3 September (the Guillemont) for which the bombardment had begun at 08.00 the previous day. In the centre the German positions had suffered badly from the bombardment and were quickly taken, but the right attack was a disaster. The attack was renewed next morning and by 6 September Guillemont and most of the other objectives had been captured. XIV Corps then prepared to capture Ginchy on 9 September. The bombardment began at 07.00 with no increase in intensity before Zero at 16.45 to deceive the Germans as to the time of the attack and to deny them an opportunity to counter-attack before dark. The village was taken after heavy fighting, and trench fighting continued in front of the village for several days.	1.96875
68408829	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNR%20EM10000%20class	PNR EM10000 class	Development The Japan Railway Technical Service (JARTS) developed the STRASYA standard in 2004. It is an acronym for Standard Urban Railway System for Asia and are Japanese-built trains exported for use by other Asian countries. It uses a standardized rolling stock gauge of long with couplers, wide, and tall without a pantograph. Meanwhile, the newly-formed Japan Transport Engineering Company introduced the platform at InnoTrans 2012. This was shortly after Tokyu Car was reorganized and renamed as a result of its acquisition by the East Japan Railway Company. Its main distinction from other commuter train families is that the trainsets are constructed with lightweight stainless steel manufacturing technology patented by J-TREC. The National Economic and Development Authority has then required all new railroad projects to use standard-gauge track in 2016. The North–South Commuter Railway, successor to the Manila–Clark rapid railway and Northrail projects, was announced the following year as a mostly elevated mainline. Operational history Purchase The Department of Transportation (DOTr) opened a bidding in July 2018 for the purchase of 104 electric railcars, equivalent to thirteen 8-car trainsets for Phase 1 (Tutuban–Malolos segment) of the NSCR. The joint venture of Sumitomo Corporation and Japan Transport Engineering Company (J-TREC) was awarded the contract on July 2, 2019, and the contract was signed on July 16. The trains were purchased under Contract Package CP 03. Thirty-eight more eight-car trainsets (304 railcars) were procured under Contract Package CP NS-02 for Phases 2 (Malolos–Clark segment) and 3 (Solis–Calamba segment) of NSCR. The DOTr opened the bidding for the additional trains in September 2020. Sumitomo and J-TREC were again awarded on January 14, 2022; the contract was signed on March 18.	2.171875
68408972	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial%20disputes%20of%20the%20People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China	Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China	The 2012 Scarborough Shoal fishing dispute and resulting standoff between China and the Philippines prompted the Philippines to initiate the South China Sea Arbitration in 2013. China declined to participate in the arbitration and stated that it would not accept any arbitration result. As part of its grounds for nonparticipation and nonacceptance, China cited the fact that China is a signatory to the 2006 UNCLOS exclusion clause which removes sovereignty and boundary delimitations issues from arbitration procedures. Because China did not participate, the arbitrators based their view of the Chinese position on China's 2014 white paper and letters sent to the tribunal from China's ambassador to the Netherlands. In 2016, the nine-dash line created by China was declared as invalid by the South China Sea Arbitration ruling. A 2013 survey of Chinese adults found that respondents who sourced their information about the dispute from traditional mass media (which are more subject to state regulation) were less supportive of the idea that China should adopt hardline policies in the South China Sea. The researchers who conducted the survey concluded that China's state-media coverage of the dispute was "more of a dampener than a driver of nationalistic policy preference." Resolved disputes China was generally generous in resolving disputes with its southwest neighbors. According to academic Swaran Singh, China's generosity was likely motivated by the security concern of reducing foreign support for disgruntled groups within China's southwest border.	2.046875
68409035	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris%20Pass	Polaris Pass	Polaris Pass, Polaris Point or also Polaris Peak, is a mountain pass in the Wallowa Mountains in Oregon. It is one of the navigable ridges with the highest elevation within the Eagle Cap Wilderness. Polaris Pass is the drainage divide between the watersheds of the North Fork of the Imnaha River to the West Fork of the Wallowa River. It is located between the southern flanks of Pete's Point and the northern skirt of Sentinel Peak and is traversed by Polaris Trail #1831. Geology The geology of Polaris Pass is primarily formed of slate of the Hurwal Formation, with areas of Martin Bridge Limestone also present. These are constituted by dark and grey basalts that resemble more the strata in the Columbia River Gorge than to the distinctive slopes of marble and granite in most of the Wallowa–Whitman National Forest. Some of the basalt strata form pinnacles out of its eastern slopes. Access Polaris Pass is traversed by a trail that can be reached starting at Indian Crossing trailhead through the North Folk Imnaha River trail. It can also be reached via the East Fork Wallowa River trail starting at the Wallowa River trailhead. From trail 1804 in the East to the junction with trail 1802 in the West, the trail over Polaris Pass is approximately . The Junction with the Wallowa Lake trail 1820 in the West of Polaris Pass is located at while the junction in the East with the North Fork Imnaha River trail is at .	2.21875
68409063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypupiara	Ypupiara	During the 1950s, a single metatarsus belonging to a dromaeosaurid was discovered by Alberto Lopa. This specimen, known as "Lopasaurus" (meaning "Alberto Lopa's lizard"), was lost sometime after the death of Llewellyn Ivor Price in 1980. It was acknowledged by Brum et al. (2021), where they tentatively referred "Lopasaurus" to the Unenlagiinae, but they could not determine whether "Lopasaurus" represents the same taxon as Ypupiara, due to the lack of overlapping material. Description The describers of Ypuparia suggested that unenlagiines such as Ypupiara and its sister taxon Austroraptor likely consumed fish for a considerable part of their diet, based on their non-serrated conical teeth that are similar to those of other piscivorous tetrapods including gavialoid crocodylians, spinosaurid theropods, and anhanguerid pterosaurs. Classification For the 80 years before it was described, Ypupiara was classified as an indeterminate vertebrate. It was not until it was described in 2021 by Brum et al. when it was recognised as a theropod belonging to the Unenlagiinae. Ypupiara was found to be the sister taxon to Austroraptor.	2.59375
68409628	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresviri%20capitales	Tresviri capitales	The tresviri capitales or tresviri nocturni were one of the Vigintisexviri colleges in Ancient Rome. They were a group of three men that managed police and firefighting. Despite this they were feared by the Roman people due to their police roles, and they were condemned due to their neglect of firefighting during an unknown incident, which was likely the Great Fire of Rome. The Roman people gave the Tresviri Capitales the nickname nocturni due to the night patrols they managed. They were elected by the Urban praetors and later Tribal Assembly. Role The Tresviri Capitales managed the police in Ancient Rome. They were somewhat feared by the citizens of Rome. Although the Tresviri Capitales had criminal jurisdiction over the people of Rome, they did not have judicial jurisdiction. They dispensed justice in the forum, supervised executions, and castigated thieves and slaves. Also, they, along with the aediles, organized special guard troops dedicated to arresting criminals. Although they could only do this with a mandate from the Senate and other higher magistrates. The Tresviri Capitales most likely handled ordinary crimes that would not be handled by the Popular Assembly or Courts. Another explanation is that thieves caught whilst stealing would be brought to the Tresviri Capitales, to whom the criminal would then confess or deny his crime. Aside from policing Rome, they also arrested and punished runaway slaves. However, this does not necessarily mean the Tresviri Capitales searched for the slaves. Fines and fees for starting lawsuits would be collected by the Tresviri Capitales. Another legal duty of the Tresviri Capitales was managing Roman prisons. The Tresviri Capitales were one group responsible for firefighting in Rome. They organized nightly patrols. The people of Rome condemned the Tresviri Capitales for neglecting their responsibility of firefighting on an unknown occasion. This occasion was likely the Great Fire of Rome.	2.5
68409674	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20London%20Guidebook	The London Guidebook	The London Guidebook is a supplement published by Chaosium in 1996 for the horror role-playing game Call of Cthulhu, itself based on the works of H.P. Lovecraft. Contents The London Guidebook gives details about London during the 1920s, including several districts such as Tower of London, Hyde Park, Soho, Westminster and Mayfair, as well as the British Museum, and the city's clubs, hospitals, and transportation systems. The daily of life of the average citizen is detailed, and a blueprint of the Houses of Parliament is also included. Underground London is also highlighted, including the sewers and wells. Occultism in London, popular after World War I, is highlighted, including occult study societies, sects, museums and libraries, well-known occultists such as Aleister Crowley and Arthur Conan Doyle, strange sciences being investigated such as aura photos and death rays, and recent unexplained events and archaeological discoveries. A scenario set in London, "These Vile Bodies", based on the Evelyn Waugh novel of the same name, has the players investigate a mysterious death of a friend from London high society who is found floating in the Thames. Publication history Chaosium published Call of Cthulhu in 1981, a horror role-playing game set in New England during the Jazz Age of the 1920s. Many adventures and supplements followed, as well as several editions of the rules. In 1995, Chaosium published the The Cairo Guidebook to enable gamemasters to more accurately portray the Egyptian city in home campaigns. This was followed in 1995 by The London Guidebook, a 96-page softcover book written by Lucya Szachnowski and Gary O'Connell, and edited by Lynn Willis, with cover art by Eric Vogt and interior art by Dave Carson.	2.25
68409739	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltash%20Guildhall	Saltash Guildhall	Saltash Guildhall is a municipal building in Fore Street, Saltash, Cornwall, England. The structure, which was the meeting place of Saltash Borough Council, is a Grade II listed building. History The first municipal building in Saltash was a small medieval guildhall with a bell turret on the north west corner of Alexandra Square. A lock up for petty criminals was established behind the first building in 1818. After becoming dilapidated in the mid 19th century, it was ultimately demolished in 1894. The second municipal building was a 16th century market house located about to the east of the original building. It was reconstructed in the neoclassical style in brick and masonry between 1775 and 1780. The market house was originally arcaded on the ground floor, so that markets could be held, with an assembly hall, known as the Long Room, on the first floor. A series of Doric order columns supported the first floor structure. Saltash had a very small electorate and a dominant patron (the Buller family), which meant it was recognised by the UK Parliament as a rotten borough: the right of the borough to elect members of parliament was removed by the Reform Act 1832. In 1841, borough officials decided to relocate from the original guildhall to the Long Room in the market house which then became the new headquarters of the borough. The borough council, which continued to meet in the new guildhall, was reformed under the Municipal Corporations Act 1883.	2.21875
68409831	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulophilinopsis%20gardineri	Tubulophilinopsis gardineri	Tubulophilinopsis gardineri, the Gardiner’s philinopsis, or Gardiner's headshield slug is a species of sea slug, a shell-less opisthobranch gastropod mollusc in the family Aglajidae. It is native to the Indo-Pacific region. Etymology Tubulophilinopsis gardineri is named after collector of the type series, (John) Stanley Gardiner. Description Tubulophilinopsis gardineri is a moderately large sea slug, growing to a length of about . It is relatively broad compared to its length, and has a broad headshield with a pronounced hump. This has a pointed posterior end, but this can appear nearly straight when the animal is moving around. The headshield is used for digging and burrowing into the substrate. Behind the headshield is a body shield which contains the remnants of a thin shell, and bears two, rounded lobes at the back. On either side of the body are lateral outgrowths known as parapodia which curve in towards the centre of the body. The colour of this sea slug is very distinctive, being dark brown or black, with a thin, bright blue margin to the shields, posterior lobes and parapodia. There are sometimes a few white or yellow lines on the dorsal surface of the body. This sea slug could be confused with Chelidonura varians which has very similar colouring, but has the lobes at the back of the body shield drawn out into long pointed tips, the left one always being longer than the right. Another similar species is Philinopsis speciosa, but it lacks the distinctive hump on the head, and has a notable pointed extension at the back of its headshield. Distribution and habitat Tubulophilinopsis gardineri is native to shallow water in the Indo-Pacific region, its range extending from South Africa and Tanzania, to Japan and Fiji. It occurs on sandy or muddy substrates and its depth range is down to about .	2.625
68410308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAO%201657-415	OAO 1657-415	An attempt to derive the physical properties of OAO 1657–415, although not able to get a formal fit to the model, was able to determine general estimates for the properties. The donor star has a luminosity of around (105.1 L☉), a temperature of around 20,000 K and a radius of ~30 solar radii. However, OAO 1657-415's derived luminosity is quite low for a star of its type, implying that it may instead be a B-type supergiant rather than an Ofpe/WNL star. However, this is likely not the case as, for one, its low terminal velocity and mass loss rate is incompatible with many values found at B-type supergiants. Also, B-type supergiants normally have 5 times more hydrogen than helium (XH = 83%), and this is clearly not the case. Some late-type Wolf-Rayet stars with similarly low concentrations of hydrogen and comparable radii have been found, such as the emission-line star V1104 Scorpii, which is entering the Wolf-Rayet stage as a WN8 star with a radius of 30 RSol and an XH value of just 3%. WR 123, another WN8 star, has a very low XH value that could be as low as 0.5%, and yet has a radius of ~7 RSol. Future of the binary Just prior to core collapse, the mass of a Wolf-Rayet star, like what OAO 1657-415 will imminently become is 5-10 MSol. If OAO 1657-415 continues to lose its mass through its strong fast stellar wind, the two stars will orbit each other in over 65 days when the donor star's mass is reduced to 5 MSol prior to core collapse in under 1 million years. If, after the death of the donor star, its core becomes a neutron star, the supernova produced can disrupt the binary by getting rid of much of one star's mass. However, a supernova can kick a neutron star a certain direction in order for it to remain bound to the other, depending on the direction of this kick. This will produce a double neutron star system with a period longer than the longest period double neutron star system known, PSR J1811-1736, which has an orbital period of 18.8 days.	2.203125
68410554	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud%20Ben%20Ayed	Mahmoud Ben Ayed	Arbitration case Ahmed Bey sought to recover as much as possible of the wealth that Ben Ayed had taken out of the country. He asked Napoleon III to act as arbitrator and head a commission charged with finding a resolution to the amounts in dispute. After two years of deliberations the Emperor announced the finding of the commission on 30 October 1856: Ben Ayed was found not to have properly discharged his duties as a director of the Dar al-Mal, and was ordered to return the banknotes he had taken out of Tunisia and to pay a sum equivalent to the value of notes he had improperly put into circulation, totalling 995,850 piastres. In addition, he was found liable for seventeen and a half million piastres, the value of fraudulent teskérés he had sold; licenses to sell olive oil to French buyers who had not in fact agreed to purchase any. The arbitration decision did not cover all the matters in dispute, and avoided any statement of criminal wrongdoing, but the Bey of Tunis was unable to enforce it in any case and Ben Ayed did not make good any of the sums he had defrauded others of. However the Bey was able to take action where Ben Ayed's property in Tunisia was concerned. When a dispute broke out between Ben Ayed and his nephew Hamida in 1855, the Bey placed all of his property in receivership and appointed Hamida as receiver. In the eyes of the French this amounted to the arbitrary despoliation of one of their citizens of his rightful property, and the French consul in Tunisia made vigorous though ultimately futile representations with the Bey on behalf of Ben Ayed. Ben Ayed's heirs tried for many years to have this sequestration overturned, but in 1894 the court of Tunis (then under the French protectorate) dismissed their case.	2.109375
68410763	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20Consulate%20General%20in%20Jerusalem	Russian Consulate General in Jerusalem	The Russian Consulate General in Jerusalem was the diplomatic mission of the Russian Empire to the Ottoman Empire, in Jerusalem. The consulate was established in 1858, and operated in the city until 1914. History The Russian Consulate General was established in Jerusalem in December 1858. In 1914 the Ottoman Empire was at war with the Russian Empire, forcing the Russian consuls to leave for Egypt. Since that time, the Russian diplomatic presence in Jerusalem ended. During the British Mandate for Palestine, the British made the consulate building and its surroundings their administrative centre. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the consulate building is used by Jerusalem municipal departments. List of Consuls Vladimir Dorgobozhinov 1858–1860 Konstantin Sokolov 1860–1862 Andrei Kratsov 1862–1867 Vasily Kuznikov 1867–1876 Nikolai Illarionov 1876–1878 Kuznikov 1879–1884 Alexander Gears 1884–1885 Dmitriy Bukharov 1886–1888 Alexey Pliev 1888–1889 Sergey Maksimov 1889–1891 Sergey Arsenyev 1891–1897 Alexander Jacoblev 1897–1907 Alexey Kruglov 1908-1914	2.046875
68410805	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%20H.%20Okabe	Toru H. Okabe	Toru H. Okabe (born December 4, 1965) is a Japanese scientist specializing in materials science, environmental science, resource circulation engineering, and rare metals process engineering, particularly for electronic waste. His most recent work involves the advancement of new processing technology to recycle rare metals like niobium, titanium, yttrium, rhenium, neodymium, other lanthanides and precious metals. He is also involved in sustainable urban mining. Biography Toru H. Okabe graduated from The Japanese School in London, in 1981, and from Senior High School at Otsuka, University of Tsukuba, Japan, in 1984. He then received his Bachelor's and master's degrees in engineering, Metallurgy, from Kyoto University, Japan, in 1988 and 1990 respectively. Okabe pursued his doctoral studies in Engineering, Metallurgy and Materials Science, at Kyoto University, during which he developed processing techniques for reactive metals such as titanium and niobium. He received his PhD in 1993. Supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS, Postdoctoral Fellowship for Research Abroad), Okabe took up residence for 3 years as a postdoctoral researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA. He then returned to Japan to become Research Associate at the Institute of Advanced Materials Processing, Tohoku University (currently known as the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, IMRAM) where he remained till the end of 2000. In 2001, Okabe began his stint at the Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, as an associate professor. He then progressed to professorship, and became the Vice President from 2019 to 2021. Presently, Okabe is serving as the Director-General of the Institute of Industrial Science at the University of Tokyo.	2.125
68411255	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseville%20Subdivision	Roseville Subdivision	The Roseville Subdivision is a railway line in California and Nevada owned by the Union Pacific Railroad, as part of the Overland Route. It runs from Roseville, California over the Sierra Nevada to Reno, Nevada. The route originated as the initial Central Pacific Railroad segment of the first transcontinental railroad, but has since been upgraded, double tracked, or realigned in some locations. The line reaches an elevation of above sea level at Norden, California. The route is primarily used for freight, but Amtrak operates passenger trains over the line. The California Zephyr runs the entire route while the Capitol Corridor terminates in Auburn, California with service to the south and west. the line sees 15 freight trains daily. Southern Pacific undertook double-tracking large portions of the route starting in 1909. The track through Tunnel Number 6 at the summit was mothballed (though not formally abandoned) in 1993. Between 2002 and 2005, the right of way was depressed into a trench through Reno to eliminate the 11 level crossings in the downtown area. By 2009 the line had been upgraded to allow the shipping of double-stacked containers in trains long.	2.234375
68411264	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff%20Hess	Cliff Hess	Hess served as Berlin' s secretary until 1918. Berlin, while an exceptional pianist, played entirely by ear and could not read or write music notation. It was Hess's job to translate what Berlin played by ear onto the page in order to make printable sheet music possible. However, Hess's job went beyond simple transposition and he was essentially Berlin's music editor. Their process involved Hess transposing Berlin's songs into easier keys and simplifying tunes so that they could be more accessible for commercial sale. Musicologist Charles Hamm noted that Hess likely contributed significantly to the finished product of Berlin's tunes written during this period. Hamm stated the following: "It would be impossible to document precisely what Hess contributed to the final versions of Berlin's songs. The piano accompaniments were, in all likelihood, mostly his work. Lyrics and tunes were Berlin's inventions, and various accounts agree that he knew what harmony he wanted as well." In addition to his work with Berlin, Hess also worked for Tin Pan Alley music publishing firms, and as an executive for multiple record labels. He became a member of ASCAP in 1919. His most successful works as a songwriter were "Homesickness Blues" (1917) and "Freckles. Other songs he wrote included "Don't You Remember the Day", "Huckleberry Finn", "I'm in Heaven (When I'm in My Mother's Arms)", "I Used to Call Her Baby", "Sweet Marimba", "When Alexander Takes His Ragtime Band to France", and "While the Years Roll By". Many of his songs were recorded for Victor Records and Columbia Records. Hess's song "Cairo" was interpolated into the 1916 Broadway musical Step This Way, and his song "Marimba" was used in The Greenwich Village Follies of 1920. He wrote the score to the 1933 film Mystery of the Wax Museum, and wrote all of the songs in the 1936 musical film The Black Network. Hess lived in East Orange, New Jersey for several years. He died in Cameron County, Texas on June 8, 1959.	2.15625
68412328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin%20in%20El%20Salvador	Bitcoin in El Salvador	In 2021, the government of El Salvador began purchasing bitcoin. It spent about $85.5 million on bitcoin between September 2021 and January 2022. The value of bitcoin began decreasing in November 2021, and had fallen by about 45% of its value by January 2022. It is estimated that the Salvadoran national reserves had lost $22 million as a result of this. The government continued to purchase bitcoins during this dip, and had holdings of at least ₿1,801 valued at $66 million as of January 2022. Bukele announced that the government would use sustainable geothermal energy for Bitcoin mining. Bitcoin mining uses large amounts of energy, which contributes to pollution if fossil fuels power it. Bukele announced plans to build Bitcoin City in November 2021, to be built in a circle at the base of the Conchagua volcano, which would provide geothermal energy for bitcoin mining. Income taxes would be waived in the city. The announcement caused the value of El Salvador's overseas bonds to fall by 30% in December 2021. In 2022, the government began drafting legislation for the creation of $1 billion in "Volcano Bonds". Half of these bonds would fund Bukele's Bitcoin City, with the remaining half used to purchase bitcoin on a five-year lock up period. Later that year, 100 days after the Bitcoin Law came into force, according to a survey done by the Central American University: 34.8% of the population had no confidence in bitcoin, 35.3% had little confidence, 13.2% had some confidence, and 14.1% had a lot of confidence. 56.6% of respondents had downloaded the government bitcoin wallet; among them 62.9% had not yet used it or used it only once, whereas 36.3% used bitcoin at least once a month.	2.390625
68412372	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoparmelia%20kalbiana	Pseudoparmelia kalbiana	Pseudoparmelia kalbiana is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in South America. Taxonomy The lichen was described as a new species in 1998 by lichenologists John Alan Elix and Thomas Hawkes Nash III. The type specimen was collected by Nash along highway route 70 in Goiás. It is named to honour Klaus Kalb, "who has collected widely in Brazil and has been a major contributor to our knowledge of tropical lichens". Description The lichen has a leafy (foliose) thallus, pale to yellow-gray in colour (older individuals are browner), measuring wide with crowded, overlapping lobes 2–7 mm wide. It has a wrinkled, tan to brown lower surface and brown rhizines that serve as holdfasts to attach it to its substrate. The apothecia (reproductive organs) are common in this species; they are 2–3 mm wide with a concave, red-brown to dark brown disc. Its ascospores are ellipsoid and measure 9–12 by 7–8 μm. Its conidia (asexual spores) are bifusiform (i.e., threadlike with a swelling at both ends), measuring 6–10 by 0.7–1.0 μm. Pseudoparmelia kalbiana contains secalonic acid as a major secondary chemical in the cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin as minor metabolites. The medulla contains secalonic acid A and hypostictic acid as major metabolites and hyposalazinic acid as a minor component. Habitat and distribution Pseudoparmelia kalbiana is usually found growing on trees, rarely on rocks. The lichen has been recorded at elevations between . It has been reported from Brazil and Venezuela.	2.28125
68412387	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manford%20Byrd%20Jr.	Manford Byrd Jr.	Career In 1954, Byrd began working for Chicago Public Schools. Byrd held various roles over the years, including teacher, assistant principal, elementary school principal, high school principal, and an assistant to the general principal. In 1968, Byrd was appointed deputy superintendent. At only the age of 39, this made him one of the highest-ranked African American public sector educational leaders in the United States. Byrd later was made deputy superintendent for instruction and deputy superintendent for pupil services and system-wide reorganization. Byrd was passed over several times for the role of superintendent. Many believed he was not selected due to his race. His family would later recount that he was told he had not been selected due to his lack of the Ph.D. Byrd earned a Ph.D. from Northwestern University in 1978. In March 1981, when Ruth B. Love was hired as the district's superintendent, many African Americans, including prominent figures such as Jesse Jackson, were critical that the job had not instead been given to Byrd. This sentiment came despite the fact that Love herself was African American. As Chicago Alderman Niles Sherman put it, "Ruth Love is not considered black at this moment by the black community". Superintendency On March 25, 1985, Byrd was appointed superintendent after the board voted not to renew Love's contract. During his tenure, in 1987, there was a teachers strike which lasted nineteen days, which, as of 2019, was the longest teachers strike in Chicago's history. Byrd was fired as superintendent on August 1, 1989. By this time, many black politicians, such as Jesse Jackson, argued that Byrd had been treated as a scapegoat. He was fired because he was seen as resistant to the decentralization plan that the state of Illinois had passed to restructure the school district. Later career After leaving Chicago Public Schools he worked in private practice as an educational consultant.	2.328125
68412402	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Baldy%20Mountain%20%28Okanogan%20County%2C%20Washington%29	Old Baldy Mountain (Okanogan County, Washington)	Old Baldy Mountain is a peak in the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, in Okanogan County, Washington, 10 miles northwest of Conconully. The height is listed at modern sources as 7,844 ft or 7,849 ft or 7,854 ft. Older government maps showed 7,870 feet elevation. There is a geodetic survey benchmark at 7,848 ft near the summit. Some sources show the mountain in the Okanogan Range. Baldy Pass is a pass about one kilometer northeast of the peak, and is traversed by Forest Service Road 37. The Golden Stairway multipurpose motorcycle/biking/hiking trail (not to be confused with the Golden Stairs on Alaska's Chilkoot Trail) leads to Old Baldy. Government maps as of 1963 showed a fire lookout tower on the peak, but it was not mentioned in the National Geodetic Survey in 1956. Part of the mountain was burned in the 2006 Tripod Complex Fire, and the area between Old Baldy and Tripod Peak burned in the Cub Creek 2 Fire in late July, 2021. The name of the United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute series topographic quadrangle map containing Old Baldy Mountain is "Old Baldy, WA".	2.4375
68412820	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20in%20Africa	Time in Africa	Africa, the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, spans across six different time zone offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC): UTC−01:00 to UTC+04:00. As Africa straddles the equator and tropics, there is little change in daylight hours throughout the year and as such daylight saving time is currently observed in only two countries, Morocco and Egypt. However, it was previously observed in several other countries. Before the wide adoption of standard time zones, local mean time was widely used in railway time for train timetables and telegraphic time for telegraphy. Local mean time is a solar time that corrects the variations of local apparent time by forming a uniform time scale at a specific longitude; for instance, Liberia observed UTC−0:44:30 instead of an approximate offset such as UTC−01:00. British Rhodesia (at the time administered by the private British South Africa Company) was the first area in Africa to adopt standard time, switching to UTC+02:30 on 1 August 1899 as the previous time standards proved problematic for the railway system. Other countries followed suit, and by 1912, most Portuguese, French and British territories had adopted a standard offset. Liberia was the last country in Africa to adopt a standard offset, doing so on 7 January 1972.	2.96875
68413758	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Bolling	Charlie Bolling	In the fall, Bolling returned to Duke. He was a fifth-year senior. In October, he played the Grandfather Mountain event. The event was three rounds long and held at Grandfather Country Club in Linville, North Carolina. He shot an even-par first round 72 to tie several players for the lead, including Mike Cook from the University of Georgia. In the second round both he and Cook again shot rounds of 72 and were now the only ones in the joint lead. In the final round, after 17 holes, Bolling was three-over-par and one back of Cook. However, Bolling made birdie while Cook bogeyed giving Bolling the win. During the fall, Bolling also won the intercollegiate events at Kingsmill and Guilford. In March 1981, it was noted by Raleigh, North Carolina's The News and Observer that Bolling had "rapidly blossomed" over the course of the academic year. Duke coach Rod Myers said, "Charlie's really matured. He's a good planner on the course, and has the talent to be the ACC champion." In mid-March, he played the three-round Iron Duke Classic. After two rounds Bolling was at 145 (+3) for solo second, two back of leader Larry Penley of Clemson University. In the final round Bolling shot a one-under-par 70 to tie Penley at the end of regulation. However, Penley defeated Bolling on the first playoff hole. Duke's team finished in solo third. Later in the academic year, at golf's NCAA championships held in Palo Alto, California, Bolling finished in 8th place. The following month, in April, he played the three-round Tar Heel Invitational. Bolling led the individual event after two rounds at 138 (−6). He shot a final round 71 to win by five. Overall, Bolling won five events during the 1980-81 year at Duke. He earned second-team All-American honors. In May 1981, Bolling graduated from Duke with degrees in Economics and History. Professional career	1.984375
68414750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet%20Moritz	Chet Moritz	Brain computer interfaces Moritz conducted a study in 2008 demonstrating that a brain-computer interface can be used to control stimulation of paralyzed muscles and restore movement. This has spawned several successful human trials of this concept in people with spinal cord injury. With Alik Widge, Moritz also demonstrated that cognitive areas of the pre-frontal cortex could be used to limbic stimulation paving the way for psychiatric neuroprostheses and an allowed patent. With David Bjanes, Moritz demonstrated a new way to provide sensory feedback directly to the brain. Neurotechnology Moritz's team demonstrated that stimulation of the spinal cord could lead to lasting improvements in hand and arm function that persisted beyond stimulation. This demonstration of ‘engineered neuroplasticity’ paved the way for human trials of spinal cord stimulation. He and Fatma Inanici's recent studies regarding transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation indicate that non-invasive transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal networks is very effective in restoring movement and function of the hands and arm for people with both complete paralysis and long-term spinal cord injury. This work lead directly to a multi-site clinical trial with ONWARD medical, for which Moritz serves as one of two co-PIs for the study. Parallel work is also exploring optogenetic stimulation of the spinal cord with collaborators Polina Anikeeva and Sarah Mondello.	2.21875
68414762	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galyon%20Hone	Galyon Hone	Withcote and Roger Ratcliffe Surviving windows at Withcote Chapel near Oakham may have been made by Galyon Hone. They were made for Roger Ratcliffe (died 1537), a former member of the household of Catherine of Aragon, and his wife Catherine, widow of William Smith alias Heriz, and daughter of William Ashby. The glass includes their heraldry and the phoenix badge of Jane Seymour. The attribution is based on the Flemish character of the painting, the use of royal insignia, and Ratcliffe's connection to the Henrician court. Roger Ratcliffe attended the queen at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520, and was described as an usher of the privy chamber to Henry VIII in the Eltham Ordinance. He went to Scotland in 1524 with Doctor Magnus to meet the king's sister Margaret Tudor. Ratcliffe's role was to amuse her son, the young James V of Scotland. They brought Henry's gift to Margaret, a length of cloth of gold, and a sword for James. They saw the king dance, sing, ride, run with a spear, and his other excellent "princely actes and doinggs". The mission was managed by Cardinal Wolsey. Henry VIII allowed Ratcliffe to take building materials from Rockingham Castle to Withcote in 1534. Drawings for Cardinal Wolsey A surviving set of drawings seems to relate to Cardinal Wolsey's windows in the chapel at Hampton Court, and are held by the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium. A design for stained glass is known as a "vidimus". The drawings may have been sent to Wolsey by an artist in Flanders, in the circle of Erhard Schön, and the glass made in London by the glazier James Nicholson. Hone altered the chapel windows by including the badges of Anne Boleyn and subsequently Jane Seymour. The windows were taken down by iconoclasts in 1645.	2.3125
68414764	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Trip%20to%20Coontown	A Trip to Coontown	A Trip to Coontown is an American musical comedy. It was performed, directed, and produced by African-Americans. It was written and performed in by Bob Cole and Billy Johnson. and debuted it New Jersey in 1897 before touring in the U.S. and internationally. Its New York City debut was at the Third Avenue Theatre on April 4, 1898. The musical was a reworking of Cole and Johnson's skit "At Jolly Coon-ey Island" which was written by Cole for an operatic variety company called Black Patti’s Troubadours (formed by Sissieretta Jones). A Trip to Coontown spoofed the popular musical A Trip to Chinatown (1891). In the early 20th century the musical was staged in European cities. Cast According to an October 1899 advertisement in The Allentown Leader, the show featured: Coontown Sextette Carter and Hillman's Bowery Spielers Alice MacKay, Contralto Freeman Sisters, acrobatic dancers Billy Johnson, "the Luckiest Coon in Town" Lloyd G. Gibbs, "Famous Colored Tenor" Edna Alexander, "Accomplished Soprano" Bob Cole, in his own laughable creations Sam Lucas, the "Favorite Colored Comedian"	2
68414766	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipo%C5%A1%C4%87ak%20affair	Lipošćak affair	In 1917, the Yugoslav Committee had established contacts with the government of Serbia led by the Prime Minister Nikola Pašić and they produced the Corfu Declaration on unification of the South Slavs in a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The declaration left the choice between a federation or a unitary state for a later date. The day Korošec arrived in Switzerland, 29 October 1918, the Croatian Sabor declared the end of ties with Austria-Hungary and elected Korošec the president of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Pavelić and Pribićević were elected vice presidents. Unrest in the country During the war, the Austro-Hungarian Army saw mass desertions of conscripts from rural areas who escaped from barracks, hospitals or never reported back after a leave. Most lived at home and only fled to nearby forests to evade gendarmes when warned by local population. In 1917, the deserters were first referred to as the Green Cadres by the authorities in the Croatia-Slavonia. By September 1918, there were about 50,000 Green Cadres among the Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks (about 10,000 in Bosnia, and the bulk in Croatia-Slavonia). Petrova Gora, Fruška Gora, Zrinska Gora, and Papuk mountains, as well as Hrvatsko Zagorje, and the surroundings of the village of Dalj saw large numbers of the Green Cadres.	2.5625
68414868	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Slater%20Jennings	Richard Slater Jennings	A 1956 review of an exhibit of his pastels at the Grand River Art Gallery in Detroit noted that:“Most of his drawings impart a message for contemporary society, primarily the segment from whence he came. He is a crusader on drawing paper, wanting to bring to the public eye the sordid environment that some children have to grow up in.”A 1958 review of a one-man show of his oil paintings in Detroit commented:“The canvases are peopled with black, brown, and beige, youth and age. Mixed with a little humor, a bit of terror, and a touch of beauty, the impact of Jennings’ paintings is refreshingly alive. One can understand why he is called ‘Prophet.’” Jazz album covers In October 1959, it was reported in Jet magazine that Thelonious Monk had commissioned Jennings to work on his next album cover after a visit to Jennings’ studio in Detroit where he saw a portrait of himself. The album, Thelonious Monk with John Coltrane (recorded in 1957 but released in fall 1961) featured Jennings’ painting of Monk in profile, signed “Prophet.” By the time the Monk album was released, two Eric Dolphy albums with very different artwork by Jennings had already been issued. The artwork on the first album, Outward Bound (1960) featured an image of Dolphy, his head seemingly disembodied, next to an “Outward Bound” sign pointing to an open free-standing doorway and to several planets in the sky beyond. There is an alto saxophone hanging from a post and a clarinet and bass clarinet on the ground.	2.203125
68414912	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Forster%20%28attorney%29	Arnold Forster (attorney)	Creative works Forster co-authored the 1952 book The Troublemakers: An Anti-defamation League Report with Benjamin Epstein. The New York Times R. L. Duffus was highly critical of the book's overall argument, saying that it "does not succeed in answering the basic question" of why prejudice exists. Though the book succeeds in describing many examples of white supremacist extremism and stupidity, Duffus says, it becomes highly repetitive in these examples without providing analysis or explanation. In 1961, Forster released Dateline Israel, a series of radio reports that covered the 1960 capture of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann and the subsequent trial in Israel. At the time, the ADL was concerned that the nature of Eichmann's abduction and the nature of his trial might lead to condemnations of Israel. Forster co-authored the 1962 book Some of My Best Friends... with Benjamin Epstein. Forster co-authored the 1974 book The New Anti-Semitism with Benjamin Epstein. The book argued that left-wing antisemitism was emerging. Forster publish his memoir Square One in 1988. New York Times journalist Marcy Oster described the book as "weak on explaining the reasons for the continued existence of anti-Semitism" but "an earnest chronicle of the useful life of a dedicated man".	2.234375
68414945	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Plywaski	Walter Plywaski	Walter Plywaski (August 10, 1929 – January 28, 2021) was a Polish-born Holocaust survivor who emigrated to the United States after World War II. He established a legal precedent allowing immigrants to the country to make a secular affirmation as an alternative to the Oath of Allegiance and received the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland for his role as a Holocaust educator. Childhood in Poland Plywaski grew up in a Jewish family living in the Polish city of Łódź. He was 10 years old when in World War II, the occupying German forces established the Łódź Ghetto. When their provisions ran out, the family surrendered to the German occupation forces in 1944, and they were sent to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. Transferred from one camp to another, he ended the war at the camp near Dachau, while his parents had perished. Immigration to the U.S. and Oath of Allegiance ruling After breaking out of Dachau while it was being liberated by the U.S. military, Plywaski worked as an interpreter for the American forces until 1947. He immigrated to the United States and worked a variety of jobs, from lumberjack to welder, living in Oregon and California. He served in the American air forces for four years, then studied at Oregon State University, earning a degree in electrical engineering. He worked at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for 18 years before founding his own electronics firm. When he became an American citizen in 1952, Plywaski requested an alternative to the Oath of Allegiance: as an atheist, he could not sincerely use an oath ending with "so help me God". While Americans could refuse to swear on the Bible for "religious reasons", Plywaski, as an atheist insisted on refusing to swear on the Bible for -religious reasons. When the citizenship judge turned down his request, support from the American Civil Liberties Union allowed him to appeal the decision. He won the appeal in Oregon in 1955 and was allowed to complete the citizenship process.	2.34375
78570195	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Grey%2C%20Baroness%20Hussey	Anne Grey, Baroness Hussey	Baroness Hussey was amongst a group of high ranking noblewomen who openly opposed King Henry VIII's proposed divorce from Catherine of Aragon. When Mary Tudor was declared illegitimate by Act of Parliament in 1533, King Henry forbade anyone to call address his daughter with the title of Princess. However, Grey continued to do so, being "indiscreet in her support for Mary." She lost her position as Mary's attendant around June 1534 and was imprisoned in the Tower of London in August 1534. When questioned by Sir Edmund Walsingham and Sir William Petre about addressing Mary Tudor with the title of Princess, Hussey "confessed to this, admitting she had done it inadvertently, out of long habit, not from any intent to disobey the law". Grey also admitted that she had exchanged tokens, small presents that reflected their close relationship, with Mary. She was eventually pardoned. When the Pilgrimage of Grace broke out in Lincolnshire in 1536, where Grey's husband was sheriff, he was seen to vacillate even though he had refused to join the rebels and told them to return to their home. Hussey was indicted on 12 May 1537 for conspiring against Henry VIII and raising a rebellion against the king. He pleaded not guilty but was convicted and attainted by a jury of his peers. He was executed for treason in Lincoln on 29 June 1537. His lands and titles were confiscated and his widow and children were unable to reclaim them. Grey survived her husband by 8 years and died in 1545. She was buried at Peterborough Cathedral. Children Grey and Baron Hussey's children included:	2.328125
78570319	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20W.%20Astell	Ann W. Astell	Ann Winifred Astell (born January 28, 1952) is an American literary scholar and theologian. A 2001 Guggenheim Fellow, she specializes in literature and religion, has worked as a professor at Purdue University and at University of Notre Dame, and has served as president of the Society for the Study of Christian Spirituality (2011–2012) and Colloquium on Violence & Religion (2011–2015). Biography Ann Winifred Astell was born in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, on January 28, 1952, the daughter of legal secretary and Johnson Hill Press proofreader Mary ( Schiferl) and popcorn farmer John Malcolm Astell. She attended Jefferson High School, where she was salutatorian and won a local Associated Press student writing contest two times in a row. She later obtained her BS (1974) in English at the University of Wisconsin–Madison (UW) and took a break from higher education to teach language arts at religious school in the Milwaukee area. She obtained her MA (1981) in English literature at Marquette University, where she also taught literature and rhetorical modes, before returning to UW to get her PhD (1987) in medieval English literature; her dissertation The Song of Songs in the Middle Ages was supervised by Alger Doane. In 1988, she started working in Purdue University as an assistant professor, before being promoted to associate professor in 1991 and full professor in 1995. In 2007, she moved to University of Notre Dame, where she was now Professor of Theology. She was the Purdue Department of English's director of graduate studies (1997–2000) and the Notre Dame Department of Theology's director of undergraduate studies (2016–2019), and she became part of Purdue's university senate in 2001 and Notre Dame's Academic Council in 2018.	2.0625
78570393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPMX	IPMX	IPMX (Internet Protocol Media Experience) is a suite of open standards and specifications that provide an interoperable way to transport compressed and uncompressed video, audio, and related metadata over data networks within a multi-vendor IP audiovisual system. IPMX is based on the SMPTE 2110 and AES67 suite of standards, the related AMWA Networked Media Open Specifications (NMOS) and Video Services Forum's (VSF) Technical Recommendations (TR-10) which add specific capabilities for Pro AV (professional audio visual) workflows. Overview IPMX is designed to transport and control media, including 4Kp60 video with 4:4:4 color, over standard Ethernet networks, with very low latency. IPMX, similar to other AV over IP (Audio Visual over Internet Protocol) standards and technologies, supports applications of high-performance media signals over packetized IP Networks instead of using traditional point-to-point cables such as HDMI, DisplayPort, and SDI. IPMX can be used in professional media environments such as broadcasting, live events, corporate communications, event space Pro AV, and educational facilities. IPMX supports SD (standard definition) resolutions, Full HD, 4K Ultra HD and is ready for 8K resolutions and beyond. Additional capabilities beyond ST 2110 include HDMI InfoFrame packet transport, NMOS discovery and registration, I/O management, compressed media using the JPEG XS video coding system as well as new key exchange protocols for handing encrypted content between different products from different providers. IPMX can be used on a network with synchronous sources locked with Precision Time Protocol (PTP) or with asynchronous sources. History In 2019 the Alliance for IP Media Solutions (AIMS) launched the IPMX roadmap. In 2022 and 2023, products from many manufacturers were showing IPMX working in live production and presentation workflows, and were also interoperating with synchronized SMPTE ST 2110 systems. In February 2024, the VSF's TR-10 was ratified.	1.921875
78570425	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Pawe%C5%82%20Woronicz	Jan Paweł Woronicz	Jan Paweł Woronicz (1757 – 1829) was a Polish clergyman, orator, and poet. He lived through major periods such as the Partitions of Poland and Napoleonic Wars, and his work included themes from these events. At the time of his death, he was simultaneously the Bishop of Kraków (1815-1829), Bishop of Warsaw (1827-1829), and Primate of Poland. Biography Jan Paweł Woronicz was born into the nobility near Tajkury. His early education was with the Jesuits in Ostróg, and he later entered a seminary in Warsaw to become a priest by 1784. According to writer Stanisław Baczyński, Woronicz's notoriety began to grow during his time as parish priest of Liw. During the Great Sejm (1788-1792), he became even more well known for his speeches. Woronicz eventually moved to a rectory in the Puławy region and became associated with the Czartoryski family. It was around this time that he produced his first notable work of poetry, Sybilli, which was published much later in 1818. Woronicz's prestige grew more when he was made a state councilor during the period of Napoleon's influence in Poland. He presided over the funerals of Tadeusz Kościuszko and Józef Poniatowski in the 1810s. He was then made Bishop of Kraków in 1815 and Bishop of Warsaw in 1827. As bishop, he commissioned works for the Bishop's Palace that glorified the Kościuszko Uprising and pre-partition Poland. Woronicz died in Vienna. Works Historian Piotr S. Wandycz described Woronicz's works as favoring the classical tradition while limiting literary innovation. As such, Woronicz and his peers preferred odes and grand poems as tools to glorify the Dutchy of Warsaw, Napoleon, or other core elements of contemporary Polish patriotism. Historian also notes themes of classical antiquity in Woronicz's early poem, Sybilli. In the poem, Woronicz combines imagery of Troy and Rome with that of the fall and anticipated rise of Poland. Woronicz's poem Hymn do Boga (1805) is described as a messianic version of Polish history that eventually influenced poets after Woronicz.	2.390625
78570536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadrist%E2%80%93Khomeinist%20conflict	Sadrist–Khomeinist conflict	The Sadrist–Khomeinist conflict refer to the rivalry between the Sadrist Movement and Iran-backed Shia militias in Iraq. History During their opposition to Saddam Hussein, Iraqi Shia militias were united and had Iranian support. The conflict emerged during the Iraqi civil war, when Iraqi Shia militias disagreed over Iran and its interference in Iraqi affairs. Muqtada al-Sadr was the son of Mohammed al-Sadr, who founded the nationalist Sadrist Movement in the 1980s. After Mohammed al-Sadr was assassinated in 1999, Muqtada al-Sadr succeeded him as the leader of the Sadrist Movement and became one of the most powerful and respected Shia clerics. Following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Muqtada al-Sadr founded the Mahdi Army, with the goal of expelling American troops from Iraq and establishing an Iraqi Shia government. Although the Mahdi Army was focused on expelling American troops from Iraq, the political Sadrists joined a coalition with the Islamic Dawa Party and SCIRI. The Sadrists were the kingmakers in the success of the coalition which resulted in the election of Nouri al-Maliki. However, al-Sadr and Maliki were at odds over the topic of Iran, and the disagreements led to the Mahdi Army fighting against the pro-Iran government of Maliki by 2006. Despite its initial popularity as a Shia resistance group, the Mahdi Army provoked a series of clashes in early 2007 which caused even some of its staunchest supporters to criticise it. In August 2007, following violent clashes in Karbala between the Mahdi Army and the Iran-backed Badr Brigades, in which 50 Shia pilgrims were killed, there was much pressure on the Mahdi Army.	2.28125
78570609	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Sherratt%20Keys	Margaret Sherratt Keys	Margaret Sherratt Keys ( Baines; after first marriage, Sherratt; after second marriage, Keys; 1856–1942) was a British-born American artist and china painter; she was an examplar in the art of china painting and its many kindred phases. Keys was also the proprietor of Sherratt's China Art Store in Washington, D.C., the first porcelain art store in the city. Early life and education Margaret Jane Baines was born in Longton, England, 23 May 1856. Her parents were Joseph and Hannah (Johnson) Baines. Keys was educated at private school at Longton. Career Keys and her first husband, Samuel Sherratt, learned the art of china painting in Staffordshire. They came to the U.S. in 1879, after a wide experience in England. Interested in the potteries of New Jersey and West Virginia,, they lived in Wheeling, West Virginia, East Liverpool, Ohio, and Trenton, New Jersey. They remained in Trenton for nine years in the field of instructing amateurs the art of china painting. They became successful at this, their notability spreading beyond the city where their activities were then confined. Recognizing Washington, D.C., as a better place for exhibiting their talents, the Sherratts moved there in 1889 and opened a studio. Washington had talented young artists who sought skilled instruction in the art of china painting. The classes that the Sherratt's offered grew, and china painting, till then a neglected field of study, quickly became a continuing endeavor among hundreds of aspiring artists. J. T. Baines, a nephew of Mrs. Keys, and one of their graduates in hand china painting, became associated with the firm for 12 years, and became an instructor in the decorating department.	2.09375
78570627	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caritas-Spes	Caritas-Spes	Caritas-Spes () or Caritas-Spes Ukraine () is a not-for-profit social welfare and humanitarian relief organisation in Ukraine. It is a service of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine. It is not to be confused with Caritas Ukraine, which is the aid organisation of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Both Caritas-Spes and Caritas Ukraine are member organisations of Caritas Europa and of Caritas Internationalis. History The origins of Caritas-Spes date back to the late 1980s, during the decline of the communist regime. At this time, Ukrainian clergy were once again able to travel abroad. On one such trip to Poland, they observed the development of the Catholic Church and the activities of Caritas Poland. Inspired by this, a Ukrainian priest, Father Yuriy Nagorny, resolved to establish Catholic charitable initiatives in Ukraine. Despite significant challenges, he successfully registered a public organisation called "Caritas-Spes" in 1990. This organisation was neither a church body nor religious in nature, as the Catholic Church's structure in Ukraine had yet to be restored—a process that only began in 1991 with the appointment of bishops after an absence of over 80 years. In 1992, Bishop Jan Purvinsky of the Zhytomyr Diocese was appointed to oversee Caritas of the Roman Catholic Church. Steps were taken to register Caritas organisations as religious entities accountable to bishops. However, administrative and legal obstacles complicated this process. During this period, charitable activities persisted through parish Caritas groups, managed by local priests, with Father Yuriy Nagorny continuing to lead the overall initiative. He worked to expand operations, collaborating with international partners such as Caritas Austria, Caritas France, and Caritas Netherlands.	2.40625
78570627	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caritas-Spes	Caritas-Spes	From its inception, Caritas-Spes has focused on improving the lives of vulnerable children by sending them to health resorts in Ukraine or hospitals abroad. Before the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the organisation facilitated health improvement for approximately 3,000 children annually at its recreation centers in Jablunytsia (Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast), Berdiansk (Zaporizhia Oblast), Zarichany and Oleksandrivka (Zhytomyr Oblast), and Pnikut (Volyn Oblast). Additionally, Caritas-Spes operates more than 20 family-style homes for orphans and numerous daycare centers serving preschool and school-age children, including homeless children and those with disabilities. Caritas-Spes also supports youth, senior citizens, individuals in need, addicts, and people living with HIV/AIDS. It creates employment opportunities in economically depressed areas of Ukraine through self-sustaining projects. Since its founding, Caritas-Spes has evolved into a significant humanitarian actor, implementing large-scale projects. In the first six months following the Russian invasion of Ukraine alone, from February to July 2022, the organisation provided assistance to over 1.7 million people, including shelter, food, water, medicine, hygiene items, and targeted WASH programmes. In 2023, Caritas-Spes supported 481,907 individuals in 23 regions of Ukraine.	2.09375
78570974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Jos%C3%A9%20Petit	Juan José Petit	In his last season at the club in 1916–17, Petit started the pre-season strongly with a leading role in the friendly against Fortuna de Vigo on 1 October, scoring a double and being described by the local press as having "a scientific game that was astonishing". Another friendly in which he stood out was on Christmas Eve of 1916, scoring a four-goal haul against Sociedad Gimnástica to help his side to a resounding 1–8 victory, thus outdoing his brother for once. After this match, local press stated that "science, bravery, will, the whole collection of good qualities, were generously shown to us by Mr. Petit". In the Regional Championship, Petit was present in all six of the Merengues' matches, helping Madrid win all of them, thus winning the title comfortably. Petit was in the best form of his career, being the competition's top scorer with nine goals, and playing a crucial role in helping Madrid retain their title. Petit played his last official match for Madrid on 1 April 1917, scoring the opening goal in an eventual 4–1 win over FC Espanya at Campo de O'Donnell in the first leg of the 1917 Copa del Rey, but shortly before the 1917 cup final, Petit was drafted for the French army during the First World War, while his brother René stayed in Madrid due to still being a minor of 17, going on to score a late equalizer in the final to help his side to a 2–1 win over Arenas de Getxo. The press speculated that Juan would ask for a leave to return for the final in mid-May, but he did not arrive in time; either way, the title was added to his list of achievements due to his contribution in the semifinal. He returned in late May to play his last two matches as a Madrid player in friendlies against Real Sociedad and Racing de Madrid. In total, he scored 13 goals in 22 competitive matches for Madrid.	2.328125
78571118	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaz%20Compean%20Student%20Union	Diaz Compean Student Union	Renovation In 2010, the university launched an $89 million renovation () of the Student Union, finding that the space available no longer sufficiently met the needs of students due to increasing enrollment. Architectural firm Perkins&Will was chosen to complete the project, and added one wing to either end of the building which increased the floor area by an extra 104,000 square feet. In order to contrast the original building's brutalist style, the wings were built in a modernist style, with a heavy use of glass. After the construction, the building was LEED-Gold certified. In 2016, ahead of the opening of the new wings, it was announced that philanthropist Lupe Diaz Compean donated $15 million to establish scholarships and pay for operation of the building. For this, the university renamed the building to the Ramiro Compean and Lupe Diaz Compean Student Union. Activities and event spaces The Diaz Compean Student Union houses a variety of spaces to hold activities and events. The basement-level floor holds a bowling and billiards center, a cafe, and a 312-person capacity theater. The ground-level floor holds the Union Square food court, the Spartan Bookstore, and the welcome center. It also houses various offices for student resources, including those for Veterans, Black, Chicanx, Pacific Islander, and LGBTQ students. The upper-level floor holds 10 meeting rooms, administrative offices, a print-shop, and the 756-person capacity ballroom. Gallery	2.078125
78571492	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executions%20in%20Warsaw%27s%20police%20district	Executions in Warsaw's police district	Jordan's Garden and General Inspector of the Armed Forces ruins were not the only locations within the police district where the Germans carried out mass executions of Polish prisoners and civilians. In early August, residents of houses along Marszałkowska Street, from Union of Lublin Square to Saviour Square, were executed en masse. The largest executions occurred in front of the "Anca" pharmacy at 21 Marszałkowska Street, at the corner of Oleandrów Street. Between 3 and 5 August 1944, approximately 100 men – residents of nearby buildings – were executed there. The bodies of the victims were thrown into the pharmacy's basement and burned. These executions were carried out by Ukrainian collaborators stationed at Szuch Avenue. From 5 August, as more buildings fell into German hands, mass executions were also carried out near the modern-day site of the building at 27/35 Marszałkowska Street. Among the victims were scouts from Mokotów's Grey Ranks. Additionally, during the Warsaw Uprising, hundreds of Poles were murdered within the Gestapo headquarters at Szuch Avenue or in its immediate vicinity. After the war During exhumation work carried out after the war, employees of the Polish Red Cross and the District Commission for the Investigation of German War Crimes found human remains in the basements of the General Inspector of the Armed Forces building. These were placed in 76 coffins and buried at the Warsaw Insurgents Cemetery. The authors of Powstanie Warszawskie – rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni (Warsaw Uprising – Register of Places and Facts of Crimes) were able to identify only 38 names of those murdered during the executions in the police district. One of the victims was likely the famous pre-war clairvoyant Stefan Ossowiecki.	2.21875
78571562	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkamter	Melkamter	Melkamter () (meaning "winged lizard") is an extinct genus of monofenestratan pterosaurs from the Early Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Argentina. The genus contains a single species, M. pateko, known from a partial skull and fragmentary postcranium. Melkamter represents the oldest known monofenestratan pterosaur in the fossil record. Discovery and naming The Melkamter holotype specimen, MPEF-PV 11530, was discovered in sediments of the Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Queso Rallado locality) near the Cerro Cóndor village of Chubut Province, Argentina. The specimen consists of a partial cranium preserved on a slab and counterslab, two teeth, four dorsal vertebrae, a wing metacarpal, and other unidentified bone fragments. The fossil material was first reported at an academic conference in 2024 before its formal description. In 2024, Fernandes, Pol & Rauhut described Melkamter pateko as a new genus and species of early monofenestratan pterosaurs based on these fossil remains. The generic name, Melkamter (), is derived from Tehuelche words mel, meaning "wing" and kamter, meaning "big lizard", referencing the etymology of clade Pterosauria (meaning "winged lizard" in Greek). The specific name, pateko (), combines the Tehuelche words pate, meaning "rasped" and ko, meaning "set of bones", referencing the type locality (Queso Rallado, meaning "grated cheese") and the broken preservation of the holotype. Melkamter is the fifth Jurassic pterosaur to be named from South America, following Herbstosaurus in 1975, Wenupteryx in 2013, the coeval Allkaruen in 2016, and Tacuadactylus in 2021. Description The preserved skull of Melkamter is long.	2.171875
78572415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagonospora%20exasperatulae	Stagonospora exasperatulae	Stagonospora exasperatulae is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae. It was described as a new species by Wolfgang von Brackel in 2009. It has a limited distribution, reported only from Austria, Germany, and Ukraine. It also has a narrow host range, as it only grows on the foliose lichen Melanohalea exasperatula. Taxonomy Stagonospora exasperatulae was first formally named and described by Wolfgang von Brackel in 2009. The species was classified within the genus Stagonospora based on its conidial morphology and reproductive characteristics. Unlike many members of Stagonospora, which are plant pathogens or parasites primarily on grasses, S. exasperatulae demonstrates a mycoparasitic lifestyle, exclusively infecting the lichen Melanohalea exasperatula. Its holoblastic, monoblastic conidiogenesis (a method of spore production) and the absence of conidiophores further support its placement in Stagonospora. The species is distinct from other fungal parasites on vascular plants, such as Stagonospora subseriata, due to its unique host association and morphological features. Description The fungus forms singular, immersed to semi-immersed fruiting bodies known as conidiomata, which are black, subglobose (nearly spherical), and measure 180–250 μm in diameter. These structures are ostiolate, meaning they have small openings through which spores are released. The conidiomata walls consist of (brick-like) cells, 6–11 μm long and 6–8 μm wide, arranged in two to three layers at the base and a single layer at the apex.	2.25
78572415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagonospora%20exasperatulae	Stagonospora exasperatulae	Conidiophores, which typically bear spore-producing cells, are absent in this species. Instead, the conidiogenous cells, where spores are produced, are directly attached to the inner walls of the conidiomata. These cells are subglobose to (flask-shaped), smooth, hyaline (colourless), and measure 8–14 μm in length and 6–10 μm in width. The conidia, or asexual spores, are abundant and broadly spindle-shaped, with straight to slightly curved forms. They are hyaline when young but may turn pale brown at maturity. The conidia are transversely septate, containing 1 to 6 compartments, and often feature a thin gelatinous sheath. Mature conidia measure 34.1–42.7 μm in length and 6.5–7.4 μm in width. Habitat and distribution Stagonospora exasperatulae has been found exclusively on the thallus of the lichen Melanohalea exasperatula. The infected portions of the host lichen show noticeable bleaching, transitioning from their typical glossy dark green coloration to a dull light brown. Nearby lichens in direct contact with the infected thallus, such as Melanelia subaurifera, Parmelia sulcata, and Punctelia subrudecta, show no signs of infection, suggesting host specificity. The species has a restricted geographical range. In Bavaria, Germany, it has been recorded at three sites: a campground in Thalkirchen, Munich; a nearby area south of Hinterbrühl; and a pasture near Gut Hartschimmel at lake Ammersee. These sites are characterised by elevations ranging from 525 to 720 metres. In 2018, it was recorded from Tirol, Austria, and in 2020, from Ternopil Oblast in Ukraine.	2.265625
78572732	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Kimball%20Kendall	Elizabeth Kimball Kendall	Kendall retired as professor of history at Wellesley in 1920, becoming professor emeritus. In the same year, Wellesley established a chair in her name. In 1921, the Yenching Academy in Beijing became a sister college of Wellesley and received its president, Ellen Fitz Pendleton, who invited two professors to accompany her: Kendall and Eliza Kendrick. After her retirement, Kendall visited China again, staying for six years and teaching part-time at Yenching. She then lived in England until World War II began, when she returned to the United States. Kendall died on 21 May 1952 in England, where she had gone to live with her niece one year before. Notable works Kendall co-authored three books with Katharine Coman: The Growth of the English Nation, published in 1894; A History of England for High Schools and Academies, published in 1899; and A Short History of England for School Use, published in 1901. The last of these was based on research that Coman conducted in England between 1886 and 1894. Kendall also compiled a number of original documents from English history into a book titled Source-Book of English History, which was published in 1900. A Wayfarer in China	2.453125
78573271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Tibbits	John A. Tibbits	John Arnold Tibbits (February 19, 1844 – July 22, 1893) was an American newspaper publisher and politician from Connecticut. Born in New London, Tibbits attended Bartlett High School and Williston Seminary. Afterwards, he went to Williams College for a brief period, but never graduated; instead, he decided to study law in New London. When the American Civil War broke out, Tibbits enlisted in the Union Army and became a major. After the war, he established the newspaper The Day, among others that have since ceased publishing. Additionally, as a Republican, he represented New London in the Connecticut House of Representatives, including as Speaker in 1886, and was involved in Republican party politics. Early life and military service John Arnold Tibbits was born on February 19, 1844, to John W. and Fanny Tibbits (née Chappell) in New London, Connecticut. His mother died when he was an infant, and Tibbits was raised by his family members. After initially attending Bartlett High School in New London, Tibbits went to Williston Seminary in Easthampton, Massachusetts. He matriculated to Williams College in 1860, and joined the Kappa Alpha Society the same year. He stayed at Williams for less than a year, leaving to study law in New London.	2.21875
78573271	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Tibbits	John A. Tibbits	On July 12, 1862, due to the start of the American Civil War, Tibbits enlisted in the 14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, becoming an orderly sergeant. He first engaged in combat on September 17, 1862, at the Battle of Antietam, where he was wounded in both hands; as a result, he lost use of his left hand. After recovering from his injuries, Tibbits was promoted to second lieutenant of Company F on December 15, 1862, and fought at the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, where he sustained another injury to the right arm and was subsequently honorably discharged. Later, after re-enlisting, he served under George Armstrong Custer with the Army of the Potomac's cavalry in the Valley campaigns of 1864, and was promoted to captain on May 28, 1864. Upon his final honorable discharge on July 31, 1865, Tibbits was brevetted the rank of major. Career When he returned to New London at the end of the Civil War, Tibbits became an editor of David S. Ruddock's New London Morning Star until 1872. In 1873, as Ruddock was struggling with health issues and unable to publish the Star and his other newspaper, the New London Democrat, Tibbits began to write his own newspapers, the Evening Telegram and Connecticut Gazette, to replace them respectively; both ceased publishing in 1909.	2.40625
78573447	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20End%20of%20Alchemy	The End of Alchemy	The End of Alchemy is a book written by Mervyn King, the former Bank of England Governor from 2003-2013, and during the 2007–2008 financial crisis. The book focuses on the history, flaws, and future of money, banking, and financial systems. Alchemy is referring to the money creation process in which banks 'manufacture' the new money supply as debt in the debt-based monetary system, where banks create margin for themselves and invest it as debt, such as mortgages, loans, bonds, treasuries, and other debt-based financial instruments. The leverage created by banks creates the economic bubbles that the Central banks have to pop with deflationary monetary policy that typically causes unemployment to rise. The Gold Standard and the Great Depression In Chapter 3, titled ' The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly ' King explains how in the 1920s countries tried to reinstate the Gold standard at pre-World War I parities causing deflationary pressures and the Great Contraction through tight monetary policy, causing the Great Depression.	2.3125
78573473	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalijira%20rice	Kalijira rice	Culinary Uses Kalijira rice is a key ingredient in many traditional Bengali dishes, including: Pulao: The delicate grains absorb spices and flavors well, making them ideal for festive rice dishes. Biryani: Kalijira's ability to remain soft yet structured makes it a favorite for traditional Bangladeshi biryani in rural and urban kitchens. Khichuri: A spiced rice and lentil dish often served during rainy seasons or festivals. Kheer/Phirni: Sweet desserts where the rice’s small size and sticky nature enhance the creamy texture. Zarda: A sweet saffron rice dish popular in South Asian celebrations. Additionally, Kalijira rice is one of several fine-grain varieties, including Kasibinni, Begunbichi, Jamai Bhog, and Dadkhani, which are traditionally served to guests in rural Bangladesh. Recognition and Significance Kalijira rice is officially recognized as a GI product of Bangladesh. Its cultural and culinary importance is deeply rooted in Bengali traditions, where aromatic rice varieties are an essential part of hospitality and celebration. Economic Significance Kalijira rice is a significant export product for Bangladesh, with high demand in South Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. Its popularity has encouraged initiatives to promote its cultivation and improve yields through agricultural research and development. Challenges Despite its premium quality, Kalijira rice faces several challenges: Limited production: Farmers often prioritize higher-yielding rice varieties over Kalijira. Market fluctuations: Prices vary significantly based on harvest conditions and demand. Climate change: Changes in weather patterns threaten the optimal growing conditions required for Kalijira rice.	2.609375
78573731	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf%20Terschak	Adolf Terschak	Adolf Terschak (21 April 1832 – 1 October 1901) was an Austrian flautist and composer, mainly of music for the flute. He travelled to many places, in Europe and beyond, to give concerts. Life Terschak was born in Prague; when he was seven the family moved to Hermannstadt (now Sibiu) in Transylvania, where he had lessons on the flute and in harmony. He went to Vienna in 1850, where at the Vienna Conservatory he studied the flute with Franz Zierer, and counterpoint and harmony with Carl Schlesinger and Simon Sechter. From late 1852 he toured, first to Berlin, where his playing was notable enough for him to be heard at court; then to Hamburg, and in 1853 to London, where he played at upper-class salons; then to Ireland and Scotland, and in the winter of 1853 to Paris and to southern France, finally returning to Transylvania. In February 1856 he began a tour lasting a year and a half, to Bucharest, Iași, Ukraine and Russia, including several towns in Siberia. He later visited Prague in 1860 and toured Germany in 1863. He is said to have also visited Korea, China, Japan and Iceland. He died in Breslau (now Wrocław) in 1901. Commentaries His biographer in Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich (1882) wrote: "As far as Terschak as a flute player is concerned, his playing is soulful, pure in tone, both in forte and piano; there is an inimitable bravura in his decrescendo, the delivery is powerful and plentiful, the sound is immensely sympathetic, the technique is masterful." H. Macaulay FitzGibbon, in The Story of the Flute (1914), wrote: "As regards his playing, his power and execution were immense, but his tone was coarse and windy; moreover he was generally out of tune, and in 1878 his attempts to tune with the orchestra at the Crystal Palace so signally failed that he left in disgust. He was a tall, strong, handsome man, but in later life he suffered much from his eyes, and his health broke down."	2.1875
78573873	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil%20Herz%20%28publisher%29	Emil Herz (publisher)	Emil Emanuel Herz (born April 5, 1877 in Essen, Germany; died July 7, 1971 in Rochester, New York, USA) was a German publisher. Life Emil Herz was the son of the hide and fur trader Aron Herz and Amalie Grünewald. The family moved to Warburg in Westphalia around 1880. There he attended the municipal grammar school and graduated from high school. He studied German literature in Bonn, completing his studies with a dissertation on drama in Shakespeare's time in 1901. After a two-year publishing apprenticeship in Hamburg, he was hired by Ullstein Verlag in Berlin in 1903 as the first director of the newly founded Ullstein Buchverlag. On June 14, 1910, he married Gabriele Berl, a teacher, and they had two daughters (Elisabeth and Gertrud) and two sons (Arthur and Erwin). Herz introduced the Ullstein paperbacks and founded Propyläen Verlag. His greatest success as a publisher was the 1929 bestseller Im Westen nichts Neues (All Quiet on the Western Front). Art Collection Herz was an art collector, acquiring works by Lovis Corinth, Max Liebermann, Max Pechstein, Lesser Ury, Peter Bruegel, Edgar Degas, Hokusai, Oskar Kokoschka, Marie Laurencin, Camille Jacob Pissarro, Auguste Renoir, Max Slevogt, Maurice Utrillo and many other artists. Nazi persecution and emigration When Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, Herz and his employers were persecuted by the Nazis because of their Jewish heritage under anti-semitic racial laws. After more than 30 years at Ullstein, ultimately as director, the Nazis forced his dismissal in 1934. Due to the ever-increasing pressure he was under as a Jew, he decided to emigrate at the end of 1935. He first fled to Palestine, where he fell seriously ill and returned to Germany in the spring of 1936. His next attempted to emigrate via Florence in 1937, Lugano in 1938 and Havana in Cuba in 1939. In the summer of 1940, he reached the USA, where he settled in Rochester in the US state of New York and lived there until his death. Civic engagement	2.15625

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