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78574778	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-2-plasmin%20inhibitor%20deficiency	Alpha-2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency	Alpha-2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency, also known as alpha-2-antiplasmin deficiency or congenital alpha-2-antiplasmin deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive coagulopathy characterized by impaired inhibition of plasmin, leading to increased fibrinolysis and a heightened risk of bleeding. Genetics Alpha-2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency is caused by mutations in the SERPINF2 gene, which encodes the alpha-2-plasmin inhibitor (Alpha 2-antiplasmin) protein. The condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that an individual must inherit two defective copies of the gene, one from each parent, to develop the disorder. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of alpha-2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency is intricately linked to the crucial role that alpha-2-plasmin inhibitor plays in regulating fibrinolysis. This serine protease inhibitor, also known as a serpin, is primarily responsible for inactivating plasmin, the key enzyme involved in breaking down fibrin clots. In normal physiological conditions, alpha 2-antiplasmin acts as a regulatory brake on the fibrinolytic system, ensuring that blood clots are not prematurely dissolved. In individuals with alpha-2-plasmin inhibitor deficiency, the absence or significant reduction of functional α2-antiplasmin leads to a dysregulation of the fibrinolytic process. Without this inhibitory protein, plasmin activity goes largely unchecked, resulting in an accelerated and excessive breakdown of fibrin clots. This means that even as the body forms necessary blood clots in response to injury or during normal hemostasis, these clots are rapidly and precipitously dissolved.	2.6875
78574853	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemingway%20Days	Hemingway Days	Hemingway Days is an annual celebration of the life of Nobel Prize winning author Ernest Hemingway in Key West, Florida. The festival runs for three days each year, coinciding with July 21, Hemingway's birthday. The festival was founded in 1981 by Michael Walton as a promotional stunt for Sloppy Joe's Bar, of which Hemingway was a frequent patron when he lived in Key West. It most notably features the yearly Hemingway Look-Alike Contest, which is operated by the Hemingway Look-Alike Society. Other attractions include a “running of the bulls” spoof, a street fair and the Key West Marlin Tournament which is a fishing competition, and a short story competition. Background Ernest Hemingway lived in Key West, Florida, for 12 years, mostly when he was in his 30s; he visited and then quickly moved to the island in 1928 and lived there until late 1939. During this time, he published A Farewell to Arms (1929), which he had already written, and wrote some of his most famous works including To Have and Have Not (1937) and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), the former being about Key West during the Great Depression. He covered the Spanish Civil War in the late 1930s. Spending his mornings writing and the rest of the day fishing and drinking, he became a frequent patron of Sloppy Joe's Bar in this period of his life, and spent time big-game fishing with local fishermen he made friends with, eventually obtaining his own boat, the Pilar, in 1934. History	2.265625
78574884	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambropodus	Cambropodus	Cambropodus is a genus of Cambrian arthropod from the Wheeler Shale of Utah. It contains one species, Cambropodus gracilis. Description Cambropodus is only known from a partial specimen preserving what seems to be the front end of the body. It preserves nine pairs of appendages, all uniramous and likely used for walking, which bear some similarity to the legs of Scutigeromorpha. Due to their flexibility, they likely had between four and six podomeres, although the exact amount is unclear. The head also preserves two long antenniform structures. However, unlike myriapods, Cambropodus has no specialised head limbs, and instead the first two limb pairs are very similar to the rest. On the head, the limbs are more laterally attached, however they become more ventrally attached on the body. The complete animal is estimated to be roughly 2 cm long, with at least 15 pairs of appendages. The gut is preserved as a light stripe down the middle of the fossil, with no apparent gut diverticula and a likely very long midgut. No respiratory organs are preserved, therefore it likely respired through its thin exoskeleton. Cambropodus shares many similarities to the enigmatic fossil Portalia especially in the limbs, however it may be more derived and closer to Arthropoda due to the antenniform structures and apparently jointed legs. In this it resembles the myriapods more, however it is over 75 million years older than the oldest definitive myriapod, Kampecaris. Cambropodus was likely cursorial and epibenthic, as evidenced by the structure of its legs closely matching other fast arthropods. The placement of this genus within Arthropoda is uncertain, as only the front portion is preserved, alongside no clear specialisation in head limbs that would place it within Mandibulata alongside the other myriapods. Etymology	2.4375
78575357	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20Amorous%20History%20of%20the%20Silver%20Screen%3A%20Shanghai%20Cinema%2C%201896%E2%80%931937	An Amorous History of the Silver Screen: Shanghai Cinema, 1896–1937	An Amorous History of the Silver Screen is divided into eight chapters, with further sections for abbreviations, notes, and a glossary. Generally, discussion is organized chronologically, beginning with the exhibition of short films in teahouses and continuing through the 1930s, though it avoids periodization. Films discussed in detail include Labourer's Love (1922), A String of Pearls (1926), Lustrous Pearls (1927), and three wuxia films with female protagonists The Red Heroine (1929), The Valiant Girl White Rose (1929), and The Swordsman from the Huangjiang River (1930–31). These discussions are situated within their socio-cultural contexts, providing a social history of Chinese cinemagoers as well as an overview of contemporary debates, while the theories of Vladimir Propp are also employed to position "cinema as modern folk tale". The interplay between Chinese cinema and its foreign influences is explored in detail, taken not as simplistic linear narrative but as a process of "mutual dependence and interactions", as are the competing discourses of modernity found in early 20th-century China. Release and reception An Amorous History of the Silver Screen was written by Zhang Zhen, at the time an associate professor at New York University. It stems from her doctoral dissertation, which was supervised by Miriam Hansen and received an award from the Society for Cinema and Media Studies. The first in the University of Chicago Press's series Cinema and Modernity, the book was titled after An Amorous History of the Silver Screen (1931), a film which Zhang used as a metaphor for the emergence of Chinese cinema. Zhang had previously used the title for a 2001 article in Camera Obscura.	2.140625
78575425	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar%20banana	Madagascar banana	The Madagascar banana or Ensete perrieri is a species of banana exclusively found in western Madagascar. The Madagascar banana is listed as critically endangered because of deforestation and climate change. However, some botanists believe that the Madagascar banana is a potential source of resistance to Panama disease, which wiped out the Gros Michel banana, and threatens the Cavendish banana, which is the main banana of international commerce. Description The Madagascar banana tree is a herbaceous tree. It loses all of its leaves in the dry season with only a pseudostem of leaf-sheaths remaining. A typical Madagascar banana tree is 5 to 6 meters high, with a trunk swollen at the base into a thick tuber 2.5m in circumference. The roots are white, cylindrical and thick. The stem is surrounded by persistent leaf sheaths and thus takes on the appearance of a large trunk swollen at its base. It measures, on average, 2m in circumference at the collar, 2.5m a little higher (at a distance of 50 centimeters), only 0.7m at the level of the lower leaves. Uses Because of its large seeds, it is not palatable to eat. However, it may be possible to breed edible bananas with it. A traditional Malagasy use of the banana in southwest Madagascar is to grind the stems to a powder as a treatment for stomach-ache. Taxonomy A specimen was collected in Betsiboka in 1905 by a French botanist named, Pierre Claverie, and is kept in a herbarium in the National Museum of Natural History, France. The Madagascar banana is named after a French botanist, Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie, and was originally classified in the genus Musa, but was later reclassified as Ensete by Ernest Entwistle Cheesman. The Madagascar banana is a relative of the Abyssinian banana (Ensete ventricosum).	2.78125
78575660	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation%20of%20animals%20in%20Western%20medieval%20art	Representation of animals in Western medieval art	Animal representation in Western medieval art is diverse in its artistic forms and animals depicted, whether real or imaginary. These medieval representations are influenced by Christianity: they are decorative and, at the same time, symbolic. In this period, animals can represent Creation, Good and Evil, God and the Devil. They were popular in churches, on stained glass windows, bas-reliefs, or paving stones, the only learning media for the illiterate who made up the majority of medieval society. Animals were sculpted on church capitals and ivory plaques, painted in manuscript illuminations and church frescoes, as well as in goldsmiths’ and silversmiths’ work, seals, tapestries, and stained-glass windows. Animals in the Middle Ages The art of the Middle Ages was mainly religious, reflecting the relationship between God and man, created in His image. The animal often appears confronted or dominated by man, but a second current of thought stemming from Saint Paul and Aristotle, which developed from the 12th century onwards, includes animals and humans in the same community of living creatures. During the Christian era, the Church's commitment to eradicating paganism led to a revival of symbolic art. The animal becomes an allegory: the dove, for example, represents peace. God's creature, the animal, helps man interpret the world, in a symbolic role, particularly represented in bestiaries. From the 13th century onwards, encyclopedias began to appear, partly due to the translation of Aristotle's works. The animal had its place in these inventories, which gradually shed their moralizations, and some started to touch on practical aspects of animal husbandry. Animals were an active part of life in the Middle Ages, as evidenced by the depictions of the months in books of hours, as well as tales, fables, and satires, such as the novel of Renart, the novel of Fauvel and the fables of Marie de France. Religion	2.9375
78575660	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation%20of%20animals%20in%20Western%20medieval%20art	Representation of animals in Western medieval art	Society Representations of animals during the Middle Ages are also seen in hunting books, fables, and seals. Medieval seals were the medium on which many of the animals featured in medieval literature found their place. Birds, fish, mammals, and snakes populated these prints, as did the hybrid creatures mentioned above. Among these seals is that of Jean de Franquerue (12th century), which appears to feature a gargoyle, a man's head leaning against a horse's head and legs and an eagle's head, accompanied by a cinquefoil, on a field of crosses. The seal of Philip III of Burgundy also features two lions supporting the Duke's shield. As we can see from these examples, it is possible to infer that animal iconography was available and widespread in medieval society. In addition to its symbolic function, it also played a role in identity, the seal being man's image, his image, the one that extends, emblematizes, and symbolizes him, the one that is both himself and the double of himself. Evolution and influences of animal representations during the Middle Ages Over the course of the Middle Ages, animal representation evolved from codified imagery derived from multiple influences to naturalistic representation, as illustrated by the life sketches made in the Visconti or Frederick II menagerie, such as Villard de Honnecourt's lion. Most animal descriptions are based on the Physiologus, an ancient bestiary written in Greek in Alexandria in the 2nd or 3rd century, then translated into Latin in the 4th century. The West was also influenced by the Orient and dragons and griffins were grafted onto Western animals. Familiar animals are represented in particular through scenes of peasant life in 15th-century Books of Hours. From the 9th century onwards, Muslim aniconism was respected for religious spaces, with rare exceptions, particularly Anatolian mosques. Figurative illustrations can be found in secular works, illuminated manuscripts, and ceramic art.	3.078125
78576155	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20K%C3%B6lleryd	Battle of Kölleryd	The Battle of Kölleryd (; ) took place at Skällinge parish on 21 February 1612 during the Kalmar War. The Swedes were commanded by John of Östergötland and Jesper Mattson Cruus, while the Danes were commanded by King Christian IV. The battle ended in a Swedish victory. Background When Christian IV led his army against Skara, Duke John of Östergötland and the Field Marshal Jesper Mattson Cruus were at Bogesund, further south. Together, they commanded a few banners of cavalry, several companies of Irish and Scottish infantry from Rutherford's regiment, and most likely some national infantry companies. While identifying the exact units under their command or their total manpower, their forces probably did not exceed 2,000 men. Other historians disagree, estimating their force at around 4,000 men.In comparison, the Danish forces, commanded by Christian, consisted of some seven cavalry companies, around 1,500 or 2,000 men in total. His forces consisted of the Fyn, Aalborg, Aarhus, Halland, and Ribe banners, along with the likely harquebusier companies of Duke George of Brunswick–Lüneburg and Captain Benedict Bernd von Hagen. At first, neither Duke John or Cruus knew that the Danish king was outnumbered. Instead, they feared that their numbers were too small to confront Christian, who they also believed was on his way towards Jönköping. As a result, they made no attempts to confront the Danes, instead focusing on defending and blocking the roads leading to Jönköping with abatis and other fortifications.	2.453125
78576572	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergroup%20Harmony	Intergroup Harmony	The main, and arguably, most important reason for promoting, achieving and maintaining intergroup harmony is the reduction of prejudice and discrimination between groups of people. Lower levels of stereotyping and biases lead to lower levels of violence and tension between groups, creating a peaceful coexistence. Another reason for the importance of intergroup harmony is the increase in psychological well-being for members of all groups. When group members experience negative interactions with other groups, this can lead to enhanced feelings of anxiety, stress, worry or even fear, therefore reaching a state of harmony will decrease these negative emotions, leading to higher levels of wellbeing. This can also lead to higher levels of economic success in certain communities, where as intergroup harmony has increased, the need to spend money on legal disputes or civil unrest is decreased, meaning the money can be used in other domains, to improve the economy or create more opportunity for the members of the community. It leads to higher levels of identity security, as people feel a sense of belonging to a wider group, therefore they can maintain their own unique identity, without the worry of being marginalised or isolated within their own group. Achieving Intergroup Harmony Intergroup harmony is important to obtain in any situation where members of diverse groups are present. The ways in which to maximally achieve harmony have been debated; however three main theories have emerged: the contact hypothesis, the presence of subordinate goals, and more recently the use of music and sports to promote harmony. The Contact Hypothesis	2.703125
78576639	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmelia%20pinnatifida	Parmelia pinnatifida	Parmelia pinnatifida is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae, first recognised as a distinct species in 1976. Originally classified as a variety of P. omphalodes in 1803, it is characterised by its small, circular body (thallus) with narrow, highly branched, overlapping , and its grey to brown upper surface contrasting with a black underside. While its status as a separate species has been debated, modern genetic studies support this classification, though some uncertainty remains. The lichen typically grows on siliceous (silicon-rich) rocks, and occasionally on moss, plant debris, or tree bark, showing a preference for humid environments. It has been documented across Europe, North America, and Antarctica, with populations in mountainous regions, though its reported presence in the Southern Hemisphere requires further verification. Taxonomy Parmelia pinnatifida was originally described as Parmelia omphalodes var. panniformis by Erik Acharius in 1803. However, its unique characteristics led Syo Kurokawa, in 1976, to recognise it as a distinct species. Kurokawa's reclassification was based on detailed studies of the lichen's morphology and chemistry, which revealed differences from closely related taxa such as P. omphalodes and P. discordans. The specific epithet pinnatifida highlights the species' hallmark repeatedly branched , which form narrow, overlapping . Within the genus Parmelia (in the strict sense), P. pinnatifida belongs to a monophyletic group known as the P. saxatilis group. This clade includes several closely related species such as P. discordans, P. ernstiae, P. hygrophila, P. imbricaria, P. mayi, P. omphalodes, P. saxatilis, P. serrana, P. submontana, and P. sulymae. The group has its centre of diversity in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere but has achieved a cosmopolitan distribution.	2.328125
78576794	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Mary%20Flickinger	Grace Mary Flickinger	Grace Mary Flickinger (September 7, 1935 – June 11, 2024) was an American religious sister and college professor. She was a biology professor at Xavier University of Louisiana (XULA) from 1968 to 2016, and served as the school's faculty athletics representative from 1981 to 2016. Early life and education Flickinger was born in the District of Columbia and raised in Millville, New Jersey, the youngest child of Edmond J. B. Flickinger and Helen C. Reardon Flickinger. Her mother was a nurse, and her father was a glassworker and veteran of World War I. She graduated from Sacred Heart High School in 1952. She attended Blessed Sacrament College, and earned a master's degree from Catholic University of America. She completed doctoral studies at the University of Southern Mississippi. Flickinger joined the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament in 1952, and professed her final vows in 1960. Career Flickinger was a biology professor as Xavier University of Louisiana from 1968 to 2016, and was active in the school's athletic programs, and in sports administration at the conference level. She was president of the Gulf Coast Athletic Conference (GCAC) twice, from 1990 to 1991, and from 1995 to 1999. She was academic advisor to the XULA basketball team, and founded the Academic Coordination of Athletes program at XULA in 1981. She took particular interest in preparing the school's students for admission to medical schools. Flickinger was inducted into the NAIA Hall of Fame in 1998. She received NAIA's Wally Schwartz Award in 2007. She was inducted into the XULA Hall of Fame in 2022. Flickinger's area of research was dermatoglyphics, or the characteristics of fingerprints and palm prints, especially as indicators of health or genetic conditions. Publications "Dermatoglyphics of Apache and Navajo Indians" (1976, with Karen M. Yarbrough) "Let a Slinky Do Your Teaching!" (1978)	2.140625
78576902	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait%20of%20Louis%20XVIII	Portrait of Louis XVIII	Portrait of Louis XVIII is an 1814 portrait painting by the French artist François Gérard depicting Louis XVIII of France in his coronation robes. Louis XVIII was the younger brother of Louis XVI, who had been guillotined during the French Revolution; he spent many years in exile and returned to France from England following the 1814 downfall of Napoleon and the First Restoration. Gérard rushed to complete the painting for the Salon of 1814 in Paris, the first of the restored monarchy. The seated position was unusual and Gérard aimed for a greater degree of naturalism. Gérard's contemporaries Antoine-Jean Gros and Robert Lefèvre both also depicted the king in his robes. In the event Louis XVIII never had a coronation ceremony, and the first and last of the Bourbon restoration was that of his brother Charles X, in 1825. which Gérard notably painted as The Coronation of Charles X. Several versions of the painting exist, with the original in the Hôtel Beauharnais. A sketch for it is now in the collection of the Palace of Versailles.	2.140625
78577083	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil%20Wood	Virgil Wood	In September 1965, Wood drove a school bus of black students to the mostly white Parkman School in Jamaica Plain as part of a protest against racial inequality and overcrowding in Boston schools. The protest, named "Operation Exodus", was organized after the school committee had refused to authorise busing from one school to another. The black students, guided by their teachers and civil rights leaders, entered the school and sat down at the empty desks, despite attempts to block their entry by Parkman school principal George O'Connell. The black students wore pins with messages that included "I have no desk or books", "May I join you in your classes?", and "I wish to learn also". Principal O'Connell told Wood that the students required transfer slips to enroll, to which Wood responded that he should "take that up with the school department". The children were permitted to stay at the school for the day. Similar protests occurred at several other schools, with approximately 5 busloads of 40 to 50 children each arriving at white-majority schools. In August 1966, Wood spoke to over a thousand African-Americans at a rally against school segregation in Providence, Rhode Island, in one of the city's largest civil rights rallies. He told the crowd to "get off your behinds" in order to force the Providence School Committee to end de facto segregation in public schools, and also said that "black power is one of the most beautiful phrases I've heard in a long time".	2.140625
78577139	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Pickstone	Sarah Pickstone	Sarah Pickstone is an English artist. She has won the 2012 John Moores Painting Prize and was awarded the 1991 Rome Scholarship in Painting to study at the British School at Rome. Early life Pickstone was born in Manchester. She studied at University of Newcastle and Royal Academy Schools. Career Pickstone was awarded the Rome Scholarship in Painting in 1991, subsequently spending a year at the research centre the British School at Rome. She won the John Moores Painting Prize in 2012, having been a runner up in 2004. This made her the first female winner of the prize since Lisa Milroy over thirty years earlier. Pickstone's winning painting, Stevie Smith and the Willow, was based on an illustration accompanying Smith's 1957 poem "Not Waving But Drowning". Pickstone said the painting's depiction of a girl bathing under a willow tree "might represent some kind of everywoman - an artist or mother or child", and while the poem is "very dark", she wanted to "make something more joyous out of the poem" with her painting. Judge for the prize, Fiona Banner, said of the work: "It's [...] a painting of one artist reflected through another, a meeting of literary and pictorial minds". Stevie Smith and the Willow is one of a series of Pickstone's works inspired by writing with connections to Regent's Park in London. Pickstone subsequently published an anthology of these paintings and others' writing, Park Notes, with Daunt Books in 2014. It followed a 2013 exhibition at the New Art Centre, The Writers Series. The exhibition referenced an all-female selection of writers including George Eliot, Virginia Woolf, Katherine Mansfield and Sylvia Plath.	1.929688
78577447	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Roberts%20%28engineer%29	William Roberts (engineer)	William Roberts J.P. M.Inst. C.E. (1848 – 30 November 1918) was Engineer-in-Chief to the Highland Railway based in Inverness, Scotland. Life He was born in Dunblane in 1849, the son of William Roberts (1821–1896) for some time station master at Elgin, and for many years Superintendent of the line of the Highland Railway, and Margaret McGregor (1821–1877). He married Madeline ( – 19 May 1947) daughter of Donald Fraser on 30 April 1879 in Broomhall, Strathspey. They had the following children Donald Fraser Roberts (born 1881) William Roberts (born 1883) (also a railway engineer). Margaret MacGregor Roberts (died 1880) James Hamish Roberts (1885 – 13 October 1918) Simon Fraser Roberts (died 1891) Isabella Fraser Roberts (born 1887) Madeline Fraser Roberts (born 1889) Ewan Duncan MacPherson Roberts (1892–1935) John Fraser Roberts (born 1895) Cecil Herbert Roberts (born 1898) He died at his home, Rockburn, 18 Southside Road, Inverness on 30 November 1918 and was buried in Tomnahurich Cemetery, Inverness where his memorial was erected. Career He worked as a pupil and later assistant to Peter MacBey, Civil Engineer and Surveyor in Elgin from 1863 to 1871. From 1871 to 1874 he worked under Murdoch Paterson, engineer in chief of the Highland railway and was the resident engineer for the Sutherland and Caithness Railway. In 1874 he was involved with the construction of the Eglinton Tunnel and Stobcross Dock, Glasgow. From 1876 to 1877 he worked for the Dunfirmline & Inverkeithing Railway. He also worked for the East India Railway on the Allahabad. From 1879 to 1891 he worked for the Badenoch and Strathspey districts of Inverness, where he designed and constructed stone, iron and timber bridges over the River Spey and the River Findhorn for the County Road Trustees. He also designed water and drainage works for Kingussie and Grantown-on-Spey.	1.90625
78577455	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carles%20Bestit%20%28footballer%29	Carles Bestit (footballer)	Carles Bestit Martínez, also known as Bestit I (7 March 1908 – 12 July 1972), was a Spanish footballer who played as a midfielder for Barcelona and Girona. He also played one match for the Catalan national team in 1931. He was the brother of fellow footballer Tomàs Bestit. Playing career Club career Born on 7 March 1908 in Barcelona, Bestit began his football career in the youth ranks of his hometown club CE Europa in 1924, aged 16, before making his senior debut two years later, in 1926, a club where he played alongside his brother Tomàs. On 10 February 1929, he was one of the eleven footballers who played in the club's first-ever match in the inaugural La Liga season in 1929. Two months later, on 28 April, Bestit scored a four-goal haul against Real Madrid to help his side to a 5–2 win, thus becoming only the second player to do so after Barça's Josep Samitier in the 1926 Copa del Rey, as well as the author of the fastest hat-trick against Real with just 7 minutes, narrowly ahead of Oviedo's Emilín with 10 minutes in 1944. In total, he scored 10 goals in 18 La Liga matches for Europa. In the summer of 1929, Bestit signed for Barcelona, with whom he played for five years until 1934, scoring 41 goals in 68 official matches, including 28 goals in 45 La Liga matches. His goals played a crucial role in helping Barça win a three-peat of Catalan championships between 1930 and 1932. In 1934, Bestit was released from Barça, and joined Girona, then in the Segunda División, remaining there for two years until 1936, the year in which he retired, at the age of 28. On 26 September 1943, the 35-year-old Bestit played one La Liga match for Espanyol, which ended in a 2–1 loss to Castellón. In total, he scored 38 goals in 63 La Liga matches, which results in a ratio of one goal every two matches; he also got one red card in La Liga.	1.914063
78577529	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20LeBlanc	Charles LeBlanc	Charles Donald LeBlanc (born 1959 or 1960) is a Canadian blogger and political activist based in Fredericton, New Brunswick. Early life and career Charles Donald LeBlanc was originally from College Bridge (now part of Memramcook), New Brunswick, and was the oldest of two brothers and one sister. In 1978, he graduated from École Mathieu-Martin, a francophone high school in Dieppe. In his late teens, LeBlanc was a long-distance cycler which between June 23, 1978 and January 1979, bearing the nickname "10-Speed Charlie", he cycled from Halifax, Nova Scotia through the United States East Coast to Florida, then along the Southern United States before finishing in Sacramento, California, on a Optimist International-sponsored trek coverting before retiring from cycling at the age of 19. In the early 1980s, he began working for Saint John Shipbuilding, spending the next 18 years working as a labourer. Throughout the 1990s, LeBlanc frequently wrote letters to the editors of the Saint John newspaper Saint John Times Globe. Blogging and activism Activism LeBlanc vehemently opposed the New Brunswick Confederation of Regions Party (CoR) for their anti-bilingual sentiment. In November 1991, he disrupted the New Brunswick Confederation of Regions Party's annual meeting in Saint John in response to CoR leader Danny Cameron's suggestion that the Acadian flag be removed from the legislature. In June 2003, LeBlanc started a protest camp outside of the New Brunswick Legislative Building in Fredericton, where for the next six months he spent living in a tent to protest excessive use of Ritalin to treat children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). His protest, during which he received 10,000 signatures, finished in December 2003.	1.992188
78578818	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boka%20Chaul	Boka Chaul	Boka Chaul is a variety of short-grained rice mainly grown in the Indian state of Assam. It is a common and widely cultivated crop in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley Zone of Assam, encompassing the districts of Dhubri, Kokrajhar, Chirang, Bongaigaon, Goalpara, Barpeta, Nalbari, Baksa, Kamrup Rural, Kamrup Metropolitan, Darrang, and Udalguri falling in Lower Assam division. Boka Chaul is a brand or group name associated with a specific type of parboiled rice. This rice is produced by parboiling whole grains of a unique winter rice variety called Boka dhan. Soaking the kernels in cold water (at ambient temperature) is sufficient to prepare Boka chaul for consumption. Under its Geographical Indication tag, it is referred to as "Boka Chaul". Name Boka chaul, literally translated as "soft rice" in the local state language of Assamese, derives its name from the word "Boka" meaning "mud" - reflecting the soft texture of the rice while "Chaul" means rice. Description Boka Chaul, often hailed as the "Magic Rice" is a unique variety renowned for its extraordinary property of requiring no cooking! This special rice, when soaked in lukewarm water for a few minutes, transforms into a soft, cooked rice-like texture. The secret lies in its low amylose content. Amylose, a type of starch, is responsible for the firmness of rice grains. Boka Chaul, with significantly lower amylose levels compared to regular rice, becomes soft and easily digestible. Cultivation and Geographical Significance Boka Chaul thrives in the fertile alluvial soils of the Lower Brahmaputra Valley Zone. The rich sediments deposited by the Brahmaputra river create ideal conditions for cultivating this unique rice variety.	2.625
78579029	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20V%C3%A9laz%20de%20Medrano%20y%20Bracamonte	Fernando Vélaz de Medrano y Bracamonte	Settling in Buenos Aires, Fernando Vélaz de Medrano became a trusted confidant and an aide-de-camp of the second viceroy of the Río de la Plata, Juan José de Vértiz. Medrano was involved in quelling the Tupac Amaru Rebellion (1780–1783). The rebellion, led by José Gabriel Condorcanqui, also known as Tupac Amaru II, sought to overthrow Spanish colonial rule in the Andean region. It was one of the largest and most disruptive uprisings against the Spanish Crown in South America during the 18th century, and its ripple effects extended across the viceroyalties, including the Río de la Plata. As an aide-de-camp to Viceroy Juan José de Vértiz, Fernando was privy to the administrative and military response to the rebellion. Though the uprising was centered in the Viceroyalty of Peru, its ramifications prompted viceroys across Spanish America to bolster defenses and address the unrest's potential to spread. Fernando’s contributions were primarily in intelligence and planning. According to contemporary sources, he worked closely with Vértiz to coordinate communications and defensive strategies to prevent the rebellion from gaining traction in the southern viceroyalty. Medrano played a key role in advising Vértiz on the allocation of resources and troops to fortify vulnerable areas, such as the frontier regions and key urban centers like Buenos Aires and Montevideo.	2.921875
78579029	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20V%C3%A9laz%20de%20Medrano%20y%20Bracamonte	Fernando Vélaz de Medrano y Bracamonte	Health issues Though Fernando’s life in Manila offered relative comfort compared to the harsh terms of his original confinement, the many years of exile took a significant toll on his health. He became “disfigured, pockmarked, and lame from a broken thigh,” physical reminders of his hardships during this period. Health issues had already begun to manifest during his maritime journey to Acapulco, one of the early stages of his exile. At the time, he was examined by Dr. Andrés Montaner y Virgili, a retired naval surgeon major and director of Madrid’s Royal Amphitheater, and Dr. Manuel Antonio Moreno, a senior naval surgeon. Their diagnosis was severe: He suffered from severe acidic indigestion of a moist serpiginous nature, ulcers on his legs and private parts, and signs of a blind internal fistula caused by hemorrhoids. By the time he was living in Manila, the Marquess of Tabuérniga's declining physical condition had become increasingly apparent. The severity of his ailments prompted authorities to verify his mental and physical fitness when he inherited his uncle’s titles in 1786. Philippine officials were instructed to confirm whether he was “in good health, with sound memory, understanding, and will.” The confirmation of his survival and competence thwarted the ambitions of rival aristocrats who had hoped to claim his inheritance. Despite becoming the Marquess of Fuente el Sol, Cañete, and Navamorcuende, and attaining the rank of Grandee of Spain of the second class, his new status did little to improve his circumstances. His family made repeated pleas to Prime Minister Floridablanca and King Charles III for his return, including a heartfelt appeal from the Marchioness of Fuente el Sol, but all requests were dismissed.	2.25
78579183	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rew%20Hanks	Rew Hanks	Rew Hanks (born 1958) is an Australian printmaker who specialises in hand painted linocut. Hank is known for his highly detailed works that explore Australian cultural histories whilst also making wry social commentaries. Born in 1958, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Hanks holds a Master of Fine Arts from the University of Sydney, College of Fine Arts. By using the medium of linocut, Hanks replicates the appearance of 18th century prints, often combining the people and cultural images associated with Australia's early colonial period. He surrounds his subjects with ethnographic objects and loose Australian iconography to invite viewers to reflect on their own histories, beliefs about indigenous resistance, colonisation and Australia's cultural and social history. Hanks' works are held in the collections of the National Gallery of Australia, the Art Gallery of South Australia , Artbank, the Art Gallery of New South Wales, and other regional and international collections. Subjects of Hanks' art works have included Joseph Banks (The Hunter and collector), Dame Nellie Melba and Russell Crowe (Peaches and cream 2022), Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon in exile 2022), Gerard Krefft (Krefft's chair 2022) and Captain James Cook (Fish between the flags 2023). In 1991, Hanks was awarded a Print Fellow from the Tamarind Institute at the University of New Mexico in the United States of America. Awards	2.421875
78579207	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin%20of%20Peter%20the%20Great%20%28Derbent%29	Cabin of Peter the Great (Derbent)	The Cabin of Peter the Great () is the place in the city of Derbent in Dagestan, where Tsar Peter the Great spent the night during the Persian Campaign of 1722. Only the foundation of the dugout has survived, over which a cultural and historical complex was built in the 21st century, including a pavilion-colonnade, a monument to the first Russian emperor and a museum building. The museum complex, opened in 2015, is a structural subdivision of the Derbent State Museum-Reserve. The main exhibit of the museum complex is the remains of the dugout in which Peter the Great stayed during his stay in Derbent. History In 1722, during the Persian campaign, Peter the Great stayed overnight in a specially built two-room dugout, sheltered from the summer heat. The object was located approximately 100 m west of the seashore and 50 m south of the Northern fortress wall and consisted of two small rooms. The Tsar stayed in Derbent for three days and then went with his army and fleet further to Baku, leaving a Russian military garrison in the ancient fortress. In 1848, the Viceroy of the Caucasus, Prince Vorontsov, ordered the dugout to be surrounded by a stone fence. Anchor chains were hung on the stone pillars and a cast-iron plate was installed with the inscription "The place of the first resting place of Peter the Great on August 23, 1722." Two cannons, cast in 1715, were installed around the fence. Later, in the second half of the 19th century, a monumental pavilion of square stone columns under a hipped iron roof was built over the dugout. The landmark was visited more than once by members of the imperial family and many other famous people. Among them were the writer Alexandre Dumas in 1858 and the emperor of Russia Nicholas II in 1850. The Tsar's dugout was lost in the 20th century during the Russian Civil War. In Soviet times, the historical monument was not given any importance, because of which the building sank deeper and deeper into the ground.	2.140625
78579529	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20Ondine%20Chavoya	C. Ondine Chavoya	C. Ondine Chavoya (born 1970) is an American art historian, art curator, author, editor, and educator. He is known for his work in Chicano/Latino and queer art history. Chavoya is the John D. Murchison Regents Professor in the department of art and art history at the University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin). He was a co-editor of Chicano and Chicana Art: A Critical Anthology (Duke University Press, 2019). Biography Christopher L. Chavoya was born in 1970, in the United States, and raised in Santa Ana, CA. He received a B.A. degree in 1992, from the University of California, Santa Cruz; followed by a M.A. degree in 1996 and a Ph.D. in 2002 in visual and cultural studies, from the University of Rochester. His dissertation was titled Orphans of Modernism: Chicano Art, Public Representation, and Spatial Practice in Southern California (2002), under doctoral advisor Janet Wolff. Chavoya was professor of art history and Latinx studies at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts from 2002 to 2022, where he founded the department. He is one of the 2023–2024 MoMA Scholars. Publications	2.46875
78579533	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89veline%20Plicque-Andr%C3%A9ani	Éveline Plicque-Andréani	From February 1951 to April 1954, Éveline Plicque-Andréani was a resident and some-time pensionnaire at the French Academy in Rome at the Villa Medici. During her stay, she composed, among other things, melodies, symphonic suites and an oratorio. In 1969, Éveline Plicque-Andréani participated in the founding of the Music department of the . She subsequently became an assistant professor and then a professor at the same university, teaching harmony and composition and supervising numerous theses. Unlike most of the winners of the Prix de Rome, she was never a professor at the Paris Conservatoire, but had a brilliant academic career. She was successively director of the UFR Arts, Philosophie, Esthétique from 1986 to 1990, then vice-president of the Université Paris-VIII from 1993 to 1997. She was named a knight in the order of the Légion d'honneur in 1997. She retired in 1998. Éveline Plicque-Andréani died on October 16, 2018 in Paris. She is buried in the Villenoy cemetery (Seine-et-Marne). Musical works Her compositions include:	2.046875
78579538	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Ewing	Max Ewing	Max Ewing (April 7, 1903–June 16, 1934) was an American photographer, novelist, composer, pianist, and sculptor. He is best known for his photographs of his friends and contemporaries, including Muriel Draper, Paul Robeson, Berenice Abbott and George Platt Lynes. His most notable installations and photographic series include his 1928 exhibition, “Gallery of Extraordinary Portraits,” and the portrait series Carnival of Venice (also known as Les Amants du Venise). After his death, his photographs and papers were collected by Carl Van Vechten and donated to the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University. The Max Ewing archive documents the life and experience of a queer young man in the urban and rural U.S. in the 1920s and ‘30s. Early Life On April 7, 1903, Ewing was born to John and Clara Ewing, prosperous owners of a dry-goods store, in Pioneer, Ohio. From an early age, Ewing displayed an interest in performance and fashion, creating stage sets and costumes for plays he put on in his family home, as well as designing evening gowns and fashionable dresses. He was also a talented and dedicated pianist. John and Clara were very supportive of their son, paying for his piano lessons, taking him to concerts, and organizing trips to the theater in Toledo and Detroit. From his letters, it is evident that Ewing always felt different than others in Pioneer, taking no interest in the ball games or teen dances that others his age participated in. Ewing enrolled at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor in 1920 to study music, psychology, and literature; in a letter to his parents, he wrote that he was “living outside [himself] more than [he] ever did before.” It was in college that he was introduced to the work of critic and author Carl Van Vechten, writing an appreciative review of his work that was published in the Michigan Daily News and later in the Detroit Free Press. He began corresponding with Van Vechten, who convinced him to drop out of college and devote himself to his music and writing.	2.515625
78579538	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Ewing	Max Ewing	Life in New York Ewing moved to New York City in September 1923. Financially supported by his parents, he rented a room at 152 East 22nd Street in Manhattan, where he was permitted to practice the piano at any time of day or night. He visited Van Vechten regularly and began studying piano with Russian pianist and Julliard professor, Alexander Siloti. He regularly sent letters to his parents, describing his new experiences in New York City, many made possible by his mentor, Van Vechten: “I have, now, entry, thru V. V. and others, to the most brilliant artistic circles in the most brilliant city in the world. I should be perfectly happy. I am. I hope you can feel this with me." He quickly fell into the New York avant-garde crowd, beginning with regular attendance at socialite Louise Hellstrom’s weekly parties, where he met luminaries such as artist Joseph Stella; composer Edgard Varèse; publisher Jane Heap; and artist Robert Winthrop Chanler (who notably painted portraits of Ewing in 1925 and 1928). Ewing also met the woman who would become his mentor and closest companion: writer and saloniste Muriel Draper. Ewing became a regular attendee of Draper’s salons and attended the opera, theater, and concerts with her. He photographed Draper regularly and even made a series of sculptures of her likeness. Ewing’s letters to his parents, often written as many as four times per week over a ten-year period, indicate that he was relatively open with his parents about his sexuality from a young age, describing his crushes and hinting at his queer desires.	2.1875
78579607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Klushino%20%28painting%29	Battle of Klushino (painting)	The upper part of the painting features the Latin inscription Dextera Domini Fecit Virtutem, which translates to "The hand of the Lord has made strength". The lower part contains another Latin inscription describing the battle, its date, and the commanders involved. This inscription reads:To defeat at Klushino the largest Russian and foreign allied armies, during the reign of Sigismund III of Poland and King of Sweden, under the leadership and command of Stanisław Żółkiewski, at that time the Voivode of Kyiv and the Hetman of the Crown, later the Great Chancellor and Hetman, in the year of our Lord 1610, on the 4th of July. Provenance The painting was placed in St. Lawrence's Church in Zhovkva as intended. In later years, it was joined by canvases commissioned by John III Sobieski, depicting his victories. These included The Battle of Chocim by Andrzej Stech (likely in collaboration with Ferdinand van Kessel, 1674–1679) and two paintings by Martino Altomonte: The Battle of Vienna (1693–1694) and The Battle of Párkány (1693–1695). After World War II, the church in Zhovkva was closed and repurposed as a storage facility. The Battle of Klushino (along with the aforementioned paintings) remained there until the 1970s, when, on the initiative of , director of the Borys Voznytsky Lviv National Art Gallery, it was removed and transported to the gallery's storage facility in the former Capuchin monastery near Olesko Castle. Following restoration, the painting was displayed in the former Capuchin church.	2.40625
78579607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Klushino%20%28painting%29	Battle of Klushino (painting)	Merits of the painting The Battle of Klushino serves as an example of monumental battle painting. Until the works of Jan Matejko, it was the largest painting created in Poland in terms of dimensions. The painting is considered part of the 17th-century battle painting tradition, employing compositional solutions typical of this genre. However, Władysław Tomkiewicz suggested it deviates from contemporary norms. He argued that the piece lacks a cohesive composition emphasizing a decisive moment or the figure of the commander. Instead, he speculated the painting might have been a horizontal frieze, cut into strips and reassembled. This theory has not gained widespread acceptance. Certain compositional features link Boguszowicz's painting to works like Battle of Orsha and Battle of Kircholm from Sassenage, including its bird's-eye perspective, realistic detailing, and simultaneous depiction of events. Additionally, its arrangement of armed groups in elongated zones recalls aspects of Battle of Lepanto by Tommaso Dolabella. However, its connection to another of Dolabella's works, Battle of Klushino from the Royal Castle in Warsaw, remains unclear. From an artistic perspective, Boguszowicz's painting falls short of being considered a masterpiece. Its quality and style are noticeably inferior to the aforementioned works and appear rudimentary compared to depictions of Sobieski's victories. Critics have noted its provincial and amateurish characteristics, evident in its schematic presentation of the battle, lack of cohesive integration, and awkward execution, such as representing military units as blocks of heads with full figures only visible in the foreground. The artist struggled with perspective, creating anomalies such as a fence that resembles a ladder in the central part of the canvas. These shortcomings were attributed to Žółkiewski's restrictive instructions, the painter's lack of firsthand experience of the battle, and limited access to its detailed plans.	2.671875
78579788	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melungeon%20Jews	Melungeon Jews	Melungeon Jews (Hebrew: יהודי מלנג'ון) are a small group of American descendants of historically tri-racial isolate groups who have converted to Judaism. Descendants believe that some of their ancestors were Sephardi crypto-Jews who remained isolated in the Southern United States, primarily Appalachia. Current historical and genetic research does not support the claim of recent Sephardi descent or Crypto-Judaism among any Melungeon families. Research has shown Melungeon descendants to be overwhelmingly of European descent, with direct paternal and maternal lines being predominately of African, European, or more rarely, Native American origin. Some families also have descent from early East Indian indentured servants. Rabbi Arnold Belzer of Congregation Mickve Israel in Savannah, Georgia, a historic colonial-era Reform synagogue founded by Western Sephardim, endorsed the view that Melungeons should return to Judaism and did not require conversion. Origin Some modern researchers believe that early Atlantic Creole slaves, descended from or acculturated by Iberian lançados and Sephardi Jews fleeing the Inquisition, were one of the pre-cursor populations to modern American tri-racial isolate groups. Many creoles, once in British America, were able to obtain their freedom and many married into local white families.	3.09375
78580394	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyrochosma%20flavens	Argyrochosma flavens	Argyrochosma flavens is a South American fern. It has leathery, thrice-divided leaves with dark brown axes; the leaves are coated with yellow powder below. First described as a species in 1806, it was transferred to the new genus Argyrochosma (the "false cloak ferns") in 1996, recognizing their distinctness from the "cloak ferns" (Notholaena sensu stricto). Until recently, it has usually been treated as a variety of Argyrochosma nivea under the names A. nivea var. flava or Notholaena nivea var. flava. It is found along the Andes from Colombia south to Argentina, typically growing in rocky settings in high valleys. A. flavens has been used as an herbal medicine within its native range, where it is sometimes called "doradilla". Its striking colors made it appealing to horticulturists, and it has been cultivated in Europe since the 1850s. Description Morphology The rhizome is short, thick, and more or less upright. It bears thin, delicate linear-subulate scales, long and of a uniform chestnut-brown color. The margins are entire (without teeth), or the walls of the marginal cells may project from the margin. The scales never become strongly crisped (wavy) when dried. The leaves are long and arise close together from the rhizome. The stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade) is slender, rounded, dull (rather than shiny), lacks hairs and scales, and a dark chestnut-brown in color. It is typically shorter than to about as long as the leaf blade.	2.5
78580394	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyrochosma%20flavens	Argyrochosma flavens	The leaf blades are lanceolate or deltate-lanceolate to ovate in shape, and tripinnate (cut into pinnae, pinnules, and pinnulets). The rachis (leaf axis) is similar in appearance to the stipe. It bears up to 12 pairs of pinnae, nearly opposite to one another, on stalks. They are ovate to lanceolate in shape. The pinnules are long and also borne on stalks. The pinnulets are broadly oblong to nearly orbicular (circular), obtuse (blunt) at the tip and truncate (abruptly cut off) to nearly cordate (heart-shaped) at the base, with entire margins. The dark color of the segment stalks stops abruptly at a joint at the base of the leaf segment. The segment at the tip of the pinnule is almost never lobed. The leaf tissue is leathery in texture, free of hairs and scales above and densely covered in yellow farina (powder) below. In fertile leaf segments, the sporangia are close to the margin, borne along the further one-half to one-quarter of the secondary veins branching from the midrib of the segment. Each sporangium contains 32 spores. These are unreduced (not the product of meiosis), and reproduction in the species occurs by apomixis. The spores are covered in a network of crests, appearing generally similar those of other Argyrochosma species. The tissue of the leaf margins retains the same texture as the rest of the leaf, and is not modified into a false indusium. Gametophytes In culture, gametophytes of A. flavens are generally cordate in shape, though many are irregular. They have not been observed to produce farina. Archegonia do not form; antheridia develop and sometimes release sperm. The apogamous sporophyte forms in the apical notch of the gametophyte.	2.625
78580394	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyrochosma%20flavens	Argyrochosma flavens	Taxonomy The species was originally described by Olof Swartz in 1806, based on South American material from Luis Née. He distinguished Acrostichum by the presence of sporangia widely spread over the back of the leaf, rather than in discrete sori. The epithet flavens, meaning "golden", presumably also refers to the presence of the yellow farina, which he described as "pulvere flavo" (yellow powder). In 1811, Nicaise Auguste Desvaux described the species Acrostichum tereticaulon, which he distinguished from Swartz's material by the lack of farina on the vein and margin. This material was collected by Joseph Dombey, probably in Peru. The species epithet, meaning "round-stemmed", presumably refers to the round stipe (leaf stalk), "stipite tereti" in his description. Desvaux also revived the genus Cincinalis with his own circumscription, distinguishing it by the presence of sporangia spreading more from the margins than in Pteris but not so widely as in Acrostichum, and transferred Swartz's species there as Cincinalis flavens. Georg Friedrich Kaulfuss transferred A. flavens to Gymnogramma as Gymnogramma flavens in 1824. He considered this genus to encompass species without an indusium, where the sori followed forking veins towards the margin of the leaf. Desvaux continued to treat the species in Acrostichum, but reduced A. tereticaulon to a synonym of A. flavens in 1827.	2.15625
78580560	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meistera%20dallachyi	Meistera dallachyi	Meistera dallachyi, commonly known as green ginger, is a plant in the ginger family Zingiberaceae found only in the Wet Tropics bioregion of Queensland, Australia. It is a rhizomatous herb, that is, the stem grows horizontally underground and only the leaves appear above ground. The leaf sheaths (the "stems") may be up to long with a number of long narrow leaves on either side, each up to about long by wide. The flowers are produced at ground level on a spearate stalk to the leaves. The flowers have three white or cream petals and a labellum up to long. The fruit is a yellow or green, three-valved, spiky capsule about long by wide, containing a number of brown or black seeds. Taxonomy This species was first described in 1873 as Amomum dallachyi by Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller, but by 2002 it was known that the genus Amomum was paraphyletic. A review of the genus published in 2018 resulted in this species being transferred to the genus Meistera. Distribution and habitat It grows in rainforest, particularly where there are breaks in the canopy such as along roads and creeks. It occurs from Kutini-Payamu National Park in the northern part of Cape York, south to about Mission Beach. The altitudinal range is from sea level to about . Conservation This species is listed as least concern under the Queensland Government's Nature Conservation Act. , it has not been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.	2.75
78580593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattiesburg%20Pinetoppers	Hattiesburg Pinetoppers	After ten seasons without a team, Hattiesburg, Mississippi resumed hosting minor league baseball in 1923, when the Hattiesburg "Hubman" became members of the eight–team Class D level Cotton States League. The Clarksdale Cubs, Greenville Swamp Angels, Greenwood Indians, Laurel Lumberjacks, Jackson Senators, Meridian Mets and Vicksburg Hill Billies teams joined with Hattiesburg in beginning league play on April 18, 1923. The Cotton States League expanded from a six-team leagueto an eight-team league in for the 1923 season, adding the Hattiesburg and Laurel teams as expansion teams. The "Hubman" nickname corresponds with Hattiesburg being nicknamed as "The Hub City" due to the city's growth after the lumber industry and corresponding railroad industry led to it being a hub for business. The Hattiesburg "Hubman" finished in last place in the 1923 Cotton States League, as the league played a shortened season. On July 24, 1923, the Cotton States League stopped play for the season. With a record of 31–46 at the time the league folded, Hattiesburg finished in eighth place in the eight–team league, ending the season 12.5 games behind the first place Greenville Swamp Angels. They were managed during the season by Red Torkelson and Fred Smith. Despite folding the season before the Cotton States League resumed play in 1924, playing as a six–team Class D level league. The Hattiesburg Hubman joined the Brookhaven Truckers, Jackson Senators, Laurel Lumberjacks, Monroe Drillers and Vicksburg Hill Billies teams in resuming league play on May 8, 1924.	2.234375
78580593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattiesburg%20Pinetoppers	Hattiesburg Pinetoppers	As defending champions, the 1927 Hattiesburg Pinetoppers continued play in the eight-team, Class D level Cotton States League finishing in third place. With a record of 66–52 in the final overall standings, the Pinetoppers played the season under returning manager Herschel Bobo. With their third-place finish in the eight–team league, Hattiesburg finished 6.5 games behind the first place Jackson Red Sox and did not qualify for the playoffs. The Monroe Drillers won the first half championship of the split season schedule and Jackson won the second. Jackson then swept Monroe in the final to win the championship. Herschel Bobo hit .333 in 120 games as the player/manager for Hattiesburg. Charlse "Hoot" Gibson of Hattiesburg led the Cotton States League with 12 home runs and also won the league batting title, hitting .358. Gibson played four seasons with Hattiesburg and batted .339 in 469 games for the franchise. A Hattiesburg native and noted football and baseball player for Herschel Bobo at Mississippi State Teacher College, Nollie Felts played for the 1927 Hattiesburg Pinetoppers. Due to amateur guidelines in the era, Felts later lost his collegiate football eligibility due to his season with the Pinetoppers. Felts was an all-American football player at the collegiate level. Felts was inducted into the Southern Mississippi University Hall of Fame in 1965. In their final season under player/manager Herschel Bobo, the 1928 Hattiesburg Pinetoppers reached the final of the Cotton States League. Hattiesburg placed third in the overall the regular season standings with a 66–52. The Pinetoppers ended the season 9.0 games behind the first place Jackson Red Sox in the final overall standings. Jackson did not qualify for the playoff. In the split season schedule, Hattiesburg won the first half pennant, and the Vicksburg Hill Billies won the second. Vicksburg then defeated the Pinetoppers in the playoff final, 4 games to 3. In his final season with Hattiesburg, Herschel Bobo hit .333 in 114 games in at age 31.	2.09375
78580693	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Bernat	Charles Bernat	Charles Auguste Bernat (5 May 1876 – 28 December 1948) was a French footballer who co-founded Club Français in 1892, with whom he won the 1896 USFSA Football Championship. Early life and education Charles Bernat was born in Paris on 5 May 1876, as the son of Pierre Jean Baptiste Bernat (1849–1902) from Manhac and Marie Zurbuchen (1847–1905) from Berne, Switzerland. As the son of a well-off family from the wealthy districts of Paris, he was sent to Britain for a language study trip, doing so at the Catholic St Joseph's College, Dumfries, Scotland, where he developed a deep interest in football, and where he might have met José María Barquín and Enrique Goiri, the latter being just one year younger than him, both of whom being fellow football enthusiasts from the European mainland. Sporting career Club Français Shorlty after returning to Paris to complete his studies at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly, he met Eugène Fraysse, who had also become a football fan while studying abroad, so they decided to join forces to import the sport into France, and together, they founded Club Français in October 1892, which was the first club reserved exclusively for the French, hence the club's name. Club Français joined the USFSA in March 1894, and on 22 April of the same year, Bernat played as a midfielder in the semifinal of the inaugural USFSA championship, which ended in a 0–1 loss to The White Rovers. On 24 February 1895, Bernat and his teammate Fraysse were the only Frenchman selected to play for the first representative team of Paris in a friendly match against the London-based Folkestone at the soggy pitch of the Seine Velodrome, which ended in a 0–3 loss.	2.0625
78580879	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian%20women%20artists	Palestinian women artists	Refugee status Refugee status has deeply shaped the experiences of Palestinian women artists, who use their work to preserve memory and express the pain of exile. Since the 1948 Nakba, Palestinians have faced displacement, losing their homes and identities. Artists like Laila Kassab reflect these struggles in their art, capturing both trauma and resilience. Laila Kassab, a self-taught artist from Rafah refugee camp, describes art as her "passport to the world." She often uses birds as symbols of freedom and inner peace, which is considered "difficult to achieve in my country – subjected to successive wars". Women also appear frequently in her paintings, representing their homeland or the "good land". In her work "Prisoner of Life," Kassab portrays a woman with green hair, resting her head on her hand while a dove perches on her arm. The dove symbolizes her desire for freedom. Kassab says the vivid colors and forms express her feelings of being "robbed of her childhood" and "oppressed as a woman" in Gaza. This painting was inspired by Ahed Tamimi, a young activist who was arrested for resisting the Israeli occupation. Kassab's use of color is symbolic. "Warm and cold colors... blend together to express the life of refuge and diaspora that my people live," she explains. Despite the challenges of living in Gaza, Kassab continues to create and share her art globally. She often struggles to get materials, noting that "sometimes I do not find my favorite colors available in Gaza" or cannot afford them. Yet, she says, "I try hard not to stop drawing," even painting with makeup after her studio was destroyed in the 2012 war. She characterizes her artwork as having "already penetrated the siege".	2.9375
78580879	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian%20women%20artists	Palestinian women artists	Body A key aspect of art from women in Palestine is the imagery of the female body, motherhood and its connection to the land. Often in Palestinian art, women "represent motherhood, fertility, and homeland… She is the one who raises the generations. She is the one who shares the dreams of the man". Photographer Faten Fawzy Nastas represents imprisonment in her works “Scream” (2000), in which a plaster sculpture of a woman is imprisoned between two metal windows, and "God Have Mercy" (2018) which shows the wall that keeps Palestinians confined. Related to imprisonment is the autonomy that women have over their bodies. This is represented in the collages of Jumana Emil ‘Abboud such as in her work, “I Feel Nothing” (2012). The work shows a woman's bare body, without any hands in a mountain of dismembered limbs. Manar Hassan also boldly depicts women's sexuality in her works as well as Hanan Abu Hussein who in her work, stretches the proportions of female breasts and feet. Writer, poet, and painter ‘Aida Nasrallah depicts women bare, vulnerable, and connected to the land. The woman’s body itself is often the figurative representation of Palestine and thinking of Palestine as "Mother". Nasrallah uses images like wheat and fields of oats in her paintings with naked women representing their bare and inherent connection to nature. Leila Shawa uses breast cancer as a metaphor for all of the destruction that the physical land of Palestine is undergoing from the atomic bombing and bulldozing. Artists such as Anisa Ashkar play off of the common use of female bodies as representing the Palestinian homeland to further develop the use of female figures in Palestinian art. Her performance piece, In the Twinkle of an Eye, is a 15-minute dance interpretation of the Medusa myth in which, “Anisa Ashkar perceives of herself: beautiful and dark, strong and bright, sovereign and in total control of her destiny” (Aviv).	2.84375
78580879	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian%20women%20artists	Palestinian women artists	Symbols Common symbols in Palestinian women's art include keffiyehs, oranges, olive branches, doves, religious symbols, the colors of the Palestinian flag (red, black, green, and white), watermelons, and women themselves. Jumana Emil ‘Abboud uses the Virgin Mary to represent the similar struggles between her and Palestinian women. Tamam Al-Akhal uses the horse as representation for the holy land in her painting, “Jerusalem”. In Tamam Al-Akhal's painting "The Witness", the landscape is represented by doves, a symbol of peace, sitting on barbed wire while a baby crawls out of the rubble. Graffiti artist Laila Ajjawi covers her work in symbols such as keffiyehs, olive branches, the Palestinian flag, and doves. Abstraction Female Palestinian artists who explore abstraction in their work express common cultural, social, and political themes to get their messages across to their audience. According to an article by San Diego Libguides, “surrealism and abstraction began to be used more by Palestinian artists, often searching for a new way to express life under occupation while broadening their discipline”.	2.953125
78581503	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate%20of%20Wallis%20and%20Futuna	Protectorate of Wallis and Futuna	The arrival of sailors and traders in the 19th century brought currency to the region. Initially, the local population used currencies such as the Chilean peso, the English pound, and the dollar. Despite efforts by French residents and merchants, the French franc was not widely adopted until its mandatory implementation in 1931, which economically integrated the archipelago with Nouméa. In 1945, the Pacific Franc (CFP) was introduced and remains the currency in use. Currency became integrated into ceremonial exchanges, supplementing the traditional offerings of pigs and mats with envelopes of money. Additionally, prominent merchant families, like the Brials, played significant roles in local commerce. For example, Julien Brial, a French merchant married to Aloisia Brial from a noble Wallisian family, significantly influenced both economic and political life on the island. In 1910, the Australian company Burns Philp established a presence in Wallis, strengthening its foothold in the South Pacific. Chinese companies also briefly engaged in copra trading in 1912 but departed shortly after. Relations between merchants and local authorities were often strained. According to Jean-Claude Roux, while merchants sought profitable ventures, islanders aimed to extract maximum benefits from these "foreigners." In the 1920s, Chinese merchants allied with Julien Brial to form a monopoly, reducing wages for Wallisian workers. This led customary authorities to denounce the situation. During this period, traditional kings occasionally imposed tapu (prohibitions) on copra to counter merchant abuses, a practice especially common in Futuna.	2.9375
78581577	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20planting	Flag planting	Flag planting is a behavior humans have exhibited in various different contexts. It is often done as a means to assert territorial claims in military or geopolitical situations, though it has also become common in sports – particularly college football in the United States. In war World War II had multiple notable flag planting incidents, including those by American soldiers on Iwo Jima, by Finnish soldiers on the Three-Country Cairn, and by Soviet soldiers over the Reichstag. The capture of Umm al-Rashrāsh (modern day Eilat) in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War was marked by the raising and planting of the Ink Flag. In college football Flag planting incidents occurred, but were relatively infrequent, during the 2000s and 2010s. These included Michigan State players planting their flag on Notre Dame's field in 2005 and Oklahoma quarterback Baker Mayfield planting a flag at Ohio State in 2017. Much discourse surrounded flag planting following the 2024 season's rivalry week, with Michigan's upset road win over Ohio State and their subsequent flag planting on the latter's field drawing particular attention. Following the 2024 incidents, Mayfield stated "College football is meant to have rivalries. That's like the Big 12 banning the 'horns down' signal. Just let the boys play". Former college football head coach Nick Saban conversely called flag planting "disrespectful" and "bad for the game". The incidents led to Ohio state Representative Josh Williams proposing the O.H.I.O Sportsmanship Act, which would make sports planting a felony in Ohio; Williams stated that "Behavior that incites violent brawls and puts our law enforcement officers in danger has no place on the football field". In scientific missions The Apollo program planned to erect the American flag on the lunar surface, with the Lunar Flag Assembly being the specific kit designed for this goal. Russia performed a crewed descent to the North Pole's ocean floor in 2007, dubbed Arktika 2007, in which explorers planted a rust-proof titanium metal Russian flag.	2.625
78581645	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Starship%20vehicles	List of Starship vehicles	Since April 2023, Starship has been launched times, with successes and failures. The vehicle Starship composes when combined with the Super Heavy booster, also named Starship, has been developed with the intention of lowering launch costs using economies of scale. SpaceX aims to achieve this by reusing both rocket stages, increasing payload mass to orbit, increasing launch frequency, creating a mass-manufacturing pipeline and adapting it to a wide range of space missions. Starship is the latest project in SpaceX's reusable launch system development program and plan to colonize Mars. There are currently three planned versions of Starship: Block 1 (also known as Version 1 or V1), Block 2 and Block 3, the proposed variants include a depot, Starship HLS, and Starship Crew. As of September 2024, Block 2 Starships are expected to be compatible with Block 1 and Block 2 boosters. As of November 2024, only Block 1 vehicles have flown. The Starship spacecraft is reusable, and is recovered via large arms on the tower capable of catching the descending vehicle. As of November 2024, vehicles have been refurbished and subsequently flown at least a second time, though the ability to catch a vehicle was proven during Starship's fifth flight test. Development Starhopper Construction on the initial steel test article—Starship Hopper, Hopper, Hoppy, or Starhopper—began at Boca Chica in 2018. Starhopper had a single engine and was test flown to develop landing and low-altitude/low-velocity control algorithms. Starhopper used liquid oxygen (LOX) and liquid methane fuel. After it completed its testing campaign Starhopper was repurposed as a water tank, weather station and equipment mount for cameras, lights, loudspeakers and a radar system. Testing It passed tanking tests, wet dress rehearsals, and pre-burner tests. A storm blew over and damaged Starhopper's nose cone. SpaceX continued testing without one.	2.046875
78581874	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Kamel	George Kamel	George Kamel (born May 3, 1989) is an American author, radio show host, speaker, YouTuber, podcaster, musician, and personal finance expert best known for his work with Ramsey Solutions—the company run by radio personality and finance expert Dave Ramsey. Kamel is a co-host of the nationally syndicated radio program The Ramsey Show, host of the George Kamel YouTube channel, and the author of the national bestseller, Breaking Free From Broke. Early life and education Kamel was born on May 3, 1989, to May and Maged Kamel—Middle Eastern immigrants from Egypt and Syria, respectively, who came to the U.S. in the early 1980s. Both Kamel and his brother were born and raised in the suburban Boston area. After graduating high school, Kamel attended the University of Mobile with a major in communications. By the time he graduated summa cum laude in 2012, Kamel was over $40,000 in debt, which included student loans and credit card debt. Career Kamel’s initial career as a musician/songwriter began before and during his time in college. He released four albums between 2007 and 2012—one for the Boston folk band Meadowlarks, another under a pseudonym (Lapsley). The other two were released under his own name: Onions (and Other Things That Make You Cry) and The Great Coward. Kamel’s musician career led him to Nashville, Tennessee, in 2012. In March of 2013, he took a temporary job as a marketing intern and social recruiting ambassador at Ramsey Solutions. The job turned full time the same year and Kamel the next several years in various marketing positions before being tapped as a host and emcee for Ramsey's live events in 2017. In 2021, Kamel became a Ramsey Personality—one of the public-facing representatives of the company.	1.945313
78582498	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhreddine%20Karray	Fakhreddine Karray	Fakhreddine (Fakhri) Karray is a Tunisian-Canadian artificial intelligence scientist, electrical and computer engineer, author, and academic. He served as the Loblaws Research Chair of Artificial Intelligence at the University of Waterloo's (UWaterloo) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and as the inaugural co-director of the Waterloo AI Institute at UWaterloo. Having previously served as the provost of Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI), he serves as a professor of machine learning at the university and as an emeritus professor at the University of Waterloo's Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Karray's research interests encompass operational and generative AI, cognitive machines, natural human-machine interaction, and autonomous and intelligent systems. He has published in the fields of pattern analysis and machine intelligence and is the co-author of Elements of Dimensionality Reduction and Manifold Learning and Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems Design. His work on operational AI has been applied to intelligent transportation systems, virtual healthcare, and driver safety with him being featured in The Washington Post, Wired, The Globe and Mail, and CBC. He holds twenty US patents and has won the IEEE Vehicular Technology Society's Best Land Transportation Award for his work on improving traffic flow prediction with weather Information in connected cars and the MeditCom Conference Best Paper Award for his study on federated learning in communication systems. Karray is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Kavli Frontiers of Science, the Canadian Academy of Engineering. and the Engineering Institute of Canada. Education Karray received his Ing. Dip. in electrical engineering from the University of Tunis in 1984 followed by a Ph.D. from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 1989.	2.046875
78582675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Leighton%20Crawford	Henry Leighton Crawford	Henry Leighton Crawford CMG (16 November 1855 – 18 February 1931) was a British colonial administrator who served his career in Ceylon. Early life and education Crawford was born in Jerusalem on 16 November 1855, the son of Rev Henry Crawford of Chelsfield, Kent. He was educated at Clifton College and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Career Crawford entered the Ceylon civil service as a writer in 1877 attached to the Colombo Kachcheri. In the succeeding six years he served at Kandy, Badulla and Galle Kachcheris, and then as acting magistrate of Kegalla, Balapitiya, Matara, Balapitimodara, Tongalla and Kalpitya. In 1883, he was assistant to the Government Agent of the Western Province, and from 1887 to 1890 was acting District Judge. In 1890, he served as assistant Colonial Secretary and in addition was Secretary of the Central Irrigation Board. From 1894 to 1896, he was acting assistant Colonial Secretary and then confirmed in the appointment. In 1900, Crawford served as Commissioner under the Buddhist Temporalities Ordinance of 1889. In 1904, he rose to the position of Government Agent of the Southern Province, and in the following year was appointed Government Agent and Treasurer of the Western Province. In 1906, he acted as Colonial Secretary and Treasurer of Ceylon. From 1907 to 1911, he served as Collector of Revenue, Ceylon and put forward proposals for a tax on motor vehicles. He also served as a member of the Executive and Legislative Council of Ceylon. He retired in 1911. Personal life and death Crawford married in 1885 and had four sons and a daughter. He was keen on sports and games. He competed several times for Ceylon as an athlete; he was one of the country's best tennis players coming runner-up in the Ceylon Championship; he was for seven years croquet champion of Ceylon; he was for 25 years chess champion while also serving as President of the Colombo Chess Club; represented Ceylon at cricket, and was President of Colombo Cricket Club.	2.0625
78582954	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organobismuth%20radical	Organobismuth radical	Organobismuth radical is a chemical species that has unpaired electrons on bismuth centers within organic frameworks. These radicals are part of the broader family of pnictogen-centered radicals, which include nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Bismuth radicals, with a +2 oxidation state (Bi(II)), are highly reactive and prone to degradation. They are sensitive to air and moisture, often undergoing disproportionation to form more stable bismuth species with different oxidation state: Bi(III) and Bi(0). This instability makes Bi(II) compounds challenging to isolate and handle. Despite these restrictions, significant progress has been made in recent years with the isolation and characterization of Bi(II) radicals. These species exhibit diverse reactivity, particularly in bond activation, radical polymerization, and cross-coupling reactions. History The first organopnictogen compound with a +2 oxidation state was the dicacodyl, tetramethyldiarsine ((CH3)2As–As(CH3)2), reported in 1757. However, heavier elements like Sb(II) and Bi(II) compounds were much harder to synthesize due to their high reactivity and tendency to progress via disproportionation reactions into their +3 and 0 oxidation states. As a result, the first Bi(II) compound, tetramethyldibismuthine, was not reported until 1935 by Paneth and Loleit, Following this, a few diorganobismuth(II) compounds were reported after 1982.	2.5625
78583513	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odun-Osu%20Festival	Odun-Osu Festival	The Odun-Osu Festival is an annual traditional festival celebrated in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria. It is the first traditional festival of the year in the town, marking the commencement of other traditional celebrations. The festival is considered a royal event and is led by the Ayangburen of Ikorodu, the town's traditional ruler, in March. History and background The Odun-Osu Festival takes place annually toward the end of the dry season, just before the first rains. It is a royal festival, deeply rooted in the traditions of Ikorodu, with participation from the highest traditional social club, The Rogunyo. The festival was introduced by Oba Kaalu Ekewaolu, the fourth monarch of the Ikorodu Kingdom, who held the title Adegboruwa the 3rd. Oba Ekewaolu not only established the festival but also laid down the procedures for its celebration. Festival ceremonies The Rogunyo drum is played during the festival to commemorate the victory in the ancient Egba war. Following this, the Kekeku (sea turtle shell) is played by the Odis, the custodians of the royal throne. The rites conclude with the Oba paying tribute to his predecessors and pronouncing blessings of prosperity on the land. The theme song of the Odun-Osu festival reflects the noble intentions of the event: "Wa lowo, wa bimo lodun ton'bo...". The song is a prayer for wealth and fertility for all participants.	2.359375
78583723	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Scorpion%20torpedo	Black Scorpion torpedo	Black Scorpion is a miniature torpedo developed by Leonardo S.p.A. Description The Black Scorpion is a miniature active-sonar homing torpedo developed from the A200 LCAW, which in turn was originally developed to assist in the classification of targets. In order to deal with a potentially hostile submarine target, either a depth charge or a torpedo would be launched at it, either to kill it or cause it to flee, thus confirming it as a hostile submarine. With the obsolescence of conventional depth charges and the high cost of homing torpedoes, an intermediate solution was developed. The Black Scorpion is a full-featured acoustic homing torpedo with greater speed and endurance than its predecessor. Shallow-water performance has been enhanced, with normal operational depth stated as ranging from 30 to 200 meters when deployed from an aircraft, and a speed of at least 15 knots. The weapon is capable of launch from surface, underwater, and aerial launch tubes. The air-dropped version is deployed from NATO standard size A aerial sonar buoy dispensers, allowing a single helicopter to carry a considerable number of units and deploy them in rapid succession. Aside from target classification as described above, the weapon is also effective at engaging small underwater targets, such as midget submarines, diver propulsion vehicles, human torpedoes, sabotage or espionage-related equipment hauled by frogmen, and other hostile entities engaged in underwater special operations. The Black Scorpion was initially presented at the Euronaval 2014 trade show. Following a period of development and testing, the Black Scorpion became available in 2021. The weapon was showcased at the NAVDEX 2023 trade show in Abu Dhabi in 2023. Leonardo S.p.A. is developing a military UUV capable of carrying two Black Scorpion torpedoes.	2.171875
78583909	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covering%20of%20the%20blood	Covering of the blood	Covering of the blood is a positive commandment enumerated among the 613 commandments in Judaism. After the slaughter has taken place, the shochet (butcher) is commanded to cover the blood of the slaughtered animal with dirt. This applies to birds or non-domesticated kosher animals. The source of the commandment is And if any Israelite or any stranger who resides among them hunts down an animal or a bird that may be eaten, that person shall pour out its blood and cover it with earth. For the life of all flesh—its blood is its life. Therefore I say to the Israelite people: You shall not partake of the blood of any flesh, for the life of all flesh is its blood. Anyone who partakes of it shall be cut off. Details of the commandment Which blood The requirement to cover blood only applies to the blood of kosher slaughter of birds and undomesticated animals. It does not apply to the blood of domesticated animals. The Talmudic sages interpreted the bibilical verse "hunts down an animal or a bird" to apply to any bird or undomesticated animal regardless of whether it is actually hunted or raised in captivity (). Who is Commanded The mitzvah applies to the slaughterer. If he has not performed it, then it devolves on anyone, according to Maimonides. The rabbis deal with whether the responsibility can be delegated, and to whom. In any case, one who comes upon uncovered blood from ritual slaughter must cover it The Blessing The Jewish sages implemented a special blessing before doing this mitzvah: "Blessed are you Lord, our G-d, ruler of the universe, who sanctified us with his commandments and commanded us regarding covering blood with dirt" The Process The commandment is to cover with "afar", translated and defined variously as dirt, ashes, earth, sand, rags, sawdust etc.	2.5625
78583999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matete%20Market	Matete Market	The Matete Market (French: Marché de Matete), also known as Matete Municipal Market (Marché Municipal de Matete), is a marketplace located in Matete, Kinshasa. Situated in the southern part of the city on a marshy alluvial plain, it is the third-largest market in Kinshasa and a vital economic center for the surrounding area. The market features a diverse range of sales facilities, categorized into four types based on their level of equipment and the income levels of the businesses operating within them. These include enclosed shops and store, semi-open pavilions supported by structural posts, vendor tables, and rudimentary open-air setups at ground level. Profile Location The Matete Market, established in 1968, is located in the Matete commune of Kinshasa, within the southern sector of the city atop a marshy alluvial plain. Geographically, it is bordered by the Tomba and Kinzazi neighborhoods to the north, the Bahumbu and Mpudi neighborhoods to the south, the Mutoto neighborhood to the east, and the Kinsaku neighborhood and the Matete municipal building to the west. Administration The governance of the Matete Market is overseen by a management committee comprising a permanent administrator and two subordinate assistant administrators. These assistants handle specific responsibilities: one focuses on financial matters, while the other addresses technical and environmental issues. These administrators are appointed by the governor of Kinshasa in accordance with the provisions stipulated in the 1993 decree governing the operational and structural organization of public marketplaces. Revenue The Matete Market generates significant revenue primarily through taxes collected within the market. As a decentralized entity, the Matete commune benefits from state subsidies in addition to the market's tax income. However, the State retains a substantial share of the market's revenues, which are funneled back into public administration. Sanitation	2.03125
78584228	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20the%20Holy%20Trinity%2C%20Tarnogr%C3%B3d	Church of the Holy Trinity, Tarnogród	In independent Poland In 1921, the Biłgoraj County office planned to open three Orthodox churches in the county (home to 16,714 Orthodox believers, comprising 18.4% of the population), including one in Tarnogród. The Tarnogród church was intended to serve a parish of 5,764 people, as all Orthodox churches in the surrounding villages had been closed. From 1923, the church served as the seat of the Biłgoraj deanery (since the Orthodox parish in Biłgoraj itself had not resumed operations) under the . On 27 September 1937, the Tarnogród church was visited by Bishop of Lublin. As one of the few remaining Orthodox pastoral centers in Lublin Land, it remained active after 1946, despite the resettlement of the Ukrainian Orthodox population to the Soviet Union and Operation Vistula. At that time, the Tarnogród parish was estimated to have about 340 members, though another source suggests only 100 Orthodox believers remained. The church was kept open for liturgical use despite efforts by the Biłgoraj County office to repurpose the building as a public school, and despite the willingness of the Polish Orthodox Church authorities to relinquish it. After the resettlements, the Tarnogród church became one of 10 Orthodox parishes in Lublin Land and one of four active churches in the Lublin deanery of the . In 1946, the church required extensive renovations. Over subsequent years, some icons from former churches (transferred to the Catholic Church) in Biłgoraj, Babice, and Majdan Stary were moved to the Tarnogród church. In 1967, the roof was restored, and electricity was installed. The interior of the church was renovated in 1968. By 1969, the church's congregation was estimated at up to 600 members.	2.1875
78584783	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geirry%20Garccia	Geirry Garccia	Geraldo A. Garccia (1952 – February 12, 2010), known professionally as Geirry Garccia, was a Filipino animator, painter and filmmaker. Considered one of the most important figures in Philippine animation industry since the People Power Revolution, he was recognized as a "brainchild" for his well-known pioneering mainstream animated works, predominantly Ang Panday (1986) and Adarna: The Mythical Bird (1997). Career Garccia is a graduate of an advertising art major from Far Eastern University, began his career as a matte artist in Image Film in 1974. According to Knowledge Channel, Garcia started his career in the Philippine film industry as a screenwriter and special effect supporter in the midst of Marcos's martial law, notably one of these films including Silip (1985). Ang Panday After the end of Marcos's presidency, Garccia was producing his own first animated series entitled Ang Panday (lit. The Blacksmith), an action-adventure fantasy series based on a komic character by Carlo J. Caparas (who serves as co-writer and director for that series) and Steve Gan and 1980 film of the same name by Ronwaldo Reyes, the series take place after the storyline of the first film. It was then aired over RPN 9 in November 1986. Although it was a consistent success for two years and earned him a Special Citation from the Film Academy of the Philippines in 1987, Ang Panday lasted only for six months due to the high cost and production limitations of producing an animated feature or series. Isko: Adventures in Animasia OctoArts Films produced Isko: Adventures in Animasia, which Garccia co-directed with Mike Relon Makiling. The film combined live action with 30 minutes of animation sequence. Adarna: The Mythical Bird Talk Toons Garccia produced the very first animated talk show on Philippine television entitled Talk Toons. Guest celebrities appeared in the series like Vilma Santos, Mikey Arroyo, German Moreno and former president Joseph Estrada. All were interviewed on video and transferred into animation.	2.078125
78584899	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaerotherium%20giganteum	Sphaerotherium giganteum	Sphaerotherium giganteum (the giant pill millipede) is a species of southern African pill millipede in the family Sphaerotheriidae. Description The giant pill millipede is the largest species of pill millipede in South Africa. Its length is 5 cm, with the body segmented into 11-13 segments. Each segment has two pairs of legs, for a total of about 42 legs. Habitat and range The giant pill millipede is found in moist forest habitat under leaf litter in South Africa. It is widely distributed in high-altitude forested areas in Kwa-Zulu Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and the Eastern Cape. Ecology The giant pill millipede feeds on decaying matter on the forest floor. The carnivorous slug, Chlamydephorus, is known to prey on S. giganteum in the coastal forests of KZN. Conservation status The population number of Sphaerotherium giganteum has not been determined, and it is not formally protected. Sphaerotherium giganteum may be vulnerable to habitat loss and degradation, as well as exploitation in the pet trade and in traditional medicine.	2.171875
78585018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20George%20Valatin	John George Valatin	John George Valatin (, 1918–April 19, 1978) was a British–Hungarian theoretical physicist and professor at Queen Mary University of London. He is known for his work in quantum field theory, particle physics and condensed matter physics. He developed the Bogoliubov–Valatin transformation in many-body quantum mechanics. Early life and education John George Valatin was born in Budapest, Hungary. He studied engineering at the Technical University of Budapest. He earned a doctorate for his work in molecular spectra. He later left to work in industry. After World War II, he came back to the university to work as a lecturer. He worked in the Institute of Experimental Physics. Career abroad In 1947, he went to work with Louis de Broglie at the Institut Henri Poincaré in France. He was awarded a Doctor of Science diploma by the University of Paris for his dissertation on the theory of the positron.Afterwards, he left to the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhague, Sweden, in 1950 where he worked on a covariant gauge-independent formulation of quantum electrodynamics.	2.1875
78585018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20George%20Valatin	John George Valatin	In 1952 he joined the group of Rudolf Peierls and Paul Taunton Matthews in Birmingham University where he spent 13 years. With Peierls, Valatin learned to write quantum field theory using Feynman diagrams. There he worked on point-splitting regularization for divergences in quantum electrodynamics. During that time he received British citizenship. After John Bardeen, Leon Cooper and John Schrieffer developed the BCS theory of superconductivity, Schrieffer worked with Valatin in Birmingham as a postdoc. Influenced by him, Valatin developed in 1957 the transformations now known as Bogoliubov-Valatin transformations independently published from Nikolay Bogolyubov. Valatin worked on generalizations of the Hartree–Fock method for superconductors. With Ben Roy Mottelson and David Thouless, he generalized the Hartree–Fock method for pairing forces in nuclear physics. Together they developed the Thouless–Valatin formula, also known as the self-consistent cranking model. With Carlo Di Castro, a PhD student at the time, Valating worked on phase transitions in superconducting thin films. In 1965, he was offered a chair at Queen Mary College, London, where he established a theoretical physics group to work both in particle and condensed matter physics. Personal life Valatin had two sons with his wife. He was also a devoted Christian. Books	1.984375
78585227	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakaliki%20rice	Abakaliki rice	Abakaliki Rice is a type of rice cultivated predominantly in Ebonyi State, located in South Eastern Nigeria. Named after Abakaliki town, the State's capital, the term refers to all rice grown and cultivated within the 13 local government areas of the state. Known for its unique flavour and high dietary fibre content, Abakaliki rice is used in a wide range of dishes. The region's warm climate allows for at least two cultivation cycles annually, contributing to its fast growth rate compared to varieties grown in other regions. Agricultural Significance Rice farming in Abakaliki accounts for more than 50 per cent of agricultural activities in Ebonyi State, with an estimated annual production of 134,000 metric tonnes. The Abakaliki rice mill, a major processing hub, operates 4,500 milling machines, 50 destoning centres, and 10 polishing machines, employing approximately 1,850 workers directly and indirectly. History The cultivation of Abakaliki rice dates back to 1940 during Nigeria's colonial era. Faced with global food shortages during World War II, the British colonial government sought to boost local food production. Following a Department of Agriculture meeting in Umuahia, Abakaliki, Afikpo, and Ohaozara were identified as suitable areas for rice cultivation due to their swampy soils.	2.5625
78585227	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakaliki%20rice	Abakaliki rice	Culinary Uses Abakaliki rice dish is an everyday food in Ebonyi State and across Nigeria and is traditionally served as jollof rice. The Abakaliki rice dish is also served as white rice and stew. The stew can be a fresh or canned tomato stew, or a vegetable sauce of tomato, fresh pepper, onions, seasonings, meat, spices, pumpkin, crayfish, vegetable oil, salt, etc. It also goes well with ayamase stew. A dish of Abakaliki rice is also served with fried plantain, or cooked together with white, brown, or honey beans as jollof rice or as white rice and beans. The rice is also served as a side in a beef, chevon, or chicken pepper soup dish. It is also served with pepper soup as the stew. Economic impact Rice is the most significant cash crop in Ebonyi State. Nearly every household in Ebonyi engages in the cultivation of Abakaliki rice, given its profitability and relatively low production costs. With an average yield of 6.7 metric tonnes per harvest, Ebonyi State is Nigeria's largest rice producer. Historically, Abakaliki rice was a vital export commodity. Rice export from Abakaliki to Ghana in 1965 is estimated to have fetched approximately £3 million for the eastern region government under Dr. Michael Okpara. Abakaliki Rice Mill Established in 1964, the Abakaliki Rice Mill operates on 1,938.464 square metres under the Abakaliki Rice Mill Company Ltd. The mill processes up to 11,000 metric tonnes of rice per month, with individual machines capable of producing over 140 bushels in four hours. The mill is managed by the Rice Mill Owners Association, which oversees operations and quality standards.	2.40625
78585663	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%20Lyubishchev	Aleksandr Lyubishchev	Aleksandr Lyubishchev (; 1890, in Saint Petersburg – 1972) was a Soviet entomologist and philosopher, Doctor of Sciences (1936), and professor. He retired in 1955. Career He graduated from the Saint Petersburg State University in 1911. He was a student of Alexander Gurwitsch. Then he taught on the Bestuzhev Courses, at the Tavrida National V.I. Vernadsky University, the Perm State University. In 1921 he left Simferopol for Perm. In 1930, he moved to Leningrad. In 1938 he moved to Kyiv. Then he headed the laboratory in Bishkek for the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences. From 1950 to 1955, Lyubishchev headed the Department of zoology at the Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University. In 1912, he published his first scientific article. Since the 1920s he worked in the field of agricultural entomology. He criticized the book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Lyubishchev had a negative assessment of F. Castro. Daniil Granin wrote the book about him called «Эта странная жизнь» (1974). This book made Lyubishchev popular. According to the book, Lyubishchev had a bit of a “mad scientist” image. His main work remained unpublished.	2.0625
78586908	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriculora	Auriculora	Auriculora is a fungal genus in the family Ramalinaceae. It comprises the single species Auriculora byssomorpha, a tropical crustose lichen. Both the genus and its species were described in 1988 by the German lichenologist Klaus Kalb. The main characteristic of Auriculora is the ear-like appendages at the margins of the apothecia (fruiting bodies). Description Auriculora is characterised by a crustose, -lacking thallus containing green algae of the genus Protococcus. The thallus is to and may be fringed by a well-developed filamentous . It shows distinct zonation, with a byssoid basal layer of loosely interwoven, thick-walled hyphae and a more compact upper layer enclosing the . The thallus occasionally develops two separate algal layers. The ascomata (fruiting bodies) are rounded, thinly marginate or unmarginate, with black, non-pruinose covered by a hyphose layer. This layer eventually peels away, leaving an that resembles an ear-shaped structure, which inspired the genus name. The pycnidia are patelliform (shaped like a small, shallow dish) and semi-, with a dark olive-brown wall that does not react to KOH. The conidiophores are simple or slightly branched, producing rod-like conidia that measure about 10 μm in length. The asci are club-shaped (), long-cylindrical, eight-spored, and similar in structure to those found in the family Lecanoraceae. The outer wall layer and apical ring of the asci are strongly amyloid. are hyaline, , and transversely three-septate. Paraphyses are simple (unbranched), septate, approximately 2 μm thick, and only slightly or not at all thickened at their tips. The is dark brown, and the is composed of radiating, cartilage-like hyphae with an ochre hue.	2.71875
78587115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amastra%20decorticata	Amastra decorticata	Amastra decorticata is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 16 mm, its diameter 8.5 mm The shell is ovate-conic, dextral, and lightly striated with growth lines. Its coloration is chestnut, becoming blackish near the lip. There are 6 to 6½ whorls, which are slightly convex, with the first three being polished. The suture is simple and pale. The aperture is weakly colored, with a dirty-blue interior. The peristome is thin, blackish on the inside, and only slightly thickened. The columellar fold is thin and delicate. The shell lacks the conspicuously patched appearance typical of Amastra inflata and Amastra elliptica. However, under magnification, some small, dull streaks may be observed on its otherwise glossy surface, which generally lacks an epidermis in the typical form. Its coloration is a reddish-chestnut of varying intensity, often shading into yellowish tones on the upper part of the body whorl and consistently darker near the lip. The spire is often a deeper purplish-brown. The suture is sometimes marked by a yellowish line, though this feature is not always present. The shell exhibits 2½ whorls in the protoconch, with the last one being very lightly, minutely, and unevenly striated. Subsequent whorls show rather coarse, low, and uneven wrinkles, making the surface rougher and less glossy compared to A. textilis. The spire's outline contracts slightly near the summit, but the penultimate whorl noticeably bulges, particularly when viewed from the back. The axis is typically perforated, although in some narrower shells, the crevice may be nearly or entirely closed. A few older specimens feature a white callous nodule on the parietal wall, covered thinly by a semi-transparent or dirty-white film that is especially delicate at the outer edge. Distribution This species is endemic to Hawaii, occurring on Oahu island.	2.015625
78587149	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton%20Cunha	Milton Cunha	Milton Reis da Cunha Júnior (born March 19, 1962) is a Brazilian carnival designer (carnavalesco), set designer, psychologist, university professor and carnival commentator. He holds a master's and doctorate in Literature (Literary Science) from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Since 2013, he has been a commentator on the Rio de Janeiro samba school parade on TV Globo. Biography He was born in Belém and raised on Marajó Island. Misunderstood by his family due to his homosexuality, Milton, at the age of 19, moved from Pará to Rio de Janeiro in 1982, never seeing his parents in person again. Then he started working with nightclub owner Chico Recarey, who was his first patron. He graduated in Psychology. Ten years later, encouraged by the honorary president of the Beija-Flor samba school, Anísio Abraão David, Milton Cunha became a carnival designer. He inherited Joãosinho Trinta's office as a carnival designer, working at Beija-Flor from 1994 to 1997. He has worked in several samba schools, such as the União da Ilha do Governador, Leandro of Itaquera from São Paulo, Unidos da Tijuca, São Clemente, Unidos do Viradouro, Porto da Pedra and Acadêmicos do Cubango. In 2007, he worked at the Brazilian Carnival Ball, where he was until the last edition of the ball until 2012. He worked as a carnival designer from 2010 to 2013 at Sierras del Carnaval, a samba school in San Luis, Argentina. He also carried out work related to carnival in Stockholm, London and Johannesburg and worked as a set designer for shows by artists such as Luan Santana and Ney Matogrosso. He is the artistic director of the Cidade do Samba shows, where he has been since 2007. Since 2013, he has been a commentator on the Rio de Janeiro samba school parade on TV Globo and previously, since 2002, he commented on several access and champion parades for CNT and Band, and on Band itself, he was a commentator for the Parintins Folklore Festival.	2.390625
78587371	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Gillouin	René Gillouin	René Gillouin (born Charles Auguste René Gillouin, March 11, 1881 – April 2, 1971) was a French intellectual, writer, literary critic, journalist, and politician. He is known for his traditionalist and Pétainist views and his Protestant faith. Early life and education René Gillouin was born in Aouste-sur-Sye, in the Drôme region of France. He was the son of Emile Gillouin, a Protestant pastor affiliated with the Reformed Church of France. Emile, an intellectual and theologian, strongly influenced René’s upbringing. Gillouin attended various prestigious schools, including the Lycée Henri-IV in Paris. In 1902, he gained admission to the École normale supérieure. During his studies, he was influenced by Henri Bergson and corresponded with writers such as Maurice Barrès. Career Civil service and politics In 1905, Gillouin began a career as a civil servant at the Prefecture of the Seine. By 1912, he served as the chief of staff for the president of the Paris Municipal Council. He was elected to the Paris Municipal Council in 1931, representing the 6th arrondissement of Paris, and later became its vice president in 1937. A proponent of conservative and nationalistic values, Gillouin aligned with parties like the Fédération républicaine. Literary and intellectual pursuits Gillouin was an accomplished writer and literary critic. He contributed to journals such as Revue des deux Mondes and Mercure de France and authored several books, including works on Maurice Barrès and Henri Bergson. He directed the short-lived "Politeia" series at Grasset publishers in the 1920s and became a member of the Société des gens de lettres in 1924. During the Interwar period, Gillouin participated in debates on religion, politics, and culture. He critiqued modernist tendencies in art and literature and opposed what he saw as the excessive materialism of contemporary society. His work often reflected his Protestant beliefs and his disdain for the legacy of the French Revolution.	2.171875
78587371	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Gillouin	René Gillouin	Role under the Vichy regime Gillouin supported the Vichy regime and became an advisor to Philippe Pétain. He authored speeches and essays promoting the regime’s National Revolution. Although initially sympathetic to the regime’s goals, he later opposed its anti-Semitic policies, which he condemned in private letters to Pétain. Post-war life After the Liberation of France, Gillouin lived in exile in Switzerland from 1943 to 1948. There, he continued to write, publishing works such as Problèmes humains, problèmes français (1944), which criticized French democracy while praising Swiss federalism. Upon his return to France, he resumed his intellectual activities, contributing to conservative publications like La Nation française. He was a founding member of the Centre d'études politiques et civiques (CEPEC) in 1954, a think tank promoting conservative and Christian democratic values. Personal life Gillouin married three times. His first marriage to Suzanne Berret produced a son, Marc Gillouin, who died in combat during World War II. He later married painter Laure Bruni and, after their divorce, Hélène Colomb. Publications Maurice Barrès (1907) Ars et vita (1907) Problèmes humains, problèmes français (1944) Aristarchie ou recherche d’un gouvernement (1946) J’étais l’ami du Maréchal (1966) Legacy René Gillouin’s contributions to French intellectual life remain controversial. While his literary criticism and philosophical writings are noted for their depth, his association with the Vichy regime and traditionalist politics has been a subject of debate.	2.484375
78587612	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android%20XR	Android XR	Android XR is an upcoming extended reality (XR) operating system developed by Google and based on Android. It was announced in December 2024 and will launch in 2025 on a headset manufactured by Samsung and a pair of smartglasses developed by Google DeepMind. It is heavily integrated with the Gemini generative artificial intelligence–powered chatbot. Following Google's earlier commercial failure of Google Glass, an earlier head-worn product, Google acquired VR companies Tilt Brush and Owlchemy Labs and made other ventures into head-worn computing products including the Google Cardboard and Google Daydream VR headsets, which were both eventually discontinued. In 2021, Google revived its XR efforts with a project internally codenamed Project Iris, an AR headset powered by a new operating system. However, Google shelved the project after Apple released the Vision Pro VR headset in 2024. One year later, Google announced Android XR as Project Iris' spiritual successor. History Background Development In January 2022, The Verge reported that Google was building an AR headset as part of an effort internally codenamed Project Iris and overseen by Bavor. This coincided with Google rival Apple's own initiative to develop a mixed reality (MR) headset. After Apple outmaneuvered Google by unveiling its headset, the Vision Pro, in June 2023, which frustrated employees, Business Insider reported that Project Iris had been canceled as part of Google's company-wide cost-cutting measures earlier in the year, which saw mass layoffs and the departure of Bavor.	2.015625
72781861	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Wenzel	Anne Wenzel	Anne Wenzel (born 23 May 1972 in Schüttorf, Germany) is a German sculptor and installation artist who mainly works with ceramics. Life and career Wenzel was born in the German town Schüttorf in Lower Saxony, close to the Dutch border. Between 1992 and 1997 she studied at the AKI in Enschede, Netherlands. Wenzel briefly studied at the Escola Massana in Barcelona, Spain, between 1995 and 1996 and followed two residencies at the Europees Keramisch Werkcentrum (European Centre for Ceramics). She currently lives and works in Rotterdam, Netherlands. Wenzel has been nominated for several art awards, including the Prix de Rome in 2007 and the Dolf Henkes prize in 2009. In 2014 she won the 1st prize at the European Ceramic Context in Bornholm and in 2010 the Sidney Meyer Fund Australian Ceramic Award in the category "International Artist". Work and exhibitions Wenzel makes installations consisting of a number of monumental images that occupy the entire space. Themes such as heroism, heroism and decay inspire her. She herself says she wants to express a struggle between beauty and decay with her sculptures. That is why she experiments with different types of glaze, colors and other processing techniques of the ceramics, so that the works partly shine and partly appear very rough or seem to melt. In 2010 she was commissioned by Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam to make the installation 'Requiem of Heroism', a room-filling installation of ceramics and steel. The collection of the Rotterdam museum also includes the work "z.t. (black girl)" that Wenzel made in 2003. In 2014 she had a solo exhibition in TENT Rotterdam. This exhibition, 'The Opaque Palace', consisted of large space-filling installations of various sculptures, all made of ceramics. The images, such as a forest of pine trees, fallen chandeliers and withered flower arrangements, represent the past glory of Imperial Germany.	2.359375
72782740	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonet%20%28Farrenc%29	Nonet (Farrenc)	The Nonet in E-flat major, Op. 38, is an 1849 composition for chamber ensemble by French composer Louise Farrenc. In line with the tradition established by Louis Spohr, it is scored for a combined string quartet and wind quintet: flute, oboe, clarinet, French horn, bassoon, violin, viola, cello, double bass. The double bass is sometimes replaced by a contrabassoon. The manuscript, dated November 1849, is held at the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Farrenc also arranged the Nonet for string quintet. The work was not printed in Farrenc's lifetime. Composition and premiere Farrenc, a piano performer, composed mainly for solo piano and chamber music for ensembles with piano; the Nonet was her only chamber composition without a piano. It was first played in a private performance in the salon of Sophie Pierson-Bodin (1819–1874) on 23 December 1849, and repeated there a few days later, with Auguste-Antoine Guerreau substituting for Théophile Tilmant (violin), Charles Lebouc (cello), (double bass), Louis Dorus (flute), Stanislas Verroust (oboe), Hyacinthe Klosé (clarinet), (horn), (bassoon). The public premiere of the Nonet took place on 19 March 1850 at the Salle Érard. with the 19-year-old Joseph Joachim playing the violin and Adolphe Blanc (viola), Charles Lebouc (cello), Achille Gouffé (double bass), Louis Dorus (flute)), Stanislas Verroust (oboe), (clarinet), Joseph-François Rousselot (horn), Charles Verroust (bassoon). Its positive reception made Farrenc a near-celebrity and led the Paris Conservatory to raise her salary in line with its male professors. Structure The Nonet consists of four movements and takes about 30 minutes to perform: The slow opening in common time of the first movement establishes the tonality, E-flat major, similar to Beethoven's Septet (1799). The Allegro, in 3/4 time,	2.296875
72783421	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations%20of%20Sint%20Eustatius	Plantations of Sint Eustatius	The number of plantations increased from 35 in the 1730s to 75 in the 1750s. In 1840, there were ten left. In 1752, wealthy planters moved to the Dutch colony of Demerara, which then began to flourish. The first plantations introduced were tobacco plantations, which in later decades gave pathway to coffee, cotton, and sugarcane plantations. Cotton farming continued until about 1740. The Great Hurricane of 1780 destroyed the coffee plantations on Sint Eustatius and coffee cultivation has since disappeared. After the Capture of Sint Eustatius by Admiral George Rodney in 1781 and the subsequent French occupation, Sint Eustatius returned to Dutch hands in 1784. Many inhabitants who had fled to Saint Thomas returned and agriculture was again practiced on a large scale. This was primarily the sugarcane culture. At the beginning of the twentieth century, then Lieutenant Governor Gerrit Johan van Grol (1867-1950) made several attempts to make cotton cultivation and honey cultivation abundant on the island. Size and location Sint Eustatius did not develop into a full plantation economy as in Suriname, for example, due to the low annual rainfall. Long periods of drought resulted in crop failures. Deforestation and erosion led to poor soil quality. Much archival material, from Sint Eustatius from the seventeenth and eighteenth century, has been lost due to hurricanes and violent takeovers by the French and English. From historical maps of Sint Eustatius, information can be derived about the names of the plantations, the division of ownership, and the size of possessions. These maps are still used by historians and archaeologists.	3
72784886	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow%20Solar%20Telescope	Snow Solar Telescope	The Snow telescope was transported up the narrow mountain trail in parts using a small, specially-designed carriage towed by horses. The Snow telescope was first set up during January, 1905, but due to rain the mirrors were not mounted until March 15. The coelostat was placed on a carriage that can be moved east-west, which in turn is mounted on a pedestal. There are two concave mirrors with a diameter of . The first mirror had a focal length of , which produced an image of the Sun with a diameter of about . The second had a longer focal length of , yielding an image across. A wheeled housing is used to protect the mirrors when they are not in use. The special shed for the telescope was completed during the summer. It consisted of a steel framework with an interior canvas covering that is coated with fireproof paint. The canvas side opposite the Sun is lowered to improve circulation through the vents. The structure was built on the highest point of the site, mounted as high as possible about the heated ground, within the limitations of the budget. Skirt-like louvers surrounded the structure, protecting the interior from sunlight but allowing air circulation. Roof ventilation is used to further circulate air. Due to a slope of the ground, the shed has a 5° downward slope from front to back. It is oriented 15° east of north. Two spectrohelioscopes and three spectrograms are available for studying the image.	3.046875
72784918	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian%20ironclad%20Mariz%20e%20Barros	Brazilian ironclad Mariz e Barros	In early October, the fleet began an attack on the Angostura fort. On the 1st, some battleships forced their way through and other ships bombarded the fortified line that bordered the Piquissiri stream. Between the 5th and 28th, the stronghold would be heavily attacked by Brazilian ships. The Mariz e Barros participated in the action only on November 19, when she fired several shots against the fort's batteries, with the support of other vessels. The armored corvette returned fire to the defensive position on December 9. On that occasion, the Paraguayans returned heavy bombardment against the Mariz e Barros, which resulted in the death of Captain Augusto Neto de Mendonça and 12 wounded among the crew. Sometime after this action, the Mariz e Barros was ahead of the fort. On the 16th, the corvette retraced her steps, forcing the transposition down the river. Three days later, she again forced Angostura's passage with support from the Silvado, which had also retreated days earlier. Finally, the Paraguayans defending the fort surrendered to Allied forces on the 30th. After the conquest of Asunción, on January 1, 1869, the already worn-out large battleships, such as the Mariz e Barros, were no longer of much use in the conflict, with naval fighting taking place, from then on, in small, very narrow streams. The ships were called back to Rio de Janeiro, where they underwent major repair work. In the early 1870s, the imperial naval command began to distribute the battleships to the various naval districts to defend Brazil's ports. Mariz e Barros and her sister ship Herval were assigned to the 2nd Naval District, which patrolled the coast from the border between the provinces of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo to the city of Mossoró, in Rio Grande do Norte. There are few records of Mariz e Barros after her last commission. In 1884, she was transformed into a floating battery to defend the Ladário Marine Arsenal in the province of Mato Grosso. Finally, the ship was deactivated on July 23, 1897.	2.71875
72784987	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel%20Bacon%20%28Virginia%20politician%29	Nathaniel Bacon (Virginia politician)	Nathaniel Bacon (c. 1620 – 1692), sometimes referred to as "Bacon the Elder" was a politician in colonial Virginia. As President of the Virginia Governor's Council, Bacon served as the acting Governor of Virginia during multiple periods in the 1680s and 1690s. Early life and family Nathaniel Bacon was born in 1619 or 1620, the only son of James Bacon and Martha Bacon. Bacon was likely born in Suffolk, England and was christened on August 29, 1620, at the St Mary's Church in Bury St Edmunds.Around 1653 or 1654 Bacon married the twice-widowed Ann Bassett Smith Jones. After her death shortly thereafter, Bacon married another widow, Elizabeth Kingsmill Tayloe in around 1656 or 1657. Bacon's nephew and Virginia Colonist Nathaniel Bacon was named after him. Career By 1653, Bacon had moved to Virginia Colony. He settled in Isle of Wight County and later moved to York County. In March 1656, Bacon represented York County in the Virginia House of Burgesses. By December 1656, Bacon was appointed as a member of the Virginia Governor's Council, where he served for three years. After serving as a Burgess in 1659, Bacon was re-appointed to the Governor's Council where he served as an influential member for over thirty years, from August 1660 to his death in 1692. During his time as a member of the Governor's Council, Bacon also served as auditor of the royal revenue for the colony from 1675 until 1688. As President of the Governor's Council, Bacon served as the acting Governor of Virginia in the summer of 1684 (during the absence of Governor Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham), summer of 1867 (during the absence of Howard), and from 1688 to 1690 (after Howard's departure and before the arrival of Francis Nicholson).	1.929688
72785111	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How%20to%20Rule%20Your%20Own%20Country%3A%20The%20Weird%20and%20Wonderful%20World%20of%20Micronations	How to Rule Your Own Country: The Weird and Wonderful World of Micronations	How to Rule Your Own Country particularly deals with an overarching theme on the disproportionate number of micronations located within Australia, which the authors explore in the first chapter and attribute to "larrikin tradition" and the country's remoteness. Hobbs and Williams also write that while many countries may persecute micronations, Australia in comparison actively tolerates them. The second chapter is dedicated to the Principality of Hutt River—following its foundation by Leonard Casley in 1970, disputes with the Australian Taxation Office, and its dissolution in 2021. It explores the principality's welcoming reaction from the Australian public. The next chapter concerns the Principality of Sealand, following pirate radio broadcaster Paddy Roy Bates as he proclaims the micronation on the decommissioned Roughs Tower and its subsequent history including an attempted takeover. Chapter four is about the now-defunct Republic of Minerva, which built an artificial island in the Minerva Reefs in 1972 by importing sand. They also explore its libertarian principles.	2.25
72785642	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Hibernian%20Marine%20School	Royal Hibernian Marine School	New building The school originally operated from a leased coach-house and inn building near the junction of Ringsend and Irishtown named 'The Sign of the Merrion' which it leased from Richard FitzWilliam, 6th Viscount FitzWilliam via his agent Bryan Fagan of Usher's Quay and later his wife Elizabeth 'the widow' Fagan after his death in January 1761 and later again from their daughter, Barbara Verschoyle. In 1769, the governors of the school leased a plot of land on Sir John Rogerson's Quay from the estate of Luke Gardiner for a term of £70 per annum. From various sources including parliament and private donors, the governors of the school managed to raise enough funds to construct the new building between 1770 and 1773. It was one of the first large buildings to be constructed on the recently completed quay. It was a functional Georgian building of 3 storeys over basement of 7 bays with matching single-storey wings and contained a rusticated raised ground floor. One of the school wings operated as a chapel while the other operated as a school room with the main building housing the children. Most sources attribute the building's design to the architect Thomas Cooley, while others attribute it to Thomas Ivory. An image of the building standing on the quay features in James Malton's illustrations titled A Picturesque and Descriptive View of the City of Dublin drawn in about 1790 not long after the building was erected. The building operated as the offices of the B&I Line for a number of years as well as the offices of a cold storage company before being demolished in 1979.	2.265625
72786624	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten%20Neusch%C3%A4fer	Kirsten Neuschäfer	Neuschäfer is the first woman to complete the Golden Globe Race (GGR) in the race's history, the first woman to win the GGR, and the only woman skipper who participated in the 2022 Golden Globe Race. According to the International Association of Cape Horner's records, Neuschäfer is the seventh woman to circumnavigate the globe solo nonstop via the great capes in yachts under 18m. She is the first woman to win any round the world race by the three great capes, including solo and fully crewed races, non-stop or with stops, and the first South African sailor to win a round-the-world event. Her boat Minnehaha is a Cape George 36 built in Port Townsend, Washington, launched in 1988. Neuschäfer spent a year in Prince Edward Islands (PEI) while refitting her boat in preparation for the 2022 GGR. Lennie Gallant, a singer-songwriter from PEI, wrote and performed a song, On the Minnehaha, about Neuschäfer and her GGR journey. Some of the islanders who took part in refitting of Minnehaha, including shipwright Eddie Arsenault, appear in the music video. Gallant's song was played upon Neuschäfer's arrival in Les Sables D'olonne as the leading skipper of the race. The song is also used in GGR's video compilation of Neuschäfer's victory. Other accomplishments She attended Deutsche Internationale Schule Pretoria; she matriculated in 2000. At age 22, Neuschäfer pursued another solitary adventure and cycled across Africa from north to south. She started her journey in Germany, and cycled throughout the Northwest and Central Africa into Southern Africa and completed her trip in Cape Agulhas.	2.125
72786909	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay%20Valgora	Jay Valgora	Design philosophy Valgora's design methodology focuses on critical inquiry engaging contemporary form with historic structures. Architectural examples include the J + K Residence (contemporary townhouse inserted on top of an historic hotel), Bronx Post Office, Macy's Herald Square (historic fabric contrasting contemporary fabrication) and Hunts Point train station, originally designed by Cass Gilbert. Valgora's designs have also juxtaposed different uses for a single structure, as seen in his design for Frank 57, which includes a hospital, three types of residences (luxury, affordable, and co-living), and retail. Valgora's designs for the Empire Stores addresses many of his design principles within a single project, combining historic and contemporary architecture. His project “Silo City,” which transformed the grain elevators in Buffalo, NY into an arts and cultural center, features art galleries mixed with velodromes, residences and community gardens. His design for the abandoned Michigan railway bridge spanning the Niagara Gorge between the US and Canada proposed converting the bridge into an elevated public park, hotel, and museum. His design for Iwataya Passage in Fukuoka, Japan features a reinterpreted underground public street with illuminated glass and cable structures connecting train stations, hotel, and stores. Valgora's Flushing River master plan envisioned a new waterfront community with elevated esplanades and parks. Valgora's design for the adaptive reuse of oil tanks at Maker Park / The Tanks was also the subject of debate on the adaptive reuse of industrial structures. Notable works Architecture Empire Stores, Dumbo, Brooklyn, NY Iwataya Passage, Fukuoka, Japan Yonkers Raceway Expansion, Yonkers, NY Macy's Herald Square, New York City	2.21875
72787694	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah%20Goreh	Nehemiah Goreh	Sometime later, Goreh faced a spiritual crisis, and wrote to John Muir's unnamed pandit in Azamgarh expressing his doubts about Hinduism. Muir and Goreh met several times, and Muir gave Goreh a copy of his Sanskrit-language Glory of Jesus Christ (1848). Goreh ultimately converted to Christianity, and was baptized with the name Nehemiah in March 1848. Goreh's family ostracized him, and his young wife Lakshmibai was sent back to her father. Goreh got her back with the help of the local British magistrate, and she converted to Christianity. She had been sick for a long time, and died two days after her baptism. S.L. Katre, who published the first printed edition of Śāstra-tattva-vinirṇaya states that she died of shock because she was converted against her will; Katre makes no mention of her illness. The Christian missionary writers state that she was "blessed" to have died after her baptism. Later, Goreh's widowed father also converted to Christianity. His younger brother was not allowed to meet him for four years, but later the two brothers shared a close relationship, although the brother remained a Hindu pandit despite Goreh's attempts to convert him. Goreh became involved in missionary activities such as preaching to Hindus, writing texts on Christianity for them, and lecturing to fellow Brahmins and members of the Brahmo Samaj. He became a tutor to the Sikh Maharaja Duleep Singh, another convert to Christianity, and accompanied him to England, where he met Queen Victoria. He kept in touch with Muir, who introduced him to Orientalist Max Muller during his first visit to England. In 1860, Goreh published Shad-darshana Darpana, a work critical of Hinduism. As an Anglican, he also wrote against Roman Catholicism. He was ordained as a deacon in 1868, and as a priest in 1870. He joined the Society of St John the Evangelist, and spent his last years in the Society's house in Poona (Pune). He died on 29 October 1895. His daughter Ellen Lakshmi Goreh was also a Christian missionary.	2.578125
72788061	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20D.%20Bacon	Elizabeth D. Bacon	Elizabeth Daken Bacon (March 19, 1844 - December 12, 1917) was an American suffragist and educator. She served as president of the Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association (CWSA) from 1906 to 1910. Biography Elizabeth Daken Bacon was born on March 19, 1844, in Cranston, Rhode Island. Bacon's grandfather, John Wilbur, was a Quaker minister and led a split in Quaker theology. Bacon went to public school in Providence, Rhode Island, and attended Providence High School, graduating in 1864. She taught public school for a few years before she married James Gillispie Bacon in Providence on October 6, 1869. The couple had one daughter in 1873. Bacon was involved with the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and became interested in women's suffrage. She was a member of the Hartford Equal Rights Club. She testified before the United States Congress Committee on Woman Suffrage on January 28, 1896. She was also involved with women voter registration and school board issues. In 1906, she became president of the Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association (CWSA), serving in that capacity until 1910. Bacon's daughter, Ellen M. Bolles, followed in her mother's footsteps and had served as secretary of the Rhode Island Woman Suffrage Association. Bacon died on December 12, 1917, from burn injuries sustained in her home while doing housework. She was buried next to her husband in the Old North Cemetery.	2.125
72788090	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra-tattva-vinir%E1%B9%87aya	Śāstra-tattva-vinirṇaya	Śāstra-tattva-vinirṇaya, also transliterated as Shastra-tattva-vinirnaya ("A Verdict on the Truth of the Shastra"), is a Sanskrit-language text written by Nilakantha Gore (or Goreh, later Neremiah Goreh) during 1844–1845 in Benares, British India. It is a Hindu apologist response to the Christian writer John Muir's Mataparīkṣā. Authorship Nilakantha Gore, a Marathi-speaking Chitpavan Brahmin wrote the text at Benares during 1844-1845, at the age of 19. Around four years later, he later converted to Christianity, and was baptized with the name Nehemiah. Contents The text comprises 784 anuṣṭubh verses in 6 chapters: Repudiation of the Opponent's Way of Examining the Authoritativeness of Religion (Parokta-mata-prāmāṇya-parīkṣā-prakāra-nirākaraṇaṃ), 28 verses Investigation of Faults in the Opponent's Religion (Para-mata-dūṣaṇa-nirūpaṇaṃ), 71 verses Beneficial Instruction (Hitopadeśa), 71 verses Investigation of the Instability of Argumentation in the Previous Narratives and the Necessity of Faith in the Scriptures (Śāstra-śraddhāvaśyakatā-kathana-pūrvaka-tarkāpratiṣṭhāna-nirūpaṇaṃ), 59 verses Investigation into the Scriptures' Self-Validity, which is Independent of Reason (Śāstrasyopapatti-nirapekṣa-svataḥ-prāmāṇya-nirūpaṇaṃ), 202 verses Repudiation of Suspicions About Defects in Our Religion (Sva-mata-doṣa-śaṅkā-nirākaraṇaṃ), 186 verses The following sections list Nilakantha's arguments. Criticism of Christianity	1.921875
72788090	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra-tattva-vinir%E1%B9%87aya	Śāstra-tattva-vinirṇaya	The rituals prescribed in the Hindu scriptures are for the worship of one god (Bhagavan). However, the god gives the fruit of various deeds to the doers through various deities, just as a king does through various servants. All of god's actions are aimed at ensuring that the souls (jivas) obtain the fruit of their deeds (karman). The conflict between Hindu deities (referred to in the Mata-pariksha) also happen for this reason. These deities have just one soul (atman), but they seem distinct to different people because those people have different viewpoints. The various Hindu philosophies (darshanas) seem contradictory, just like a man asking for directions may get seemingly contradictory answers (such as "Go east" or "Go west") to reach a destination depending on his location. However, all of them provide the same result: leading one to salvation. All living beings experience prosperity or pain because of deeds in their past lives. This also explains why certain people are born into the privileged Brahmin class. God created Brahmins to perform ritual activity which "gives rise to purity of mind". Idol worship involves focusing mind on the god, not on the material of the idol. Similarly, repeatedly chanting the names of the god (Bhagavan) focuses one mind on the god. There is no harm in practising such rituals. Those who compare the rasa lila of Krishna to sinful activities such as adultery are not intelligent enough to understand it. The god, in form of Krishna, showed favour to the gopis who rejected attachment to all objects and desired only him. The Hindu scriptures are "deeply profound" unlike the Christian scripture which can be understood easily even by stupid people, and therefore, cannot be of divine origin. Multiple Hindu scriptures exist for the welfare of people of different aptitudes. The aim of the Puranic cosmography is to glorify the god, so it should not be taken literally and criticized for scientific inaccuracies. Even in Christianity, there is a conflict between religion and science.	2.234375
72788870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20burial%20grounds%20and%20historic%20African%20American%20cemeteries%20of%20Richmond%2C%20Virginia	African burial grounds and historic African American cemeteries of Richmond, Virginia	The city of Richmond, Virginia has two African Burial Grounds, the "Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground" (active 1799–1816), and the "Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground" (active 1816–1879). Additionally the city is home to several other important and historic African American cemeteries. Richmond's African Burial Grounds Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground was active from 1799 to 1816. It was the first municipal burial ground of the city of Richmond. It was historically known as the "Burial Ground for Negroes". It is located at 1554 E Broad St. (alternate address 1520 E Marshall St.), across from the site of Lumpkin's Jail, in Shockoe Bottom, historically known as Shockoe Valley. Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground, (Richmond's 2nd African Burial Ground) was established in 1816 by the city of Richmond, as the replacement for the Burial Ground for Negroes. It began as two (1 acre) parcels at the northeastern corner of N 5th St. and Marshall St. (now called Hospital St.). It was expanded over time to 31 acres. Over 22,000 people of African descent were interred within its grounds. It is the largest known burial ground for free people of color and the enslaved in the United States. It is located at 1305 N. 5th St., on the northern edge of Shockoe Hill, a mile and a half away from the Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground. It is one of Virginia's most endangered historic places. Current threats to the burial ground include the DC2RVA high-speed rail project, the east-west Commonwealth Corridor, and the proposed widening of I-64. Richmond's Other Historic African American Cemeteries	2.78125
72789128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capparis%20loranthifolia	Capparis loranthifolia	Capparis loranthifolia, also known as the narrowleaf bumble or narrow-leaved bumble tree, is a shrub or small tree in the caper family. It is endemic to the arid and semi-arid interior of northern and eastern Australia from Western Australia to New South Wales. Infraspecific taxa Capparis loranthifolia var. loranthifolia Capparis loranthifolia var. bancroftii M.Jacobs Description The species grows as a densely-foliaged, thorny shrub or stunted tree to 2–10 m in height. It has dark, grey-brown, fissured and cracked bark with thorns 4–7 mm long. It's simple, evergreen leaves are dark green, petiolate, 40–70 mm long by 8–14 mm wide. The cream-coloured flowers have 4 or 5 petals 20 mm long. The round fruits are 30–40 mm in diameter, with 7–8 mm long seeds. A survey of remnant brigalow woodland in Queensland provided various growth parameters for the species including maximum diameter at breast height of 24 cm, maximum height 10 m, maximum age 300 years and growth rate, growing to half its maximum size in 65 years. Taxonomy Capparis loranthifolia was first formally described by botanist John Lindley in 1848 in Sir Thomas Mitchell's Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia. However, it was likely identified during an earlier expedition by Ludwig Leichhardt from Moreton Bay to Port Essington. When disaster struck the expedition and they ran low on resources, the specimens that Leichhardt had collected had to be discarded. Journals from the expedition were much later analysed and describe the same plant from between present day Emerald and Rockhampton, along with over 100 other species new to science had they made it to publication. Capparis loranthifolia is one of 250 species of the Capparaceae Family. It is very similar to the Capparis mitchellii, that also evolved in Central Queensland after the genus dispersed to Australia from India. Both species have been referred to as Wild Orange, but C. loranthifolia is usually a smaller and more spiny plant.	2.234375
72789128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capparis%20loranthifolia	Capparis loranthifolia	Capparis loranthifolia var. bancroftii was originally thought to also be identified as a "deviating form" in New Caledonia. However, this was later discounted as taxonomic revision attributed these specimens to C. artensis var. dielsiana Taxonomic synonymous with Busbeckea lorantifolia and Busbeckea loranthifolia. Distribution Capparis loranthifolia is endemic to Australia's arid and semi-arid interior, from Northern New South Wales, Queensland, Northern Territory to the Kimberley in Western Australia. Although generally an inland species, a small population of the loranthifolia variety reaches the coast at Rockhampton. The range of Capparis loranthifolia var. bancroftii is restricted to Central Queensland. In NSW, several populations have been identified in Culgoa National Park. Ecology It is found in fine red soil, and in brown silty clay-loam near creeks, and primarily is found in the understory of softwood shrublands and woodlands with Eucalyptus populnea, E. melanophloia, E. microtheca, E. crebra, Geijera parviflora, Acacia aneura, A. oswaldii, A. harpophylla, A. catenulata, Eremophila mitchellii, Atalaya spp. and Triodia spp. It is a known host of parasitic mistletoe species Lysiana subfalcata and Lysiana spathulata. The fruits are food for many species including birds, whom disperse the seeds. It is also noted in the diet of the Common Brushtail Possum in central Australia, and domestic livestock. Being tolerant of dry conditions, the bush provides supplement foraging for livestock during drought. It flowers from September to December, when the fruit ripens, in the early part of the wet season.	2.375
72790048	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsuki%20Sato	Atsuki Sato	, sometimes erroneously identified in English as Atsunori Satō, is a Japanese film director, visual effects supervisor, special effects director, and film editor. He won the award for Best Film Editing at the 40th Japan Academy Prize for his work on Hideaki Anno and Shinji Higuchi's Shin Godzilla and was nominated for the Best Visual Effects accolade at the 16th Asian Film Awards for his work on Higuchi's Shin Ultraman. Life and career Satō was born in 1961 in Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan. Satō lived in Numazu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan until the age of six. Satō stated that during his formative years, he indulged in biology and "always carried an illustrated insect book with me everywhere I went". His family often moved prefectures during his childhood because father worked for the Japanese National Railways. While he was in middle school, he enjoyed playing music and often rehearsed Beethoven's sonatas. In his third year of secondary school, he aimed to study music at a university's education department. However, Satō became interested in anime around the same time after watching Mobile Suit Gundam —which was airing during his third year of secondary school— and thus began to consider working on anime in Tokyo. Since he could not get a career in anime in Tokyo immediately, Satō enrolled at Waseda University in 1980. He had the opportunity to attend Nihon University College of Art or Meiji University but instead choose to enter Waseda's night school, the Second Literature Department. Satō started his career in anime in 1982, working at Studio Deen. He worked on the Urusei Yatsura anime and the second Perman anime where he was in charge of directing production assistants. In 1985, after working on Urusei Yatsura 3: Remember My Love, he left the anime industry and began a new job at a business in Nagoya. Shortly thereafter, Satō became interested in computer-generated imagery and studied it at a business school while temporary working at a post-production studio in Tokyo.	2.09375
72790109	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage%20Punic%20Ports	Carthage Punic Ports	The present site of the circular lagoon has an area of about eight hectares, the other lagoon is about twice as large. The commercial port was connected to the sea by a canal, which must have flowed into the present-day Kram Bay, of which no remains exist. Appian cites the term "cothon" to designate the ports, a word of Semitic origin that designates an artificial dársena created by men. Such spaces are relatively well known in other Punic cities, such as Motya, in Sicily, or Mahdia, in Tunisia. Strabo also provides data on the distance from the Carthage Ports to Cape Lillibaeus, a promontory southeast of Sicily, which he estimates at 1500 stadia (277.5 km). The literary tradition has been verified by archaeology. Archaeologists have made models reconstructing the archaeological site in the different epochs of the city's history. These models are exhibited in the small museum of the Admiralty Islet. Admiralty Islet At first glance, it is difficult to identify the circular lagoon as the circular port of ancient Carthage in which a fleet that shook the western Mediterranean basin was sheltered. A priori it is difficult to see how they could have had 220 ships there, such as the quinqueremes, ships with five oarsmen divided into three rows. However, British excavations have revealed that the circular lagoon was the military port and that the navarch's flag must have been on the islet. Punic ports have been found, particularly the ramps of the dársena levees or dry docks for wintering. The ramps had a slightly sloping beaten earth floor. These dársenas were undoubtedly the warehouses fitted out to accommodate the ships mentioned by Strabo.	2.6875
72791063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Ghani%20Azhari	Abdul Ghani Azhari	Abdul Ghani Azhari (1922 – 19 January 2023), also known as Abdul Ghani Shah al-Shashi, was an Indian Muslim scholar and historian who served as the head-professor of the University of Kashmir's Arabic department. He was an alumnus of Darul Uloom Deoband, Mazahir Uloom and the Al-Azhar University. He authored Qadim Tarikh-e-Gujjar, a book detailing the history of Gujjars. Early life and education Abdul Ghani Azhari was born in 1922 in Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir. He received his education at Darul Uloom Deoband, Mazahir Uloom and the Al-Azhar University. He wrote his doctoral thesis on Al-Muslim entitled, Al Imam Al Muslim Wa Manhajuhu Fi Al Hadith Riwayatn wa Dirayatan. He studied with Hussain Ahmed Madani, Ibrahim Balyawi, Izaz Ali Amrohi, Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, and Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, and his teachers at Mazahir Uloom included Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi. At the Azhar, he studied with scholars including Abdel-Halim Mahmoud. Career Azhari was a Kashmiri Gujjar and celebrated his Gujjar identity. He established Dar al-‘Ulum Nizamiyya Madinatul Islam in Badshahibagh (nearby Saharanpur), to cater to the needs of the Gurjar children. He also established religious seminaries in Kashmir, including Maktabah Anwar al Uloom, in Kokernag, and Darul Uloom Kawthariya near Dachigam National Park. In 2003, he established Darul Uloom Shah Wali Allah in Donipawa, Brakpora, in Anantnag. At the invitation of Shaikh Abdullah, Azhari served as a professor of Arabic at Madinatul Uloom in Hazratbal, Srinagar prior to joining the University of Kashmir.	2.078125
72791635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine%20P%C3%A9ri%C3%A9	Augustine Périé	Augustine Périé (14 August 1832 — 16 January 1892) was a Catholic missionary who was active in Penang, Malaysia and Singapore. Early life Périé was born in Saint-Chamarand, France on 14 August 1832. He joined the Paris Foreign Missions Society seminary on 4 October 1856. He was ordained a priest on 18 June 1859. Career Périé was first sent to Permatang Tinggi, Penang, Malaysia and then to Batu Kawan. In 1860, he was sent to Bukit Timah, Singapore to head the Bukit Timah mission. In 1562, he established the St Mary's Chapel in Kranji. In 1863, Périé went back to Malaysia and established a mission station in Pontian Kitsil along the Pontian River. In exchange for the land on which the colony was built, which was provided by Abu Bakar of Johor, Périé was appointed the kangchu of the river. He soon banned gambling and opium within the colony, which deterred non-Christian Chinese from settling. The colony's terrain was marshy and further deterred potential settlers. In 1864, fears that a secret society was about to launch an attack on the church drove most Singapore Chinese migrants away to Pontian, with only 15 Chinese planters remaining. Périé established another colony in Ayer Itam in 1867. In the following year, he returned to Bukit Timah, Singapore. He returned to France in 1870 due to his declining health. After returning to France, he continued his pastoral work. In 1871, he became a parish priest in the commune of Pern. In 1872, he became chaplain of Rocamadour. In 1874, he became a parish priest in the commune of Le Roc. He died there on 16 January 1892.	1.945313
72791692	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington%20and%20Richmond%20line%20of%20the%20LSWR	Kensington and Richmond line of the LSWR	The Kensington and Richmond line was a railway in West London, England. It was built by the London and South Western Railway, which already had a main line to Richmond from London. The Kensington line was chiefly a defensive measure to limit the incursion of rival railways into LSWR territory. It ran from Kensington on the West London Railway, by way of Hammersmith, Turnham Green, Gunnersbury and Kew; it opened in 1869. It had a separate station at Richmond, in keeping with the LSWR intention of preventing competitors from easily obtaining running powers to go further into the LSWR area. Nevertheless, several competing companies ran passenger train services into Richmond over part of the line, and the Midland Railway developed an important route for the supply of house coal to the developing suburbs served. In 1877 the Metropolitan District Railway connected to the Kensington line at Hammersmith, and ran an increasingly intensive passenger service to Richmond. From 1879 the District operated to Ealing, and soon the volume of its train service swamped the capacity of the shared route section, from near Hammersmith to Turnham Green. When the District Railway electrified its train services in 1905, it was obvious that line capacity was overwhelmed, and the line was quadrupled from 1911, the District Railway being allocated a dedicated double track.	2.40625
72791739	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupe%20Serrano	Lupe Serrano	Serrano joined the American Ballet Theatre in New York in 1953 after the former road manager of Ballet Russe, now working with ABT, invited her to audition. She joined as the first Hispanic American principal dancer in ABT history. Her repertoire included lead roles in major classical ballets such as Swan Lake, Giselle, Aurora's Wedding, and the Don Quixote pas de deux. Critic Clive Barnes said in The New York Times that her characterization of Odile was "flashingly malevolent", and that her performance in ABT's full-length version of Swan Lake "explod[ed] into a nervous and very exciting brilliance". Also writing for The New York Times, critic Allen Hughes declared her performance of Giselle as a "personal triumph" which "indicated that Lupe Serrano must now be ranked as one of greatest ballerinas dancing today." Serrano created several roles at ABT for Capital of the World by Eugene Loring, Paean by Herbert Ross, Sebastian by Agnes de Mille, and Lady from the Sea by Birgit Cullberg. In addition, she danced other ballets by de Mille, George Balanchine, Jerome Robbins, Antony Tudor, and William Dollar. Her most successful partnerships were with Erik Bruhn and Royes Fernandez. Between 1958 and 1959, she also danced with Metropolitan Opera Ballet, in the operas La Gioconda and Die Fledermaus.	2.1875
72792019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaeleo%20intermedius	Chamaeleo intermedius	The casque or helmet of Chamaeleo intermedius is formed by a well developed and elevated parietal crest and what was originally described as temporal crests on either side of the skull. However a later publication by Klaver argued that these temporal crests may in fact have been misidentified lateral crests based on their resemblance to the same structure in the Namaqua chameleon. The canthi rostralis between the eyes and snout is also well developed. The casque ascends relatively gradually before descending abruptly towards the neck. Both the forked parietal and temporal crests are lined by conic tubercles, which are also present around the eyesockets. The back of this species is lined by a double row of scales, however around the neck some larger scales form structures similar to the dorsal ridge seen in the Namaqua chameleon or the Mount Lefo chameleon. The later was especially highlighted as its dorsal ridge was also composed of two scale rows. Similar but smaller structures are also found further back on the body. Besides this scale structures and the double row along the back, the scales of this species are generally homogenous and of similar size and shape across the body. Chamaeleo intermedius preserves no crest along its throat, no lateral crests or occipital lobes attached to the casque and no other ornaments such as brow or nose horns.	2.78125
72792179	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82%20Plater-Zyberk	Michał Plater-Zyberk	Count Michał Plater-Zyberk (28 December, 1777 – 1862, ) – Polish nobleman, naturalist, civilian vice-governor of Vilnius. Biography His parents were and Izabela Borch, daughter of , Great Crown Chancellor. In 1803, he married Izabela Helena Syberg zu Wischling, Zyberk coat of arms, daughter of , the last male representative of the Syberg family. In order to save his wife's family name, he adopted her surname and coat of arms, for which he received a special consent from Emperor Alexander I. Thus, he started a new line – Plater-Syberg, soon polonized to Plater-Zyberk. In his youth, he took part in the Kościuszko Uprising (1794) and traveled with his parents. After getting married, he settled in the estate. He was a lover of science. In 1805 he was elected an honorary member of the Imperial University of Vilnius, in January 15, 1806 he was elected as school inspector for the governorates of Vitebsk and Mogilev. He belonged to the Typographic Society in Vilnius and the Courland Society for the Study of Literature and Art, which he co-founded. He was a member of several masonic lodges: Szkoła Sokratesa (), Zum Guten Hirten (), and the Doskonała Jedność ().	2.15625
72792412	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritratto%20%28opera%29	Ritratto (opera)	Ritratto is an opera in six scenes with music by Willem Jeths and a libretto by Frank Siera. The 2020 productions were conducted by Geoffrey Paterson and directed by Marcel Sijm, with costumes by Jan Taminiau. The Dutch National Opera commissioned the work. The opera was scheduled to premiere at the Opera Forward Festival in Amsterdam on March 21, 2020, but the premiere was cancelled because of lockdown measures in the Netherlands, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands. Plot The opera describes the life story of an Italian high society icon at the time of the beginning of the First World War. The flamboyant wealthy heiress Luisa Casati stages herself as a living work of art and surrounds herself with leading artists of her time. When war breaks out, most of her friends, including her lover Gabriele D'Annunzio, become enthusiastic about the war. She distances herself from it in order to continue dedicating her life to art and ultimately sacrificed herself to her ideal. Roles Orchestration The orchestral score of the opera includes the following instruments: clarinet in B, A and E bassoon Horn in F percussion (two players): glockenspiel, crotales (2 octaves), water gongs, Thai gongs, boobams, cymbals, large tamtam, tambourine, woodblock, Lion's roar, rattle, wooden box (with mallet), triangle, flexatone (high), snare drum, bass drum (with cymbal) harp piano string section: at least five first violins, five second violins, four violas, four celloss, two double basses Electronic sound effect in scene 2 Recording An audio recording of the March 12, 2020 dress rehearsal was released on Challenge Records (1994) on October 2, 2020.	2.0625
72793188	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth%20Krey-Lange	Elisabeth Krey-Lange	Career On graduation. until 1908 Krey worked as a teacher in Ronneby and Norrköping. When the family moved to Stockholm, she began to work as a journalist for Stockholms Dagblad, establishing friendships with other women journalists including Ellen Rydelius, Elin Wägner and Else Kleen. She translated items from the foreign press, reported on local events and wrote articles about suffrage meetings, the problems faced by women and children and employment conditions for women workers. In early 1911, she moved to Svenska Dagbladet. A member of the suffrage association LKPR, in 1912 she became the first editor of the organization's journal Rösträtt för kvinnor (Suffrage for Women). She resigned as editor a year later but continued to contribute articles on foreign literature. In 1912, she became the only woman to join the journalists' union Svenska Journalistföreningen. In 1914, before the beginning of World War I, Krey spent six months in the United States, furthering her education while continuing to contribute articles to Svenska Dagbladet from Washington and Chicago. In 1911, Krey had been present as a reporter at the Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance in Stockholm. Some reports indicate that in 1915, she was one the Swedes at the International Congress of Women in the Hague. Krey-Lange was an active member of Save the Children, attending a 1920 meeting in Geneva and participating in the distribution of food and clothing in Vienna. In the 1930s, she was the international press officer for the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. She was the publisher and editor of the nursing journal Tidskrift för Sveriges sjuksköterskor from 1935 to 1950. Elisabeth Krey-Lange died in Stockholm on 6 July 1965.	2.390625
72793916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile%20Obre	Emile Obre	Émile Obre (July 10, 1881 - December 9, 1934) was a French aviator and aircraft designer. Biography Émile Obre was born July 10, 1881, in Le Bourg - Les Lèves-et-Thoumeyragues (Gironde). He served as an infantryman in the French Army in 1902. While a mechanic in Morteau (Doubs), he built his first airplane in 1908, and he obtained his pilot's license (no. 148) on June 14, 1910. On August 1, 1911, Obre took part in the "Fêtes d'aviation" which took place at the newly created Champirol aerodrome (Loire). In 1911, during the first air festival organized by the company Avia Française at the St. Ponchon racecourse near Carpentras (Vaucluse), Émile Obre and Alfred Liger performed two demonstration flights in front of thousands of spectators. From December 9 to 11, 1911, at the Campo-Quadrato near Biguglia (Haute-Corse), Obre and Derome dubbed the "Wonderful flying fools" gave the stunned public from all over Corsica at first air show ever organized on the island. This show was part of an aerial tour of the Mediterranean islands. The two pilots continued with demonstrations in Bastia, Ajaccio, Sardinia, and Sicily. Their aircraft had been dismantled, transported by boat, then reassembled. Émile Obre, and Derome aboard an airplane built by Obre that was equipped with a 50 hp Gnome et Rhône engine, "performed very successful flights in Bastia", according to a specialist magazine. Military service In 1913, while working for Caudron went to Beijing to organize a training center as representative of the French colonial forces. During the First World War, he was assigned to the aviation squadron C 39, then to the C 53 where he piloted a Caudron G.4 with the rank of sergeant in 1915.	2.15625
72794310	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.%20Bradford%20Burns	E. Bradford Burns	In A History of Brazil, Burns denounced the repressive methods of the military dictatorship that ruled Brazil from 1964 to 1985: "Extensive documentation details, between 1964 and 1979, more than 283 types of torture inflicted on 'dissidents,' at 242 clandestine torture centers, by 444 individual torturers. Victims still remain uncounted and unidentified, but many who lived through the military terror have since publicly described their ordeal." A Professor Emeritus at UCLA, he died of liver cancer on December 19, 1995 and was survived by his mother, his sister, Karen Burns Kenny, and his life partner, David Aguayo. Selected works A History of Brazil (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1971) At War in Nicaragua: The Reagan Doctrine and the Politics of Nostalgia (New York, NY: Perennial Library/Harper & Row, 1987) "Bibliographical Essay: Manuel Querino's Interpretation of the African Contribution to Brazil" (The Journal of Negro History. 59 (1): 78–86, 1979) Latin America: A Concise Interpretive History (Lebanon, Indiana: Prentice Hall, 1994) Patriarch and Folk: The Emergence of Nicaragua, 1798-1858 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1991) The Poverty of Progress: Latin America in the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1980) The Unwritten Alliance: Rio-Branco and Brazilian-American Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966)	2.15625
72794616	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Tyrell%20Artis	Edmund Tyrell Artis	Edmund Tyrell Artis (1789, Sweffling, Suffolk – 24 December 1847, Doncaster, West Riding of Yorkshire) was a British geologist, artist, and pioneer of palaeobotany and archaeology. Biography During Artis's lifetime most of the researchers in botany, geology, paleontology, archaeology, or antiquarian studies were born into the upper class in terms of wealth or education, but Artis was born in a small village where his father worked as a carpenter and his mother was illiterate. Both parents died in poverty. In 1805, at age 16, Edmund Artis went to London to work for an uncle in the wine trade and by 1811 had accumulated enough capital to open his own confectionery shop in Dorset Street, Marylebone. In 1811 he married Elizabeth Poole at St James's Church, Piccadilly. A year later, they had a daughter. In 1813 Artis provided a confectionary creation as the centre-piece at a large dinner party for wealthy people. At the dinner party, this confectionary creation, an iced cake in the shape of a fantastic castle, impressed the 4th Earl Fitzwilliam, a leading Whig politician. Fitzwilliam invited Artis to join his staff at Milton Hall, located near Castor in the Soke of Peterborough which was part of Northamptonshire until late in the 19th century and is now Cambridgeshire. By 1818 Artis was promoted to Milton Hall's house steward. Artis was talented as an artist and scientist. In 1816 he painted a portrait in oils of the Earl Fitzwilliam. In 1820 Artis made the acquaintance of the poet John Clare and over a period of years became his close friend and advised him on natural history. Clare praised Artis as "everything but a poet". In his 1824 journal, Clare noted that one of the executors of his will was to be Artis.	2.546875
72794809	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal%20riffle%20sculpin	Coastal riffle sculpin	The coastal riffle sculpin (Cottus ohlone) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Cottidae, the typical sculpins. It is endemic to the Coast Range Mountains of California, where it is found in streams draining to the west and southwest. This taxon was considered to be conspecific with the inland riffle sculpin (Cottus gulosus) until research published in 2020 by Peter B. Moyle and Matthew A. Campbell showed that it was a separate valid species which was split into two subspecies. One, C.o. pomo, found in the northern Russian River and north San Francisco Bay drainage; and the other, C.o. ohlone, in the southern Santa Clara Valley. The specific name honors the Ohlone people, a Native American group which lived around southern San Francisco Bay and the Santa Clara Valley. The Ohlone name refers to a group of over 50 people who interacted in these areas. It is not listed with a conservation status under the Endangered Species Act. Description Coastal riffle sculpin adults are usually less than 80mm in length, have no scales, and have a dark brown camouflage color. C. Ohlone have 12-14 anal-fin rays, 6-9 dorsal spines, 15-19 dorsal fin rays, 0-2 chin pores, 1 pelvic fin spine with 3 rays, 14-16 pectoral fin rays, 2 preopercular spines, 1 lateral line (occasionally complete), and 25-35 lateral line pores. The dorsal fin (occasionally joined) has a black spot, and palatine teeth are most often present. Habitat Coastal riffle sculpins are endemic to the San Francisco Bay and Santa Clara Valley. It has been located along the Coast Range Mountains in drainages flowing west or southwest, in watersheds such as the Russian River, Redwood Creek, Napa River, Sonoma Creek, and other watersheds that flow into the northern San Francisco Bay. Other places Coastal riffle sculpins have been located are streams draining the Diablo and Coastal ranges in the Santa Clara Valley and flowing south from the San Fransico Bay. It is believed to exist in the Salinas River but there have not been any records.	2.875
72795335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Brecknockshire%20Militia	Royal Brecknockshire Militia	In the 16th Century little distinction was made between the militia and the troops levied by the counties for overseas expeditions. However, the counties usually conscripted the unemployed and criminals rather than send the trained bandsmen. Between 1585 and 1602 Brecknockshire supplied 825 men for service in Ireland and 30 for the Netherlands. The men were given three days' 'conduct money' to get to Chester or Bristol, the main ports of embarkation for Ireland. Conduct money was recovered from the government, but replacing the weapons issued to the levies from the militia armouries was a heavy cost on the counties. With the passing of the threat of invasion, the trained bands declined in the early 17th Century. Later, King Charles I attempted to reform them into a national force or 'Perfect Militia' answering to the king rather than local control. The Brecknock Trained Bands of 1638 consisted of 300 men, 180 armed with muskets and 120 'Corslets' (body armour, signifying pikemen). They also mustered 30 horse. Brecknockshire was ordered to send 200 men overland to Newcastle upon Tyne for the Second Bishops' War of 1640. However, substitution was rife and many of those sent on this unpopular service would have been untrained replacements. Many of the soldiers objected to serving under Roman Catholic officers, including Henry O'Brien and John Fitzgerald among the captains conducting the Brecknock contingent to Newcastle. Civil Wars Control of the militia was one of the areas of dispute between Charles I and Parliament that led to the English Civil War. When open war broke out between the King and Parliament, neither side made much use of the trained bands beyond securing the county armouries for their own full-time troops. Most of Wales was under Royalist control for much of the war, and was a recruiting ground for the King's armies. However, the Brecknock 'County Troop' of horse under Lieutenant-Colonel Jefferies was mustered at Crickhowell in 1645.	3
72795845	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimelea%20leiophylla	Pimelea leiophylla	Pimelea leiophylla is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae and is endemic to Tasmania. It is a shrub with silky-hairy young stems, broadly elliptic to egg-shaped leaves, and clusters of 15 to 25 or more, bright white or pink, tube-shaped flowers surrounded by 4 or 8 involucral bracts. Description Pimelea leiophylla is a shrub that typically grows to a height of and has silky-hairy young stems. Its leaves are decussate (arranged in alternating pairs), broadly elliptic to egg-shaped, long and wide on a petiole about long. The flowers are arranged on the ends of branches in erect clusters of 15 to 25 or more surrounded by 4 or 8 leaf-like involucral bracts. The flowers are bright white, occasionally pink and are either bisexual or female. The floral tube is long and the 4 sepals long. Flowering occurs from October to February. Taxonomy and naming Pimelea leiophylla was first formally described in 2016 by Alan Maurice Gray and Matthew L. Baker in the journal Muelleria from specimens collected on The Hazards in 1989. The specific epithet (leiophylla) means "smooth leaves". Distribution and habitat This pimelea grows in sparse dry woodland in a few places on the Freycinet Peninsula and on Schouten Island in eastern Tasmania.	2.484375
72796039	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watershed%20delineation	Watershed delineation	Manual watershed delineation The conventional method of finding a watershed boundary is to draw it by hand on a paper topographic map, or on a transparent overlay. The watershed area can then be estimated using a planimeter, by overlaying graph paper and counting grid cells, or the result can be digitized for use with mapping software. The same process can be done on a computer, sketching the watershed boundary (with a mouse or stylus) over a digital copy of a topographic map. This is referred to as "heads up digitizing" or "on-screen digitizing." For "manual" watershed delination, one must know how to read and interpret a topographic map, for example to identify ridges, valleys, and the direction of steepest slope. Even in the computer era, manual watershed delineation is still a useful skill, in order to check whether watersheds generated with software are correct. Instructions for manual watershed delineation can be found in some textbooks in geography or environmental management, in government pamphlets, or in online video tutorials. According to the US Geological Survey, there are 5 steps to manual watershed delineation: Find the point of interest along a stream on the map. This is the "watershed outlet" or "pour point." Imagine or draw surface water flow lines that point downhill perpendicular to the topographic contours (this is the steepest direction). Mark the location of topographical high points (peaks) around the stream. Mark the points along contours that divide flows towards or away from the stream (ridges). Connect the dots to delineate the watershed. General Rules: The watershed boundary should be perpendicular to contour lines where it crosses them. The watershed boundary must not cross rivers or streams other than at the outlet. (In some cases, a blue line representing a man-made canal or pipeline may traverse your watershed boundary.) The watershed boundary should run along ridgelines and connect high points.	3.15625
72796666	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel%20African%20Methodist%20Episcopal%20Church%20%28San%20Francisco%2C%20California%29	Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (San Francisco, California)	Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Bethel AME Church) is a historic African American church founded in 1852 and is located in the Fillmore District in San Francisco, California. It was one of the earliest African American churches in the west. The church occupied several spaces in San Francisco over the course of its history, as well as gone by various names. History Over the years numerous influential people have visited this church to speak with the congregation, including Ida B. Wells, Benjamin W. Arnett, Adam Clayton Powell Sr., Paul Robeson, W. E. B. DuBois, Mary McLeod Bethune, James Weldon Johnson, and Booker T. Washington. Bethel AME Church was connected to the Grace Episcopal Chapel (formerly Little Grace, and now known as Grace Cathedral, founded c. 1849), as well as the Saint Andrews African Methodist Episcopal Church of Sacramento (founded in 1850). This church is one of three Black churches founded in 1852 in San Francisco, the other two are the Third Baptist Church, and First A.M.E. Zion Church. Bethel AME Church was founded in 1852 by Rev. Charles Stewart and Edward Gomez, and was then-called St. Cyprian's African Methodist Episcopal Church. The first pastor was Rev. Joseph Thompson was replaced by the more experienced missionary pastor, Rev. Thomas Marcus Decatur Ward from Philadelphia. The early years had Bethel AME Church holding services in numerous locations in the city, including on Jackson Street, Washington Street, and Green Street. In May 1854, the church under Ward's leadership opened up a small school in the basement for African American students who were not allowed to attend public schools in California. The first year, 23 students attended the school. In 1872, the California Supreme Court ruled Ward v. Floor current segregation in educational practices as unconstitutional, breaching U.S. Constitution's Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments.	2.59375
72796926	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture%20of%20Porto%20Alegre	Architecture of Porto Alegre	Neoclassicism and Eclecticism By mid-century, Neoclassicism had become an important influence, and blended with the old colonial, giving rise to a variety of eclectic solutions, a trend that would dominate the landscape until the 1930s. Of Neoclassical profile, the most important remaining building is the Metropolitan Curia, built in 1865 with a project by Jules Villain (or Villiers), altered in detail by Johann Grünewald, composing a majestic ensemble of palatial dimensions that was hailed by Athos Damasceno as the only monument in the city worthy of its name: Surpassing it in fame is the São Pedro Theater, whose project was elaborated in Rio de Janeiro and executed by Phillip von Normann. Inaugurated on June 27, 1858, with a capacity for 700 spectators and decorated in velvet and gold, at a time when Porto Alegre had little more than twenty thousand inhabitants, it is the oldest theater in the city. It suffered stark degradation and was almost demolished in the 1970s, but has been recovered. The theater was conceived with a twin building that rose across the street, the old Court of Justice, but this was destroyed by fire in the 1950s. The purest neoclassicism left scant remnants, among them the Torelly House and the Bonfim Chapel.	2.5625

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