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78690960
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservative%20redemption
|
Preservative redemption
|
Preservative redemption or preservative grace is, in Catholic theology, the doctrine that people can be preserved from future sin and temptation. This doctrine was first developed by Duns Scotus in the 13th century, who believed that the Virgin Mary was preserved from original sin (the Immaculate Conception). This means that Mary was the object of perfect redemption, as if fashioned by the Holy Spirit, which was merited by Jesus. Whether or not Mary was ever tempted is speculated by theologians. The Catholic Church has developed the doctrine of preservative redemption to include the Eucharist, teaching ever since the Council of Trent that a fruit of Holy Communion is preservation from future temptation and future mortal sin. This is because the soul is enkindled with divine love, so that the more of Jesus one receives the harder it becomes for one to be tempted and commit sin. A commonly held pious opinion is that the prophet Jeremiah, John the Baptist, and according to some St. Joseph were sanctified from original sin in the womb, but not at their conception. Saint Faustina claimed to have received the grace of freedom from temptation against purity. Criticism of preservative grace includes asking why God does not make every human and angel sinless and how the Immaculate Conception makes sense if Mary is not redeemed from original sin.
Catholic Church
Official teaching
Immaculate Conception
The Council of Trent, in Canon XXIII of Session VI, teaches the Immaculate Conception. The Immaculate Conception of Mary is the dogma that the Mother of God enjoyed the grace and privilege of freedom from original sin and personal sin since the moment of her conception. This means that Mary was the object of perfect redemption, as if fashioned by the Holy Spirit, which was merited by Jesus. Whether or not Mary was ever tempted is speculated by theologians.
| 2.484375
| 0
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78691041
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakopee%20II
|
Shakopee II
|
Shakopee II (d. 1860) was a Mdewakanton Dakota chief who was known as "The Orator of the Sioux." He was described by Reverend Samuel W. Pond of the First Presbyterian Church of Shakopee as "a man of marked ability in council and one of the ablest and most effective orators in the whole Dakota Nation." He was also called "Little Six" during his lifetime.
The city of Shakopee, Minnesota was named after Chief Shakopee II when it was first founded in 1851.
Relationship with missionaries
In 1846, Chief Shakopee II invited missionary Samuel Pond to move to his village, Tintonwan, near present-day Shakopee, Minnesota. Shakopee asked Pond to open a school and mission on the recommendation of Oliver Faribault, the "mixed-blood" son of trader Jean-Baptiste Faribault.
Shakopee promised that children from his village would attend the school, and that Pond would be provided with pasture and fuel. Pond finally consented and built a house at what he called "Prairieville" in 1847, and lived there until he died in 1891. Pond went on to found the oldest church in Shakopee, the First Presbyterian Church, in 1855.
| 2.265625
| 0
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78691076
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakopee%20III
|
Shakopee III
|
At daylight on August 18, 1862, warriors marched south toward the Lower Sioux Agency. The majority were from the bands of Red Middle Voice and Shakopee, but warriors from other Lower Sioux bands eventually joined them. Historian Gary Clayton Anderson writes that it is difficult to identify which warriors committed murders on the first day, but concludes that Cut Nose and Little Six were both involved, based on survivor narratives from Justina Boelter and Samuel Brown.
Capture of Brown family
In his narrative of the war, Sam Brown described the capture of his family by Little Six, Cut Nose, Dowanniye and others near their home, which was about eight miles east of the Upper Sioux Agency. On August 19, 1862, Sam Brown, his mother Susan Frenier Brown, his siblings, and other families were in wagons heading for Fort Ridgely, when they were stopped and surrounded on the road by a large Dakota war party.
According to Brown, the Dakota warriors were intent on killing them. His mother stood up in the wagon, waved her shawl, and shouted loudly in Dakota that "she was a Sisseton – a relative of Wanataan, Scarlet Plume, Sweetcorn, Ah-kee-pah [Akipa] and the friend of Standing Buffalo, that she had come down this way for protection and hoped to get it." Nevertheless, Cut Nose, Little Six and Dowanniye were among the first to run toward them, "shaking their bloody tomahawks menacingly in [their] faces."
They finally stopped when one of the warriors recognized Susan Brown and declared that her life, and the lives of her family members, should be spared. She had taken the man in during the previous winter when he was freezing, and he wished to repay her kindness. The warriors then turned their attention to five of the white men who were with them and insisted on killing only them. They explained that they had all taken a vow the day before, and that if they spared the men, Little Crow and the soldiers' lodge might order to have them killed.
| 2.609375
| 0
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78691098
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy%20of%20Maximilian%20I%2C%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor
|
Legacy of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
|
In military medicine, Maximilian introduced structured triage (triage itself had existed since the Ancient Egypt). It was in his armies that the wounded was first categorized and treated according to an order of priority—in times of war, higher priority was given to military personnel over civilians and the higher-ranked over the lower-ranked. The practice spread to other armies in the following centuries and coined "triage" by the French. During the Middle Age, European armies tended to bring with them workers who served the soldiers both as barbers (this was their chief function, thus the origin of their name in German, Feldscherer, or field shearer) and low-skilled paramedics (as opposed to a trained medicus) who worked on their external wounds. Beginning with Maximilian, each captain of a detachment (of 200–500 men) was compelled to bring a capable Feldscherer and provide him with medicine and equipments. These paramedics were subject to a level of control under a Oberfeldarzt (chief field doctor), although their organization was not stabilized until the seventeenth century and it also took a long time before the average level of these paramedics was raised substantially. The birth of the modern feldsher led to the formation of a military medical service, whose primary task, other than giving first aid, was to transport the wounded out of the battlefield as fast as possible with palanquins and wheelbarrows.
The emperor would not live to see the fruits of his military reforms, which were also widely adopted by the territories in the Empire and other nations in Europe. Moreover, the landsknechte's mode of fighting boosted the strength of the territorial polities, while more centralized nations were able to utilize them in ways German rulers could not. Kleinschmidt concludes that, in the end, Maximilian did good service to the competitors of his own grandson.
| 2.84375
| 0
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78691098
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy%20of%20Maximilian%20I%2C%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor
|
Legacy of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
|
Maximilian had a great passion for armour, not only as equipment for battle or tournaments, but as an art form. He prided himself on his armor designing expertise and knowledge of metallurgy. Under his patronage, "the art of the armorer blossomed like never before." Master armorers across Europe like Lorenz Helmschmid, Konrad Seusenhofer, Franck Scroo and Daniel Hopfer (who was the first to etch on iron as part of an artistic process, using an acid wash) created custom-made armors that often served as extravagant gifts to display Maximilian's generosity and devices that would produce special effects (often initiated by the emperor himself) in tournaments. The style of armour that became popular during the second half of his reign featured elaborate fluting and metalworking, and became known as Maximilian armour. It emphasized the details in the shaping of the metal itself, rather than the etched or gilded designs popular in the Milanese style. Maximilian also gave a bizarre jousting helmet as a gift to King Henry VIII—the helmet's visor features a human face, with eyes, nose and a grinning mouth, and was modelled after the appearance of Maximilian himself. It also sports a pair of curled ram's horns, brass spectacles, and even etched beard stubble. Knowing that the extinct Treizsaurbeyn (likely Treitzsauerwein) family had a method to make extra tough armours that could not be shot through by any crossbow, he sought their servant Caspar Riederer, who helped Konrad Seusenhofer to recreate the armour type. With knowledge gained from Riederer, Maximilian invented a method "so that in his workshops 30 front and back plates could be made at once", in order to help his soldiers and especially his Landsknechte. The details of the process described are currently not known, but likely utilizing matrices with where armour parts could be stamped out from sheet metal.
| 2.609375
| 0
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78691098
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy%20of%20Maximilian%20I%2C%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor
|
Legacy of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
|
In philosophy, besides Humanism, esotericism had a notable influence during Maximilian's time. In 1505, he sent Johannes Trithemius eight questions concerning spiritual and religious matters (Questions 3, 5, 6, 7 were concerned with witchcraft) that Trithemius answered and later published in the 1515 book Liber octo questionum (Books of eight questions). Maximilian displayed a skeptical aspect, posing questions such as why God permitted witches and their powers to control evil spirits. The authors (now usually identified as Heinrich Kramer alone) of the most notorious work on witchcraft of the time, Malleus Maleficarum, claimed that they had his letter of approval (supposedly issued in November 1486) to act as inquisitors, but according to Behringer, Durrant and Bailey, he likely never supported them (although Kramer apparently went to Brussels, the Burgundian capital, in 1486, hoping to influence the young king—they did not dare to involve Frederick III, whom Kramer had offended some years earlier). Trithemius dedicated the De septem secundeis ("The Seven Secondary Intelligences"), which argued that the cycle of ages was ruled by seven planetary angels, in addition to God (the First Intelligence). The historian Martin Hollegger notes though that Maximilian himself did not share the cyclical view of history, typical for their contemporaries, nor believed that their age would be the last age. He had a linear understanding of time—that progresses would make the world better. The kabbalistic elements in the court as well as Trithemius himself influenced the thinking of the famous polymath and occultist Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (who in Maximilian's time served mainly as secretary, soldier and diplomatic spy). The emperor, having interest in the occult himself, intended to write two books on magic (Zauberpuech) and black magic (Schwartzcunnstpuech) but did not have time for them.
| 2.1875
| 0
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78691098
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy%20of%20Maximilian%20I%2C%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor
|
Legacy of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
|
During Maximilian's time, there were several projects of an encyclopaedic nature, among them the incomplete projects of Conrad Celtis. However, as the founder of the Collegium poetarum et mathematicorum and a "program thinker" (programmdenker, term used by Jan-Dirk Müller and Hans-Joachim Ziegeler), Celtis established an encyclopaedic-scientific model that increasingly integrated and favoured mechanical arts in relation to the combination between natural sciences and technology and associated them with divina fabrica (God's creation in the six days). In consistence with Celtis's design, the university's curriculum and the political and scientific order of Maximilian's time (which was also influenced by developments in the previous eras), the humanist Gregor Reisch, who was also Maximilian's confessor, produced the Margarita Philosophica, "the first modern encyclopaedia of any importance", first published in 1503. The work covers rhetoric, grammar, logic, music, mathematical topics, childbirth, astronomy, astrology, chemical topics (including alchemy), and hell.
| 2.21875
| 0
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78691098
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy%20of%20Maximilian%20I%2C%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor
|
Legacy of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
|
Amsterdam still retains close ties with the emperor. His 1484 pilgrimage to Amsterdam boosted the popularity of the Heilige Stede and the city's "miracle industry" to new heights. The city supported him financially in his military expeditions, he granted its citizens the right to use the image of his crown, which remains a symbol of the city as part of its coat-of-arms. The practice survived the later revolt against Habsburg Spain. The central canal in Amsterdam was named in 1615 as the Keizersgracht (Emperor's Canal) after Maximilian. The city beer (Brugse Zot, or The Fools of Bruges) of Bruges, which suffered a four century long decline that was partially inflicted by Maximilian's orders (that required foreign merchants to transfer operations to Antwerp—later he would withdraw the orders but it proved too late.), is associated with the emperor, who according to legend told the city in a conciliatory celebration that they did not need to build an asylum, as the city was full of fools. The swans of the city are considered a perpetual remembrance (allegedly ordered by Maximilian) for Lanchals (whose name meant "long necks" and whose emblem was a swan), the loyalist minister who got beheaded while Maximilian was forced to watch. In Mechelen, Burgundian capital under Margaret of Austria, every 25 years, an ommegang that commemorates Maximilian's arrival as well as other major events is organized.
| 2.46875
| 0
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78691318
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e%20de%20lib%C3%A9ration%20du%20Qu%C3%A9bec
|
Armée de libération du Québec
|
The Quebec Liberation Army () was a military wing of the Front de libération du Québec.
History
Formation
The was formed on 1 June 1963 after the leaders of the FLQ divided the movement into two sections: a political section and a military section. The purpose of the ALQ was to supply the FLQ with money and firearms. The ALQ accomplished this by robbing barracks of the Canadian Army and local banks.
Notable actions
On 30 January 1964, during Opération Casernes, the ALQ broke into the Fusiliers Mont-Royal's barrack in Montreal, killed the nightwatchman, killed a member of the Corps des Commissionnaires and captured a small number of employees who they tied up. The ALQ managed to steal 59 C1 rifles, 34 Sten guns, 4 Bren guns, 4 60-millimetre mortars, 3 Bazooka rocket launchers, 5 revolvers, 13,000 .22 long rifle rounds, 2,300 .303 British rounds, 2,000 7.62×51mm NATO rounds and multiple grenades. This robbery caused soldiers to be deployed outside of all barracks in the Montreal metropolitan area the next day. 19 days later on 20 February 1963, the ALQ broke into the barrack of the 62nd regiment in Shawinigan and stole 33 Browning Hi-Power pistols, 12 transceivers, 1 Mimeograph, combat uniforms and UN blue helmets. On the same day, the ALQ occupied a military building in Trois-Rivières for hours and managed to steal numerous rounds of ammunition.
On 9 April 1964, the Sûreté du Québec apprehended ALQ members Jean Lasalle, Jean Gagnon and René Dion after a failed robbery in Mont-Rolland. Between 21 April and 5 May, 5 other members of the ALQ were arrested.
Disbandment
The ALQ was disbanded and reorganized into the Armée révolutionnaire du Québec.
| 2.34375
| 0
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78691752
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenice%20pet%20cemetery
|
Berenice pet cemetery
|
Archaeological excavations of animal remains from the pet cemetery began in 2011. The first remains were discovered below the southern end of a Roman trash dump site in the dunes outside of the city walls northwest of Berenike. Research of the animal remains was led by Marta Osypińska, an archaeozoologist with the Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, in cooperation with the University of Warsaw's Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology.
From 2011 to 2020, archaeological research included digs in six excavation sites over a area. By 2017, the archaeological team reported unearthing around 100 animals from the cemetery. Archaeologists from the digs have performed "osteological, pathological, and osteometric analyses" of the remains. In 2020, a study of the pet cemetery was published in the journal World Archaeology. The study described 585 individual animals, including cats, monkeys, and dogs.
Composition of the cemetery
An enclosure wall was built outside of Berenike in the mid-1st century CE. The wall may have had a tree, statue, or column at its center. A clay pavement surrounded the wall and animals were buried around it for about a century. Scientists dated the animal remains in the burial ground to the final quarter of the 1st century CE and the first half of the second century CE.
Unlike other animal burial sites in Egypt, at Berenike none of the animals were mummified and no humans were buried within the animal necropolis. Most of the animals were positioned carefully and intentionally in well-prepared pits. Many were shrouded in textiles or mats or covered by amphora fragments or wooden beams. Archaeozoologist Marta Osypińska likened the arrangements to a sarcophagus. Almost all of the animals found in the cemetery were buried individually, with the exception of groups of two to four cats, usually kittens.
| 2.828125
| 0
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78691910
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz%20Gumin%20Prize
|
Heinz Gumin Prize
|
The Heinz Gumin Prize for Mathematics is awarded every three to four years to an outstanding mathematician in Germany, Austria or Switzerland. The prize is given by the Carl Friedrich von Siemens Foundation, and is named after the mathematician and computer scientist Heinz Gumin (1928–2008), who was chairman of the Board of that foundation for more than 20 years. At 50,000 euros, the Gumin Prize is the most highly endowed mathematics prize in Germany.
Award Winners
2010 Gerd Faltings, Director at the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics, Bonn. For his groundbreaking methods and results in arithmetic geometry, which have had a lasting impact on the areas of number theory and geometry.
2013 Stefan Müller, Professor of Mathematics at the University of Bonn and at the Hausdorff Center for Mathematics, Bonn. For his groundbreaking contributions to the calculus of variations and elliptic regularity theory, often motivated by innovative applications in solid mechanics
2016 Wendelin Werner, Professor of Mathematics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. For his groundbreaking contributions to the mathematical justification of universal properties of Brownian motion with applications to central assumptions in statistical physics.
2020 Wolfgang Hackbusch, former director of the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig. For groundbreaking contributions to numerical mathematics, in particular to the development of H-matrices and hierarchical tensors.
2024 Don Zagier, former director of the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics, Bonn. For groundbreaking research work on number theory and the theory of modular forms.
| 1.914063
| 0
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78692206
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Walker%20%28Presbyterian%20minister%29
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John Walker (Presbyterian minister)
|
On 1 January 1927 he formally retired from the Ballarat charge and was inducted as Canberra's first Presbyterian minister, and was largely responsible for the erection of the church building, at 1 State Circle, Forrest (the Canberra Avenue corner), and retired shortly after its completion in 1930
The plans included a "Warriors' Chapel", a screened-off space within the church, dedicated to Presbyterians who volunteered for service in time of war, especially those who lost their lives in the conflict, perhaps reflecting Walker's three sons lost in the Great War of 1914–1918. It features a four-light stained glass window, the work of Norman St Clair Carter.
The creation of a Presbyterian manse and cathedral put an end to the cooperation which had existed between Canberra's Congregational, Methodist and Presbyterian congregations.
Other activities
Walker assisted Rev. Dr James Cameron (died October 1905) in editing a near-500-page History of the Presbyterian Church, N.S.W., published in 1905, and favorably reviewed.
Family
Walker's father David Walker was English, but his mother Jemima Blackie was Scottish, a granddaughter of James Watt and a sister of John Stuart Blackie.
| 2.1875
| 0
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78692267
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12345%20hotline
|
12345 hotline
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12345 is a special telephone number in China that is answered by a local government switchboard to handle non-emergency questions. The hotline also gives local government officials insight into what citizens are thinking.
History
The first local government hotline was set up in 1983, and many more were established in the 1990s as residential landlines became more prevalent. In 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry replaced the various local numbers with a single, nationwide 12345 number. Operators do not themselves have the ability to solve callers' problems, rather they act as a "bridge" to route callers to the correct department or official.
Chinese state media have promoted Jinan's hotline, which launched in 2008, as a model example, as it consolidated and replaced 38 distinct hotlines. Shanghai started its 12345 hotline in 2013. Guangzhou launched one in 2015.
The Chinese central government implemented standardization rules in July 2017, requiring 12345 hotlines to operate 24 hours a day, and to respond to calls within 15 seconds.
| 2.390625
| 0
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78692545
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support%20for%20Russia%20in%20the%20Russian%20invasion%20of%20Ukraine
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Support for Russia in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
|
Support for Russia in the Russian invasion of Ukraine has come from countries such as Belarus, North Korea, China, and Iran.
Belarus
Belarus, a close ally of Russia, has supported Russia in its invasion of Ukraine. Before the start of the offensive, Belarus allowed the Russian Armed Forces to perform weeks-long military drills on its territory; the Russian troops did not leave Belarus after the drills were supposed to finish. Belarus allowed Russia to stage part of the invasion from its territory, giving Russia the shortest-possible land route to Ukraine's capital Kyiv. The Russian forces withdrew within two months, ending land-based military operations originating from Belarus and resulting in Ukraine's recapture of territory on its side of the Ukraine/Belarus border. Despite this, the situation along the border remained tense; Ukraine closed the border checkpoints leading into Belarus, bar special cases.
Belarus initially denied involvement with the conflict but has since said it allowed Russian missile launchers stationed on its territory to shoot at Ukrainian targets. Several reports from the Belarusian opposition and Armed Forces of Ukraine said Belarusian troops were fighting with Russians in Ukraine but Belarus's leader Aleksander Lukashenko dismissed them and said the Belarusian Armed Forces (BAF) would not directly participate in the conflict. As of early 2023, the BAF had not been involved in fighting against Ukraine and had remained within Belarus during the conflict. Lukashenko stated he would not send soldiers into Ukraine unless attacked first.
According to the Ukrainian foreign ministry, Lukashenko assured Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy at the start of the invasion he would not to involve his nation's armed forces on the side of Russia. In early 2023, Lukashenko stated Ukraine had offered to formalize this arrangement with a non-aggression pact.
| 2.171875
| 0
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78693569
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelocactus%20tepelmemensis
|
Thelocactus tepelmemensis
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Thelocactus tepelmemensis is a species of cactus endemic to Mexico.
Description
Thelocactus tepelmemensis is a small perennial globose, green cactus that grows in solitary, growing tall and is between in diameter. It has 11 to 13 rbs that are round at the apex. The areoles have a single central spines are long that are tan with red tip, and 6-9 radial spines. Flowers, about long, are funnel-shaped and reddish pink with a white center, growing from new growth at the top of the plant. Fruits are ovoid, reddish purple and 1 x 0.5 cm. Seeds are long.
Distribution
The plant is found in Tepelmeme, Oaxaca, Mexico growing on limestone rock at elevations between 1420 and 1460 meters. Plants are found growing along with Opuntia pubescens, Opuntia decumbens, Pilosocereus chrysacanthus, Cephalocereus columna-trajani, Escontria chiotilla, Mammillaria carnea, Mammillaria albilanata, Mammillaria sphacelata subsp. viperina, Cnidoscolus multilobus, Fouquieria purpusii, and Agave titanota.
Taxonomy
Echinocactus tepelmemensis was first described in 2018 and named after Tepelmeme Villa de Morelos, the discovery location.
| 2.3125
| 0
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78694287
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Lagrange
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Henri Lagrange
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Henri Lagrange (born 21 November 1893 in Paris; died 30 October 1915 in Montereau-Fault-Yonne) was a journalist and monarchist activist in France.
Biography
Henri Eugène Georges Lagrange was born in Paris on 21 November 1893. He published his first article in Revue critique des idées et des livres in 1910 at the age of 16, attracting the attention of Maurice Barrès and Romain Rolland. A Camelot du roi, he became famous for allegedly insulting President Armand Fallières or shouting "Down with the Republic!" during the festivities in Rouen on 23 June 1911, celebrating the millennium of Normandy's annexation to France. This act resulted in a six-month prison sentence, served under common law, despite efforts on his behalf by over 150 writers and artists, including Guillaume Apollinaire, Frédéric Mistral, and Francis Jammes. He was released after 139 days, on 8 November 1911.
This act earned him significant popularity among the Fédération nationale des étudiants d'Action française (Students of Action française), where he became Secretary General in 1913. However, he was expelled from Action française on 5 June 1914 for "activism," accused of planning a coup against the Republic.
He befriended Georges Valois and sought to bridge nationalist monarchists with revolutionary syndicalists, drawing on the political legacy of Georges Sorel and co-founding the Cercle Proudhon.
In August 1914, he volunteered for military service, declaring, "It is the duty of intellectuals to set an example." Serving as an adjutant in the 103rd Infantry Regiment, he was critically wounded during an attack on Auberive on 6 October 1915 and succumbed to his injuries on 30 October in a hospital in Montereau-Fault-Yonne.
| 2.0625
| 0
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78694362
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Johns%20%28artist%29
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Paul Johns (artist)
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Art career
Three years after graduating from art school Johns was awarded a grant from the Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council of New Zealand and developed a solo exhibition at the Canterbury Society of Arts Gallery (CSA). It included a steel pyramid, a chair, a television case and metronome and still photos taken from films. Critic Michael Thomas described it as ‘Austere and even “classical” ‘. The next year Johns was caught up in controversy. He had photographed an Andrew Drummond's Crucifixion performance and ten of his Polaroid images were laid on a cross when Drummond exhibited a version of the work in the CSA exhibition Platforms. The photos were confiscated by police after a complaint and would became a central feature in a court case accusing Drummond, who appeared naked on the cross, in John's photos of obscenity. The adjudicating Magistrate found that while the John's images of Drummond may have been offensive to some that the defendants were unduly sensitive to nakedness and dismissed the charges. A more conventional presentation of his work took place later in the same year. Johns and fellow artist John Hurrell helped Billy Apple create one of his site specific works in the Brooke Gifford Gallery. They constructed a new gallery space for Apple that he left empty for his own exhibition but then invited Johns and Hurrell to use as a gesture of thanks for their assistance. Johns exhibited photos of the two gallery owners Barbara Brooke and Judith MacFarlane. Nearly 50 years later photos Johns had taken of Apple were shown at Starkwhite in Auckland to demonstrate how Apple's height had decreased with age over the years.
| 2.046875
| 0
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78694928
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20de%20Courville
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Louise de Courville
|
Louise de Courville (née Rondel; 25 August 1860 in Avignon – 23 February 1937 in Paris) better known as Comtesse de Courville, was a French author of children's books and a militant of Action française.
Biography
Born into a bourgeois family, Louise Rondel was the daughter of an engineer with the Ponts et Chaussées. She was also the cousin of Auguste Rondel. In 1886, she married Count Maurice de Courville (1860–1944), a military engineer and director of the Schneider factories, responsible for manufacturing heavy artillery for the French army.
Passionate about literature, the Comtesse de Courville published several children's novels between 1896 and 1899. Concurrently, she hosted a salon at her apartment on the Rue du Cherche-Midi, where she became a close friend of Charles Maurras and Maurice Barrès. She was described as a “woman of social and networking prowess."
Alongside the Marquise de Mac Mahon, she worked to mobilize sections of royalist women and played an active role in establishing the Institut d'Action française. She was named secretary of the Dames royalistes (Royalist Ladies' Committee). Her dedication served as an inspiration for “her son Xavier and her two sons-in-law, Jean Rivain and Pierre Gilbert, who were among the leading militants of Action Française."
Works
1896: Mademoiselle Edmonde
1897: Les Petits de Presle
1897: La Vieille
1898: Amitiés d’enfants
1898: Marmiton
1899: En fuite
1900: Histoires bretonnes ; Le Petit Ami des pauvres ; La Veuve Corr
| 2.515625
| 0
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78695095
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Miandoab%20%281921%29
|
Battle of Miandoab (1921)
|
The Battle of Miandoab involved a detachment led by Hasan Arfa, sent from Tehran to Tabriz, being attacked by Simko's forces in September 1921.
Background
In Summer 1921, a gendarmerie detachment of three infantry companies, a machine-gun company, and two cavalry squadrons was sent from Tehran to Tabriz to reinforce local forces consisting of four infantry companies, a machine-gun company, two cavalry squadrons, and six light mountain guns. Hasan Arfa, the commander of a fleet sent from Tehran, was sent with his fleet to reinforce a detachment of eight hundred men holding the Mahabad region south of Lake Rezaiya.
Battle
The detachment came under surprise attack by Simko's 4,000-man force during the evacuation, suffering a decisive defeat and leaving over 400 dead.
Aftermath
After this Kurdish victory, all the Kurdish tribes Mamash, Mangur, Dehbokri, Piran, Zerza, Gewirk, Feyzollahbegi, Poshtdari, Bane and Qaderkhani of Mahabad region joined Simko and threatened Miandoab and Maragheh.
Hasan Arfa, who fought in the battle, describes what happened after the incident:
| 1.929688
| 0
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78695195
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath%20%28given%20name%29
|
Heath (given name)
|
Heath is a primarily masculine given name derived from the Old English word hǣþ, or heath. The name is a transferred use of the surname.
Usage
Usage of the name in the Anglosphere has been affected by popular culture. The name first appeared on the list of 1,000 most popular names used for American boys in 1966, the year after the character Heath Barkley, played by actor Lee Majors, debuted on the American western television series The Big Valley. The name might have been regarded as a masculine version of the popular feminine name Heather. Heath remained among the 1,000 most popular names for American boys between 1966 and 2022. The name had a slight spike in popularity in the United States following the death of Australian actor Heath Ledger in January 2008. It had been slowly declining in use and appeared in 903rd place on the popularity chart in 2007, but jumped to 716th place in 2008 and 681st place in 2009. The name declined to 760th place in 2010. Heath no longer appeared among the 1,000 most popular names for American boys as of 2023 but remains in regular use in the United States. Heath has also been among the 1,000 most popular names for boys in the United Kingdom between 2003 and 2023. It also appeared among the 100 most popular names for boys in Australia at different times between 1971 and 1975. Heath has also appeared among the 1,000 most popular names for boys in Canada in recent years. Heath has also been in rare use as a girl’s name in the United States.
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78695286
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora%20Land%20Grant
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Mora Land Grant
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The United States invaded New Mexico in 1846 and in 1848 the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo codified U.S. control of the territory conquered from Mexico. The treaty promised that that United States would respect the property rights of the people in New Mexico. A U.S. military post, Fort Union, was established on grant land in 1851 to protect commerce on the Santa Fe Trail from Indian raids. In 1854 the U.S. Congress created the office of the Surveyor General of New Mexico to determine the legality of the many land grants in New Mexico. In 1876 the U.S. affirmed the rights to the land of the original 76 grantees and their ancestors on the Mora grant lands (a decision that had implications as discussed below).
The economy of the inhabitants of the Mora Grant was concentrated on semi-subsistence agriculture, grazing large herds of cattle and sheep, timber, and migratory labor. The Santa Fe Trail passed through the eastern part of the grant, but a railroad supplanted it after its completion in 1879. The wool industry became important with a market for the trade in Wagon Mound, just outside the eastern boundary of the Mora Grant. Wheat was the most important crop. Seven flour mills dotted the Mora Valley with Fort Union a major customer until its closure in 1891.
Land disputes
Land speculators, attorneys, and politicians in American-controlled New Mexico, called the Santa Fe Ring, realized "that a fortune lay in the legal process of quieting [obtaining] title to the disputed Spanish and Mexican land grants." The land of the large Mora grant was among the targets of the members of the Santa Fe Ring.
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78695286
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora%20Land%20Grant
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Mora Land Grant
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In 1875 and 1876, New Mexican politician Stephen B. Elkins used his influence to have the common lands of the Mora Grant designated by the U.S. government as the property of the original 76 settlers and their descendants rather than as the common property of the community of several thousand residents on grant land. Each of those 76 settlers thus became owners of of the common lands in the grant. However, in the years previous to that designation, Elkins and his partner and brother-in-law attorney Thomas B. Catron had bought land rights from many of the original settlers who believed that the common lands were community property rather than individual property and that their rights to the land were of little monetary value. Elkins and Catron paid as little as twenty dollars to individuals for their land rights.
Elkins, Catron, and allies had claims to of land in the Mora grant but ran into legal difficulty with the residents who refused to pay rent or otherwise acknowledge their ownership. The legal machinations continued for decades. Elkins and Catron were never able to establish their ownership, nor realize any profit from their claims to the land. In 1916, a partition suit resulted in the sale of the Mora Land Grant commons and the residents, most of whom were unaware of the sale, lost their rights and access to the former common lands. Most of the land was eventually acquired by large cattle ranchers. In 1931, in the former grant area was deeded by an owner to the U.S. Forest Service in exchange for rights to harvest timber in the state of Washington.
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78695338
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyagzu
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Nyagzu
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Nyagzu lies in the Chumesang valley, about 4 kilometres northeast of Dambu Guru. At Nyagzu, a stream called Ruang Yogma (or Rawang Yogma) flows from the north and falls into the Chumesang valley. The alluvium brought by the stream creates a rich pasture at Nyagzu, with grass and "brushwood" growing in it. It is "abounding in hares", according to a traveller, with antelope and kiang residing in adjacent valleys. It is a "warm spot", with birds singing on the branches of shrubs. It seemed like the "threshold of paradise" to a traveller returning from the barren highlands of Tibet. Nain Singh, who called the location "Rawang Yokma" (by the name of the stream), mentioned that the names of the trees as changma (willow), shukpa (pencil cedar), and womphu (tamarisk).
Another pasture is formed downstream closer to Dambu Guru, where the Ruang Yogma stream actually joins the Chumesang river. (Ruang Yogma flows parallel to Chumesang for some distance before actually joining it near Dambu Guru.) Tibetans appear to call this lower pasture as Nyagzu. The Chinese also follow this terminology, setting up their Nyagzu Post () at Dambu Guru itself.
The Chumesang river is joined by two large streams (Ruang Yogma and Ruang Kongma) and several small streams flowing from the north. Two other pastures are formed by these streams which go by the name Migpal (), called "Migpal Yogma" and "Migpal Kongma" respectively. Tibetan border guards were apparently stationed here in the 19th century to bar foreigners from entering the Rudok territory. However, there seems to have been no bar on them travelling north along the Chumesang valley to go to Chang Chenmo Valley and Kyam.
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78695338
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyagzu
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Nyagzu
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It is known from later explorations that the Khurnak Plain was used by the residents of Noh (in Rudok district) as a winter pasture. It appears that Tibet asserted its right to the pasture by building the Khurnak Fort in this plain, possibly to thwart any attempt by the Ladakhis to cross the lake at that point. The Ladakhis had access to the region above the plain through numerous passes on the north side of the lake, and thus the Changlung Lungpa valley was maintained as the effective boundary between the two sides. By the time of the British arrival on the scene, the fort itself was in ruins but the customary boundary seems to have been well-respected. In addition to Strachey, numerous other explorers including Nain Singh, Wellby, Deasy and Grenard, observed the boundary in effect.
However, by early 20th century, this consensus appears to have gotten diluted. Godwin-Austen observed already in 1867 that the Ladakhis were claiming the Khurnak Plain with backing from the Kashmir authorities. In later times, the Ladakhis appear to have extended their claims to the entire Chumesang valley up to Kyungang La. A side valley of Chumesang called Dokpo Karpo came into dispute in 1918, when the Tibetans arrested a Kashmiri subject there, turning it into an international dispute that required British mediation. The two sides met in 1924 and advanced their respective claims. It transpired that both the sides claimed the Khurnak Plain, Changlung Lungpa valley, the Chumesang valley and the Dokpo Karpo valley (Map 4). No agreement was reached but the British let the dispute die down.
Sino-Indian border dispute
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78695424
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabera%20humbloti
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Cabera humbloti
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Male genitalia
Males contain a relatively short uncus, a hook-like structure at the terminal end. The soccii lobes are prominent, nearly equalling the uncus in length, arising from its dorsal base. Their genital capsule and its 9th ventral segment, or the vinculum, is markedly narrower than the tegumen, and contains a pronounced median suture. Both of these structures are evenly elliptical. A very narrow transtilla (band of connective tissue at the base of valvae) is present. The pair of valvae are elongated and tongue-shaped, shorter than other Cabera species, narrowing pointedly towards the tip. There are clusters of very dense setae on the apical region of these claspers. The saccus is lined with a group of fine setae, with no swelling along the centre of dorsal margin. The inseminating organ, aedaegus, is slender and cylindrical, which is quite different from 'spindle-shaped' ones in the related species. spindle-shaped. The sheath that surrounds it, the vesica, is equipped with three nail-like subapical cornuti, protruding froim a region that spans approximately one-third of the aedaegus length and covered with numerous microcornuti.
The distinctive genital morphology suggests that C. humbloti occupies an isolated taxonomic position within the Cabera subalba species group. The species demonstrates pronounced sexual dimorphism, with notable differences in the appearance of males and females.
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78695443
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Louis%20Coud%C3%A9
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Joseph-Louis Coudé
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Joseph-Louis Coudé M.E.P. (4 October 1750 – 8 January 1785) was a French Roman Catholic missionary and bishop who served as Vicar Apostolic of Siam from 1782 to 1785.
Biography
Coudé was born on 4 October 1750 in Auray, France. He entered the Paris Foreign Missions Society missionary in 1772, and was ordained a priest in 1773.
Coudé was sent to undertake mission work in Siam in 1773. In 1775, he was imprisoned for several months with Bishop Olivier-Simon Le Bon and Fr Garnault on the orders of King Taksin, after Christian officers refused to drink holy water prepared by Buddhist monks. In 1779, they were expelled from Siam.
After leaving Siam, Coudé went to Pondicherry, where he remained until 1781, and then travelled to 'Port of Queda' at the mouth of the Kedah River, on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, where he was joined by Garnault. Here there was a large settlement of Christians, mostly Portuguese who had fled the persecution of Christians in Siam and sought refuge in the town, who were without any priest or a place of worship. Accordingly, Coudé requested permission from the Rajah of Kedah to establish a church, and was granted the use of a large house for worship which he named 'St Michael's' church, where he proceeded to hold services in Portuguese and Siamese.
In 1782, whilst on a visit to Junk Ceylon (present day Phuket), Coudé found letters from the Pope and Papal Bulls, dated 20 January 1782, appointing him 'Bishop of Siam and Queda' and titular Bishop of Rhesaina. It was the first time that Keddah had officially been added to the Apostolic Vicariate of Siam.
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78695547
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20Leslie
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Lord Leslie
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History of the Lordship of Leslie (Fife)
The history of the Barony and Lordship of Leslie, in the County of Fife (Scotland, UK) starts from the acquisition of a territory originally called “Fythkill” in Fife by Sir George Leslie, grandson of Sir Andrew Leslie and Mary Abernethy, in likely the mid 14th century. The actual earliest mention of the Barony is found in a charter by Robert II of 1382. King Robert III in 1398 granted a further charter to Sir George Leslie and Elizabeth his spouse (the King's niece) of the Barony of Fythkill on the provision that for all time to come his heirs should render to the King or his successors, in the name of fee, ‘a pair of white gloves at the Market Cross of Cupar every Whitsunday’; shortly after, the Barony of Fythkill was renamed as “Leslie”, as in 1455 a charter related to Sir George's son Norman, who succeeded him, refers to ‘the Barony of Leslie in the County of Fife’. In 1458 the town of Leslie Green was erected into a free burgh of the Barony. Norman was succeeded by his grandson George Leslie in 1489. In 1510 he had a Crown charter of the barony of Fythkill ‘now called Leslie’. He died around 1512 and was briefly succeeded by his brother William who was killed at the Battle of Flodden in 1513.
In 1542 the Barony of Leslie was defined as ‘the lands of Pitgeddie, Ballingall, Formanhills, Hoill, Drummane, Strathenrie, Basillie, Pitcairn, Uchtermarnie, Blackhall, Awdy, Lalethin, Drummard, and Kennoquhy.’
On the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660 and later years the original Leslie Castle was incorporated in a new mansion known as Leslie House designed by William Bruce, which incorporated a vaulted kitchen and cellars of the Castle.
During the Jacobite Rising of 1715 the Leslie family supported the Hanoverian government and commanded a cavalry unit at the Battle of Sheriffmuir. This support resulted in Leslie House being looted by the rebels.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jishan%20Alam
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Jishan Alam
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Jishan Alam (; born 10 November 2004) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. A right-handed batsman and right-arm offbreak bowler, Alam plays as a batting allrounder. He has represented Bangladesh at various youth levels, including the Under-19 and Bangladesh A teams.
Early life and family
Alam was born in Narayanganj, Bangladesh, on 10 November 2004. He is the son of Jahangir Alam.
Domestic career
Alam made his List A debut for Agrani Bank Cricket Club against Shinepukur Cricket Club at Fatullah on 2 April 2023. He showcased consistent performances with the bat, scoring 575 runs in 23 matches, including four half-centuries, with a top score of 98.
He made his first-class debut for Dhaka Division against Rajshahi Division at Bogra on 23 November 2024. In two matches, he scored 67 runs with a highest score of 44.
Alam has also played in Twenty20 (T20) matches. In 2024, he delivered standout performances during the National Cricket League Twenty20, including a century against Dhaka Division on 11 December 2024. He ended the season with 296 runs in 9 matches at an average of 32.88 and a strike rate of 151.79.
Playing style
Alam is known for his aggressive batting style and effective offbreak bowling. As a batting allrounder, he has contributed significantly to his team's success in domestic competitions.
Career statistics
As of December 2024:
Batting and fielding
Bowling
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78695663
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Logan%20Lifeboat%20Station
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Port Logan Lifeboat Station
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Port Logan Lifeboat Station was located on the west coast of the Rhins of Galloway, approximately south of Stranraer in the county of Dumfries and Galloway, historically Wigtownshire, in south-west Scotland.
A lifeboat was first stationed here by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) in 1866.
Port Logan Lifeboat Station closed in 1932.
History
In the July 1867 edition of the RNLI journal 'The Lifeboat', it was reported that a new lifeboat station had been established at Port Logan, on the western side of the Mull of Galloway. A 30-foot self-righting 'Pulling and Sailing' (P&S) lifeboat, one with (10) oars and sails, along with its equipment and transporting carriage, had been conveyed via Edinburgh and Glasgow to Stranraer by the generosity of the Great Northern, North Eastern, North British Caledonian, and Glasgow and South Western Railway Companies. From there, it was transported on its carriage to Port Logan, where a large crowd witnessed the arrival in December 1866.
A boathouse was constructed on the south side of the village on Port Logan Bay, and the location of the station was ideally suited, as if required, the lifeboat could be transported over to the east coast of the Galloway peninsula, to be launched into Luce Bay.
The cost of the lifeboat had been funded through the donation of £310 from the Edinburgh Working Men's Clubs, primarily down to the efforts of Mr R. M. Ballantyne, and the lifeboat had been exhibited in both Edinburgh and Glasgow before being transported to Port Logan. The lifeboat was duly named Edinburgh and R. M. Ballantyne.
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78695684
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia%20South
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Eugenia South
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Eugenia South is an American physician who is Professor of Emergency Medicine and Director of the Center for Health Justice at the Perelman School of Medicine. Her research looks to understand how neighborhoods impact health and safety in urban environments. She has demonstrated that people are safer after "community greening" programs (i.e., introducing gardens and parks), showing they reduce violent crime and improve mental health. She was elected Fellow of the National Academy of Medicine in 2024.
Early life and education
South completed her undergraduate studies at Harvard University. She moved to Washington University in St. Louis for her medical studies, and completed a Masters of Public Health at the University of Pennsylvania.
Research and career
At the Perelman School of Medicine, South investigated health disparities in urban neighborhoods. Much of America still lives in racially segregated neighbourhoods, where environmental factors have poor implications for public health. South led a trial of greening vacant spaces, introducing parks, planting hundreds of trees and instituting weekly trash clean ups. She worked with the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society to pilot a randomized controlled trial. South showed that greening was protective against gun violence, reduced heart rates, and improved both mental health and cardiovascular outcomes in pregnant people. South and colleagues from the Perelman School of Medicine were awarded $10m from the National Institutes of Health to study structural inequity in health care. She is investigating how remediating abandoned buildings impacts chronic stress.
South is Faculty Director of the Penn Medicine Center for Health Justice and the Urban Health Lab. The center has three main activities: research, community action and health system transformation.
South was named vice president for Health Justice in 2023 and elected Fellow of the National Academy of Medicine in 2024.
Awards and honors
2024 Fellow of the National Academy of Medicine
Selected publications
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78696556
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koonaspides
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Koonaspides
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Koonaspides is an extinct genus of fossil crustacean in the family Anaspidesidae, from Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Koonwarra Fossil Beds in eastern Victoria, Australia. The only known species within the genus is Koonaspides indistinctus. Along with the Triassic genus Anaspidites, this is one of two known fossil members of this family.
Discovery and etymology
A single specimen of K. indistinctus, NMV P102799 is known from the Koonwarra Fossil Beds. The genus name consists of Koon- from Koonwarra and -aspides from Greek aspis, a shield. The species name indistinctus means obscure or dim.
Description
The only known specimen of K. indistinctus has a body length of , with indistinct antennae preserved as long as . Its eyes are large and very widely separated with eye stalks. Head and anterior part of thorax are indistinct, three posterior tergites could be recognized, but those are shorter and apparently much less sclerotized than abdominal ones. Although very indistinct, long and slender thoracic appendages are confirmed, some reaching around half length of thorax. The abdomen has six segments, with the five anterior ones of almost equal length, with ventral tip of tergites bluntly pointed. The sixth segment is narrower and longer than other five, and the telson is almost as long. The telson has scalloped lateral margins and distinct border furrows on each side. Endopodites are visible on abdominal tergites, being compressed similar to that of Anaspides. The sixth abdominal segment bears large uropods which have hairy margin.
Preserved tergites are penetrated by many circular holes, destroying details of the cuticle. This may be because of escaping gases from compaction of body, or sediment rupturing the cuticle. Preservation also suggests that cuticle is extremely thin.
Classification
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koonaspides
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Koonaspides
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The lack of a carapace and morphology of abdominal segment suggests that Koonaspides is a member of Syncarida, with its stalked eyes, pleopod morphology and general morphological similarities with Anaspidites suggesting that it is a member of Anaspidesidae, the family previously called as Anaspididae. Modern anaspidesids are endemic to Tasmania, which suggests the current distribution of that family represents a relict endemism, originated from earlier members like Triassic Anaspidites. Koonaspides and Anaspidites possibly show that this group lived in southeastern Australia for at least 200 million years.
Paleoecology
Koonaspides is known from Aptian Koonwarra Fossil Beds in Victoria, which represents a freshwater lacustrine environment in the polar regions of Gondwana. Some algae microfossils and many plant macrofossils are known, insects of many groups including the stem-flea Tarwinia, other arthropods like freshwater xiphosuran Victalimulus, and other fauna including fish are known from this fossil site. Other crustaceans known from Koonwarra are conchostracan Cyzicus (Lioestheria) banchocarus and anostracan Koonwarrella, as well as ostracods.
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78696853
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Kennedy%20%28botanist%29
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Helen Kennedy (botanist)
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Helen Kennedy (born 1944) is an American botanist, botanical collector, and expert of the Marantaceae family. Taxa named after Kennedy include Philodendron heleniae and Guzmania kennedyae. In 2011, Kennedy received the Outstanding Achievement Award from the Society of Woman Geographers
Education
Kennedy was born in Riverside, California. She has a bachelor's degree in biology and a master's degree in botany from University of California, Davis. She also has a doctoral degree from University of California.
Career
Kennedy has worked at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama and has served as curator of the Summit Canal Zone Herbarium in Panama. She has also worked as Curator of the Summit Herbarium at the Missouri Botanical Garden. Kennedy has also worked for the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg and the Chicago Field Museum. As of 2007 she was an active collector for the University of British Columbia (UBC) herbarium, contributing 1,000 specimens since 1969. She has also been Honorary Curator of Vascular Plants at the UBC herbarium. As of 2016 she was herbarium research associate at the University of California at Riverside.
Awards and recognition
In 2011, Kennedy received the Outstanding Achievement Award from the Society of Woman Geographers. Taxa named after Kennedy include Philodendron heleniae Croat and Guzmania kennedyae L.B. Sm. & Read.
Selected publications
Kennedy, Helen. "Diversification in pollination mechanisms in the Marantaceae." Monocots: systematics and evolution 2 (2000): 335-343.
Kennedy, Helen. Systematics and pollination of the "closed-flowered" species of Calathea (Marantaceae). Vol. 71. Univ of California Press, 1978.
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78697041
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20cavalry%20during%20World%20War%20I
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French cavalry during World War I
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For the light cavalry, the breeches were made of madder cloth, and the tunic of sky-blue cloth (the dolman with brandenburg was gradually replaced from 1900 onwards), intended to blend into the landscape background, as previous wars had demonstrated the benefits of a little camouflage. Experiments were carried out to find an even less conspicuous field outfit: the "reseda" color (a dark green) was tried out in 1911 by the 12th chasseurs garrisoned at Saint-Mihiel. The difference between regimental types was limited to the collar and facing tabs, madder for the chasseurs, and sky-blue for the hussars. To replace the shako, a dozen helmets were tested between 1879 and 1913 in several hussar and chasseur regiments: initially of the "policeman" type, or with crest, in leather (sufficient to protect against saber blows), then in metal (steel and copper or aluminum). The helmet adopted in 1913 resembled that of the dragoons, with a steel bombshell adorned with a brass band (with a decoration on the front representing a hunting horn for the chasseurs or a five-pointed star for the hussars), the crest bearing a mane, and a canvas field helmet cover: only a few regiments were partially equipped in 1914, with deliveries scheduled until 1919.
Organization
The cavalry is structured in hierarchical units, with each level having a theoretical strength. Around 30 cavalrymen form a platoon commanded by a lieutenant or second lieutenant; four platoons make up a squadron of 120 to 135 horses under the command of a captain; four squadrons are grouped in peacetime into a regiment of around 500 sabers, commanded by a colonel or lieutenant-colonel (two squadrons, or a "half-regiment", may be entrusted to a squadron leader).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20cavalry%20during%20World%20War%20I
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French cavalry during World War I
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At the same time, the 1st Division, composed of regiments stationed in Paris, Versailles, and Vincennes, boards trains on August 1 (the two Parisian cuirassier regiments were scheduled to leave on July 31 but were held back by government order for an additional day due to fears of protests). They disembark on August 2 at stations around Mézières. This division is joined by an army corps staff led by General Sordet, as well as the 3rd and 5th Cavalry Divisions. Together, they form the "Cavalry Corps" on August 2, which deploys as a cover in the Ardennes department, protecting the left flank of the French forces and standing ready to conduct reconnaissance in Belgium if necessary. In Paris, the Republican Guard remains in the city to maintain order and perform military police duties (tracking draft dodgers and deserters). Its cavalry regiment replaces the Parisian cuirassiers (who have gone to the front) in carrying out mounted presidential escorts.
The last two cavalry divisions arrive from further afield: the 10th CD (stationed in Limoges, Libourne, Montauban, and Castres) and the 9th CD (stationed in Tours, Angers, Luçon, Nantes, and Rennes). They complete their ranks starting on the first day of mobilization and board trains (one convoy per squadron, four for an entire regiment) to disembark in eastern France by August 5, the fourth day of mobilization. Upon arriving, the cavalrymen immediately advance to cover subsequent deployments, which continue for two weeks until August 18. As for the cavalry units assigned to larger infantry formations, they arrive alongside them, the last being squadrons integrated into divisions from the Army of Africa (the 37th ID from Philippeville, the 38th from Algiers, the 45th from Oran, and the Moroccan Division).
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78697041
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20cavalry%20during%20World%20War%20I
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French cavalry during World War I
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On November 11, 1915, 48 squadrons were removed from infantry divisions and dissolved. By December 31, 1915, 29 dragoon squadrons were disbanded and replaced by light groups (on foot). On June 1, 1916, the 9th and 10th Cavalry Divisions were disbanded, followed by the 8th Division on August 5, 1916, and the 7th Division in July 1917. Many officers and cavalrymen were transferred to infantry, artillery, and aviation. As their role diminished, the cavalry's total strength decreased slightly during the conflict, from 3.7% of the army in 1914 (102,000 men) to 3.2% (91,000) in 1918. Meanwhile, the technical branches (artillery, engineering, logistics, medical, aviation, and assault artillery) expanded. During the war, 4,800 cavalry officers switched to other branches, notably aviation and tanks. By 1915, half of the non-commissioned officers in cavalry regiments had transferred to the infantry to become section leaders.
Uniforms and Equipment
At the beginning of the campaign, cuirassiers wore breastplate covers, while all cavalrymen had fabric helmet covers to prevent sunlight reflections on metal parts, which were visible from afar. On October 16, 1915, the production of blue canvas breeches was ordered to cover or replace the madder red
breeches of the light cavalry. Similarly, from March 27, 1915, horses with light-colored coats were to be dyed using paraphenylenediamine or potassium permanganate. The adoption of Horizon blue uniforms began in December 1914 and was completed by the end of 1915. From that point on, all cavalrymen wore the same uniform as the infantry, except for minor details. Adrian helmets were distributed starting in June 1915 when shakos and crested helmets were in short supply, and their use became mandatory from October 16, 1915, for all cavalry units on the front, including the Chasseurs d'Afrique. Gas masks were also distributed, including for horses.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20cavalry%20during%20World%20War%20I
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French cavalry during World War I
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The supply of tools was expanded: in addition to billhooks, saws, and axes (necessary for bivouacs), units received entrenching tools and wire cutters (94 and 20 per squadron, respectively) as well as division-level supplies stored in three trucks (260 shovels, 130 picks, 30 axes, sandbags, barbed wire, etc.).
The carbine was replaced by the Berthier Model 1892 carbine (featuring a bayonet mount) in October 1914. Surviving carbines were converted into carbines in 1915. These carbines were further modified starting in 1916 (and into the 1920s) to hold five-round magazines instead of three. Lances were abandoned, and breastplates were sent to depots in September 1915. Firepower was increased: starting in April 1915, each regiment was required to include a machine gun section. Ammunition allocations rose from 96 cartridges per cavalryman to 165 (75 in the cavalryman's pouches and 90 in the horse's cartridge collar). Units underwent training in infantry tactics and grenade throwing.
From March 1, 1916, some light machine guns (Chauchat Model 1915 with 20-round magazines) were issued, with four per squadron. Regiments received 36 grenade launchers with 1,000 VB rifle grenades, grenade pouches or belts (150 incendiary grenades per regiment), and small 37mm cannons (Model 1916).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20cavalry%20during%20World%20War%20I
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French cavalry during World War I
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On September 19, 1918, the British 21st Corps launched an offensive in the Sharon Plain. The French cavalry regiment quickly broke through, capturing Tulkarem, 1,800 prisoners, 17 guns (including Austrian batteries), and 18 machine guns. On September 21, the regiment entered Nablus after a charge through its gardens and streets, seizing 900 prisoners, three guns, and nine machine guns, with only seven wounded and losses of horses replaced by Turkish captures. It reached Jenin on September 22, Nazareth on the 25th, Tiberias on the 26th, and crossed the Jordan on the 27th, encircling Ottoman forces in Galilee. On September 29, it fought near Sasa and blocked roads and railways west and north of Damascus, ambushing retreating Turkish columns.
The French entered Douma on October 1, 1918, while British and Arab forces entered Damascus. On October 2, a mixed squadron joined the Allied ceremonial entry into Damascus. The unit cleared remaining fugitives around the city until October 4. Afterward, eight cavalrymen died in Damascus hospitals.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20cavalry%20during%20World%20War%20I
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French cavalry during World War I
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This motorization (using trucks and motorcycles) and mechanization (with armored cars and tanks) of the cavalry during the interwar period faced resistance from the infantry, which had held a monopoly on tanks since 1920 (previously assigned to the "assault artillery"). Only armored cars were permitted for cavalry units. Thus, "combat armored cars" (AMC), essentially cavalry tanks, were ordered. The cost of mechanization, combined with the conservatism of horse-mounted advocates (such as General Weygand, who feared fuel shortages), led to the continued existence of many horse-mounted squadrons, intended for medium-term mechanization. Light cavalry regiments were now expected, in the event of mobilization, to form reconnaissance groups for divisions (GRDI) and army corps (GRCA). The five cavalry divisions were to be transformed during mobilization into "light cavalry divisions," composed of one mechanized brigade and one mounted brigade, following the principle of a "manure and grease" mix. Cyclist hunter groups (formed by chasseurs à pied battalions) were replaced by mounted dragoon battalions (using trucks or buses), which served as infantry support for divisions. This gradual motorization prevented the cavalry from disappearing as a branch, even though horseback combat had become obsolete.
In July 1935, the 4th Cavalry Division was fully mechanized and renamed the 1st Light Mechanized Division, under General Flavigny, a leading advocate of armored cavalry. A few months later, in October 1935, the 3rd Cavalry Division of the German Army was also mechanized, becoming the 1st Panzer Division (the first armored division). In France, the creation of the 1st Armored Division would not occur until January 1940.
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78697188
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caritas%20Aotearoa%20New%20Zealand
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Caritas Aotearoa New Zealand
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Caritas Aotearoa New Zealand is a not-for-profit social justice and humanitarian relief organisation in New Zealand.
It is a service of the Catholic Church in New Zealand and a member of both the global Caritas Internationalis and the regional Caritas Oceania networks. It is also a member of the national Council for International Development.
History
Following the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) and the increased awareness on social issues and justice within the Catholic Church, the Bishops' Conference of New Zealand established a national commission to review the Church's overseas aid and mission activities. This initiative led to a conference in 1968, where the bishops decided to create three distinct organisations: the National Coordinating Committee for Catholic Overseas Aid (COAC), the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace (CCJP), and the Catholic Overseas Volunteer Service (COVS). The COAC became a member of Caritas Internationalis in 1975.
In 1978, the bishops decided to merge the functions of aid, development, justice, and peace into a single entity, creating the New Zealand Catholic Commission for Evangelisation, Justice & Development (NZCCEJD). Ten years later, the organisation was renamed the Catholic Commission for Justice, Peace and Development (Aotearoa–New Zealand).
In 1992, following a review of national and diocesan structures for justice, peace, and development, the Bishops' Conference established three distinct entities: Caritas Aotearoa New Zealand, tasked with overseas aid and development; the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace, responsible for advising on social issues and educational initiatives; and the Catholic Office for Social Justice, which supported the other two bodies.
| 2.296875
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78697230
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Yellow%20%28ballet%29
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High Yellow (ballet)
|
High Yellow is a one-act ballet by Buddy Bradley with the assistance of Frederick Ashton, to the music of Spike Hughes. The ballet was first given by the Camargo Society at the Savoy Theatre, on 6 June 1932. It is notable for being the first jazz-ballet, for the choreography by Buddy Bradley, and the set designs by Vanessa Bell.
It was from High Yellow that Alicia Markova gained the nickname "snake hips" for what she was taught by Bradley.
Duncan Grant had been invited to design the set for the production of Swan Lake by the Camargo Society in 1932, and, for the production of High Yellow in the same season, he recommended Vanessa Bell. She produced a tropical design of palms, boats and a cocktail bar. Bell's curtain design for High Yellow was sold at auction in 2023.
Costumes were designed by William Chappell; a 1993 exhibition of 20th-century set and costume designs for dance at Central Saint Martins included two by Chappell, one of which was from High Yellow. The music was written by Spike Hughes, based on a recording he and Jimmy Dorsey had undertaken at the Chenil Gallery in 1930. It was performed by the London Symphony Orchestra, with nine additional jazz musicians.
Synopsis
High Yellow is a one-act ballet of six scenes. The subject of the ballet is low life in Florida, set in the seaport of Coral Gables.
The numbers as danced in the original production are:
Foreword
Sirocco
Six Bells Stampede
Elegy
Weary Traveller
Finale, from A Harlem Symphony
The ballet has not been revived, but Hughes's music was released as part of a compilation CD in 1994.
| 2.484375
| 0
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78697385
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Aldenhoven
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Carl Aldenhoven
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Carl Aldenhoven (25 November 1842 – 24 September 1907) was a German art historian who served as director of the Ducal Library at the Friedenstein Palace in Gotha (1873–1879), the Ducal Museum in the same city (1879–1890) and the Wallraf-Richartz-Museum in Cologne (1890–1907).
Life
He was born in Rendsburg, where his father taught classical languages at the gymnasium. He studied classical philology, classical archaeology and art history at the universities of Jena, Bonn and Kiel. In 1862, whilst studying at Jena, he joined the Burschenschaft Arminia auf dem Burgkeller. After his studies he too became a gymnasium teacher in 1869, in his case in Husum from 1869 and at the Gymnasium Ernestinum in Gotha from 1871, but had to retire from teaching for health reasons and instead became director of the ducal library then museum in the same city. The museum was the newly founded public museum housing Ernest II's art collections (excluding his library and its associated coin collection), for which Aldenhoven created a new catalogue. That catalogue was then kept up-to-date until 1945 and proved an invaluable source for documenting post-war losses, mainly Soviet looting.
In 1890 he moved to Cologne to take up a director's post there, where he focussed on research into that city's school of painting. He taught at the Kölnischer Kunstverein from 1890 to his death and on 8 October 1897 was appointed Professor.
He was appointed to the Hofrat soon afterwards and from 1902 to 1907 gave regular public lectures on art historical themes such as art north of the Alps, Italian Renaissance art, introductions to art history and aesthetics, 17th-century painting, ancient sculpture, German art and Dutch painting. Later, Aldenhoven had a plaster bust made by Johann Baptist Schreiner (1866–1935), which he bequeathed to the museum after his death in Cologne. After his death, another bust was commissioned from Schreiner. Aldenhoven's successor as director of the Wallraf-Richartz-Museum was Alfred Hagelstange.
| 2.3125
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78697548
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia%20microcentra
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Aquilegia microcentra
|
In the descriptions provided by Flora Iranica, A. microcentra was one of three species of Aquilegia described as "species nova ex affinitate remota Aquilegia moorcroftiana", with the other two being Aquilegia gracillima and Aquilegia maimanica. American botanist Robert Nold wrote in 2003 that political circumstances meant that the species were likely relegated to being "nothing but names for years to come" and felt that further specimens were necessary to thoroughly confirm if the plants are distinct species related to, or variants of, A. moorcroftiana. When describing the species, Nold listed them under his listing of A. moorcroftiana, "hoping, somehow, that A. moorcroftiana is even more polymorphic than anyone suspects" and that A. microcentra was a localized variant.
Etymology
The word columbine derives from the Latin word columbinus, meaning "dove", a reference to the flowers' appearance of a group of doves. The genus name Aquilegia may come from the Latin word for "eagle", aquila, in reference to the pedals' resemblance to eagle talons. Aquilegia may also derive from , which is Latin for "to collect water", or aquilegium, a Latin word for a container of water. Microcentra means "small center".
Distribution
Aquilegia microcentra is native to Uruzgan Province in central and southeastern Afghanistan.
Conservation
The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew's Plants of the World Online predicted the extinction risk level for A. microcentra as "threatened" with a low confidence level.
| 2.96875
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78697580
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Schenk%20zu%20Schweinsberg
|
Gustav Schenk zu Schweinsberg
|
Gustav Ferdinand Carl Johann Ernst Ludwig Freiherr von Schenk zu Schweinsberg (16 September 1842 - 25 July 1922) was a German minor nobleman, regional historian (specialising in the history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse) and archivist. He belonged to the Hermannstein line of the Schenk zu Schweinsberg noble family.
Life
He was born in Kassel to First Lieutenant (later Royal-Prussian Major General) Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Freiherr von Schenk zu Schweinsberg (died 5 October 1877, Kassel) and his wife Tusnelda von Eschwege (died 1886). One of his father's brothers was Ludwig Johann Schenck zu Schweinsberg.
After preschool in Kassel, he attended the Hohe Landesschule in Hanau. He then became a cadet in the Hessian army at Kassel, serving from 1860 in the Leibgarde-Regiment. After Hesse was defeated in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, he renounced an offer to transfer to the Prussian Army and instead began studying law and history at the University of Giessen. These studies were interrupted by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, during which he was an officer in the 1. Großherzoglich Hessischen Leibgarde-Regiment and was wounded at the Battle of Gravelotte.
After the war he returned to his studies and graduated as a doctor of law in 1873 and a doctor of philology. He remained in Giessen as a Regierungsakzessist in Hesse's civil service, before moving to the Duchy's state archive at Darmstadt in the same position in 1875. In 1876 he became secretary to the Grand Duchy of Hesse Historical Society, becoming its Chaiman in 1890. He was made chairman of the archives in 1877, with the job title 'Haus- und Staatsarchivar', and in 1886 its director. In the meantime, in 1879, Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse made him his chamberlain. In 1902 he designed a new coat of arms for Hesse.
| 2.0625
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78697778
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga%20Hedberg
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Inga Hedberg
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Inga Hedberg (18 November 1927 – 13 January 2024) was a Swedish botanist and academic. She was an expert on African alpine plants and was a leading member of the Ethiopian Flora Project that compiled an eight volume Flora, Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea, which was published between 1989 and 2009.
Early life and education
Hedberg was born in Luleå, Sweden on 18 November 1927 to Bure Holmbäck, a forester and industrialist, and his wife Ellen Holmbäck (née Lindeberg). She attended Uppsala University from 1950, studying for a fil.mag. degree before returning temporarily to teach biology at Luleå Secondary School.
Career
Hedberg later returned to Uppsala to take a fil.dr. (Ph.D.) degree in genetics, having started studying it at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Her thesis topic, suggested by her husband Olov, was on the cytology of the genus Anthoxanthum. She successfully defended it in 1970.
After her children were born, Inga continued her doctoral studies and helped with Olov's research as well as caring for the family. Olov credited Inga with doing "a lion's share of the 'donkey work'" of annotation, typing, drawing illustrations and proofreading in his own Ph.D. thesis, and the couple frequently published papers together.
Hedberg studied African tropical alpine plants and their phytogeography and conservation. She was first listed as a member of Association for the Taxonomic Study of the Flora of Tropical Africa (AETFAT) in 1963, the year that her husband became the organisation's general secretary. Hedberg also taught and lectured at Uppsala University and founded the university's first ethnobotany course.
Hedberg named two species new to science: Anthoxanthum aethiopicum in 1976 and Colpodium drakensbergense (with her husband) in 1994.
| 2.046875
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78697778
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga%20Hedberg
|
Inga Hedberg
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Ethiopian Flora Project
Ethiopia was the only tropical African country to remain independent during the Scramble for Africa and the colonial era (except from Italian occupation from 1936 to 1941) meaning that no colonising country funded a flora project as they did elsewhere on the continent. The diversity and importance of Ethiopia's flora made a comprehensive overview necessary and the Ethiopian Flora Project was discussed at the seventh plenary of AETFAT in Munich. The project was a collaboration between Uppsala University and the University of Addis Ababa; Inga and Olov led the Swedish side and Tewolde Berhan Gebre Egziabher led the Ethiopian side.
The project was planned to take fifteen to twenty years but was not finished until 2009. Inga had edited every volume of the Flora, and also helped to organise the concluding conferences and publish the proceedings.
Reviews of the Flora were positive, noting the significant involvement of Ethiopian botanists, the use of Geʽez script for common names, and the new illustrations of Malvales species. A review in Kew Bulletin on the publication of volumes 2(2) and 7 said that the Flora was "in a class of its own among those currently in production."
Personal life
Hedberg married Olov Hedberg in 1953 after they met as students at Uppsala University. They spent part of their honeymoon at the second plenary meeting of AETFAT at Oxford University. They had five children: Per, Bengt, Göran, Björn, and Maria.
Olov died in 2007 after being ill for several months. Inga was "deeply affected" by her experience of Olov's final weeks in hospital in Sweden; in 2017, she published a case study titled , which outlined the problems of unsatisfactory communication between elderly patients and healthcare workers.
| 2.546875
| 0
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78697796
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stachys%20aleurites
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Stachys aleurites
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Stachys aleurites is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae endemic to the Antalya region of Turkey. It was first published in 1848.
Description
Stachys aleurites is a woody-based, perennial herb with many moderately long, simple stems (to 60 cm), growing on calcareous rocks near the Antalya coast at an altitude of 10–1275 m (there is a further record in 1950 from Mersin).
The stems and leaves at first are whitened with a thin layer of felty (arachnoid) hair on the surface, becoming mostly green with age as the hair is lost. The leaves are moderately sized (to 1.5 x 2.5 cm), oval, and crenate-serrate toothed. Its flowers are in whorls of 6-12(-20), on the upper parts of the stems; there are a number (2–6) of such whorls, and they are well-spaced except the top few which are usually close together. The flowers are white with purple streaks and spots, at times giving a general light pink appearance. Each individual flower is very short-stalked, with a calyx whose 5 lobes are notably spiny-ended, which at maturity curve strongly outward.
As a regional-endemic growing in and close beside an expanding tourist city, the conservation status of this species is regarded as NT (Near Threatened) (IUCN 2017).
Photographic details can be seen on iNaturalist.
Similar plants it might be confused with are Stachys bombycina (having few, well-spaced whorls (1-2(4)) of pinkish flowers, a feltier whiteness to stems and leaves that is retained in old age, and much less conspicuously spinescent calyx lobes which don't curve out at maturity); Stachys distans (having few (1-4(5)), well-spaced whorls of white flowers, stems that remain felty white in old age, but with calyx lobes that are spiny-ended and curve out in maturity); and S. pseudobombycina, which was synonymised with S. bombycina by Akçiçek (2012)).
Photographic description
| 2.234375
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78697864
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaba%20Roundabout
|
Ngaba Roundabout
|
Social and environmental issues
The section of By-pass Avenue between the roundabout and the Righini entrance is heavily degraded, with malodorous sludge, potholes, and garbage strewn along the roadway. Women vendors operate in disarray on the street, navigating amidst waste and deteriorating infrastructure. The area is also characterized by disorderly commerce, with more than fifty small buses parked permanently near the roundabout, providing intra-city transit and substantial trucks from Kongo-Central discharging agricultural goods and charcoal directly onto the thoroughfare.
The Ngaba Roundabout Market (Marché de Rond-point Ngaba), located at the intersection, arose from the bustling trade in agricultural products from Kongo-Central. However, the market is plagued by poor sanitation, with inadequate waste disposal facilities. Trash cans around the market emit foul odors, and foodstuffs remain perpetually exposed to swarms of flies. Additionally, local residents exacerbate the problem by dumping household waste at the market during the night. The market's voluntary cleaning initiative (Salongo) sees low participation, leaving trash and organic waste to accumulate, which blocks gutters and creates unsanitary conditions. This mix of muck and waste exacerbates the deterioration of the already compromised roadway.
The roundabout also serves as a congregation point for street children, locally referred to as Shégués, who number in the hundreds and sleep on market stalls at night.
Tragic incidents have also stressed the area's vulnerabilities. In August 2023, a fuel tank truck traveling along By-pass Avenue between the Triangle bus stop and the Ngaba Roundabout exploded near the Righini entrance in the commune of Lemba, resulting in at least five deaths.
| 1.9375
| 0
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78697887
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia%20maimanica
|
Aquilegia maimanica
|
Aquilegia maimanica is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae native to the area of the former Meymaneh Province in northwestern Afghanistan. The plant is understood as related to Aquilegia moorcroftiana, which has a range spanning into Afghanistan. A. maimanica has pale-blue and white flowers. The species was first described by the Flora Iranica in 1992 from specimens collected by Karl Heinz Rechinger in 1959.
Description
Aquilegia maimanica is a perennial plant that favors temperate biomes. The plant grows with branching stems reaching heights between and tall. The stems feature many cauline leaves. The plant's flowers are suberect with pale-blue sepals and nectar spurs and white blades. The sepals are around long and the narrow, slightly curved spurs extend between and long.
Taxonomy
Aquilegia maimanica was first described by Karl Heinz Rechinger in 1992 within the Flora Iranica. The plant was described from two type specimens. The holotype was collected by Austrian botanist Rechinger on May 23, 1959, in Afghanistan and is held in the herbarium of the Natural History Museum, Vienna. The type locality is near Bilchiragh and it is listed as having been collected in a valley. An isotype is held by the University of Graz's Institute of Plant Sciences.
| 2.734375
| 0
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78698007
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe%20Ramazzotti
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Giuseppe Ramazzotti
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Giuseppe Ramazzotti, engineer and author, is known for his studies of tardigrades. A genus of tardigrades, Ramazzottius, is dedicated to him.
Biography
Giuseppe Ramazzotti was the only child of Ausano Ramazzotti (founder of the liqueur factory Amaro Ramazzotti) and Maria Ferrario, in 1923 he married Angelina Buzzati, sister of Adriano Buzzati Traverso and Dino Buzzati, with whom he had daughters Alba Maria and Laura.
He volunteered as a officer of the Alpini in the Mandrone battalion on the Adamello mountains and on the Tonale Pass during the First World War. After the war he graduated in chemical engineering, setting up a chemical laboratory near his home. He was a radio amateur, starting an industrial radio production business (Radio Apparecchi Milano), but it went bankrupt through the actions of a business partner. From the 1930s he worked as an engineer at Ducati, which produced capacitors, and in the 1940s he was appointed president of the "Società scientifica radio brevetti Ducati".
He developed a passion for natural sciences and for tobacco pipes. He was the largest collector of pipes in Europe and, under the name of Eppe Ramazzotti, he published several books, including Il libro delle pipe ("The Book of Pipes") in 1966, co-written with his brother-in-law Dino Buzzati. He also wrote on many other subjects: in the mid-1940s he published books on trains, spiders, the moon, and power stations.
Zoology of tardigrades
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78698034
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian%20invasion%20of%20Jordan
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Syrian invasion of Jordan
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On 20 September 1970, Syria committed 16,000 troops and more than 170 T-55 tanks to invade Jordan, but declined to commit its air force. Jordanian forces managed to repel two Syrian armored offensives and inflicted heavy losses on a Syrian armored brigade. Syrian tanks crossed near Ramtha, advancing 5 miles past it, and slowly moved toward Irbid.
By the morning of 21 September, Syria had the battleground advantage, with almost 300 tanks and 60 artillery tubes near Ramtha and Irbid, some of which had already entered Irbid. Syrian forces later captured two key crossroads that served as gateways to the Jordanian capital, Amman.
By 22 September, however, the Syrian forces had been largely defeated as they attempted to breach Jordanian lines north of the Ajloun mountains. Syrian forces suffered due to Jordanian airstrikes, logistic shortfalls, and mechanical breakdowns. By midday, approximately 50 of 200 Syrian tanks became inoperable. Syrian forces began withdrawing from Jordan on the night of 22–23 September 1970.
Casualties
Although Jordan claimed to have destroyed 70 to 75 Syrian tanks, the final losses amounted up to 135 tanks and 1,500 casualties. Israel estimated that Syria had lost 120 tanks, including 60 to 90 destroyed by Jordanian forces, and the rest due to mechanical breakdowns. Jordan, on the other hand, only lost 16 tanks, an armored car, and sustained 112 casualties.
| 2.46875
| 0
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78698154
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20F.%20Reiger
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J. F. Reiger
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John Francis Reiger (March 23, 1858 – June 11, 1947) is an American politician and businessman.
Early life
Reiger was born on March 23, 1858, in Rochester, New York. He left home at age 13, and moved to Elkhart County, Indiana to make cigars. He went out of business in 1877, and moved to Johnson County, Texas. There, he continued making cigars, as well as sheep farming with his brother George J. They sold their sheep in 1882, and Reiger became a stockbroker until 1890, when he sold his stocks and moved to Dallas to start the La Trinidad Cigar Factory with William L. Henry. On August 28, 1890, he married Mary Adalaid Rice.
A Democrat, Reiger was elected to the 25th Texas Legislature in 1897. During his tenure, he introduced a bill to give more power to labor unions, which passed. He also introduced a bill to regulate child labor, which failed to pass. After politics, he continued making cigars, as well as selling real estate in Houston. He also served as a judge for Houston's Sixth Ward. He died on June 11, 1947, aged 89, in Houston. Reiger Avenue in Houston is named for him.
| 2.140625
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78698459
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia%20dichroa
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Aquilegia dichroa
|
Aquilegia dichroa is a perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to Portugal and northwestern Spain.
Description
Aquilegia dichroa is a perennial herb growing to tall with an erect stem which is pubescent towards the top and sticky towards the base. The leaves are green and smooth on the uppersides, and slightly downy underneath. The basal leaves have stalks long, the leaves themselves measuring long by wide. Each has three wedge- or egg-shaped leaflets, of which the central leaflet always and the side leaflets sometimes have a stalk. The flowers are blue, nodding and have pointed oval sepals long, and blue petals long with white tips. The petals have thick, blue, curved nectar spurs which are hooked at the end and long. The stamens are longer than the petals, and the anthers are yellow, blackening towards the tip.
Taxonomy
Aquilegia dichroa was formally described by the Austrian botanist Josef Franz Freyn in 1880. Freyn differentiated the species from the similar Aquilegia vulgaris by its small sepals, protruding stamens, hooked styles, and evenly if not densely hairy leaves. It was reassessed as a subspecies dichroa of A. vulgaris by the Spanish botanist Tomás Emilio Díaz in 1984.
A closely-related species A. molleriana was described by Freyn and Vinczé von Borbás in 1886 but is now considered a synonym of A. dichroa.
Etymology
The specific epithet dichroa means "of two colours", referring to the blue-and-white flowers.
Distribution and habitat
Aquilegia dichroa is native to Portugal and northwestern Spain, and has been introduced to the islands of Terceira, Graciosa, and Pico in the Azores. It grows in mountainous areas in granitic soils.
Conservation
, the species has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List.
| 2.703125
| 0
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78698485
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votre%20bel%20aujourd%27hui
|
Votre bel aujourd'hui
|
Votre bel aujourd'hui (Your Glorious Today) is a posthumous book by the French journalist and politician Charles Maurras published in 1953. The work serves as a rebuttal to the book Yesterday and Tomorrow, written by President of the Republic Vincent Auriol and published in 1944.
Overview
Context
Following the Hiroshima bombing, Charles Maurras began drafting an extended letter addressed to Vincent Auriol in response to his 1944 book Yesterday and Tomorrow, which analyzed the events leading to the military disaster of 1940 and proposed post-war projects. Maurras vigorously refuted Auriol's work point by point. The text was completed in April 1950 while Maurras was incarcerated at Clairvaux Prison and published in 1953, one year after his death.
Analysis
Historian Martin Motte explains that Maurras focused on three major challenges in the post-Second World War era.
First, Maurras criticized moves for European unification:
Maurras dismissed calls for European unity as disguises for national ambitions, pointing to Nazi Germany in 1940–1944 and Great Britain, which, despite advocating a European federation, was resolute in "sacrificing none of its sovereignty nor the nationalism underpinning it".
Second, Maurras opposed Franco-German unity, interpreting it as "a German ruse to achieve peacefully the expansionist aims it failed to impose by force". He argued that demographic disparities would allow fifteen million Germans to overwhelm France. Although this reasoning is flawed, historian Martin Motte notes that Maurras accurately foresaw a potential informal domination by Germany, transforming Europe into a "new Holy Roman Empire", leaving France as a mere "satellite".
Third, Maurras discussed the issue of nuclear weapons, calling them a "dreadful device". He deemed it crucial for France to acquire nuclear capability and prevent its misuse by "fanatical sects". He even proposed testing such weapons in "African and Oceanic solitudes", predicting French nuclear tests in Reggane and Moruroa.
| 1.96875
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78698548
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antis%C3%A9mitisme%20d%27%C3%89tat
|
Antisémitisme d'État
|
State antisemitism and French Jews
Despite his antisemitism, Maurras received support from certain Jewish members of Action française, including René Groos and Louis Latzarus. He distinguished between "well-born Jews"—those assimilated into French culture—and foreign Jews, whom he saw as problematic.
Maurras, though agnostic, admired Catholicism as a stabilizing force in society. His antisemitism did not advocate conversion or religious persecution but instead focused on limiting Jewish influence in secular domains.
Intellectual context
The current approach in the field of intellectual history often privileges a scholarly perspective. However, historian Laurent Joly criticizes this methodology in his book Naissance de l'Action française, arguing that it focuses excessively on reading "printed and periodical sources" without proper context. Joly accuses some historians, including François Huguenin, of attempting to "neutralize the problem of antisemitism" in Maurras's thought.
Huguenin suggests that antisemitic discourse in France predated the founding of Action française and existed within nationalist and reactionary movements, as well as among socialists. He highlights earlier instances of antisemitism on both the political left and right, citing figures like Voltaire, Karl Marx (in On the Jewish Question), Jean Jaurès, and Georges Clemenceau. This view supports the argument that antisemitism was pervasive across the political spectrum in 19th-century France.
Historian Michel Dreyfus points to works like Alphonse Toussenel's Les Juifs, rois de l'époque (1845) as foundational in linking Jews to stereotypes of banking and capitalism. This antisemitism, Dreyfus notes, was equally present in socialist and anarchist thought.
| 2.28125
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78698590
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20%C3%81lamo
|
José Álamo
|
José Álamo Delgado (5 December 1903 – 20 April 1940) was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward for Espanyol and Real Oviedo. He was also international with the Catalan national team on one occasion in 1930.
Club career
Born on 5 December 1903 in Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Álamo began his football career in his hometown club in 1925, where he eventually stood out from the rest, so in 1929, Espanyol paid 25,000 pesetas for
his services and those of Manuel Espino. He only stayed in Espanyol for one season, playing nine La Liga matches and scoring two goals, the second of which in a famous 8–1 trashing of Real Madrid on 5 March 1930.
Despite having a wonderful pass, Álamo failed to adapt to Espanyol's sporting environment due to "homesickness", missing his warm island homeland, so he returned to Las Palmas at the end of the 1929–30 before leaving them again in October with the intentions to make his second debut for Espanyol. When asked about his return, he stated that he had not neglected training in the Canary Islands, and also that he was "lighter and willing to shoot more to undo my legend of shooting poverty". The journalist of this interview noted that "Álamo never stops taking out packs and packs of Canarian cigarettes from the pockets of his trench coat, his jacket, even his shirt!".
Despite his desire to play, Álamo was unable to rejoin Espanyol and ended up at Real Oviedo, where he again only played for one season (1930–31), scoring 7 goals in 16 official matches.
International career
As a Espanyol player, Álamo was eligible to play for the Catalan national team, making his debut against Real Zaragoza on 22 June 1930, in a tribute match to Rini in Zaragoza, in which he scored his side's only goal in a 3–1 loss.
Later life and death
Álamo died on 20 April 1940, at the age of 36. One of his relatives, José Mario Álamo Delgado, has positions in 3 companies in Las Palmas.
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78698960
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20David%20Lloyd%20Jones
|
Eric David Lloyd Jones
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Eric David Lloyd Jones (24 March 1885–15 December 1958) was an Australian-born Wimbledon singles tennis player, Friesian cattle breeder and director of David Jones Limited.
Early life
Eric David Lloyd Jones was born in his parents home Bickley in Burwood, New South Wales, the youngest son of Edward Lloyd Jones and Helen Ann Lloyd Jones (née Jones). He was the grandson of David Jones founder of the department store bearing his name and the younger brother of Edward Lloyd Jones Jnr and Sir Charles Lloyd Jones. He was educated at Homebush Grammar School and Sydney Grammar School. Lloyd Jones was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree by the University of Sydney. He married Kathleen Booth Jones in 1908 at St. Anne's Anglican Church, Strathfield.
Congregational Church
The extended Jones family were active members of the Congregational Church in Sydney. George Sydney Jones and Harry David Thompson were notable architects and cousins of Eric Lloyd Jones. They designed the Trinity Congregational Church in Strathfield that was given to that suburb by the Jones family.
David Jones
In 1894 Edward Lloyd Jones Snr was killed in the Redfern Rail Disaster. At the time David Jones was still a private company but in 1906 it became a limited liability company. From 1906 until 1958 all three of his sons would be involved in the management of David Jones. Eric Lloyd Jones followed his brother Edward Lloyd Jones Jnr as a director of David Jones Limited on his retirement to be become a cattle breeder.
Tennis
A talented sportsman from 1906 Lloyd Jones was representing New South Wales in Australian tennis competitions. In 1926 he played in the men’s singles championships at Wimbledon.
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78699057
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Bharali%20%281615%29
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Battle of Bharali (1615)
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During this period, regional powers such as Raja Parikshit of the Eastern Koch Kingdom and the Mughal subadar of Bengal also played significant roles in shaping the political landscape. Raja Parikshit, who maintained friendly ties with the Ahoms, continued the policy of peaceful relations initiated by his father, Raghu Dev. This alliance was further strengthened through the marriage of a Koch princess to the Ahom king, Pratap Singh. Sukhampha, the aging Ahom ruler, focused on securing his frontiers possibly providing assistance to Raghu Dev in his resistance against adversaries on the western and southern borders.
Meanwhile, the Mughals, under Mirza Yusuf, were tasked with securing the fort at Pandu, which became a focal point of conflict. Baldev, the brother of Raja Parikshit, led an assault on Pandu with a force of 18,000 hillmen. Despite fierce resistance from the Mughal garrison, commanded by Mirza Yusuf Barlas, the defenders eventually ran out of gunpowder and lead, weakening their position.
Baldev's forces advanced their trenches to the fort's ditch, prompting Mirza Nathan to call for reinforcements. Ghiyas-ud-din was ordered to march immediately, and Admiral Islam Quli of Bengal Suba was instructed to provide naval support. An additional 200 matchlock men were sent to aid the garrison. Meanwhile, Baldev's forces launched a vigorous attack with cannons and rockets.
When reinforcements led by Mirza Nathan arrived at Pandu, the garrison launched a counterattack, forcing Baldev to lift the siege and retreat. This episode highlighted the intricate dynamics of regional power struggles and the strategic importance of Assam in the broader Mughal-Ahom conflict.
| 2.71875
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78699057
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Bharali%20%281615%29
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Battle of Bharali (1615)
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Battle
In 1615, Qasim Khan, the Mughal subadar of Bengal, initiated a punitive expedition against the Ahoms in response to escalating tensions, including the refuge provided to Bali Narayan, brother of Raja Parikshit, and the killing of a suspected Mughal spy near Koliabar. The campaign was led by Sayyid Hakim and Sayyid Abu Bakr, commanding a force of 10,000 cavalry, an unknown number of infantry, and a fleet of 400 ships. Satrajit, the son of a zamindar near Dhaka who had previously fought against Raja Parikshit, and an ally of the Mughals, also joined the expedition, with promises of being appointed Thanadar of Pandu and Guwahati.
The Mughal forces advanced along the Kallang River and reached Kolibar, where they encountered the Ahom army near the mouth of the Bharali River. Taking advantage of dense fog, the Mughals successfully ferried their cavalry across the river and defeated the Ahom forces in the initial confrontation.
However, the Ahoms regrouped and launched a sudden night attack, a signature tactic of their military strategy. The assault inflicted heavy losses on the Mughals, including the death of their commander, Sayyid Abu Bakr. The Ahoms captured a large amount of booty during this counteroffensive, including elephants, horses, ships, cannons, and firearms. Additionally, Satrajit's son was sacrificed to the Goddess Kamakhya as part of Ahom rituals.
According to one account, the Mughals suffered around 5,000 fatalities, 9,000 wounded, and 3,000 desertions. These figures likely included both combatants and non-combatants. The engagement demonstrated the resilience and tactical ingenuity of the Ahoms in their conflict with the Mughal Empire. King Pratap Singha celebrated the victory with a triumphant return to the capital, where he performed the Rikkhvan ceremony, marking the culmination of the Ahom triumph.
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78699190
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20Helong%20North%20Korean%20migrant%20workers%20unrest
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2024 Helong North Korean migrant workers unrest
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Jobs in the country are often sought out by North Koreans due to higher wages. In 2024 article for The New Yorker, investigative journalist Ian Urbina reported that contracts for migrant workers in China averaged about $270 per month, with comparable jobs in North Korea paying only around $3 per month. Some workers bribe government officials in order to participate in the migrant work program, sometimes taking out loans from loan sharks in order to do so. However, migrant workers are often subject to poor working and living conditions. Often, the workers have to sign up for a two- to three-year contract and have their passports confiscated when they arrive at their place of work. Additionally, managers often withhold payments until the end of their workers' contracts. According to Urbina, due to fees and managers keeping some of the money for themselves, workers typically take home less than ten percent of what they were promised in their contract. Also, worker deaths often go unreported and sexual exploitation of the female employees is common, with many workers reporting sexual abuse from managers. According to Remco Breuker, a Korean studies professor at Leiden University, "Hundreds of thousands of North Korean workers have for decades slaved away in China and elsewhere, enriching their leader and his party while facing unconscionable abuse".
Following the 2017 North Korean nuclear test, the United Nations passed sanctions that prohibited North Korean nationals from working abroad. Despite these sanctions, many North Korean nationals continue to work in China, with a 2022 estimate from Chinese officials claiming that 80,000 North Koreans were working in Dandong, a city on the China–North Korea border. According to Urbina, the migrant workers are an "open secret" in China.
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78699297
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20Creek
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Atlantic Creek
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Atlantic Creek is one of two rivers formed at the hydrologically unique site of the Parting of the Waters. The creek begins in the Teton Wilderness of Bridger-Teton National Forest in the U.S. state of Wyoming near the southern border of Yellowstone National Park. It originates directly on the continental divide from North Two Ocean Creek, which splits roughly in half at the Parting of the Waters. One half of the flow becomes the headwater of Atlantic Creek, while the other half becomes the source of Pacific Creek.
Course to Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Creek, as its name suggests, ultimately flows into the Atlantic Ocean away. From the Parting of the Waters, it flows northeast over five miles of wilderness through the alpine valley of Two Ocean Pass and ends it short run into the Yellowstone River approximately southeast of Yellowstone Lake.
Following the flow of water to the Atlantic Ocean, the Yellowstone River meanders north in its river plain feeding Yellowstone Lake from the south and leaving the lake's northern edge. The river continues north going over both Yellowstone Falls, through the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, and eventually flows into the Missouri River in far western North Dakota. From the confluence of the Yellowstone and Missouri, the Missouri flows mostly south across the Dakotas. It then forms the borders of Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri before finally flowing east into the Mississippi River which empties into the Gulf of Mexico in Louisiana.
Atlantic Creek's twin, Pacific Creek, takes the other half of flow from North Two Ocean Creek. It flows further than the relatively short run of Atlantic Creek, emptying at Moran, Wyoming over 20 miles to the southwest into the Snake River below Jackson Lake Dam and ultimately the Pacific Ocean away via the Columbia River.
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78699548
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unexpected%20Destinations
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Unexpected Destinations
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Unexpected Destinations: The Poignant Story of Japan's First Vassar Graduate is a biography of Ōyama Sutematsu, written by her great-granddaughter Akiko Kuno. It was first published in Japan in 1988, with an English translation in 1993. The book includes information from forty letters written by Ōyama to Alice Bacon.
Development and publication
Akiko Kuno began to research her great-grandmother's life in 1980. A friend, Nucy Meech, was interested in the first Japanese woman to graduate from an American university; on learning that it was Kuno's own relative, Meech contacted Vassar College for more information, and Vassar's office of Alumni and Alumnae of Vassar College (AAVC) sent Kuno several newspaper articles about Ōyama. After placing an advertisement in Vassar Quarterly seeking information, Kuno found that many papers from Ōyama foster family the Bacons were available at Yale University, and that her letters to Alice Bacon had been preserved by Bacon's descendant Jill Bryant. Kuno travelled to San Francisco in July 1982, and visited several stops from Ōyama's journey with the Iwakura Mission, using Kunitake Kume's published diary Beio Kairan Jikki as her guide. She consulted materials in several libraries in San Francisco; New Haven, Connecticut; Poughkeepsie, New York, and New Brunswick, New Jersey. Kuno interviewed Alice Bacon's nephew Alfred Bacon, and Jill Bryant provided copies of forty letters from Ōyama to Alice Bacon.
The resulting book was first published in Japan in 1988, under the title Rokumeikan no kifujin Ōyama Sutematsu: Nihon hatsu no joshi ryūgakusei (The Lady of the Rokumeikan, Ōyama Sutematsu: Japan's First Female Study Abroad Student). The Japanese edition was a bestseller. An English edition translated by Kirsten McIvor was published in 1993. The Japanese edition was published by Chūō kōronsha, and the English edition by Kodansha International.
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78699697
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biatoropsis%20usnearum
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Biatoropsis usnearum
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Biatoropsis usnearum forms distinctive growths, known as basidiomata, on its host lichens. These structures show considerable variation in their appearance, but typically appear as rounded, convex swellings with a narrowed base. The basidiomata can range in colour from pale pink to reddish brown or black, and measure between 0.2 and 2.5 mm in diameter. Their surface is usually smooth, though occasionally it may become warty. The texture is cartilaginous, similar to firm jelly.
The species in its strict sense (sensu stricto) is characterised by large, pale pinkish brown basidiomata that may sometimes become darker. These typical forms can be distinguished from other members of the species complex by this consistent colouration and size, though some specimens may darken due to parasitic fungi.
The development of these structures follows a characteristic pattern. The infection begins in the outer protective layer () of the host lichen, where it triggers changes in the host's own thread-like structures (hyphae). The first visible signs are pale to reddish spots on the lichen's surface, where the number of algal cells is already reduced. As the fungus grows upward through the host's cortex, it begins producing reproductive structures, eventually forming a mature gall that lacks algal cells entirely.
The internal structure of these growths consists of microscopic threads called hyphae, which measure 2-3 μm in width. These hyphae have uniform walls and lack specialised connecting structures known as clamp connections. The fungus connects to its host through specialised feeding structures called haustorial branches. These consist of a rounded "mother cell" measuring 2.5–4.5 μm in diameter, from which extends a very fine filament 0.5–1 μm thick and 3–7 μm long.
| 2.703125
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78700005
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920%20United%20States%20Olympic%20trials%20%28track%20and%20field%29
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1920 United States Olympic trials (track and field)
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The 1920 United States Olympic trials for track and field were held from 9 to 17 July 1920 and decided the United States team for the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. As women's athletics was not added to the Olympic programme until 1928, only a men's trials was held. Most of the finals took place 16–17 July in Cambridge, Massachusetts at Harvard Stadium, except for the steeplechase and decathlon in Travers Island, New York and the decathlon in New York City.
The meeting also served as the 1920 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, unlike future editions which were held separately. It was the first U.S. track and field trials that consisted of only one final per event to make the team, except for the marathon trials which took place over four races.
A maximum of four athletes could be named to the team per event, unlike the three-athlete-limit of future Olympics. Also unlike future Olympic trials, the 1920 trials results were not completely determinative of the team; in several cases athletes who finished outside of the top 4 were selected based on consistency of previous results.
The marathon team was said to have been chosen based on results from marathons in Brooklyn, Detroit, Boston, and New York, although in practice only athletes that ran the Detroit, Boston, or New York marathons were selected. The top Americans at each of these races (Charles Mellor, 2:30:04 for 1st in Detroit; Arthur Roth, 2:30:21 for 2nd in Boston; Joseph Organ, 2:51:06.2 for 2nd in New York) were named to the team, along with Carl Linder who was the 2nd American finisher in Boston (2:23:32 for 3rd overall).
Results
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78700280
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickelliastrum%20fendleri
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Brickelliastrum fendleri
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Brickelliastrum fendleri, known by the common name Fendler's brickellbush, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and Mexico.
Description
Brickelliastrum fendleri is a perennial herb or subshrub. It can reach around 80 centimeters tall. It produces cymose panicles, each with a few heads of flowers. Its bright white flowers help distinguish it from the similar species Brickellia grandiflora, which has more cream or yellow-colored flowers. Brickellia grandiflora also has a row of bracts around the outer calyx, which Brickelliastrum fendleri lacks.
Brickelliastrum fendleri has simple leaves that are usually oppositely arranged. Its deltoid or triangular-ovate leaves have crenate-serrate to serrate margins, and truncate to cordate bases. It is fibrous-rooted and has woody caudices.
The fruit is a cypsela, although it is often incorrectly referred to as an achene. Fruits are 5-ribbed.
Ecology
Brickelliastrum fendleri has been documented in New Mexico, eastern Arizona, west Texas, and northern Mexico. It grows in pine and mixed conifer woodlands and on limestone boulders, ridgetops, sandstone bluffs, and crevices. It grows at elevations of around 6,000–9,500 feet (1829–2896 meters).
It flowers from July to October.
Etymology
Brickelliastrum is derived from the genus Brickellia, which is named for 1748–1809, Irish-born physician and naturalist. The specific epithet fendleri is for Augustus Fendler.
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78700400
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Torssell
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Gustav Torssell
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Gustav Torssell (born 28 April 1811 in Tynnelsö – died 5 February 1849 in Uppsala) was a Swedish printer, publisher, and naturalist who worked in Uppsala and Falun. He made contributions to both lichenology and journalism during his relatively short life.
Torssell is known for his work on lichens, publishing Enumeratio Lichenum et Byssacerum Scandinaviae ("Enumeration of lichens and Byssaceae of Scandinavia") (1843), a systematic catalogue of Scandinavian lichens. In 1845, responding to the crop failure and resulting famine of 1844, he published Anvisning till nödbrödsämnen–om användandet af lafvar till föda ("Guide to famine bread ingredients–on using lichens as food"), a practical guide describing how to use four species of lichen for making bread. This publication included actual herbarium specimens to help readers identify the useful species: Cetraria islandica, Cladonia rangiferina, Cetraria nivalis, and Ramalina fraxinea.
In journalism, Torssell founded the newspaper Thorgny in Uppsala following the influential Nordic student meeting of 1843. The paper, published twice weekly on Mondays and Thursdays, was named after Torgny the Lawspeaker, a figure who experienced renewed popularity in 19th-century Scandinavian and liberal circles. Under Torssell's leadership, Thorgny became an important forum for discussing Scandinavist ideas and other contemporary issues. However, due to Torssell's declining health, the newspaper ceased publication in 1845, though it was effectively succeeded by a new publication called Upsala, founded the same year.
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78700451
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1850%20Q1%20%28Bond%29
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C/1850 Q1 (Bond)
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Bond's Comet, formally known as C/1850 Q1, is a parabolic comet that was observed through telescopes throughout late 1850. It was the only comet discovered independently by American astronomer, George Phillips Bond.
Discovery and observations
The comet was discovered by George Phillips Bond as a "faint, telescopic object" in the constellation Camelopardalis, about 10° north of the star α Per on 29 August 1850. It gradually brightened during the first weeks of September 1850, allowing further observations of the comet to be conducted by various other observatories around the globe. On September 18, Richard Carrington noted that the comet is best seen with a Fraunhofer refractor. The comet reached perihelion on October 19, however the comet was difficult to observe at this time due to its low position in the twilight skies. It was last observed on 14 November 1850.
Initial orbital calculations in the 19th century showed the comet has a weakly-bound parabolic orbit with an orbital period of 46,000 years. Recalculations in 2003 suggested a hyperbolic trajectory instead, based on 103 observations of the comet.
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78700710
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%20Formula%204%20Australian%20Championship
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2025 Formula 4 Australian Championship
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The 2025 Formula 4 Australian Championship is an upcoming motor racing series in Australia. It will be the seventh national championship in Formula 4, and the second after a four-year hiatus from 2020 to 2023.
The series is sanctioned by Motorsport Australia and is recognised by the FIA as an official Formula 4 championship, offering Motorsport Australia Superlicence and FIA Super Licence points.
Globally, Formula 4 is the first step out of karting on the FIA Global Pathway from Karting to Formula One. It is no longer the only series on the pathway run in Australia, with the introduction of Formula Regional Australia in 2025.
Structure
Significant changes have been made to the championship for 2025. The new promoter for the series is AGI Sport, who have been the most successful team in Australian Formula 4, replacing the China-based Top Speed organisation.
There will be two types of car on the grid simultaneously; the Tatuus F4-T421 with the Abarth engine (termed "Gen 2") used in the 2024 championship, and the Mygale M14-F4 with the Ford engine used from 2015 to 2019 ("Gen 1"). The two will be treated as separate classes, and will be separated on the starting grid. Only Gen 2 cars will be eligible for the overall championship. This is not typical in Formula 4 Championships, which are usually single-class spec series in which all participants are in identical vehicles.
The minimum age for drivers in the Gen2 cars is 15, and 14 for the Gen1 cars. There will be cups awarded to the best 14-17 year old driver in Gen1 cars ("Gen1 Junior Cup"), best 18+ driver in Gen1 ("Gen1 Masters Cup"), best 18+ driver in Gen2 ("Gen2 Masters Cup") as well as the overall championship.
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78700805
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali%20Bekasi%20incident
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Kali Bekasi incident
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On 19 October 1945, in the aftermath of Indonesia's declaration of independence, a clash broke out near the Bekasi River in West Java between Indonesian fighters and Japanese troops who were returning to mainland Japan following Japan's surrender at the end of World War II. Over 90 Japanese soldiers were captured and later executed.
Background
After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan decided to surrender unconditionally to the Allies, on 15 August and formally signed on 2 September 1945. The remaining Japanese forces in Indonesia, were gradually repatriated to mainland Japan via air routes. One of the repatriation processes of Japanese soldiers took place on October 19, 1945. At that time, 90 Japanese soldiers from the Imperial Japanese Navy (Kaigun) were transported by train to be taken to Kalijati Airport in Subang, West Java. During their journey by train, they passed several stations, including the Bekasi Station.
Incident
The commander of the People's Security Army (TKR) in Sambas, Atmadinata, issued an order to the Deputy Commander of TKR Bekasi, Second Lieutenant Zakaria Burhanuddin, to allow the train carrying the Japanese soldiers to pass. However, Zakaria defied this order. He instructed the Bekasi Station staff to redirect the train from track two to track one. Track one, however, was a dead-end track that led to the vicinity of the Bekasi River. As a result, the locomotive, which was pulling nine carriages including three carriages carrying 90 soldiers of the Kaigun, was forced to stop right at the mouth of the Bekasi River. Once the train came to a halt, a crowd of local civilians and fighters from Bekasi immediately surrounded it.
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78700909
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment%20of%20Han%20Duck-soo
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Impeachment of Han Duck-soo
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For an impeachment motion against a sitting president to pass, a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly200 out of 300 membersmust vote in favor. Once passed, the individual is immediately suspended from their duties pending a ruling by the Constitutional Court of Korea. The scope of impeachment is limited to removal from public office, with no further penalties imposed through this process. However, as Han is an acting president, disputes have arisen in the National Assembly over the requirements for his impeachment. The People Power Party (PPP) argued that, since Han had assumed the role of the president, a two-thirds majority was required for impeachment. In contrast, the opposition Democratic Party (DPK) maintained that a simple majority was sufficient, as Han remained a cabinet minister. Furthermore, no laws explicitly define the requirements for impeaching an acting president.
According to the Constitutional Court Act passed in 1988, the Constitutional Court must render a decision within 180 days after it receives any case for adjudication, including impeachment cases. If the respondent has already left office before the decision, the case is dismissed. Formal removal of the president requires six of the nine justices voting in favor; due to three vacancies, all six justices would have to vote to remove him. Article 23 of the Constitutional Court Act requires at least seven justices for deliberation. On 14 October 2024, the Constitutional Court temporarily suspended the required deliberation quorum of seven justices, citing the constitutional right to a speedy trial, allowing itself to move forward.
| 1.984375
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78701000
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anish%20Sarkar
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Anish Sarkar
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Anish Sarkar (born 26 January 2021) is an Indian chess player. He is the world's youngest FIDE rated player since November 2024. In 2024, Sarkar became the youngest to be awarded the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar.
Chess career
Sarkar's interest in chess began in January 2024. He was shortly afterwards placed in a special training group at a chess academy led by India's second-ever grandmaster Dibyendu Barua.
In September 2024, he played at the 1st SXCCAA All Bengal Rapid Rating Open 2024, where he earned his first rating (in rapid) and had the chance to play in a simul against super-grandmaster Arjun Erigaisi.
In November 2024, he became the world's youngest FIDE rated player at the age of 3 years and 10 months. He had played at the West Bengal U9 Championship in the previous month, finishing 24th in a field of 140 players with a score of 5.5/8. He had defeated two rated players (Arav Chatterjee and Ahilaan Baishya) in the final two rounds. He then played in a West Bengal U13 Championship, after which he earned his first official FIDE rating of 1556. This broke the record of Tejas Tiwari, who was previously the youngest rated FIDE player at the age of 5.
| 2.109375
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72868324
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelkader%20Mesli
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Abdelkader Mesli
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In 1942, Mesli was sent to Bordeaux as Muslim chaplain at the Château du Hâ by Kaddour Benghabrit after Mesli was suspected by the German authorities. He organized escapes there and continued to issue false certificates, despite the suspicions of the Kommandatur. From February 1943 onwards, he became involved in a French Resistance organization by joining the Army Resistance Organization (ORA). In this capacity, he handled forged documents and provided shelter for escaped African soldiers. He had connections with Paul and Roger Valroff, who were his friends and provided assistance. Paul Valroff wrote numerous letters to him, invited him to take care of his son Roger, and expressed his gratitude. For example, on 6 September 1943, Paul Valroff wrote to Mesli:
"I apologize for imposing on you, and I thank you in advance for whatever you will do for a son. I hope to come to Bordeaux very soon and will be delighted to see you again. My dear friend, I send you all my friendship. The staff of the mosque asked me to send their regards to you."
On 5 July 1944, Mesli was denounced and arrested alongside Roger Valroff in a restaurant in Bordeaux by the Gestapo and his home was raided by the French collaborationist police. They confiscated from his home "three suits, an overcoat, two pairs of shoes, six shirts, three pairs of underwear, a dozen handkerchiefs, a gold watch, a gold ring with a stone, and a batch of goods reserved for Muslims." He was deported to Dachau concentration camp, then transferred to Mauthausen. At Dachau, he was assigned the prisoner number 94020, while at Mauthausen, his number was 98671.
Despite extensive interrogations and torture, he did not denounce any resistant comrades.
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72869020
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Alexander%20McQueen%20collections
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List of Alexander McQueen collections
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British designer Alexander McQueen designed 36 womenswear collections under his eponymous fashion label during a career that lasted from 1992 until his death in 2010. As a designer, McQueen was known for sharp tailoring, historicism, and imaginative designs that often verged into the controversial. His runway shows were known for being dramatic and theatrical, with some including elements of performance art. McQueen drew inspiration for his clothing and shows from a broad range of sources, including film, history, nature, world religions, art, and his own life. Through his work, he explored themes such as romanticism, sexuality, and death.
He used unusual cuts and silhouettes to play with the human form, making wearers appear inhuman. Early in his career, he originated an extreme low-rise trouser cut called the "bumster", which became a brand signature. Other significant designs include the skull scarf, another brand signature, and the armadillo shoe, often worn by singer Lady Gaga.
Womenswear was the focus of McQueen's career. In his early collections, he sometimes presented menswear or had male models walk in the shows, but his label did not have a regular menswear line until 2004. From 1996 to October 2001, McQueen was – in addition to his responsibilities for his own label – head designer at French fashion house Givenchy, for which he produced both haute couture and ready-to-wear collections each season. This article concerns itself with McQueen's own-label womenswear collections.
Collections
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72870168
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2rg%C8%99or%20Prison
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Târgșor Prison
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From 1948 to 1952, this was the only prison for children in the world (dubbed the "Prison of Angels"). The children were subjected to the cold and to beatings; they were hungry and isolated in cramped rooms, without light, with boarded-up windows, where ventilation was done through tiny cracks around the door frames and windows. Hundreds of recalcitrant minors (some as young as 12) were subjected to psychological experiments and beaten with the intention of being "re-educated" in the spirit of the "Communist new man". The re-education of minors was personally coordinated by Securitate major-general Alexandru Nicolschi, one of the main organizers of the Pitești Experiment; other Securitate officers involved were colonels Mișu Dulgheru and Ludovic Czeller. From summer 1948 to June 1949, over 800 children, mostly students, arrived at Târgșor. One batch consisted of students from Dragoș Vodă High School in Sighetu Marmației, who were accused of demonstrating against the regime. Arrested in August 1948 and kept at Sighet Prison until May 1949, they were tried in Cluj and then detained mostly at Târgșor, but also at Pitești and Gherla prisons, or sent to perform forced labor at the Danube–Black Sea Canal.
By September 1949, some 870 former Romanian Police cadres, including old prison guards and members of the Siguranța statului (such as , its deputy director in 1940–1941) had been rounded up and sent to Târgșor, where they maintained fervent (but unrealistic) beliefs about a coming American liberation of Romania. Another category of prisoners who were incarcerated at Târgșor were people detained by the Securitate after being accused of subversive revolutionary activities, such as Sorin Bottez and Radu Ciuceanu.
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72870745
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly%20Brearley
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Molly Brearley
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The college's ideas were contained in, Fundamentals in the First School, which was a book where Brearley chaired the authors and then she and Raymond Bott edited and published in 1969. The book included six generalisations which can be summarised as 1. Children are individuals, 2. Pupils construct their mind through interactions 3. Learning is continuative and Knowledge is cumulative 4. The concept that children have "stages" is useful 5. Children who cooperate will collaborate to gain knowledge and 6. the search for knowledge is self-propelling.
Brearley retired in 1970.
Molly Brearley and Dame Joyce Bishop obtained funding from the Leverhulme Foundation to create a one year study of Project for the Study of Educational Failure in Underprivileged Children in 1971 to 1972. Brearly and Bishop established a Free nursery in the college's grounds. The Froebel Research Nursery School started to be used in 1973 as part of the Froebel Nursery Research Project. They persuaded Froebel lecturer Chris Athey to lead the nursery and the work which ran until 1978. As a result Athey published Extending Thought in Young Children in 1990.
Brearley died in Warwick one day short of her birthday.
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72870995
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyxia%20oblongata
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Alyxia oblongata
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Alyxia oblongata, commonly known as the chain fruit, prickly lixy, or prickly Alyxia, is a plant in the dogbane family Apocynaceae endemic to a small part of northeastern Queensland.
Description
Alyxia oblongata is an evergreen shrub growing up to high. The dark glossy green leaves are borne in whorls of three or four on the twigs, and measure about . They are elliptic with a sharp, rigid tip and have up to 20 lateral veins.
The flowers are typical of the family, being white with five sepals and petals and a long corolla tube. They measure about long and diameter. The fruit are orange/red in colour and may be moniliform, i.e. with the appearance of a string of beads.
Taxonomy
This species was first described in 1928 by the Czech botanist Karel Domin, who published his description in Bibliotheca Botanica. In 1992 the Australian botanist Paul Irwin Forster redefined it as a subspecies of Alyxia ruscifolia, namely A.r. ssp. major, however this combination is no longer accepted by most authorities.
Etymology
The genus name Alyxia is derived from the Greek language word álysos, "chain", which refers to the chain-like appearance of the fruit. The species epithet oblongata is from "oblong" and again refers to the appearance of the fruit.
Distribution and habitat
The chain fruit is endemic to northeastern Queensland, from near Cooktown to the southern Atherton Tablelands. It grows in rainforest on volcanic soils of various types, at altitudes from to .
Conservation
This species is listed by the Queensland Department of Environment and Science as least concern. , it has not been assessed by the IUCN.
Gallery
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72871031
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Puerto%20Rico%20hurricanes%20%282000%E2%80%93present%29
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List of Puerto Rico hurricanes (2000–present)
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August 18 - Tropical Depression Nine caused moderate rainfall in Puerto Rico, where 2 to 3 inches (50 to 75 mm) of precipitation were recorded. Damage in Puerto Rico totaled $20,000 (2003 USD, $ USD).
October 10–11 - Tropical Storm Mindy caused rainfall levels that reached up to near Ponce, Puerto Rico. Strong winds left around 29,000 people without power in northeastern Puerto Rico. The rainfall wrecked bridges in Las Piedras and Guayama, and led to flooded streams, downed trees, and rockslides that closed four roads. One car was swept away, and a few houses were flooded. The damage total was at least $46,000 (2003 USD).
December 8–10 - Tropical Storm Odette caused moderate rainfall across Puerto Rico. Rainfall in Puerto Rico was heaviest in the southeast, where a peak of 8.73 in (221.74 mm) was recorded in Jajome Alto. Odette's rainfall caused flooding throughout Puerto Rico's rivers. The river flooding destroyed three bridges, resulting in $20,000 in damages (2003 USD).
2004
September 15–16 - Upon striking Puerto Rico, Tropical Storm Jeanne produced tropical storm force winds in portions of the island. A NWS employee reported sustained winds of , with gusts to in Salinas along the southern coast. In Cayey, located in the center of the island, a 72 mph (117 km/h) gust was reported, just shy of hurricane force. Additionally, the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in San Juan reported sustained winds of 49 mph (80 km/h). In Yabucoa, the winds killed one woman after she was flung into a wall. A total of 8 were killed, and damage totaled $169.5 million (2004 USD), making it the most damaging tropical cyclone since Hurricane Georges in 1998.
2006
August 3 - Tropical Storm Chris dropped light rainfall in Puerto Rico, peaking at 3.09 inches (78 mm) in Fajardo. The rainfall from the storm caused the Fajardo River to overflow its banks, which temporarily closed a highway in the northeastern portion of the island.
2007
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72871064
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville%20Leveson-Gower%2C%205th%20Earl%20Granville
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Granville Leveson-Gower, 5th Earl Granville
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Granville James Leveson-Gower, 5th Earl Granville MC (6 December 1918 – 31 October 1996) was a British soldier, banker, peer, and landowner, a member of the House of Lords from 1953 until his death.
He was laird of North Uist from 1960 and Lord Lieutenant of the Western Isles from 1983 to 1993.
Early life
The son of Vice-Admiral William Leveson-Gower, 4th Earl Granville, and his wife Lady Rose Bowes-Lyon, a daughter of Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, he was educated at Eton College. Known formally as Lord Leveson until 1953, he was commissioned into the Coldstream Guards and saw active service during the Second World War, in which he was twice wounded and mentioned in despatches. Rising to the rank of Major, he was awarded the Military Cross in 1945.
Later career
After the war, Lord Leveson joined Coutts & Co., a private bank.
On 25 June 1953, he succeeded his father as Earl Granville (created 1833), Viscount Granville (1814), and Baron Leveson of Stone (1814), giving him a seat in the House of Lords.
In 1958, Granville married Doon Aileen Plunket, daughter of Brindsley Sheridan Bushe Plunket and granddaughter of William Plunket, 5th Baron Plunket. Her mother was Aileen Sibell Mary Guinness, a granddaughter of Edward Guinness, 1st Earl of Iveagh. They had three children:
Granville George Fergus Leveson-Gower, later 6th Earl Granville (born 1959)
Lady Marcia Rose Aileen Leveson-Gower (1961–2005)
Niall James Leveson-Gower (born 1963)
In 1960, shortly after the birth of his first child, Granville bought the island of North Uist in the Outer Hebrides from the Duke of Hamilton, becoming its laird. Settling there, he built himself a new house, Callernish, near Lochmaddy, designed by the architect Sir Martyn Beckett.
In 1974 Granville was appointed as a Deputy Lieutenant of Inverness-shire and was Vice-Lord-Lieutenant of the Western Isles between January 1976 and 1983, then Lord-Lieutenant from 1983 to December 1993, when he was succeeded by Viscount Dunrossil.
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72872152
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis%20at%20the%202024%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles
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Tennis at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's singles
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Serbia's Novak Djokovic defeated Spain's Carlos Alcaraz in the final, 7–6(7–3), 7–6(7–2) to win the gold medal in men's singles tennis event at the 2024 Summer Olympics. It was Serbia's first gold medal in Olympic tennis. With the win, Djokovic completed the Career Golden Slam (becoming the third man to do so, after Andre Agassi and Rafael Nadal), the Career Super Slam (the second man to do so, after Agassi), and became the first (and currently only) man to win all Big Titles in singles. By winning the gold medal, Djokovic became the oldest men's singles champion in Olympic tennis, while Alcaraz became the youngest finalist. Djokovic also became the first man to win the Olympics without dropping a set during the tournament. En route to victory, he defeated Nadal in their record-extending 60th and final professional meeting, and their 11th encounter at Stade Roland Garros, to end their head-to-head at 31–29 in his favor.
In the bronze medal match, Italy's Lorenzo Musetti defeated Canada's Félix Auger-Aliassime, 6–4, 1–6, 6–3. It was Italy's second Olympic tennis medal, 100 years after Uberto De Morpurgo won a bronze medal in the men's singles in 1924.
The men's singles tennis event at the 2024 Summer Olympics took place from 27 July to 4 August 2024 at the Stade Roland Garros, in Paris, France. There were 64 players from 27 nations.
Alexander Zverev was the defending gold medalist from 2021, but lost in the quarterfinals to Musetti.
For the second time (after 2012), the same two players (Djokovic and Alcaraz) contested both the Wimbledon and Olympics finals in the same year, with the Wimbledon runner-up going on to win Olympic gold both times.
Background
This was the 17th (medal) appearance of the men's singles tennis event. The event has been held at every Summer Olympics where tennis has been on the program: from 1896 to 1924 and then from 1988 to the current program. Demonstration events were held in 1968 and 1984.
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72872939
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison%20Buchan
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Alison Buchan
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Alison Buchan is the Carolyn Fite Professor at the University of Tennessee. She is known for her work on bacteria in natural environments, especially bacteria within the Roseobacter group. In 2022 she was named as a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology.
Education and career
Buchan received a B.Sc. from James Madison University in 1994. She then moved to the University of Georgia where she earned a M.Sc. (1997) and a Ph.D. (2001). She was a postdoctoral investigator at Yale University from 2003 until 2005 at which point she moved to the University of Tennessee. In 2016 she was promoted to professor, and as of 2022 she is the Carolyn Fite Professor.
Research
Buchan's early research examined biochemical pathways used by Roseobacter, a common marine bacteria, and the chemical compounds used by Roseobacter as they grow on surfaces. Buchan's research revealed how viruses change the chemical compounds released by bacteria and how heterotrophic bacteria alter the organic carbon produced by marine phytoplankton. She has also examined the interactions between Roseobacter and the viruses that infect them.
Selected publications
Awards and honors
In 2022 Buchan was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology, and received the 2022 faculty achievement award from the University of Tennessee.
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72873354
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targa%20expedition%20%281490%29
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Targa expedition (1490)
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The Portuguese Targa expedition took place in 1490 when a Portuguese fleet commanded by plundered the town of Targa, a known pirate haven in Morocco. On the same occasion, Dom Fernando sacked the Moroccan mountain town of Comice.
History
The Portuguese occupied Ceuta in 1415 at the Conquest of Ceuta. In 1490, King John II prepared an expedition against the Moroccan qaid of Chefchaouen Ali Ibn Rashid al-Alam ("Barraxa" in Portuguese), and entrusted command to the son of the Marquis of Vila Real, Dom Fernando de Meneses, who was provided with 50 ships. Having called at Gibraltar, he messaged the captain of Ceuta (who was his brother) that he would disembark in that city shortly to attack Chefchaouen, but Dom António dissuaded him from undertaking the campaign, which he considered impractical. Dom Fernando was instead persuaded to attack the town of Targa, which was a known pirate haven to the south-east of Ceuta. Having been joined by some Spanish volunteers, the expedition ultimately numbered 130 horse and 1870 foot.
As soon as the fleet came into sight of Targa, the settlement was evacuated by its inhabitants, leaving ample spoil behind. The Portuguese disembarked, captured 25 ships, 370 people, weapons including cannons, released a number of Christian POWs and razed the town along with the surrounding agricultural fields.
Unsatisfied with the attack on Targa, Dom Fernando later that year joined forces with the captains of Portuguese Tangier and Alcácer-Ceguer to sack a town on the Rif mountains the Portuguese identified as Comice. With an army then numbering 400 horses and 1200 feet the Portuguese sacked the town and captured ample spoil, including 100 or 1000 persons, cattle and horses. 40 Portuguese died in the action.
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72873494
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthea%20Comellini
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Anthea Comellini
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Anthea Comellini (born 1992) is an Italian aerospace engineer and reserve astronaut. Comellini completed a PhD on space rendezvous at the Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace, in France, with aerospace company Thales Alenia Space in 2021. She then worked in space navigation operations for the European Space Agency, and the following year, was hired for research and development at Thales Alenia Space. She was chosen as a reserve astronaut in the European Astronaut Corps in 2022.
Early life and family
Anthea Comellini was born in Italy in 1992. Her mother is a seamstress and her father is an architect. Her parents named her after a character in a television series played by Andie MacDowell, as they wanted a daughter who had the same curly hair as the character and as themselves.
Comellini grew up in the town Chiari, in the Brescia province of northern Italy. She attended liceo scientifico cittadino Calini, a high school in Brescia. She initially desired to become a writer, and in high school, she won third prize for a poetry award, the Premio Montale. A competitive orienteer, she participated in the 2011 Junior World Orienteering Championships.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur%20Becker
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Artur Becker
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On April 13, 1938, he was severely wounded and taken prisoner by the Falangists. After several weeks of interrogation and torture, he is said to have been shot dead in a Burgos prison on May 16, 1938, although the exact date of his killing is not certain. According to a Gestapo report from August 1939, their officials were in Spain interrogating prisoners and also trying to find Becker.
Legacy
After the end of World War II, Artur Becker received extensive honors in East Germany. Streets, schools, and industrial plants, for example, the youth power plant "Artur Becker" Trattendorf , and the officers' college of the Ministry of the Interior were named after him. Since 1960, Freie Deutsche Jugend has been awarding the Artur Becker Medal in gold, silver, and bronze for outstanding achievements in the "socialist youth association".
After German reunification, most objects and streets named after Becker were largely renamed. However, there are still some streets and schools that bear his name.
In Berlin, one of the 96 memorial plaques for the members of the Reichstag murdered by the Nazi regime has commemorated Artur Becker since 1992. In September 2021, a memorial plaque was unveiled on Becker's former home at Schlichtallee 1 in Rummelsburg.
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72874799
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%20salute
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Wolf salute
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The gesture symbolises a wolf (political) or fox (educational) with closed mouth, with the upright fingers representing ears and the three bunched fingers a closed mouth. While the grey wolf symbol is deeply rooted in Turkic mythology and has been a significant cultural symbol, there is limited historical evidence to support the claim that early Göktürks used a specific hand gesture as a sign of victory. The modern grey wolf hand gesture, known as the 'Bozkurt' sign, is a more recent development that became prominent in the 20th century, particularly popularized by the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) in Turkey. Usage of this gesture in front of a light so that the silhouette cast represents a dog has been widely used in children’s stories and puppet theatre. Political usage of the gesture was popularized in the 1990s by Alparslan Türkeş, the founder of the far-right Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), after which the symbol became associated with extreme nationalism and neo-fascism. Although the gesture is commonly associated with MHP, the Grey Wolves, it is used by other political factions.
Republican People's Party (CHP) Leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu once greeted his supporters with a grey wolf on his way to a rally in Kayseri for the 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reacted to it by saying, "the gray wolf sign made by the CHP leader cannot be erased from my memory", and Kılıçdaroğlu responded with, "we are also nationalists; we are also nationalists." Kılıçdaroğlu made the sign again during an election rally in Eskişehir, where he responded with a wolf salute to a supporter who had greeted him with the same gesture. Kılıçdaroğlu once again used the gesture prior to the 2023 Turkish presidential election when he was the main opposition candidate against Erdoğan. Meral Akşener, a former member of the MHP and the first leader of the Good Party, also frequently made the symbol on many occasions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%20quarter%20%28Barcelona%29
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Jewish quarter (Barcelona)
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The Jewish quarter of Barcelona (, ) in Barcelona, Spain, is an area located in the Gothic Quarter. The quarter was the heart of the city's Jewish community from the 7th to 14th centuries and was one of the most important Jewish quarters on the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.
Etymology
El Call means "little street" or "alley" in Catalan, and referred to the set of narrow streets that the Jews occupied. The broader self-governing community of Jews was called the aljama.
History
Establishment of the Call
Small numbers of Jews arrived in Barcelona soon after 70 CE as part of the wave of migrants arriving in Europe fleeing Roman repression in Judaea during the First Jewish-Roman War. By 1079, the Jewish population in Barcelona numbered about 70 families.
At the end of the 7th century, the Jewish population was enclosed in the Call, which formed around the Carrer del Call, Carrer de Sant Domènec del Call, Carrer Marlet, and Arc de Sant Ramón del Call.
Growth and Golden Age (12th and 13th century)
Growth in El Call and the arrival of Jews who had been expelled from France by the 13th century made it necessary to expand the Jewish quarter, so the Call Menor, or Minor Call, was created, in addition to the Call Major or Major Call.
By the 13th century, the Call was the largest in Catalonia. Medieval Barcelona was approximately 15% Jewish during its golden age, with most of the 4,000 Jews living in the Jewish quarter. Barcelona earned the reputation as a "city of sages" among the Jews. The Jews worked as doctors, scientists, merchants, and money lenders for Catalan aristocracy. As only Jews could legally lend money, Jews became the official financiers of Catalonia's sovereigns. Jews were officially property of the crown, and at the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215, papal instructions called for Jews to wear hoods and a red button sewn into their clothes to identify them. By 1268, King James I removed the requirement that the Jews in aljama had to wear the badge.
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72875263
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freisinn%20%28Goethe%29
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Freisinn (Goethe)
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"Freisinn" (free spirit, free mind) is a poem written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1815, first published in West–östlicher Divan in 1819.
Composition
The first verse is inspired by the dictum of a free-spirited Ghalghai (Ingush) highlander, who, by the account of Moritz von Engelhardt in 1811, rejected an offer to gain benefits under the condition of submitting to the rule of the Tsar, with a short phrase: "Above my hat are only the stars". The second verse is derived from a passage from the Quran.
Publications
The first German researcher to reveal the connection between the Ingush man's phrase and the poem was Christian Friedrich Wurm in his Commentary on Göthe's West-Eastern Diwan. This would later on be confirmed in the works of Joseph Kürschner, Dieter Borchmeyer and Martin Mosebach.
The following excerpt was published in the Neue Speyerer Zeitung on 11 July 1820:A free Ingush in the Caucasus, who was told of the benefits he could receive if he went under the rule of the Russian Tsar, encouraged by his independence, proudly, boldly, and truly, replied: Neither Pope Gregory VII at Canossa, nor the Emperor Napoleon at Jena, could say so surely. Although their hats are bigger than that of the Ingush; but their hearts – not likely.
Music
On the eve of his wedding in 1840, Robert Schumann presented his wife-to-be Clara with a deluxe edition of Myrthen, a newly composed cycle of 26 songs adorned on the cover with green myrtles, the German symbol of marriage, with "Freisinn" listed as the second composition in this series.
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72875433
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo%20Berardi
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Aldo Berardi
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Aldo Berardi, O.SS.T. (born 30 September 1963) is a French Catholic bishop. He is the vicar apostolic of the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia. On 28 January 2023, Msgr. Berardi was appointed Vicar Apostolic of the Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Arabia. He previously served as the vicar general of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity for the Redemption of Captives.
Life
Berardi was born in Longeville-lès-Metz, France, on September 30, 1963.
In 1979, he entered the Foyer-Séminaire in Montigny-lès-Metz and attended George de la Tour High School in Metz. From 1982 to 1984, he studied Philosophy at the Major Seminary of Villers-lès-Nancy. He then served in his civil service in Madagascar from 1984 to 1986, where he held positions as a French teacher, librarian, and cultural officer.
In 1986, Berardi entered the novitiate of the Trinitarian Order in Cerfoid, France, and made his first religious profession in 1987. He then studied Theology at the Major Seminary of Montreal from 1987 to 1990, and made his perpetual profession in Rome, Italy, in December 1990. He was ordained a priest in Ars-sur-Moselle, France, on July 20, 1991.
From 1990 to 1992, Berardi attended the Accademia Alfonsiana in Rome and obtained a Licentiate in Moral Theology. During this time, he also served at Caritas Rome. He then served as director of a Spirituality Centre in Cerfoid from 1992 to 1998, and held various positions such as parochial vicar, school chaplain, chaplain of a psychiatric hospital, Boy Scout assistant, and Catholic Action assistant.
From 2000 to 2006, Berardi directed the Centre Sainte Bakhita in Cairo, which sheltered Sudanese refugees. He served in the Sacred Heart Parish in Manama, Bahrain, from 2007 to 2010 and was Provincial Counsellor for his Congregation from 2009 to 2012. From 2011 to 2019, he returned to the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia, serving as Parish Priest and Episcopal Vicar.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre%20Kronor%20Castle%2C%20seen%20from%20the%20southwest
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Tre Kronor Castle, seen from the southwest
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Tre Kronor Castle, seen from the southwest (Swedish: Slottet Tre Kronor, sett från sydväst) also called Tre Kronor from Slottsbacken (Swedish: Tre Kronor från Slottsbacken) is a 1661 oil painting by Dutch artist Govert Dircksz Camphuysen. The panting's subject is the Monarchy of Sweden's Tre Kronor Castle, which was destroyed by fire in 1697. The painting is the only known color image of the structure.
The signed and dated original is owned by the Stockholm City Museum (inventory number SSM 11700). It had been part of a private collection in England—whose owner had assumed it depicted some unknown Dutch castle—prior to being 'discovered' in 1947 by the Dutch firm Kunsthandel de Boer. In 1948, Kunsthandel de Boer put the painting up for sale for . It was then purchased by Stockholm City, and was shown as part of a new acquisitions exhibit beginning in March 1948 at the city museum.
Uppsala University owns a copy of the painting (inventory number UU 52), which has been described as either a "contemporary copy" or a "contemporary studio replica." It was donated to the university by Adolf Ludvig Stierneld upon his death in 1835 (per his 1820 will). Until the discovery of the signed original, the creator of the painting in the university's collection was unknown, as was its status as a copy. Inscribed on the backside of the canvas, in Stierneld's hand, is written the title "The Old Stockholm Castle in the Time of Queen Christina."
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72875691
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20Wormeley%20Jr.
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Ralph Wormeley Jr.
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Ralph Wormeley Jr. (1651-1701) was a planter and politician who represented Middlesex County in the House of Burgesses before being elevated to the Virginia Governor's Council and serving as the colony's secretary and briefly as its acting governor. He further developed his father's Rosegill plantation, now on the National Register for Historic Places, as well as operated several plantations in adjoining Tidewater counties using enslaved labor.
Early life and education
Born shortly before the death of his planter father, Ralph Wormeley Sr., he was raised by his mother, the former Agatha Eltonhead (who had also survived a previous husband) and his stepfather, Sir Henry Chicheley, the lieutenant governor for the Virginia colony. He was educated privately at home, then sent to England where he matriculated at Oriel College of Oxford University on July 14, 1665.
Career
Planter
Upon reaching legal age, Wormeley inherited Rosegill plantation. His father had patented more than 3,000 acres in 1649 (based on people for whose emigration to Virginia he had paid) which became Rosegill plantation, and with the boy's stepfather Chicheley acquired about 1000 additional acres by several purchases when their neighbor William Brocas died (Brocas had been a member of the Governor's Council 1637-1652 and married Eleanor Eltonhead and his heir John Jackson lacked manpower to cultivate it). In 1653, Chicheley had seventeen indentured servants working on his and Wormeley land. Nonetheless, after coming of age and Bacon's Rebellion discussed below, Wormeley compelled his guardian Chicheley to account for the income received from (and disbursements made from) his father's estate during his minority. Four decades later, Wormeley would use legal maneuvering and his royal office to cause neighbor George Wortham's patrimony to escheat, and then added those parcels to Rosegill.
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72875691
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20Wormeley%20Jr.
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Ralph Wormeley Jr.
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Particularly after Bacon's Rebellion, Wormeley purchased enslaved blacks imported from the Caribbean colonies, although each such contract cost significantly more than that for an indentured servant, who would only serve a fixed term (if he survived). In 1681, William Fitzhugh of Stafford County to the northwest wrote Wormeley asking him to select five or six slaves for him from a ship from Barbados expected to reach York County within days. In 1687, Wormeley's labor force was 26 "negro slaves" and 20 "Christians" (presumed white indentured laborers). In 1689, slaves Mingo and Lawrence left their quarters and took food and firearms. They were still raiding Middlesex county plantations in 1694, but after Governor Edmund Andros scolded area planters for their lax patrols, Mingo was caught and executed. The inventory of Wormeley's estate at his death in 1701 showed that he owned 85 slaves, or 20% of the county's Black population.
Meanwhile, based on immigrants for whose entry he had paid, in 1680, Wormeley patented 2,200 acres on the northern side of the Rappahannock River, which he called "Nanzattico", after the people noted by Capt. John Smith in 1608 and whose preserve that had once been. This land lay across the river from the land Wormeley controlled following his marriage to Catherine Lunsford, and bordered Portobago Bay. Wormeley would also patent additional acreage inland. In 1693 he patented 13,500 acres in King and Queen County, but was forced to give it up for failure to develop it.
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72875964
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl%20trithiocarbonate
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Dimethyl trithiocarbonate
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Dimethyl trithiocarbonate is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is a methyl ester of trithiocarbonic acid. This chemical belongs to a subcategory of esters called thioesters. It is a sulfur analog of dimethyl carbonate , where all three oxygen atoms are replaced with sulfur atoms. Dimethyl trithiocarbonate is a yellow liquid with a strong and unpleasant odor.
Synthesis
In terms of its name, dimethyl trithiocarbonate is formally derived by esterification of trithiocarbonic acid with methanethiol.
One synthesis starts from thiophosgene as described in this simplified equation:
Alternatively, it can be prepared by treating carbon disulfide with aqueous base, a phase-transfer catalyst, and methyl iodide.
Uses
Dimethyl trithiocarbonate is used in preparation of methyl-β,β′-dicarbonyldithiocarboxylate derivatives, in generation of radicals , and in preparation of β-oxodithiocarboxylates. Dimethyl trithiocarbonate is also a useful reagent in the preparation of 2-mercaptoquinoline and its analogues which are potential antileishmanial agents.
Hazards and toxicity
Dimethyl trithiocarbonate is combustible. Upon catching fire, irritating, suffocating and toxic gases are released, like carbon oxides and sulfur oxides.
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72876012
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Slup%C4%8Dane
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Battle of Slupčane
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The Battle of Slupčane (, ) was a military confrontation between the Macedonian security forces and Albanian insurgents belonging to the National Liberation Army (NLA), which at the time, was launching a campaign of guerrilla attacks against facilities of the Macedonian Government, the Macedonian Police force, and the Macedonian Armed Forces. The NLA was victorious, in part due to the withdrawal of Macedonian forces and suspension of all military operations in Kumanovo–Lipkovo region so that international officials could inspect the water supply.
Battle
Initial NLA attack and Macedonian response
On 3 May 2001, the NLA infiltrated the villages of Slupčane and Vaksince, killing two Macedonian soldiers and capturing another one. This caused an almost immediate response by the Macedonian government, who launched an assault against the NLA in Slupčane and Vaksince. The Macedonian Army used Mil Mi-24s and tanks with the goal of driving the NLA out of Slupčane. However, the advance stalled when the NLA was not showing any signs of withdrawal. According to a NLA commander, during the assault, five Albanian civilians were killed.
Operation MH-2
The most intensive clashes occurred during the first large-scale offensive in Kumanovo, code-named Operation MH-2, on 8 May 2001, at the entrance of the village. Macedonian Army infantry launched an onslaught, deploying one mechanized battalion and using heavy artillery and Mil Mi-24s, causing some NLA rebels to leave their positions. The offensive started on 8 a.m but was stopped by Boris Trajkovski at 2 p.m, leaving the NLA in control of the village.
Continued fighting and Macedonian shelling
On 13 May, Macedonian forces launched an operation to dislodge rebel positions at Slupčane and Vaksince. The Macedonian Army claimed to have hit two NLA columns, killing 30 insurgents.
From 14 to 16 May, Macedonian forces engaged rebel positions close to Slupčane. The Macedonian army described the action as the "worst fighting" since 3 May.
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72876414
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2029399
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HD 29399
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HD 29399 is a binary star in the constellation Reticulum. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.78, it is visible to the naked eye under good viewing conditions. From its parallax measured by the Gaia, it is located at a distance of 144 light-years (44 parsecs) from Earth.
This star is a K-type giant with an spectral type of K1III. Its magnitude 9.2 companion is located at a separation of . In 2022, a gas giant planet was discovered via the radial velocity method orbiting the primary star.
Star system
HD 29399 is a K-type giant star with a spectral type of K1III, which indicates it is an evolved star that has ceased hydrogen fusion in its nucleus and left the main sequence. Its main properties were inferred with high precision from an asteroseismology model created with photometric data acquired by the TESS spacecraft, which observed HD 29399 almost continuously for one year during its primary mission. HD 29399 has a mass of , radius of , and an age of about 6.2 billion years. It is shining with a bolometric luminosity of about , and an effective temperature of 4,850 K. Its metallicity, the proportion of elements other than hydrogen and helium, is slightly higher than the solar value, with an iron abundance 40% greater than the Sun's.
HD 29399 is part probably of a binary system with a magnitude 9.2 star at an angular separation of 31.9 arcseconds. Astrometric data obtained by the Gaia spacecraft have confirmed that both stars have similar proper motions and distances from Earth. This star has an estimated mass of , luminosity of , and effective temperature of 4,900 K.
Planetary system
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72877012
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toussaint%20le%20Juge
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Toussaint le Juge
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Toussaint le Juge (died 1632) was a French man who was executed for witchcraft.
In 1631, Anthoine Crestien reported his mother Mazette le Bas, his stepfather Didier Aubertin, and Toussaint le Juge and Barbe Dodin, for witchcraft after having summoned spirits in the house of Mazette le Bas. The trial became one of the biggest witch trials in Paris, involving 25 people and lasting for four years.
Toussaint le Juge was the only one of the accused in the case to be sentenced to death. Initially sentenced to become a galley slave, his final verdict was a death sentence. He was strangled and burnt at the stake in Paris on 25 June, 1632.
Witch trials were uncommon in the city of Paris. The Parlement of Paris were to confirm the death sentences of appeals in witchcraft cases in Northern France, and had done so for the last time in the case of Catherine Bouillon of Orleans in 1625. However, Parisians put on trial for witchcraft were normally not given death sentences, and the execution of Toussaint le Juge was to be the last one until the 1670s.
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72877014
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie%20M.%20Ray%C3%A9-Smith
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Eugénie M. Rayé-Smith
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Eugénie M. Rayé-Smith (1871 - July 9, 1914) was an American lawyer, educator and suffragist.
Eugénie Marie Rayé-Smith was born around 1871 and attended public school in New York City. She earned her bachelor's degree in 1899 and her master's degree in 1901 from New York University (NYU) where she studied law. She went on to teach the Woman's Law Class at NYU. She married Alexander G. Smith in 1906.
She served as the vice president of the Women Lawyers' Club in New York, which she helped to organize. Rayé-Smith was the first editor of the Women Lawyers Journal (WLJ), which was started in May 1911. As an advocate of women's suffrage, Rayé-Smith founded the Fortnightly Suffrage Club of Richmond Hill. She was well known for her suffrage songs and verses. In 1912, she published an expanded edition of the book, Equal Suffrage Song Sheaf, which included three new songs. This "second edition" was one of the most popular women's suffrage songsters.
Rayé-Smith died in her home on July 9, 1914, at the age of 43. She was buried in Greenwood Cemetery. The next year, the Fortnightly Suffrage Club held a memorial in her honor. The Women Lawyers Journal, nearly a decade after her death, praised Rayé-Smith for her work as editor, noting that her efforts helped grow the "meetingless club" of women lawyers.
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72877328
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughenden%E2%80%93Muttaburra%E2%80%93Aramac%E2%80%93Barcaldine%20Road
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Hughenden–Muttaburra–Aramac–Barcaldine Road
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Hughenden–Muttaburra–Aramac–Barcaldine Road is a continuous road route in the Flinders and Barcaldine local government areas of Queensland, Australia. It is designated as State Route 19. It has three official names, Hughenden–Muttaburra Road (number 5701), Muttaburra–Aramac Road (number 572), and Barcaldine–Aramac Road (number 573). Each component is a state-controlled district road, rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS).
Route description
The road commences as Hughenden–Muttaburra Road at an intersection with the Flinders Highway in the southern part of . It proceeds south through before entering the locality of Here it runs through the former locality of Tablederry, passing the exit to Prairie Road to the north-east, and the Geographical Centre of Queensland to the west.
Before reaching the town of Muttaburra the road passes the exit to Cramsie–Muttaburra Road to the west, and takes the name of that road from there to the town. It enters the town from the north and exits to the east, having changed its name to Muttaburra–Aramac Road. In the town it passes the Muttaburrasaurus Interpretation Centre to the south. After leaving the town the road turns south-east, passes the exit to Crossmoor Road to the south, and runs through the former locality of Sardine, where it passes the exit to Aramac–Torrens Creek Road to the north.
In the road turns south as Barcaldine–Aramac Road. It passes the exit to Ilfracombe–Aramac Road to the south-west, and continues south through the former localities of Ibis and Ingberry. Reaching it ends at an intersection with the Capricorn Highway.
Upgrade of Barcaldine–Aramac Road
A project to rehabilitate and widen more than of Barcaldine–Aramac Road, at a cost of $21.842 million, was expected to be completed by mid-2023.
Other roads
The following state-controlled district roads, each rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS), intersect with the Hughenden–Muttaburra–Aramac–Barcaldine Road:
Aramac–Torrens Creek Road
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72877826
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protochimaera
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Protochimaera
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Protochimaera is an extinct genus of chimaeriform fish from the Mississippian (Early Carboniferous) of central Russia. It is the oldest known representative of the order Chimaeriformes, approximately 10 million years older than Echinochimaera (from the late Serpukhovian of Montana), and far older than the Mesozoic radiation which would lead to modern chimaeriforms, commonly known as chimaeras, rat fish, or ghost sharks.
Protochimaera is known from tooth plates found at five sites southwest of the Moscow Basin. These sites correspond to the Olkhovets Formation (Tulian and Aleksinian regional stages, equivalent to the middle of the global Viséan stage) and Dashkovo Formation (Steshevian regional stage, the lower-middle part of the Serpukhovian). Like modern chimaeras (Chimaeroidei), there are three pairs of tooth plates, each developing a cutting or shearing edge. This degree of similarity suggests that Protochimaera is the sister taxon to Chimaeroidei, a proposal supported by a phylogenetic analysis. This position is more derived than Echinochimaera or even some Mesozoic taxa such as Squaloraja and Myriacanthoids.
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72878270
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheniscus%20chilensis
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Spheniscus chilensis
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Spheniscus chilensis is an extinct species of penguin that lived during the Late Pliocene in Chile. The first fossil record of the penguin was discovered on the coast of Antofagasta in 1980, when coastal erosion exposed the first fossilized bone.
Discovery and naming
Spheniscus chilensis was discovered in 1980 at the site Cuenca del Tiburón near Antofagasta, Chile, which is part of the Late Pliocene Caleta Herradura Formation. This is the only locality from which it is known to occur. The fossil remains of S. chilensis consisted of dozens of disarticulated bones from different individuals that had eroded from a nearby rock formation. The specific name "Chilensis" references Chile, the country where it was discovered. See "Spheniscus" for the etymology of the generic name.
The name Diomedea chilensis Molina was published in 1782 in his Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chili (pp. 238--239). This is an available scientific name which has been construed as a synonym of Spheniscus demersus (Linnaeus, 1758) by Elliott Coues in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia ("Material for a Monograph of the Spheniscidae," pp. 173, 209 (1872)). However, W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, in Volume 26 of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum (p. 625), regarded chilensis Molina as indeterminate and suggested that it may actually refer to Spheniscus humboldti, the Humboldt Penguin, which was not formally described until 1834 by Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen.
If Diomedea chilensis Molina is not indeterminate, then it may be construed in the synonymy of Spheniscus humboldti, of which it has priority by 52 years. If it is a synonym of Spheniscus demersus, then it represents a case of secondary homonymy, in which Spheniscus chilensis Emslie & Correa 2003 is the junior secondary homonym.
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72878829
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Andrews%20African%20Methodist%20Episcopal%20Church%20%28Sacramento%2C%20California%29
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Saint Andrews African Methodist Episcopal Church (Sacramento, California)
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Daniel Blue (1796–1884), had founded the church. Blue was formerly enslaved in Kentucky, and had made his fortunes in gold mining in California; and Blue had held his first church service in his own basement. Some of the earliest congregation included Mary Robinson Thames, and Ethel Guinn. The first pastor was Barney Fletcher, however he wasn't officially ordained. Other early pastors included Rev. James Fitzgerald from 1851 to 1852; Rev. A. Giles from 1852 to 1854; Rev. George Fletcher from 1853 to 1854; and Rev. Darius Stokes from 1854 to 1856. Thomas Marcus Decatur Ward had worked as briefly as the first Sunday School teacher and as a pastor. In 1854, Elizabeth Thorn Scott Flood had started an early African American school at her home with the help of this church.
The Saint Andrews African Methodist Episcopal Church had served as a community meeting place. In November 1855, the church was the site of the first California State Convention of Colored Citizens, and the following conventions in 1856, and 1865.
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72880362
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Guingot
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Louis Guingot
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Louis Guingot (3 January 1864–16 December 1948) was a French mural painter and founding member of the École de Nancy (the Nancy School). He was the first French camoufleur in the First World War, credited as the inventor of military camouflage for the French army. In 1914, he created a prototype camouflaged battledress for the French army, which it rejected, only to take up the idea later for artillery guns.
Early life
Louis Guingot was born at Remiremont on 3 January 1864 in Lorraine. He studied art at the Beaux-Arts de Paris in 1880 and at the École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs in Paris. There he was noticed by Pierre-Victor Galland, director of the Manufacture des Gobelins, who included him in his team to participate in the decoration of the Panthéon in Paris and many buildings and castles in Central Europe until 1889. The director of the Théâtre des Variétés then made him its chief decorator for three years.
He married Marie Lambert in 1892 before joining the circle of artists in Nancy. He then spent time with Émile Gallé, painter of the Art Nouveau movement and founder with Louis Majorelle of the Nancy school of painting in 1901. The painter had his villa La Chaumière built by the architects Weissenburger of the Rue d'Auxonne in Nancy. His garden, with structures decorated by many artists of the school of Nancy, was visited by Sisowath, King of Cambodia, and his delegation in July 1906.
Mural painter
Guingot's training as a painter led him to the mural decoration of public and religious buildings in his region, such as the theatres of Verdun, Lunéville and Bussang. He notably painted three frescoes in the church of Vaubexy in around 1900. He worked on the decoration of restaurants and castles such as the chateau of Manoncourt-sur-Seille (Château Colin) in Lorraine, the Vittel casino, the Charmes brasserie, the ceiling of the town hall of Épinal, and the jam factory in Liverdun.
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