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74345566	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amilakhvari%20Dialogue	Amilakhvari Dialogue	The Dimitri Amilakhvari Georgian-French Dialogue is a high-level format of bilateral co-operation between France and Georgia that serves to address a wide range of co-operation issues. A declaration on launching the dialogue was signed in Paris in February 2019 by the President of the French Republic Emmanuel Macron and the President of Georgia Salome Zourabichvili. The dialogue bears the name of a lieutenant-colonel of the Foreign Legion, Dimitri Amilakhvari, cadet of the Georgian national army, who arrived in France in 1922 after the invasion of Georgia by the Soviet army. He was trained in Saint -Cyr, was engaged in the French army, was combatant of the Second World War under the orders of General Koenig and was decorated with the Cross of the Liberation by General de Gaulle. He died for France at the Battle of El-Alamein in Egypt . History The initiative to establish the dialogue was announced by the former Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs of the French Republic, Jean-Yves Le Drian, on May 26, 2018, during his visit to Georgia. On February 19, 2019, during the visit of the President of Georgia Salome Zourabichvili to France, the presidents of the two countries signed a declaration on the establishment of dialogue. On December 2, 2019, in Paris, under the co-presidency of Jean-Yves Le Drian, Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs of the French Republic, and Davit Zalkaliani, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Georgia, the first political session of the dialogue opened.	2.15625
74346002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926%E2%80%9327%20Bowdoin%20Polar%20Bears%20men%27s%20ice%20hockey%20season	1926–27 Bowdoin Polar Bears men's ice hockey season	The 1926–27 Bowdoin Polar Bears men's ice hockey season was the 8th season of play for the program. Season Bowdoin had a difficult time getting on the ice prior to the first game and was forced to find other methods to get ready for the season. Coach Houser had invented a training regimen that mixed football, soccer and basketball called "Houserball" that the team used to keep in shape. The team lost several key members of last year's squad that it would find difficult to replace as three regulars from the freshman team (Rice, Howland and Clark) were ineligible until at least February. The team opened with a practice game against the Westbrook Ramblers, hoping that the match would set them up for the beginning of the in-state series. However, due to the weakness of their opponent, Bowdoin didn't get much benefit out of the game. The Bears had their way with the Ramblers with goals from six different players. Sure enough, once the first game rolled around, the lack of practice and talent showed that the Polar Bears weren't up to their previous standard. Bowdoin was outplayed by Colby all game and were unable to withstand the physicality from the Mules, coming out on the short end of a 2–7 drubbing. Lord played a credible game in goal but he received little help from the defense. The Bears were better in their next game and played New Hampshire close until the Wildcats pulled away with a pair near the end of the game. Lord was again the best player for the team, making 29 saves in the match.	2.21875
74346594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-Christmas	Port-Christmas	From the permanent base at Port-aux-Français, located 115 km to the southeast, Port-Christmas is one of the most isolated and inaccessible areas of the archipelago. Given its distance and, in particular, its mountainous topography, the site is almost never reached by land. It can, however, be reached by sea after sailing at least 100 nautical miles (190 km). Baie de l'Oiseau, at the base of which the site is located, forms the first indentation at the northeastern end of the Loranchet peninsula. The bay is closed off to the north by the Cap-Haïtien\|Cape-Haïtien and to the south by Kerguelen Arch. Port-Christmas is towered over by Table de l'Oiseau (403 m) to the north and Mount Havergal (552 m) to the south. While most of the bay's shores are rocky and often steep, the bottom is occupied by a 350-meter-long black sand beach, formed by the erosion of the surrounding basalt rocks. Here, a stream flows into the sea, after collecting both stormwaters from Mount Havergal and drainage tunnel waters from Lake Rochegude. This lake, located approximately 500 m from the shore at an altitude of 40 m, marks the barrier separating Port-Christmas from Baie Ducheyron to the west. The anchorage at Port-Christmas is 11 meters deep (6 fathoms). It offers a relatively safe haven for sailors who frequent this particularly turbulent part of the ocean caused by the Roaring Forties. Geology The geological environment of Port-Christmas, like that of practically the entire Loranchet Peninsula, is dominated by trap-rocks, terraced basaltic piles formed by the superimposition of lava outpourings around twenty-eight to twenty-nine million years ago.	2.53125
74346594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-Christmas	Port-Christmas	At various points in the bay, between the hard stratum, a few small coal seams emerge. British explorer James Clark Ross noted this as early as 1840. He also noted the presence of fossilized trees, the first of their kind to be spotted in the archipelago. These petrified woods, or simply lignites, found at Port-Christmas and Mount Havergal, mainly belong to the conifer tree families known as Araucariaceae and Cupressaceae, more specifically the Araucarites, Cupressinoxylon, and Cupressoxylon genera, which are similar to those found today in the southernmost regions of the Southern Hemisphere. They bear witness to widespread ancient vegetation and past climates that were milder, or at least did not undergo intense glacial periods. Highlights From Port-Christmas, the sight of the pillars of the Kerguelen Arch is a must. As soon as the archipelago was discovered, Kerguelen mentioned the imposing rocky arch located at the tip of the southern rim at the entrance to Baie de l'Oiseau. It rises to over 100 meters. Named "le Portail" by Kerguelen, then "Arched-Rock" by James Cook, the arch collapsed between 1908 and 1913, leaving only its two basalt columns standing. Port-Christmas also has the geographical distinction of being one of the only land-based antipodes with the United States territory. It corresponds to Kevin, a township in Toole County, in the state of Montana, near the border with Canada. Natural environment When the first navigators landed in the archipelago, they were struck by the abundance of a rich variety of birds. On the Port-Christmas shore itself, Kerguelen's lieutenants, like James Cook, noted the presence of "penguins". A nesting colony of king penguins is still found there today, one of the smallest on Kerguelen with just forty breeders. Elephant seals, known at the time as "sea lions", also frequent the beach.	2.578125
74346594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-Christmas	Port-Christmas	It only took a few years for the previously untouched Desolation Islands to become a coveted land. The first expedition to hunt marine mammals by American ships from the island of Nantucket was documented as early as 1792. The interest of the Americans in undertaking campaigns in the southern seas was even greater, considering that the British had forbidden them to hunt in the northern hemisphere. Christmas Harbour, with its safe anchorage, became a popular stopover throughout the nineteenth century, as it was easy to reach, even if it didn't offer the best shelter in poor weather. In the early 1820s, American explorer and sealing captain Benjamin Morrell (1795–1839) made it his main anchorage. The Kerguelen archipelago was frequented by whalers and sealers until 1909 (with a highpoint between 1840 and 1870). In 1840, British explorer James Clark Ross anchored at Port-Christmas for 68 days, between May and July, as part of a major scientific expedition around the world and towards the poles, with the primary objective of studying geomagnetism. Two temporary observatories were built at the far end of the bay, one dedicated to astronomical observations, and the other to the study of terrestrial magnetism. Every day, at a fixed time, regardless of the weather, magnetism readings were taken simultaneously with a complementary station located almost antipodally in Toronto, Canada. Ross's mission brief included a long series of other physical observations to be carried out: meteorological, oceanographic, hydrographic, as well as a naturalistic component to which the expedition's surgeons, Robert McCormick, Joseph Dalton Hooker and David Lyall, made a major contribution by exploring from Christmas Harbour.	2.84375
74346594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-Christmas	Port-Christmas	In 1838, the American writer Edgar Allan Poe was the first to publish "The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket", translated into French in 1858 by Charles Baudelaire under the title Aventures d'Arthur Gordon Pym. In it, he describes the nearly one-month stay on Christmas Harbour in 1827 by the crew of the Jane Guy vessel, who rescued the two main protagonists. Poe accurately describes the natural harbor and the typical arch, sometimes repeating almost verbatim the description given by seal-hunting captain Benjamin Morrell in A Narrative of Four Voyages, published in 1832. In particular, the protagonist Arthur Pym cites Wasp Harbour, a toponym that only Morrell uses to designate his usual anchorage, which resembles Port-Christmas but whose description is too imprecise to be sure. Jules Verne, using Poe's novel as a theme and plot for his own, sets the first three chapters of An Antarctic Mystery (1897) set in the Desolation Islands, where his hero, the American mineralogist Joerling, spends from June to August 1839 in Christmas Harbour, before sailing south on the schooner Halbrane. Without ever having been there, the French novelist gives a precise geographical description and establishes a fictitious cosmopolitan settlement of around twenty inhabitants centered around Fenimore Atkins, the proprietor of the Au Cormoran-Vert inn, living off the seasonal staging of English and American sealers and whalers. The two 19th-century novelists anchored Port-Christmas in the collective imagination as one of the gateways to the Deep South, the Southern Ocean and the Antarctic continent. Navigator and travel writer Raymond Rallier du Baty docked at Port-Christmas in 1908 to map the archipelago and wrote a literary description in his story On peut aller loin avec des cœurs volontaires.	2.28125
74346651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny%20Gulick	Fanny Gulick	Fanny Gulick (born Frances Hinckley Thomas; April 16, 1798 – May 24, 1883) was a 19th-century American Presbyterian missionary to the Hawaiian Kingdom and to Japan. Fanny and her husband, Rev. Peter Johnson Gulick had eight children, seven of whom also became missionaries. She was the first to instruct the island women in plaiting the straw-like covering of the sugarcane blossom into materials for hats and bonnets — an industry that soon became an important one. Early life and education Frances Hinckley Thomas was born, April 16, 1798 in Lebanon, Connecticut, on Goshen Hill. Her parents were John Thomas (1775-1814) and Elizabeth "Betsy" Hinckley (1774-1811). Fanny's siblings were: Elihu (b. 1792), Charles (b. 1798), and Eliza (b. 1804). In the year 1825, Gulick put herself under the preaching of Mr. Finney, at Utica, New York, and was converted, though not with several attendant circumstances narrated in Mr. Finney's Autobiography, there having evidently been some confusion in his remembrance of the events. Career Having been united in marriage with the Rev. Peter Johnson Gulick on September 5, 1827, they sailed from Boston in November 1827, for the Sandwich Islands, with the fourth company of missionaries to that group. She brought up a family of seven sons and one daughter, six of whom served in foreign missionary service. Having been engaged in Sunday schools in New York City, among the very earliest of those efforts in the U.S., she took to her remote field among the islanders many of the methods then so novel. She accomplished much indirect missionary work. Early on, she taught the native women how to sew and make simple apparel for themselves and their families. She was the first to instruct them in plaiting the straw-like covering of the sugarcane blossom into materials for hats and bonnets — an industry that soon became an important one.	2.34375
74346919	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20Henrietta%20Reilly	M. Henrietta Reilly	She was a teacher in Cincinnati before and during college, teaching music and English in all grades from 1914 to 1928 at St. Edward School, St. Andrew School, Our Lady of Mercy Academy, Elder High School and Mother of Mercy Academy. During this period she earned a B. A. on June 18, 1923, from St. Xavier College (now Xavier University) in Cincinnati, Ohio, and an M. A. in 1925 with a major in sociology and a minor in philosophy. Although Xavier was a Jesuit college for men, she and other sisters from a number of regional congregations were allowed to attend special classes at nights and on weekends. She earned a PhD in 1936 from the Catholic University of America in Washington, DC. She was in residence in Washington off and on, sometimes both studying and teaching at the Teachers' College of the Athenaeum of Ohio. Her dissertation was Self-Symmetric Quadrilaterals In-and-Circumscribed to the Plane Rational Quartic Curve with a Line of Symmetry, directed by Dr. Aubrey E. Landry. In it she cites the mathematic work of other nuns, including Sister Felice Vaudreuil, Sister Helen Sullivan, Sister Laetitia Hill, Sister Domitilla Thuener, Sister Leonarda Burke, and Sister Mary Nicholas Arnoldy. Their inclusion at the opening of the thesis makes it clear she thought of their work as interconnected, and this could form the basis of more research on these sister-mathematicians.	1.984375
74347476	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacov%20Putneanul	Iacov Putneanul	Iacov Putneanul (January 20, 1719–May 15, 1778) was a Romanian-speaking Orthodox cleric who served as Metropolitan of Moldavia. Born in Rădăuți, his parents Adrian and Maria entered monasticism late in life and are buried in the portico of Putna Monastery church. Their son became a monk at Putna in 1731. He was ordained a hieromonk in 1736. He pursued study while at the monastery, where he served as hegumen from 1744 to 1745. He was bishop of Rădăuți from 1745 to 1750 and metropolitan of Moldavia from 1750 to 1760. At the height of his powers, he withdrew to Putna, which he wished to restore to its previous state of flourishing. Together with archimandrite Vartolomei Măzăreanu, he founded a spiritual school there in 1774. Instruction was carried out in Romanian, and the school was modeled on the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. Iacov was an Enlightenment scholar, translator, author of textbooks and developed Romanian-language printing in Moldavia: he assembled and printed a primer, the first in the Romanian lands. He wrote the first list of metropolitans of Moldavia, used in commemorating the dead. By printing a series of religious books (an Apostolos in 1756, a Psaltery in 1757 and a liturgy book in 1758), he secured the place of Romanian in the churches of Moldavia. He died at Putna. Canonized in 2016, his feast day is May 15.	2.046875
74347546	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion%20of%20Surinam%20%281667%29	Invasion of Surinam (1667)	The Invasion of Surinam was a Dutch attempt to capture the English held colony of Surinam in February 1667. The Dutch under the command of Abraham Crijnssen captured the colony without much resistance. Background Following the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch deployed a force under Admiral Abraham Crijnssen to capture Surinam. Crijnssen's force arrived at the mouth of the Suriname River on 25 February 1667. Invasion When he arrived he started bombarding Surinam. After a while William Byam, surrendered after a brief skirmish. Following the surrender, the English colonists in the region were required to pay a sum of 100,000 pounds of sugar as a form of ransom. Subsequently, they were given the choice of leaving or pledging their allegiance to the States of Zealand, a Dutch province. The majority of the English colonists opted to swear allegiance to the Dutch authorities. Many of the English colonists had grown weary of the stringent rule imposed by the English, and Abraham Crijnssen, offered a different approach. He assured them that his intention was not to destroy but to rebuild. As part of his efforts, Crijnssen renamed the town of Paramaribo as Nieuw-Middelburg and Fort Willoughby as Fort Zeelandia. To transport the significant amount of sugar collected as part of the ransom, Crijnssen arranged for it to be shipped to Zealand using the vessel Aardenburg.	2.921875
74348260	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrodactyle	Petrodactyle	Petrodactyle (meaning "stone finger") is an extinct genus of ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Late Jurassic Mörnsheim Formation (Solnhofen limestone) of Bavaria, Germany. The genus contains a single species, P. wellnhoferi, known from a partial skeleton belonging to a subadult individual. Petrodactyle is one of the largest Solnhofen pterosaurs and one of the largest Jurassic pterosaurs, with an estimated wingspan of . Discovery and naming The holotype and only known specimen, LF 2809, was recovered from the "Dritte Rosa" layer of the Mörnsheim Formation, near Mühlheim in Bavaria, Germany. The specimen was initially discovered in a public visitor's quarry by Günther Zehetner and excavated by quarry owners Roland Pöschl and Uli Leonhard. LF 2809 was acquired by the Lauer Foundation for Paleontology, Science and Education in 2015 and is permanently deposited in their collections. In 2023, Hone et al. described Petrodactyle wellnhoferi as a new genus and species of ctenochasmatid pterosaur based on these fossil remains. The generic name, "Petrodactyle", is derived from the Ancient Greek words petro, meaning "stone", and dactylus, meaning "finger". The name references the name given to Pterodactylus in its initial description in 1809, "Ptero-Dactyle", which was mistakenly printed as "Petro-Dactyle" on the cover. The specific name, "wellnhoferi" honours pterosaur researcher Peter Wellnhofer. Classification Hone et al. (2023) assigned Petrodactyle to the clade Ctenochasmatidae as a possible member or relative of the family Gallodactylidae. In their 2024 description of Skiphosoura, Hone et al. scored Petrodactyle into an extensively modified version of the phylogenetic dataset of Pêgas (2024). As was initially speculated by Hone and colleagues in 2023, Petrodactyle was recovered as closely affiliated with gallodactylid taxa such as Normannognathus and Cycnorhamphus. The results of their phylogenetic analysis are displayed in the cladogram below, with derived taxa abbreviated for simplicity.	2.53125
74348378	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poodle%20Dog%20Pass	Poodle Dog Pass	Poodle Dog Pass is a pass in the Cascade Mountains of Snohomish County, Washington. It is just above Silver Lake in the Henry M. Jackson Wilderness; it was described in 1917 as "The pass at the head of Sunday Creek just before reaching Silver Lake from Monte Cristo" and was formerly part of a route between mining operations at Mineral City, Washington and Monte Cristo, Washington, which are now both ghost towns in Snohomish County. According to one history, prospector Joseph Pearsall saw an enormous galena ore lode while surveying the countryside from Hubbart's Peak in 1889, took Poodle Dog to assess it, and his discovery led to the development of Monte Cristo. According to another history, the pass was named in honor of a dog belonging to Frank Peabody, an associate of Pearsall. A primitive trail, Poodle Dog Pass-Silver Lake-Twin Lakes Trail (F.S. trail 708), leads to the pass and beyond. The U.S. Forest Service describes a steep, scree section up from the pass to a 5,400-foot viewpoint as "a system of braided, intermittent boot paths ... two miles that feel like five".	2.078125
74348388	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris%20Kilias	Doris Kilias	Doris Kilias (née Galuhn, formerly Erpenbeck, 22 July 1942 – 1 June 2008) was a German Arabist and literary translator, best known for being the German translator of Nobel Prize winner Naguib Mahfouz. Biography Kilias grew up in post-war Bernau near Berlin in East Germany and attended Humboldt University of Berlin, where she studied Arabic and Romance studies under Rita Schober. After years of studying in Egypt, she received her doctorate from Karl Marx University (now Leipzig University) in 1974 and her habilitation from Humboldt University in 1984. Apart from numerous novels by Naguib Mafouz, she also translated works by Gamal al-Ghitani, Abdelhamid ben Hadouga, Yusuf al-Qa'id, Miral al-Tahawy, Emily Nasrallah, Mohamed Choukri, Salwa Al Neimi, Rajaa al-Sanea, and others. In 1999, she received the Jane Scatcherd Prize for her "precise translations that provide insights into another culture". Whenever the language of her translations of Arabic authors was highlighted in reviews without their name being mentioned, she reacted with incomprehension: "They probably think he writes in German!" Kilias was the mother of German writer Jenny Erpenbeck.	2
74349371	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20M.%20Levesque	André M. Levesque	Levesque is president of Amicitia France-Canada, an organization which commemorates the historical friendship between France and Canada. He is Delegate General of Souvenir français au Canada, and president of the delegation of Canadian military medals at the Société Nationale d'Entraide de la Médaille Militaire. He is on the Committee of Experts on Commemorations for Canada's Capital with the National Capital Commission. He is a volunteer historian with the Grays and Blues of Montreal, and also volunteers with the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada, the Order of St. Lazarus, Grand Priory in Canada, Friends of the Canadian War Museum, Association des anciens combattants français résident en Ontario et au Manitoba, Association des décorés de la Légion d'honneur (Région de la capitale du Canada), Florida National Cemetery, RED (Remember Everyone Deployed) Brigade Volunteer Corps, Royal Canadian Air Force Association, the Perley and Rideau Veterans' Health Centre, the Royal Canadian Legion, Scouts Canada, Veterans Initiatives Network of Prince Edward Island, and Veterans Voices of Canada, Flags of Remembrance. Honours, arms and awards Levesque has received the following orders and medals. Awards 1999: Certified Economic Developer – Fellowship, Economic Developers Association of Canada 2000: Head of the Public Service Award, Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Project 2000: Canadian Armed Forces, Assistant Deputy Minister (Human Resources – Military) Commendation 2001: Canadian Armed Forces, Assistant Deputy Minister (Human Resources – Military) Commendation 2003: Canadian Armed Forces, Assistant Deputy Minister (Human Resources – Military) Commendation 2003: Certified Human Resources Professional, Canadian Council of Human Resources Associations 2005: French Senate Medal of Honour (France) 2008: Department of National Defence, Deputy Minister’s Commendation 2008: Governor General’s certificate of appreciation for “the historic production of Canada’s highest honour, the Victoria Cross”	1.914063
74349502	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery%20in%20al-Andalus	Slavery in al-Andalus	Slavery in al-Andalus was a practice throughout Al-Andalus and the Iberian Peninsula (present-day Spain and Portugal) between the 8th-century and the 15th century. This includes the periods of the Emirate of Córdoba (756–929), the Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031), the Taifas (11th century), Almoravid rule (1085–1145), Almohad rule (1147–1238), and the Emirate of Granada (1232–1492). Slavery in al-Andalus was regulated in accordance with Islamic law. Non-Muslims foreigners were viewed as legitimate targets of enslavement. Since al-Andalus was a situated in the religious border zone, it had the conditions necessary to become a center of slave trade between Christian and Pagan Europe and the Muslim Middle East. Slaves were trafficked to al-Andalus via a number of different routes. The centuries long reconquista between Muslim and Christian Iberia resulted in numerous Christian slaves captured during the constant warfare and slave raids across Iberian borders. Christian Europe exported Pagan Europeans as slaves to al-Andalus via the Prague slave trade through Christian France. Pagan Vikings exported Christian slaves captured in Christian Europe to the Muslims in al-Andalus. Muslim Saracen pirates captured and sold Christian Europeans captured in slave raids along the shores of the Mediterranean to the slave markets of al-Andalus. African slaves were trafficked to al-Andalus from the South across the Sahara desert via the Trans-Saharan slave trade. Slaves in al-Andalus were used in a similar manner as in other Muslim states. Female slaves were used primarily as domestic servants, prostitution and private harem concubines (sex slaves). Male slaves were used for a number of different tasks, but primarily divided in to eunuchs, who could be given prestigious tasks; laborers; or as slave soldiers. al-Andalus functioned as both a destination as well as a place of transit of the slave trade of European slaves from the North to the rest of the Muslim world in the South and the East. Background	3
74349502	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery%20in%20al-Andalus	Slavery in al-Andalus	Islamic law prohibited Muslims from enslaving other Muslims, and there was thus a big market for non-Muslim slaves in Islamic territory. The Vikings sold both Christian and Pagan European captives to the Muslims, who referred to them as saqaliba; these slaves were likely both Pagan Slavic, Finnic and Baltic Eastern Europeans as well as Christian Western Europeans. Forming relations between the Umayyads, Khārijites and 'Abbāsids, the flow of trafficked people from the main routes of the Sahara towards Al-Andalus served as a highly lucrative trade configuration. The archaeological evidence of human trafficking and proliferation of early trade in this case follows numismatics and materiality of text. This monetary structure of consistent gold influx proved to be a tenet in the development of Islamic commerce. In this regard, the slave trade outperformed and was the most commercially successful venture for maximizing capital. This major change in the form of numismatics serves as a paradigm shift from the previous Visigothic economic arrangement. Additionally, it demonstrates profound change from one regional entity to another, the direct transfer of people and pure coinage from one religiously similar semi-autonomous province to another. Almohad conquest The Almohads broke Islamic law by taking Muslim women and children as slaves during the conquest of the Almoravid Emirate in the 12th-century. Islamic law allowed Muslims to take non-Muslims as slaves, but not Muslims. However, the Almohads defined Muslims who were not followers of Almohadism as unbelivers (takfir) and therefore viewed them as legitimate to enslave. While adult men were killed, women and children were taken captive and sold as slaves and even kept as concubines, something normally only allowed for non-Muslim women. When Abd al-Mu'min took the fortress Dai, two women were taken as captives who became his concubines, one of whom became the mother of his son Abu Said Uthman.	2.890625
74349502	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery%20in%20al-Andalus	Slavery in al-Andalus	The slaves of the Caliph were often European saqaliba slaves trafficked from Northern or Eastern Europe. The Saqaliba were mostly assigned to palaces as guards, concubines, and eunuchs, although they were sometimes privately owned. While male saqaliba could be given work in a number of tasks, such as offices in the kitchen, falconry, mint, textile workshops, the administration or the royal guard (in the case of harem guards, they were castrated), female saqaliba were placed in the harem. The Sub-Saharan African Pagans were often given more laborious chores than the saqaliba-slaves. Female slaves In the Islamic world, female slaves were targeted for either use as domestic house slave maidservants, or for sexual slavery in the form of concubinage. In certain Islamic periods such as Al-Andalus, female slaves could also be selected for training as slave artists, known as qiyan. Domestic slavery was a common enslavement for women in the Muslim world. Since free Muslim women were expected to live in gender segregated seclusion in as high degree as possible, they generally did not work as maidservants, which created a high demand for domestic female slaves in the Muslim world. Female slaves in al-Andalus could also be used as slave artists. The Caliphate of Cordoba continued the tradition of the Umayyad Caliphate to instruct a category of female slaves to become entertainers; qiyan. The female qiyan slave entertainer, often referred to as "singing slave girls", were instructed in a number of accomplishments, such as poetry, music, recitating akhbar (accounts or anecdotes), calligraphy and shadow puppetry.	3.15625
74349513	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation%20Army%20Headquarters%20%28Manhattan%29	Salvation Army Headquarters (Manhattan)	The Salvation Army Headquarters is a building at 120–130 West 14th Street in the Chelsea and Greenwich Village neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City. The building, owned by charitable organization the Salvation Army, is composed of a four-story auditorium named the Centennial Memorial Temple, a 12-story office building, and a 17-story dormitory named the Markle Evangeline. All three sections were designed in the Art Deco style by Ralph Thomas Walker of Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker and were constructed from 1928 to 1930 as the headquarters for the Salvation Army. The auditorium and office building are also New York City designated landmarks. The building contains a facade of cast stone and buff brick. The office wing on 14th Street is sparsely decorated, although Walker used brick and cast stone, as well as stepped archways, to create a textile-like appearance. East of the office wing is the Centennial Memorial Temple, with a triple-story opening whose design was intended to welcome visitors. The dormitory, in the rear of the building, contains setbacks to comply with the 1916 Zoning Resolution. The building's main auditorium had between 1,600 and 2,000 seats, while the dormitory had 220 rooms that were originally reserved for women. The building also had a recreation center and offices for the Salvation Army.	2.0625
74349513	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation%20Army%20Headquarters%20%28Manhattan%29	Salvation Army Headquarters (Manhattan)	The Salvation Army had developed its first building on the site in the 1890s, at which time the adjacent stretch of 14th Street was largely commercial. At the time of the original building's opening, 14th Street was a busy entertainment district with many theaters, hotels, and stores. The building formerly faced a New York Army National Guard armory across 14th Street, prompting The New York Times to write that "two rather different military groups face each other across the busy street". Architecture The Salvation Army Headquarters consists of a four-story auditorium and 11-story office building on 14th Street, as well as a 17-story dormitory on 13th Street. All three buildings were designed by the firm of Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker for the Salvation Army, a charitable organization, in the Art Deco style. Ralph Walker of that firm was largely responsible for the design. According to architect and historian Robert A. M. Stern, the building's design signified a "refinement" of his tendency to use Dutch and German Expressionist elements in his structures. Form and facade	2.34375
74349513	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation%20Army%20Headquarters%20%28Manhattan%29	Salvation Army Headquarters (Manhattan)	Construction and opening After Catherine Booth died in 1890, American Salvationists began raising money for the construction of a regional headquarters in her honor. Ballington Booth acquired an approximately site at 120–124 West 14th Street in March 1893 to erect a six-story building dedicated to his mother. Ballington also bought an approximately lot on 13th Street, connected to the 14th Street site by a trapezoidal gore. At the time, the Salvation Army occupied a barracks on part of the 14th Street lot. In May 1894, Gilbert A. Schellenger completed plans for an eight-story headquarters building for the Salvation Army, which was published in The War Cry magazine two months later. A groundbreaking ceremony for the headquarters began on June 28. 1894, and the cornerstone of the original 14th Street building was laid on August 15, 1894. The building was expected to cost $120,000, excluding the $200,000 cost of the land. That November, Ballington Booth received a $200,000 mortgage from the Dime Savings Bank of New York to fund the building's construction.	2.15625
74349513	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation%20Army%20Headquarters%20%28Manhattan%29	Salvation Army Headquarters (Manhattan)	Early 20th century The Salvation Army opened a women's home at 127 West 13th Street in December 1900. This dormitory could shelter up to 15 women at once. Under the Booth-Tuckers' tenure, the Salvation Army expanded its services and outreach programs for the needy. The organization also operated a training school in a building just west of its 14th Street headquarters. William and Catherine Booth's youngest child, Evangeline Booth, began leading the Salvation Army in the United States in 1904. After the Salvation Army failed to pay taxes on the 14th Street property, the city government sold the building at auction to I. Roth in June 1905. Meanwhile, the Salvation Army had reorganized its American operations during the early 20th century, forming the Western and Eastern territories in 1907; the Eastern Territory was headquartered at the 14th Street building. Around 1907, the Salvation Army acquired the neighboring Douglas-Cruger Mansion, a building whose facade was dominated by a large flight of stairs. The house had previously served as a residence for members of the Roosevelt family, galleries for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and a saloon and banquet hall. This structure became the Salvation Army's training school and later also contained the printing department and staff headquarters. The architect William S. Barker filed plans in 1910 for alterations to the headquarters building's interior. With the growth of the Salvation Army's operations, the organization could no longer fit all its offices in the 14th Street headquarters. As such, the Salvation Army bought additional structures on 13th and 14th Streets from 1913 to 1923. The three-story training school at 126–128 West 14th Street burned down in February 1918, killing two people. Shortly afterward, Barker was rehired to redesign the training school as a four-story structure. The Salvation Army opened the Red Shield Club for Service Men at 128 West 14th Street in February 1919, after that structure was rebuilt.	2.84375
74349736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lina%20Marsh	Lina Marsh	Lina Marsh (born 1972/73) is a mixed-media artist, arts educator and curator based in Gisborne, New Zealand. Her works often feature elements of handicrafts such as weaving and embroidery, and explore issues of identity as a Niuean-Māori woman and incorporate her personal experiences. Early life and education Marsh grew up in Auckland and Hokianga and is of Niuean and Māori descent. Her mother migrated from Niue to Auckland as a young child in the 1950s. Her father was Māori and from Horeke, Hokianga, where Marsh spent most of her early childhood. Her parents met at Western Springs College and were members of the Polynesian Panthers, a political movement advocating against racial injustice. Marsh attended Mt Roskill Grammar School where she excelled at art. Marsh's art has been inspired by her mother and grandmother, who imparted sewing skills that became foundational to her later works. At the age of 8, Marsh joined her local knitting club, and went on to develop her crafting skills under the guidance of her mother, grandmother, and other women in the community. Marsh has said she sees stitching as a form of ritual connecting her to her matriarchal line and femininity. Her Niuean heritage, commemorated through handicrafts, embroidery, crochet, and stitching, became a significant influence. Marsh went on to study at Whitecliffe College of Arts and Design, where she exhibited and won several awards for her work. She graduated from Whitecliffe with a Bachelor of Fine Arts, majoring in painting, and later completed a diploma in secondary teaching. Career	2.671875
74349736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lina%20Marsh	Lina Marsh	Artwork At Whitecliffe College of Arts and Design, Marsh incorporated her personal experiences as a Pasifika-Māori woman into her paintings and addressed issues such as feminism, colonisation, assimilation, migration and contemporary Pacific cultures. She has continued to explore these themes in her post-graduation career, including through mixed media artworks and the use of print-making, collage, sculpture, crochet, embroidery and knitting. Through the Pacific Studies teacher at Whitecliffe she began working with Tautai Pacific Arts Trust. Marsh participated in the worldwide exhibition CowParade in 2002 creating a woven cow using 600 harakeke. After moving to Gisborne in 2005, she exhibited her work as part of the National Women's Art Exhibition held there in 2006 and received an award. The following year she won the sculpture category in the same exhibition for her work Tahi, Tahi, One, which involved the creation of hiapo (traditional Niuean cloth) ponchos. In Rarotonga in 2007 she exhibited work for the show Longitude, which also travelled to Switzerland in 2011. Tahi, Tahi, One was exhibited as part of the Kau Auloa exhibition at the first Niue Arts and Culture Taoga Festival in 2009. A decade later in 2019 Marsh returned to the island to paint a mural for the same annual festival. She has painted a number of notable murals in Gisborne, including artworks for the Gisborne District Council and for Makaraka School. In 2018 she painted a mural for Gisborne's public library. In 2017 she participated in the exhibition Te Ha which commemorated James Cook's first encounter with Māori at Te Tairawhiti. Her works, displayed in Gisborne shops, were miniature sculptures that often commented on societal issues affecting Māori and Pasifika communities.	2.34375
74349810	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Reinhart	Friedrich Reinhart	Political activity in the Weimar years In an attempt in January 1920 to get a number of banks to support the Kapp Putsch against the government of the Weimar Republic, Reinhart expressed his approval in writing. As a conservative and a German nationalist, Reinhart was sympathetic with the rising fascist movement of the 1920s and joined the Society for the Study of Fascism (Gesellschaft zum Studium des Faschismus), which included many other prominent conservative business leaders and economists, such as Hjalmar Schacht, Fritz Thyssen, Walther Funk and Waldemar Pabst. On 21 October 1931, Reinhart was among 25 leaders of industry, banking, labor and agriculture who were named by Reich President Paul von Hindenburg to an economic advisory board to address problems in the German economy. The board was charged with deciding the manner and degree to which prices and wages would be reduced in accordance with Reich Chancellor Heinrich Brüning's deflationary policy. Subsequently, Reinhart published an article in the Frankfurter Zeitung on 8 February 1932, launching a campaign for German economic self-sufficiency and calling for rearmament and imperialism. Reinhart also belonged to the Keppler circle, a study group initially of about a dozen business and industry leaders originally formed as an economic study group by Wilhelm Keppler early in 1932 at the suggestion of Adolf Hitler. On 19 November 1932, along with Schacht and Thyssen, Reinhart was one of the 19 signatories of the Industrielleneingabe (industrial petition) to Hindenburg, which strongly advocated for the appointment of Hitler as Chancellor.	2.046875
74350409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/159th%20Fighter%20Aviation%20Regiment	159th Fighter Aviation Regiment	The regiment took part in the Krasnoye Selo–Ropsha offensive in January 1944 and in June supported the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive on the Karelian Isthmus. During the summer of 1944 the 159th supported the Narva offensive, the Tartu offensive, and the Tallinn offensive into Estonia. On 11 September 1944 the regiment received a squadron of ten Kittyhawks from the 191st IAP, departing for the Karelian Front, which were operationally subordinated to the 159th. For its performance in the battle for Tallinn, the regiment received the name of the city as an honorific on 22 October. With the 275th IAD, the regiment flew 4,256 combat sorties with the loss of 80 aircraft and 41 pilots from 2 December 1942 to the end of its combat service. The regiment lost 78 La-5s and two UTI-4s in 1943 and 1944. The 159th did not see combat from November to the end of the war, covering the coast of Estonia and remaining in readiness to reinforce the Soviet aviation forces in Courland. Major Vasily Khodaryev became regimental commander in November. The regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 16 December for its performance in the capture of Saaremaa. From 28 April to 4 June the regiment retrained on the Yakovlev Yak-9 and was reorganized according to shtat 015/364. During the war, the regiment flew 8,681 combat sorties, the majority in 1941 and 1942 in defense of stationary targets and the majority in 1944 providing air cover for ground troops. The regiment lost 161 aircraft during the war, of which 107 were combat losses, mainly in air battles. 66 pilots were killed, mostly in air battles.	2.015625
74352595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaragig%C5%8D%20Site	Ayaragigō Site	The is an archaeological site with a Yayoi period settlement, located in the Ayaragi neighborhood of the city of Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi in the San'yō region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site in 1969 with the area under protection expanded in 1981. Overview The Ayaragigō site is located about 250 meters east of the present-day coast of Hibiki Bay on a silica sand plateau with an elevation of 20 to 30 meters. Yayoi pottery and stone tools were discovered on the site in 1898 and full scale archaeological excavation began from 1956. The settlement was surrounded by a substantial ring moat, more than two meters wide and three meters deep, with a V-shaped cross-section. Within the settlement were over 1000 underground storage pits, which were found to contain carbonized grains such as rice and wheat, as well as seeds such as yew, peach, and chestnut, as well as bones of wild boar, Sitka deer, Japanese raccoon dog, and whales, as well as red sea bream, and clams, including abalone. This indicates that the settlement was based almost equally on farming and fishing. More than 2,000 earthenware items, including large pots, earthen weights, spindle wheels and human-faced figurines were found. The stone tools included agricultural tools, weapons, fishing tools, and accessories. Metal utensils included sickles and knives. The settlement appeared to have been at its peak in the early Yayoi period, and to have declined in the middle Yayoi period, although remains from the Kofun period, Heian period, Kamakura period and the Muromachi period indicated that the site continued to be in continuous use into the premodern period.	2.828125
74353364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe%20V%C3%A9nus%20Lighthouse	Pointe Vénus Lighthouse	The Pointe Vénus lighthouse ( or ) is a lighthouse located in the commune of Mahina, in the far north of the island of Tahiti in French Polynesia. It marks the north of the island and marks the bay of Matavai. It was the first lighthouse in the South Pacific. History Point Venus owes its name to the observatory that James Cook built in 1770 to observe the transit of Venus. This point was the landing place for many explorers such as Louis Antoine de Bougainville and Samuel Wallis. A lantern was first placed on the site in 1856, and the lighthouse was constructed in 1867. It was lit for the first time on 1 January 1868. It was then equipped with a fixed white light, visible at 215 miles. During the Second World War, it was camouflaged by the inhabitants who painted it with coconut palms with their palms and their nuts to remove any point of reference for a Japanese landing fleet. Current lighthouse The lighthouse is a square tower of eight floors, built in rubble and coral to a height of 25 meters. It was raised 9 meters in 1953. The lighthouse is also used today for aerial navigation thanks to additional lenses for aerial beams. Renovations to restore the lighthouse and install a new lighting system were announced in November 2023.	2.53125
74353956	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Binns%20%28radio%20operator%29	Jack Binns (radio operator)	John "Jack" Robinson Binns (16 September 1884 – 8 December 1959) was a British merchant seaman, journalist, and the wireless officer on the ocean liner RMS Republic during her last voyage. He holds the distinction of being the first person in history to send a CQD distress signal, which led to a successful rescue at sea. Early life John Jack Robinson Binns was born in a workhouse in Brigg, Lincolnshire, England, on 16 September 1884. Binns' father died two days after his birth and his mother followed a year later. He was brought up by his paternal grandmother. He was educated at Saint Marks Primary School and the National Boys School in Peterborough. His first job was as a messenger for the Great Eastern Railway, during which he was injured and spent six months in hospital. In 1898, at the age of 14, Binns began to study telegraphy. On reaching the age of 18 in 1902, he worked in a post office before joining the British Marconi Company. In 1905 he was appointed wireless officer on the White Star Liner RMS Republic. RMS Republic Binns joined the Republic on 22 January 1909 on a voyage from New York City to Italy with 1,600 passengers and crew. The ship had barely left New York harbour when she was caught in a fog bank off Nantucket, Massachusetts. At 5:47 a.m. on 23 January 1909, the Italian ocean liner SS Florida suddenly emerged from the fog and struck the Republic amidships. The collision killed three crew members on the Florida and three passengers on the Republic, crushing the bow of the Florida and leaving a large gash in the side of the Republic.	2.328125
74354668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motunau%20/%20Plate%20Island	Motunau / Plate Island	Motunau / Plate Island is a small island in the Bay of Plenty, roughly off New Zealand's North Island at Okurei Point and a similar distance east-south-east from the much larger Mōtītī Island. The island is split into northern and southern portions by a small channel as narrow as across, with several small sea stacks surrounding the two main parts of the island. Like many of the other islands in the Bay of Plenty, Motunau is volcanic in origin and lacks any permanent fresh water source, and as a result has not seen permanent settlement by humans. The lack of human interaction with the island or introduced predators has led to Motunau becoming home to a range of native animal species, including a population of tuatara, as well as a breeding colony of kekeno (New Zealand fur seals) and several seabirds. As a result of this, the island was legally protected as a wildlife sanctuary in 1969, and in 2021 the surrounding ocean was designated a Marine Protection Area. History Motunau has held significance for local Māori as a navigational marker and mahinga kai (food gathering site) since before Pākehā settlement. The island was used to collect tītī by members of Ngāti Whakahemo, an iwi local to the area, while the waters around it were a rich source of seafood such as kina. The island's name comes from the Māori words , meaning "island", and , referring to Lepidium oleraceum, a herb which was formerly common around the island and which was used by Captain Cook's crew to combat scurvy.	2.734375
74354668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motunau%20/%20Plate%20Island	Motunau / Plate Island	Māori interaction with the island was limited to temporary visits, due to the lack of a permanent freshwater source on the island. Despite this, the island has maintained its connection with local Māori throughout the history of Pākehā settlement in New Zealand, forming part of the rohe of Ngāti Whakahemo and continuing to be owned by that iwi to this day. This ownership has persisted despite the island's designation as a wildlife sanctuary in 1969, which imposed restrictions on who is able to land on the island. Representatives of Ngāti Whakahemo act as (guardians) for the island in partnership with the Department of Conservation, and although access to the island is controlled by DOC, members of the wider iwi are able to maintain a degree of customary access to the island. Further protections were added to the surrounding ocean in 2021, with the establishment of a Marine Protection Area around Motunau / Plate Island, Motuhaku Island, and Astrolabe Reef. Geography Motunau / Plate Island is situated roughly to the northeast of Okurei Point, on New Zealand's North Island. As with other islands in the Bay of Plenty (such as the active Whakaari / White Island, Mayor Island / Tūhua, or the nearby Mōtītī Island), Motunau / Plate Island is volcanic in origin, sitting at the northern end of the Taupō Volcanic Zone. The island is the tip of a larger mount which extends roughly above the seafloor of the Bay, and is one of three similar rises in the immediate area (the other two of which are fully submerged). A narrow channel splits the island into two portions: a northern island of roughly and a larger southern island of . Several sea stacks surround the island, while on Motunau itself, cliffs and course breccia cover much of the island's coastline, limiting access points to small corners of each island. The centre of the island consists of a plateau formed by the surrounding ridges, reaching a height of approximately above sea level.	2.75
74354870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature%20and%20Dogma	Literature and Dogma	Chapters VI–VII The two chapters which follow are entitled, respectively, "The New Testament Record" and "The Testimony of Jesus to himself". According to Arnold, there is no call for profound historical or philological study to aid in the treatment of the questions which come up; we have the account of one man, who, it might almost be said, is nearly a contemporary of ours, in comparison with the ancient Israelites; we have often his very words, and, although they will carry a different meaning to every heart, varying with the nature and experience of the individual, they nevertheless were spoken directly to men; they were not designed as subjects for abstruse discussion or dogmatic reasoning. Chapters VIII–X The two following chapters, "The Early Witnesses" ("Faith in Christ") and "Aber glaube re-invading", discuss the later books of the New Testament, and the appearance and spread of certain of the dogmas of the Church. He gives instances of the way in which literal criticism has perverted the true meaning of texts, and draws an outline of the main differences between Catholicism and Protestantism. This is followed by a chapter entitled "Our 'Masses' and the Bible". Chapter XI This chapter is titled 'The True Greatness of the Old Testament' Chapter XII In his chapter, "The true Greatness of Christianity," Arnold writes: "But there is this difference between the religion of the Old Testament and Christianity. Of the religion of the Old Testament we can pretty well see to the end; we can trace fully enough the experimental proof of it in history. But of Christianity the future is as yet almost unknown. For that the world cannot get on without righteousness we have the clear experience, and a grand and admirable experience it is. But what the world will become by the thorough use of that which is really righteousness, the method and the secret and the secret reasonableness of Jesus, we have as yet hardly any experience at all." Analysis	2.234375
74355768	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manteri	Manteri	The Manteri (Minister or Officer) are a group of royal dignitaries within the Sultanate of Brunei whose position ranks the fourth-highest official in the country behind the Sultan. There are two main groups in the Manteri, namely the Manteri Berchiri and the Manteri Bertauliah. Each person who is given a position in the Manteri is also given a certain title. They are also referred to in official speech and correspondence with specific honorific references. The title of Manteri is given to ordinary people and is held in a ceremony, which for the awarding of the title of Pehin Manteri, it is known as "menyampiri gelaran". History Prior to the British protectorate, Bruneian titles were bestowed with office positions and designated responsibilities, which gave the designated officials access to political power. These officials were frequently granted kuripan (territorial powers), which enabled them to manage finances, collect taxes, and uphold the law in their respective territories. On the other hand, Wazir (Vizier) like Pengiran Temenggong had to obtain permission from the Sultan in order to try major offences like those involving murder or mutilation. The kuripan was associated with the official's rank and was intended to pass back to the Sultan in the event of the official's demise or promotion, however it frequently stayed in the family in cases when the successor assumed the role. The system was dismantled and kuripan's management was given to the government upon the arrival of the British Resident, who also centralised power under his watch. In the previous political system, being a title or office holder was not only a privilege but also came with important obligations in a hierarchical structure. Officials helped in state administration by serving as a go-between for the monarch and the populace. Many of the initial tasks have altered throughout time, but the symbolic significance of titles and their relationship to political power remain.	2.296875
74355768	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manteri	Manteri	Functions Although titles are still awarded today, the functions that they entail have changed to reflect the needs of the contemporary political structure. For instance, Jamil Al-Sufri, the current bearer of the noble title Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja, which is charged with monitoring information, is the Principal of the Brunei History Centre. On another note, the nomination of traditional officials persists even though the contemporary administrative system has practically superseded the ancient political system. In addition to serving ceremonially, these officers serve as a conduit between the Sultan and his subjects, advising him on issues that impact the country as a whole. High-ranking government officials in Brunei, such as the senior Wazir, Pengiran Bendahara, and Pengiran Paduka Tuan, oversee Islamic religious affairs to strengthen Islam in the country. The Manteri-Manteri Ugama, with appointed officers like Mudim, have managed Islamic matters since the time of Sultan Saiful Rijal. Despite British rule, these religious leaders continued to influence national affairs, as exemplified by Pehin Tuan Imam Haji Mohidin bin Nakhoda Jambul's appointment to the State Council in 1907. This illustrates the government's efforts to elevate Islam's role in Brunei. Hierarchy The Manteri offices and those held by non-nobles are equivalent to Cheteria. Differentiation among the non-noble officialdom is even more intricate than it is within the aristocratic orders, nevertheless. Higher and lower non-noble officials are the two general categories into which non-noble officials fall. The two can be officially distinguished from one another by their ceremonial outfit and method of inauguration. Like the noble officials, the higher non-noble officials are sworn in using a sacred phrase called Chiri (one of the important position in the enthronement), which is made up of terms from Sanskrit, Arabic, and Malay.	2.53125
74355861	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n%20Castella%20Garc%C3%ADa-Duarte	Concepción Castella García-Duarte	María Concepción Castella y García-Duarte (1889–1966) was a Spanish writer, in literature known by the name of Concepción Castella de Zavala. She was the author of some 25 novels, published between 1936 and 1950. Intended for a popular audience, they combined action and romance; they also promoted traditional values like patriotism, family and religion. As she embraced the Carlist outlook, her prose is also saturated with Traditionalism. Today her literary production is considered of minor importance and low quality; it is usually categorized as second-rate prose of early Francoism. She is mostly ignored by historians of literature, though she might be acknowledged when discussing novels related to feminist threads or local Granada customs. Family and youth The Castella surname appears mostly along the Spanish Mediterranean coast, especially in Catalonia and the Baleares, yet it is not clear what branch Concepción descended from. Some sources claim that her paternal grandfather, unknown by name, was related to banking, probably in Granada. He was married to Trinidad González-Aurioles Castaldo (born 1833); she was daughter to Miguel González-Aurioles, a pipe organ builder known for works in Granada churches of the early 19th century. Nothing further is known about the couple, except that they formed part of the well-off burgesía granadina. Their son and the father of Concepción, Ricardo Castella y González-Aurioles (died 1925), was educated as a lawyer; in the 1890s and 1900s he practiced as attorney and judge in the Salvador district. Some sources refer to him also as a banquero; at various points in time he managed municipality-run institutions like Hospital de San Lázaro and was teaching law at Real Colegio de San Bartolomé y Santiago in Granada. At the turn of the centuries he was councilor in the Granada ayuntamiento and served as teniente de alcalde, the deputy mayor; in the early 1910s he was president of Junta Municipal del Censo.	2.0625
74355861	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n%20Castella%20Garc%C3%ADa-Duarte	Concepción Castella García-Duarte	Before the war Castella “collaborated with one or another magazine”. Her first works identified were stories serialized in Barcelona-based reviews; La piedra filosofal in a literary magazine Lecturas (1935) and ¿Heroes? in a Catholic weekly La Hormiga de Oro (1936). The latter told a story of a young officer, who sacrificed his love for a woman to take care of own mother and younger siblings, suddenly in financial dire straits. The story revealed some of future trademark features of Castella's prose: romantic threads discussed against the background of moral obligations. In the spring of 1936 as “Concepción Castellá” she published a short novel Campana la de la Vela; evoking a Granadan romantic legend, it explored dilemmas of the local well-off. Castella's most productive period was the Civil War. She penned three short novels (80–90 pages each) with plot in wartime setting: Guerra en el frente, paz en las almas (1937) was related to the siege of alcázar in Toledo, Hágase tu voluntad (1938) dwelled upon heroism of Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza defenders, El Alférez provisional (1939) presented deeds of a young man turned officer. All books featured as protagonists the patriotic Spaniards who joined National troops, though some of them – like in Hágase... – might have gone a long way from aristocratic frivolity to heroism. Another set of her novels revolved aroung Granadan customs and legends, usually with strong amorous ingredient; Juan sin alma, Vivamos sin el amor and Los duendes del Albaicin (all 1938), Cruz de flores and Golondrina (both 1939).	2.609375
74355861	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n%20Castella%20Garc%C3%ADa-Duarte	Concepción Castella García-Duarte	The Francoist press of the late 1930s and the early 1940s used to acknowledge Castella's novels favorably on literary or culture pages, though without particular fanfare; many notes were reproduced literally across various newspapers. According to one historian, she was “among the women writers who have received scant, if any, critical attention”. In brief newspaper notes Castella was referred as “inspired novelist”, “inspired author”, “highly cultured writer”, “illustrious novelist”, “writer endowed with great sensitivity and imagination” etc. Her prose was praised for “vividness of colors”, “deeply felt emotion”, “linguistic elegance”, plot “truly attractive”, “well-founded”, “admirably narrated”, “exquisite femininity”, “pleasant and graceful lecture”, “admirably developed action”, “attractive plot”, “charm of Granada girls”, “extremely cultured language”, “exceptionally rich vocabulary”, “passionate subject”, “original subject”, “narrative of high literary and emotional interest” and “delicate and heartfelt book”. She was presented as the author who “ha conquistado fama y veterania en el cultivo de la novela entretenida y moral”. She has not gained literary laurels; only once, in 1961, the review Familia Española mentioned her among final contenders for “premio de cuentos”. At times she was compared to Sofia Casanova. In scholarly works on history of Spanish literature Castella was treated in footnotes, like in case of the 1963 account by Joaquín Entrambasaguas. Already during her lifetime Castella fell into oblivion; her death was acknowledged merely by few second-rate titles.	2.046875
74356167	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina%20Andriievska	Nina Andriievska	Andriievska's writings have been published in the publishing houses "Musical Ukraine," "Mystetstvo," and "A Soviet Composer" (Moscow), as well as on the pages of magazines and newspapers. Her author's gramophone record of songs was published by the Melodiya record company (Moscow), and an author's audio cassette, If I Knew How to Embroider, was published in the USA. Andriievksa is the author of the book Children's Operas of Mykola Lysenko. She also wrote over 500 articles, reviews in magazines, newspapers, encyclopedias, anthologies, and radio interviews. Awards and honors Certificate of the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (1969) Medal "For Valiant Labour" (1971) Laureate of the International Competition of Composers (Moscow, 1972) Laureate of the Ukrainian Creative Competition for the best composition of the year (Kyiv, 1973) Distinguished Woman of Cultural Patronage over the Armed Forces of Ukraine (1976) Medal "In Commemoration of the 1500th Anniversary of Kyiv" (1983) Medal "Veteran of Labour" (1985)	1.976563
74357101	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pati%20Unus	Pati Unus	Second invasion In 1521, all 375 ships had been completed. Despite serving as sultan for only three years, Pati Unus decided to directly join the expedition along with his two sons from his marriage to Raden Patah's daughter, and another son from another wife. The war fleet was prepared to depart from the port of Demak, blessed by Sunan Gunung Jati. The exceptionally large fleet for its time was led by Pati Unus. This massive war fleet set sail for Malacca, where the Portuguese had prepared a defense with dozens of large cannons protruding from the Malacca fortress. As Pati Unus's ship was about to lower the boat to dock on the beach, it was struck by a cannonball, and he died as a result of the attack. The Javanese joint forces, who had also suffered heavy casualties, decided to retreat under the leadership of Raden Hidayat, the second in command after the death of Pati Unus. Upon the return of the remaining fleet to Java, Fadhlullah Khan, was appointed by Syarif Hidayatullah as the new Commander of the Joint Fleet, replacing Pati Unus who died in Malacca. The failure of the second expedition to Malacca was partly due to internal factors, particularly issues of harmony among the sultanates of Indonesia. Pati Unus's first and third sons also perished, while his second son, Raden Abdullah, survived and continued the lineage of Pati Unus. He joined the remaining fleet to return to Java. In the fleet that returned to Java, some soldiers of the Malacca Sultanate chose to migrate to Java as their homeland failed to be recaptured from the Portuguese colonizers. They were Malaccan Malays, and their descendants later assisted the descendants of Raden Abdullah, the son of Pati Unus, in the Islamization of the land of Pasundan.	2.515625
74357265	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Afro-descendant%20Women%27s%20Day	International Afro-descendant Women's Day	The observance of International Afro-descendant Women's Day serves to commemorate and strengthen the fight against racial discrimination, aiming to eliminate prejudice based on ethnic and racial origins. It seeks to recognize the achievements, values, culture, and wisdom of Afro-descendant women in society. The day highlights their presence and contributions in various domains, including science, sports, law, the arts, politics, activism, and more. The International Day of Afro-Descendant Women serves as an opportunity to commemorate and strengthen the fight against racial discrimination and prejudice based on ethnic-racial origin. It aims to recognize the achievements, values, culture, and wisdom of Afro-descendant women in society and highlight their presence and contributions in various fields such as science, sports, law, arts, politics, and activism. The celebration seeks to promote equal rights and opportunities for Afro-descendant women while challenging the systemic inequalities they face. It is an occasion to raise awareness about the experiences and challenges encountered by Afro-descendant women, fostering dialogue, advocacy, and social change. Throughout the International Day of Afro-Descendant Women, various activities are organized, including conferences, panel discussions, workshops, artistic performances, and community events. These initiatives aim to promote dialogue, knowledge sharing, and empowerment, while addressing the specific challenges faced by Afro-descendant women. By engaging in these activities, individuals and organizations contribute to the broader goal of achieving racial and gender equality, dismantling stereotypes, and creating a more inclusive and just society.	3.015625
74358288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20Aemilius%20Paullus	Marcus Aemilius Paullus	Marcus Aemilius Paullus was a Roman statesman and general during the middle era of the Roman Republic. He was one of the consuls of 255 BCE, serving with Servius Fulvius Paetinius Nobilior. As consul Paullus led the Republic's forces in the ongoing First Punic War against Carthage; he and Paetinus led a Roman fleet of 350 warships to Africa to rescue the remnants of the army of proconsul Marcus Atilius Regelus, who had been defeated in the Battle of the Bagradas River earlier that year. Onroute they defeated a Carthaginian fleet of 200 warships in the Battle of Cape Hermaeum. After the battle they started pillaging the African shore. They defeated two Carthaginian generals named Hanno and occupied the island of Pantelleria opposite Cape Bon. The Carthagianians they had taken prisoner during their campaign were exchanged for the Romans the Carthaginians had captured after the Bagradas, and the remnants of Regelus's expedition army, who had fortified themselves in Aspis, were rescued. After the successful rescue operation they sailed back to Sicily. Off the coast of Camarina their fleet was struck by a violent storm and many ships were wrecked with huge loss of life. Marcus Aemilius Paullus was the father of Lucius Aemilius Paullus, the consul of 219 and 216 BCE, who was defeated by Hannibal at Cannae. He was also the grandfather of Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, the conqueror of Macedon, and the great-grandfather of Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, the conqueror of Carthage.	2.78125
74358925	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajikurihama%20Site	Kajikurihama Site	The is an archaeological site with a Yayoi period cemetery located in the Kajikuricho neighborhood of the city of Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture, in the San'yō region of Japan. It was designated a National Historic Site in 1980. Overview The Kajikurihama site is located 500 meters from the present-day coast of Hibiki Bay, extending north–south at an elevation of 3.5 meters. It was discovered in 1913, during the construction of the Chōshū Railway (now the San'in Main Line) when a box-type sarcophagus was unearthed. In subsequent archaeological excavations in 1932 and 1935, narrow bronze swords, possibly imported from the Korean Peninsula were discovered, along with additional graves, and in 1957 Yayoi pottery dating the site to the mid-Yayoi period was found. Other grave goods included a multi-pronged bronze mirror and a ceremonial bronze sword. The cemetery is located approximately 400 meters to the north of the Ayaragigō Site, but the connection between the settlement and this cemetery is uncertain. The site is about an eight-minute walk from Kajikuri-Gōdaichi Station on the JR West Sanin Main Line.	2.453125
74358962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doigahama%20Site	Doigahama Site	Two of the burials in the cemetery were found to be unusual. During the 1958 excavation, the bones of a middle-aged woman were found with the bones of a cormorant on her chest. It is known that the people of the Yayoi period thought of birds as messengers to mediate between the gods and the human world. From this, it is presumed that this was the grave of a female shaman with special psychic abilities. The second unusual grave was dubbed the "warrior's grave" and was found in the 1954 excavation. This was the grave of an adult man with a good physique, who had fifteen stone arrowheads driven into bones from chest to its waistline. It is believed that he was struck at point-blank range and speculated that he was a warrior who fought to protect the village at Doigahama. He was wearing a bracelet made from a Sinustrombus latissimus shell, which is found only in the South Pacific. This has also been the subject of speculation as to the possible connections between the Yayoi people and the Austronesian peoples of Oceania. The site is now open to the public, and includes the "Doigahama Dome", where 80 sets of human remains have been preserved as they were excavated, and the Doigahama Site Anthropological Museum.	2.59375
74359889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco%20Antonio%20Bonciari	Marco Antonio Bonciari	Marco Antonio Bonciari or Bonciario (9 February 1555 – 9 January 1616) was an Italian Renaissance scholar and writer. Biography Marco Antonio Bonciari was born at Antria, a small village near Perugia, on 9 February 1555. He studied humanities with the French scholar Muretus at Rome. His patron Fulvio Giulio della Corgna appointed him director of the seminary that he had established in Perugia. He taught the classics until 1590, when he went blind. He had among his pupils the famous Perugian scholars Secondo Lancellotti and Cesare Crispolti. He died in 1616. His works in Latin include a Latin Grammar was widely used in Italian schools, and went through several reeditions. Bonciari was a member of the Accademia degli Insensati of Perugia, assuming the pseudonym of Terrestre. He was in active correspondence with famous scholars: the philologists Justus Lipsius and Erycius Puteanus, the cardinals Caesar Baronius, Robert Bellarmine and Silvio Antoniano, the humanists Gian Vincenzo Pinelli, Mark Welser, Aldus Manutius the Younger and Girolamo Mercuriale, the poet Angelo Grillo and the jesuits Orazio Torsellino and Giovanni Pietro Maffei. In 1611, he was admitted to the Accademia degli Umoristi of Rome. Works Grammatica, Perugia, 1593, 1600, 1601, 1630, in-8°. Epistolæ in XII libros divisæ, Perugia, 1603, 1604, 1612, 1613, in-8°. Extaticus, sive de ludicra poesi Dialogus, Perugia, 1607, in-8°; 1615, in-8°.	2.109375
74360689	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene%20flora%20of%20Frankfurt%20am%20Main	Pliocene flora of Frankfurt am Main	It is suggested a late Pliocene age (Reuverian) for this flora. Palynofloras from drill cores in the surroundings of Frankfurt am Main and Hanau also suggests a late Pliocene age. The Pliocene flora of Frankfurt am Main described by Karl Mädler during the first half of the twentieth century is a key flora for the European Pliocene. In total 16 gymnosperm species in 15 genera and 73 angiosperm species (of which 15 could not be assigned to a genus) in 40 genera are recognised in the leaf record. Main characteristics of the flora are the high diversity of conifers, deciduous angiosperm genera such as Eucommia, Magnolia and Sassafras, a diverse assemblage of exclusively deciduous Fagaceae, including six species of oaks, the high diversity of Rosaceae, whereas evergreen taxa are shrubs typical of the understorey as Buxus, Ilex, Pachysandra, Prunus lusitanica and Viscum. These features indicate cool temperate climatic conditions comparable to present-day Lugano in southern Switzerland. The flora shows a strong biogeographic link with East Asia, surprisingly high levels of Pliocene endemisms and that the European flora was more diverse in woody species shortly before the onset of the major Pleistocene glaciations than today. The early part of the Pliocene (5.3–3.6 Ma) was characterised by warm conditions (ca. 3 °C higher global surface temperatures) and higher sea levels (10–20 m) and slightly higher CO2 concentrations. During the second part of the Pliocene, gradual cooling culminated in a significant intensification of northern hemispheric glaciation at ca. 2.75 Ma. Despite this, many exotic taxa persisted as relicts from older epochs and modern diversity patterns of trees and shrubs across the Northern Hemisphere were established only during and after the major Pleistocene glaciations.	2.515625
74360732	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20de%20C%C3%B3rdoba	Fernando de Córdoba	Fernando de Córdoba (1421/2–1486) was a Spanish theologian, canonist, curialist and philosopher. He travelled Europe in 1444–1446, amazing audiences with public dispuations and displays of erudition, but fell into obscurity until resurfacing during the Plato–Aristotle controversy in 1466. Life Early life in Spain Fernando was born in 1421 or 1422 in Medina Azahara or perhaps in Burgos. Sources called him the son of a knight and a knight himself. His family was from Córdoba and he may have begun his education there before moving on to university. He was educated at the University of Salamanca. Philosophically, he was a Platonist and a realist concerning universals. Theologically, he was a Scotist. Before he left Spain, he had extensively memorized the works of Augustine of Hippo, Averroes, Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Alexander of Hales, Bonaventure and John Duns Scotus. He had Master of Arts and Doctor of Theology degrees, possibly also degrees in medicine and law. First trip to Italy There is conflicting evidence about when Fernando came to Italy. He may have come as early as 1442 to continue his education at the University of Bologna. He claimed in 1445 to have been in Italy the previous two years performing some mission on behalf of King John II of Castile. A Neapolitan cedula of September 1444, however, seems to show that he was only recently arrived from Naples at that time. The earliest definite evidence for Fernando in Italy comes from a letter of Lorenzo Valla dated at Naples on 25 July 1444. Addressing King Alfonso the Magnanimous, Valla praises Fernando for the mastery of arts, law, medicine and theology that he displayed in three days of debates. He believed that Fernando was only seventeen or eighteen years old and knew Hebrew, Arabic and Aramaic, although his Latin needed improvement and he needed to learn Greek. In response to Valla's commendation, Alfonso granted Fernando a gift of 50 ducats.	2.203125
74360732	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20de%20C%C3%B3rdoba	Fernando de Córdoba	Philosophy In 1466, at the start of the Plato–Aristotle controversy, Fernando penned a preliminary defence of Plato, De Laudibus Platonis ex Testimoniis Tum Sacrorum Interpretum, Tum Ethnicorum adversus Quosdam Doctrinam Eius et Vitam Carpere Solitos. Commissioned by and dedicated to Cardinal Bessarion, De Laudibus is directed against George of Trebizond's Comparatio Philosophorum Platonis et Aristotelis. It is a collection of ancient testimonia infavour of Plato. It survives in a single manuscript copy dated 28 January 1467. Already in late 1466, Niccolò Palmieri had written a response at the request of Pope Paul II. Of his own accord, Fernando wrote a follow-up to De Laudibus, entitled De Duabus Philosophiis et Praestantia Philosophiae Platonis supra Aristotelis, but it does not survive. Bessarion ordered him to put it aside, since he was himself writing a major defence of Plato, In Calumniatorem Platonis. Nevertheless, Fernando finished it in late 1468 or early 1469. The sole copy of De Duabus was owned by Bessarion, but was subsequently lost. Around the same time as he was finishing De Duabus, between October 1468 and August 1469, Fernando completed his De Artificio Omnis et Investigandi et Inveniendi Natura Scibilis, in which he offers what he regards as the means of learning "everything that is naturally knowable". The work shows signs of having been composed in haste. It was intended to deliver the treatment of the "universal art of discovery" promised by Ramon Llull but never published by him. Fernando argues that there must be "a universal method of investigation underlying the different modes of investigation peculiar to the various arts and sciences because only" such a method "uniting in itself all the diverse perfections of its genus can account for the very existence of the multiplicity" of methods.	1.953125
74361473	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%20Visentin	Col Visentin	Col Visentin (1,763 m a.s.l.) is a mountain in the Bellunes Alps, in the Veneto region of Italy, which marks a geographical border point between the province of Belluno and the province of Treviso. Description Col Visentin is located at the steepest tip of the southern slope of Nevegal belonging territorially to the province of Treviso. The summit of Col Visentin at an elevation of 1,763 meters (3,763 feet) is in a dominant position over the Treviso plain and the Valbelluna, overlooking the Fadalto pass, Val Lapisina, Lago Morto and Lago di Santa Croce, as well as Montello. From the summit, the horizon ranges from Mount Pizzoc to the Venetian Lagoon, from the Euganean Hills to the Cansiglio plateau. The view extends as well over much of the Dolomites, of which the highest peaks can be glimpsed. Origin of the name To avoid a war, the city of Vicenza in 1414 gave the keys to its gates to Venice, which was increasingly expanding inland, thus ineluctably becoming part of the Venetian Republic. The city was initially stripped of many goods and properties, and many city nobles and those from the surrounding countryside abandoned the city to avoid further requisitions. Vicenza then fell into a severe and deep period of economic crisis and thus became prey to every kind of delinquency and all kinds of thugs. The Serenissima, realizing the serious economic distress in which the citizens of Vicenza were plunged, enacted serious legislative measures and concrete tax concessions to encourage the establishment of a new and stable nobility, which soon resumed strict and complete control of the city.	2.140625
74361634	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20altitude%20breathing%20apparatus	High altitude breathing apparatus	Pressure swing adsorption oxygen concentrators use a molecular sieve to adsorb gases and operate on the principle of rapid pressure swing adsorption of atmospheric nitrogen onto zeolite minerals at high pressure. This type of adsorption system is therefore functionally a nitrogen scrubber, leaving the other atmospheric gases to pass through, with oxygen as the primary gas remaining. Gas separation across a membrane is also a pressure-driven process, where the driving force is the difference in pressure between inlet of raw material and outlet of product. The membrane used in the process is a generally non-porous layer, so there will not be a severe leakage of gas through the membrane. The performance of the membrane depends on permeability and selectivity. Permeability is affected by the penetrant size. Larger gas molecules have a lower diffusion coefficient. The membrane gas separation equipment typically pumps gas into the membrane module and the targeted gases are separated based on difference in diffusivity and solubility. Product gas can be delivered directly to the user through a suitable breathing apparatus. Pulse dose (also called intermittent-flow or on-demand) portable oxygen concentrators are the smallest units, which may weigh as little as Their small size enables the user to waste less of the energy gained from the treatment on carrying them. The unit administers a set volume (bolus) of oxygen enriched air at the start of each breath, which is the part of the breath most likely to reach the gas exchange regions of the lung beyond the physiological dead space. Their ability to make efficient use of oxygen is key to keeping the units compact. Liquid oxygen	2.25
74362115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanhiper%C3%A4	Hanhiperä	Hanhiperä is a district and a statistical area of Jyväskylä, Finland. It is a remote part of Jyväskylä with only a few houses and only 6 permanent inhabitants as of 2021. The district of Hanhiperä borders Valkeamäki in the north, Keltinmäki in the east, Taka-Keljo in the south and Vesanka in the west. It also has a small border with the municipality of Muurame in the west. The main road of Hanhiperä and Valkeamäki is Hanhiperäntie, which leads to the road 6015 (Vesangantie), in turn connecting Hanhiperä to central Jyväskylä and the national road 18/23. Geography Hanhiperä is a relatively high area, with multiple hills reaching 200 m. Pirttimäki, the highest hill (249 m) in Jyväskylä proper (i.e. not including Korpilahti) is mainly within the Taka-Keljo district, though its northern side extends into the Hanhiperä district. A skiing and hiking path maintained by the town of Jyväskylä passes through Hanhiperä. Hanhiperä is traditionally a part of the village of Keljo, more specifically Taka-Keljo. The term Hanhiperä traditionally referred to the entire northwestern corner of Keljo around the lake Hanhijärvi, including the Perälä settlement. The modern Valkeamäki area was also seen as a part of the area, even though officially it was part of the register village of Jyväskylä. Lakes There are three lakes partially within the official district of Hanhiperä: Hanhijärvi, Soidenlampi and Salmijärvi. The river Hanhioja begins from the Hanhijärvi and discharges into the Ruokepuolinen near Ruoke. The river is located in a valley called Hanhinotko. History Hanhiperä was most likely named after the lake Hanhijärvi, which translates to "goose lake". The name may have been given by hunters who exploited the vicinity of the lake.	1.921875
74362115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanhiper%C3%A4	Hanhiperä	Hanhiperä was uninhabited hinterland of Keljo until the 19th century, when the first farms in the area were established during the Great Partition. The first farm to be established was Pirttimäki, which was separated from Sysmälä(inen), one of the oldest farms in Keljo, in 1805. This was followed by the establishment of Hanhikangas and Hanhimäki in 1815. Newer farms were established as tenure farms or as divisions of the original farms; for example, Hanhimäki was eventually divided into Lintula, Hanhiaho (Hanhela), Ylä-Hanhimäki, Hanhinotko, Koivula, Ahola and Välilä. Hanhiperä was transferred from Jyväskylän maalaiskunta to the town of Jyväskylä in 1965 along with most other parts of Keljo. The area of Perälä still remained part of Jyväskylän mlk. The development of Perälä (formerly also Sulkaperä) into a distinct residential area began in the late 1980s. The settlement also extends into Vesanka and Muurame. Since 2005, there have been plans to build a residential area in nearby Valkeamäki. The plan was accepted by the municipal government of Jyväskylä in 2012. The residential area is planned to provide housing for approximately 8,000 people, which may increase if the construction is extended towards Hanhiperä. The project has been opposed due to its potential effects on the local nature, especially since Siberian flying squirrels, which are endangered in Finland, live in the area. As of 2023, five houses remain in Hanhiperä, with only one of them still having fields. Livelihoods and services Agriculture and livestock were the traditional source of income in Taka-Keljo until the nationwide post-World War economic restructuring. Despite this, the Hanhikangas farm still owned a large cattle herd as late as the 1990s, the farm being one of two milk producers within the town of Jyväskylä at that time, the other one being Sulkula in Keljonkangas.	2.359375
74362228	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB1900	GB1900	The GB1900 project was a crowd-sourced initiative to create a gazetteer, released under an open licence, by transcribing and geolocating all the place names on the second edition County Series of six inch to one mile (i.e. 1:10,560) maps of Great Britain, published by Ordnance Survey between 1888 and 1914, and thus out of copyright. Almost 1,200 volunteers contributed. Subsequent research found that they were "motivated by personal interest in the maps, in places that held meaning for them, and in how places had changed." The project began as Cymru1900 in October 2013 under the auspices of the National Library of Wales, the University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, People's Collection Wales and the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, before being relaunched nationally as GB1900 in September 2016 using maps scanned by the National Library of Scotland. The software was updated and hosted by the University of Portsmouth. Transcription was concluded in January 2018, with the launch of the gazetteer in July that year. Each placename was tagged with the WGS84 coordinates and Ordnance Survey National Grid reference of the position of the bottom-left of the first letter of its first word, and allocated a 24-character hexadecimal code, which could not begin with zero, as well as a shorter seven-digit sequential ID. The resulting data (excepting personal data about contributors) is available under a CC0 licence from the Vision of Britain website. The complete gazetteer (reconciled to resolve differences between transcribers and including modern place name equivalents and the corresponding modern parish and local authority names, as of 1991 in England and Wales and 2001 in Scotland) and an abridged version of it (removing duplicated data for common features such as "F.P." for "footpath" and "W" for "well") are available under a CC by-sa licence from the same source. The former has 2,552,460 entries and the latter 1,174,450.	2.359375
74362642	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroniella%20capillacea	Baroniella capillacea	Baroniella capillacea is a species of plant in the Apocynaceae family. It is endemic to Madagascar. Jens Klackenberg, the botanist who first formally described the species, named it after very narrow or thread-like ( in Latin) leaves. Description It is twining plant that is woody only at the base of its stem. The hairless, very narrow, linear leaves are 15–25 by 0.5 millimeters. The tips of the leaves are pointed and their margins are folded upwards at the base. The bases have a cut-off to gradually narrowing shape. Its petioles are 0.5–1 millimeters long. Its Inflorescences are 1–2 centimeters long. The inflorescences usually have 1 can have up to 3 flowers. Each flower is on a pedicel that is 4–7 millimeters long. The pedicels have bracts that are up to 0.5 millimeter long. Its flowers have 5 broadly oval sepals that are 0.8–1 by 0.8–1 millimeters, with rounded tips and finely haired margins. Its 5 violet petals are fused at the base forming a 0.5–0.7 millimeter long tube. The free, oval lobes of the petals are 3.7–4.0 by 2.0–2.3 millimeters. The tips of the petals are rounded. The flowers have a structure between the petals and the stamens called a corona. Its corona forms a short undulating ring with lobes between the stamens that are 0.4–0.5 millimeters high with rounded to truncated tops, as well as rectangular lobes opposite the stamens that are about the same size. The flowers have 5 stamen with rectangular anthers and filaments that are 0.2 millimeters long. The connective tissue between the compartments of the anther form an extended cap less than half as long as the anther. The flowers have a pistil that is 0.9 millimeters high with a disc shaped stigma. The stigma has 5 lobes that are slightly bent backwards. Each lobe bears a structure called a pollen carrier. The pollen carriers 0.2 millimeter long with an oval spathe and no stalk. Reproductive biology The pollen of Baroniella capillacea is shed as permanent tetrads.	2.90625
74364171	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Seawolf%20%281918%29	HMS Seawolf (1918)	Armament consisted of three QF Mk IV guns on the ship's centreline. One was mounted raised on the forecastle, one on a platform between the funnels and one aft. The ship also mounted a single 2-pounder "pom-pom" anti-aircraft gun for air defence. Four torpedo tubes were carried in two twin rotating mounts aft. Four depth charge chutes were also fitted aft. Typically ten depth charges were carried. The ship was designed to mount two additional torpedo tubes either side of the superstructure but this required the forecastle plating to be cut away, causing excess water to come aboard at sea, so they were removed. The weight saved enabled the heavier Mark V 21-inch torpedo to be carried. Fire control included a training-only director, single Dumaresq and a Vickers range clock. The ship had a complement of 90 officers and ratings. Construction and career One of nine of the class to be built by the shipyard,Seawolf was laid down on 30 April 1918 by John Brown & Company in Clydebank with the yard number 480, launched on 2 November shortly before the Armistice that ended the First World War and completed on 28 January the following year. The vessel was the first that served in the Royal Navy to be named Seawolf. Completed on 28 January the following year, Seawolf was commissioned and joined the torpedo school at Devonport. The vessel did not receive a full crew until 20 October.	2.359375
74365162	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%20Verrett	Harrison Verrett	Harrison Verrett (February 27, 1907 – October 13, 1965) was an American jazz and rhythm & blues guitarist/banjoist who performed and recorded for over 40 years. Early life Harrison Verrett was born to Joseph Verrett and Mary (Lee) Verrett in Napoleonville in Assumption Parish, Louisiana. The family moved to New Orleans in 1910 and eventually numbered nine children. Their New Orleans cousins Lester Young and his brother Lee would later become professional musicians. As a teenager, Harrison Verrett would go to hear Chris Kelly play at white people's lawn parties in the uptown 10th Ward. He also tried playing mellophone in parade bands, but said he "got tired of walking". Verrett took lessons in trumpet and banjo at age 15 from bassist Dave Perkins, who played in Johnny Brown's jazz band. He joined Brown's band as a trumpet player, but "not having teeth it used to bother me so I gave the trumpet up". He was a banjoist with the band for three years. As a teenager he played in jazz bands at the Milneburg resort area along Lake Ponchartrain. At age 18, Verrett went to Biloxi, Mississippi, and joined a medicine show band that featured pianist Earl Hines. He toured with the show for a year, including through Canada. He left the band in Omaha, Nebraska, and returned briefly to New Orleans. From there, he went back to Biloxi to work on excursion boats and at a resort for five to six years. These boats, the Non Pareil and the Pan American, ferried passengers out to the Isle of Caprice (originally named Dog Key Island), one of the Gulf of Mexico barrier islands off the Mississippi coast. The enterprising businessmen who changed the name of the island built a casino and hotel there. Bands played on the boats and at the resort. Because the island was out of federal jurisdiction, businesses were allowed to serve alcohol during Prohibition. The island, located about 12 miles offshore, was later cut in half by a hurricane, then eroded by a series of repeated storms and completely submerged.	2.15625
74365331	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam%20Myeong-ryeol	Nam Myeong-ryeol	Nam Myeong-ryeol (, born May 14, 1959) is a highly regarded South Korean actor in the fields of film, theater, and television. He embarked on his stage career in 1978 and has since made notable appearances in various Korean theatrical productions, films, and TV shows. Nam has established himself as a prominent figure in the South Korean theater industry and has received numerous prestigious awards throughout his career. In 2014, he was honored with the acting award at the 50th Dong-A Theater Awards for his outstanding performance in the play "Alibi Chronicles." Additionally, in the 2020 South Korean Culture Day, Nam was granted a presidential commendation in the Korean Culture and Arts Award by Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. In 2022, Nam Myung-ryeol, renowned for his involvement in over 140 plays spanning over 30 years, was selected as the recipient of the 32nd Lee Hae-rang Theater Award, a significant recognition in the Korean theater landscape. Among his most memorable works in his acting career are "Mask of Fire - Form of Power," "Birds Calling My Name," "Journey with Edipus," and "Alibi Chronicles." He is widely regarded as strong pillar that firmly protects the theater world. Early years and education Nam Myeong-ryeol was born on May 14, 1959, in Daejeon as the second child among four siblings. He has an older sister, as well as a younger brother and sister. He grew up in Daejeon and graduated from Daejeon Elementary School, Dongmyeong Middle School, and Bomun High School. His acceptance into the Agricultural Department at Chungnam National University was solely determined by his academic performance. During his freshman year at university in 1978, Nam had his first experience of watching a play. It was a theater class performance called 'Hwando and Reese' at his university. Intrigued by the production, he joined the theater team shortly thereafter, driven by a simple curiosity and the belief that it would be an enjoyable endeavor.	2.046875
74366018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villard-de-Lans%20%28cattle%20breed%29	Villard-de-Lans (cattle breed)	Breeding Most Villard-de-Lans breeders also keep animals of other breeds, and thus have a mixed herd. Only 25% of farms are purebred. It should also be noted that most breeders keep a limited number of animals, generally fewer than 5. Breeding systems are quite varied, although often traditional, with animals fed mainly on hay, and housed in stanchion barns. 20% of breeders milk their animals, while the others use them as a suckler breed. They often value their production through direct sales, especially if they are located in suburban areas. Geographical distribution Villard-de-Lans comes from a cattle population originally located in the "Quatre Montagnes" or "Montagnes de Lans" region, north of the Vercors Massif in the Isère department. This territory covers the communes of Villard-de-Lans, Lans-en-Vercors, Méaudre, Autrans and Corrençon-en-Vercors. When the breed took off at the end of the 19th century, it spread to adjacent regions, thanks in particular to the development of means of transport. It gradually spread to the Grenoble region, to the banks of the Bièvre in the valleys of Saint-Geoire-en-Valdaine and Pont-de-Beauvoisin, and to the plains of Lyon and sub-Vienna. Between the two world wars, the breed moved into the Vercors-Drôme region and spread to the Valence and Romans-sur-Isère areas, as well as parts of the Ardèche and Loire regions, where it was sought after as a draught animal. It was even exported further afield, to Bresse to help improve local livestock, or to the Tarn and Haute-Garonne regions, but there was no real long-term follow-up. Today, only 50 Villardes can be found in the "Quatre Montagnes" region, representing around 15% of the original herd. Villardes are mainly scattered in the Rhône-Alpes region, which accounts for 86% of the total, mainly in Isère (60% of the animals) and Drôme. There are also 22 Villard-de-Lans cows on a farm in Germany.	2.953125
74366520	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoceanic%20Corridor%20of%20the%20Isthmus%20of%20Tehuantepec	Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec	In 1850, Hargous approached Judah P. Benjamin, a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives, to negotiate the purchase of the Garay grant with the New Orleans businessmen. Benjamin and the businessmen formed The Tehuantepec Railroad Company of New Orleans (TRCNO), of which Benjamin became chairman, which would later become known as the Louisiana Tehuantepec Company. Hargous gave the company a $500 thousand dollar loan and the company sought to raise $9 million in capital. The Mexican government became aware of the deal with the New Orleans company on December 30, five days after Major John G. Barnard, lead engineer of the U.S. survey team composed of 54 engineers, arrived at the river mouth of Coatzacoalcos, Minatitlán. However, the Mexican government had doubted the validity of Garay's concession for some time: in March 1849, after Manning's futile attempt to demonstrate that works for the construction of the interoceanic line had been active, the government declared that Garay's concession had expired in November of the previous year, a declaration which the British firms protested against since March until they handed the issue over to Hargous in July, when they informed the government that the business had permanently established itself in the U.S.	2.4375
74366520	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoceanic%20Corridor%20of%20the%20Isthmus%20of%20Tehuantepec	Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec	On 4 July 2024, the Corridor's first freight service after the inauguration of Line Z was performed, carrying 13,500 tons of maize from Topolobampo, Sinaloa to Chinameca, Veracruz. The train traveled from Salina Cruz to its destination, arriving after approximately 10 hours. On September 11, the long Coatzacoalcos–Palenque Line (Line FA) was fully tested for the first time, and two days later, the line was officially inaugurated, in Teapa, Tabasco, by President López Obrador, accompanied by president-elect Claudia Sheinbaum, the Governor of Tabasco Carlos Manuel Merino Campos and governor-elect Javier May Rodríguez. The train they took arrived at Palenque at approximately 17:00. The corridor According to the Institutional Program of the Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, published by the Official Journal of the Federation on 3 July 2023, the area of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec is within 79 municipalities: 46 in Oaxaca and 33 in Veracruz, where a considerable portion of the population is Indigenous (57% self-identified and 30% Indigenous language speakers in the Oaxaca Isthmus, and 25% self-identified with 7% Indigenous language speakers in the Veracruz Isthmus). These municipalities were chosen for "their proximity to the Tehuantepec Isthmus Railway, cultural relevance, historical productive relations, their logistical relevance and productive potential to make the region competitive." According to the Program, 60% of the population of the Isthmus lives in poverty, and 15.5% live in extreme poverty. In addition, in 2018, the six states with the highest poverty rates in Mexico were all in the South, including Veracruz and Oaxaca at spots 4 and 3 respectively, according to the CONEVAL. These poverty rates, in fact, worsened between 2008 and 2018, Veracruz's raising from 51.2% to 61.8% and Oaxaca's from 61.8% to 66.35%. It is within this area where the infrastructure for Corridor will be built. Tehuantepec Isthmus Railway and ports	2.21875
74366673	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Elias	Pseudo-Elias	Some modern scholars have suggested that the author was a physician by profession giving introductory lectures on logic, given that although the philosophical content of the work is rather weak, the author demonstrates special interest in Ancient Greek medicine and especially in the writings of Galen. Lectures on Porphyry's Isagoge The Commentary is divided into 51 lectures, which can be divided into three sections: Lectures 1-23, of which the first seven are missing in all manuscripts, form the prolegomena to philosophy. Lectures 24-27 are a prolegomena to the Isagoge Lectures 28-51 form the commentary proper. The division of the work into separate lectures follows the practice common to Neoplatonic commentaries following Olympiodorus, and the content of both introductions and the commentary itself are "substantially the same" as in David's Commentary on the Isagoge, but the commentary itself is the most original part of the work. As philosophy, the commentary is rather weak. The weakness of the argumentation may, in some cases, be the fault of the transcriptionist who recorded the lectures, but the misunderstandings of Aristotle and ignorance of Plato belong to the lecturer. Manuscript tradition Three manuscripts of the sixteenth century contain almost the complete text, minus the first seven lectures. These fuller copies name the philosopher David, which may be a guess of the scribes based on style. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Grec 1939, at folios 24r–113r Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, gr. 399, at folios 162r–268r Turin, Biblioteca Nazionale Universitaria, C. II. 7 (gr. 108), at folios 9r–138r Two manuscripts of the fourteenth century contain excerpts, which may have been made from complete texts that were not missing the first seven lectures. These manuscripts name the author as Elias. Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. Phil. gr. 139 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Grec 1845	2.078125
74366774	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Laure%20de%20Decker	Marie-Laure de Decker	Marie-Laure de Decker (; 2 August 1947 – 15 July 2023) was a French photographer. She was recognised for her war photography, including her coverage of the Vietnam War. She also covered conflicts in countries such as Yemen, Chad, and South Africa. Besides war photography, de Decker was a highly regarded portrait photographer, known for her depictions of prominent French figures. Biography Marie-Laure de Decker was born on 2 August 1947 in Bône, French Algeria (now Annaba, Algeria). When she was twenty years old, she worked as a model. In her work, she met photographer Dominique Merlin and saw the footage that he captured for The Anderson Platoon, a documentary about the Vietnam War. Inspired by his work, she learned to develop film and became a photographer. To get her start in the industry, she tracked down artists that she admired, such as Man Ray and Marcel Duchamp, and asked to take their photographs. De Decker started working in war photography when she joined Newsweek's team in Saigon to document the Vietnam War. She then covered conflicts in several other countries, such as Yemen, Chad, and South Africa. She visited South Africa to cover the country's racial conflict, where she met with Nelson Mandela. While in Chad, she interacted extensively with the Wodaabe people. She enjoyed working with the Wodaabe as they were one of the few groups who were not involved in the military conflict, and she wished to preserve their culture through photography as their population declined.	2
74366808	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave-Trading%20in%20the%20Old%20South	Slave-Trading in the Old South	Bancroft's book thus became a "definitive study of the domestic slave trade" for decades. The book has a recognizable quality of "moral outrage" but "the evidence he presents has stood the test of time...research that followed has confirmed many of his points." Contemporary researchers continue to draw on Bancroft's work: a journalist-turned-local historian studying newspaper coverage of slavery in East Tennessee wrote in 2022 that while doing his research, "I bought several books on slavery, the best of which was one titled Slave Trading and the Old South, printed in 1931." Slave Trading in the Old South was reprinted in 1959 by Ungar, with an introduction by Allan Nevins, and again in 1996, by the University of South Carolina Press, with an introduction by Michael Tadman. According to historian Jacob E. Cooke in 1959, other unpublished Bancroft manuscripts on the history of American slavery "can stand comparison, not disadvantageously, with any history of the South yet published. The Frederic Bancroft papers are held in the Columbia University Libraries. Chapter titles I. Some Phases of the Background II. Early Domestic Slave-Trading III. The District of Columbia: "The Very Seat and Center" IV. The Importance of Slave-Rearing V. Virginia and the Richmond Market VI. Here and There in Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri VII. Slave-Hiring VIII. The Height of the Slave Trade in Charleston IX. Dividing Families and Selling Children Separately—Restrictions. X. Savannah's Leading Trader and His Largest Sale XI. Minor Trading in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Tennessee XII. Memphis: The Boltons, the Forrests, and Others XIII. Various Features of the Interstate Trade XIV. Some Alabama and Mississippi Markets XV. New Orleans, the Mistress of Trade XVI. High Prices and "The Negro-Fever" XVII. The Status of Slave-Trading XVIII. Estimates as to Numbers, Transactions and Value	2.53125
74367407	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave%20Lyon	Gustave Lyon	Gustave Lyon (19 November 1857 – 12 January 1936) was a French piano maker, acoustician and inventor. He was head of Pleyel et Cie from 1887. Life Lyon was born in Paris in 1857, son of Jacob Lyon, a singing teacher, and his wife Fanny née Coche. He was educated at the Lycée Saint-Louis and at the École polytechnique; he received a degree in civil engineering from the École des mines de Paris in 1882. Auguste Wolff, director of the piano maker Pleyel et Cie, offered him a place in the company. Lyon later married Wolff's daughter Marie, and he took over as head of the company on Wolff's death in 1887. He filed a number of inventions for new kinds of piano, such as a double pianos and a two-keyboard piano; and other instruments, such as a chromatic harp and chromatic timpani. In the First World War, although not obliged to take part, Lyon was commander of artillery on the east coast of the Cotentin Peninsula; later, as deputy to the director of land artillery, he organised the defence of Cherbourg against aircraft. During this time he invented instruments for locating aircraft, and studied ballistics. He was interested in acoustics: his improvements to the acoustics of the Palais du Trocadéro (1903–1911) established his reputation in the field after the war. He was one of the designers of the Salle Pleyel. He improved existing concert halls and advised the architects of new buildings; he was an adviser to Le Corbusier. He also helped to preserve important buildings which had been condemned for their poor acoustics. Lyon was made Commander of the Legion of Honour in 1928. He died in Paris in 1936.	2.34375
74368052	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Petre	Anna Petre	Anna Maria Barbara Petre, Lady Petre born Anna Maria Barbara Radcliffe (1716–1760) was a Roman Catholic noblewoman. She was of Royal descent and she kept her husband's memory alive after he was executed as a Jacobite. Life Petre was born in 1716. She was descended from Moll Davis and Charles II via their daughter Lady Mary Tudor. She was the only child of Anna Maria (born Webb) and James Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Derwentwater to survive her childhood. Her Jacobite father had been implicated in the 1715 rising and he had been beheaded in 1716. Her mother had embroidered a sheet with human hair to commemorate her husband and Anna's father. On 2 May 1732 she married Robert James Petre, 8th Baron Petre. He was known for his interest in botany. He planted 40,000 American trees at their family seat of Thorndon Hall. Sieur Bourginioni was employed to redesign the garden. The couple had four children and she ensured that they respected her executed father. She had a chest made from mahogonay to contain his clothing and the four of them were encouraged to venerate this inheritance. Their first child Lady Katherine Anne Petre was born in 1736 and she would marry George Fieschi Heneage. Their next child, Lady Barbara Petre, was born two years later and she would marry Thomas Giffard, 22nd of Chillington. Their youngest daughter was Lady Juliana Petre (1739–1772) who married Edward Weld of Lulworth Castle. Their only son, was their last child, who was born in 1742, Robert Edward Petre, 9th Baron Petre (1742–1801), was her husband's heir within months of his birth. In 1742, her husband died of smallpox at their home in London. She was a widow with four children, her only son inherited the estate and title and she was his guardian.	1.960938
74368353	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclogue%207	Eclogue 7	Eclogue 7 (Ecloga VII; Bucolica VII) is a poem by the Latin poet Virgil, one of his book of ten pastoral poems known as the Eclogues. It is an amoebaean poem in which a herdsman Meliboeus recounts a contest between the shepherd Thyrsis and the goatherd Corydon. The poem is imitated from the sixth Idyll of Theocritus. J. B. Greenough thinks the scene is apparently laid in the pastoral region of North Italy. The date assigned to the poem is 38 BC. In the chiastic structure of the Eclogues, Eclogue 7 is paired with Eclogue 3, which also recounts an amoebaean contest between two herdsmen. The two contests have the same number of lines, but with a different arrangement. In Eclogue 3 the contest has 12 rounds, with each contestant singing two lines in a round; in Eclogue 7 the contest has 6 rounds, with each contestant singing 4 lines in a round. The contest in Eclogue 3 ended in a draw, while in Eclogue 7 Corydon is declared the winner. Summary A herdsman Meliboeus recounts how, when following an errant goat, he came across Daphnis sitting beneath a tree, along with a goatherd Corydon and a shepherd Thyrsis, by the river Mincius. The two young men are described as . Daphnis encourages him to sit down and listen to a () which is about to take place between the two young herdsmen. Meliboeus agrees despite the fact that Alcippe or Phyllis are not around to help look after his lambs. Corydon opens the contest by asking the "Libethridan nymphs" (i.e. the Muses) to help him make a song as good as they gave to Codrus; if he fails he will hang up his pipes on a sacred pine. Thyrsis responds by boastfully asking the Arcadian herdsmen to crown their growing poet's head with ivy so that Codrus may split his sides with envy; or if Codrus praises his song excessively, they should wreathe his brow with cyclamen, to avert the evil eye from the future divinely inspired prophet.	2.578125
74368353	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclogue%207	Eclogue 7	It was common for Servius and other ancient commentators to propose that the various characters mentioned in the Eclogues may also represent real persons or fellow poets in Virgil's circle in Rome; thus the character Menalcas in Eclogues 3, 5, 9, and 10 was thought to represent Virgil himself. Sometimes modern critics also make such identifications. For example, according to a theory by Rostagni, "Codrus", whom Corydon refers to as "my Codrus, (who) makes poems next to those of Phoebus himself", may be a pseudonym for Messalla. Robin Nisbet (1995) found Rostagni's theory "convincing", though Savage (1963) found it "not convincing", taking the view that Codrus (the name of an ancient king) is a pseudonym for Gaius Maecenas (who claimed descent from kings). Codrus is also mentioned in 5.11, where Menalcas suggests to Mopsus that he should sing "praises of Alcon or criticisms of Codrus", suggesting that Codrus was a controversial figure. Savage (1963) suggests other identifications in the eclogue, for example, Daphnis = Octavian, Corydon = the poet Domitius Marsus, Thyrsis = Horace, Phyllis = Octavian's wife Livia, Galatea = Sextus Pompeius, and so on. Savage's identifications in some cases assume a later date for the eclogues than is generally accepted. However, most more recent scholars have not supported his identifications and they view Eclogue 7 "as a poem about poetry, not about contemporary history and politics". Some of the characters occur in more than one Eclogue. Thus the narrator Meliboeus is found in Eclogue 1 as the unfortunate farmer who has been thrown off his land by a soldier; in Eclogue 3 he is the owner of a flock of sheep; here he is tending both sheep and goats. According to Eclogue 1.71 he appears to be a full citizen, not a slave. Unlike other herdsmen he appears to have no love interest, either male or female.	2.359375
74368353	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclogue%207	Eclogue 7	Paraskeviotis notes that in this Eclogue, Virgil imitates Theocritus's Idyll 5, in which the goatherd Comatas who begins the contest also wins an unexpected victory. The final line, however ("from that time Corydon is Corydon for us") recalls the end of Idyll 8 ("from that time Daphnis became first among the herdsmen"), thus equating Corydon with the legendary founder of bucolic poetry. In Paraskeviotis's view, in the victory of Corydon over Thyrsis, Virgil was claiming his own superiority to Theocritus. Cucchiarelli (2011) also sees Corydon as Virgil's champion and Thyrsis as Theocritean. Apollo and Dionysus It has been argued by Cucchiarelli (2011) that Corydon and Thyrsis also differ in their association with different gods. Corydon begins by praising the Muses and Phoebus (= Apollo, god of poetry) and goes on to address Delia (= Diana, Apollo's sister), thus associating himself with Apollo; while Thyrsis, by calling for a wreathe of ivy (associated with Bacchus, the god of wine), and addressing Priapus (son of Bacchus), connects himself with Bacchus (= Dionysus). His name Thyrsis also recalls the Greek word thyrsos, a kind of wand used in Dionysiac rites. Symbolically, Cucchiarelli argues, these gods can be seen as representing the two major political figures of the age, Octavian and Mark Antony, and their respective parties. Already in 41 BC Antony was being worshipped in Ephesos as a second Dionysus, while Octavian came to be increasingly associated with Apollo. In Eclogue 4, dated 40 BC, the balance between the symbolism of the two gods can be seen to represent the equilibrium between the two parties achieved at that time (see Second Triumvirate). In lines 61–2 of Eclogue 7, in the last round of the contest, Corydon also balances the gods, those representing Antony (who claimed descent from Hercules), and those representing Octavian (who claimed descent from Venus):	2.265625
71355542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget%20Bennet	Bridget Bennet	Bridget Bennet born Bridget Howe was an English book collector. She lived at two houses and her husband was a member of Parliament who became Baron Ossulston. Her notes and the changing lists of her books give an insight into her interests, book-lending and self-education. Life Bennet's birthplace and date are unknown, but she was the daughter of John Grobham Howe (1625–1679) and Lady Annabella Scroope (d. 1704). Her father came from Langar in Nottinghamshire and her mother was the illegitimate daughter of Emmanuel, first earl of Sunderland. In 1668, she was in Paris and in 1673 she married. Her husband Sir John Bennet was a Knight of the Bath he was a Lieutenant of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms. Her new husband had been a member of Parliament for a decade and he had houses in Golden Square in Westminster and Dawley in Harlington, Middlesex. Her husband became Lord Ossulston, Baron Ossulston on 24 November 1682. Her records show that, on 4 May 1699, she had over 200 books, three of which were non-English. By then she had been widowed for four years. The first known catalogue of her library of books was dated 1680 but it appears to have been kept up to date until 1689. That catalogue was of over 220 books but there was a large variation in the two lists. The 1680 list included 35 books in French, including leading women authors Hortense Mancini, Marie-Catherine de Villedieu and Madame de La Fayette. The differences in the collections may be due to Bennet sharing her books. She lent books to others, including her nephew Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton (the King's son), "Mrs Reverwest" and over a dozen books to her son Charles.	2.359375
71355703	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Rich%2C%20Countess%20of%20Warwick	Charlotte Rich, Countess of Warwick	Charlotte Rich, Countess of Warwick (1680 – 1731), formerly Lady Charlotte Myddelton became Charlotte Addison after her second marriage. She was an English noblewoman and the wife of Edward Rich, 6th Earl of Warwick. Her second husband was the satirist Joseph Addison. Early Life Born Charlotte Myddelton, she was the daughter of Sir Thomas Myddelton, 2nd Baronet, of Chirk Castle, and his wife Charlotte Bridgeman (died 1694), herself the daughter of Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 1st Baronet, of Great Lever. She married Edward Rich in February 1697, thus making her Countess of Warick and Holland. He died in 1701. Their only son was Edward Rich, 7th Earl of Warwick (1698–1721). In 1716, she married Joseph Addison, who shortly afterwards became Secretary of State for the Southern Department. They had one daughter, Charlotte (died 1797), who inherited their home at Bilton Hall. In a biography of Addison, Samuel Johnson claimed that his wife treated him like a slave. Addison died in 1719. The dowager countess was buried on 12 July 1731, alongside her first husband, at St Mary Abbots, Kensington. A portrait of her by Herman van der Mijn, dating from around 1726, is held by the National Trust at Chirk Castle.	2.09375
71355773	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications%20of%20the%20Russian%20invasion%20of%20Ukraine	Fortifications of the Russian invasion of Ukraine	Structure In 2014, the Ukrainian government announced that the defense lines will include a 60-kilometer stretch of a "non-explosive barrier," thousands of kilometers worth of trenches for personnel, armored vehicles and communication lines, and 4,000 army dugouts. The structure also includes barbed wire, watchtowers, and electronic surveillance systems. At the announcement of its completion, 403 km of anti-transportation ditches were arranged, 332 km of rocky roads, 149 road crossings over ravines, 99 km of metal fences, and 62 kilometers of Egoza concertina barriers were built. In April-June 2022, several more engineering structures were planned to be completed. Four strongholds and 9 firing positions were set up at the state border in Kharkiv region, and 9 video monitoring and alarm systems were built. A similar mechanism was also installed in Luhansk region. Efficiency Despite the defences, Russia was able to cross the border and conduct fast paced mechanized advances in border areas. In September 2022, after a counteroffensive by Ukrainian troops reached the border with Russia, Vsevolod Kozhemiako, commander of the Charter volunteer unit, published a photo of the damaged structures of the project. Zaluzhny line	2.359375
71355816	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocoprinus%20magnicystidiosus	Leucocoprinus magnicystidiosus	Leucocoprinus magnicystidiosus is a species of mushroom-producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Taxonomy It was first described in 1982 by the mycologists Helen Vandervort Smith and Nancy S. Weber who classified it as Leucocoprinus magnicystidiosus. The specimens studied and documented were collected by Ervin Hillhouse in 1971. Description Leucocoprinus magnicystidiosus is a dapperling mushroom with extremely fragile white flesh. Cap: 4–8cm wide when mature. Up to 1.3cm wide and 3.2cm high when young. Starts bulbous and expands to conical or campanulate (bell shaped) before flattening or becoming concave with the cap edges lifting upwards. The surface is bright lemon yellow with a brown centre when young. The cap edges have striate or plicate striations which extend nearly to the centre, the striations remain bright yellow whilst the grooves between them are white. The cap is very fragile at all stages of growth and easily sticks to the fingers and tears when examined. Stem: 7–15cm tall and 2.4mm thick. Roughly equal in width above the bulbous base. Yellow coloured, sometimes darker than the cap and sometimes with red or brown shades. Fragile and sometimes breaking naturally under the weight of the cap. The stem ring is yellow below and white above but may disappear quickly with only fragments remaining on the stem and cap margin. Gills: Yellow to white but paler than the top of the cap. Spores: Ovate to lemon shaped with a distinct pore. Dextrinoid. 9.0–13.5 x 7.5–9.0 μm. Basidia: 20–39 x 10–12μm. Four spored. Smell: Indistinct. Taste: Slightly bitter.	2.0625
71355816	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocoprinus%20magnicystidiosus	Leucocoprinus magnicystidiosus	This mushroom is described as being 'extremely fragile'. The stem is so fragile that when the caps are fully open and mature even a slight breeze or human breath can cause them to break. Larger specimens may collapse under their own weight and hot sun causes these mushrooms to deteriorate and disappear very quickly. So on hot days they are only ever found in the early morning. Dried specimens present with a dark red tint across the centre of the cap and the striations. Habitat and distribution L. magnicystidiosus is scarcely recorded and little known. The specimens studied were gathered in Brazoria county, Texas in 1971 and Cades Cove, Tennessee in 1939. The later collection was described as growing in the Summer and Autumn and was found growing in scattered clusters amongst St. Augustine grass and pine. Specimens were also found growing from the soil in mixed woodland, in layers of fallen pine needles and in leaf covered grass. The mushrooms were described as being very abundant at times but fleeting and found only during and shortly after rain or in the early morning when heavy dew was present. Similar species Leucocoprinus fragilissimus usually has a smaller cap (2–5cm), brighter colours and has microscopic features which distinguish it from L. magnicystidiosus. Leucocoprinus thoenii is described as looking similar and being separated by microscopic detail. However it is found in Africa.	2.59375
71356090	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart-hand%20syndrome%2C%20Slovenian%20type	Heart-hand syndrome, Slovenian type	Heart-hand syndrome, Slovenian type is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder belonging to the heart-hand syndromes. Signs and symptoms Individuals with this condition typically exhibit progressive heart conduction disease, tachycardia, arrhythmia, dilated cardiomyopathy which begins during a patient's adulthood and congenital (from birth) minor physical anomalies such as clinodactyly, syndactyly and brachydactyly that affects the feet more than the hands. Complications There are various complications associated with this syndrome, these are (but are not limited to): Sudden death associated with the cardiac problems characteristic of this condition. Pain while walking, self-consciousness/insecurity of one's foot associated with the brachymetatarsia characteristic of this condition. Self insecurity (sometimes) associated with brachydactyly Genetics This condition is caused by a splice site mutation in the LMNA gene, located in chromosome 1. This mutation is inherited following an autosomal dominant manner. Diagnosis There are various methods of diagnosis, some of them are: Genetic testing/sequencing In 2008, Renou et al. sequenced the LMNA gene of 12 members of the Slovenian family described by Sinkovec et al. and by doing this they identified a splice site mutation that was not found in 100 healthy control subjects without this type of heart-hand syndrome. Radiographs When radiograph, members of the Slovenian family reported by Sinkovec et al. were found to have various radiographic anomalies, these included the duplication of the second metatarsal's bases, terminal phalange symphalangism of the toes, extra foot ossicles, brachyphalangy, etc. Electrocardiogram Abnormal heart beats can be diagnosed through electrocardiograms. Prevalence According to OMIM, only 21 cases from 2 Slovenian and Irish/German Canadian families have been described in medical literature. History	2.40625
71356147	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocoprinus%20longistriatus	Leucocoprinus longistriatus	Leucocoprinus longistriatus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Taxonomy It was first described in 1898 by the American mycologist Charles Horton Peck and classified as Lepiota longistriata. In 1982 it was reclassified as Leucocoprinus longistriatus by the mycologists Helen Vandervort Smith and Nancy S. Weber. Description Leucocoprinus longistriatus is a small dapperling mushroom with thin (2-6mm thick) white flesh. Cap: 4.3–8 cm wide, convex or flat with the cap edges sometimes lifting upwards with age. The umbo can be distinct or not present when mature and the cap margins have finely striate or plicate grooves running almost to the centre when mature. The surface is pale yellow, white or grayish and is covered in fine scales that are easily removed whilst the centre is brown to dark red surrounding the umbo. Stem: 4–8.3 cm long and 3.6mm thick tapering up from a bulbous base of 6-12mm when mature. The surface is pale yellow or white and smooth but stains a dull ochre colour when young stems are handled, the interior flesh is hollow. The small, ascending stem ring has pale brown edges and is located below the middle of the stem and is often just above the base (inferior to basal) however it may disappear. Gills: Yellowish white, becoming darker with maturity or when dry. Crowded and free with slight tufts on the edges. Spores: Elliptical or ovate lacking a distinct pore. Non-dextrinoid. 6–8 x 4.5-5 μm. Habitat and distribution Peck described the species as growing in gardens in Alabama July with specimens also found in Cuba in gardens and amongst grass and in Jamaican woodland. In a 1907 study the American mycologist Andrew Price Morgan documented the species growing in 'rich soil in gardens' in Alabama. In 1937 Johannes Rick documented the species in Brazil but cited the name as Lepiota longestriata Peck. He stated that it grew in gardens and forests.	2.4375
71356522	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis%20P.%20Artz	Curtis P. Artz	Curtis P. Artz (1915–1977) was an American trauma surgeon and burn care specialist. He served in the U.S. Army working in surgical research, founded and led several organizations dedicated to surgery and burn care, published medical textbooks and academic articles, and taught as a Professor of Surgery at multiple colleges and universities throughout the U.S. Early life Artz was born in central Ohio and went on to earn his bachelor's and M.D. degrees from Ohio State University. There he met his wife, Lucy, and they were married in 1939. In 1940, Artz was a resident at the Camden-Clark Memorial Hospital in Parkersburg, West Virginia, and soon after began general practice in Calhoun County, West Virginia. While working in Calhoun County in 1941, Artz was commended for his treatment of a 64-year-old man who experienced an accident causing severe trauma to his leg. Artz treated the patient using a dried powdered form of blood plasma, as an alternative to blood transfusion, which was a new development in medical technology at the time. An ambulance transported the patient to a nearby hospital in Parkersburg, where Artz successfully amputated the patient's leg. In 1943, Artz treated a three-year-old girl who suffered serious burn injuries, but did not survive. Military service In 1948, Artz joined the United States Army. He worked at several Army hospitals across the country, most notably the Brooke Army Hospital, where he became Chief of Research and Commanding Officer of the US Army Surgical Research Unit. During the Korean War, Artz served as director of the 46th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital. There his team treated over 250 patients with battle wounds, mostly abdominal wounds, and focused on reducing fatalities among trauma patients. The patients were the subject of four volumes of published research. In 1956, Artz suffered a heart attack and was medically discharged. Contributions	2.296875
71356649	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon%C4%8Dulj%20Agreement	Končulj Agreement	The Končulj Agreement is a colloquial name for two statements, the Basic UÇPMB statement signed about the Insurgency in the Preševo Valley, signed by the Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac (UÇPMB) and the Statement on conditional amnesty for members of the UÇPMB, signed by the Republic of Serbia within FR Yugoslavia in 2001. The Končulj Agreement is the first agreement related to Preševo, Medveđa, and Bujanovac. It resulted in the full demilitarization, demobilization, and disarmament of the Liberation Army of Presevo, Medveda, and Bujanovac. It also calls for integration of ethnic Albanians into governmental, civic, economic, and police structures, and support from the international community to implement the so-called Čović Plan. The agreement ended the conflicts that spilled over from Kosovo, with political representatives from the local Albanians, Serbia, and Kosovo committing to demilitarization and demobilization of the UÇPMB. The agreement was witnessed by Sean Sullivan, who was the NATO Head of Office in the FRY. According to that agreement, the Yugoslav Army was to enter Sector B of the Ground Safety Zone (GSZ) by 31 May 2001. Background On June 12, 1999, one day after the signing of the Kumanovo Agreement, the Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac (UÇPMB) was founded by Shefket Musliu, an auto mechanic from Končulj, who was the highest commander in the UÇPMB. The group began attacking Serbian civilians and police, with the goal of joining Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac into Kosovo, which escalated into an insurgency. Due to the FRY's inability to use any heavy weapons in the Ground Safety Zone (GSZ) and against the UÇPMB, the group expanded and occupied all villages related to Sectors B and C east, with the exception of Gramada. They divided the sectors into three zones; North zone, Center zone, and South zone.	2.046875
71356937	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat%20of%20arms%20of%20the%20%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA%20Voivodeship	Coat of arms of the Łódź Voivodeship	Design The coat of arms of the Łódź Voivodeship consists of an Iberian style escutcheon with square top and rounded base. It is divided horizontally into three stripes (pales), that area from left to right: yellow (golden), red, and yellow (red), with the middle stripe being twice as big as the other stripes. It also include three charges placed in its center, with two placed next to each over, on the top of the third one. The top two charges are Kuyavian Hybrids, divided into half, into a lion and an eagle, while the bottom one is an eagle. The top left charge, features a red left-facing half of a lion with black claws and white tooth, joined with white right-facing half of an eagle, with orange beak white tongue, and orange legs with black claws, both wearing together an orange crown. The charge is placed in the middle of the boundary between a middle red stripe, and a neighboring to the left, yellow stripe. The top right charge features a black left-facing eagle with orange beak and legs with black claws, joined with a red right-facing lion, with black claws and white tooth, both wearing together an orange crown. It is also placed in the middle of the boundary between a middle red stripe, and a neighboring to the right, yellow stripe. The bottom charge is a black eagle with orange beak with white tongue, and orange legs with black claws, that is placed within the middle red stripe. It has an orange capital letter R on its chest.	2.390625
71356937	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat%20of%20arms%20of%20the%20%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA%20Voivodeship	Coat of arms of the Łódź Voivodeship	The proposed design of the coat of arms consisted of an Iberian style escutcheon with square top and rounded base, that was divided into four parts in the shape of a chessboard. The field in the top left corner consisted of two equal horizontal stripes, white on the right, and red on the left. It included the charge of a Kuyavian Hybrids, divided into half, into a red lion with black claws on the left and a white (silver) eagle with yellow (golden) beak and legs, one the left, with the division being located on the boundary of two stripes. Both animals wore a single yellow (golden) crown on their head. The elements were taken from the coat of arms of the Łęczyca Voivodeship of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, that existed within the borders of the voivodeship from 14th to 18th century. The field in the top right corner consisted of white and red chessboard, with the head of a black aurochs with a yellow (golden) crown, and a yellow (golden) ring in its nose. The elements were taken from the coat of arms of the Kalisz Voivodeship of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland that existed within the borders of the voivodeship from 14th to 18th century. The coat of arms also served as the symbol of Greater Poland. The field in the bottom left corner consisted of the red background with a white (silver) Lamb of God facing right, with its head turned left, and a yellow (golden) aureola behind it. It hold a white (silver) banner with the red cross on it, and stands next to a yellow (golden) chalice. The elements were taken from the coat of arms of the Wieluń Land, a historical area that existed within the borders of the voivodeship. The field in the bottom right corner consisted of two equal horizontal stripes, yellow (golden) on the right, and red on the left. It included the charge of a Kuyavian Hybrids, divided into half, into a red lion with black claws on the left and a black eagle with yellow (golden) beak and legs, one the left, with the division being located on the boundary of two stripes	2.53125
71357356	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Ray%20%28artist%29	Joe Ray (artist)	Ray's resin works convey his interests in science and spirit, euphoric perception, the individual human body and its systems, and the cosmos. His later Rings and Spheres (1980–3) has been described as a work of painstaking craftsmanship whose seven deep-colored, opaque rings and spheres placed side-by-side conjure a wide range of metaphors. Curator Ed Schad wrote, the sculpture "draws a humanistic line from the infinitesimal world of the atomic nucleus through the structure of the human heart to the patterns of stars and solar systems," with its seven pairings linking to that number's "mystical and numerological meanings, adding a cryptic edge." Photography and performance-related work Curators situate Ray's 1970s photography among artists drawn to recording daily urban life and the sometimes-uneasy relationship between people and their surroundings. In 1970, he returned to his Louisiana hometown and photographed the children, adults, shotgun houses and streets there. The candid, documentary-like portraits—31 black-and-white, gelatin-silver prints—comprised the "Untitled" series (1970–2), which conveyed his feeling about the neighborhood and its life, while charting the scope of his own trajectory over time and place.	2.046875
71358292	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushi%20Narrative%20Tablet	Ushi Narrative Tablet	The Ushi Narrative Tablet, sometimes Ushi's Narrative Tablet, is a cuneiform tablet dated to around 3200BC and the Uruk III period of ancient Sumer, containing a narrative inscription attributed to a scribe by the name of "Ushi". It was discovered at some point during the German Oriental Society's excavations of Warka (Uruk) and surrounding areas between 1931 and 1939, and was subsequently sold as part of the illegal antiquities trade out of Iraq. The tablet was held by anonymous collectors until it was rediscovered by authorities as part of the Hobby Lobby smuggling scandal. Description and discovery The tablet is made from clay, and is said to measure 10 cm tall, 5cm wide, 2cm thick, with several lines of legible cuneiform text, likely Sumero-Akkadian. From 1928 to 1939 the German Oriental Society excavated at Warka, in the southern part of the modern state of Iraq. The tablet was described as part of a larger cache by Dr. Arnold Nöldeke, but no academic work on the tablet was ever conducted and the inscription remains untranslated. The tablet's whereabouts between 1939 and 2017 are unknown, but it featured in the civil forfeiture case United States of America v. Approximately Four Hundred Fifty Ancient Cuneiform Tablets and Approximately Three Thousand Ancient Clay Bullae, as part of the larger trove recovered from Hobby Lobby Stores Inc., and the chain store's attempts to furnish its Museum of the Bible endeavor with genuine antiquities.	2.078125
71358745	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Case	Isaac Case	Isaac Case (February 2, 1761 – November 3, 1852) was an itinerant Baptist pastor, evangelist, and church planter in Maine and the Maritimes, who was recognized by Baptists of the 19th century as "one of the most useful ministers of his day." Case was born in Rehoboth, Bristol County, Massachusetts, near the eastern border with Rhode Island, of parents (as well as other relations) who were confirmed Baptists. Case's education was rudimentary, and he never learned to read well, though he kept scraps of a journal. In April 1777, Case enlisted in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and served in the Rhode Island Militia. Case said he was "led to Christ as his savior at the age of eighteen" (in 1779) and joined the Baptist church in Dighton, Massachusetts. From 1780 to 1783, he engaged in an itinerant ministry, preaching at Cape Cod, Harwich, Barnstable, Haverhill, Newton, and Brentwood, New Hampshire, as well as north central Massachusetts and Vermont. In 1782, Isaac Backus read to Case a letter from a former parishioner who was currently living on the frontier of Maine. Case said that through the letter he had "heard the Macedonian cry." In 1783, he was ordained to the ministry, and by May 1784, he had founded a Baptist church at Thomaston, Maine. The church called him as pastor but also allowed him to continue his itinerant ministry.	2
71358988	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alena%20Analeigh%20Wicker	Alena Analeigh Wicker	Career While completing high school, Wicker "noticed the racial and gender disparities in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields," which led her to develop the Brown STEM Girl (BSG) website. She imagined using BSG to "create this culture of Brown girls in STEM." She developed a business plan and contacted business people to get the foundation started. BSG provides scholarships, mentorships, internships, and other support to girls of color pursuing education in STEM. BSG also offers opportunities for girls of color to study abroad in Singapore. Wicker founded Dorm Room Makeover™ as part of her First Year College Initiative for first year girls of color majoring in STEM Fields. In 2021, Wicker became the youngest person to intern for NASA. There, she "worked on various assignments including remote research for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California." On July 28, 2022, Wicker appeared on Good Morning America to discuss her early acceptance into medical school and to offer advice to other young people. Awards and honors Because of Wicker's work, multiple mayors have proclaimed April 30 "Brown STEM Girl STEM in the City Day Honoring Women of Color in STEM." The governor of Texas has also included a proclamation. She is an Ambassador for Saving Our Daughters/Keke Palmer Foundation.	2.578125
71359040	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susie%20Billie	Susie Billie	Susie Jim Billie (1900–2003) was a Seminole traditional maker of medicine and grand matriarch of the Panther clan in her region. She was born at the turn of the last century in Collier County, Florida in the United States, and resided on the Big Cypress Reservation, where she practiced traditional healing arts for her community. Billie received most of her training in folk medicine from her grandfather and uncle, who were medicine men of the tribe. She knew not only the herbal remedies for physical ailments, but the songs, chants, and ritual expressions that lent power to cures as well. She was part of a family of medicine men and women. She taught her nephew, Sonny Billie, about traditional healing plants and herbs and her brother, Buffalo Jim, was a Mikasuki medicine man. She was renowned for her wisdom of plants and songs and healing rituals. Recognition In 1984, Billie was interviewed as part of the Seminole Video Project from Florida Folklife Program and WFSU -TV. The interview was published as part of the "Four Corners of the Earth Documentary". In 1985 Susie Jim Billie received the Florida Folk Heritage Award as a Medicine Woman and authority on Tribal heritage in White Springs Florida. She participated twice as a master artist in the Florida Folklife Apprenticeship Program, passing her knowledge on to her daughter Agnes Cypress and to Mary Johns. She is quoted heavily as part of Harry Kersey Jr.'s book The Florida Seminoles and the New Deal, 1933–1942.	2.484375
71361669	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carola%20Su%C3%A1rez-Orozco	Carola Suárez-Orozco	Carola Suárez-Orozco is a cultural developmental psychologist, academic, and author. She is a Professor in Residence at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, and the Director of the Immigration Initiative at Harvard. She is also the co-founder of Re-Imagining Migration, a nonprofit organization. Suárez-Orozco has focused her research on immigrant children and youth with a particular attention on highlighting the experiences regarding educational contexts. She also works extensively to elucidate how the process of immigration affects immigrant children, adolescents, and young adults. She has authored or co-authored several winning books, including Transformations: Immigration, Family Life, and Achievement Motivation Among Latino Adolescents, Children of Immigration, Learning a New Land, Immigrant-Origin Students in Community College, and Education: A Global Compact for a Time of Crisis. Biography After spending her early years being raised in Lausanne, Saurez-Orozco emigrated along with family to the United States at the age of 5. Suárez-Orozco received her Bachelor's degree in Development Studies from the University of California, Berkeley in 1978, and a Master's degree in Clinical Psychology from John F. Kennedy University in 1980. She went on to enroll at the California School of Professional Psychology, in 1988. She completed her Clinical Internship in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego, earning her Doctoral degree in Clinical Psychology in 1993. She has been married to Argentine born anthropologist and academic Marcelo Suárez-Orozco since 1977 with whom she has written and collaborated with.	2.453125
71362334	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%20Yugoslav%20Mount%20Everest%20expedition	1979 Yugoslav Mount Everest expedition	Two days later, after Božić, Belak and Phu reached the summit, and had to plan for their descent as well. A snowstorm had crept in during their 12-hour climb, and down-climbing the 'American Step' was going to be difficult. Božić was pinned down in an exposed position by strong gusts of wind and stuck for half an hour. They ran out of oxygen and an intense cold took away their body heat. Belak tried to radio-call the base camp, but could not reach anybody. On descent, the weather worsened quickly and the team were unable to return to Camp IV before dark and were forced to spend the night in a -40 °C temperature, without tents or sleeping bags, at an altitude of 8,400 meters. According to Božić, at the time this was the highest ever overnight bivouac in the open, and the closest he had ever been to death. They managed to survive the night, but on the following day, Ang Phu slipped and fell to his death going through the Hornbein Couloir. He tried to save himself using an ice axe, but it slipped out of his hand during the 2000 meters long fall. The death of a friend hit the members of the expedition hard, so they stopped all activities in the mountain and left the base camp on May 21. The members of the expedition returned to Yugoslavia on May 26, 1979.	2.046875
71362393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Beatrix%20of%20Austria-Este	Maria Beatrix of Austria-Este	Maria Beatrix Anna Frances of Austria-Este (1824–1906) () was a high aristocrat from the Austria-Este branch of the House of Habsburg. As daughter to the ruling Duke of Modena she was born archduchess of Austria-Este and princess of Modena. Following her 1847 marriage she became Infanta of Spain and Countess of Montizón. As the Duchy of Modena was absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy, after 1859 she lived in exile in Imperial Austria. According to the Carlist reading, in 1861-1868 she was the queen consort of Spain. According to the legitimist reading, in 1883-1887 she was the queen consort of France. Since 1853 she lived separated from her husband and did not claim any of the royal titles, though after 1868 she supported the claim of her oldest son, Carlos. Since 1872 she lived in monasteries, first in Graz and since 1898 in Görz. Family and youth Maria Beatrix descended from numerous royal, ducal or otherwise highly aristocratic European branches, including the Habsburgs, the Spanish Bourbons, the House of Savoy and the House of Orléans. Her strictly paternal great-grandfather was Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor. Her father Francis (1779–1846), descendant to the Austria-Este branch of Habsburgs, since 1814 ruled the Duchy of Modena as Francis IV. Her mother, Maria Beatrice (1792–1840), descended from the royal Savoy family, ruling in Turin. The couple married in 1813. Maria Beatrix was the youngest one of 4 siblings, all born between 1817 and 1824. She spent her childhood and youth in luxury of the ducal house, mostly shuttling between the Ducal Palace of Modena and the summer residence in the castle in Catajo. Her mother tongue was Italian.	2.3125
71362393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Beatrix%20of%20Austria-Este	Maria Beatrix of Austria-Este	The only horror moment of her youth came during a revolutionary attempt in 1831; together with her mother and siblings during a night they escaped in a small convoy of carriages to the Austrian-held fortress of Mantua, to return few months later. Unlike was customary in her sphere, she was educated not by personal tutors but mostly by her mother. The family was very religious, patriarchal, strict and decisively hostile to liberalism. Coming of age, she was taking part in various Habsburg family ceremonies, from Milan to Lemberg. Her mother died in 1840; following death of the father, it was her brother who as Francis V assumed the ducal throne in Modena in 1846. As a teenager Maria Beatrix developed some hearing problems; they were possibly related to cold-water showers, recommended by a Viennese doctor. In her youth she practiced painting and wrote juvenile novels. According to some sources Count of Chambord, the young legitimist pretender to the throne of France, proposed to her and was rejected; eventually, he married her older sister. Marriage The marriage of Maria Beatrix was pre-arranged by her father already in 1845; in 1847 she married Juan de Borbón y Braganza (1822–1887), Count of Montizón, grandson of the Spanish King Charles IV and son of the Carlist claimant Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain. The marriage was conditioned by equally reactionary, anti-liberal, legitimist views held by the two dynasties. The couple settled in Modena but they soon had to flee the revolution of 1848. In 1848 in Laibach, when on their way from Trieste to Vienna, Maria Beatrix gave birth to their first son Carlos. Once re-established, and because Vienna was also undergoing a tumultuous revolutionary period, they decided to join Juan's brother in London; by train and carriages the couple made it across Europe. In the English capital their second son Alfonso was born in 1849. The family returned to Modena in 1851, once Francis V had quashed the rebellion and re-assumed power.	2.4375
71362701	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Alexander%20%28pianist%29	Arthur Alexander (pianist)	Arthur Alexander (25 March 1891 8 July 1969) was a New Zealand-born pianist, teacher and composer who spent most of his career in the United Kingdom. Education and early career Alexander was born in Dunedin and educated at Wellington College, where he studied piano with Maughan Barnett and composition and harmony with Lawrence Watkins. In 1907 he left for London to study at the Royal Academy of Music under Tobias Matthay (piano) and Frederick Corder (composition). He won the largest number of prizes ever at the Academy, including the Macfarren and Chappell gold medals for piano playing, and was appointed a sub-professor there. He was also a singer, and in early recitals he sometimes accompanied himself. Soloist and teacher In 1912 he began his international career as a pianist with concerts in Berlin (with the Australian violinist Leila Doubleday) and Vienna. There were also many recitals in London including first performances of Bax (the Second Sonata, at the Aeolian Hall on 24 November 1919), Scriabin (the Fifth Sonata), Medtner (a personal friend) and others. From 1912 he was also professor at the Matthay Pianoforte School (1912-1939) and from 1920 a professor at the Royal College of Music. His many pupils included Malcolm Binns, Ruth Gipps, Thea King, John Longmire, Elizabeth Maconchy, Helen Perkin, Freda Swain (his future wife), John Tilbury and John White. His friends and associates included Arnold Bax, Sam Hartley Braithwaite, Harriet Cohen, John Ireland and Nikolai Medtner.	2.28125
71362701	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Alexander%20%28pianist%29	Arthur Alexander (pianist)	Marriage Alexander married the composer Freda Swain in 1921, and before World War II the couple toured South Africa and Australia, lecturing, broadcasting and performing recitals. On the outbreak of war, Alexander was in South Africa and was unable to leave. Swain wrote a piano concerto for him, scoring it on very thin paper so that it could be airmailed to him in instalments. Alexander performed it in Cape Town and elsewhere and it became known as the 'Airmail' Concerto. They were both on the founding board of the Surrey College of Music from the mid-1940s. From 1942 they lived in a bungalow on Chinnor Hill in Oxfordshire, continuing to perform separately and as a duo into the 1960s. Alexander died in 1969, aged 78. He was survived by his wife, who died on 29 January 1985. Composer His compositions, largely forgotten now, include songs, many piano works (including the Four Variations on a Folk-Song and Four Irish Airs), chamber music (including a string quartet) and orchestral pieces, which were performed at the Queen's Hall and elsewhere.	2.234375
71363002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocoprinus%20breviramus	Leucocoprinus breviramus	Habitat and distribution L. breviramus is scarcely recorded and little known. The specimens studied were gathered in Brazoria county, Texas in 1971 and Washington county, Mississippi in 1979. The mushrooms were reported as fruiting singly or sometimes in small clusters on grass and on wet hay in the Summer and Autumn. They were reported as appearing most prominently during dry summers and appearing a few days after rain. Edibility The species is reported to be edible without ill effects even when eaten in large quantities and described as very good, however this report comes from a single individual so should not be relied upon as an indication of safety. Similar species Leucocoprinus cepistipes appears similar but L. breviramus is distinguished from it by its pure white appearance and the cap striations which only appear at the cap edges as well as the persistent floccules at the centre of the cap. Additionally the tendency to grow individually rather than in tufts helps distinguish L. breviramus. Leucocoprinus cretaceus'' fruits in large clusters and has larger spores.	2.40625
71363505	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine%20Holm%20Hoch	Geraldine Holm Hoch	Geraldine Holm Hoch (June 10, 1924 – May 3, 1973) was an American chemical engineer who was one of the first women to work at Pratt & Whitney, Northrop Grumman, Bendix Corporation, the Midwest Research Institute and Lockheed Martin. She patented corrosion prevention systems for the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar and used on the Boeing 747. Early life and education Geraldine Marie Holm was born in Independence, Missouri. Geraldine (Gerry) graduated from high school at the age of 15, and won an award as the best student in English. She attended Southwest Missouri State Teacher's College, which is now part of Missouri State University and graduated with highest honors. She was selected in 1940 for "Who's Who for colleges and universities". While still in college, she taught physics classes for the United States Air Force at the age of 17. She completed courses on stress analysis at the Northrop School of Aviation and completed courses from Kansas University in radio and electronics technologies. She belonged to Kappa Mu Epsilon, a specialized honor society in Mathematics and served as an elected officer in that organization for Missouri's Alpha chapter. She was also a member of Alpha Phi Delta, an honorary sorority, and Theta NU Theta, a Social Sorority. Research and career Geraldine Holm graduated in 1943 with a degree in both chemistry and math (double major). Fresh out of college she worked for Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Engine Corp in Kansas City, Missouri, as an electrochemist in research and development supporting the Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major aircraft engine which saw service at the end of World War II in the retro-fitted models of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress and later used on the Boeing B-50 "Lucky Lady". She then moved to Southern California for career opportunities where she was employed in 1948 with Northrop Grumman (then called Northrop Aviation) in Los Angeles. She was one of the first female research chemists employed there. She worked alongside Jack Northrop in research and development.	2.296875
71363630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus%20and%20the%20Non-Aligned%20Movement	Cyprus and the Non-Aligned Movement	The Mediterranean island country of Cyprus was one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement with Makarios III attending the 1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia in 1961, just one year after the Cypriot independence. Membership in the movement was perceived as one of two major foreign-policy alternatives with the first one being formal membership in NATO at least nominally supported by both Greece and Turkey in the initial period after the London and Zürich Agreements, and the second one being pro-Western participation in the Non-Aligned Movement. The United Kingdom and the United States preferred this second option at least until 1963. Nicosia believed that the participation in the movement will help the country to convince numerous predominantly Muslim members of the NAM not to recognize or to establish relations with the Northern Cyprus. Membership in the movement helped the island in development of its relations with neighboring Middle East countries. In 1964 Makarios reassured Prime Minister of Greece Georgios Papandreou of Cypriot historical and cultural links to the west but stressed that the country will continue to pursue Non-Aligned foreign policy. On 18 December 1965 member states of the Non-Aligned Movement prepared a draft resolution at the UN General Assembly which called upon all the states "to respect the sovereignty, unity, independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Cyprus". While Non-Aligned countries voted for the resolution, 54 states abstained and Turkey, United States, Iran, Pakistan and Albania voted against it. Greek Cypriot authorities believed that the Non-Aligned Movement may provide them with additional international support for constitutional changes and in their response to Cypriot intercommunal violence. The country hosted the 1988 Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference and was one of the members considered to host the 9th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement.	2.046875
71363858	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol%20Miarka%20%28son%29	Karol Miarka (son)	Karol Miarka known as the Younger or Son (11 June 1856 – 12 May 1919) was a Polish printer and publisher, social activist in Upper Silesia, fighting to maintain Polishness. Biography He was the son of Karol. He graduated from the gymnasium in Cieszyn. After his father, he took over a printing shop in Mikołów, which he turned into a professional printing company. He printed books (including books written by Mickiewicz, Slowacki, Krasiński), calendars and songbooks in mass quantities and then distributed them to the residents of villages and small towns. He received a gold medal for his publications shown at the 1894 . Miarka's Mikołów printing house also published calendars. Very popular in Silesia was the Kalendarz Mariański which in 1898 reached a gigantic circulation of 100,000 copies for the time. In 1910, he sold the publishing house to 's press concern. From 1912 he ran a Literary and Publishing Office in Racibórz. On 10 June 1920 the publishing house of Karol Miarka also printed the first issue of the satirical magazine Kocynder.	2.3125
71363859	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish%20national%20road%2022	Finnish national road 22	The Finnish national road 22 (; ; also known as Kainuuntie, "Kainuu Road") is the main route between the major cities of Oulu and Kajaani in northern Finland. The road is long, and it is part of the national transport route network that connects two regions, North Ostrobothnia and Kainuu. At the Oulu end, the road connects to Highway 4 (E8/E75), while at the Kajaani end, it connects to Highway 5 (E63). The Finnish Transport Agency improved the entrance section of Highway 22 in Oulu between Joutsentie and Konttisentie, with the aim of increasing traffic flow and safety. In this contract, the section of Highway 22 between Joutsentie and Haarankangas was widened into a four-lane median road and the section between Haarankangas and Sääskensuontie was improved to a two-lane median road. From the direction of Kajaani, the lane arrangements of Highways 5 and Highway 6, i.e. the Sotkamontie multi-level interchange, were improved. In addition, two bypasses were built on Highway 5 at Häikiönmäentie and Pöyhölänniementie. Construction started at the end of 2015, but most of the contract work was carried out in 2016 and 2017. The total cost of the project was €16,200,000, of which the Finnish Transport Agency accounted for €15,000,000. Oulu, Muhos and Utajärvi contributed to the costs of the project with a total of €1,200,000. Route The road passes through the following municipalities: Oulu – Muhos – Utajärvi – Vaala – Paltamo – Kajaani	1.953125
71364289	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RR%20Lyncis	RR Lyncis	RR Lyncis is a star system in the northern constellation of Lynx, abbreviated RR Lyn. It is an eclipsing binary of the Algol type; one of the closest in the northern sky at an estimated distance of approximately 263 light years based on parallax measurements. The system is faintly visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.53. During the primary eclipse the brightness drops to 6.03, while it decreases to magnitude 5.90 with the secondary eclipse. The system is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −12 km/s. This star was found to have a variable radial velocity by W. S. Adams, based on measurements taken in 1911, which suggested it is a spectroscopic binary system. At the time it was identified as Boss 1607 and Groom 1149. Orbital elements for the binary were first published in 1915 by W. E. Harper. In 1931, C. M. Huffer determined Boss 1607 to be an eclipsing binary, based on a light curve generated using photoelectric measurements. This showed a period of 9.9450 days with a magnitude difference of 1.20 between the components. N. G. Roman in 1949 found this to be a metallic-line star and a possible member of the Ursa Major stream. In 1960, C. and M. Jaschek published a spectral analysis of RR Lyn that showed hydrogen lines for a star of type A7, a K-line of type A3, and metallic lines of type F0 or cooler. Kh. F. Khaliullin and A. I. Khaliullina in 2002 found that the timing of the primary and secondary eclipses underwent quasi-period oscillations. This may be explained by a third body with a mass 90% of the Sun in orbit with the pair. However, as of 2006 the presence of this object has not been confirmed through spectroscopic measurement.	2.265625
71364394	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20history%20of%20Harar	Early history of Harar	In 18th and 19th century, three handwritten documents published in Amharic, Arabic and French described Harar being liberated by Dawud dynasty from Imamate of Aussa in 1647 and ruled until Egyptian conquest in 1875. History Walashma dynasty The imams of Harar came to conflict with Walasma ruling classes that exacerbate the conflict through preaching the rulers for their reluctance to fulfill their religious duty. The religious party heightened its power by 16th century and able to intervene the country's policy. Meanwhile, Mahfuz, governor of Zeila/Harar, raid toward Ethiopia without consent of the Walashma ruler Muhammad bin Azharaddin, who wanted to maintain relations with the Christians. Thus, the event sparked the Ethiopian–Adal War (1529–1543). During the conflict, the Somalis sided with the extinct Harla people, Afar, Argobba, Hadiya forces along with Turkish and Arab gunmen, with both use of Maya mercenaries. Sultanate of Harar Harar formed its Sultanate after the death of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi at the Battle of Wayna Daga in 1543, by the aid of Nur ibn Mujahid, who proclaimed himself Amir or Sultan of Harar. Nur spent majority of his role renovating Harar and creating great wall around Harar. Shortly after assumption to the throne, he married widow of Ahmed Gragn Bati del Wambara, who helped him to be self-reliant against confronting Ethiopian forces. After the death of Gerad Abbas, Ethiopian Emperor Gelawdewos invaded surrounding kingdoms except for Harari, including Dawaro, Fatagar, Bale, and Hadiya. Interestingly, Gelawdewos headed to Kaffa province after which Nur ibn Mujahid declared a jihad. Nur took a lot of damage in his first campaign, it took him nine years to recover, in 1559 he assembled an army of 1800 horsemen and 500 riflemen and numerous swords- and bowmen, this time he was successful and invaded Fatagar.	2.71875
71364629	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocoprinus%20medioflavus	Leucocoprinus medioflavus	Leucocoprinus medioflavus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Taxonomy It was first described in 1894 by the French mycologist Jean Louis Émile Boudier who classified it as Lepiota medioflava. Boudier also provided various illustrations of the mushroom in different stages of growth. In 1976 it was classified as Leucocoprinus medioflavus and as the synonym Leucoagaricus medioflavus by the French mycologist Marcel Bon. In 1999 the variant Leucocoprinus medioflavus var. niveus was described by the mycologists Vincenzo Migliozzi & Marcello Rava. This is now considered a synonym. Description Leucocoprinus medioflavus is a small dapperling mushroom with thin white flesh and a pronounced yellow umbo. Boudier described this mushroom in 1894 as follows: Cap: 2–3 cm wide. White, striated and with a powdery white coating or finely woolly (tomentose) to silky texture. Bulbous or cylindrical when immature expanding to flat with a depressed centre and a prominent yellow umbo. Cap edges lift upwards when mature. Gills: White, free, crowded. Stem: 4–7 cm tall (including the cap thickness). White but tapers up from the thicker base which is often yellow. The stem ring is in the middle of the stem (median) and curls upwards. The stem is slightly scaly (furfuraceous) above the ring and woolly (tomentose) below. Spore print: White Spores: Equilateral, ovate, obtuse, often filled with a small droplet. 5-6 x 3 μm. Habitat and distribution L. medioflavus is scarcely recorded and little known. Boudier's 1894 description says the specimens studied were found in France on moist earth in the heat of June, growing in large numbers inside a nursery greenhouse. Etymology The specific epithet medioflavus (originally medioflava) derives from the Latin medio meaning 'in the middle' and flavus meaning yellow, flaxen or blonde. This is a reference to the distinct yellow umbo in the centre of the mushroom.	2.578125
71364642	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899%20Ayd%C4%B1n%E2%80%93Denizli%20earthquake	1899 Aydın–Denizli earthquake	A long surface rupture and up to of vertical displacement was measured during geological fieldworks in the 1960s and 1970s. Near Sarayköy, an offset of was measured. The rupture also produced a right-lateral strike-slip component. In 1998, Nicholas Ambraseys measured the surface rupture length to be . A 2013 study of damage and aid distribution reports led to the interpretation that the earthquake may have in fact been two mainshocks occurring in close succession of each other. The latter mainshock had an estimated magnitude of 6.7. Aftermath The area within the Büyük Menderes Graben was extensively damaged, with the cities of Sultanhisar, Atca, Nazilli, Kuyucak, Sarayköy, Denizli and Karacasu experiencing the greatest destruction. A total of 12,932 homes were destroyed, including 350 in Aydın; 2,052 in Köşk, Sultanhisar, Atça and Nazilli; 2,931 in Kuyucak and Ortakçı; and 720 in Sarayköy. In addition, 8,756 more were damaged. The earthquake and its secondary effects killed 1,117–1,470 people and left 80,000–100,000 homeless. An estimated 55 percent of all homes in Denizli were razed. The older part of Nazilli was completely destroyed; a liquorice factory and all public infrastructures were decimated. In the newer part of town, half the home stock was left in ruins, further exacerbated by a conflagration. Fires also destroyed the homes of Saraykoy, including those that survived the shock. Several hundred homes and the minarets of a mosque collapsed in Aydin. A factory chimney, and some churches and synagogues also toppled. On the stretch of railroad from Aydin to Cal and Denizli, parts of the earthwork slumped, causing the rails to be suspended in the air. Railway bridges were damaged at three towns located near Sarayköy. Collapsed telecommunication poles were reported east of Kuyucak and Gemelli. Landslides buried an abandoned town and damage two more. Soil liquefaction was reported in Kogarli, Sahinli and Cellat.	2.46875
71364775	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Bennett%20%28artist%29	Mike Bennett (artist)	Mike Bennett is an American visual artist based in Portland, Oregon. He studied art education and has worked as a preschool teacher. Early life and education Originally from Massachusetts, Bennett was raised in central Pennsylvania. In 2012, he studied animation, art education, computer design, and illustration at Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania. Career Bennett installed large plywood cartoon characters in 2019. In 2020, he partnered with Miller Paint to offer Earth Day kits. He also hosted a collection called Crypto Zoo outside his house in 2020. Bennett's A to Zoo and A, B, Sea projects were exhibited at Director Park. Bioluminescent Beasts was displayed at Pioneer Place in 2022 as part of the Portland Winter Light Festival. Dinolandia was exhibited in downtown Portland in 2022. In 2023, Bennett hid fifty artworks for people to find as part of a Zelda-themed scavenger hunt. He also hosted a moving sale and released Halloween-themed yard art in 2023. Painted Pines was exhibited at the Lloyd Center in early 2024. The Cool Creature Crawl was held at the Oregon Zoo in 2024. Bennet also hosted the seasonal pop-up shop Snow Day Village at Director Park in 2024. The shop debuted stuffed animals based on his visual work. Bennet contributed a plywood work to Robot Alley. He also designed MidCity SmashedBurger's mascot, who appears in the company's logo. He opened Wonderwood in 2022. In 2022, Bennett was recognized as a distinguished alumni of his high school for his work in the visual arts.	2.15625
71364786	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20McClay%20Williams	Alexander McClay Williams	Alexander McClay Williams (July 23, 1914 – June 8, 1931) was an African-American teenager wrongfully convicted and executed for the 1930 murder of 33-year-old Vida Robare, a matron of the Glen Mills reform school he attended, in Pennsylvania. Williams confessed to the murder, although he later recanted his confession. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania wrongfully executed Williams for Robare's murder in 1931 when he was 16 years old, making Williams the youngest person ever executed in Pennsylvania. Efforts to posthumously exonerate Williams began in 2015 when his attorney's grandson researched the case, generating renewed interest in its details, particularly in the fact that Williams's confession was coerced, that Williams's implication in the murder was racially motivated and inconsistent with the crime scene details, and that the real perpetrator of the murder may have been Robare's abusive ex-husband. In 2022, following a posthumous review of Williams's case, his conviction was overturned, and all charges against him were dismissed, effectively exonerating him. Early life Williams was born on July 23, 1914. He had at least ten siblings, including a sister named Susie Williams-Carter, who was Williams's only surviving sibling by 2015; Williams-Carter was still alive in 2022 when Williams's conviction was overturned. Williams grew up in Cheyney, Pennsylvania, raised by an illiterate father, and was very physically slight, standing at 4 feet, 7 inches (139 cm) and 91 pounds. He also had learning disabilities.	2.078125
71364804	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20L%C3%BCneburg	Battle of Lüneburg	When Cossacks showed up at the southern city gate at 6 am, Morand thought he was dealing with patrols as before. He sent two guns with an infantry cover and his 75 horsemen in front of the city to drive off the enemy. His troops ran into one of Dörnberg's traps: surprised, they saw themselves exposed to a massive flank attack by Russian hussars, lost their guns and were taken prisoner except for part of the cavalry. Only in the late morning did Morand realize that a regular Russian-Prussian infantry and artillery force was attacking Lüneburg with the aim of conquering it. Meanwhile, a city gate was in the hands of Prussian fusiliers under Major Karl von Borcke. While fighting broke out at other city gates, armed citizens freed those sentenced to be shot and attacked enemy soldiers in the streets. Morand, already wounded, lost track and ordered a retreat from the city at noon to a French force stationed west of the New Gate. His order could no longer be obeyed by any of his detachments, because some were locked in various gates and buildings by the Prussian and Russian troops pushing into the city and were already beginning to capitulate. Morand now attempted a recapture from the outside. The attack, in which he was badly wounded this time, failed after initial successes. Here it came to the now famous act of the Lüneburg bourgeois daughter Johanna Stegen. She supplied Prussian fusiliers with urgently needed ammunition, which she had salvaged from an abandoned ammunition wagon on the battlefield at the risk of her life. In the afternoon Russian horsemen had surrounded Morand's troops. An honorable surrender accepted by Dörnberg could not be enforced by the Saxon officers because of the French's refusal to cease fire. After a failed attempt to break through to retreat to Reppenstedt, the Russian-Prussian artillery, reinforced with captured cannons, began to shoot up the surrounded troops. Around 5 pm, Morand's entire force surrendered and was taken prisoner	2.125

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