Split (1)

train · 1.04M rows

id stringlengths 2 8	url stringlengths 31 381	title stringlengths 1 211	text stringlengths 1.02k 2.05k	edu_quality float64 1.91 4.03
74370140	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte%20Gonare	Monte Gonare	Flora and fauna The flora is composed of species such as downy oak (Quercus pubescens), holm oak (Quercus ilex), chestnut (Castanea sativa), pauciflorous garlic (Allium parciflorum), smearwort (Aristolochia rotunda), the spatulate daisy (Bellium bellidioides), the thorny ruddy grass (Dipsacus ferox), Ephedra nebrodensis, Euphorbia semiperfoliata, Corsican bedstraw (Galium corsicum), the Sardinian groundsel (Glechoma sardoa), helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum), holly (Ilex aquifolium), Montpellier maple (Acer monspessulanum), common twayblade (Listera ovata), Corsican Mercurialis (Mercurialis corsica), the early-purple orchid of Sardinia (Orchis mascula ichnusae), the Sardinian-corso ornithogalum (Ornithogalum corsicum), the royal fern (Osmunda regalis), the wild peony (Paeonia mascula), the sea lily (Pancratium illyricum) and Psoralea morisiana. Plant species endemic to the flora of Sardinia include Stachys glutinosa, Crocus minimus, mossy sandwort (Arenaria balearica), Sardinian mint (Mentha insularis), Arum pictum, Borago pygmaea, the Sardinian berry (Acinos sardous), Gonare's colchicum (Colchicum gonarei), Polypodium interjectum, lesser meadow-rue (Thalictrum minus), common twayblade (Listera ovata), bird's-nest orchid (Neottia nidus-avis) and wild asparagus (Asparagus tenuifolius). Common among fauna species are the Sardinian partridge (Alectoris barbara), Mehely's horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus mehelyi), lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros), greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) and common bent-wing bat (Miniopterus schreibersi). Amphibians include the Sardinian tree frog (Hyla sarda).	2.703125
74370202	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclogue%208	Eclogue 8	Eclogue 8 (Ecloga VIII; Bucolica VIII), also titled Pharmaceutria ('The Sorceress'), is a pastoral poem by the Latin poet Virgil, one of his book of ten Eclogues. After an introduction, containing an address to an unnamed dedicatee, there follow two love songs of equal length sung by two herdsmen, Damon and Alphesiboeus. One is the song of a love-sick young man, whose girlfriend Nysa is marrying another man, Mopsus. The second is the song of a woman who, with the help of her servant Amaryllis, is performing a magic rite to try to entice her beloved Daphnis back from the city. The poem is believed to have been written in 39 BC, and the dedicatee is usually thought to be Virgil's patron Gaius Asinius Pollio, whose military exploits are alluded to in verses 6–13. This eclogue is mainly based on Theocritus's Idyll 2, but the first song also includes elements from Idylls 1, 3, and 11. Summary - 1 An anonymous narrator says he wishes to tell of the songs of two outstanding singers, Damon and Aphesiboeus, to whom cows, lynxes, and even rivers listen in amazement. He breaks off (lines 6–13) to address an unnamed dedicatee, whom he imagines at this moment crossing the rocks of the river Timavus or skirting the coast of Illyricum, asking him to accept the dedication. He continues by relating how Damon began his song at dawn, leaning on a smooth olive tree.	2.03125
74370263	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano%20Concerto%20%28Grime%29	Piano Concerto (Grime)	Helen Grime's Piano Concerto was written for the between 2016 and 2017 on a joint commission from Wigmore Hall and the Birmingham Contemporary Music Group. Its world premiere was given by the pianist Huw Watkins, Grime's husband, and members of the Birmingham Contemporary Music Group at Wigmore Hall, London, on 3 March 2017. Composition The concerto lasts about 12 minutes and is cast in three short, numbered movements. Unlike other piano concertos, which are typically cast for piano and orchestra, Grime's concerto is scored much more sparingly for piano and a chamber ensemble of only 6 players. In the score program note, Grime said that her intention "was to create an intimate piece which is as much about chamber music as moments of great virtuosity and stillness." The concerto was also written in part as a homage to the music of Elliott Carter and Pierre Boulez, with Grime citing Carter's Triple Duo (1982) and Boulez's Sur Incises (1996/1998) as personal favorites. Instrumentation The work is scored for solo piano and a chamber ensemble comprising flute (doubling alto flute), clarinet (doubling bass clarinet), one percussionist (playing vibraphone, crotales, and large suspended cymbal), harp, violin, and cello.	2.078125
74370517	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Jos%C3%A9%20Guti%C3%A9rrez%20de%20los%20R%C3%ADos	Carlos José Gutiérrez de los Ríos	Carlos José Gutiérrez de los Ríos y Rohan-Chabot, 6th Count of Fernán Núñez (11 July 1742 – 23 February 1795) was a Spanish soldier and Diplomat whose military career spanned over two decades. From a noble family, after his military career he served in several diplomatic capacities including Ambassador to Portugal from 1778 to 1788 and Ambassador to France from 1787 to 1791. Early life and ancestry He was the son of José Diego Gutiérrez de los Ríos y Zapata, 5th Count of Fernán Núñez and Charlotte Felicité de Rohan-Chabot. His father had served as Captain general of the galleys of Spain. His mother was the granddaughter of Louis, Duke of Rohan and thus, through his matrilineal line, he was a descendant of Charles VII of France, Henry III of England and various other monarchs. He was born on 11 July 1742 in Cartagena. Career Military After both of his parents had died, King Ferdinand VI took him under his protection and paid for his studies at the Royal Seminary of Nobles in Madrid. On 18 May 1752, he entered as a cadet in the Regiment of Royal Spanish Infantry Guards. He became standard-bearer on 18 April and 2nd Lieutenant on 15 May 1760. He became 1st Lieutenant on 22 August 1761 and in 1762 served in the Fantastic War where he was sent to Madrid to tell Charles III of the capture of Almeida. He was appointed Colonel on 6 September 1762 and was later given charge of the Castile Infantry Regiment No. 1. In 1766, he exposed his life for the King, and so on 15 July 1767 he was promoted to Infantry Brigadier.	2.65625
74370536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Stations%20of%20the%20Cross%20%28Newman%29	The Stations of the Cross (Newman)	The Stations of the Cross is a series of fifteen abstract expressionist paintings created between 1958 and 1966 by Barnett Newman, often considered to be his greatest work. It consists of fourteen paintings, each named after one of Jesus's fourteen Stations, followed by a coda, Be II. Unlike most depictions of the Stations of the Cross, Newman did not intend for this to be a narrative journey of Jesus's suffering. Rather, it was intended to evoke the central question of the Passion, lema sabachthani (why have you forsaken me?). The secular, Jewish Newman used this central theme of Christian theology to probe the human condition rather than towards its historical purpose of devotion or worship. The series has been seen as a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust. History The painting series was unveiled at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in 1966, in an exhibition titled The Stations of the Cross: Lema Sabachthani. The National Gallery of Art bought the paintings in 1987 from Newman's widow for an estimated $5 to $7 million, through a donation from Robert and Jane Meyerhoff. They were put on permanent display. Paintings Exhibition history	2.46875
74370586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Socotra	Battle of Socotra	Aftermath The architect Tomás Fernandes built a fortress at Suq, fort São Miguel de Socotorá. Within, the Portuguese built a church, named Nossa Senhora da Vitória, where the Franciscan friar António do Loureiro said mass. The first commander of the fort was Dom Afonso de Noronha. Socotra harboured a community of Nestorian Christians, and after a proclamation by Cunha many returned to Suq, expressing their gratitude to the Portuguese for freeing them from Muslim rule. Afonso de Albuquerque then redistributed the palm groves which had belonged to the resident Muslims and the mosque to the Christians. Perceiving that Socotra was too far removed from meaningful trade routes and resource poor, after taking office as governor of India Afonso de Albuquerque ordered the evacuation of the fort. In 1511 the Portuguese abandoned Socotra and the Mahra sultans regained control of the island. Socotra would remain a frequent port of call for Portuguese merchants and warships in the future. In the 19th century, a large number of inhabitants in the hill country still claimed descent from the Portuguese.	2.5
74370679	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choeradoplana%20abaiba	Choeradoplana abaiba	Choeradoplana abaiba is a species of land planarian belonging to the subfamily Geoplaninae. It is known from specimens found in Serra do Tabuleiro State Park in Brazil. Description Choeradoplana abaiba is a small flatworm that generally, when unmoving, does not reach past 4 cm in length and 4.5 mm in width. It has a slender, flattened body. The base color of its body is an ochre yellow. There are two separate populations of C. abaiba that observe slight differences in their markings. The Eastern population, within Paulo Lopes, has densely distributed brown pigment aside from irregular, round, clear areas and a slight midline. The Western population, within São Bonifácio, is covered with brown speckles on the dorsal side that form a reticulated ornament; the speckles are denser in the center of the body and looser on the margins. The ventral side is a sand-yellow color. It is distinguished from other members of Choeradoplana by its mottled brown speckles, sperm ducts that penetrate the lower-front or side-front wall of the penis bulb, a prostatic vesicle within the penis bulb with a dorsally-oriented proximal half, and no permanent penis papilla. Etymology The specific epithet of abaiba is derived from the Tupi language word , meaning "difficult, arduous". This is in reference to the reported difficulty of delimiting the species' taxonomy both morphologically and molecularly.	2.09375
74371471	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic%20Esports%20Series	Olympic Esports Series	Future Following the conclusion of the inaugural event in Singapore, the IOC's head of virtual sports and esports Vincent Pereira said that Paris, as the host city of the 2024 Summer Olympics, had priority to host an edition of the Olympic Esports Series in 2024 if it wished, but that interest had also been received from Singapore to repeat as hosts as well as from Seoul, South Korea; Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates; New York City; and Shenzhen, China. Studies suggest that tailoring Olympic Esports events to align with regional values of excellence, friendship, and respect could increase global acceptance and support. Despite criticism over excluding traditional esports titles deemed "too violent", the IOC also intends to keep first-person shooter games out of the Olympic Esports Series in the future, according to Pereira. Despite Fortnite having been included in the 2023 event in a specially modified format with targets, Pereira added the default format of Fortnite involving shooting other characters would not be considered. Future game additions could include Rocket League, the Street Fighter series, and the NBA 2K series, which all featured as exhibition events in 2023. However, the inclusion of esports as a sport at the main Olympic Games is not likely in the immediate future, despite it having medal status at the Asian Games and Southeast Asian Games, as well as various esports World Championships being held for traditional sports, such as the Esailing World Championship, with the IOC's Pereira saying "they're two different worlds". This digital entertainment event can have a significant positive impact on competitive gaming globally, with the industry’s value expected to reach over $1 trillion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 11.60 percent during the forecast period 2023-2032, according to market research firm Inkwood Research.	2.1875
74371767	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProtoDUNE	ProtoDUNE	Construction It took two years to build the first ProtoDUNE detector, and another eight weeks to fill it with 800 tons of liquid argon. Originally, one detector was built to be single-phase (ProtoDUNE-SP), using only liquid argon, while the other was built to be dual-phase (ProtoDUNE-DP), using both liquid and gaseous argon. The goal of the prototypes is to solve any engineering problems that DUNE might face before construction begins. A group led by Bob Paulos in the University of Wisconsin–Madison Physical Sciences Lab designed the APA for the single-phase detector, and the APAs were built by the UW–Madison group and the Science and Technology Facilities Council’s Daresbury Laboratory. In addition, CERN designed a cathode plane that would repel electrons. The dual-phase detector operated similarly, but with a slightly different array configuration. Although DUNE's neutrinos will be provided by the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility, CERN expanded their existing network to use a particle beam to test the detectors. The beam window system that allowed researchers to test ProtoDUNE was designed, fabricated, and installed by the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Testing In 2018, ProtoDUNE recorded its first particle tracks. In 2020, researchers published a paper regarding the testing of the ProtoDUNE-SP detector. They used an 800-GeV beam of protons and electrons from CERN's SPS accelerator to test the capabilities of the ProtoDUNE-SP detector. In the test, the results from ProtoDUNE-SP were cross-checked with those from particle detectors located just before the detector. ProtoDUNE uses reconstruction software to differentiate an actual interaction from noise. This test revealed that the detector had a signal-to-noise ratio of fifty to one and that over 99% of the detector channels were working properly. As of 2023, CERN is building ProtoDUNE II, which will include a vertical drift detector (ProtoDUNE-VD). ProtoDUNE II will contain four APAs and light sensors.	2.5
74371920	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marissa%20Chib%C3%A1s	Marissa Chibás	Most recently on stage, Chibás performed as the character Lourdes in the world premiere of Octavio Solis's Scenes with Cranes, directed by Chi-wang Yang and produced by the CalArts Center for New Performance at REDCAT in 2022. Her notable film and TV credits include Law & Order, Henry Fool, Cold Feet, and Zohra, which was nominated for several awards at the Official Latino Film and Arts Festival and Women's Only Entertainment Film Festival. Her silent film/performance piece Clara’s Los Angeles was presented at REDCAT's NOW Festival and her short Clandestino was featured on the LibroTraficante radio show. Writing and filmmaking In 2016, Chibás wrote the play Shelter, produced by CalArts Center for New Performance and Duende CalArts. Shelter is a movement-based theatrical performance. The play was featured on NPR's Code Switch in an article called "Child Migrants' Harrowing Journey Brought To Life On Stage". In 2019, Chibás made a short film documentary Finding Shelter, inspired by her play Shelter. It won Best Documentary Short at the San Diego Latino Film Festival and screened at the Official Latino Film and Arts Festival. In 2021, Chibás created a feature-length documentary film called A Cuban Documemory. She won the Best Documentary Award at the 2021 Cuban American International Film Festival. Her feature screenplay 72 is in development. It was selected for Sundance’s feature film development track and as an Athena Film Festival Awards finalist. Chibás' play Daughter of a Cuban Revolutionary is featured in the 2nd edition of the anthology Contemporary Plays by Women of Color, edited by Roberta Uno and published by Routledge in 2017. Teaching Chibás is on the School of Theater faculty at the California Institute of the Arts. She is the Director of Duende CalArts established in 2009. Duende CalArts is a Latinx initiative at CalArts Center for New Performance that collaborates with innovative Latinx and Latin American artists.	2.078125
74372056	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Wages	Bob Wages	Robert E. "Bob" Wages (born August 18, 1949) is an American former labor union leader. Born in Kansas City, Kansas, Wages studied at the University of Kansas. He then followed his father in working at a Phillips Petroleum Company refinery, and joined the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers' International Union (OCAW). During this period, he studied law part-time at the University of Missouri. He graduated in 1975 and began working as an attorney for the city of Raymore, Missouri, then became an assistant legal counsel for OCAW. In 1981, Wages was appointed as the administrative assistant to the president of OCAW, and then at the end of the year, he was appointed as a vice-president of the union. He was elected to the post on an ongoing basis in 1985, and re-elected in 1988. In 1991, he was elected as president of the union, and in 1995 he was additionally elected as a vice-president of the AFL-CIO. As leader of OCAW, Wages negotiated a merger which formed the Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union, which was completed in 1999. He became executive vice-president of the new union. He retired in 2001, but agreed to continue leading the union's negotiations on agreements in the oil industry, which were concluded in August 2002.	1.945313
74372293	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Bay%20Redwoods	East Bay Redwoods	The East Bay Redwoods are an isolated population of coast redwoods that exist a considerable distance inland from the coast in the Berkeley Hills in western Contra Costa County, California. Stands of Sequoia sempervirens, the Coast Redwood, occur on the west coast from Big Sur to extreme southwestern Oregon. Their preferred habitat is the temperate and perennially foggy western slopes of the California Coast Ranges; a reliance on marine climates generally restricts their range to a narrow band along the central and northern coasts of California. Geography The San Francisco Bay Area's Berkeley Hills are a member of the Inner Coast Ranges and generally exhibit vegetation characteristic of the dry California chaparral and woodlands biome. The western sections of the range are not particularly high, and are frequently indundated with fog drifting inland from the Pacific Ocean. For this reason, the Berkeley Hills exhibit a Mediterranean climate modulated by regular marine influence. This unique microclimate has allowed Coast redwoods to thrive in one of the most isolated locations in their natural range. Contra Costa County's only naturally occurring redwoods are located in three north-south trending canyons in western Contra Costa County near the towns of Moraga and Piedmont, California in the upper watershed of San Leandro Creek; its tributaries Redwood Creek and Indian Creek rise in and near the redwoods and receive flow from a number of spring-fed streams flowing out of the hills. The forest is about 2 miles wide and 3 miles long. Pinehurst and Redwood roads are the only roads that traverse the redwoods. The Dr. Aurelia Reinhardt Redwood Regional Park occupies a portion of the remaining redwood forest along Redwood Creek, and is a popular outdoor recreational area for locals, while the redwood forest along upper San Leandro creek is managed as part of EBMUD's San Leandro Creek watershed and a permit is required for entry.	2.703125
74372293	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Bay%20Redwoods	East Bay Redwoods	"These woods were filled in all directions with a busy throng of men, and the forests were fast disappearing before them."The redwoods were one of the most populated areas of the East Bay during the first decade of American control in the region. During the first half of the 1850s, lumber produced by the mills in the east bay redwoods fueled the growth of towns like Martinez, Benicia, Hayward and Walnut Creek. Many of the roadways in the east bay can trace their origins back to the road systems developed for hauling lumber. The present city of Lafayette, California formed as the result of it being a natural stopping point for ox teams hauling redwood timbers to the port at Martinez. Being small when compared to other redwood forests in the Bay Area and under such great demand, the industry quickly stripped the east bay redwoods. By 1860, the redwoods in the east bay had been completely cleared, and the lumber industry that developed around them faded away. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the east bay redwoods were again logged.	2.625
74372314	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midge%20Nelson	Midge Nelson	Marjorie Eileen "Midge" Nelson (born 1937) is a former softball player from Australia. She is considered one of the greatest softball players from Australia, competing in the Women's Softball World Cup four times. She was the first Australian softball player to be inducted into the International Softball Federation Hall of Fame. She also played hockey for Australia. The Midge Nelson Medal is awarded to the most valuable player at the Australian Softball Federation's national championships. Early life and sport Marjorie Eileen Nelson was born on 2 February 1937 in Cottesloe, Western Australia, one of four children. She played softball with the Freemantle Rebels from the age of 16 and in 1956 made the Western Australia state team. She also played hockey in the winter and five-a-side basketball in 1958. She went to nationals with the Western Australian softball team four times, captaining the team to victory in 1959. Nelson travelled to Victoria in 1959. She was selected for the Victorian state teams for basketball, hockey, and softball. During her time with the Victorian softball team, her team went to nationals 19 times and won the title 12 times. International career Nelson started her international career in 1960, and is considered one of the greatest Australian softball players, competing with the Australia women's national softball team in the Women's Softball World Cup four times. At the 1965 world cup in Melbourne, the Australian team won and Nelson scored two home runs in the lead-up game to the final. The Australian softball team toured South Africa for six weeks in 1967. Apartheid was an eye-opener for Nelson, who said "we found it hard to adapt to the downgrading of the South African black population." Nelson's nose was broken in Hong Kong during hockey training later that year. Her team went to Leverkusen, Germany for the world hockey tournament, with her as vice-captain.	2.40625
74372379	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessonornis	Dessonornis	Dessonornis is a genus of birds in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae that are found in Sub-Saharan Africa. Taxonomy The genus Dessonornis was introduced in 1836 by British ornithologist Andrew Smith to accommodate a single species, the white-throated robin-chat, which is therefore considered as the type species. The name Dessonornis is a misspelling, Smith corrected it to Bessonornis in 1840. The name combines the Ancient Greek bēssa meaning "glen" or "wooded valley" with ornis meaning "bird". The spelling correction is not recognized by International Ornithologists' Union. Species in this genus was previously placed in Cossypha, while phylogenetic studies revealed that they are more closely related to Cichladusa and Xenocopsychus. In the taxonomic revision to create monophyletic groups, Dessonornis was resurrected with the following species: White-throated robin-chat, Dessonornis humeralis Cape robin-chat, Dessonornis caffer Archer's ground robin, Dessonornis archeri Olive-flanked ground robin, Dessonornis anomalus	2.53125
74372457	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaccaria%20Barbaro	Zaccaria Barbaro	Zaccaria Barbaro (1422/3 – 29 November 1492) was a Venetian statesman and diplomat. Life Zaccaria Barbaro was born in 1422 or 1423. A member of the Barbaro family, he was the son of Francesco Barbaro, cousin of Bishop Ermolao Barbaro and father of another Ermolao Barbaro. He studied under the humanist Lorenzo Cesano. In 1449, he married Clara (Chiara), daughter of the future Doge Andrea Vendramin. Barbaro held public office for the first time in 1443, when he was an avogador del mobile, but his career only took off some two decades later. He was elected one of the Savi di Terraferma in 1468 and again in 1469, 1473, 1474 and 1485. He was one of the Savi del Consiglio in 1478, 1480, 1482, 1484, 1485, 1488 and 1490. He sat on the Minor Council in 1481, 1484, 1486 and 1488 and on the Council of Ten in 1471, 1473–1474 and 1483–1483. In 1459, Barbaro was the ambassador to King Alfonso V of Aragon. Around 1462, he was appointed a diplomat (oratore) to the Holy See. In 1462, he was one of the ducal electors at the election of Cristoforo Moro. In 1469, he was sent to Verona as ambassador to the Emperor Frederick III. In 1469–1470, he was the podestà and captain of Ravenna.	1.90625
74372605	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefa%20Sacko	Josefa Sacko	Josefa Leonel Correia Sacko is an Angolan agronomist, economist and diplomat. She currently serves as the Commissioner for Agriculture, Rural Development, Blue Economy and Sustainable Environment of the African Union Commission. Prior to her current role, she was a Special Advisor to the Angolan Government, namely to the Angolan Minister of Environment and the Angolan Minister of Agriculture, focusing on international cooperation. She reviously served as the Secretary-General of the Inter-African Coffee Organization (IACO) for 13 years. Career Sacko has made significant contributions to agriculture and international diplomacy. She began her career as a special adviser to the Minister of Agriculture in Angola, overseeing food security, poverty reduction, and nutrition. She later served as the Secretary-General of the Inter-African Coffee Organization (IACO), where she managed the economic interests of 25 African coffee-producing countries. During her tenure, she established Regional Centers of Excellence to enhance the capacity of member states in genetic material conservation and coffee quality improvement across several African countries including Cote d’Ivoire, Uganda, Cameroon, and Zambia. Sacko has received several awards and recognitions for her contributions, including being named one of the 100 most influential people in climate policy in March 2019 and receiving the Prix de la Foundation 2019 at the Crans Montana African Women’s Forum for her efforts in empowering rural women. Sacko is fluent in Portuguese, French, English, Spanish, and Lingala. Honors and Awards Crans Montana Forum Recognition Award (2019)	1.984375
74372718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9lula%20Books%20%26%20Co.	Libélula Books & Co.	Libélula Books & Co. is a queer, BIPOC-owned independent bookstore located in Barrio Logan in San Diego, California. Overview Libélula Books & Co. was founded in June 2021 by Jesi Gutierrez and Celi Hernandez. It is located in a 700-square-foot space at South 26th St. in the historically Mexican-American neighborhood of Barrio Logan in San Diego. The bookstore holds a selection of art publications, poetry, LBGTQ literature, graphic novels, feminist literature, social justice-driven nonfiction, Spanish and English works, with an emphasis on indigenous, Black and Chicana/o history and narratives. The selection at Libélula is meant to uplift narratives of several historically marginalized identities such as women or femme, BIPOC, and/or LGBTQ. The bookstore also carries books by small press houses, self-published magazines by local writers, and new or used publications. According to the Los Angeles Times, the bookstore is a community centered space, intentionally curated to be a safe space for queer communities and communities of color. They offer free WiFi and a computer for the community's use. They are also in collaboration with the San Diego Brown Beret National Organization to offer free tutoring to youth of the community. Additionally, the space is used for screenings, readings, panels, art installations and other projects from local artists and authors. Guest artists that have been featured in the space include: Beatrice Zamora, Bob Dominguez, Polaris Castillo, Matt Sedillo.	2.03125
74373095	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef%20Flori%C3%A1n%20Babor	Jozef Florián Babor	Josef Florián Babor (4 May 1872 – 11 January 1951) was a Czech-Slovak physician and zoologist. He served at the Charles University, where he took a special interest in molluscs, describing a number of new species. He was also involved in anthropology and attempted to find a common ground for biology and Christianity. He was the brother of Márie Zdenka Baborová-Čiháková (1877–1937). Life and work Babor was born in Prague where his father was a school headmaster. A younger sister Márie Zdenka Baborová-Čiháková (1877–1937) became a zoologist. After studies at grammar school he joined Charles University in Prague and became a medical doctor in 1897. He also attended natural sciences lectures by Antonín Frič, Jan Palacký and František Vejdovský. He practiced from 1899 to 1915 at Prague and served as a military doctor in Bohemia during World War I. He moved to Slovakia in 1919 and taught at the Comenius University in Bratislava. He became a professor in 1928 and headed the biology department at the faculty of medicine until 1943. He studied both living and fossil molluscs, examined the function of Semper's organ, the effect of X-ray and ultraviolet irradiation on molluscs. He also took an interest in human evolution and wrote popular science articles. He sought to find common ground between theology and science. He was against allowing abortion and supported the Catholic church.	2.234375
74374153	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi%20Asioli	Luigi Asioli	Luigi Asioli (16 December 1817, Correggio - 15 August 1877, Modena) was an Italian Neoclassical painter. Biography He was born to the engraver, Giuseppe Asioli, and his wife Enrichetta née Rosaspina; daughter of the Bolognese engraver Francesco Rosaspina. His uncle Bonifazio was a well-known composer. After displaying some artistic talent, his grandfather brought him to Bologna to begin his training. From 1828 to 1837, he was a student at the , where he specialized in drawing from life. He returned to Bologna to complete his studies at the Pontificia Accademia di Belle Arti; obtaining several prizes for his work. He was especially noted for painting a portrait of Professor Luigi Chini in a single day. In 1839, he went to Florence and made several stays there through 1846, to perfect his technique, working with Giuseppe Bezzuoli. In between, he created several large altarpieces and frescoes in his hometown, at the parish church of Villa Dosdondo, the Confraternity of San Sebastian, the church at the Monastery of Santa Chiara, Carpi, and the . He settled in Modena, where the painter Adeodato Malatesta had arranged a position for him at the Accademia. Early in 1848, he was named a professor of Drawing there, but almost immediately became an active participant in the Revolution; fighting in Venice, Genoa and Milan. After hostilities had ceased, he returned to the Accademia and was there until 1859. That year, Austria declared war on the Kingdom of Sardinia and he volunteered for service. He was briefly stationed in Brescello, but saw no action. Upon being discharged, he married Clorinda Romei, from Reggio Emilia. The following year. he was back at the Accademia, as a professor of painting, creating medals, sketches and portraits in addition to his teaching duties.	2.515625
74374451	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion%20of%20Ismail%20Mukh	Rebellion of Ismail Mukh	The rebellion of Ismail Mukh took place between 1346 and 1347 when Deccani Amirs placed Ismail Mukh, also known as Nasir-ud-din Ismail Shah, an Afghan noble, at the head of a rebellion centered at Daulatabad. The rebellion saw the decline and loss of the Delhi Sultanate's control over the Deccan, which had been a part of the Delhi Sultanate since the Khilji dynasty. Ismail Mukh abdicated in favor of Zafar Khan on 3 August 1347, which saw the establishment of the Bahmani Sultanate, which went on to exist until 1518. Background In 1346, a low-born named Aziz Himar was appointed governor over the cities of Daulatabad, Malwa, and Dhar. Azim Himar was instructed on using intrigue and spying on the centurions of Daulatabad and other nearby cities, as rebellion was common to spark in the Deccan. Following this, a rebellion was triggered in Gujarat, Vadodara, and Bahroch. As a result, Aziz Himar set out to quell the rebellions, but was defeated and killed by the rebels. Realizing the situation, Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the emperor of the Delhi Sultanate under the Tughlaq dynasty, marched against the rebels himself and defeated them, pacifying the region. Following this, Muhammad sent two nobles to Daulatabad, and wished for the centurions to meet him. Fearing the worst, the Daulatabad centurions killed the nobles who had arrived at Daulatabad. Alongside this, they imprisoned Mawlānā Nizam-ud-din, and killed many other officers of the Delhi Sultanate, officially declaring rebellion.	2.375
74374460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Ehrmann	Paul Ehrmann	Hermann Felix Paul Ehrmann (21 December 1868 – 6 October 1937) was a German entomologist and malacologist. He worked as a teacher and contributed to the systematics and distribution of molluscs in central Europe. Life and work Ehrmann was born in Leipzig where his father Theodor was a mechanic. He taught at a school for the deaf and dumb from 1888 for 12 years and then at a Gaudig girls' school in Leipzig from 1901. Here he won an award for his teaching. He also took an interest in zoology and attended the lectures of Rudolf Leuckart at the University of Leipzig. For some time he worked on the diatom collections made by the Valdivia Expedition in 1899. Along with Heinrich Simroth who guided him from the age of fourteen they began to examine the systematics of molluscs. He co-edited a volume in the series Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas, Mollusken Mitteleuropas (1933) dealing with the molluscs, particularly in the families Clausiliidae, Pupillidae, and Acmidae. He married his student Lizzie daughter of publisher Paul Spindler in 1890. He went on collecting trips into the Alps and spent some time at the Zoological Station in Naples with a recommendation from Leuckart and a leave granted from his school. He received mollusc specimens from Japan and from Peru. He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Leipzig in 1934. He was known for being available to all his friends at any time on his home on Eisenacher Strasse. He died from a heart attack and his collections are now housed in the Senckenberg Museum.	2.453125
74374786	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2te%20bris%C3%A9e	Pâte brisée	Pâte brisée is a type of short dough. It is an unsweetened pastry used for raised pies with meat fillings and savory custard filled quiches like Quiche Lorraine. The name "pâte brisée" translates to "broken pastry" in English, which refers to the crumbly or mealy texture of the dough. History Pâte brisée is, according to the French-American Cultural Foundation, a classic of French pastry. The pastry has a long and storied history in French cuisine, dating back to the Middle Ages. The concept of using flour and fat to create a pastry dough can be traced back to ancient civilizations, but it was the French who refined and popularized the technique. The recipe for pâte brisée is believed to have evolved from a medieval pastry called "coffin" or "coffyn," which was a sturdy, vessel-like pastry used to encase and cook various fillings. Ingredients, preparation and variations Pâte brisée is made with flour, cold or softened butter, eggs, salt, and icewater. Pate brisée should be flaky and sturdy, rather than crumbly. According to the Traite de Patisserie Moderne it should not include sugar. If sugar is added, the dough is instead called pâte sucrée. According to Marie-Antoine Carême pâte brisée was made by rubbing in the butter and folding the dough several times by hand on a pastry board. According to Carême, pâte brisée is "used particularly for gateaux des rois". Usage Common savory applications include quiches.	2.546875
74374828	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Gracie	Edward Gracie	On 26 March, Gracie, leading a flight of five Spitfires, damaged a Ju 88 over the island but his own aircraft received return fire and was damaged. On 2 April, he claimed a Ju 88 as probably destroyed. Later in the month, he went to Gibraltar to embark on the aircraft carrier USS Wasp for Operation Calendar. This was an effort to ferry several more Spitfires, with Gracie guiding them, to Malta. On 20 April, he flew the first of 47 Spitfires off Wasp, leading them safely to Malta. The next day, the Luftwaffe mounted a large raid on the island. Flying to intercept Ju 88s after they had released their bombs, he destroyed two, seeing them go into the sea to the north of Malta. Scrambled again later in the day to engage more Ju 88s, he damaged two of them and claimed another as probably destroyed. Two days later he claimed his final aerial victory, a share in a Ju 87 that was shot down over the dockyard at Valetta. At the end of the month, Gracie was promoted to acting wing commander and appointed leader of the Takali fighter wing. One of Gracie's earliest tasks as wing leader was to prepare Takali Airfield to receive the latest group of reinforcement Spitfires, which landed on 9 May in Operation Bowery. To avoid the newly arrived Spitfires getting caught in Luftwaffe bombing raids after landing, they were to be refueled and rearmed as soon as possible. Within minutes of landing, they were up in the air again, one with Gracie at the controls. Aircraft remained at a premium, and Gracie threatened to have one pilot transferred after he crashed his Spitfire on landing. He ended his service on Malta and returned to the United Kingdom at the end of July. He was well regarded by those under his command; the noted Canadian flying ace George Beurling, who had been commissioned upon Gracie's insistence, regarded him as "Mr Malta".	2.03125
74375421	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy%20Vaults	Savoy Vaults	The plot contains 32 vaults, all with flat stone roofs, with family members being interred together. Each is numbered in Roman numerals with one un-numbered vault. The dates of death range from 1722 to 1854 and include 236 individuals of whom 11 were aged under one year and 26 under five. Among them are: Vault I - Charles H. de Hinuber, secretary to the Elector of Hanover, died 1792. Vault I - John R. Pittius, pastor of the German Lutheran Church in London, died 1761. Vault IX - Augustus F. C. Kollmann, composer and organist to the Royal German Chapel 46 years, died 1829. Vault XIII - Frederic M. Ziegenhagen, pastor, died 1776. Vault XXVI - Baron George Best FRS, H.M. Secretary for the Hanoverian Department, died 1823. The vaults are laid out in a rough "M" shape which it has been speculated may stand for Marienkirche or Mary. Modern rediscovery Supplemental to the original agreement, Queen Victoria paid an additional £250 () to have the graves maintained in perpetuity. Despite this, by 1993 the area was greatly overgrown and when a member of the Anglo-German Family History Society attempted to locate the site, she was told that there was nothing to see. The vaults were eventually uncovered, and the inscriptions recorded, by two members of that society. Around 2002, the Friern Barnet & District Local History Society also began to take an interest in the vaults and conducted their own research, including contacting the royal archives at Windsor who suggested the society contact the Anglo-German Family History Society. In 2006, an information board was installed at the vaults by members of both societies.	2.296875
74376308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20immigration%20in%20Brazil	Japanese immigration in Brazil	Pre-immigration The first Japanese to land on Brazilian territory were four crew members of the ship Wakamiya-maru that sank off the Japanese coast in 1803, who were rescued by a Russian warship that took them on their journey. On the return trip, the ship docked for repairs in the Desterro Port, now Florianópolis, on December 20, and remained there until February 4, 1804. There, the four Japanese recorded the life of the local population and the agricultural production of the time. When Law No. 97 became effective, in 1894, Japan sent Deputy Tadashi Nemoto to visit the states of Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and São Paulo. He was pleased with what he saw and made reports to the government and to the Japanese emigration companies in which he recommended Brazil for Japanese immigrants. The departure of the first batch of Japanese to work in the coffee plantations in 1897 was canceled the day before the shipment, due to the crisis that the price of the product suffered throughout the world, which would continue until 1906.	2.796875
74376308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20immigration%20in%20Brazil	Japanese immigration in Brazil	Immigrants and descendants of Italians and Germans suffered different forms of discrimination, official or not, during the World War II, but the feeling was stronger against the Japanese-Brazilians. Anonymous reports of activities "against national security" arose from disagreements between neighbors, debt collection and even children's fights. Thousands of Japanese immigrants were expelled from Brazil on suspicion of espionage, and even arrested for suspicious activities when they gathered. In December 1942, the journalist Hideo Onaga and some companions were arrested at a picnic because they were suspected of building a submarine. At the time of the World War II, the term "concentration camp" was used for the prisons that housed the persecuted. The expression is different compared to the German concentration camps, where torture and death took place. In Brazil, there were several "concentration camps", which were aimed at German, Italian and Japanese immigrants. Overall, during the war, the Brazilian government created 31 concentration camps.	2.625
74376308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20immigration%20in%20Brazil	Japanese immigration in Brazil	The flow of Japanese immigration resumed in the early 1950s and only ceased almost entirely in 1973. In total, almost 200,000 Japanese were welcomed as immigrants to the country. In the early 1960s, the Japanese-Brazilian population in the cities already exceeded that of the countryside. As the vast majority of families who moved to São Paulo and Paraná had few resources and were headed by Issei and Nisei, it was mandatory that the business did not require a large initial investment or advanced knowledge of Portuguese. Consequently, many of the settlers began to engage in small businesses or basic services, including dyeing. In the 1970s, 80% of the 3,500 establishments that washed and ironed the clothes of São Paulo's citizens were owned by Japanese. According to the anthropologist Célia Sakurai: "The business was convenient for families because they could live in the back of the dyehouse and do all the work without having to hire employees. In addition, the communication required by the activity was brief and simple". After World War II, there was a large rural exodus that took most of the Japanese-Brazilian community from the countryside to the cities, in the metropolitan regions or interior, becoming mainly merchants, owning laundries, grocery stores, fairs, hairdressers, mechanical workshops, among others. Other families decided to live in the suburban area to engage in horticultural activities and to be close to good schools for their children. By 1952, 34.1% of Japanese immigrants were engaged in horticultural activities, while those in coffee had dropped to 27.5% and cotton to 20.5%. The city of São Paulo became the city with the largest number of Japanese outside Japan.	3.015625
74376308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20immigration%20in%20Brazil	Japanese immigration in Brazil	The Liberdade neighborhood in the city of São Paulo represents an example of Japanese influence in Brazil, with several red porticos of Shinto temples. There are yakisoba, sushi and sashimi restaurants, karaoke establishments and supermarkets where you can buy nattō and different types of soy sauce. Even the most famous Brazilian drink, the caipirinha, has been adapted into a Japanese version with sake: the sakerinha. Representation in the media Brazilians of Japanese descent have little visibility in the national media. The presence of Japanese descendants in commercials, soap operas and films is rare and characterized by stereotypes, since "the beauty standard imposed in Brazil is still for characters played by white actors". Artists of Oriental origin complain that they only get cartoonish and stereotypical Japanese roles, such as market vendors, pastry chefs, tech enthusiasts, martial arts practitioners or sushi sellers. During television auditions for a role, there are reports of actors being forced into a "Japanese accent", even though the Japanese community is in its fourth and fifth generation in Brazil. It is difficult for an oriental actor to get a "normal" role that is not related to his ethnic origin. Actress Daniele Suzuki says that, since she has Japanese origins, her characters "were always stereotypical, funny" and that she "always appeared in a kimono".	2.140625
74376368	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20the%20Dormition%20of%20the%20Theotokos%2C%20Kom%C3%A1rno	Church of the Dormition of the Theotokos, Komárno	Church of the Dormition of the Theotokos (, ) is an Eastern Orthodox church in Komárno in Slovakia. The church is dedicated to the Dormition of the Theotokos. Following the establishment of the Communist rule in Czechoslovakia the care for the church was transferred from the Eparchy of Buda of the Serbian Orthodox to the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia which since then takes care of the site while ″maintaining a fraternal relation with the Serbian Orthodox Church″. The current church building dates back to the 18th century when it was completed in 1770, but an earlier Serbian Orthodox church existed at the same spot from 1511. Church records were kept from the first half of the 18th century. The church has been in its current form since 1851 when the previously burned tower was renovated. In 1905, it was reported to be in very good condition both externally and internally, but it didn't have a permanent priest. After the First World War, the Serbian community in the town was reduced to only a few individuals, so the church remained unused for several decades. In recent years, the church has been renovated, and religious services are regularly held on Sundays and holidays. In 2019 Archbishop of Prešov, Metropolitan of the Czech Lands and Slovakia Rastislav invited Serbian Orthodox Bishop of Buda from Szentendre, Hungary to organize joint Divine Liturgy in the building. According to Serbian custom, a blessing and breaking of the Slava cake were held after the Liturgy testifying to the preservation of this tradition despite the fact that the majority of contemporary believers are not of Serbian origin.	2
74376746	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanequin%20de%20Cu%C3%A9llar	Hanequin de Cuéllar	Hanequin de Cuéllar (1447 – 1518) was a Spanish architect and sculptor who worked in Castile. In the documentation, he is named only as Hanequin and modern historians have given him the last name of Cuéllar because he lived and worked in the area of influence of Cuéllar (Segovia), and possibly to differentiate him from his father, Hannequin de Bruxelles, also an architect. He appears for the first time continuing the works begun by his father in the Cuéllar Castle ordered in 1465 by Beltrán de la Cueva, 1st Duke of Alburquerque, remodeling the fortress left behind by Constable Álvaro de Luna. Then he appears as an officer and worked as a team with his uncle Antón Martínez de Bruselas. For the Dukes of Alburquerque, he also worked in the Monasterio de San Francisco (Cuéllar), where they raised his family pantheon. He carried out the project in two phases: first in 1476, and second in 1518. He died before the work was finished. Within the works, he made a new vault and other dependencies. Together with his father, he worked on the Basilica of la Asunción de Nuestra Señora (Colmenar Viejo) in Madrid at the end of the 15th century. He created a late-Gothic atrium decorated with Elizabethan balls and pomegranates in the church of San Miguel de Cuéllar. He also carried out works in the monastery of Santa María de la Armedilla, in Cogeces del Monte (Valladolid), land of Cuéllar and patronage of the Dukes of Alburquerque. Being a neighbor of Cuéllar in 1508, he directed the construction work on the refectory and the kitchen, and in October 1511, living in the same town, he contracted remodeling work on the church, which was to be finished a year later, and for which he would charge 110,000 maravedis. The work consisted of raising the walls of the church, the doorway (currently in the Casa de Cervantes Museum), a door to the cloister, another to the sacristy and another to the choir, and other works.	2.21875
74376932	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonae	Antonae	Antonae is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae. Description Members of Antonae are about 6.9 to 10.2 millimetres in size, usually yellowish in color, often with black spots or black with yellow spots. The Pronotum is divided by a constriction. The frontal part is rounded and often has lateral spines. The rear part is rounded and relatively thick. Similarly humpbacked Membracidae belong to e.g. Ilithucia, Parantonae and Lallemandia. The genus Illithucia has at times been regarded as a synonym of Antonae (e.g. in the catalog of Membracidae ), but more recently is again considered a separate genus, and several species have been exchanged between them. Distribution The genus is found in the Neotropics, in northern South America, Central America and Mexico. A relatively large number of species are known from Colombia. Only recently, a species from Brazil was described for the first time. Some species occur at relatively high altitudes (3000 to 4000 m) where they are associated with plants of the genus Espeletia. However, others also occur in lowland rainforests of the lowlands (e.g. Antonae guttipes). Ecology The adults are mostly solitary, sometimes nymphs with adults have been found in groups under leaves or on the tops of plants. The larvae are very well camouflaged with the hairy coat of the plants. They live almost exclusively on plants of the families Asteraceae and Solanaceae, where they feed on phloem. Species These 14 species belong to the genus Antonae: Antonae bulbosa Antonae eva Antonae flaccida Antonae gracilicornis Antonae guttipes Antonae incrassata Antonae inflata Antonae nigerrima Antonae nigropunctata Antonae nigrovittata Antonae nodosa Antonae praegrandis Antonae sufflava Antonae tigrina	2.3125
74377351	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp%20Wille%20und%20Macht	Camp Wille und Macht	Camp Wille und Macht ("Camp Will and Might") was an American Nazi summer camp for approximately 200 German-American boys that was operated by the Friends of New Germany along the Delaware and Raritan Canal in the Griggstown section of Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey, in 1934. Campers were between ages eight and 16 and came from New York, Brooklyn, Buffalo, and Philadelphia. The Associated Press distributed several photos of the camp in 1934 with the caption: "As much conversation as possible is carried on in German, the 200 students wear brown shirts and drill in 'goose-step', and fly the Nazi flag alongside the Stars and Stripes. The leader, H. Haas, is shown drilling the boys." Haas denied that the brown color of the camp uniform had anything to do with the Brown Shirts. Haas also stated, "We are not Nazis in the accepted sense of the word. We are exactly what our name implies, friends of a new-found order in the Fatherland. Nazism is only part of that new order. We teach these boys the spirit and principles of true citizenship, self-reliance, and obedience. We teach them to speak the language of their mother country and to sing the songs their fathers loved to sing in their youth." Rep. Samuel Dickstein of the House Un-American Activities Committee opened an investigation and summoned Harry Haas and Gregory Lochner, administrators of the camp, for questioning. He found that the campers were mostly ages six to 12 and most of the camp counselors were foreign nationals. He described it as "an out-and-out Hitler camp" and was also concerned about the quantity of poison ivy on the campgrounds. The camp opened around July 7, 1934, and closed on August 27, 1934. On August 8, 1934, the camp held a memorial service for Paul von Hindenburg.	2.40625
74377529	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbath%20stew	Sabbath stew	Basis in religious tradition Very little documentation of Jewish diet before the 6th century exists except in small circles and the scriptures from the Torah. Around the reign of King Herod in the first century BCE, a divergence in scholarship led to three practices of halacha: the Pharisees, Sadducees, and the Essenes. Modern Jews claim descent from the Pharisees as the strictest observation of halacha. After the destruction of the 2nd Temple, Rabbinical authorities began to work on the Mishnah to preserve Oral Law in an attempt to remain unified on halachic rulings. The Karaites often disagreed with Rabbinic rulings like the kosher status of chickens and eggs or whether fire is allowed to burn during shabbat leading to avoidance of candle light the entire day. This stems from the verse "You shall not [burn] (Heb: bi'er the pi'el form of ba'ar) a fire in any of your dwellings on the day of Shabbat." Rabbinic Judaism however, the qal verb form ba'ar is understood to mean "burn", whereas the pi'el form (present here) is understood to be not intensive but causative. (The rule being that the pi'el of a stative verb will be causative, instead of the usual hif'il.) Hence bi'er means "kindle", which is why Rabbinic Judaism prohibits only starting a fire on Shabbat. Historian Aaron Gross proposes this caused a rise in popularity of shabbat stews as a hot meal. History As the Jewish diaspora grew with Jewish migrations into Europe, North Africa, and elsewhere in the Middle East and Central Asia, Jewish diaspora communities developed different Sabbath stews and other foodstuffs based on the local climate, available ingredients and local influence. Early traces	2.921875
74377560	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena%20Prushakevich	Elena Prushakevich	Elena Ivanovna Prushakevich (Russian: Елена Ивановна Прушакевич; 1850–1918) was a Russian populist and revolutionary. She worked as a typesetter to produce underground publications, leading to multiple arrests and deportations during the reign of the Russian Empire. Biography She was born in 1850 to Ivan Antonovich Prushakevich and a mother whose name is not stated in sources. She studied in the Arkhangelsk gymnasium. Printing In 1873, she moved into Kokorev's Manor House, an underground printing house where she lived and worked as a typesetter. She was joined by her sister Yulia as well as Efruzina Vikentievna Supinskaya, Elizaveta Fedorovna Ermolaeva and Larisa Timofeevna Zarudneva. While there, she worked under Ippolit Myshkin to print forbidden literature. These included «Историю французского крестьянина» (), «Чей-то братцы» (), and excerpts from the magazine Forward! as well as 40-50 blank passports. At the end of May 1874, Prushakevich came with her sister Yulia to Saratov where they printed underground publications for I. Pelkonen. Less than a month later, she was arrested in a raid. Arrest and exile For the first few months of 1875, she was kept in the prison of the Trubetskoy bastion of the Peter and Paul Fortress, then in the House of Preliminary Detention. In 1877, she was brought to trial by the Russian Empire's Governing Senate on charges of belonging to an illegal community, printing and distributing writings that incite rebellion, and disobedience to the supreme authority (process 193). Prušakevič refused to answer questions from the court and was removed from the courtroom in November.	2.171875
74377962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois%20d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%20%281854%E2%80%931872%29	François d'Orléans (1854–1872)	Return to France In September 1870, his father learned of the French loss at the Battle of Sedan and so along with his brother, François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville offered to fight but they were later escorted back by ship. In February 1871, his father was elected Member of the Chamber of Deputies for Oise and that July the laws of exile of Napoleon III were repealed. In July 1871, he joined his father and returned to France. Although his health had been fragile for a long period of time, he intended to devote himself to hunting, something that he had requested a permit for from the French authorities. In his religious life, he maintained a close friendship with Abbé Nicolas Auguste Guelle (1799-1881), who had followed the family to the United Kingdom and returned with him to France. He was educated at Lycée Condorcet and prepared for a baccalaureate in science at Sorbonne. Illness and death In July 1872, François became ill with scarlet fever and on 21 July his condition worsened suddenly. The attempts of the family doctor, Henri Guéneau de Mussy, to help were unsuccessful. His condition worsened so rapidly that only part of his family were able to be at his bedside. Prince Philippe, Count of Paris arrived to see him and he received the help of the religion from Abbé Guelle. On 25 July 1872, François died at the age of 18 at his fathers' private mansion No. 129 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré in the 8th arrondissement of Paris.	2.546875
74378009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant%20Community	Elephant Community	Elephant Community () is a political party in Guatemala. History Elephant Community was established in 2020, the leader and founder is Hugo Peña Medina, a political strategist and adviser who worked in the presidential campaigns of Vinicio Cerezo, Alfonso Portillo, Álvaro Arzú and Álvaro Colom and father of singer Carlos Peña. On 1 August 2022, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal legalized the political party. Before the 2023 general election, the party approached former president Alfonso Portillo to form an alliance, but was unsuccessful. According to Peña, the political party is named because the elephant it is the first animal name that Guatemalan children learn to read and write. In addition, the elephant has special qualities and is related to the community. In February 2023, Elephant Community nominated Hugo Peña Medina and Hugo Johnson López as presidential ticket. The party nominated deputies and mayors linked to the National Convergence Front, National Welfare and Vision with Values as candidates. In the 2023 general election, Peña Medina obtained 0.94% and 17th place. The party obtained two deputies: one for the National List and the other for Guatemala Department. Elephant Community won the mayoralties of Alotenango and Samayac. Electoral history Presidential elections Legislative elections	2.015625
74378043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkady%20Gendler	Arkady Gendler	Post-Soviet era With the advent of Perestroika he retired from work as a chemical engineer and in 1992 began to teach Yiddish in a Jewish school "Aleph" in Zaporizhzhia. He was a strong believer in educating younger generations in Yiddish and passing on its rich culture to them. As well, he brought his decades of work in Yiddish song to the public. He helped found KlezFest in Saint Petersburg starting in 1997; this brought him, his singing ability and his impressive repertoire of folk songs to a wider audience. He cofounded a music ensemble in Zaporizhzhia, and was soon invited to perform at festivals in Western Europe and the United States; notably, Ellie Shapiro, producer of the Jewish Music Festival in Berkeley, California, saw him perform in Saint Petersburg and invited him to the US, his first appearance there in 2000. It was at this time that Gendler, noticing how often the same Yiddish songs were performed at festivals, began to compose his own and to perform them. He made his first CD in 2000 at the Jewish Music Festival in Berkeley, titled My Hometown Soroke. Accompanied by accordionist and singer Jeannette Lewicki, Gendler sang folk songs and pieces by Itzik Manger and Zelik Barditshever, including a previously forgotten song by Manger, as well as some of Gendler's own compositions. Other notable international appearances were at Yiddish Summer Weimar in 2006 and 2009, on a Klezmer Cruise on the Dnieper in 2007, at KlezKanada in 2007 and at the Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków in 2010.	2.140625
74378674	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud%20Holman	Bud Holman	Charles Edward "Bud" Holman II (July 30, 1926May 27, 2023) was an American painter and sculptor. Early life and education Born July 30, 1926 in Topeka, Kansas, Holman graduated from Stanford University in 1950, with a BA and MA in Art History and Archeology. Career In 1975 Holman purchased a home on Canyon Road, in Santa Fe, New Mexico which he renovated. The following year he held a four person show there that included his work, entitled Four Mystery Painters. In 1980 he exhibited in a show of Southwestern art at the Whitney Gallery in Taos. In 2014, an exhibition of Holman's early drawings from 1948-1950 were shown at the Morris Gallery/NOTO Arts Center in Topeka, Kansas; the drawings were then donated to the Topeka and Shawnee County Public Library. Several of these sketches were used in the 1950's for the Shawnee County Historical Society covers. In 2016, the Mulvane Art Museum at Washburn University in Topeka, Kansas hosted a retrospective show. The style of the work in the show was described as "abstracted landscape." The museum published a 52-page catalogue in conjunction with the exhibition. In 2021, Holman exhibited in the Hamptons Fine Art Fair in South Hampton, New York where some of his Sagaponack series were shown. Collections The Spencer Museum of Art at the University of Kansas acquired two large paintings in 1961. In the 1970's the New Mexico Museum of Art acquired three of Holman's works. In the 1980's the Tucson Museum of Art acquired four of Holman's paintings. The Mulvane Art Museum at Washburn University, Kansas, acquired five paintings.	1.984375
74379012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery%20on%20the%20Bank%20of%20the%20Republic	Robbery on the Bank of the Republic	The Robbery on the Bank of the Republic (in Spanish: Asalto al Banco de la República), also known as The robbery of the century in Colombia (In Spanish: El robo del siglo en Colombia), was a robbery perpetrated on October 16 to 17, 1994 against a branch of the Bank of the Republic (the central bank of Colombia), located in Valledupar (a city in Northern Colombia) and in which the thieves took the sum of just over 24 billion Colombian pesos (US$33 million). The robbery was the largest amount stolen in paper currency in the history of Colombia. After the robbery, the Banco de la República identified the stolen banknotes by their serial number and denomination, which had not entered into circulation to the public prior to the robbery, so they immediately lost their value. The bank published a list of the series ranges of the stolen bills and they came to be jokingly called los billetes vallenatos (The vallenato bills). Preparations The plan to rob the Banco de la República in Valledupar was devised 8 months earlier, but started in June 1994, three months before committing the robbery, by Benigno Suárez Rincón and commanded by Alexánder Flórez Salcedo. Then Lt. Juan Carlos Carrillo Peña and Jaime Bonilla Esquivel were recruited for the robbery operation. They collected information from the bank's surveillance. Bonilla and National Police lieutenants Juan Carlos Carrillo Peña and César Augusto Barrera Caicedo met in Alfonso López Square to specify details of the robbery plan. Bonilla asked Lt. Juan Carlos Carrillo Peña the details of the bank building in Valledupar and the security scheme that protected the place. 20 days later, Carrillo delivered the information about the security scheme to Bonilla.	2.328125
74379124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Han-lim%20%28general%29	Lee Han-lim (general)	In 1961, when he was serving as the commander of the 1st Army, the May 16 coup occurred. He opposed the military's intervention in politics and stood on the opposite line from those who led the military coup of Park Chung-hee. He had prepared to mobilize reserve forces to suppress the coup, but withdrew to prevent a civil war and potential North Korean invasion. Due to his opposition, he was arrested two days later and discharged along with the 5th District Commander and Army Major General Park Ki-byung. Later career and death Lee was exiled and spent some time in the United States. Once he returned, he served a prison term due to his opposition to the military coup. Afterwards, he was released and served as head of the Korea Water Resources Corporation in 1963 at the request of Park Chung Hee. In 1968, he was the head of Jinhae Chemical. He later served as Minister of Construction from 1969 to 1971, President of the Tourism Corporation in 1972, and as Ambassador to Turkey and Australia from 1974 to 1980. In 2008, he was included on the list of people to be included in the pro-Japanese personal dictionary compiled by the Institute of National Studies. He passed away on 29 April 2012 at the age of 91 and is interred at Daejeon National Cemetery. Personal life He and his wife Song Soon-ok, both had two sons and three daughters (the eldest son Lee Seung-hoon, eldest daughter Lee Eun-jeong, second daughter Lee Eun-ju, second son Lee Jae-hoon, and third daughter Lee Eun-gyeong). Education	1.953125
74380132	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20government%20response%20to%20the%20opioid%20epidemic%20in%20the%20United%20States	State government response to the opioid epidemic in the United States	Missouri In December 2019, the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse (NCADA-STL) reported that St. Louis had a new high of opioid overdose deaths at 1018. When the COVID-19 pandemic occurred three months later, it impacted opioid overdoses incidents significantly, particularly among the Black community in North St. Louis County, North St. Louis City and parts of South City. Combatting the intersecting outbreaks, local Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHC) have combined to provide simultaneous Narcan, nasal spray naloxone, an opioid antagonist, and increased access to COVID-19 resting. Nevada By May 2020, Nevada experienced a 23% increase in opioid overdose deaths, when compared to 2019. Overdose deaths in the state peaked in 2011 but were on the decline ever since, until 2020. Over half those deaths involved fentanyl. The Nevada Overdose to Action program reported it was difficult to ascribe the increase to the COVID-19 pandemic, but, like health care providers across the country, the group felt that the isolation and stress caused by the pandemic contributed to the increase in mortality. The Overdose Mapping Application Program, developed by University of Baltimore, has reported an increase in overdose-related mortality, particularly in southern Nevada. The deaths, thought to be connected to individuals ingesting opioids when isolated, can be prevented with the use of the opioid antagonist naloxone as recommended by the Southern Nevada Health District.	2.28125
74380132	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20government%20response%20to%20the%20opioid%20epidemic%20in%20the%20United%20States	State government response to the opioid epidemic in the United States	In 2020, New Jersey Attorney General Gurbir Grewal announced that, during the COVID-19 pandemic, all medical personnel were required to prescribe the opioid antagonist naloxone to individuals ingesting higher doses of opioids or those combining opioids with benzodiazepines, such as Xanax, an anti-anxiety medication. This regulation, already in the process of being recommended by various state entities, was adopted quickly in response to the coronavirus pandemic and a concomitant increase in overdose mortality. First responders also reported an increase in dispensing naloxone to those suffering from overdoses. It was thought that providing naloxone to individuals whose prescriptions were the equivalent or 90 morphine milligrams would free medical emergency workers and police from responding to overdose exigencies. By May 2020, Gov. Phil Murphy's administration reported that mortality from opioid overdoses had increased 20%. To counter the trend, the state sent 11,000 doses of the nasal spray naloxone. The first shipment went to 178 emergency medical service teams across the state. For more information, see response to the opioid crisis in New Jersey.	1.960938
74380261	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenocyanate	Selenocyanate	A selenocyanate is an ion or chemical compound that contains the -SeCN group, which could be in the form of an anion, SeCN−. Organic selenocyanates also exist. Some complex ions with transition metals such as silver and mercury (mercuriselenocyanates) are known. Mercuriselenocyanate salts also include K, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd. Complex ions include Fe(NCSe)63−, Fe(NCSe)64−, Fe(NCSe)42−, Co(NCSe)64−, Co(NCSe)42−, Ni(NCSe)64−, Zn(NCSe)64−, Rh(NCSe)64−, Pd(NCSe)42−, Ag(SeCN)2−, Cd(NCSe)42−, Cd(NCSe)64−, Dy(NCSe)63−, Ho(NCSe)63−, Er(NCSe)63−, Pt(NCSe)62−, Au(NCSe)4−, and Hg(NCSe)42−. For hard metals, the negative charge is on the nitrogen atom which coordinates with the metal atom. Examples include Ti(NCSe)62−, V(NCSe)63−, VO(NCSe)42−, Cr(NCSe)63−, Mn(NCSe)42−, Mn(NCSe)42−, Y(NCSe)63−, Zr(NCSe)62−, Mo(NCSe)63−, Pr(NCSe)63−, Nd(NCSe)63−, Sm(NCSe)63−, Hf(NCSe)62−, Re2(NCSe)82−, Pa(NCSe)84− and U(NCSe)84−. Production Selenocyanate can be produced in the reaction of selenium, selenide, selenite or selenate with cyanide ions. Se2− + CN− + 0.5 O2 → SeCN− + 2OH− SeO32− + 3CN− → 2OCN− + SeCN− + 2OH− SeO42− + 4CN− → 3OCN− + SeCN− + 2OH− Reactions Selenocyanate is oxidised to selenium and cyanate by bis (trifluoroacetoxy) iodobenzene. Application Selenocyanate is component of pollution from oil refineries and mine drainage water. Remediation methods have been investigated to extract selenocyanate from water. Methods considered include precipitation by metal salts, or extraction by plants. Indian mustard converts some selenocyanate to selenocystine and selenomethionine, and volatiles dimethylselenide and methylselenocyanate. List	2.453125
74380428	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching%20quantum%20mechanics	Teaching quantum mechanics	Teaching for quantum computing N. David Mermin reports that an unconventional strategy based on abstract but simple math concepts is sufficient to teach quantum mechanics to students interested in quantum computing application rather than physics. Many of the issues that confound students of physics to not apply to this case and the mathematical background of quantum computing resembles the background already taught in computer science. Mermin develops notation and operations with classical bits then introduces quantum bits as superpositions of two classical states. He never needs to discuss even the Planck constant, which he suggests is important for quantum computer hardware but not software. Teaching based on quantum optics Philipp Blitzenbauer engages students through simple but intrinsically quantum single-photon experiments. The approach avoids the ambiguous classical vs quantum character of photons in optical interference experiments like the double slit. Students exposed to quantum mechanics in this way avoid developing misconceptions apparent among students in the control group.	2.53125
74380434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred%20Cuntz	Manfred Cuntz	Manfred Cuntz is a German astrophysicist based in the United States since 1988. He is a Distinguished Professor of physics at the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA). His primary research interests include stellar astrophysics, astrobiology, and planetary habitability. In 2023, he became a fellow with the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Early life and education Manfred Cuntz was born on April 21, 1958, in Landau in der Pfalz in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. He was the first-born son of Gerhard Hermann Cuntz and Irene Emma Cuntz (née Messerschmitt) and was raised in Bornheim. His family's business was in viticulture and livestock agriculture. As the eldest son, Cuntz would have inherited the farm. Early on, however, his family deemed him unsuitable for farm work and, instead, had him focus on his education. Cuntz attended secondary school at the Eduard-Spranger Gymnasium in Landau, from which he graduated with the Abitur in 1977. Even though he was a dedicated student, especially in mathematics and the natural sciences, academic success did not come easily to Cuntz in all subjects. In fact, he had to repeat the eighth grade. After that, however, he became a top student, especially in the last years of secondary school when he was able to focus on the subjects of mathematics, chemistry, and social studies. Cuntz went on to study physics and astronomy at the University of Heidelberg, Germany. There, he earned a Diplom (equivalent to having earned both a U.S. bachelor's and master's degrees) in Physics in 1985. He earned his PhD (Dr. rer. nat.) in Astronomy from the same university in 1988 with a dissertation on stellar atmospheric heating and stellar winds, titled Generation of Extended Chromospheres and Mass Loss of Late-Type Giant Stars due to Acoustic Shock Waves.	2.25
74380434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred%20Cuntz	Manfred Cuntz	Career After completing his degrees at the University of Heidelberg, Manfred Cuntz moved to the United States. He held positions as a postdoctoral research assistant in the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JILA) at the University of Colorado from 1989 to 1991 and at the High Altitude Observatory (HAO) from 1992 to 1993, a division of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). In 1994, he returned to the University of Heidelberg as Habilitation Fellow. Then, he joined the Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research at the University of Alabama in Huntsville from 1996 until 1999. In 2000, Cuntz became a visiting professor in the physics department of the University of Texas at Arlington, then moved up the tenure track to become Professor in 2012. He is an editor of the journal Astronomische Nachrichten (Astronomical Notes). Research Cuntz's research focuses on the probability and possible distribution of extraterrestrial life on extrasolar planets and moons and "is based on a pure theoretical approach." In 2000, Manfred Cuntz, together with Zdzislaw Musielak (UTA) and Steven Saar of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, made predictions "that planetary magnetic fields could produce detectable effects on stars". This phenomenon was later observed in 2003 by E. Shkolnik of the University of British Columbia, Canada. The underlying effect also allows to quantify magnetic fields in certain exoplanets. Cuntz also argued that "extreme magnetic protection by a powerful planetary magnetic dipole field" could increase the probability that a planet is habitable even if it is subject to "extreme ultraviolet and x-ray" radiation from its star.	2
74380434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred%20Cuntz	Manfred Cuntz	To assist astrophysicists in identifying habitable zones, Cuntz developed "BinHab, a new online tool that can be used to calculate the regions of binary systems favorable for life" in 2014. According to Cuntz, the program considers both "the amounts of stellar radiation, which provides a favorable planetary climate for life, and the gravitational influence of both stars on an existing planet." The interim dean of the UTA College of Science, James Grover, said this tool "holds enormous potential for those who study space in the search for life." Cuntz has worked with other researchers to "examined both the damaging and the favourable effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from stars on DNA molecules" and how it could affect "potential carbon-based extraterrestrial life forms in the habitable zones around other stars." A study conducted by Cuntz, Satoko Sato, and researchers from the University of Guanajuato in Mexico found that F-type star systems "may [...] be a good place to look for habitable planets" because they have a larger "area where conditions are right for general Earth-type planets to develop and sustain life" than smaller, cooler stars like our Sun. The research demonstrated that the damage to DNA from UV radiation on planets "in the outer portions of F-star habitable zones" was "similar to the damage on Earth, if Earth did not have an atmosphere." In 2016, Cuntz, while collaborating with Edward Guinan at Villanova University, explored which types of stars are best suited to offer prospects of habitability. They argued in favor of orange dwarfs, namely low-luminosity G-type and K-type stars; the related planetary condition is sometimes also called superhabitability. Guinan pointed out that "[m]any K-stars can be much older than our Sun. So, if life formed and evolved on habitable zone planet hosted by a[n] old K-star ... a few to several billions of years older than the Sun; it could maybe even harbor intelligent life."	2.65625
74380498	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haku%20%28artist%29	Haku (artist)	Haku (born 1943), whose Chinese name is Chen Wen-sheng (), is a Puyuma artist and chief of the Kasavakan community in Taitung. He is a wood sculptor and icon of Taiwanese Indigenous artists. Life Haku was born to the son of a chief in Kasavakan (an Indigenous community) in Taitung City and the daughter of a chief in the nearby Mavaliew Indigenous community. Since an earlier child of his parents died at a young age, Chief Taukia (Haku’s paternal grandfather) chose the name “Haku” for him in an effort to ensure a better fortune. In the Puyuma language, “haku” means “wooden coffin.” Haku went to the Taitung Agricultural Extension School for middle school and vocational school. After graduating and completing his mandatory military service, he began farming in his community. After his father died in 1978, he became the ayawan (chief) of the community. In 1984, he visited and was deeply moved by the exhibition Taitung Highland Culture Art held by the Taitung County Art and Culture Center (臺東縣立文化中心) at the Taiwan Provincial Social Education Center in Taitung (臺灣省立臺東社會教育館, Today's National Taitung Living Art Center), inspiring him to learn wood carving. The following year, with the support of journalist Yang Yu-ho, he showed work (three wood sculptures) for the first time in an exhibition in Taitung, catching the attention of one of the judges, reputed painter Tu Jo-chou (杜若洲). In 1989, the Taitung County government held an art competition for the six largest Indigenous tribes in the county and commissioned Haku to carve 18 trophies for the event. Lengthy articles on the subject were printed in numerous newspapers.	2.265625
74380498	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haku%20%28artist%29	Haku (artist)	In 2003, the Taitung County Government named him the second “Accomplished Veteran Artist of Taitung” (an annually given honor), and in 2010, he won the 1st Indigenous Craft Heritage Award. Style All of Haku’s work is wood carving, most pieces being large. By and large, the Taiwan culture circle has affirmed his work as an iconic example of modern Taiwanese Indigenous wood sculpture that faithfully portrays Taiwanese Indigenous people in their home communities and their cultural spirit. The grand majority of his work is sculpture in the round made from camphorwood. After choosing a piece of wood, based on his concept and design, he first uses a saw to cut the wood, which is followed by a utility knife to add detail and then polishing with high-grit sandpaper. His method creates unevenness on the surface, which he believes enhances the experience and stimulation when it is touched, in turn adding to the art’s sense of vitality. The unevenness also produces a play of light and shadow, furthering its 3-D feeling while the especially crude-looking surface gives the art a primitive type of beauty. His art has a strong sense of realism as he excels at portraying human features and gestures of expression, which make apparent the age and character of his sculpted figures, and the way they are adorned gives information about their identities. The inspiration for his work comes from things, people, and animals in the everyday life of the people in his community. Most of his work depicts traditional activities of Indigenous people, such as hunting, pounding millet with a pestle, and dancing. His work differs from the relief sculpture and vessel/implement decoration of Paiwan and Rukai art and clearly fits the definition of modern sculpture.	2.234375
74380809	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamane	Panamane	Phonology Panamane has 22 consonants and 6 vowels. The vowels maintain their full sound and do not become semivowels. The letter "y" before a vowel allows the semivocal sound [j], forming diphthongs in the process. In Panamane, most words are stressed on the second-to-last syllable (paroxytone). However, there are exceptions when the letter "h" is used as a suffix to mark the stress on a different syllable, making it either oxytone or proparoxytone. Additionally, the presence of the digraphs "ff" and "ss" at the end of a word indicates the acute accent. Furthermore, certain suffixes like the adverbial suffix "-aam" are not counted as part of the syllables when determining the stress placement. Instead, it allows the word to carry both primary and secondary stress. The consonantal phonemes of Panamane are as follows: Regarding the vowels, the following phonemes are found in Panamane: Alphabet Panamane has 26 letters: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z. However, only 23 of these letters are used, excluding the letters c, q, and v. The pronunciation of /e/ varies as follows: a) It is silent at the end of a word when preceded by a consonant (except "y"): panamane, othore b) It is pronounced as [e] at the end of a word when preceded by a vowel: paskae, soe c) In all other cases, it is pronounced as [e]: befrénder, efuso The pronunciation of /h/ varies as follows: a) It is silent at the beginning of some words of Romance origin: hombel, hugos b) When it appears in the antepenultimate syllable of a word, preceded by a vowel and followed by a consonant, it remains silent and marks the accent proparoxytone: dihjiti, Amehrika c) In all other cases, it is pronounced as [h]: hoindy, hund The pronunciation of /y/ varies as follows: a) It is pronounced as [eː] at the end of a word: dinaunsy, Edimburgensy b) In all other cases, it is pronounced as [j]: ayotimene, esya Digraphs In Panamane, the following digraphs are used:	2.703125
74380837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grooved%20stone%20beater	Grooved stone beater	A grooved stone beater (Chinese: 有槽石棒; pinyin: yǒu-cáo-shí-bàng) is a kind of club-like stone tool with grooves. Sometimes it's called a bark beater or pottery-stamped stone tool. Some scholars think that such names with clear functional indications are not supported by archaeological evidence, and therefore they still call it grooved stone beater. Grooved stone beaters are stone tools that were made of a rock completely polished and without sharp blades, usually with the used part and the handle part, and the used part can often be seen with grooves, which are either paralleled or intersected. They are found across Taiwan but primarily in eastern and northern region in small quantity, including Yuanshan Site, Talungtung Site, and Chihshanyan Site, Taipei; Chungleng Site and Henan Road Site, Taichung; Kuomushan Site and archaeological sites in Tainan Science Park, Tainan; Kenting Site, Pintung; Peinan Site, Tulan Site, Liyushan Site, and Tunghe Site, Taitung; and Hsincheng Site, Su'ao, Yilan. Only very small numbers were found at a single site. Grooved stone beaters are mostly collected from the surface. Due to its insufficient number, the connection or contexts of these stone beaters with the archaeological cultures is not known. There are 26 stone beaters unearthed in Peinan Site, which contains most of the stone beaters found. The materials of these stone beaters include sandstones, siltstones, slates, mudstones, and shales. Usually, these materials are not durable when hitting in consecutive beats.	2.484375
74380858	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclogue%209	Eclogue 9	The role of Virgil in this is not certain. It is thought that he championed the rights of the Mantuans who had lost their land, but he was clearly not entirely successful, since in Georgics 2.198 he states that Mantua unhappily had lost its land. Virgil is said to have come from the village of Andes (thought to be Pietole, 3 miles south-east of Mantua). As Wilkinson points out, we do not know if Virgil himself lost any land in the confiscation, or what the relationship was between himself (represented by "Menalcas" in this eclogue) and "Moeris". Menalcas, who is here referred to as an adept in song, has been identified as Virgil himself. The general plan of the Eclogue is copied from the seventh Idyll of Theocritus, but with the situation reversed; for in Theocritus the speakers are on their way from town to the country, while in Virgil they are heading to town. Here and there in the eclogue parts of other Theocritus idylls are loosely translated, such as Idyll 3 (lines 23–25), Idyll 11 (lines 38–43), Idyll 14 (line 54) and Idyll 2 (lines 57–58). The four songs As they walk to town, the youthful Lycidas and the older Moeris sing portions of four songs, all apparently composed by Menalcas (though some critics have suggested that the second pair are by Moeris and Lycidas themselves). Lycidas sings a three-line song, answered by Moeris with a three-line song; then Moeris sings a five-line song, answered by a five-line song sung by Lycidas. The two pairs exhibit parallelism, that is, each pair is a miniature example of amoebaean singing, of the kind found also in Eclogues 3, 5, 7, and 8. The first of each pair has a Theocritean theme, and in each case the answer has a Roman theme. It has also been argued that the two sung by Lycidas have an optimistic mood, expressing hope for the future, while the two sung by Moeris are pessimistic, expressing nostalgia for the past.	2.546875
74380858	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclogue%209	Eclogue 9	The first song, sung by Lycidas, is addressed to Tityrus. It is a request which Lycidas says he heard Moeris give Tityrus, while Moeris went off to visit Amaryllis, asking him to take his goats to drink water, but to beware of the billy-goat, who butts with his horns. The lines are a translation of Theocritus Idyll 3.3–5, and the names Amaryllis and Tityrus are also from the same poem. The second song, sung by Moeris, is addressed to Varus. It refers to the land confiscations near Cremona and Mantua in 40 BC in which many farmers were displaced to make way for veteran soldiers. The song promises to praise Varus if he can save Virgil's home town of Mantua "alas, too close to wretched Cremona". At this point Lycidas praises Moeris and asks him to continue. He declares that he too is a poet, although compared to the poets Varius and Cinna he is like a goose squawking amongst swans. (These words are adapted from Theocritus Idyll 7.37–41, in which the speaker compares himself to the poet Philitas as "a frog amongst crickets".) The third song, sung by Moeris, is addressed to the sea-nymph Galatea. It is adapted from Theocritus's Idyll 11.42–49, a song of the one-eyed giant Polyphemus. In Virgil's version Polyphemus tries to woo Galatea by describing the beauty of the countryside in springtime. The fourth song, sung by Lycidas, is addressed to Daphnis (the legendary herdsman, said to have invented bucolic poetry), bidding him to look at Caesar's Comet (an exceptionally bright comet that was seen in July 44 BC and was held to represent Julius Caesar's ascension to heaven). The singer describes the beauty of autumn which the star heralds and encourages Daphnis to plant pear-trees for his grandchildren to enjoy.	2.65625
74381051	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Sophia%20Appleton	Jane Sophia Appleton	Jane Sophia Appleton (30 July 1816 – 30 March 1884) was an American writer, suffragist, and temperance activist. She is remembered for her 1848 utopian story "Sequel to the Vision of Bangor". Jane Sophia Appleton was born on 30 July 1816 in Bangor, Maine, the daughter of Thomas A. Hill, a prominent lawyer, and Elizabeth Hill. She married Moses Lark Appleton, a lawyer and state legislator, in 1835, and they had three children. Appleton was an early suffragist and active in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. She published poems and essays on a variety of topics like female education. Along with Cornelia Crosby Barrett, she edited Voices from the Kenduskeag (1848), a collection of local stories and poems for the benefit of the Bangor Female Orphan Asylum. One of the works in the volume, "Vision of Bangor in the Twentieth Century" by Governor Edward Kent, is a mysoginist story about the future of women's suffrage, where nothing can be accomplished because women are too concerned about gossip and hairstyles. Appleton wrote a response to that story that is found later in the volume, "Sequel to the Vision of Bangor", which posits a successful future in 1978 where women enjoy equal rights and technological and societal advancements have significantly reduced domestic labor for women. Jane Sophia Appleton died on 30 March 1884 in Bangor.	2.609375
74381226	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20Age%20%28band%29	Stone Age (band)	Stone Age is a French pop rock band that combines Celtic, primarily Breton, themes with contemporary electronic arrangements, with the addition of world and new age elements. Originally from Paris, the group is composed of Michel Valy, Marc Hazon, Jérôme Guéguen, and Dominique Perrier. Stone Age has released five studio albums to date: Stone Age (1994), Les Chronovoyageurs (1997), Promessa (2000), Totems d'Armorique (2007), and Bubry Road (2022). History Stone Age was formed in 1992 in Paris by three former members of the instrumental Breton group Gwendal: Bassist Michel "Kervador" Valy, who had previously worked with Breton musician Alan Stivell, Canadian singer Robert Charlebois, as well as French singers Jean-Patrick Capdevielle and Philippe Lavil; keyboardist Jérôme "Lach'ilaouët" Guéguen, who had collaborated with new-age composer Jean-Michel Jarre; and drummer Marc "Ponkallec" Hazon, who had played on Sheila's 1980 album, Pilote sur les ondes. They added keyboardist Dominique "Terracotta" Perrier, who has also worked with Jarre. Writing songs that incorporated elements of Celtic, primarily Breton music, with world and new age compositions, into a pop rock and electro sound, the group released their debut, self-titled album in 1994. It included guest vocals by Janet Woollacott, who went on to marry Perrier. The record earned them a Victoires de la Musique nomination the following year in the World Music category. In 1997, they issued their sophomore album, Les Chronovoyageurs, which also featured Woollacott on vocals, as well as other guest musicians, such as guitarist Patrick Rondat, hurdy-gurdy player Gilles Chabenat, and multi-instrumentalists Loïc Taillebrest and Robert Le Gall. Stone Age's third album, Promessa, came out in 2000. Seven years later, they issued Totems d'Armorique. After a fourteen-year hiatus, the band returned in 2021 with the announcement of a fifth studio album, titled Bubry Road, which was released the following year. Band members	2.078125
74381537	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkberg%20%28Weismain%29	Kalkberg (Weismain)	The slopes of the limestone mountain feature mixed forest areas, fields, and meadows. The forests are characterized by tree species such as spruce, Scots pine, oak, linden, and common beech. Along the forest edges and waysides, there are also diverse woody plants with black elder, red dogwood, hazelnut, bird cherry, hawthorn, blackthorn, quaking poplar, crab apple, wild pear, various species of rowan, common whitebeam, and wild service tree, wild gooseberry, and red honeysuckle. Non-woody plants in the shrub and herb layer include ivy, clematis, cynomolgus, wood avens, euonymus, corydalis, liverwort, windflower, wood anemone, wood sorrel, hazelwort, viburnum opulus and viburnum lantana, garlic mustard, golden dead-nettle, and celandine. As the elevation increases and the soils become more calcareous, hornbeam and field maple become more prevalent. On the sparsely vegetated summits of Kalkberg, where calcareous soils dominate, larger plants are less common. However, sporadic growth of Scots pines, common juniper, and hackberry can be observed in the extensive areas of rough grassland. These grasslands are characterized by wildflowers such as calcareous aster, silver thistle, thyme, oregano, German fringed gentian as well as another species of gentian, golden thistle, bear's pod, St. John's wort, and golden-aster. Another rather rare species that thrives on the mountain is Prunella vulgaris (Prunella x spuria), which is a hybrid of the parent plant Prunella grandiflora.	2.75
74381749	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis-Marion%20County%20City-County%20Council%20Proposal%20156	Indianapolis-Marion County City-County Council Proposal 156	General Ordinance 34 (introduced as Proposal 156) of the Indianapolis-Marion County City-County Council is a local ordinance, passed in July 2023, that would enact various gun control measures within Indianapolis and Marion County if permitted by the Indiana state legislature. The ordinance's measures were proposed by Mayor Joe Hogsett's administration, and it was passed by the Democratic-controlled council. The passage took place during a mayoral election season, in which rising violent crime rates were a key election issue, and crime and gun control were a source of considerable debate locally and beyond. Background State gun laws and preemption Indiana has one of the least restrictive set of gun laws in the United States. In 2022, Indiana's permitless open carry law went into effect. The state government still issues licenses upon application, such as if an Indiana resident wants to be licensed while traveling out-of-state to states which recognize Indiana licenses. The legal age to purchase firearms is generally 18 years of age (with exceptions for family). There are no state restrictions on assault weapons. Indiana state law also largely prevents local governments from enacting firearms regulations, so that no city or county may enforce stricter regulations than what the Indiana General Assembly has authorized. When the law came into effect in 2011, it invalidated existing local ordinances, such as one in Gary, Indiana. Similar preemption laws became common among Republican-controlled states seeking to rein in more liberal cities, and this measure is part of a larger trend of the Indiana state government passing preemption laws against cities that might seek to pass more liberal local regulations on issues such as minimum wage, sick leave, banking, and single-use plastics. Indianapolis gun crimes	2.390625
71370833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium%20compounds	Terbium compounds	Terbium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal terbium (Tb). Terbium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state in these compounds, such as in TbCl3, Tb(NO3)3 and Tb(CH3COO)3. Compounds with terbium in the +4 oxidation state are also known, such as TbO2 and BaTbF6. Terbium can also form compounds in the 0, +1 and +2 oxidation states. The trivalent terbium ion (Tb3+) is generally colorless in aqueous solution, and when it is irradiated by certain wavelengths of ultraviolet light (such as 254 nm or 365 nm) in solution or crystal form, it will emit green fluorescence. This property has given rise to applications in fields such as optics. The tetravalent terbium ion (Tb4+) is non-luminescent and its coexistence with Tb3+ will reduce the green emission of Tb3+. Properties of terbium compounds Chalcogenides Oxides Terbium has a variety of oxides. The most easily obtained is terbium(III,IV) oxide, which can be produced by the decomposition of terbium compounds such as the hydroxide, the oxalate and the p-aminobenzoate. Terbium(III,IV) oxide, because the oxide contains both trivalent terbium and tetravalent terbium, can be produced by reacting with nitric acid to produce terbium nitrate, releasing oxygen in the progress: 2 Tb4O7 + 24 HNO3 → 8 Tb(NO3)3 + 12 H2O + O2↑ It is refluxed in a mixture of acetic acid and hydrochloric acid, which can separate trivalent and tetravalent terbium: Tb4O7 + 6 HCl → 2 TbO2 + 2 TbCl3 + 3 H2O It reacts with dicyandiamide at a high temperature to obtain Tb2O2CN2. Another common oxide of terbium is terbium(III) oxide, which can be obtained from the reduction of hydrogen from terbium(III,IV) oxide at 1300 °C. A p-type semiconductor is formed after doping with calcium.	2.328125
71370848	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loli%20%28district%29	Loli (district)	Administrative division Loli has nine rural villages and five urban villages. They are listed below with their respective populations as of 2020. Dede Kadu (4,200) Wee Karou (4,990) Soba Wawi (6,092) Ubu Pede (2,803) Bera Dolu (3,383) Doka Kaka (2,226) Tana Rara (1,302) Bali Ledo (1,143) Loda Pare (2,015) Wee Dabo (2,878) Dira Tana (4,036) Ubu Raya (1,975) Tema Tana (931) Manola (958) Infrastructure The district as of 2020 had a total of 21 elementary schools, 11 junior high schools, 4 senior high schools, in addition to two vocational high schools. The district also had two tertiary education institutions as of 2020, all of them located in Dira Tana village. In 2020, the district had a total number of four mosques, 395 Protestant churches, 11 Catholic churches, and one Balinese temple. Loli has a total road length of 135.41 kilometres in 2020, of which 88.01 kilometres have been paved with asphalt. Regarding the communication sector, the district was supported by the presence of 12 base transceiver station towers as of 2020. The district had the highest internet speed for outlying and underdeveloped regions under the Bakti Program by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology in 2022, with a recorded speed of 9.60 Mbit/s, compared to the slowest in Waimital, West Seram Regency with a recorded speed of only 106 kbit/s. Healthcare Loli has one hospital, also located in Dira Tana village, three puskesmas, and one registered pharmacy. Malaria is a problem in the region, and in 2004 was ranked first among the public health problems in West Sumba Regency, being the leading cause of child mortality. A study found that in 2005, around 25% to 30% of the population in Loli villages tested positive for malaria, with the majority of those under the age of 10.	2.4375
71370889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20King%20%28novelist%29	Alice King (novelist)	Alice King (28 March 1839 – 26 April 1894) was a British writer, teacher, and public speaker. Blind since the age of seven, she published over a dozen novels. Life King was born on 28 March 1839 in Cutcombe, Somerset, the youngest child of the Rev. John Myers King, Vicar of Cutcombe and a translator of Virgil. Born with poor and deteriorating eyesight, she went completely blind at age seven. Though she never learned Braille, she learned seven additional languages – French, German, Italian, Spanish, Hebrew, Greek, and Latin – by ear. She wrote with a typewriter (then a fairly new invention) with tactile keys. She said that she published her first work when she was twelve helped by her father. Her early writing was done with the help of a local school child who would transcribe her words. She noted that they had a poor understanding of grammar and composition so she found it necessary to compose half a page or so in her head so that she could instruct her amenuensis. When her first typewriter arrived from America she had the letters carved into the keys, but this was not the perfect answer as she had no idea what shape letters were so she had to learn the shapes so that she could recognise them on the keys. She found the typewriter difficult but eventually she achieved speeds equal to someone writing by hand and she did not need the help of a sighted person to write. With the help of Henry Morley, she was able to get her first novel published in her early 20s and used the proceeds to fund a stained glass window for the Church of St John, Cutcombe. In addition to publishing over a dozen novels, she contributed to publications like Argosy, The Quiver, and The Girl's Own Paper. She taught a community Bible class for as many as 80 people and guided them in organizing civic activities like a brass band and a cricket club. Her work was highly regarded by author Charles Dickens.	2.671875
71371046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokhary%20Chau	Sokhary Chau	Sokhary Chau (pronuniciation: So-Ka-Ree Chao) is a Cambodian born American politician. In 2022, the City Council of Lowell, Massachusetts elected him to become the next mayor, becoming the first person of Cambodian descent to serve as a mayor in the United States. Early life and education Chau was born to a middle class family in Cambodia, in Battambang province. On April 17, 1975, his father was executed by the Khmer Rouge when Dictator Pol Pot, stormed into Phnom Penh, Cambodia’s capital. Much of his early childhood was spent in extreme hardship and fear, almost losing two of his brothers to executions. Despite these circumstances, his family escaped Cambodia in 1979 under the cover of night through land mine laced jungles to a Thai refugee camp. In 1981 he, his mother, and his seven brothers emigrated to the United States, eventually settling in Lowell. As a child, he attended Lowell Public Schools and Phillips Academy, graduating in 1992. He attended Macalaster College in Minnesota. Political/Business Career He was elected to a 2-year term on Lowell City Council in 2019 and re-elected in 2021. Members of the City Council appointed him Mayor of Lowell in January 2022. He is the current chair of the USA-Cambodia Sports Association. In November 2023, he announced that he would run for the Middlesex County Register of Deeds seat that will become vacant in 2024.	2.359375
71371090	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir%20Zahid%20Harawi	Mir Zahid Harawi	Mīr Muḥammad Zāhid Harawī (; died 1689) was an Islamic scholar, historian, and chronicler. He is considered to be one of the authors of the historic Dars-i Nizami curriculum. Early life Zahid was born in Hindustan. His father, Qadi Muhammad Aslam (d. 1651), was from Herat in and migrated to Lahore during the reign of the Mughal emperor Jahangir. The emperor was impressed with Aslam's piety and religiosity and offered him a position as the Qadi (judge) of Kabul and later of the army. The next Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan, reinstated his position as Qadi and declared Aslam as his Imam-e-Khas. Zahid's education began with his father. He studied under Mullah Muhammad Fazil Badakhshani and Mullah Sadiq Halwai in Kabul. After that, he went to Turan, where he studied under Mirza Muhammad Jan Shirazi . He studied hikmah under Shirazi's student Mullah Yusuf. Sometime after, Zahid returned to Lahore, where he studied with Mullah Jamal. Career In Ramadan 1054 AH (July 1654), Shah Jahan appointed him as the chronicler of Kabul. Zahid remained in this position during the reign of Aurangzeb. In 1666, he was appointed as the accountant for the Mughal army. Aurangzeb later appointed him to the presidency of Kabul. While serving as the army accountant in Akbarabad, Zahid continued to teach Islamic studies. He taught the science of rationality to Shah Abdur Rahim. Towards the end of his life, Zahid started to focus more on teaching and retired from his imperial employment. Some of his students travelled from faraway places, such as Muhammad Salih of Bengal. Harawi was a relative of Masum Sirhindi (son of Ahmad Sirhindi) of the Naqshbandi order and was one of his successors (Khalifa). Shah Waliullah Dehlawi praised Harawi for his piety in his work Anfas-ul-Arifin. ' Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi notes that Harawi had great confidence in the wisdom of Waliullah's father Shah Abdur Rahim on matters of jurisprudence.	2.375
71371463	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalits%20in%20Bihar	Dalits in Bihar	Another popular narrative among the Dalits is about a saint called Gauriya Baba. He lived in the Mughal period, and is known for opposing the unjust rule of the Mughals, who oppressed non-Muslims. According to Dalit folklore, Gauriya Baba primarily belonged to Dusadh community, like Sahlesh and Chauharmal. But he used to protect Dhanuk, Rajpoot, Mallah, Mali and other castes as well. The Mughals used to kidnap Hindu girls and marry them forcibly. Baba, who was said to be a skilled horseman, fought a one-man battle against them, to prevent them from converting the Hindus and to protect the property of rich Hindus from looting. Baba also used to slaughter a pig and bury its head in his yard, to prevent Muslim soldiers from entering his house and arresting him. His house was located in the front side of the village and preventing entry into his house was like preventing the Muslims from entering the village. According to folklore, he used to guard the villagers under his protection, regularly patrolling on his horse.	2.5
71371463	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalits%20in%20Bihar	Dalits in Bihar	Unlike Dusadhs and Pasis, who have generated their own folklore regarding their origin, the origin of Musahars is mentioned in Brahminical mythology and the earliest history of Musahars are also known to the scholars from these mythologies as well as British records. According to them, when lord Shiva created mankind, he generated the first man of each caste group, and gave them some tools and a horse to ride. When the first man of Musahar caste got these tools, unlike others, who rode their horses, he began to dig two holes on the two sides of the belly of the horse, in order to fix his feet there. Lord Shiva became angry, and he cursed the whole caste to dig the holes in ground and catch the rats for their survival. Shiva also observed the habit of Musahar men of licking plates after eating, and he further cursed this caste by saying that they would lick the plates of others for leading their lives. Hence, the Brahminical mythology degraded them and considered them as "most impure caste". There are various proverbs, which are popular in Hindu mythology, which show a negative attitude towards the Musahars among the Hindu castes. The deification of death is also observed among some of the Dalit castes of Bihar; it, being a common theme in the culture of India as the spirit worship, is popular among the Musahars of the Gaya district of Bihar. According to one opinion, the worship of Preta (spirit) is a manifestation of the memories of injustice in the minds of community, who prefer to display it, through the cult of violent and malevolent spirit. Among the Musahars of this region, there is a belief regarding a violent spirit called Murkatwa, a headless creature, or a beheaded person, who keeps on avenging his death.	2.5625
71371535	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20the%20Greater%20Poland%20Voivodeship	Flag of the Greater Poland Voivodeship	The Grand Duchy of Posen was established in 1815, within the modern borders of the Greater Poland Voivodeship. Its flag was divided horizontally into two stripes: red on the top, and white on the bottom (similar to the Indonesian flag). Its aspect ratio of height to width was equal 2:3. In 1848, the state had been replaced by the Province of Posen. On 9 November 1886, the province established the flag that was divided horizontally into three stripes, that were, from top to bottom: black, white, and black. Its aspect ratio of height to width was equal 2:3. The flag had been used until 1920, when the province ceased to exist. In 1922, form the part of its territory, had been established the Frontier March of Posen-West Prussia. Its flag was adopted on 9 September 1923. It was divided into 6 stripes, placed in 2 colums, in 3 rows. They were altering between black and white colour. Its design had been the combination of the flags of provinces of Posen and West Prussia. The flag was used until 1935, when Nazi Germany forbid its provinces from using its flags, ordering them to replace them with the national flag. The Greater Poland Voivodeship was established in 1999. Its flag had been adopted on 31 January 2000 by the Greater Poland Voivodeship Sejmik.	2.546875
71372262	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Morton%20Barker	Helen Morton Barker	In 1892, she was appointed one of the two Board of Lady Managers representing South Dakota, for the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Barker's business ability so impressed itself upon her colleagues that she was called to president Bertha Palmer's office as assistant and remained there for two years. She also served as superintendent of the Board of Lady Managers' industrial department. At the Chicago WCTU Convention, in 1893, she was made National WCTU Treasurer. Her financial showing at the Cleveland WCTU Convention proved the choice to have been an inspired one, and she was re-elected with enthusiasm. She held the position for 12 years, until failing health compelled her retirement. Personal life On October 7, 1858, she married Rev. Moses Barker (1829–1911). They had four children, Minnie, Morton, Lottie, and Manley. In her later years, Barker resided in Evanston, Illinois. Taken ill with the grip, Barker was removed to the Hinsdale Sanitarium, Hinsdale, Illinois, where she died a week later on May 6, 1910.	1.992188
71372304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream%20character	Dream character	A dream character, sometimes abbreviated as DC, is an interactable human-like entity in the person's dream, especially while the person is REM-sleeping. The topic has been profoundly addressed in the lucid dreaming community, since while experiencing a lucid dream, the person can consciously interact with dream characters. A specific dream character may reappear from dream to dream. Capabilities Dream characters may agree or disagree if asked to perform specific tasks. If they agree, they can solve tasks such as rhyming or drawing, although they have relatively poor arithmetical skills. Furthermore, dream characters have the ability to come up with ways to outwit the dreamer, like switching off the light to avoid his or her gaze. Recurring dream characters can learn from previous dreams and adapt their behaviour accordingly. Nature The nature of dream characters is subject to debate amongst dream researchers. Some psychotherapists suggest that they represent parts of the dreamer's self. The hypothesis that dream characters may have a consciousness of their own has been brought forth by some researchers, such as Paul Tholey. Although this hypothesis is impossible to prove, experiments have shown them to have capabilities which suggest that they may have independent points of view and behave like conscious beings.	2.375
71372863	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Cimatario%20National%20Park	El Cimatario National Park	El Cimatario National Park is a national park in Querétaro state of central Mexico. It protects 24.48 km2 south of the city of Santiago de Querétaro. Geography The park encompasses Cerro del Cimatario, a volcanic mountain which reaches 2400 meters elevation. The mountain offers panoramic views of Santiago de Querétaro and the surrounding countryside, and is home to several radio and television transmitting towers. Soils in the park are mostly volcanic in origin, formed during Pliocene eruptions. A red porous volcanic rock called tezontle is common, and was quarried to make bricks and construct baths and bread ovens. Climate The climate is semi-arid and subtropical to temperate. Rainfall averages 549.3 mm and is seasonal, with a rainy season from June through September. Average annual temperature 18 to 19º C, with a maximum of 22º C in May. Flora and fauna El Cimatario National Park includes portions of the Bajío dry forests and Central Mexican matorral ecoregions. Cactus scrub is the most widespread plant community, found mostly in lower-elevation areas of the park. Shrubs up to four meters in height are the characteristic plants. Common cactus species include Myrtillocactus geometrizans, Opuntia leucotricha, Opuntia imbricata and, Nyctocereus serpentinus. Small trees, which typically have small leaves and spines, include Acacia schaffneri, Acacia farnesiana, Ipomoea mucuroides, Karwinskia humboldtiana, Anisacanthus quadrifidus, Anisacanthus pumilus, Calliandra eriophylla, Condalia velutina, Croton ciliatoglandulifer, and Zaluzania augusta var. rzedowskii.	3.046875
71372863	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Cimatario%20National%20Park	El Cimatario National Park	Tropical dry forest is composed of trees from 4 to 12 meters high which typically lose their leaves during the dry season. Multi-trunked trees are common, and several species have bright-colored exfoliating bark. Typical dry forest tree species in the park include Bursera fagaroides, Bursera palmeri, Cedrela dugesii, Ipomoea murucoides, Erythrina coralloides, Lysiloma divaricatum, Senna polyantha, and Zanthoxylum fagara. The dry forest understory is mostly herbs, including Rivina humilis. Climbing vines are common, and the epiphytes Tillandsia recurvata and Tillandsia calothyrsus grow in the tree canopy. Induced pasture grows in disturbed areas, including areas that were overgrazed by livestock and quarried for tezontle. Grasses up to 30 cm high are the predominant plants, with Melinis repens, Chloris gayana, Cynodon dactylon, Bromus carinatus, Setaria grisebachii, and Sporobolus atrovirens the most common species, along with scattered shrubs of Eysenhardtia polystachya. There are also reforested areas, which include many introduced species from elsewhere in Mexico and around the world.	3.125
71373224	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Bez	Nick Bez	SS Pacific Explorer Bez purchased the ship 423-foot Pacific Explorer in 1946 from the United States and founded the Pacific Exploration Company. The United States Defense Plant Corporation, sponsored by the War Food Administration, gave a $2 million loan to the Pacific Exploration Company, part of the World War II Pacific Fishing project. The loan was to transform the 423-foot World War I ship Mormacrey into a modern fishing boat with a cannery on board. Naval architecture firm W.C. Nickum and Sons did the design work for the conversion of the ship. In doing so, it showed that the United States could be a superpower in fishing, not just Japan, which had 66% of the tuna market. Pacific Explorer would operate in international waters off Alaska, with the four small 100-foot ships that supplied fish: NOAAS Oregon, Alaska, California, and Washington, together known as the Pacific Coast Combination Ships. The Pacific Explorers first trip was from Astoria, Oregon to South America on January 3, 1947 for tuna. The Pacific Explorers floating cannery stayed off the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica for five months, and 10 fishing ships provided 2,250 tons of tuna. The second trip of the Pacific Explorer was made on March 26, 1948 from Seattle to the Bering Sea. Nine fishing boats supplied king crab, flatfish and cod for the Pacific Explorer: the Bear, Sunbeam, Borris, Tordenskjold, Kiska, Mars, Foremost, Jeanette F and Pearl Harbor. The Pacific Explorer was in Pavlof Bay as the "cannery" (frozen) for 90 days. After the two fishing trips and the plan having been successfully implemented, the Pacific Explorer was put into a reserve fleet.	2.59375
71373327	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak%20Fire%20%282022%29	Oak Fire (2022)	The fire affected the Southern Sierra Miwuk Nation, a federally unrecognized Native American tribe indigenous to the region. The fire damaged cultural sites such as roundhouses and displaced tribe members. Closures and evacuations The Oak Fire threatened multiple communities in rural Mariposa County, including Lushmeadows, Midpines, Jerseydale, and Bootjack. The number of people under evacuation orders on July 23, the day after the fire's ignition, reached more than 6,000. An evacuation center was established at New Life Christian Fellowship church, but continued rapid fire spread forced officials to move it to Mariposa Elementary School, where more than 100 people checked in and almost half of that group chose to spend the night on July 24. Local hotels quickly filled with evacuees even as the normal crowd of weekend Yosemite tourists canceled their stays. More than 3,100 homes and businesses serviced by Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) lost power. The fire forced the U.S. Forest Service to close parts of the Sierra National Forest to the public. Yosemite National Park remained largely unaffected by the fire, but part of Highway 140—one of the main access roads for the park—closed. Some Mariposa County government offices closed to public walk-in. Electricity was restored to all customers and all road closures and evacuation orders were lifted by August 4.Some residents of Mariposa County expressed concerns regarding the presence and participation of uniformed militia members during evacuation efforts, prompting the Mariposa Sheriff's Office to clarify that they had not activated the militia.	2.265625
71373419	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20Ormonde%20Peace	Second Ormonde Peace	Background While proclaiming their loyalty to Charles I, the Catholic Confederates had followed the 1641 Rebellion by seizing strongholds throughout Ireland and seeking to secure concessions from the government. Meanwhile a Civil War broke out in England between the King and his opponents. In 1643 a truce with the Confederates known as the Cessation of Arms had freed Anglo-Irish Royalist troops to fight in the English Civil War. After lengthy negotiations the First Ormonde Peace was agreed in 1646 between Charles' envoy and the Irish Confederates. This however provoked a civil war in Catholic Ireland between the Moderate and Clerical factions of the Irish Confederacy. The former Spanish mercenary Owen Roe O'Neill who commanded the Ulster Army, had intervened on behalf of the anti-Treaty forces which thwarted the implementation of the agreement. Meanwhile the situation of Charles in Britain had declined. He surrendered to the Scottish Covenanters in 1646 who then handed him over to the English Parliamentary forces. By late 1648 the Irish Catholics and Royalists and the Scottish Covenanters had all come to see the London Parliament as their greatest threat. Following the defeat of his supporters during the Second Civil War, Charles I was executed by the English Parliament who declared both England and Ireland to be a republic. Treaty and effects	3.015625
71373419	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20Ormonde%20Peace	Second Ormonde Peace	In Ulster, O'Neill moved to relieved the besieged troops of Charles Coote who were trapped in Derry. Meanwhile the allies secured many of the town and cities across Ireland and Ormonde's troops advanced to lay siege to the capital Dublin. However even before the arrival of Oliver Cromwell's reinforcements, his local Irish commander Michael Jones routed the coalition forces at the Battle of Rathmines. Cromwell then took the offensive, storming Drogheda and then Wexford. In the north the Catholic Ulster Army now changed sides to join the other allies, but were routed and virtually destroyed at the Battle of Scarrifholis. The Scottish Covenanter Army in the North had previously been smashed at the Lisnagarvey. Ormonde left Ireland, turning over command to the Catholic Royalist Lord Clanricarde. However organised resistance effectively ceased following the loss of Galway and further resistance was largely carried out by a guerilla war. Ormonde and a group of leading Irish Catholics went into exile along with a number of troops. Four regiments that fought at the Battle of the Dunes were broadly drawn from former members of the Allied forces of 1649, topped up by fresh recruits from Ireland. Ormond was ultimately restored as Lord Lieutenant while many Catholics successfully appealed to the Court of Claims to have land returned to them that had been confiscated by Cromwell due to their service in the Royalist alliance.	2.671875
71373804	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexafluoroarsenate	Hexafluoroarsenate	The hexafluoroarsenate (sometimes shortened to fluoroarsenate) anion is a chemical species with formula . Hexafluoroarsenate is relatively inert, being the conjugate base of the notional superacid hexafluoroarsenic acid (). Synthesis The first undisputed synthesis is due to Otto Ruff, Kurt Stäuber and Hugo Graf, who began with the lower-valent arsenic trifluoride, using silver(I) fluoride as both a fluorine source and oxidant: AsF3 + 3AgF + NOCl -> NOAsF6 + AgCl + 2AgIn the following reaction, one mole of arsenic trifluoride, three moles of silver fluoride, and one mole of nitrosyl chloride are reacted to produce one mole of nitrosyl hexafluoroarsenate, one mole of silver chloride, and two moles of elemental silver. Modern syntheses usually begin with arsenic pentafluoride (), which abstracts fluoride from common donors, such as hydrogen fluoride () or cis-difluorodiazine (). Although the hexafluoroarsenate ion is stable against hydrolysis, the related hydroxyfluoroarsenate ion () is not; synthesis of hexafluoroarsenates from pentavalent arsenic oxides and aqueous hydrogen fluoride requires thermal dehydration or extensive stoichiometric excess of the latter. Conjugate acid and other salts Like its pnictogen congeners, hexafluoroarsenate is a noncoordinating anion, a counterion used to stably store extremely reactive cations. Through the appropriate choice of fluorine donor, the synthesis of hexafluoroarsenate can also double as preparation of an exotic cation. The resulting salts are typically stable to metathesis with silver(I), ammonium, potassium, or caesium ions. Unlike the former three, caesium hexafluoroarsenate is insoluble in water.	2.34375
71373863	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20submarine%20L%27Espoir	French submarine L'Espoir	L'Espoir was a French Navy of the M6 series commissioned in 1934. She participated in World War II, first on the side of the Allies from 1939 to June 1940, then in the navy of Vichy France until she was scuttled at Toulon in November 1942. Characteristics L'Espoir was part of a fairly homogeneous series of 31 deep-sea patrol submarines also called "1,500-tonners" because of their displacement. All entered service between 1931 and 1939. The Redoutable-class submarines were long and in beam and had a draft of . They could dive to a depth of . They displaced on the surface and underwater. Propelled on the surface by two diesel engines producing a combined , they had a maximum speed of . When submerged, their two electric motors produced a combined and allowed them to reach . Also called “deep-cruising submarines”, their range on the surface was at . Underwater, they could travel at . Construction and commissioning Laid down at Arsenal de Cherbourg in Cherbourg, France, on 1 August 1929 with the hull number Q167, L'Espoir was launched on 18 July 1931. She was commissioned on 1 February 1934. Service history Pre-World War II 1934–1938 L'Espoir was underway bound for Toulon, France, on 13 July 1935 when two accidental explosions occurred on board. The explosions injured seven crewmen, three of whom later died of their injuries. On 5 June 1937, the French Navy decided on a reorganization of forces and called for a cruise to test the endurance of French sailors and their equipment. Accordingly, L'Espoir and her sister ships , , and were designated as the submarines to conduct such a cruise, which would take them to the waters of Southeast Asia. On 27 July 1938, L'Espoir was moored to a quay at Toulon when a fire broke out in one of her batteries. The fire killed one crewman.	2.546875
71373969	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalist%20Army%20in%20Exile	Royalist Army in Exile	Charles had committed to his Spanish allies to recruit those Irish soldiers serving in the French armies. Some troops began deserting in small numbers to serve the Royalist cause, Charles' principal advisors Edward Hyde and the former Irish Viceroy Lord Ormonde opened negotiations with the various colonels of the regiments, many of whom had fought for Charles following his alliance with the Irish Confederates during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Ultimately despite French resistance to the move, which Charles justified by his need to secure his restoration, and the status of the French-born queen mother Henrietta Maria, the Irish colonels all transferred into the king's service. Their troops, if denied permission, deserted in droves and made their way to the Spanish Netherlands. However some Irish soldiers chose to stay in French service despite their alliance with Cromwell, which led to the Royalists recruiting fresh troops direct from Ireland. James, Duke York was reluctant to abandon his position in the French court and military which he felt would serve the Royalist cause far better, until he received a direct order from his brother.	2.640625
71373999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga%20Narayan%20Singh	Ganga Narayan Singh	Ganga Narayan Singh (25 April 1790 – 7 February 1833) was an Indian revolutionary from the Jungle Mahals who was the leader of Bhumij rebellion. He led a revolt against the East India Company in 1832-33. The British called it "Ganga Narain's Hungama", while some historians have called it the Chuar rebellion. Biography Early life and background Ganga Narayan was born on 25 April 1790 at Bandhdhih village. His father was Laxman Narayan Singh and mother was Mamta Devi. He was the grandson of Vivek Narayan Singh, the Raja of Barabhum. He had two brothers Shyamkishore Singh and Shyam Lal Singh. His mother, Mamta Devi was humble and pious in nature, but was a staunch opponent of British tyranny. She always encouraged her two sons Ganga Narayan and Shyam Lal to fight against the British. Barabhum Raj Vivek Narayan Singh, the Raja of Barabhum, had two queens. Two queens had two sons. After the death of King Vivek Narayan Singh in the 18th century, there was a struggle for successor between two sons Lakshman Narayan Singh and Raghunath Narayan Singh. According to the traditional Bhumij system, Lakshman Narayan Singh, the son of the elder queen, was the only one who had the succession. But a long family dispute started after the British nominated the younger son of the king Raghunath Narayan Singh as the king. The local Bhumij sardars used to support Lakshman Singh. But he could not stand the British support and military aid received by Raghunath. Laxman Singh was expelled from the state. Laxman Singh was given the jagir of Bandhdih village for his livelihood, where his only job was to look after the Bandhadih Ghat. Rebellion	2.25
71374196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phacopsis%20thallicola	Phacopsis thallicola	Phacopsis thallicola is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first formally described as a new species in 1852 by Italian botanist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo, as Lecidea thallicola. The type specimen, collected from the province of Treviso in Italy, was growing on the foliose lichen Parmelia caperata (now known as Flavoparmelia caperata). Dagmar Triebel and Gerhard Walter Rambold transferred the taxon to the genus Phacopsis in 1988. The known generic hosts of Phacopsis thallicola are all in the Parmeliaceae: Parmotrema, Cetrelia, Flavopunctelia, and Hypotrachyna. Some historical synonyms of Phacopsis thallicola have resulted from proposed taxonomic transfers from its original genus Lecidea to the genera Scutula, Mycoblastus, and Nesolechia. Abrothallus curreyi, first reported by William Lauder Lindsay from New Zealand in 1866, is a synonym of Phacopsis thallicola. Characteristics of Phacopsis thallicola include its dark-brown hypothecium (the area of tissue in the apothecium immediately below the subhymenium), and the mostly sessile, marginate apothecia. Its ascospores are typically 8–11 by 5–6.5 μm. Its pycnidia are spherical and measure about 120 μm; they are immersed in the thallus of the host. Pycnospores have a bacilliform shape and dimensions of 7 by 1 μm. The fungus has been recorded from Italy, Java, New Zealand (as Abrothallus curreyi), and the United States.	2.421875
71374227	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucrospirifer%20mucronatus	Mucrospirifer mucronatus	Mucrospirifer mucronatus is a species of articulate brachiopod from the middle Devonian. The species serves as an index fossil for the middle Devonian. Discovery and history Mucrospirifer mucronatus was discovered by Timothy Abbott Conrad in 1841 as Delthyris mucronatus. Until 1931, most species in the genus Mucrospirifer would be classified under the genus Spirifer. Amadeus William Grabau would first propose the genus Mucrospirifer in 1931, using Mucrospirifer mucronatus as the type species. Description Mucrospirifer mucronatus typically has a biconvex shell. The shell is covered in ribs (known as costae). The cardinal extremities on the posterior are elongated in adolescent specimens to form spines. Life habits and paleoecology Mucrospirifer mucronatus was a filter feeder, that lived anchored to the seafloor. The species would’ve been common to reefs in the middle Devonian, was attached to the seafloor through a pedicle. Mucrospirifer mucronatus would often be a host for epibionts. Like modern brachiopods, Mucrospirifer mucronatus would have tolerated relatively anoxic conditions.	2.890625
71374250	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20and%20the%20International%20Monetary%20Fund	Canada and the International Monetary Fund	Canada's international funding policy In the year of 2020, the IMF launched a COVID-19 Crisis Capacity Development Initiative to raise special and urgent fund for the countries struggling with the monetary shortage caused by the pandemic. The Initiative is currently funded by Japan, Germany, China, South Korea, Canada, Belgium, Spain, Singapore, and Switzerland, reaching 40 million dollars. The Initiative also linked to other important global themes, namely: tax policy and inclusive growth; supporting a green recovery; digitalization and financial access; debt management and revenue mobilization; and transparency and accountability in emergency response. At the regional level, the Caribbean Community has launched a Caribbean Economic Recovery and Transformation Plan to develop a financing strategy to support post-pandemic investment needs. The IMF is partnering with the broader international community to help small developing countries to confront the challenges. The region could also harness its “blue economy” potential (sustainable use of ocean resources) by increasing investment in shipping, fisheries, and aquaculture. Countries should continue to pursue technological innovation, to improve efficiency, reduce cross-border transfers costs, and facilitate international trade. IMF’s comment The IMF observed that the Government of Canada's recovery plan is a welcome step.	2.09375
71374863	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiridon%20Gabrovski	Spiridon Gabrovski	Spiridon Gabrovski (1740; Gabrovo – 1824; Rila monastery), also known as Spiridon Rilski, was a Bulgarian clergyman and activist of the Bulgarian National Awakening in the Ottoman Empire. Gabrovski was born in Gabrovo in 1740. He worked on Mount Athos, spending many years in the Zograf monastery and the Hilandar monastery. Between 1747 and 1763, due to disagreement between the Bulgarian and Serbian monks there, he settled in the Pantokrator Monastery, with his spiritual father, the hermit Paisius Velichkovsky. In 1763, together with Velichkovsky, they left Mount Athos and went to Moldavia with 64 other monks. In 1779, the group settled in the Neamț Monastery near Iași. Spiridon Gabrovski used the library of the monastery to supplement his knowledge and in 1792 he managed to complete a "Short history of the Bulgarian Slavic people". The book contains a wealth of factual material freely used by Father Spiridon. Spiridon approached the so-called Illyrism, which declares the ancient Illyrians, to be early Slavs. Spiridon tried to legitimize the Bulgarians ("Illyrians") through Alexander the Great, presented entirely in a positive light. Alexander defeated the "Illyrian" king Perun, but included the Illyrians in his army and even gave the two sons of Perun the power over Macedonia itself, and he himself established his capital in Babylon. In 1794, after the death of Paisius Velichkovsky, he left the Neamt monastery and settled finally in the Rila monastery, where he died in 1824.	2.375
71374891	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitakere%20/%20Nile%20River	Waitakere / Nile River	Geography The Waitakere / Nile River is one of several roughly perpendicular rivers to flow from the western side of the Paparoa Range to the Tasman Sea, carving deep channels in the region's Whaingaroan limestone karst landscape in the process. The river starts on the eastern side of the range's main ridgeline on the slopes of The Pinnacle, flowing northeast between Mounts Faraday and Priestley through a narrow valley. Roughly a quarter of the way along its length, the river leaves the Paparoa Range, continuing to head northeast as it is joined by numerous unnamed tributaries. At roughly the mark, the river is joined by the Atbara and Sirdar Creeks, both named for Lord Kitchener and in reference to the main river's European name. Soon after this, the land around the river narrows and develops into a short canyon, estimated to have been formed during the last million years. Ananui Creek feeds into the river at this point by way of the Metro / Te Ananui Caves, forming a popular black water rafting route. At the northern end of the canyon the river is joined by the Awakari River, before entering a narrow coastal plain and meandering to the Tasman Sea at Little Beach. The canyon is also the location to a small bush train reminiscent of those used by early loggers in the area, built in 2002 to ferry tourists and rafters to the upper canyon and top of the nearby cave systems.	2.6875
71376005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Cahn	Susan Cahn	Susan Kathleen Cahn is a historian known for her work on women's studies and LGBTQ topics. She is a professor at the University of Buffalo. Education and career Cahn has a B.A. from the University of California, Santa Cruz (1981) and an M.A. from the University of Minnesota (1985). In 1990 she earned a Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota. In 1992 she joined the faculty at the University of Buffalo where, as of 2022 Cahn is an emeritus professor. Work Cahn is known for her writing on women in sports, adolescence, lesbian history, and chronic illness. Her 1995 book, Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-century Women's Sport examines the role of Title IX in gender equality in sports participation. The book won an award from the North American Society for Sport History, and a second edition was published in 2015. Her work on the rise of women's sports teams, and making women prove their sex has been covered in multiple news outlets. In 2012 she wrote about women growing up in the south in Sexual Reckonings: Southern Girls in a Troubling Age. Selected publications Awards and honors In 2013 Cahn was named a William S. Vaughn Visiting Fellow by Vanderbilt University. In 2015, Cahn delivered the John R. Betts lecture at the annual meeting of the North American Society for Sport History.	2.171875
71376070	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Book%20of%20Form%20and%20Emptiness	The Book of Form and Emptiness	The Book of Form and Emptiness is a novel by American author Ruth Ozeki, published in 2021 by Viking. Ozeki's fourth novel, the book won the 2022 Women's Prize for Fiction. The story follows a boy who hears voices from inanimate objects while the narrative explores themes of mental illness and bereavement. Background The novel was partially inspired by Zen Buddhism. A question from a Zen parable; "do insentient beings speak the dharma?” formed the central theme of the narrative. The death of Ozeki's father also shaped the book. Ozeki took eight years to write the book. The library that plays a central role in the story is based on Vancouver Public Library. Ozeki previously spent time in the system's central branch researching her 1998 debut novel, My Year of Meats. Summary Following the death of his father, Benny Oh, an American boy of Japanese-Korean descent, begins hearing voices calling out from inanimate objects. Oh's relationship with his mother, an archivist and hoarder, deteriorates and he begins spending time in a public library, befriending a group of outsiders including an artist and a poet. The story is mostly narrated by the book itself. Some sections of the novel are narrated by Oh. Reception The novel received mixed reviews. The Guardian praised Ozeki's "calm, dry, methodical good humour and wit". The Washington Post described the narrative as "cluttered" but also described the book as "compelling". The Daily Telegraph described the book as "a preachy, whimsical mess". Awards Women's Prize for Fiction.	2.0625
71376082	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road%20Safety%20Investigation%20Branch	Road Safety Investigation Branch	The Road Safety Investigation Branch (RSIB) is a proposed road safety investigation organisation announced by the government of the United Kingdom in June 2022. The RSIB will provide independent safety recommendations based on thematic analysis of road accidents, and will provide insights into evolution of road safety policy in response to new technologies such as self-driving vehicles, e-scooters and electric vehicles. History and context of creation In the Autumn of 2018, a Road Collision Investigation Project was started to study causes of road traffic collisions and their impact and assess business case for a Road Collision Investigation Branch.. In October 2021, the Department for Transport (DfT) launched a consultation on the establishment of a Road Collision Investigation Branch (RCIB). The UK has accident investigation organisations for air, maritime and rail accidents, but no independent body to investigate road incidents and their causes, while in Great Britain road collisions account for more fatalities than other modes of transport. Hitherto, investigations in the road sector were limited to a Collision Reporting and Sharing System (CRASH) and to Forensic Collision Investigation reports and Prevention of Future Death. (See also Reported Road Casualties Great Britain) On 29 June 2022, Baroness Vere of Norbiton announced governmental intention of primary legislation for the creation of the Road Safety Investigation Branch (RSIB). Creation of the announced body will rely on proposals being brought forward in a future Transport bill. Mission The branch shall investigate thematics in the causes of crashes and also specific incidents to learn safety lessons. Independent safety recommendations shall be provided to government and police forces. It can also analyze safety trends in new or evolving technologies such as automated vehicles, e-scooters and electric vehicles.	2.28125
71376194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocoprinus%20acutoumbonatus	Leucocoprinus acutoumbonatus	Leucocoprinus acutoumbonatus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Taxonomy It was first described in 2009 by the Indian mycologists T.K. Arun Kumar & Patinjareveettil Manimohan who classified it as Leucocoprinus acutoumbonatus. Description Leucocoprinus acutoumbonatus is a small dapperling mushroom with thin (under 2mm thick) whitish flesh. Cap: 2-6cm wide with a convex to campanulate (bell shaped) cap when young, expanding to convex, broadly convex and finally conico-campanulate usually with a prominent conical umbo which becomes more pronounced with age. The cap is mostly dull white with yellowish white tones coming through at the cap edges and a brown umbo with woolly (floccose) scales occurring more towards the centre. Striations (sulcate-striate) are present towards the cap edge, which curves inwards when young but straightens as it ages and may develop serrations. Gills: Free and close to crowded at up to 10mm wide, white but discolouring yellowish brown with age. The gill edges are serrated (fimbriate to denticulate). Stem: 3-5.5 cm tall and 3-5mm thick, tapering slightly from the wider base that is up to 10mm and may be surrounded with white mycelium. The outside of the stem is white with a reddish grey tint which discolours greyish brown in age or red to brownish orange when bruised. It has a powdery or silky texture on the outside and the internal flesh is solid when young but becomes fistulose or hollow with age. The membranous, fixed stem ring is located high up the stem (superior) and has dark brown scales (squamules) on the top. The stem flesh discolours to a reddish colour on exposure to air. Spore print: White. Spores: Ovoid or ellipsoid with a truncated base and a germ pore. Dextrinoid. 8-11 x 6-8 μm. Smell: Indistinct. Etymology The specific epithet acutoumbonatus is Latin for 'with an acute umbo'.	2.234375
71376314	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Burney	Susan Burney	Susanna Elizabeth Burney, later known as Susan Phillips (January 1755 – 6 January 1800), was an English letter and journal writer. She wrote 650,000 words and her letters are said to be "the most important source on opera in the period". Life Burney was born in King's Lynn on a day in January 1755 which was either the 4th or the 7th. She was the fourth child and third daughter of Dr. Charles Burney (1726–1814) and his first wife, Esther Sleepe (c.1725–1762). Her father's children included the seafarer James Burney, the writer Frances "Fanny" Burney, the scholar Charles Burney and the writer Sarah Harriet Burney. Her elder sister Esther went with her in 1764 when their father took them to France to improve their French. Burney was in France until 1766, learning the language which was thought likely to improve her prospects of employment as a governess. At some point, she also gained a good knowledge of Italian. She was the child in the Burney family who was most interested in music, which was her father's expertise. He was an organist who became known for his writing after he published books on the music of France, the Netherlands, Italy and Germany. She and her sister Fanny were very close: the singer Gaspare Pacchierotti said they had "one mind", although it was Susanna who loved his "divine" castrato singing and as usual recorded these thoughts in her journal letters. Her letters were all addressed to Fanny, and Fanny wrote all her journal letters to her. Susan's letters have proved to be a valuable source about society and music, and also history – including her eye-witness account of the Gordon Riots. When Fanny secretly wrote and published her first novel Evelina, they were both involved in the cover-up.	2.125
71376576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackelia%20Smith	Ackelia Smith	Ackelia Smith (born 5 February 2002) is a Jamaican track and field athlete who competes internationally in both the long jump and the triple jump. Career In June 2022, Smith won the Jamaican national championship in long jump with a jump of 6.56 metres and finished runner-up in the triple jump with a distance of 13.93 metres. Prior to that, in the same month representing the University of Texas she had reached the finals of the NCAA championships in both events finishing eighth in the long jump (6.34 m) and fourth in the triple jump (13.79 m). Selected for the 2022 World Athletics Championships in the triple jump, Smith scored a big personal best of 14.36 metres to qualify for the final on her senior major championship debut. In the final Smith jumped 13.90 metres to finish in 12th place. Smith was selected for the long jump at the 2022 Commonwealth Games held in Birmingham, England and qualified for the final with a jump of 6.35 metres. Smith was selected for the 2023 World Athletics Championships in Budapest in both the triple jump and the long jump. She did not qualify for the final in the triple jump. In the women's long jump, she finished eleventh in the final. She won both the long jump and the triple jump at the NCAA Championships in Eugene, Oregon in June 2024. That month, she won the Jamaican national championships long jump title in Kingston, Jamaica. In July 2024, she was officially selected in the long jump and the triple jump for the Jamaican team to compete at the 2024 Paris Olympics. She finished seventh overall in the triple jump event and eighth overall in the long jump event at the 2024 Olympic Games.	1.976563
71376594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus%20eats%20with%20sinners%20and%20tax-collectors	Jesus eats with sinners and tax-collectors	This narrative is told in Matthew 9:10-17, Mark 2:15-22, and Luke 5:29-39. The Pharisee rebuke Jesus for eating with sinners, to which Jesus responds, "It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick." Jesus shows mercy as opposed to self-righteous judgment. The narrative occurs directly after the Calling of Matthew. Narrative Context The tax-collector in the Roman world was an official that was often greedy, and usually took the position from love of money. They would frequently extort unjust dues, especially from the poor. Such tax-collectors were infamous among the Jews. As Cornelius a Lapide points out, the Jews "maintained that they, as a people dedicated to God, ought not to pay tribute to the Romans, who were Gentiles and idolaters: for this was contrary to the liberty and dignity of the children of God." To associate with tax-collectors and sinners was considered sinful behavior for Jews. Tradition stated: “Let not a man associate with the wicked, not even to bring him to the Torah” (Mechilta). Commentary Cornelius a Lapide notes that in this discourse, Jesus must have heard the accusation from his disciples, since evidently the Pharisees were not bold enough to make this charge against Christ directly. Jesus responded to them by comparing himself to a physician, who is not infected by the diseases of the sick, but instead overcomes their illness. So it is not a disgrace, but an honor for a physician to be with the sick. Thus Lapide points out that, Jesus is "a physician of sin-sick souls", and is not contaminated by their sins, but rather heals them.	2.484375
71376696	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocoprinus%20holospilotus	Leucocoprinus holospilotus	Leucocoprinus holospilotus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Taxonomy It was first described in 1871 by the British mycologists Miles Joseph Berkeley & Christopher Edmund Broome who classified it as Agaricus holospilotus. It 1887 it was classified as Lepiota holospilota by the Italian botanist and mycologist Pier Andrea Saccardo and then as Mastocephalus holospilotus in 1891 by the German botanist Otto Kunze. In 1990 it was classified as Leucocoprinus holospilotus by the British mycologist Derek Reid and whilst the French mycologist Marcel Bon classified it as Leucoagaricus holospilotus in 1993 it is the Leucocoprinus placement which is currently accepted in Species Fungorum and Mycobank, though this may be erroneous. This taxonomic history is very similar to other species in the Leucocoprinus and Leucoagaricus genera due to the similarities between some of these species making them hard to place. Description Leucocoprinus holospilotus is a small dapperling mushroom with white or pale yellow flesh.	2.15625
71376816	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%20Nobel%20Prize%20in%20Literature	1989 Nobel Prize in Literature	The 1989 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Spanish writer Camilo José Cela, 1st Marquis of Iria Flavia (1916–2002) "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability." He is the fifth Nobel recipient from Spain after the poet Vicente Aleixandre in 1977. Laureate Experiencing the Spanish Civil War left its mark on Camilo José Cela's writing. He also experiments with form and content in his writing, which is a feature of the Spanish tradition of humorous grotesquerie. La familia de Pascual Duarte ("The Family of Pascual Duarte", 1942) and La colmena ("The Hive", 1951), are two of his most well-known compositions. While General Francisco Franco's dictatorship in Spain was in effect, he served as editor of the publication Papeles de Son Armadáns and gave voice to those who wanted to express themselves freely. One of his better-known avant-garde novels, San Camilo, 1936 (1969), is one continuous stream of consciousness. He has also written the famous Galician trilogy: Mazurca para dos muertos ("Mazurka for Two Dead People", 1983), La cruz de San Andrés ("St. Andrew's Cross", 1994), and Madera de boj ("Boxwood", 1999). Reactions Some scholars questioned the Swedish Academy's choice of Cela over the internationally better known Spanish-language writers Carlos Fuentes and Octavio Paz (awarded the following year). Others thought it was a conventional, safe choice of an author with his greatest productivity and impact largely behind him, and that a bolder choice would have been an East German writer or Salman Rushdie.	2.46875
71376859	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasia%202000%20%28soundtrack%29	Fantasia 2000 (soundtrack)	Recording The music to The Sorcerer's Apprentice was already recorded on January 9, 1938, for the first film at Culver Studios, California with Leopold Stokowski conducting a group of session musicians. The Disney engineers collaborated with RCA Corporation for using multiple audio channels which allowed any desired dynamic balance to be achieved upon playback, and the stage was altered acoustically with double plywood semi-circular partitions that separated the orchestra into five sections to increase reverberation. Though as the production of Fantasia developed, the setup used for The Sorcerer's Apprentice was abandoned for different multi-channel recording arrangements. The recording of Rhapsody in Blue used in the film is an edited version of Ferde Grofé's orchestration of the piece performed by the Philharmonia Orchestra conducted by Bruce Broughton. The shortened version was made by cutting 125 bars of piano solo in three different places. A recording of James Levine conducting both pieces with the Philharmonia appears on the film's soundtrack.	2.53125
71376918	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ass%C5%ABr%C4%81tu	Šassūrātu	Mythology Šassūrātu appear as assistants of Ninmah in the myth Enki and Ninmah. In this text, their names are given as Ninimma, Šuzianna, Ninmada, Ninšar, Ninmug, Mumudu and Ninnigina. Wilfred G. Lambert established that these seven goddesses do not occur as a group anywhere else, and that at least six of them are attested in other sources. Ninimma was a goddess associated with writing, regarded as similar to Nisaba. Šuzianna was associated with midwifery also in other texts and she appears alongside Ninimma in other contexts. Ninmada, when treated as a goddess, was a divine snake charmer. Seemingly two deities, one male and one female, shared this name, though it is possible that they had similar origin or that they were at least partially conflated. Ninšar was a divine butcher and housekeeper. Ninmug was associated with artisanship, especially metalworking; she was also invoked during the preparation for divine statues. Her role as a birth goddess was most likely directly linked to her other functions, as the same Sumerian terms were used to refer to the fashioning of statues and to the birth of children. Mumudu according to Lambert most likely should be considered a form of Mamu, the goddess of dreams who was a daughter of the sun god Shamash. Ninnigina is otherwise unknown. A late, Neo-Assyrian version of Atrahasis also mentions the Šassūrātu, though in this case two groups numbering seven unnamed goddesses each appear, one tasked with creating men and the other - women. Marten Stol presumes a connection existed between this group and the "fourteen (variant: sixteen) children of Dingirmah" known from god lists, though he notes there is no clear indication that all of them were goddesses.	2.703125
71377042	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocoprinus%20munnarensis	Leucocoprinus munnarensis	Leucocoprinus munnarensis is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Taxonomy It was first described in 2009 by the Indian mycologists T.K. Arun Kumar & Patinjareveettil Manimohan who classified it as Leucocoprinus munnarensis. Description Leucocoprinus munnarensis is a small dapperling mushroom with thin (up to 1mm thick) whitish flesh which discolours brown. Cap: 2.7-5.1cm wide with a white, convex cap which may flatten with age. It is covered in scattered fine dark grey or blackish scales (squamules) which are sparse at the edge of the cap and concentrated more towards the umbonate centre disc. It is striate towards the edges of the cap which curves inward at first and later flattens or erodes. Gills: Free, crowded and whitish. Stem: 5-8cm tall and 3-5mm thick expanding to up to 5mm at the base where there is white mycelium. The exterior of the stem is whitish and discolours to brown with damage or contact and the interior hollows with age. The membranous stem ring is located towards the top of the stem (superior) and may disappear. Spores: Amygdaliform with a germ pore. Dextrinoid. 8.5-12.5 x 6-8 μm. Smell: Indistinct. Etymology The specific epithet munnarensis is named for the town of Munnar in the Indian state of Kerala where this species was observed. Habitat and distribution L. munnarensis is scarcely recorded, little known and may be confused with numerous other Leucocoprinus or Leucoagaricus species. The specimens studied were growing individually or scattered on soil in the state of Kerala, India. Similar species Leucocoprinus brebissonii is similar in appearance and is distinguished via the lack of brown bruising as well as microscopic differences.	2.09375
71377140	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliette%20Lasserre	Juliette Lasserre	On 26 September 1939, the French Communist Party, of which the Lasserres were members, was banned. Their friends included Reynold Thiel and Lulu and Maurice Magis, a Belgian bookseller couple. After a stay in Germany and because of Juliette Lasserre's work at the Alliance-Photo agency, the couple was watched by the Sûreté and finally arrested in early April 1940 after military documents were found in the apartment above the photographic studio on rue de Seine. When the city was occupied by German troops on 14 June 1940, the couple had already been transferred to Toulon and were awaiting trial. On 10 March 1941, both were sentenced to death by Judge Gaulène. They were also deprived of their newly acquired French nationality. Thanks to the intervention of Juliette Lasserre's brother, Hellmuth Ziegert, a captain in the Wehrmacht, the couple were freed and left France to take refuge in Potsdam with Juliette Lasserre's second brother, Erich Ziegert, an art dealer and member of the Nazi Party. Ideological tensions forced the Lasserres to leave Potsdam for Bavaria where they managed to survive until the end of the war, living near Prien am Chiemsee.	2.09375
71377398	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocoprinus%20wynneae	Leucocoprinus wynneae	Leucocoprinus wynneae is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Taxonomy It was first described in 1879 by the British mycologists Miles Joseph Berkeley and Christopher Edmund Broome who classified it as Hiatula wynneae or (wynniae). In 1943 it was reclassified as Leucocoprinus wynneae (or wynniae) by the French mycologist Marcel Locquin. Description Leucocoprinus wynneae is a small, white dapperling mushroom. Berkeley and Broome provided only a very basic description of this species in 1879 which is not enough to adequately distinguish it from other species. Cap: 3.2cm wide. White with a soft, powdery cap with a darker centre. Stem: 2.5cm tall and 1.5mm thick. Slender and striated. Etymology The specific epithet wynneae is named for Mrs. Lloyd Wynne who found the specimen examined by Berkeley and Broome. Habitat and distribution L. wynneae is scarcely recorded and little known. It was first found in a hothouse at Kew Gardens by Mrs. Lloyd Wynne. It has not been recorded there since but has been observed in the wild in Queensland, Australia and Sri Lanka. However the Atlas of Living Australia only has a single record of L. wynneae from 1887.	1.976563
71377406	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Andrea%20di%20Compito	Sant'Andrea di Compito	Sant'Andrea di Compito's particular semi-humid microclimate makes it particularly fertile. During the eighteenth century, noble and wealthy individuals built numerous luxurious villas in the town with gardens featuring ornamental plants of the genus Camellia, for which a fashion developed and reached a peak in the mid 19th century. Starting with ancient varieties, imported to Italy from locations including Japan, enthusiasts developed numerous artificial varieties (cultivars) with enhanced flowers and foliage. Today very few of the original varieties remain outside Sant'Andrea di Compito so this botanical heritage, together with the availability of water, ideal climate and appropriate landscape of a terrace on the slopes of Monte Serra, presented an opportunity to create a world class garden of excellence with educational interpretation for visitors. In 2006, the Camelieto was inaugurated with around 150 plants and 120 different cultivars, by 2011 expanding to 1,000 plants and 750 cultivars, on an area that has grown from 2,000 to 7,250 square metres. Every spring, the Camilieto and villas in Sant'Andrea di Compito host the Exhibition of the Ancient Camellias of Lucca which attracts up to 10,000 visitors over its four weekends duration. Italy's only tea plantation, which began with tea made from Camellia, is located at the Antica Chiusa Borrini.	2.171875
71377407	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Martha%20Bruce	Lady Martha Bruce	Lieutenant-Colonel Lady Martha Veronica Bruce (7 November 1921 – 22 January 2023) was a British aristocrat, prison governor and Women's Royal Army Corps officer. Early life and family Bruce was born on 7 November 1921 in Limekilns, Fife, she was the eldest of six children of Edward Bruce, 10th Earl of Elgin and 14th Earl of Kincardine, chief of Clan Bruce, and Katherine Elizabeth Cochrane. She was raised at the family seat, Broomhall House, near Limekilns. When she was a child, her parents entertained King George V and Queen Mary with the Duke and Duchess of York at Broomhall. After this visit, the Bruce children's governess, Marion Crawford, went to work for the Yorks, raising the future Queen Elizabeth II. Her younger siblings included Andrew Bruce, 11th Earl of Elgin and 15th Earl of Kincardine, and the Hon. James Bruce. Bruce was educated at Downham School, where she was head girl. After leaving Downham, she took dancing and deportment lessons at Madame Vacani's school in Knightsbridge in preparation for her coming out season. She and her sister had a debutante ball at Claridge's. Career During World War II, Lady Martha joined the Auxiliary Territorial Service in 1941. She later joined an anti-aircraft battery defending London during the Blitz. After the war, she went on to command the WRAC Battalion supporting 51st (Highland) Division in Perth in the 1960s, rising to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In May 1949, she served as a maid of honour during the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester's stay at the Palace of Holyroodhouse during the Duke's term as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. She was also briefly a lady-in-waiting to the Princess Royal in 1965.	2.234375
71377514	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender%20and%20sexual%20minorities%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire	Gender and sexual minorities in the Ottoman Empire	History and legal status The late Ottoman Empire was governed by the authority of the Qanun (sultanic law), based on Hanafi law of the sharīʿah. While legal perspectives on homosexuality were negative, actual legal persecution was rare. Public perceptions of homosexual acts and gender norms were varied and often ambivalent; some acts were seen as more normative than others, and some could be celebrated in literature. These norms changed drastically in the 19th century, during the Westernization and collapse of the empire. Mukhannathun ( "effeminate ones", "ones who resemble women", singular mukhannath) was a term used in Classical Arabic to refer to effeminate men or people of ambiguous sex characteristics who appeared feminine or functioned socially in roles typically carried out by women. According to the Iranian scholar Mehrdad Alipour, "in the premodern period, Muslim societies were aware of five manifestations of gender ambiguity: This can be seen through figures such as the khasi (eunuch), the hijra, the mukhannath, the mamsuh and the khuntha (hermaphrodite/intersex)." Although mukhannathun were initially considered to desire females, they were later considered to desire males instead and became associated with homosexuality, particularly the receptive partner in gay sexual practices.	2.890625

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.