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69802688	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Marriage%20at%20Cana%20%28Gerard%20David%29	The Marriage at Cana (Gerard David)	The Marriage at Cana is a panel painting in oils by Early Netherlandish painter Gerard David, dated to 1500-1510. It measures , and is in the collection of the Louvre. It shows the Marriage at Cana, one of Jesus's miracles described in the New Testament. The middle-aged couple kneeling at either side are clearly donor portraits, but several other figures are probably portraits of their family members: the young man kneeling at the front, the boy behind his father, the cleric (a Dominican or Augustinian friar) outside the window, and some (possibly all) of the figures seated at the table, except for Christ and the Virgin Mary, who are shown with halos. The richly-dressed bride wears red, and has her hair displayed at full-length, something that respectable women rarely did in public, except at weddings. The bridegroom is presumably the young man carving a bird. The painting thought to have been commissioned by Jean de Sedano (d. 1518), a Spanish merchant settled in Bruges. In the 1490s, he had commissioned the Triptych of the Sedano family, a more traditional triptych also with donor portraits of himself, his wife, and a son (possibly grown up to be the wine-server here). This is also now in the Louvre.	1.953125
69802932	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yay%20Panlilio	Yay Panlilio	Valeria "Yay" Panlilio (1913–1978), known as Colonel Yay, was an American/Filipina journalist, radio announcer, and guerrilla leader during World War II in the Philippines. After the war she married the commander of Marking Guerrillas, Marcos Villa Agustin. She was awarded the United States Medal of Freedom for her wartime activities. Early life Yay Panlilio's mother, Valentina, came to the United States from the Philippines as a stowaway. Panlilio was born in 1913 in Denver. Her father was an Irish-American. Her mother later married a Filipino named Ildefonso Corpus. Yay's half-brother was named Raymond. The family moved around "living in tenements, boxcars, ranch shacks, and through one severe Colorado winter we had survived in a canvas tent." When Yay was 16 she married Eduardo Panlilio, nine years older than her and a mining engineer. In the early 1930s the couple moved to the Philippines and Panlilio gave birth to three children: a daughter, Rae (born c. 1932) and sons, Edward (b. c. 1935) and Curtis (b. c. 1938). The couple separated before World War II. Eduardo worked and lived in Palawan and Yay remained in Manila. Journalist and secret agent In Manila, Panlilio became a reporter, photographer, radio broadcaster, and "the best known woman in the Islands." She was fearless and flamboyant, dressing in a sharkskin suit or brightly colored pants to flout her defiance of the conventional Filipino (and American) idea of a woman's role. She reported on a wide range of topics including politics. She also became an informant to the U.S. Army in the Philippines, passing along tidbits of information she picked up in her work.	2
69803211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom%20Plague	Phantom Plague	Phantom Plague: How Tuberculosis Shaped our History is a 2022 non-fiction book about the history of tuberculosis by health journalist Vidya Krishnan. It covers the history of tuberculosis through the 19th, 20th, and early 21st centuries, from early understandings of the disease to modern public health and pharmaceutical interventions. The book explores how flawed philanthropy, politics, racism, and anti-science rhetoric have led to "medical apartheid". Production Krishnan wrote Phantom Plague over seven years, therefore before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Summary Phantom Plague covers the history of tuberculosis covering 19th-century New York City slums to present day India. It contrasts the spread of tuberculosis through crowded urban settlements, but also mentions affluent tuberculosis patients such as George Orwell, Franz Kafka, Eleanor Roosevelt, Frédéric Chopin, and the Brontë sisters. The book documents early folk remedies, attempted public health measures, and the rise of scientific solutions. It mentions the work of Ignaz Semmelweis, Robert Kock, Joseph Lister, and Louis Pasteur to advance human understanding of infectious diseases. It documents the rise of germ theory, use and abuse of antibiotics and the epidemiological effects of crowded housing conditions on disease spread. It notes the World Health Organization's estimate that 25% of the world have latent tuberculosis. The book talks about the risk of drug-resistant tuberculosis and failed attempts to curtail the spread of tuberculosis. Phantom Plague critiques authoritarian governments, the "toxic kindness" of philanthropists, anti-science rhetoric, and describes the modern context for tuberculosis patients as "medical apartheid". Krishnan includes themes of racism, greed, and politics in Phantom Plague. Reception Phantom Plague is described as "absolutely fascinating" by Victoria Irwin, Madhukar Pai describes the book as "urgent, riveting and fascinating".	2.625
69803894	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta%20Quarck-Hammerschlag	Meta Quarck-Hammerschlag	In the aftermath of her husband's death she returned to living with her parents, for whom 1892 was also a year of changes. Her father was involved in a merger between the gelatine factory he had built up beside his home with a complementary business in Frankfurt, following which the Heinrichs relocated again, this time to a large "Gründerzeit" villa along the Röderbergweg in east-central Frankfurt. Her father, who had now become a wealthy man of leisure but also if considerable energy, involved himself closely in his eldest daughter's welfare work. The relationship was evidently a collaborative one. The new family home had a gardener's/gatekeeper's lodge which Meta repurposed as an office. Her commitment to liberating women and women's voting rights was as intense as her commitment to social justice: she used her office for both causes, setting up a little teaching agency. She was a passionate advocate for girls' education, which at a time when mainstream education reformers were generally interested only in educating boys. Meta Hammerschlag promoted the causes in which she believed. Beyond personal commitment she was also able to back her beliefs with money. Among the causes she backed there was a common theme: "She felt the necessity for socially disadvantaged people to obtain qualifications".	2.265625
69803894	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta%20Quarck-Hammerschlag	Meta Quarck-Hammerschlag	Between 1909 and 1912 she chaired the "Frankfurt League for Women's Voting Rights" ("... Verein für Frauenstimmrecht"). At the same time, between 1910 and 1912 Meta Hammerschlag chaired the Hessen-Nassau Provincial Association for Women's Voting Rights, alongside which she was a member of the extended executive committee of the "Prussian State Association" for "Women's Voting Rights". (Frankfurt and most of the surrounding region, including the Duchy of Nassau, had been incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866.) She was one of three co-publisher-producers of the short-lived monthly journal "Frauen-Zukunft" ("Women's Future"). In September 1910, reflecting her growing public profile in respect of the issues, she was elected to membership of the city's "Armen- und Waisenamt" ("Bureau of Poverty and Orphans"). It might be considered an unremarkable appointment even at the time, except that Meta Hammerschlag was a woman. It seems to have been Hammerschlag's first job to be undertaken directly on behalf of the city authorities: it would not be the last. In 1913 she became a member of Frankfurt's "Childcare Commission". She also used her growing experience of city governance to promote the training of women for work, notably in the "social professions": in 1913 she initiated the "Women's Seminar for Professional Social Work" ("Frauenseminar für soziale Berufsarbeit") in Frankfurt.	1.929688
69803894	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta%20Quarck-Hammerschlag	Meta Quarck-Hammerschlag	SPD Before 1908 women had been banned from participation in politics. It is fair to add that the constitutional prohibition had not been inferred with and enforced with equal conviction in every part of Germany. Nevertheless, across most of Germany, and especially in Prussia, national and state-level constitutional provisions been had widely been interpreted as a ban on membership of a political party for those German citizens who were also women. Just three year later, in 1911, Meta Hammerschlag joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD). The move would have been considered an unusual one in view of her middle-class origins. The SPD was still outside the political mainstream in the eyes of Germany's political establishment which, thanks to unevenly configured voting districts and impressively unequal voting systems and rules across - especially - Prussia, still dominated the Reichstag (national parliament) in Berlin. Closer to home, Hammerschlag had by this time become one of the leading women progressives in the Frankfurt political firmament.	2.34375
69803965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroreflectance	Electroreflectance	By applying an electric field to the material, the band structure of the solid changes. This change in band structure leads to a different bandgap, which in turn leads to a difference in optical reflectivity. The electric field, generally made by creating a potential difference, leads to an altered Hamiltonian. Using analytical methods available, such as the Tight Binding method, it can be calculated that this altered Hamiltonian leads to a different band structure. The combination of electron repositioning and the change in band structure due to an external electric field is called the field effect. Since the electric field has more influence on semiconductors than on metals, semiconductors are easier to use to observe the electroreflectance effect. Near the surface The optical reflection in (semi-)conductors happens mostly in the surface region of the material. Therefore, the band structure of this region is extra important. Band structure usually covers bulk material. For deviations from this structure, it is conventional to use a band diagram. In a band diagram the x-axis is changed from wavevector k in band structure diagrams to position x in the preferred direction. Usually, this positional direction is normal to the surface plane.	2.875
69804312	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wieting	John Wieting	Wieting eventually switched careers and become a physician. He also embarked upon a career as a lecturer, after purchasing the "lecturing apparatus" used by Austin Flint, chiefly a manikin and anatomical charts. He began lecturing across upstate New York in 1843, gradually expanding his performance in the years that followed. Ten years later, he owned six life-sized manikins which he could take apart and use to show over 1,700 body parts. He also owned models of organs and human skeletons. Wieting gave his lectures primarily about anatomy and physiology. While his wife maintained that these lectures were "modest and quiet", others such as Frederick Hollick criticized his talks as including "generally erroneous" and misleading explanations, specifically about contraception. Hollick also argued that Wieting had stolen portions of his work. In 1994 the scholar Janet Farrell Brodie wrote that Wieting's lectures were aimed at "shock[ing] and titillat[ing] audiences" and providing information on contraception information. His scientific lectures were very popular. They were also known for being dramatic affairs, with the stage carefully arranged and "dramatic lighting." In 1850 a Boston newspaper wrote of Wieting's lecture series at Tremont Temple: "such an immense rush was never caused in Boston before by any lecturer on scientific objects." Wieting gave over one hundred lectures in Boston alone. He retired from lecturing when he was forty-five years old in 1862.	2.46875
69804691	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%20de%20Teghime	Col de Teghime	The pass was part of a battle for the liberation of Corsica in early October 1943 during World War II. The capture of the Col de Teghime was crucial in the Liberation of the city of Bastia. General Charles-Paul-Augustin Louchet's plan of attack set the objective for the troops of Moroccan Goumiers of the French Army of Africa and the Berbers of the 2nd grouping of Moroccan tabors (2nd GTM), to cross the ridges to descend towards the town by road from Saint-Florent. On 1 October the first attack was made by the goumiers and Corsican resistance fighters against Germans of the 16th SS Reichsführer-SS Panzergrenadier Division at the Col de Teghime. The first assault was violently repelled. A second assault was made at night but the fierce resistance of the Germans caused the death of 25 combatants. After a day of hard fighting, the Germans surrendered and the pass was taken by the goumiers on the evening of 2 October. The way was then clear to descend on Bastia and, on 4 October the 73rd Goum entered the liberated city.	2.203125
69804706	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%202022%20Afghanistan%20earthquakes	January 2022 Afghanistan earthquakes	On the day of the earthquake, the death toll was confirmed to be 12, and rose to 22 a few hours later, then 26. The following day, it rose to 27. It rose to 28 on January 19. On February 1, the final toll reached 30. The reason that so many died was that the earthquake was shallow, and its location was in the west of the country, which makes this a rare event for Afghanistan. The more active east experienced a 5.8 magnitude earthquake three weeks later, killing only two. In the provincial capital Qala e Naw, where the Modified Mercalli intensity was IV (Light), cracks were observed in the walls of some homes but no major damage was reported. Afghanistan is already in the grip of a humanitarian disaster, worsened by the Taliban takeover of the country in August 2021 when Western countries froze international aid and access to assets held abroad. The Minaret of Jam, an 800-year-old UNESCO World Heritage Site, was damaged by the earthquake. Bricks fell from the tall tower, which, after the earthquake, is at risk of collapsing. Response Rescue workers faced difficulties reaching the affected area due to the lack of roads limiting access. A provincial official in Badghis said between 700 and 1,000 homes were damaged or destroyed. A team of individuals from the Taliban was also at the site to assist in relief efforts. Rescue operations continued into January 19 when workers had spent two nights searching for survivors trapped beneath the rubble. Survivors sought refuge in tents and shelters while some slept in the open. The Taliban said food, aid and tents were being provided to affected residents.	2.03125
69805348	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Robleda%20Natural%20Protected%20Area	La Robleda Natural Protected Area	La Robleda Natural Protected Area (Spanish: Área natural protegida La Robleda, or simply La Robleda) is a 254-acre protected natural area and conservation easement in Cayey, Puerto Rico. La Robleda, meaning 'the oak grove', gets its name from the high concentration of pink manjack (Tabebuia heterophylla) trees, locally known as roble blanco, in the area. The pink manjack trees in this nature reserve bloom for a few weeks every year, creating a natural scenic spectacle of pink and white colors in the Sierra de Cayey. In addition to the pink manjack, the reserve also protects 89 species of plants, 34 species of birds, seven reptile, six amphibian and about 24 invertebrate species. Seven of these species are identified as critically endangered by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DRNA). Some of the key tree species found in the reserve are the ortegon (Coccoloba rugosa), the Sierra tulip tree (Daphnopsis phillipiana), the Caribbean guzmania (Guzmania berteroniana), and the rare and endangered Luquillo Mountain stopper or uvillo (Eugenia haematocarpa). The area is also a birdwatching site.	2.5
69805591	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres%20de%20Quart	Torres de Quart	The new tower was built by (1444-1460), Jaime Pérez (1460-1468), Pere Compte (1468-1469), and Pere Bonfill (1469-1493). The gate was built with lime mortar and cobblestones with ashlar masonry in the arches, vaults, and stairs. The foundation was completed between 1441 and 1443 by master stonemason Jaime Gallén and his son Andrés de Montoro. In 1444 the tower walls were begun with the stone facade and vaulting in 1445–1446. At this point there was a slowing of work due to the city market burning in 1447 and then a plague outbreak in 1450. Work resumed and in 1451 Baldomar completed the vaulting of the first floor and began work on the machicolation from the second floor. In 1460, Baldomar was replaced by his stonemason, Jaime Pérez, however work slowed as attention was focused on the Puerta Nuevo. Work was taken up by Pere Bonfill in 1469 with paving and finishes. He directed the construction of the spiral staircases in 1476. Pere Bonfill takes on the works in 1469 and completed the works with new doors in 1493. Over the subsequent centuries, the city of València was not placed under siege. While the walls of the city were in disrepair, the towers continued to be anchor points in the defense of the city. In the 17th century, the tower was also being used as a women's prison, with many inmates being prostitutes. On June 28, 1808, during the Battle of Valencia in the Peninsular War, cannonballs and bullets from French troops damaged the gate. The holes were preserved during future restorations as a memory of the occasion. In 1813, the structure became a military prison. Valencia's ancient city wall was torn down in 1865, but Torres de Quart, along with another gate, the Torres de Serranos, survived thanks to their functions as prisons. Additional cannon damage occurred in 1873 during the Cantonal rebellion. The gate was declared a national monument in 1931. It has undergone several restorations; most recently in 2007 and now serves as a tourist attraction.	2.609375
69805823	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill%20Chase%20Galleries	Merrill Chase Galleries	Salvador Dali In 1969, Salvador Dalí and Merrill Chase Galleries began a collaboration following meetings with Bob Chase. The artist took a liking to Bob and dubbed him “Mr. Chicago,” a nickname that stuck throughout their collaborative years. In 1970, Dalí was commissioned by Merrill Chase Galleries to create four drypoint etchings, collectively entitled "Visions of Chicago" The suite was composed of personal interpretations by Dali of four Chicago landmarks that defined the city and its spirit: Buckingham Fountain, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Museum of Science & Industry and the Chicago Water Tower. The complete set of the "Visions of Chicago" is in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago, a gift of Merrill Chase Gallieries. In the early 1970s, being aware of Dalí's interests in and admiration for Leonardo da Vinci and his conceptual scientific and futuristic thinking, Bob Chase suggested to Dali it was time to give the world Dalí's own vision of things to come. In response, Dalí proclaimed, “Bravo! Dalí will create the future.” The deal involved a commission for Dalí to create 10 original paintings and a suite of 10 mixed media graphics entitled "Imaginations and Objects of The Future." At a press conference on March 6, 1975, Dalí unveiled one of his 10 "Imaginations and Objects of the Future" a painting titled,"Spectacles with Holograms and Computers for Seeing Imagined Objects." The complete collection was sold through Merrill Chase Galleries and dealers throughout the world and the complete set of the etchings is in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago, a gift of Merrill Chase Gallery.	2.625
69805877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Stothers	Richard Stothers	Richard Stothers was an astronomer and planetary scientist with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, which he joined in June 1961 as a graduate student. Within two years, he had received his Ph.D. from Harvard and became a permanent staff member of the institute, where he spent the remainder of his career. He contributed to the modern understanding of the origin and evolution of stars and, later in life, to climate science. He was able to read original papers in several languages, which allowed him to extract information on historical climate change from ancient writings. Stothers also examined ancient reports of unidentified flying objects and examined the factual basis for myths of "giant serpents". Stothers was raised in New York and graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy. He was a member of the Cum Laude Society. He attended college at Princeton, where he was a member of the fencing team, and majored in mathematics. His thesis was entitled “The Problem of Pulsating Stellar Models.” Stothers was an author on at least 196 scientific papers during his career, stretching from 1963 to 2012.	2.21875
69805954	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe%20Mascarini	Giuseppe Mascarini	Giuseppe Mascarini (Bologna, 17 November 1877 - Milan, 3 November 1954) was an Italian painter. Biography He enrolled at the Brera Academy, but deferred it to pursue painting independently. He married Swiss painter Elvezia Michel, whom was related to Giovanni Giacometti and Alberto Giacometti, in 1914. Artistic style Mascarini is part of the late-nineteenth-century Lombard naturalism artistic movement, he mainly focused on Ligurian seascapes, still lifes and the study of the human figure, specifically to the emotional aspects of the mother-child relationship. Main exhibitions Mascarini exhibited his works at La Permanente in Milan, the National Exhibition of Fine Arts in 1922 with Carlo Bazzi, the Quadriennale di Roma and at the Biennali di Venezia in 1912 and subsequently in 1950. Works in museums and collections Mascarini's works can be found in various public and private collections in Milan. The Gallery of Modern Art owns four paintings: Violetta e Nonna e nipotina, bought for the autumn social exhibitions at Permanente in 1918 and 1935, a Portrait of Mr Carlo Canali (Ritratto del signor Carlo Canali), donated by his widow in 1920 and a Portrait of Mrs Maria Luisa Grubicy (Ritratto della signora Maria Luisa Grubicy), bequeathed by Alberto Grubicy, Vittore Grubicy de Dragon's brother. The Raccolte d'arte dell'Ospedale Maggiore contain four portraits of his benefactors (Camillo Crespi, Giovanna Gargantini dal Verme, Lorenzo Brera and Luisa Vacchelli Rocco). In 1955, one of his paintings (Indoors) was purchased by the art collection of Fondazione Capirlo. One of his paintings is in the civic collections of the Municipality of Rho. Related Articles Alberto Giacometti Carlo Bazzi Giovanni Giacometti	2.1875
69805978	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20reclamation%20in%20Lower%20Manhattan	Land reclamation in Lower Manhattan	In 2013, then-mayor Michael Bloomberg proposed a "Seaport City" similar to Battery Park City for the area around the South Street Seaport. In 2019, as part of part of plan to mitigate potential damage due to climate change to South Street Seaport and the Financial District, his successor Bill de Blasio proposed creating upwards of of land reclamation from South Street into the East River south the Brooklyn Bridge. In 2021, the City of New York introduced the Financial District-Seaport (FidiSeaport) Resilience Plan for a stretch of what is seen as the most complicated and vulnerable reach of shoreline in Lower Manhattan. Construction would incorporate floodwalls, floodgates, pumps, and other water management techniques to handle tidal flow, flooding and stormwater and extend to into the river. Gansevoort Peninsula Gansevoort Peninsula, located in what is now known as the Meatpacking District at the northern end of Greenwich Village, was originally a spit of land jutting into the Hudson River. The North Battery was an artillery battery built 1808–1811 in the river, connected by a bridge and jetty/breakwater to Hubert Street. Fort Gansevoort was completed in 1812 between Gansevoort Street and West 12th Street. Thirteenth Avenue was created 1837 by landfill.	2.296875
69806127	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigal%20G.%20Barsade	Sigal G. Barsade	Sigal G. Barsade (28 August 1965 – 6 February 2022) was an Israeli-American business theorist and researcher, and was the Joseph Frank Bernstein Professor of Management at Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. In addition to research, she worked as a speaker and consultant to large corporations across a variety of industries, such as Coca-Cola, Deloitte, Google, IBM, KPMG and Merrill Lynch, healthcare organizations such as GlaxoSmithKline and Penn Medicine, and public and nonprofit corporations such as the World Economic Forum and the United Nations. At the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, Barsade co-chaired a task force of scholars aiming to utilize behavioral science to increase COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake. Career Barsade's interest in organizational behavior began at a young age. Her father would recount tales of his experiences at work during family dinners, often commenting on his approach to leadership and managerial decision making. Barsade graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology (magna cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa) in 1986, where her senior honors thesis under Dr. Bert Raven and an elective course in industrial/ organizational psychology began her career in the field of organizational behavior. After a series of positions in industrial and start-up organizations, she enrolled for her PhD in Organizational Behavior and Industrial Relations at the University of California, Berkeley, Haas School of Business, where her two mentors included Professors Barry M. Staw and Charles A. O’Reilly. She received the Hayase Award at UC Berkeley in 1992. Her most highly cited article, “The Ripple Effect: Emotional Contagion and its Influence on Group Behavior,” is based on her dissertation work at Berkeley, focusing on the use of multiple methodologies triangulating in on a novel theoretical construct of contagion. This paper was cited by Thomson Reuters’ Essential Science Indicators as one of the most cited papers, and chosen as a “Fast Moving Front” on ScienceWatch in May, 2009.	1.914063
69806219	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Redwood	Abraham Redwood	Abraham Redwood (February 15, 1709 – March 7, 1788) was a West Indies merchant, slave trader, plantation owner, and philanthropist from Newport, Rhode Island. He is the namesake of the Redwood Library and Anthenaeum, one of the oldest libraries in the United States. Redwood was the President of the Redwood Library and Anthenaeum from 1747 to 1788. Early life and education Abraham Redwood Jr. was born on Antigua on February 15, 1709, at his father's plantation, Cassada Garden. Abraham Redwood Sr. was born in Bristol, England in 1665. In 1687, Redwood Sr. went to the island of Antigua, where he married Mehetable Langford, daughter of Jonas Langford. Through this marriage, Redwood Sr. took possession of the sugar plantation known as Cassada Garden which had "a great number of slaves." Abraham Redwood Jr. was the third of eleven children, following his two brothers William, (d. 1712) and Jonas, (d. 1724). Redwood Sr. remained in Antigua until 1712 when he moved with his family to Salem, Massachusetts. His wife, Mehetable, died in 1715. Until his death in 1729, Redwood Sr. traveled between homes in Antigua, Salem and Newport, Rhode Island. Abraham Redwood Jr. was educated chiefly by the Society of Friends in Philadelphia. On October 27, 1724, his older brother Jonas was thrown from his horse and killed, in Newport. Upon the death of his elder brother, Abraham came into the possession of the family sugar plantation in Antigua, Cassada Garden. In 1727, Redwood Jr. purchased land on Aquidneck Island and began building his country home five miles north of Newport in Portsmouth. Sometime around 1730 he married Martha Coggeshall, of Newport, a descendant of John Coggeshall, one of the founders of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Together Martha and Abraham had six children.	2.34375
69806567	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togolese%20nationality%20law	Togolese nationality law	Loss of nationality Togolese nationals can renounce their nationality pending approval by the state and proof that they have obtained other nationality. Persons may be denaturalized in Togo for holding dual nationality, though in practice this applies only to naturalized Togolese. They may also lose their nationality for performing actions, like voting or running for political office, in another state that are typically reserved for citizens; working for a foreign state or military without permission of Togolese authorities; disloyalty to the state; committing crimes against the state or state security; for ordinary serious crimes; or for fraud, misrepresentation, or concealment in a naturalization petition. Persons who previously had nationality who were not deprived of it may repatriate after establishing residency and undergoing an administrative inquiry. Dual nationality Togolese law prohibits dual nationality, but in practice only naturalized persons who must renounce other nationality to gain Togolese nationality, are strictly forbidden to have other nationality. Dual nationality is also allowed for married women who automatically acquired other nationality upon marriage to a foreign spouse.	2.484375
69806623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band%20bending	Band bending	Spectroscopy Different spectroscopy methods make use of or can measure band bending: Surface photovoltage is a spectroscopy method used to determine the minority carrier diffusion length of semiconductors. The band bending at the surface of a semiconductor results in a depletion region with a surface potential. A photon source creates electron-hole pairs deeper into the material. These electrons then diffuse to the surface to radiatively recombine. This results in a changing surface potential which can be measured and is directly correlated to the minority carrier diffusion length. This property of a semiconductor is very important for certain electronics such as photodiodes, solar panels and transistors. Time-resolved photoluminescence is another technique used to measure the minority carrier diffusion length in semiconductors. It is a form of photoluminescence spectroscopy where the emitted photon decay is measured over time. In photoluminescence spectroscopy a material is excited using a photon pulse with a higher photon energy than the band gap in the material. The material relaxes back into its ground state under emission of a photon. These emitted photons are measured to gain information about the band structure of a material. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy can be used to chart the electronic energy bands of crystal structures such as semiconductors. This can thus also visualize band bending. The technique is an enhanced version of regular photoemission spectroscopy. It is based on the photoelectric effect. By analysing the energy difference between the incident photons and the electrons emitted by the solid, information about the energy band differences in the solid can be gained. By measuring at different angles the band structure can be mapped and the band bending captured.	2.40625
69806675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne%20Verlhac	Marie-Hélène Verlhac	Marie-Hélène Verlhac is a French cellular biologist, specialising in the final stages of oocyte development. She was the recipient of the French National Centre for Scientific Research's (CNRS) Silver Medal in 2021. Verlhac has been the director of the Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB) (French: Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en biologie) since 2019, and the president of the French Society for Cell Biology (SBCF). Life and career In 1988, Verlhac began her studies at the Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon. She graduated from Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) with a Master in Cellular and Developmental Biology in 1991, followed by a PhD in cellular and molecular biology in 1995, under the supervision of Dr. Bernard Maro. Her PhD studies also included a year studying under Prof. Hugh Clarke at McGill University. She undertook postdoctoral studies with Rik Derynck at the University of California, San Francisco. Verlhac returned to France and became a principal investigator of her own lab in 2002, which researches oocyte mechanics and morphogenesis. Oocytes, the female gametes, divide asymmetrically so that maternal stores can be preserved for the embryo's development; Verlhac's lab uses genetics, two-hybrid screening, and live imaging combined with biophysics to study such divisions. In particular, her lab has discovered the mechanisms underlying the positioning of the nucleus and spindle in oocytes. Verlhac was appointed deputy director of the CIRB in 2013, and then Director in 2019. Awards and honours The Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium's Albert Brachet Prize for embryology (2018) Member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) (2018) CNRS Silver Medal (2021)	2.03125
69806676	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efra%C3%ADn%20S%C3%A1nchez%20Hidalgo	Efraín Sánchez Hidalgo	Efraín Sánchez Hidalgo (April 29, 1918 – 1974) was an educator, college professor and a former Puerto Rico Secretary of Education. Early day and military service Hidalgo was born in Moca, Puerto Rico on April 29, 1918. His parents were Zenón Sánchez Avilés and Pelegrina Hidalgo Pérez. He studied at the Elementary School in Moca and High School in Aguadilla. Served in the United States Army from 1941 to 1946, assigned to the 65th Infantry Regiment. In the Maritime Alps as a Captain he commanded in World War II the first all-Puerto Rican military unit that engaged in combat with the enemy. He was decorated with a Bronze Star Medal for he's duty in combat. Education career He obtained a Bachelor of Education Magna Laude, and a PhD in psychology at the Columbia University. He devotes his life to education, dedicating 31 1/2 years to teaching. In his "role" as a professor at the University of Puerto Rico and other universities outside of Puerto Rico, Dr. Sánchez Hidalgo taught, among others, the following courses: Educational Psychology, Educational Sociology, Child Psychology, Adolescent Psychology, and Old Age Psychology. In 1971 he was selected by Outstanding Educators of America as a Distinguished Educator. Was appointed Secretary of Education of Puerto Rico from 1957 til 1960. He retired from the university classrooms on February 4, 1974. Legacy A middle school in Moca, Puerto Rico was named after him.	2.34375
69806721	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipping%20Campden%20Town%20Hall	Chipping Campden Town Hall	In the mid-18th century the double doorway to the building became the access for a horse-drawn fire engine. A clock was added at the base of the belfry in 1882 but the borough council, which had met in the town hall, was abolished under the Municipal Corporations Act 1883. The building was substantially remodelled, with a new porch installed at the east end of the building as part of the celebrations for Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria, in 1897. It was officially re-opened by the Earl of Gainsborough in 1898. In the 20th century the town hall was primarily used as an events venue with highlights including a performance by the Magpie Players, a troupe of actors from the University of Oxford in August 1939. Following local government re-organisation in 1974, the town hall became the meeting place of Chipping Campden Town Council. An extensive programme of refurbishment works, which included new roofing, was completed in April 2013. Works of art in the town hall include a portrait of the former member of parliament, Sir Gerard Noel.	1.976563
69806796	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebekah%20Bruesehoff	Rebekah Bruesehoff	Rebekah Bruesehoff (born 2007) is an American LGBTQ rights activist, social media influencer, and author. As a child, Bruesehoff began attending protests with her mother; she became involved as a prominent supporter of transgender youth when many felt that the Donald Trump administration denied rights to trans students. Early life Bruesehoff was assigned male at birth and was gender non-conforming by the time she was two or three years old. Bruesehoff suffered from depression as a young child, even attempting suicide. She discovered the concept of gender transition at age eight, and strongly identified with the term "transgender". After informing her parents of her gender identity, they were supportive and allowed her to socially transition. Before her transition, Bruesehoff tried playing sports, including gymnastics and soccer, but felt out of place on boys' teams. She began playing field hockey on a girls' team when she was 10. She later also began playing clarinet and taking ballet lessons. Activism Early advocacy and Marvel's Hero Project (2018–2020) As a 10-year-old from Vernon Township, New Jersey, Bruesehoff spoke to a crowd of two hundred people at a Jersey City rally, sharing her experience as a young transgender person. She held up a sign that said, "I'm the scary transgender person the media warned you about". A photo of her with the sign went viral. Around this time, Bruesehoff's household was inspected by the Child Protective Services, due to an anonymous transphobic claim that her parents were "forcing" her to present herself as a girl. In June 2018, she spoke at a youth gathering at the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) in Houston, Texas. She was the first transgender person to do so, with the intention to set a precedent for transgender participation in the church.	2.15625
69807046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianlian	Tianlian	Tianlian (Simplified Chinese: 天链, Traditional Chinese: 天鏈, English: Sky Link) also known as CTDRS, is a Chinese data relay communication satellite constellation. The constellation serves to relay data from ground stations to spacecraft and rockets, most significantly China's crewed spaceflight program. The system currently consists of seven satellites in two generations, with the first satellite being launched in 2008. Mission Tianlian is used to provide real-time communications between orbiting satellites and ground control stations. The Chinese tracking and data relay satellites were developed by the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) and it is similar to the American Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) in concept. The system is designed to support near-real-time communications between orbiting spacecraft and ground control, as well as complement the ground-based space tracking and telemetry stations and ships in tracking spacecraft. This is necessary because ground stations can only maintain contact with a satellite while it is overhead. Positioning multiple satellites in geostationary orbit ensures that the ground station and satellite are both always in view of at least one relay satellite, allowing for constant communication between the ground station and target satellite. The system provides data relay services for crewed Shenzhou missions, from Shenzhou 7 onwards, the Tiangong space station, and interplanetary missions. All satellites were launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center and operate in geostationary orbit. Tianlian I Tianlian I consists of five satellites, all based on the DFH-3 satellite bus. The first satellite of the series, Tianlian I-01, was launched on the maiden flight of the Long March 3C launch vehicle on 25 April 2008. With the launch of Tianlian I-03, a spacecraft could be tracked for 70% of its orbit, compared to only 15% without the constellation.	2.5625
69807091	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation%20of%20infants	Salvation of infants	Roman Catholicism The Roman Catholic view is that baptism is necessary for salvation and that it frees the recipient from original sin. Roman Catholic tradition teaches that unbaptized infants, not being freed from original sin, go to Limbo (Latin: limbus infantium), which is an afterlife condition distinct from Hell. This is not, however, official church dogma. The official position of the Catholic Church, as stated in the 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church is: As regards children who have died without Baptism, the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God, as she does in her funeral rites for them. Indeed, the great mercy of God who desires that all men should be saved, and Jesus' tenderness toward children which caused him to say: "Let the children come to me, do not hinder them", allow us to hope that there is a way of salvation for children who have died without Baptism. In 2007, the International Theological Commission published "The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die without Being Baptised", in which they distinguished between the "hope" mentioned in the Catechism and "sure knowledge": Our conclusion is that the many factors that we have considered above give serious theological and liturgical grounds for hope that unbaptised infants who die will be saved and enjoy the Beatific Vision. We emphasise that these are reasons for prayerful hope, rather than grounds for sure knowledge. Eastern Orthodoxy Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos (1256–1335) wrote that "We should also know that when baptized infants die, they enjoy the Paradise of delight, whereas those not illumined by Baptism and those born of pagans go neither to Paradise nor to Gehenna."	2.515625
69807451	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar%20civil%20war%20%282021%E2%80%93present%29	Myanmar civil war (2021–present)	In late March 2024 anti-SAC forces in southeastern Myanmar captured Demoso and Papun, bringing the number of district-level towns captured by anti-SAC forces up to eight. The ninth district-level town, Matupi, was captured by Chin resistance in mid June 2024. In late June 2024 the Three Brotherhood Alliance restarted Operation 1027 after claiming that Tatmadaw forces had broken the ceasefire, capturing the tenth district level town, Kyaukme, by the end of the month. On 17 July, two more district level towns were captured by the Brotherhood Alliance, Thandwe and Mongmit, bringing the number up to twelve. On 3 August, the MNDAA as part of a wider effort from the Three Brotherhood Alliance and other resistance groups captured Lashio, the largest town in northern Shan State, as well as the headquarters of the SAC's Northeastern Command. On 20 December 2024, the Arakan Army (AA) claimed to have captured the Myanmar military's Western Command headquarters in Ann, Rakhine State, marking the second regional command to fall to ethnic rebels in five months. Background Internal conflict in Myanmar Insurgencies have been ongoing in Myanmar since 1948 and have largely been ethnic-based. Communist insurgencies and the Karen National Union were the primary opposition actors to the central government. Over the 20th century, several prominent ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) rose and fell in influence and control. Larger rebel factions such as the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) formed in response to Ne Win's 1962 coup d'état and its increased political repression. The 8888 Uprising, in response to the one party dominated rule of Ne Win, resulted in some of the first modern Bamar militias forming from protestors heading to areas under ethnic rebel control.	2.28125
69807451	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar%20civil%20war%20%282021%E2%80%93present%29	Myanmar civil war (2021–present)	SAC declared that it would cease all military operations on 29 March 2021 and hold bilateral negotiations with ethnic armed groups. However, the Kachin Independence Army continued its offensives stating that the Myanmar Army had not ceased operations. Seven insurgent groups who were signatories to the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement aligned themselves with the National Unity Government (NUG), including the All Burma Student Democratic Front (ABSDF) and the Karen National Union (KNU). The Northern Alliance, comprising the Arakan Army, the Ta'ang National Liberation Army and the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army, attacked a police station in Naungmon, Shan State, killing at least 10 police officers and indicating their disregard of the SAC's call for a ceasefire. In response, on 11 April 2021, the junta military launched a counter-attack to recapture the Alaw Bum base using airstrikes and ground troops, but had to retreat amidst heavy casualties. On 26 April, the Battle of Mindat became one of the first large-scale conflicts arising from the 2021 coup. The Chinland Defense Force (CDF) began armed resistance in Mindat, Chin State and the SAC declared martial law. After a soldier allegedly fired at protestors, fighting between the two sides erupted. The battle lasted four days, killing 30 SAC soldiers and left Mindat abandoned as more than 10,000 people fled the area. Timeline Onset of formal resistance and war (May 2021 – August 2021) On 16 April 2021, pro-democracy politician Min Ko Naing announced the formation of the National Unity Government, with members of ethnic minority groups in senior roles. As part of the announcement he said that ousted leaders Aung San Suu Kyi and Win Myint would retain their positions and asked the international community to recognize their government over the SAC. Throughout April, informal clashes with protestors intensified, such as in Taze when protesters fought back against soldiers with hunting rifles and firebombs on 8 April.	2.125
69807644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr.%20Lewis%20M.%20Early%20Residence	Dr. Lewis M. Early Residence	For the 50 years prior to its latest purchase, the house was not a private residence: it had served as social club for Black businessmen (from 1940-1943), a day-care center, and as an African-American cultural arts center. The house also served as a bed-and-breakfast for Black entertainers, as many Columbus hotels were not open to Blacks at the time. Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Cab Calloway reportedly stayed there, among other prominent jazz musicians. The last owner of the house purchased it in 1974, held its ownership for 25 years, and restored much of its interior. She operated the house as a cultural arts center for the Black community, under its former name of the Garden Manor. In this role, the property housed two music schools, and the house was used for meetings, fashion shows, parties, weddings, and other events. Its current owners purchased the house in 2003, and have featured it in an Olde Towne East home and garden tour. In 1986, the property was featured in a tourism campaign about African American culture in Ohio, the first major effort by a U.S. state government to promote minority culture. The Early residence was the first landmark featured in the history tour campaign; other central Ohio landmarks in the campaign included the Martin Luther King Cultural Arts Center, woodcarver Elijah Pierce's art gallery, the Ohio History Center, and the Benjamin Hanby House.	2.4375
69807775	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20J.%20A.%20Moffett%20Jr.	MV J. A. Moffett Jr.	Service history Following the delivery, J. A. Moffett Jr. sailed out from New York next day to load cargo at Baton Rouge. Upon arrival, she loaded full cargo of oil and left from New Orleans on August 15, bound for Copenhagen. She safely reached her destination after an uneventful voyage on September 5. Upon discharging her cargo, the vessel sailed back to the United States, and arrived at New Orleans on September 26, thus successfully completing her maiden voyage. The tanker made three more trips to Europe in 1921 delivering oil to Rotterdam and Hamburg. Following return from her last trip in February 1922, she was sub-chartered to the Humble Oil Company and spend the next twelve months carrying crude oil from Texas City to New York. For example, in November 1922 she delivered 115,000 barrels of oil from Texas City to New York and New Jersey area refineries. She made similar deliveries in January and February 1923, each time carrying approximately the same load. In early March 1923, Standard Oil of New Jersey decided to re-route many of their tankers to lift oil in California due to its overabundance there and cheaper prices. The tanker arrived at San Pedro on her first visit to the West Coast on March 21, where she loaded 15,000 tons of oil and sailed for New York on April 1. After passing through the Panama Canal on April 12, the vessel arrived at her destination on 21 April 1923, successfully completing her first coast-to-coast journey.	1.960938
69807959	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayyim%20ben%20David%20Schwartz	Hayyim ben David Schwartz	Hayyim ben David Schwartz (German: Schwarz; Hebrew: חיים בן דוד שחור, Hayyim ben David Shahor; – 1549) was an early Hebrew printer, typographer, and editor, known as the first Jewish printer of Hebrew books in Germany. Origin and early work Schwartz was born in Litoměřice (then called Leitmeritz in Bohemia, nowadays in the Czech Republic) in or around 1495, to David Schwarz, a copper engraver at the local guild. Shahor means black in Hebrew, which is the meaning of Schwartz; Moritz Steinschneider informs us that his name was used as Schwartz. Schwartz's printing activities began in 1514, acting as a typesetter at the Prague printing press of Gershom Katz (printing an edition of Zemirot and Birkat Hamazon). He is cited as an illustrator (engraver) and editor for a small number of subsequent Prague volumes, until the Hebrew Bible printed in 1526. Schwartz's first print, a Hebrew Pentateuch, was printed in Oels in Silesia in 1530; this edition has been described as handsome and it is extremely rare today. Schwartz moved to Augsburg in 1533, missing a major storm in 1534, which destroyed the Jewish community, livelihoods, and plans for a successor to Schwartz at Hebrew printing. History of Hebrew Printing in Germany In 1527, Schwartz obtained permission to print Hebrew books in the Kingdom of Bohemia from Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor. The first proper Hebrew text to be printed in Germany was apparently the 1518 Cologne Polyglot (the Johann Potken edition) which printed the Biblical text; Martin Luther, who attempted to create a program of imperial censorship in Germany, allowed the Hebrew Biblical text, though not rabbinical texts.	2.40625
69807959	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayyim%20ben%20David%20Schwartz	Hayyim ben David Schwartz	The Imperial Diets of certain cities in their joining of the Reichsabscheide allowed Jewish printing to continue as the Archdiocese of each municipality was deemed responsible for censorship (Augsburg was one of the earliest to join the Reichsabscheide in 1524 in response to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor's condemnation of Luther) and it is in this setting that Schwartz began his career in Hebrew printing. The first rabbinic books printed in Germany were printed in Augsburg; Portae Luscis (Sha'are Orah) by Joseph Gikatilla, printed by Johannes Müller with the eponymous woodcut illustration by Hans Burgkmair, and Darke Leshon ha-Kodesh of Moses Kimhi, by Johann Boschen, 1520. In 1529, Petrus Schoffer's workshop, printed a number of rabbinic texts (all new translations by Sebastian Münster), including Maimonides' Thirteen Principles (Worms 1529). Augsburg (1529–1540/41) While the Oels Pentateuch is considered to be the first Hebrew book printed in the German lands by a Jew (excluding Bohemia), Schwartz's most prominent seat of printing was the Hebrew press at Augsburg. While Hebrew typography had been employed for German books prior to Schwartz (in editions of works by Petrus Niger, Martin Luther, Sebastian Münster, and Anton Margaritha), Schwartz's editions were the first proper Hebrew books (and certainly the first to be printed by a Jew) in the German lands. While there were rumors among bibliographers of sheets and quires printed by the Helicz Brothers in Silesia preceding Schwartz (including unsubstantiated rumors that they began printing Jacob ben Asher's Turim), Schwartz is still unsurpassed as the first true Hebrew printer in the German lands (Gershom Kohen founded the Prague press earlier, and the Helicz Brothers printed in Kraków). While Augsburg was a free imperial city at the time, unconverted Jews were not allowed to take up permanent residence in the city during those times; Schwartz was therefore not a permanent resident, despite being a craftsman and a highly talented printer.	2.40625
69807959	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayyim%20ben%20David%20Schwartz	Hayyim ben David Schwartz	Schwartz printed in the print shop of Sylvan Otmar, and even lived in the home of Bonifacius Wohlfahrt, a censor who censored books printed by Schwartz. He may have even met with Konrad Peutinger, the great humanist, scholar, and collector, due to Peutinger's interests in Hebrew, Jewish interests, and other scholarly interests (Peutinger almost certainly knew Elia Levita, who had connections in the Bavarian universities and among scholars interested in Hebrew, and Levita would be the connection between Schwartz and Paul Fagius, Giles of Viterbo, Wolfgang Fabricius Capito, and we may speculate that he met Johann Reuchlin in his youth). The Augsburg Siddur Schwartz's first book to be printed in Augsburg was recently discovered in storage at the library of the Hebrew Theological College, and today is regarded as a unicum. It is a printing of the Siddur, and includes the Haggadah and Pirke Avot; it contains five colophons (originally, it may have had even more). This book teaches us much about Schwartz and his idea of unique Ashkenazic printing; the clarity of the type, style, and selection are unlike anything else. While there were likely a fair number of printings of this Siddur originally, this one survives uniquely due to being housed at St. Ulrich's and St. Afra's Abbey, Augsburg. The volume came up for sale at Sotheby's New York at the famed Marx sale in 2018. Schwartz then printed an edition of Rashi on the Pentateuch and the Five Scrolls, the first time he was to use the Sephardic style font (today known as Rashi type). Among his following books are the magisterial 1536 Ashkenazic Mahzor, which printed piyutim and yotzerot. Recently, some scholars have argued that this edition is one of the unique editions of a proto-Ashkenazic-North Italian nussach, which was unique to the early 16th century; others maintain that this was the Nussach of Bavaria. The Augsburg Turim	2.109375
69808241	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents%27%20Day%20%28novel%29	Parents' Day (novel)	In Parents' Day, an unnamed male in his thirties begins teaching at a private school early in World War II. He is a single parent, having split with his wife. Early in the novel, the narrator announces his homosexuality and love for the 17-year-old Davy Drood. The narrator augurs that he will be fired for having a sexual relationship with a student, whereas heterosexual relationships with students were tolerated. When Davy seeks to have sex with a female student, the narrator tells the headmaster that they should provide contraceptives and facilitate an occasion for the pair. He questions whether he should tell Davy's mother on Parents' Day about his sexual attraction to Davy. The narrator has sex with a woman while thinking of Davy. He reveals that he had manually stimulated Davy through the blankets and the narrator ejaculated in his own pants. Jeff Deegan, a student with a crush on the narrator, fights Davy on Parents' Day. In a jealous betrayal by Jeff, the narrator is fired from the school. The narrator's poems intersperse the text. Publication Parents' Day is autobiographical fiction in which Goodman explores and exaggerates his experience teaching at the upstate New York progressive boarding school Manumit, where he taught during the 1943–1944 school year until his firing for reasons related to his homosexual activity.	2.4375
69808254	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Pacific%201286	Canadian Pacific 1286	Jack Showalter ownership In 1973, No. 1286 was purchased along with No. 1238 by Jack Showalter, and he moved both locomotives to Covington, Virginia to be extensively overhauled. Showalter was the founder of the Alleghany Central Railroad (ACRR), which was a fifteen-mile tourist railroad that originally lied over the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway's (C&O) Hot Springs branch between Intervale and Covington. Crews repaired No. 1286's bent cowcatcher during its overhaul and repaint. The locomotive was brought back under steam in 1975, and it began pulling tourist trains at fifteen miles per hour along a tributary of the James River. On one occasion, an ex-Chicago, Burlington and Quincy office car derailed after dawn with several ACRR crews off duty, so Showalter gathered two railfans and some of his friends to help him rerail it, using chunks of wood, and No. 1286 was used to push the car back. After the 1984 operating season, however, the ACRR was forced to vacate the Hot Springs branch after ownership disputes took place, and the branch was subsequently ripped up.	2.15625
69808474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit%20van%20der%20Mey	Gerrit van der Mey	Gerrit van der Mey (5 January 1914November 2002) was a deafblind Dutch mathematician. He helped create software for PTERA and ZEBRA, some of the first computers designed in the Netherlands, as well as creating compilers for later computers. In 1982 he was made a member of the Order of Orange-Nassau at the grade of knight. Early life and education Gerrit van der Mey was born 5 January 1914 in Lisse. He was the son of a well-known bulb grower. When he was four, he contracted meningitis and became completely blind due to an opening between his outer and middle ear. He attended elementary school at a school for the blind in Bussum. He attended high school at Blinden Studien Anstalt in Marburg, Germany, where his mathematics teacher recognized his impressive aptitude for the subject. After returning to the Netherlands Mey began studying mathematics at Leiden University, but was forced to discontinue his studies when the Nazis shut down the university in 1941. He continued studying at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam under Jurjen Ferdinand Koksma and Johannes Haantjes, where he graduated cum laude in 1943. In 1945 Mey contracted meningitis again, leading to a total loss of hearing and loss of balance. He had to relearn to walk with the help of a guide dog. He continued his studies in mathematics at Leiden University working under Willem van der Woude; Mey received his Ph.D. in 1947. His dissertation was titled De resultant in de theorie der algebraische krommen, focusing on the theory of algebraic curves. Work at PTT	2.25
69808526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Thong	Sam Thong	Sam Thong (, sometimes spelled Samthong) is a town in Xiangkhouang province, Laos. During the Vietnam War, it was the site of a USAID refugee operation center and an administrative center for much of northern Laos. Etymology Chao means "prince", but is different when used with the words "Khueng" or "Muong, Mong, Mueang or Muang". Khueng means "province" and Muong, Mong, Mueang Muang is a "district". When Chao is combined with "Khueng" or "Muong", the meaning of Chao loses its "prince meaning" for follow the words of Khueng and Muong. Example, Chao Khueng means governor and Chao Muong means district head. As for others, Nai kong means "mini district chief", Tasseng means "county chief", Nai Ban means "village chief", and then Ban means "village". History In 1950 the Meo (Hmong) ethnic group, Mr. Sia Ying Vue as Nai Kong (mini district chief), the refugee leader, Tasseng (county chief) Navang, Muong (province-state-district) Vangsai, Xiangkhouang Province, lived in Sam Thong with other ethnic groups. At that time, the Khmu, Lao Theung were the first inhabitants living there. All households were about 120 families there. People lived there until March 17, 1970, when Pathet Lao forces came to capture Sam Thong at 5 a.m. During this period, particularly in early 1962, US forces established a refugee operation center in Sam Thong. The town was attacked by People's Army of Vietnam forces in March 1970 as part of Campaign 139, causing US personnel and their allies to withdraw. Royalist forces retook the town at the end of the month. In the course of the fighting, the town was significantly damaged by both PAVN ground forces and US-Royalist bombardments. Following the end of the Laotian Civil War in 1975, Sam Thong became part of the socialist Lao People's Democratic Republic.	2.296875
69808725	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Peglar	Harry Peglar	Henry Peter Peglar (22 February 1812 – c. 1849) was an English seaman who served in the Royal Navy. He served as Captain of the Foretop, a Petty Officer rank, on HMS Terror during the 1845 Franklin Expedition, which sought to chart the Canadian Arctic, find the Northwest Passage, and make scientific observations. All expedition personnel died, including Peglar, mostly on and around King William Island. While Peglar's remains have not been identified, several of his personal effects were found with a skeleton by Francis Leopold McClintock, which constitute among the only written materials known to belong to members of the expedition. Earlier in his career, he engaged in anti-slavery operations in West Africa and served in the First Opium War. Biography Early life and education Harry Peglar was born to John and Sarah Peglar on 22 February 1812 and was baptized on 29 November 1813 alongside his sister Elizabeth, who had been born in 1810. His father was a gunsmith working at 12 Buckingham Row, Petty France, City of Westminster, England. John Peglar was a political radical who voted for Francis Burdett. Harry Peglar was received by the Marine Society, a charitable organization for helping destitute boys and training seamen, on 4 August 1825. When admitted, he was already able to read and write, having possibly received an early education at the Blewcoat School, which was near his father's address. Naval career	2.421875
69808725	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Peglar	Harry Peglar	Since 17 November 1839, Wanderer was commanded by Joseph Denman, who managed the ship between Cape Verde and Cape Palmas, Liberia. Due to the activity there, Denman as captain of the Wanderer made treaties with local chiefs and expelled slave-traders before moving on to Sierra Leone where up to 200 slaves were emancipated. Most of the slave ships operating in the area of Sierra Leone and Liberia were registered under Spanish flags, but were owned and operated by American and British slave traders who were pushed to operate in Africa (and other locations including Cuba) because of domestic laws that banned the slave trade. In 1840, while Peglar was serving aboard, the crew of Wanderer destroyed the last two great slave-processing factories in Western Africa. In May 1840 Wanderer crew mounted a raid and destroyed eight slave depots, freeing 800 slaves bound for Cuba and captured fifteen slaving ships. These operations were the first time direct action was taken against slave camps on land, rather than intercepting ships as they left or entered harbours. The men of Wanderer had to wade through brackish and muddy water, sleep in bogs, and wear perpetually damp clothing, with malaria an ever-present threat that disabled sixteen of the men. British MP Matthew Forster, who wanted to expand his Gambia-based merchant business, argued against Denman's testimony that Britain should not colonize the coast and declared the destruction of the factories illegal, which led to the slave traders suing Denman and British policy to cease being as aggressive in anti-slavery activity as Denman had wanted.	2.953125
69808848	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai%20Gaitonde	Bhai Gaitonde	Pandit Suresh "Bhai" Gaitonde (6 May 1932 – 27 June 2019) was an Indian tabla player. He is best known for being a major disciple of Ahmed Jan Thirakwa and leading representative of the Farukhabad tradition. He was the leading exponent of Thirakwa Shailey (baaj). Sangeet Natak Academy has stored his recording in the archives as the successor of Ustad Thirakwa. Background Born in Kankavli to a Gaud Saraswat Brahmin family. He later relocated with his family to Kolhapur. Gaitonde earned a diploma in electrical engineering from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai in the 1950s. Musical Training Pt. Gaitonde started learning tabla from his father, a doctor by profession. At Kolhapur, he studied with Sudhakar Digrajkar, Ramakant Bedagkar, Mhamulal Sangawkar, and Balubhaiya Rukadikar, who acquainted his father's medical practice. He learnt the intricacies of Tabla under 9 different Gurus during his entire lifetime. A detailed list and what he learnt from them is available on his website give below. From 1952 to 1968, Gaitonde studied tabla with Jagannathbuwa Purohit, a noted vocalist of the Agra gharana who had studied tabla with Ahmed Jan Thirakwa. Following Purohit's death, he became a ganda-bandh disciple of Ahmed Jan Thirakwa, studying with the maestro for three years. After Thirakwa's death, Gaitonde learned from Vinayakrao Ghangrekar, a disciple of Subraimama Ankolekar. He continued studying with his gurubhai, Pt. Lalji Gokhale, until the latter's death in 2002. Noteworthy is the fact that Bhaiji was 60+ when he was learning with Pt. Lalji Gokhale. He truly believed in learning as a lifelong process and practiced it.	1.921875
69808902	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rio%20A.%20Perini	Mário A. Perini	Mário Alberto Perini (born in 1943) is a Brazilian linguist known mainly for his work on the description of Brazilian Portuguese. He is professor emeritus at the Federal University of Minas Gerais; he has also taught at the University of Illinois and at the University of Mississippi. In 2021, Perini was elected Honorary Member of the Brazilian Linguistics Association. Selected works Gramática do Infinitivo Português (1977) Para uma nova gramática do português (1985) Sintaxe portuguesa: metodologia e funções (1989) Gramática descritiva do português (1995) Sofrendo a gramática: ensaios sobre a linguagem (1997) Modern Portuguese: A reference grammar (2002) A língua do Brasil amanhã e outros mistérios (2004) Princípios de linguística descritiva: introdução ao pensamento gramatical (2006) Estudos de gramática descritiva: as valências verbais (2008) Gramática do português brasileiro (2010) Describing verb valency: practical and theoretical issues (2015) Gramática descritiva do português brasileiro (2016) Thematic Relations: A Study in the Grammar-Cognition Interface (2019) Function and Class in Linguistic Description: The Taxonomic Foundations of Grammar (2021)	1.953125
69809146	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard%20Driving%3A%20The%20Wendell%20Scott%20Story	Hard Driving: The Wendell Scott Story	Scott died on December 23, 1990. Scott's legacy remained vital to many black drivers in NASCAR in the years to come, including Bill Lester, Chase Austin, and (not mentioned in the book) Bubba Wallace. Scott had only been remembered by many as the first black driver to compete and win in NASCAR's top series, but he wasn't remembered for the struggles and hardships Scott had to face. Humpy Wheeler suggested that NASCAR hold a "Wendell Scott Day" or that Wendell Scott be inducted into the then-new NASCAR Hall of Fame in 2010 (he was eventually inducted in 2015). However, many do remember that Scott had broken a barrier that was unthinkable- he had become the first black driver in a sport that was stereotyped for being a "white, Southern" sport within fire of both the Jim Crow era and civil rights movement, no funding, less publicity from other black athletes like Jackie Robinson, and the challenges of being discriminated by many of NASCAR's higher-ups and no factory support. He is remembered for determination and work ethic, as while he had faced many challenges, he would keep on going, no matter what. Reception Reception for the book is relatively positive from both NASCAR fans and motorsports fans in general. Elizabeth Blackstock, a reporter for Jalopnik, a car news site, reported that the book was a good reminder that NASCAR had to recognize and acknowledge its racist past, citing Scott's snubbed win at the 1964 Jacksonville 200 and other examples of where Scott was intentionally targeted by both NASCAR and its white drivers. Publishers Weekly, in a 2008 review wrote that "Donovan's writing is well-paced and measured, clearly depicting the complex atmosphere of race relations in the segregated South. His extensive reporting, including interviews with Scott before he died in 1990, combined with his descriptive and enjoyable prose about racing, make this book a deeply compelling story."	2.03125
69809162	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20A.%20Wenck	Fred A. Wenck	New York State Athletic Commission On October 8, 1915, Wenck was appointed chairman of the New York State Athletic Commission by Governor Charles Seymour Whitman. On January 2, 1917, attorney Emil Fuchs sent a letter to Governor Whitman on behalf of boxing promoters Harry Pollok, Patrick T. Powers, and John J. White, who alleged that Wenck had solicited bribes in exchange for a license. Whitman appointed Franklin B. Lord to oversee public hearings into the charges. Lord cleared Wenck of the bribery charges, but found that he had borrowed money from a boxing manager, had recommended promoter John J. Mack to Fred Fulton’s manager for Fulton's fight against Al Reich and endorsed the note that allowed Mack to be financially able to promote the fight, had accepted a large number of free tickets for boxing and other events at Madison Square Garden, and allowed two companies to stage fights before they were licensed. For these reasons, Lord found Wenck to be unfit for office. On March 16, 1917, Whitman ousted Wenck based on Lord's recommendation. Whitman chose not to fill the office after Wenck's removal, as boxing was soon outlawed in the state. Business career Following his removal from the athletic commission, Wenck entered the ferry business. He operated ferries on the Long Island Sound between New Rochelle, New York and Greenwich, Connecticut and points on the North Shore. He held the ferry and beach house concession for Glen Island Park and operated a ferry from New Rochelle to Glen Island. In 1936 he opened Wenck Marine Salvage Company in Port Washington, New York, which he ran until his death on July 26, 1946, at Meadowbrook Hospital in Hempstead, New York.	1.96875
69809303	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Gurnett	Donald Gurnett	Donald Alfred Gurnett (April 11, 1940 – January 13, 2022) was an American physicist and professor at the University of Iowa who specialized in plasma physics. Early life and education Gurnett grew up in Fairfax, Iowa. In his spare time he built and flew model airplanes with a club at the airport in Cedar Rapids. There he met the German expatriate scientist Alexander Lippisch. Gurnett received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Iowa in 1962, and then his master's degree in physics in 1963 and his doctorate in 1965. Career Gurnett's research into space plasmas (and his involvement in the development of electronics and measuring devices for space missions) began while he was a student and eventually led to early studies of plasma waves in the Earth's radiation belt (via low-frequency radio waves). From 1962, he was a NASA trainee at the University of Iowa and Stanford University (1964/65). He participated to the Injun satellites program designed and built by researchers at the University of Iowa to observe various radiation and magnetic phenomena in the ionosphere and beyond. In 1965, he became an assistant professor, in 1968 an associate professor, and in 1972 a professor at the University of Iowa. His involvement with space plasmas continued through his involvement in 41 NASA missions, including Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 to the outer planets, the Galileo mission to Jupiter, and the Cassini mission to Saturn. He was particularly concerned with the formation of the plasma waves observable in the radio spectrum in the plasmas of the radiation belts of planets with magnetic fields and wave-particle interactions in the plasmas, which are often easier to study in space than in the laboratory. In late August 2012, the radio and plasma-wave instrument designed by Gurnett onboard Voyager 1 confirmed that it had crossed the heliopause.	2.046875
69809656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilate%20cycle	Pilate cycle	The Anaphora Pilati is largely an anti-Jewish work. The miracles of Jesus are plain and obvious to Pilate as more powerful than any the Roman gods provide, yet the Jews blindly reject Jesus and demand his punishment, despite being unable to convict him of a single crime. Pilate only allows the execution to proceed to prevent a rebellion. After Jesus's death, a supernatural light comes down on Jerusalem at the third hour of the night. An earthquake opens the mountains, and the dead pour out from Hades. Jews who had dared speak against Jesus are swallowed by chasms from the earthquake, not even leaving bodies. All of the synagogues in Jerusalem are destroyed except one. Letter of Herod to Pilate The Letter of Herod to Pilate is a letter purportedly from Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee, to Pilate. Greek and Syriac versions exist, although Greek is considered the original language of the letter. A Syriac document from the 5th or 6th century is the oldest version available today, although it likely originates from the late 4th century. Despite the title, it is not part of a correspondence with the Letter of Pilate to Herod; it is a separate work, although the two works are included together in manuscripts. Notably, Longinus has a completely different fate in this letter than in the Letter of Pilate to Herod.	2.46875
69809656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilate%20cycle	Pilate cycle	In the Letter of Herod to Pilate, Herod has belatedly realized his evil deeds (such as cutting off John the Baptist's head), and writes to Pilate of the coming just punishment to him and the Jews. Herod's daughter Herodia is bizarrely decapitated after her mother grabs her head trying to save her from a sudden flood of the river. His son Lesbonaks is dying of a wasting disease. His wife is going blind, and he is being afflicted by worms. Herod affirms that God has handed over the Kingdom to gentiles like Pilate, that death was coming to the priests of Judaism, and that Jews like him had failed to abide by God's law. He requests that Pilate bury him and his family after their deaths, rather than the already damned Jewish priests. Herod adds that Longinus, who stabbed Jesus with his spear, had also suffered lopsided punishment: he was being eternally devoured by a lion. His body is restored every dawn, and the lion shreds his body each night, until the second coming of Christ (somewhat similar to the punishment of Prometheus). The letter concludes with writing that Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea had set down the record of this letter. Letter of Pilate to Claudius The Letter of Pilate to Claudius is a document purportedly written by Pilate to Emperor Claudius and written in Greek. It is potentially one of the oldest pieces of Pilate literature, dating from some point between the end of the 2nd century AD and the 5th century. The letter was later incorporated into the Acts of Peter and Paul, a 5th-century work. It evinces a positive attitude toward Pilate.	2.671875
69809656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilate%20cycle	Pilate cycle	Paradosis Pilati The Paradosis Pilati or The Handing Over of Pilate is an account of Pilate being brought to Rome for judgment before Emperor Tiberius for his execution of Jesus. It is written in Greek. The earliest surviving manuscripts are from the 12th century, but the work is hypothesized to be from the 4th or 5th century, similar to the Anaphora Pilati. The account may have been one of the earliest to name Pontius Pilate's wife as "Procla". It also describes Procla as being an earlier convert to Christianity than Pilate himself. Its very high regard for Pilate suggests an origin in Eastern Christianity. The more famous Acts of Pilate was possibly influenced by the Paradosis Pilati, or the same traditions that inspired it. Some scholars suggest that the Paradosis Pilati may have been a sequel of sorts to the Anaphora Pilati, describing Tiberius's response; however, as the Paradosis Pilati does not describe an author, other scholars such as Ehrman and Plese reject this possibility, although suggest that the author may well have been familiar with the Anaphora Pilati.	2.671875
69810065	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavarikulam%20Kandan%20Kumaran	Kavarikulam Kandan Kumaran	Kavarikulam Kandan Kumaran was a social reformer and Sree Moolam Prajasabha member from Kerala, India. He was a member of the Sree Moolam Prajasabha from 1915 to 1932. In 1911 August 29 he founded the organization Brahma Pratyaksha Sadhujana Paripalana Parayar Sangam. Biography Kandan Kumaran was born on 25 October 1863, the son of Kandan and Mani, in the Kavarikulam family, a backward family in Perumpatty, a remote village near Mallapalli, in the Thiruvalla taluk, which was part of the then Travancore kingdom. Kumaran's family has been tenants and dependents for generations. The parents' job was farming and plowing. He told his parents that he want to study, but they were helpless. His neighbor Kittu Pillai Asan secretly taught him Malayalam and Sanskrit. While others tried to stop it, Kumaran did not back down. He learned to read, write and preach well by his own efforts. Kandan Kumaran was involved in community reform by founding the organization Brahma Pratyaksha Sadhujana Paripalana Parayar Sangam. He started the organization on 29 August 1911 to overcome the challenges faced by the Paraya community. The goal of the organization was "land, education and government jobs" for the community members. The weekly Bhajan Maths were converted into night schools. Recognizing the importance of personal empowerment in organizational work, he called to strengthen the mind through meditation and the body through exercise. He not only established and operated 52 one-teacher schools but also sought to gain access to public schools for children from his own community. The schools he started in Travancore were later taken over by the government and converted into government welfare schools.	2.40625
69810083	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20audiology	Computational audiology	Computational audiology is a branch of audiology that employs techniques from mathematics and computer science to improve clinical treatments and scientific understanding of the auditory system. Computational audiology is closely related to computational medicine, which uses quantitative models to develop improved methods for general disease diagnosis and treatment. Overview In contrast to traditional methods in audiology and hearing science research, computational audiology emphasizes predictive modeling and large-scale analytics ("big data") rather than inferential statistics and small-cohort hypothesis testing. The aim of computational audiology is to translate advances in hearing science, data science, information technology, and machine learning to clinical audiological care. Research to understand hearing function and auditory processing in humans as well as relevant animal species represents translatable work that supports this aim. Research and development to implement more effective diagnostics and treatments represent translational work that supports this aim. For people with hearing difficulties, tinnitus, hyperacusis, or balance problems, these advances might lead to more precise diagnoses, novel therapies, and advanced rehabilitation options including smart prostheses and e-Health/mHealth apps. For care providers, it can provide actionable knowledge and tools for automating part of the clinical pathway. The field is interdisciplinary and includes foundations in audiology, auditory neuroscience, computer science, data science, machine learning, psychology, signal processing, natural language processing, otology and vestibulology. Applications In computational audiology, models and algorithms are used to understand the principles that govern the auditory system, to screen for hearing loss, to diagnose hearing disorders, to provide rehabilitation, and to generate simulations for patient education, among others.	2.5
69811471	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosima%20%28plant%29	Zosima (plant)	Zosima is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apiaceae. Its native range stretches from Afghanistan, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine, Sinai, Syria and Turkey, (in western Asia); Saudi Arabia, to North Caucasus and Transcaucasus, (in the Caucasus Mountains); Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, (in Central Asia); Xinjiang (in China) and Pakistan (in tropical Asia). Description They are herbaceous plants, biennial or monocarpic perennials. They have thick, yellow-red roots that are fusiform (rod-shaped). The stem is usually solitary, densely pubescent (has soft downy hairs), angled, corymbose-branched (branches arising at different points but reaching about the same height). The base of the stem is clothed in fibrous remnant sheaths. It has 1-2 leaves that are pinnatisect. The upper leaves are narrowly elliptic. The flower or inflorescence is compound umbels. They have 10-25 rays. The bracts and bracteoles are present, and linear to lanceolate (in shape). The flowers are hermaphrodite with calyx teeth minute. The petals are whitish, obcordate (broad and notched at the tip), with a narrow apex, inflexed and the outer petals are slightly enlarged (radiant). The fruit (or seed capsule) is broadly ovate, strongly dorsally compressed, densely minute-pubescent. The dorsal ribs are filiform (thread-like) with the marginal ribs broadly thin-winged. The distal parts are inflated and corky. The outer mesocarp layer is parenchymatous (a versatile ground tissue composed of living primary cells) and the inner layer is sclerified (thick, lignified, cell wall that is shorter than a fiber cell). The vittae (resin canals) are large, 1 in each furrow, 2 on commissure. The seed face is plane with a carpophore 2-parted to base. The plants are close in form to Heracleum but the fruit differ. The plants can be affected by parasites such as Erysiphe heraclei (leaf), Acmaeoderella gibbosula and Acmaeoderella villosula (stem) and also Bruchophagus gibbus (affects the fruit).	2.65625
69811788	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Chirac	Pierre Chirac	Pierre Chirac (1650 in Conques – 1 March 1732 in Marly-le-Roi) was a French physician and member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. He was a Superintendent of the Royal Garden of Medicinal Plants in 1718 and was knighted in 1728 then appointed first physician to Louis XV in 1730. Life and career He received his education in Jesuit college in Rodez. After completing these studies, at the age of 28, he went to Montpellier in 1678 to study theology. As private tutor he mentored Isaac Carquet, a pharmacist's son, who received his medical doctorate in 1684. Chirac also took a liking to medicine, left the clergy and enrolled in 1680 to study medicine. Soon he was hired by Michel Chicoyneau, Chancellor of the Faculty of Medicine, as tutor for his children. During his studies, Chirac focused on anatomy, in which he expanded his knowledge to such an extent that he was allowed to teach courses in this subject himself, even before he was a doctor of medicine. On 3 February 1686 Pierre Chirac with the nickname Orion I was elected a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. From 1699 he was a member of the Académie des sciences. Physician in Catalonia and Rochefort Through the intercession of his colleague Charles de Barbeyrac (1629–1699) to Marshal Anne-Jules de Noailles, who was to command the royal army in Catalonia, Chirac managed in 1692 to obtain the post of doctor in that army. In 1715, he succeeded Wilhelm Homberg as the prince's first doctor. Publications	2.1875
69812106	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieting%20Opera%20House	Wieting Opera House	The first performance in the Wieting Opera House in 1870 was The Lancers. The first performance in the Wieting after it was reconstructed in 1882 was Romeo and Juliet starring Hortense Rhéa. In 1883 the Wieting held a performance The Maid of Arran, musical by Syracuse native L. Frank Baum. The stop was very successful; a local paper described a "very large and fashionable audience." Baum had the Wieting give out free copies of the musical's sheet music to attendees. The following year an October 4 performance of Prince Methusalem by the New York Opera Company began late after the company was unable to pay for transport to Syracuse due to a poor reception in Elmira, New York. The audience, described in The New York Times as a large one, had become impatient and "noisy demonstrations" broke out before the opera company emerged and the show began, belatedly. In December 1895 The School Girl starring Minnie Palmer came to the United States for a tour. It began on December 23 at the Wieting; shortly before the performance Richard Golden, a co-star, fell ill and the show's director William Gill was forced to take his place.	2.28125
69812196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20horror%20films	History of horror films	The history of horror films was described by author Siegbert Solomon Prawer as difficult to read as a linear historical path, with the genre changing throughout the decades, based on the state of cinema, audience tastes and contemporary world events. Films prior to the 1930s, such as early German expressionist cinema and trick films, have been retrospectively described as horror films as the genre did not become a codified genre until the release of Dracula (1931). Dracula was a box office success, leading to Universal and several other American film studios to develop and popularise horror films well into the 1940s. By the 1950s, horror would often be made with science fiction themes, and towards the end of the decade horror was a more common genre of international productions. The 1960s saw further developments, with material based on contemporary works instead of classical literature. The release of films like Psycho, Black Sunday and Night of the Living Dead led to an increase of violence and erotic scenes within the genre. The 1970s would expand on these themes with films that would delve into gorier pictures, as well as films that were near or straight pornographic hybrids. Genre cycles in this era include the natural horror film, and the rise of slasher films which would expand in the early 1980s. Towards the 1990s, postmodernism entered horror, while some of the biggest hits of the decade included films from Japan with the success of Ring (1998). In the 21st century, streaming media popularised horror trends, whilst trends included torture porn influenced by the success of Saw, films using a "found footage" technique, and independent productions such as Get Out, Hereditary and the Insidious series which were box office hits.	2.40625
69812196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20horror%20films	History of horror films	Early Gothic fiction such as The Castle of Otranto (1764) and works of Ann Radcliffe dealt with the stories involving seemingly supernatural doings and magnetic yet repulsive villains set in castles, but with their supernatural pretenses often explained in the end. The most famous of these gothic novels was Frankenstein (1818) which would be adapted into several film adaptations. American writer Edgar Allan Poe wrote several stories in the 1830s and 1840s that would be translated to the film screen in the future. These included "The Black Cat", "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", "The Pit and the Pendulum", "The Fall of the House of Usher", and "The Masque of the Red Death". Poe's tales often presented women who were dead, dying or spectral and focus on the obsessions of their male protagonists. More key horror texts would be produced in the late 1800s and early 1900s than in all centuries preceding it, including: Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886), The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890), Trilby (1894), The King in Yellow (1895), The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896), Dracula (1897), The Invisible Man (1897), The Turn of the Screw (1898), The Hound of the Baskervilles (1902), Ghost Stories of an Antiquary (1904), and The Phantom of the Opera (1911). As these and many similar novels and short stories were being made, early cinema began in the 1890s. Many of these stories were not specifically focused on the horrific, but lingered in popular culture for their horrific elements and set pieces that would become cinema staples. Early film	2.59375
69812196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20horror%20films	History of horror films	In the nineteenth century, the word "horror" began to be used as a generic signation, albeit a rare one. In early cinema, trick films were sometimes described with various terms: American Mutoscope and Biograph Company sometimes called their films "fantastic", Selig Polyscope Company called such films "mythical and mysterious" while Vitagraph Studios both "mysterious" and "magical". During the era of Nickelodeon exhibits, exhibitors would use the label "weird", with Frankenstein (1910) being advertised as "weird and wonderful" and Arturo Ambrosio's La maschera tragica (1911) a "weird story". Newman described Georges Méliès Le Manoir du diable as the first horror film, with its imagery coming from centuries of books, legend and stage plays, featuring imagery of demons, ghosts, witches and a skeleton and a haunted castle which transforms into the devil. The film has no story, but a series of trick shots and vaudeville acts filmed. Méliès made over five hundred films between 1886 and 1914 ranging from historical recreation, religious films, dramas, literary adaptations and false newsreels.	2.15625
69812196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20horror%20films	History of horror films	Roger Corman convinced AIP to develop two cheap black-and-white horror films, and used the budget of these two films to make the colour film House of Usher (1960). The film created its own cycle of Poe-adaptations by Corman, including The Pit and the Pendulum (1961), Tales of Terror (1962), and The Raven (1963) which provided roles for aging horror stars such as Karloff and Chaney Jr. These films were made to compete with the British colour horror films from Hammer in the United Kingdom featuring their horror stars Cushing and Fisher. Hammer made several films in their Frankenstein series between 1958 and 1973, while still producing one-offs such as The Reptile (1966) and Plague of the Zombies (1966). Competition for Hammer appeared in the mid-1960s in the United Kingdom with Amicus Productions such as Dr. Terror's House of Horrors (1964) and also featured actors Cushing and Lee. Unlike Hammer, Amicus drew from contemporary sources such as Bloch (The Skull (1965) and Torture Garden (1967)) which led to Hammer adapting works by Dennis Wheatley (The Devil Rides Out (1968)).	2.28125
69812382	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20Gossembrot	Georg Gossembrot	Georg Gossembrot or Jörg Gossembrot (circa 1445 in Augsburg – 1502 in Füssen) was a financier, treasurer and financial advisor of Maximilian I, King of the Romans. By 1500, he was the most important "finance-man" of Maximilian's government. His power and close relationship with the king made Gossembrot a target of hatred and envy. He died in 1502, likely poisoned by his enemies. Biography Born around 1445, Goerg Gossembrot came from a wealthy and educated Augsburg merchant family. He studied in Ferrara from 1455. Later, he married Radegundis Eggenberger. In 1473, he gave up his citizenship in Augsburg to enter the service of Sigismund, Archduke of Austria. In 1477, as he gave Archduke Sigismund a loan, Georg Gossembrot was granted the pledge of the Ehrenberg court. Under the care of Gossembrot, the flow of goods was shifted from the Innsbruck – Zirler Berg – Scharnitz – Augsburg route to the Innsbruck – Fernpass – Ehrenberg – Augsburg route. Later – from 1490, when Sigismund's relative, King Maximilian, became the ruler of Tyrol – Gossembrot became the latter's financial advisor. Gossembrot was a benefactor to his environment and was popular with the people. Under his leadership, the court, but especially Reutte, reached its peak. In 1489, Reutte was elevated to market status. In 1500, Gossembrot gifted them the Saint Anna church. Thankful for his generosity, the people of Reutte gifted him an "eternal anniversary". Being Maximilian's treasurer and governing the finance of courts (the king and his queen, Bianca Maria maintained separate courts) was a hard job, as Maximilian often lacked funds for his many projects. Gossembrot was forced to economize, often at the expense of the queen's court. Despite his Augsburg origins, Gossembrot tended to keep his distance from the Fuggers, who were also influential financiers to Maximilian's government.	2.171875
69812390	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canutillo%20Formation	Canutillo Formation	The Canutillo Formation is a geologic formation that is exposed in the Franklin Mountains near El Paso, Texas. The formation is Middle Devonian in age. Description The Canutillo Formation consists of about of soft gray siltstone. It is unconformably overlain by the Percha Formation. The Canutillo Formation likely correlates with the Onate Formation. Fossils The formation is fossiliferous, but few fossils are time diagnostic. Fossils include abundant Leiorhynchus and other brachiopods and a few pelecypods. History of investigation The formation was first described in his dissertation by L.A. Nelson in 1937 for outcrops in the Franklin Mountains. Nelson assigned all beds between the Silurian Fusselman Formation and the Mississippian Helms Formation to the Canutillo. Nelson formally published the definition in 1940 and extended the outcrop range to the Hueco Mountains. In 1945, F.V. Stevenson restricted the formation to the Franklin Mountains. In 1949, Lowell R. Laudon and Arthur L. Bowshwer restricted the formation to a sequence of just of soft gray siltstone.	2.390625
69812809	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roi%20Kuper	Roi Kuper	Kuper has published two books: "CITRUS/NECROPOLIS" (containing two groups of works) and "NO ESCAPE FROM THE PAST" (containing works from 2000 to 2007). Teaching Alongside his activity as an artist, Kuper is engaged in teaching. Until 2009, he was a senior lecturer in the Department of Photography at Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design, Jerusalem. From 2008 to 2016, he was a senior lecturer in the Department of Art at the Shenkar College and in 2014, he received a professorship at that college. From 1994 to 1998, Kuper was head of the photography department at the Camera Obscura School of Art, Tel Aviv. In 2016, he was appointed acting head of the Shenkar Shenkar College of Engineering and Design. Awards Kuper is a receiver of several important art awards, including the Gerard Levy Prize for a Young Photographer, from the Israel Museum, Jerusalem (1995); the George and Janet Jaffin Prize for Excellence in Plastic Arts from the America-Israel Cultural Foundation (2002); the Prize for Visual Arts from the Ministry of Education and Culture (2004); the Constantiner Photography Award for an Israeli Artist from Tel Aviv Museum of Art (2006) and the Enrique Kavlin Photography Prize from the Israel Museum, Jerusalem (2004–2005).	1.929688
69812998	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasinac	Glasinac	Glasinac is a karst plateau, situated in the eastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, on Romanija mountain, in the middle of Dinaric Alps. The main feature of the plateau is the Glasinačko Polje (), a polje of 22 square kilometres, 7 km long, at an altitude of between 850 and 920 meters. The plateau consists of specious meadows and pastures, characteristic of the eastern part of Bosnia, whose lower levels consists of mostly hard impermeable rocks. The Glasinac plateau is surrounded by coniferous forests and peaks of Romanija, Bogovićka mountain, Gradina, Rab, Crni Vrh, Kopit and Kratelj. Sokolac town is located in the center of Glasinac, and has about 12,000 inhabitants. It is a location of famous archeological site, known in academia as the Glasinac culture. Archeology Glasinac is a well-known archeological site in Bosnia and Herzegovina with remains dating back to Neolithic times, but primarily from Bronze Age and Iron Age. It was the time of the Illyrians, or wider ethnic community, in which the Autariates stood out. Archaeologically the term Glasinac is broader than the geographical area it occupy. Due to the abundance of archaeological material in this area, a whole period was called Glasinac culture, which can be traced back from the early Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. The first excavations were carried out in 1880 by Austro-Hungarian Lieutenant Johan Leksa, when he found the famous Glasinac carriage, which is taken to the museum in Vienna. Research was continued by Ćiro Truhelka, Đorđe Stratimirović and Franjo Fiala. A total of 1,234 mounds were excavated in the 19th century, about 250 empty. Hill-forts on Glasinac	2.6875
69813022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%20Caff%C3%A8%20%28magazine%29	Il Caffè (magazine)	Il Caffè (Italian, 'The Coffeehouse') was an anti-Fascist Italian magazine which was published for a short period between 1924 and 1925 in Milan during the Fascist rule in Italy. Its title was a reference to an enlightenment publication with the same name, Il Caffè, which was also based in Milan and founded and edited by Alessandro and Pietro Verri from 1764 and 1766. History and profile The first issue of Il Caffè appeared on 1 July 1924. The magazine was inspired from another anti-Fascist magazine, La Rivoluzione Liberale, which was published and edited by Piero Gobetti. Il Caffè was started as a biweekly publication, but from December 1924 its frequency was switched to weekly. The founder and editor of the magazine which was based in Milan was Riccardo Bauer. Its sponsors were a group of intellectuals who were adhered to the principles of the democratic sovereignty and constitutional control of the government. Ettore Margadonna and Ferruccio Parri were two leading contributors of Il Caffè. Due to its anti-Fascist stance the magazine was continuously subject to the censorship of the Fascist authorities and was folded in May 1925.	2.1875
69813311	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaba%2C%20Banitu%20and%20Atalia	Iaba, Banitu and Atalia	The bones discovered in the Nimrud tombs have been the subject of paleopathological research since the 1990s, which has made it possible to gain some insight into the lives and health of the ancient queens. Iaba suffered from several health issues, including chronic sinusitis and perhaps neoplastic meningitis. Out of all the queens found in the tombs at Nimrud, Atalia had by far the most health issues. Atalia's bones suggest that the queen suffered from mild arthritis and the early stages of Scheuermann's disease. Her most painful condition was inflammations within her skull, a recurring and incurable affliction which caused immense head pain. Names and backgrounds The three names of the queens are unusually short and modest compared to the names of some of the other known Assyrian queens, such as Shammuramat and Libbali-sharrat. Iaba's name is inscribed in cuneiform as fia-ba-a, transliterated as Iabâ or Yabâ. The name, clearly not of Akkadian origin, might be of either West Semitic, perhaps Levantine or Aramean, or Arabic origin, with possible roots including yph ("beautiful"), nby ("to name") and yhb ("to give"). Banitu's name is inscribed in cuneiform as fba-ni-ti, transliterated as Banītu, Banîtu, Banêti, Banīti or Banitu. Just like Iaba, Banitu might also mean "beautiful" (banītu in Akkadian), but it might also be derived from the Akkadian bānītu, which means "(divine) Creatress". Simo Parpola believes the name Banitu to be of Babylonian origin, and as a consequence speculates that Queen Banitu might have been a Babylonian princess, brought to Assyria as a hostage after Tiglath-Pileser's conquest of Babylon in 729 BC.	2.78125
69813390	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Story%20of%20Yanagawa%27s%20Canals	The Story of Yanagawa's Canals	Themes Like many of Takahata’s later works, The Story of Yanagawa’s Canals touches upon themes such as humanity's relationship to nature, environmentalism, industrialization, nostalgia, and the importance and value of community. Throughout the film, there is great attention given to the local culture of Yanagawa. Examples include Shinto moat-drying parties, kappa legends, and celebratory Okinohata festivals. Poetry by Hakushū Kitahara is also featured throughout the film, echoing Takahata’s later use of it in My Neighbors the Yamadas. Release The film was broadcast on NHK on August 15, 1987. A localized Japanese DVD was released on December 5, 2003. Since the release of the DVD, however, there have been no further releases or reissues of the film. Reception Outside of Japan and the film’s initial broadcast, The Story of Yanagawa’s Canals has received very little attention from both fans and critics alike, outside of works dedicated to Takahata's career. In the years since its release, however, the film has received increased critical attention from those in the west. It was screened at the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in 2022 as part of a retrospective exhibition on the films of Isao Takahata. In one of the few English language publications to discuss The Story of Yanagawa’s Canals, for example, Colin Odell and Michelle Le Blanc write that: Although unlikely to appeal to the broader audience for Ghibli’s animated films, The Story of the Yanagawa Canals is nevertheless an interesting work because it focuses on many of the themes that pepper Takahata’s anime. Visually, his use of relational editing and slow tracking shots recalls the similar style of his more controlled works, but, despite being a very low-key and personal film, it is one that celebrates the wider spirit of community.Alex Dudok De Wit of Cartoon Brew described it as "Takahata’s most meditative work — and his most pedantic."	2.359375
69813395	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%20Lyndon	Caesar Lyndon	Caesar Lyndon (sometimes spelled Cesar, active 1761–1770) was a highly literate Black man enslaved by Josias Lyndon, known for his Sundry Account Book, a valuable historical record of life in Colonial Rhode Island. Caesar carried out Lyndon's business, acting as a purchasing agent and a secretary. His Sundry Account Book chronicles his financial transactions from Newport's famed slave traders like Aaron Lopez, as well as free and enslaved people. By way of double-entry bookkeeping, Caesar itemized the sale and acquisition of goods and services. He also noted deaths, marriages, and a pig roast. This nearly thirty-five-page book represents a lesser-known but fascinating example of the early African American literary tradition of the United States. Lyndon was not only an enslaved man who could read and write; his penmanship was so good that Caleb Godfrey, a noted slave ship captain, paid him to copy a lengthy letter. Lyndon could also add, subtract, multiply, and divide numbers, particularly currency-- both the Rhode Island pound and the currencies of surrounding colonies. Lyndon was also a secretary of the Free African Union Society, the first Black benevolent society in the United States. Sundry Account Book Caesar Lyndon's Sundry Account Book is a collection of long and short lists of numbers, persons, and events from 1761 to 1771. In fancy cursive script, Lyndon itemized marriages, deaths, and the sale acquisition of goods and services. He notes to whom he sold and separates the debits and credits. Lyndon's account holders are notable slave traders, enslaved servants, and free persons in and around Newport who have come to him for various copying needs, as well as foodstuffs like celery, beets, sow pigs, leather breeches, and ketchup. In the summer of 1766, Caesar and several friends went on a "pleasant outing" to Portsmouth. He provided a large feast for his guests of a pig roast, corn, bread, wine, rum, coffee and butter. Two months later, Caesar married his picnic companion, Sarah Searing.	2.578125
69813793	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarisse%20Vigoureux	Clarisse Vigoureux	Claire Charlotte Dorothée Gauthier, known as Clarisse Vigoureux, (11 June 1789 in Montagney – 13 January 1865 in San Antonio) was a French Fourierist journalist and writer. Biography The daughter of a blacksmith, Clarisse Vigoureux was born in Montagney in 1789. She married François Vigoureux, a cloth merchant in Besançon, who poisoned himself in 1817 because of a rumor that he was the cause of the famine then raging in Besançon. Vigoureux was introduced to Fourierism in 1822 by , a friend of her brother, and she became one of its most active supporters. A friend and frequent correspondent with Charles Fourier himself, she became a journalist, wrote for Fourierist publication “La Phalange” and introduced Victor Considerant to Fourierism in 1824. In 1834, following a "religious emotion" provoked by Lamennais' book “Paroles d'un Croyant” (“Words of a Believer”), she published “Parole de Providence”, a Fourierist response to the theories of Lamennais, “in which she sees an apology for class struggle and violence that are the antithesis of the Fourierist conception of universal harmony.” She then became the collaborator of her son-in-law Victor Considerant, who became the undisputed leader of the Societary School after Fourier's death. The June 13 1849 failed insurrection against Louis Napoléon obliged Clarisse and Considerant to go into exile in Belgium. On an invitation by Albert Brisbane and financed by Jean-Baptiste Godin among others, in 1855 they founded the Fourier-inspired colony La Réunion on the Trinity River in Texas. Although more than 350 European colonists settled in La Réunion, the experiment failed quickly and the population began disperse. Some returned to Europe, others moved out of the area, some died, and some became prominent citizens in and around Dallas, Texas.	2.15625
69813924	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Didactic	Great Didactic	The Great Didactic or (), full title (), The Great Didactic, The Whole Art of Teaching all Things to all Man, is a book written by Czech philosopher, pedagogue and theologian, John Amos Comenius between 1627 and 1638 and first published in 1657. Summary The Great Didactic is commonly referred as the first great work of pedagogy (education) at all. Its author, John Amos Comenius, described his work as a "didactic of life", the aim of which was "to teach everyone everything completely" or "to teach everyone everything in consideration of the whole" (). The background to this high claim is the contemporary view that only an educated person is a human being. Comenius thus represented an approach of optimistic anthropology, which sees something good in every human being and generally considers this to be expandable (educational). Parallel to this, the Didactica Magna serve as a guide to achieve a high learning outcome for the students in a pleasant learning atmosphere. John Amos Comenius in his Didactica Magna (Great Didactic), outlined a system of schools that is the exact counterpart of the existing American system of kindergarten, elementary school, secondary school, college, and university. The book forwards a philosophy of teaching called pansophism (universal knowledge) whose aim it is to teach all things to all people from all points of view. Comenius believed that humankind through pansophic teachings could live in harmony. He presumed that children have a natural craving for knowledge and goodness. In Comenius's words: In the Great Didactic, he stated: In The Great Didactic Comenius recommended learning from nature too, outside school contexts. If a child is in a school, he argued that learning should extend beyond the classroom and take place in everyday life. He accomplished this acquisition of worldly knowledge by giving students contact with objects in the environment and systematizing knowledge to make it more accessible and relevant to the children's interests and life needs.	2.84375
69814097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20engravings%20of%20Oued%20Djerat	Rock engravings of Oued Djerat	Finally, some twenty engravings, the oldest of which date back to the Bubaline period, show outlines of feet, sandals (more than 900 at station III, recent or perhaps from the Caballine period) and hands, without it being possible to interpret their meaning. Among the other cultural elements of Wadi Djerat, there are 125 spirals, very unevenly distributed in 18 stations (station XXVIII alone has 50). Of various designs, some are single or double spiral, others show more complex compositions. Some of them are linked to animals. Relations with the rock engravings of the South Oranese and Fezzan For Henri Lhote, the documents concerning the Bubaline period, in the South Oranese, Oued Djerat and Fezzan, are the oldest of the cave art of North Africa and the Sahara. The relationships between the bubaline engravings of Wadi Djerat and those of Fezzan are obvious to the author. The style, the dimensional order of the subjects, the patina, the fauna represented are similar, although the species are more numerous in Djerat. The human representations show in both regions an identity for the zoomorphic heads, the same presence of sexual scenes, an analogy in the posture of women with spread legs. In Fezzan, however, the spirals are absent. "These few differences are insufficient not to recognize the common points between these two centers, which can be explained by their geographical proximity," observes Lhote.	2.28125
69814097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20engravings%20of%20Oued%20Djerat	Rock engravings of Oued Djerat	Comparing according to the same criteria the bubaline engravings of Oued Djerat and those of the South Oranese, the author reaches the same conclusions, the absence of the hippopotamus and the giraffe among the figurations of the Saharan Atlas being able to be explained by hydrographic and geographical causes. The abundance of the ram in the bestiary South Oranese should, according to him, be put "in relation to the religious role" that he played essentially in the region. Other differences would be the absence of zoomorphic figures and scenes of coitus. In the decadent phase it is male crouching figures that we meet in the South Oranese, in Oued Djerat or Fezzan it is women, while in Constantinois both sexes are represented in this posture. The three regions thus reveal "common attitudes that cannot be fortuitous", so that "it is not possible to doubt a certain unity between the three major centers of the period of Bubalus antiquus", concludes Lhote, specifying that "the great naturalistic engravings of the Hoggar, Kaouar, Tibesti, that we tend to assimilate to the Bubaline period, are later although arising from the same artistic school. Age and origin of the bubaline engravings of Oued Djerat Henri Lhote recalls that no hearth allowing a radiometric measurement could be obtained in Oued Djerat. In Tassili, the hearth of a shelter where vestiges of painting from the "round head" period remained, which shows a fauna identical to that of the Hartebeest period, including this one, has however provided a dating of 5450 years B.C. In the South Oranese, the lithic industry deposit of the "Méandre", near Brezina, has been dated to 3900 years B.C., without it being possible to relate it to one of the categories of engravings on the wall, some of which are certainly more recent, while others may be older. The figure of 4000 years BC indicated by Vaufrey would thus be insufficient and should "be postponed by at least one millennium".	1.96875
69814521	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silken%20Painting%20of%20Emperor%20Go-Daigo	Silken Painting of Emperor Go-Daigo	The setting depicts a scene in which he was 43 years old, but since his portrait shows features of old age, it is thought that he actually modeled his face at the time of his death, when he was about 52 years old. The composition in the painting shows him uniting with Vajrasattva, the second founder of Shingon Buddhism, a Bodhisattva who acts as an intermediary between man and Buddha (Vairocana). Vajrasattva, a bodhisattva. It is also said to be related to Go-Daigo's belief in Rāgarāja, one of the incarnations of Vajrasattva. He is said to be wearing a Emperor Jimmu Benkan, Emperor Chūai Mianfu, National Treasure, and Buddhism, the Kūkai kesa of Kōbō Daishi, from the collection of Tō-ji. However, it seems that these treasures were not available for reference at the time of painting, and the kesa in particular is clearly different from the real thing. In addition, the crown (Emperor Jinmu's crown) and the ordinary crown are worn twice, which is thought to be an imitation of the Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra of Prince Shotoku, who was regarded as a supreme being in both the sacred and secular realms. It is thought to be a copy of the Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra The upper three oracles, Amaterasu, Kasuga Gongen, and Hachiman, respectively, preside over honesty, compassion, and purity, and are associated with the Imperial House of Japan, Kuge (Fujiwara clan), Buke (Seiwa Genji). This image shows that Emperor Go-Daigo, as Vajrasattva, identified with these three Shinto deities and became the center of royal law, Buddhism, and Shintoism.	2.5625
69814900	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justicia%20de%20Arag%C3%B3n	Justicia de Aragón	The first theory can be traced back to the scholarly work of Martin Sagarra. Sagarra is believed to have been a legal scholar active either in the 1270s or in the 1340s. In his Glossa de Observantis Regni Aragonum (written in 1450–1458), the legal historian Johan Antich de Bages claims Martin Sagarra himself had been Justicia sometime between Fortún Ahe, said to have held the office either in 1275 or 1276, and Pedro Martínez de Artasona, who is known to have served as Justicia in the Cortes of Aragon held in 1281. As a legal scholar, Martin Sagarra apparently penned a historical account of the office of the Justicia which Antich de Bages quotes from liberally. This work by Sagarra is now lost, but it apparently claimed that the office of the Justicia had been created at the same time as the kingship itself. Sagarra traced back the office of the Justicia to the reign of Iñigo Arista (c. 790–851), who according to him had only accepted his election as king of Pamplona under the condition that a judge be elected to adjudicate any disputes that may arise between the king and his subjects. This judge would be the original Justicia. Furthermore, according to Sagarra, Arista promised the king would never abolish the office of the Justicia, and that if any monarch did so, its vassals had the right to depose him and elect a new king, even if the latter were a pagan. Antich de Bages then elaborates that this ancient right was abolished in the Privilege of the Union of 1347 (a charter negotiated by Peter IV of Aragon). According to Antich de Bages, this privilege allowed royal subjects to rebel if the king violated the charters and customs of Aragon and, for this reason, Peter IV had ordered all traces of it be destroyed. In fact, Peter IV himself is famously said to have torn a copy of these ancient charters with his own dagger once the Privilege of the Union of 1347 was passed	2.328125
69815151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuntillet%20Ajrud%20inscriptions	Kuntillet Ajrud inscriptions	Teman and Samaria The localized Yahweh, "of" Samaria and Teman is unseen in the canon but follows familiar patterns, Ahituv 2014 finds this expected. Nadav Na'aman also follows Meshel's interpretation of Samaria and Teman, a few scholars differ. Location The Kuntillet area was on the Gaza Road, a major informal highway, nearer Kadesh Barnea and Elath - (gulf of) Aqaba to the south. Nearby names on the map include Jebel al Qunna, Esh Sha'Ira, J. El Yahamum, Har Timna, Har Uziyahu, Har Argaman, Har Tsenefim, Har Dela'at, J. El 'Aneiqa. Context The location was in use only for a short period. Evidence of everyday activities included loom weights and faunal remains; perhaps less everyday activities were indicated by linen-wool mixed fabrics "normally prohibited to all but religious officials." Plaster surfaces were everywhere. There were ovens and container forms (jars, bowls, lamps, flasks) most undecorated and imported. There were no sickle blades (low cereal activity) but there was a high ratio of imported fish. It appears the location was provisioned entirely from outside. However, the surrounding area's pottery style isn't seen at the site, implying uneasy relations with the closest neighbours. In other words, it seemed visitors were from far, not near, and brought wealth. The main room in building A contained benches, like the space where the Deir Alla inscription was found, among other parallels between the two. Meshel said in the book's title it was a religious site. Some said the sacred art indicated a temple. Some said the lack of evidence of cultic activity meant it had been a mere caravanserei, like an Iron Age truck stop. (That is, they found no carbonic traces of burned sacrifice, which is considered the sine qua non of old Northwest Semitic cultic activity.)	2.109375
69815407	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive%20neutral%20evolution	Constructive neutral evolution	Subfunctionalization A case of CNE is subfunctionalization. The concept of subfunctionalization is that one original (ancestral) gene gives rise to two paralogous copies of that gene, where each copy can only carry out part of the function (or subfunction) of the original gene. First, a gene undergoes a gene duplication event. This event produces a new copy of the same gene known as a paralog. After the duplication, deleterious mutations are accrued in both copies of the gene. These mutations may compromise the capacity of the gene to produce a product that can complete the desired function, or it may result in the product fully losing one of its functions. In the first scenario, the desired function may still be carried out because the two copies of the gene together (as opposed to having only one) can still produce sufficient product for the job. The organism is now dependent on having two copies of this gene which are both slightly degenerated versions of their ancestor. In the second scenario, the genes may undergo mutations where they lose complementary functions. That is to say, one protein may lose only one of its two functions whereas the other protein only loses the other of its two functions. In this case, the two genes now only carry out the individual subfunctions of the original gene, and the organism is dependent on having each gene to carry out each individual subfunction.	2.703125
75676602	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Guo	Arthur Guo	Arthur Guo is an American chess grandmaster from Atlanta, Georgia. He is a nine-time National Chess Champion and also a three-time International Gold Medalist/Champion. Guo earned the FIDE title of Grandmaster (GM) in July 2023 soon after he turned 17. As of January 1, 2024, he is the highest-rated 17-year-old in the country and is ranked No. 29 among juniors (under 21) in the world. Chess career Guo picked up chess by accident from a free community chess class offered by a local library in Atlanta in late 2011. Soon after, he played his first chess tournament in January 2012. In December of the same year, he became the co-champion of the National K-12 Grade Championships held in Orlando, FL, in the first-grade section. In July 2014, Guo won the gold medal for Team USA in the Pan American Youth (U8) in Oaxtaepec, Morelos, Mexico. In May 2016, Guo won the National Elementary (K-6) Championship as a 4th grader in Dallas. In July 2016, Guo became the gold medalist in the Pan American Youth Chess Championship (U12) with an 8/9 score in Montevideo, Uruguay. He was awarded the FIDE Master Title. In April 2018, Guo won the National Junior High (K-9) Champion as a 6th grader in Atlanta.He became the second person in US chess history to win both K-6 and K-9 national tournaments in their early chess career. On June 24, 2018, at the age of 12 years, one month and five days, Guo earned the International Master title by scoring 7/9 and tying for the first at the Pan American Junior (U20) Chess Championship in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He was the youngest American in U.S. chess history to hold the title until surpassed by Christopher Yoo six months later. In November 2018, Guo tied for second in the World Cadets Chess Championship (U12) in Santiago de Compostela, Spain.	2.09375
75676602	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Guo	Arthur Guo	In June 2021, Guo won the National Open at the age of 15 in Las Vegas ahead of Grandmasters Illia Nyzhnyk, Andrew Hong, Emilio Córdova, and Lázaro Bruzón due to having the best tiebreaker results. Guo achieved his first GM norm in the tournament which featured a strong field of 22 Grandmasters (GM) and 29 International Masters (IM). Past winners of the tournament include Super GM Wesley So. Guo was the 2022 National High School Champion by winning first-place in the National High School (K-12) Championship with a score of 6/7 in Memphis. He was also the champion of the 2021 National K-12 Blitz Chess Championship in Orlando. Guo won the Denker Tournament of High School Champions back-to-back in 2022 and 2023. In August 2023, he won the tournament clear first with a score of 6/6, the only perfect score in the last 30 years of tournament history. In August 2023, Guo led the #6 seed Georgia team to capture the National Invitational Team Championship. In 2023 US Junior Championship, Guo debuted with a second place finish on tiebreak with a score of 5.5/9. The tournament featured ten of the "best of the best of America's chess youths" 20 years or under. In May and June 2023, Guo made back-to-back GM norms by earning 6.5/9 points at the Six Days Budapest GM Round Robin and scoring five wins and four draws with a final score of 7/9 at the First Saturday GM tournament in Budapest, Hungary. Two weeks later he broke the 2500 FIDE rating and achieved his fourth GM norm with a 6.5/9 score at the SPARKASSEN CHESS TROPHY 2023 in Dortmund, Germany. In December 2023, FIDE officially awarded him Grandmaster title during the 3rd FIDE Council Meeting. Guo was the only American granted a GM title from late October 2022 through March 2024. The May 2024 issue of the Chess Life Magazine published Guo's chess essay, "Achieving My Aim", in which Guo detailed the ups and downs of his 12-year journey to the Chess Grandmaster (GM) title.	2.078125
75676665	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buqdarkayn	Buqdarkayn	Buqdarkayn (or Buqdharkayn, Buq-dharkayn) is a village in the state of Sool region of Somaliland. The village is situated between the village of Muraayda and east of the village of Yagori, where another Somaliland base is also situated. Overview The village is surrounded by mountains and has relatively high rainfall. Sorghum, corn, and beans are cultivated. Sheep, goats, and cattle are raised. However, drought, conflict, and poverty sometimes strike. History This area has been prosperous for a long time. There are weathered mosques and other structures. Until the beginning of the 20th century, it was inhabited mostly by the Dhulbahante clan, but the Dhulbahante were expelled as part of Muḥammad ibn 'Abdallāh Hassan's war, and it is now inhabited mostly by the Habr Je'lo clan. A book published in England in 1951 shows the coordinates as as Buq Darkein. In 2018, Buqdarkayn experienced a severe drought. Impact of Las Anod conflict On November 8, 2023, SSC forces and Somaliland forces fought between Buqdarkayn and Yeyle. A total of five people were killed on both sides. The SSC forces claimed that Somaliland forces had invaded. Some reports suggest that the Somaliland forces attempt to recapture Yeyle was the trigger. Meanwhile, the Somaliland Ministry of Interior criticized the attack as the work of a terrorist group led by Cabdi Madoobe. Faysal Ali Warabe, head of UCID party in Somaliland, accused SSC forces of burning down Buqdarkayn. On the other hand, there are reports that the battle is not between regular forces, but between militias of the Habr Je'lo clan living in Buqdarkayn and militias of Dhulbahante, the main body of the SSC. The Habr Je'lo clan issued a statement on November 28 saying, "We support Somaliland's independence and territorial defense, but we have no intention of invading Dhulbahante territory." In response, Dhulbahante traditional leaders issued a statement on December 2 stating that they wanted peaceful. The conflict was mediated by the Garhajis clan.	2.140625
75676784	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20Missouri%20House%20of%20Representatives%20election	2024 Missouri House of Representatives election	The 2024 Missouri House of Representatives election took place on November 5, 2024, as part of the biennial 2024 United States elections. It was held alongside numerous other federal, state, and local elections, including the 2024 U.S. presidential election and the 2024 Missouri Senate election. All 163 seats in the Missouri House of Representatives were up for election. Primary elections took place on August 6, 2024. Partisan background In the 2020 Presidential Election, Donald Trump won 108 Missouri House districts, while Joe Biden won 55. Going into the 2024 Missouri House election, Republicans hold five districts where Biden won: District 17 (Clay County, Biden +6%), District 96 (St. Louis County, Biden +2%), District 100 (St. Louis County, Biden +1%), District 101 (St. Louis County, Biden +1%), and District 105 (Saint Charles County, Biden +2%). Conversely, Democrats hold two districts where Trump won: District 29 (Jackson County, Trump +0.6%) and District 136 (Springfield, Trump +1%). Retirements Forty-seven incumbents did not seek re-election.	2.234375
75676843	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted%20bullhead	Spotted bullhead	The spotted bullhead (Ameiurus serracanthus) is a species of bullhead catfish endemic to the Southeastern United States. Description The spotted bullhead is the smallest of the bullhead catfish, with its maximum length being only 9 inches (23 cm). The spotted bullhead is one of the more striking members of the bullhead family, with its yellow or cream colored spots being its most distinguishing feature. It is a member of a group of bullhead species having a black blotch at the base of the dorsal fin and a relatively large eye. The spotted catfish has a strongly serrated pectoral spine which has 6 to 20 large serrae. All the fins are edged in black, and the caudal fin is moderately emarginate. Distribution The spotted bullhead has confirmed records spanning Florida's northwest, northern, central and eastern Alabama, and northern and western Georgia. Habitat The spotted bullhead is a freshwater demersal fish, known to inhabit mainstem and large tributaries. It inhabits rocky or sandy substrates with moderate currents and is particularly fond of deep holes in the river systems. The spotted bullhead has been occasionally spotted over mud near vegetation, stumps and impounded portions of rivers. Diet While no detailed studies of the diet of the spotted bullhead have been made, residents of northern Florida often refer to the spotted bullhead as "snailcat," (not to be confused with the snail bullhead) due to it being known to consume mollusks. Four different species of mollusks identified from stomach contents.	2.65625
75676871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisa%20Torres%20Durney	Elisa Torres Durney	Elisa Torres Durney is a Chilean social entrepreneur and STEM activist. She is the founder and executive director of Girls in Quantum. In 2023 she became one of the 10 best students in the world (Top 10 Global Student Prize). STEM Activism Torres's interests have always been broad, taking her into the world of theater and the arts from a young age. But science and languages are her passion. She first became interested in quantum computing when she enrolled in IBM's Qubit x Qubit Coding School, where she met and subsequently invited women and young people from around the globe to be a part of Girls in Quantum. Additionally, at the age of sixteen, she established Girls in Quantum, an international network of students whose goal is to provide girls and adolescents with free access to quantum computing, regardless of their place of birth, nationality, or financial means. Since then, she has given guest lectures at both domestic and international STEM conferences, while broadening her knowledge with different programs, such as Young Global Scholars at Yale University, Future Scholar Program at the University of Cambridge, and the Junior Academy of the New York Academy of Sciences. In April 2023 she collaborated with an initiative that was created to celebrate World Quantum Day 2023 and answer quantum science related questions submitted to Q-12 partners by teachers and students. The National Q-12 Education Partnership receives support from NSF, the Boeing Corporation, NASA, Caltech, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and IBM.	2.234375
75677111	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2090362	HD 90362	HD 90362 (HR 4092; 47 G. Sextantis) is a solitary star located in the equatorial constellation Sextans. It is faintly visible to the naked eye as a redish-orange-hued point of light with an apparent magnitude of 5.56. Gaia DR3 parallax measurements imply a distance of approximately 460 light-years and it is receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 90362's brightness is diminished by an interstellar extinction of 0.19 magnitudes and it has an absolute magnitude of +0.19. HD 90362 is an old population II star with a stellar classification of K6 III Fe −0.5, indicating that it is an evolved K-type giant that has exhausted hydrogen at its core and left the main sequence along with a mild spectral underabundance of iron. It is currently on the asymptotic giant branch, generating energy via the fusion of hydrogen and helium shells around an inert carbon core. It has only 44% the mass of the Sun but at the age of 11 billion years, it has expanded to 41.1 times the radius of the Sun. It radiates 252 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of . HD 90362 is metal deficient with an iron abundance of [Fe/H] = −0.1 or 79.4% of the Sun's and it spins slowly with a projected rotational velocity of approximately . The variability of the star was first detected in 1997 by the Hipparcos mission. It found variations between 5.69 and 5.72 in the Hipparcos passband. As of 2004, its variability has not been confirmed. HD 90362 has an optical companion located 142.6" away along a position angle of 100° as of 2010. It was first observed by M. Scaria in 1981.	2.015625
75677268	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Nocturnists	The Nocturnists	Shame in Medicine: The Lost Forest Series Shame in Medicine: The Lost Forest is a 10-part documentary podcast series that explores how shame manifests in medical culture. The series was released weekly for 10 weeks starting in September 2022. Shame in Medicine was created in partnership with Luna Dolezal, PhD and Will Bynum, MD, scholars who study shame in medicine at the University of Exeter and Duke University, respectively., The goal of the series was to develop a shared vocabulary about what shame is and how it works, and offer a space for healthcare workers to share experiences around shame, and improve medical culture. The series includes interviews with shame scholars and audio clips from more than 200 clinicians on themes including being sued, being bullied, making errors, getting sick, failing exams, being a parent, and having a broken childhood, disability, or mental illness. Shame in Medicine has received several awards, including Gold Winner in Best Health/Special Projects at the Anthem Awards in 2023, Silver Winner in Best Health/Medical Podcast at the New York Festivals Radio Awards in 2023, nominee for Best Health, Science, and Education podcast at the Webby Awards in 2023, and Winner for Media Leadership at the Sharp Index Awards in 2022. Dr. Silverman has called the series “a love letter to health care.”	2.015625
75677528	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tororo%20%28food%29	Tororo (food)	Tororo () is a Japanese side dish made from grating raw yams such as yamaimo (Japanese mountain yam) or nagaimo (Chinese yam). The flavorless dish uses ingredients such as wasabi (a pungent paste made from the wasabi plant), dashi (Japanese stocks), and chopped spring onions, to give it more flavor. It has a white and sticky texture and is also served as an ingredient in various dishes, such as being paired with various types of noodles, such as soba (Japanese buckwheat noodles) and udon (wheat flour noodles). Its ubiquity in various dishes makes it a staple of Japanese cuisine and culture, being featured in many literary and art works made by people such as poet Matsuo Basho, artist Hiroshige, and Edo period priest Anrakuan Sakuden. Etymology The term tororo (とろろ), comes from the Japanese sound symbolism of torotoro (トロトロ or とろとろ), which expresses that something is sticky, slimy, or syrupy. In Japanese grammar, onomatopoeias usually function as adverbs, though they can also function as verbs with the auxiliary verb suru (する, "do"); with torotorosuru (とろとろする or トロトロする), meaning the state of a solid object turning into a viscous liquid. Production Tororo is usually made from raw yam of either of two species, namely yamaimo (Dioscorea japonica) and/or nagaimo (Dioscorea polystachya). Before grating, the yam's roots and the peel are removed to avoid itchiness from the calcium oxalate crystals present on those parts of the plant. Even though they possess these crystals, they are not present on the pith, unlike other tubers. Traditional grating uses a suribachi, a traditional pottery bowl similar to a mortar, grinding the yam along the surface of it slowly until the amount of yam present on it is enough so that a surikogi, a traditional pestle, can mix it by lifting it to incorporate air for a more viscous texture. Many modern processes of making tororo use a grater for a faster process.	2.375
75677528	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tororo%20%28food%29	Tororo (food)	One of these foods is called mugitoro gohan (tororo over rice) (also known as tororo-meshi and tororo-kake-meshi when made), a dish made by pouring tororo over barley rice. Many soups, such as soba noodle soups, are paired with tororo. Tororo is mixed up with ingredients such as soy sauce, miso, and dashi before being put as an ingredient in a soup called tororo-jiru (tororo soup) to add more flavor. Mugitoro gohan is often paired up with soup, with the combination being called kotozute-jiru. Depictions in art and literature Tororo is referenced in literary works such as the Seisuishō, a book made by Edo period priest Anrakuan Sakuden in 1623, coining the term kotozute-jiru (literally meaning word soup), from the double meaning of the word iiyaru, which can mean to say (using words) or to eat. In the Edo period, Mariko-juku, one of the stations in the 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō, tororo-jiru is known as a famous local food in the area. Poet Matsuo Bashō, wrote a poem about the local specialty entitled Ume-wakana Maruko no Yado no Tororo-Jiru in his anthology Sarumino. It is written as a specialty of the area in the Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige, a comic picaresque novel composed by writer Jippensha Ikku. Featured on the ukiyo-e prints by artist Hiroshige, The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō, one print features Mariko-juku, the 20th station of the Tōkaidō, of a teahouse serving tororo-jiru.	2.34375
75677552	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulmati%20Nyaya%20rape%20case	Fulmati Nyaya rape case	The Fulmati Nyaya rape case involved the rape, child labor and torture of 14 year old girl, pseudonym Fulmati Nyaya, a member of an indigenous community living in the southern region of Terai, by Armed Police Force and Royal Nepalese Army in April 2002 during the Nepalese Civil War in Kailai District of Nepal. Ms. Nyaya was arrested from her home in Kailali district on 2 April 2002 and was detained at the Army Barracks in Teghari, Kailali. She was repeatedly raped, tortured with explicit sexual acts, and subjected to verbal abuse under the pretext of extracting confessions. Later, on 12 April 2002, she was transferred to Bakimalika Battalion of the Armed Police Forece Banbeheda, Kailali. She was released in June 2002. From January 2011 to 17 April 2014, Ms Nyaya filed various complaints in the domestic courts and with governments regarding arbitrary detentions and ill-treatment she faced. Failing to obtain justice, on 20 June 2014, Ms. Fulmati submitted an individual communication to the United Nations Human Rights Committee (HRC) supported by TRIAL International. The committee reached decision on 18 March 2019 finding Nepal responsible for violation of several rights enshrined in International Covenant on Civil an Political Rights, including the prohibition of tortured, cruel inhuman or degrading treatment, forced labor, and the right to liberty and security. In addition, HRC gave recommendation to the Nepal Government in the adaptation of 'the definition of rape and other forms of sexual violence in accordance with international standards', prompt, impartial and effective investigation in cases of rape and other forms of sexual violence, an apology from the State in a private ceremony, the removal of statute limitation that hinder the filing of complaints by the victims of sexual violence and effective access to justice, reparation, and compensation in cases of conflict-related sexual violence, among others.	1.90625
75677860	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungaya%20aeta	Sungaya aeta	The females can be distinguished from the representatives of the other species, among other things, by the shape of the preopercular organ. In Sungaya aeta it is formed by a distinct, almost semi-circular median excavation at posterior margin of sternum edge of the seventh sternum of the abdomen. In Sungaya inexpectata this is rather triangular posteromedian excavation and in Sungaya ibaloi it is small, shallow and with a pair of tubercles. In addition, the spines on the mesonotum are larger than those of the more elongated and long-legged Sungaya inexpectata. The males also appear a bit stockier. Their mesothorax only reaches 2.6 times the length of the prothorax, while in the males of Sungaya ibaloi it reaches three times the length of the prothorax. Reproduction The eggs, which are laid in the ground using the ovipositor and are bulbous in the middle, are relatively large and can be easily distinguished from those of the other Sungaya species by their shape. They are long, wide and high. The micropylar plate is wide, inverted T-shaped and long. The operculum called cover sits on the egg sloping towards the ventral side, creating an opercular angle of about 5 degrees. The nymphs hatch after four to six months and are then already long. Newly hatched nymphs can be very light or more dark gray in color. The increasingly bold and contrasting patterns are most intense in the final stages before imaginal molt. The entire development into imago takes around three to four months. In 2011 Sungay aeta was hybridized with Trachyaretaon negrosanon, a then undescribed Obrimini species from Negros. The two unintentionally created females grew into adults, but turned out to be sterile and did not produce any eggs.	2.71875
75678689	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontaine%20Richard%20Earle	Fontaine Richard Earle	Fontaine Richard Earle (January 9, 1831 - September 6, 1908) was an officer in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, a Presbyterian minister, a college president, and a state legislator in Arkansas. Biography He was born January 9, 1831, in Pond River, Kentucky, to Jane Woodson and Samuel Baylis Earle. He graduated from Cumberland University with a degree in arts and divinity in 1858. He moved to Cane Hill in 1858. His home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Greek Revival Earle House. It was constructed in 1859. It subsequently deteriorated and the only remains are some foundations and chimneys. In the American Civil War he served as a major for the Confederate States Army in the 34th Arkansas Infantry Regiment. He was in command of the 34th at the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry. After the war, Earle returned to Cane Hill and married Amanda Buchanan, a teacher. He was elected to the Arkansas Senate to represent the third senatorial district (Washington, Arkansas), and served from 1866 to 1867. He was Arkansas' first Secretary of Education and served as president of Cane Hill College until it closed in 1892. His grammar book, The English Grammar, was published in 1867. He was a Presbyterian preacher for 50 years. Earle died September 6, 1908, at his home in Cane Hill from dropsy. His wife had preceded him and died in 1894.	2.140625
75678692	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor%20%281930%29	Thor (1930)	Thor was a hydrographical research vessel built in 1930 for Swedish biologist fil. dr L. Gunnar Sjösted (1892–1975), teaching college, Kristianstad, Sweden for use in marine biological studies in the Sound/Øresund. Sold in 1933 to the Danish Captain Alf Trolle and refitted for use in polar waters. The refitting was substantial and included installation of a new engine (30 Hp Bolinder hot bulb engine), electric generators (12/18V, 50A, and 110V, 2 kW; Titan, Copenhagen), electric winches for anchor and a 4000 m hydrographical wire (3.5 mm steel wire), radio (short wave radiotelegraph and MF radiotelephone), echosounder (Echometer, The International Marine Sounding Device, Bruxelles). Thor was used for two hydrographical expeditions to East Greenland in 1934 and 1935, paid for by the "Alf Trolle and wife's fund in the memory of the Danmark-expedition 1906-1908". The first expedition was led by Trolle himself, the second by Poul Gjessing. The fate of the ship after returning from the second expedition is unknown.	2.25
75678850	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhulita%20Mohapatra	Madhulita Mohapatra	Madhulita Mohapatra (born 1978) is a dancer from India. She is one of the exponents of Indian classical dance Odissi. She is also a Sambalpuri folk dancer for more than 20 years. She has been performing and teaching Odissi and Sambalpuri folk dance since the last 15 years. She started an Odissi school at Bengaluru in June 2008. She is also a performer, choreographer and trainer. Early life Mohapatra is born in Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi district, Odisha. She did her post-graduation in Commerce and Business Administration. She learnt her basics from Guru Krushna Chandra Sahoo at Kalahandi Kala Kendra, Bhawanipatna before receiving her Nrutya Acharya from Odisha Dance Academy under the guidance of Padma Shri Guru Gangadhar Pradhan, Padma Shri Guru Aruna Mohanty and Guru Pabitra Kumar Pradhan. She married Imaraan. After marriage, with the support of her husband, she quit her job and moved to Bengaluru in 2008 and later started a dance school, Nrityantar Academy of Performing Arts, to spread the Odissi dance culture in South India.	2.046875
75679406	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyriaco%20Dias	Cyriaco Dias	Santana Filomena Ceirico Camilo "Cyriaco" Dias (born 16 March 1937) is an Indian actor, playwright, theatre director, singer, freedom fighter, and social worker known for his work in Konkani films and tiatr productions. Throughout his career, he has performed in over 1,000 dramas and has accumulated over 4,500 acting credits. Early life Dias was born on 16 March 1937, in Raia, Goa, a region that was under Portuguese rule as part of Portuguese India during the era of the Portuguese Empire. Presently, Raia is located in India. Dias hailed from a musically gifted family, with his father, Pedro Joao Dias (later known as Peter John Menino Dias), being a musician and maestro, while his mother, Maria Henriquita Dias, was a homemaker. From an early age, Dias actively participated in the struggle for independence and was recognized as a freedom fighter. He joined forces with his associate Jack de Sequeira during the Goa Opinion Poll. During this period, Dias assumed the guise of a Hindu individual named Shembu Canconkar, donning traditional attire such as a dhoti. Career Dias embarked on his theatrical career in his youth by joining a cultural club led by Seby Coutinho, Rico Rod, and Vincent Semedo. This association proved instrumental in establishing his reputation, leading to opportunities in C. Alvares' tiatrs, where he excelled in character roles. Dias's talent and popularity expanded, attracting the attention of other directors. He delivered a memorable performance as Jesus Christ in Manuel D'Lima's tiatr Soddvondar.	2.0625
75679916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Country%20Trail%20by%20state	North Country Trail by state	The North Country Trail spends about in Wisconsin. Upon exiting Minnesota's Jay Cooke State Park, the NCT crosses the state line into Wisconsin and turns south, briefly winding back into Minnesota again for about (the North Country Trail Association manages and maps this segment as part of Wisconsin). The trail then turns to the east and crosses the state line again, entering the protected MacQuarie Wetlands and Douglas County Forest. After some lengthy rural road walking, the trail passes through Pattison State Park and trends to the south, passing through another sector of Douglas County Forest which features significant footpath hiking. The trail turns back to the east and passes through wilderness lands at Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway. Several more miles though Douglas County Forest are followed by a crossing of US 53 and a walk through the town of Solon Springs in Douglas County. This is followed by another extensive stretch of wilderness hiking through Brule River State Forest and then Bayfield County Forest. The wilderness footpath continues to the east through Chequamegon–Nicolet National Forest for several dozen miles, including trails through Rainbow Lake Wilderness and Porcupine Lake Wilderness. After exiting the national forest, the NCT returns to rural road walking, and passes through Mellen in Ashland County. This is followed by about of footpaths through Cooper Falls State Park. Next is a lengthy hike through Iron County Forest, as the trail trends to the north. The trail exits the county forest for a few miles, crosses US 2, and then enters another segment of the county forest. The NCT briefly encounters the shore of Lake Superior at Saxon Harbor County Park, then joins a rural road to a remote crossing of the Montreal River at the Michigan state line.	2.265625
75679916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Country%20Trail%20by%20state	North Country Trail by state	Michigan The North Country Trail spends about in Michigan, and traverses both the Upper and Lower Peninsulas. After crossing the Montreal River out of Wisconsin, the NCT heads east through undeveloped areas in Gogebic County, followed by a long stretch of rural road walking until reaching Ottawa National Forest and a lengthy hike along the Black River. The trail briefly encounters Lake Superior at Black River Harbor Recreation Area, then turns back to the south then east through more national forest lands. After turning back to the north and walking along the Presque Isle River, the trail encounters Lake Superior again near Manabeznho Falls and then continues relatively parallel to the lakeshore, passing through several campgrounds. After crossing into Ontonagon County, the NCT turns inland through remote national forest lands, passing Lake of the Clouds and continuing through mostly contiguous parcels of Ottawa National Forest. There is a crossing of the West Branch of the Ontonagon River that sometimes requires a road bypass. After more than in Ottawa National Forest, the NCT walks through a forest unit protected by Baraga County and then walks through undeveloped lands along the Sturgeon River for about six miles to a crossing of US 41. Continuing eastbound through undeveloped areas of Baraga County, the NCT walks through the large and remote Craig Lake State Park.	2.171875
75679916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Country%20Trail%20by%20state	North Country Trail by state	After leaving the state park, the NCT continues to the east through undeveloped areas of Marquette County and then enters McCormick Wilderness. Next is a walk through two segments of Gwinn Forest Management Unit, including about within sight of Lake Superior. The trail then heads southeast and walks through Marquette for a considerable distance, mostly through parklands along the city's lakefront. After leaving the city, the trail heads east through rural areas within sight of the lakeshore and visits some more discontiguous segments of Gwinn Forest Management Unit. The NCT then turns southeast to Laughing Whitefish Falls State Park, and then hikes about through Hiawatha National Forest. The NCT then walks through Munising and encounters Lake Superior yet again, this time following the lake for more than through Pictured Rocks National Seashore. The trail then passes through Grand Marais and continues through undeveloped areas in Alger County. The trail walks alongside Lake Superior for about again in Shingleton and Newberry Forest Management Units. The NCT then turns south away from Lake Superior and reaches the large and remote Tahquamenon Falls State Park, including two lengthy hikes along the Tahquamenon River. The NCT crosses the mouth of that river at Lake Superior and then heads south into another segment of Hiawatha National Forest and some more waking along the lakeshore. The NCT is in the national forest for more than , including a near-encounter with Lake Michigan and a long walk along Brevoort Lake. The trail walks though St. Ignace for a considerable distance and then Straits State Park. The hiker then climbs onto the Mackinac Bridge (I-75) for the crossing of the Straits of Mackinac to Michigan's Lower Peninsula. This crossing for pedestrians and hikers is only permitted during special "bridge walk" events.	2.21875
75679916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Country%20Trail%20by%20state	North Country Trail by state	The NCT briefly walks along MI 37, then passes through extensive sections of Barry State Game Area and Yankee Springs State Recreation Area, followed by more rural road walking interspersed with undeveloped forest areas in southwestern Michigan. The trail walks briefly through Augusta and a small corner of Fort Custer State Recreation Area, and then heads east through the city of Battle Creek. The NCT mostly follows parklands along the Kalamazoo River for more than in Battle Creek, and then proceeds through suburban parks to the east of the city. At Historic Bridge Park, the trail uses a rural road to pass over I-94 then heads east on more rural roads, roughly parallel to the Kalamazoo River. The NCT then walks through downtown Marshall, followed by Albion, after which it heads south to Homer and Litchfield. In Hillsdale County, the trail continues through Jonesville and Hillsdale. In all of these towns, the trail often follows riverfronts or lakefronts. Now trending east again, the NCT next passes through Lost Nation State Game Area, then turns south to the Ohio border near the town of Waldron. The trail briefly follows the state line east on a farm road then turns south on another road into Ohio. Ohio The North Country Trail spends about in Ohio, and about 90% of that distance is via the preexisting Buckeye Trail (BT), which forms a large loop throughout the state. The NCT shares a path with the Buckeye Trail through western, southern, and east-central Ohio, incorporating about two-thirds of that trail's total distance.	1.914063
75679916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Country%20Trail%20by%20state	North Country Trail by state	Outside of Zoar in northern Tuscarawas County, the North County Trail and Buckeye Trail finally separate after more than 900 miles together since the northwestern part of the state. The NCT heads northeast, using a rural road to cross the Tuscarawas River and then walking through Zoar. The trail follows several rural roads to the east and walks through Waynesburg in Stark County, followed by Malvern in Carroll County. The trail then reaches Hanoverton in Columbiana County and continues on rural roads. It walks along US 30 for about one mile, then follows more rural roads along Little Beaver Creek. At Lisbon, the trail walks along US 30 again through the town's center, followed by a stretch along SR 154 and a walk under the SR 11 expressway. The NCT then follows more rural roads, with a walk through a small disconnected segment of Beaver Creek State Park, followed by the larger main segment of the same park with footpaths alongside the creek of the same name. The trail then turns north onto more rural roads, then turns back to the east and northeast, with a footpath through Sheepskin Hollow Nature Preserve. The NCT then reaches the Pennsylvania state line via a rural road to the north of Ohioville.	2.0625
75679916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Country%20Trail%20by%20state	North Country Trail by state	Pennsylvania The North Country Trail spends about in Pennsylvania. After crossing the state line via a rural road out of Ohio, the NCT immediately turns onto footpaths through State Game Lands 285 in Beaver County. The trail proceeds through undeveloped forest lands and walks through the small town of Darlington, then continues on a combination of footpaths and rural roads to the north. In Lawrence County it briefly joins Pennsylvania Route 168 (PA 168) to pass over the Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-76) and then uses rural roads to pass under I-376. The trail proceeds through State Game Lands 148, then walks through Wampum, where it briefly follows PA 288 to cross the Beaver River. The NCT continues to the northeast on a variety of rural roads to McConnells Mill State Park, where it joins the preexisting Slippery Rock Gorge Trail and connected park trails. After that park, the NCT joins rural roads again, with a crossing of US 19 and an overpass at I-79. The NCT then enters Moraine State Park, passes under US 422, and then joins the preexisting Glacier Ridge Trail for about the next , including a crossing of PA 528. After walking through the grounds of Jennings Environmental Education Center, the NCT continues to the northeast on rural roads, followed by long stretches of footpath hiking through two segments of State Game Lands 95, where Slippery Rock Creek is encountered again.	2.3125
75679916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Country%20Trail%20by%20state	North Country Trail by state	The NCT/FLT continues in like fashion into the region south of the Finger Lakes. In Schuyler County, the trail walks through downtown Watkins Glen and walks around the southern end of Seneca Lake. The trail later walks through Connecticut Hill Wildlife Management Area and continues through forested lands in the region south of Ithaca, with footpaths through six different small state forest districts. In Cortland County, the trail follows the Tioughnioga River for several miles, and near Messengerville it uses a rural road to pass under I-81. The trail then trends to the north and passes through seven more small state forest districts and Tioughnioga Wildlife Management Area in Madison County. At the northern edge of the wildlife area, the NCT and the Finger Lakes Trail finally separate, with the NCT continuing north via rural roads though Nelson Swamp Unique Area and the town of Cazenovia, where is crosses US 20. The trail continues on rural roads through Canastota; near Oneida it uses a rural road to pass over I-90. The trail then joins an old canal towpath for about seven miles through Old Erie Canal State Historic Park, After a brief jaunt through farmlands, the trail then heads east on the towpath of the more familiar Erie Canal for about , and then walks through extensive residential and commercial neighborhoods in Rome. In that city, the trail traverses Fort Stanwix National Monument and then parklands along the Mohawk River. After leaving Rome, the trail walks alongside Delta Reservoir and continues via rural roads to the north. In Oneida County it passes through Buck Hill State Forest and Pixley Falls State Park, but remains on roads. The trail next walks through Boonville and then roughly follows the valley of the Black River to the southeast. Shortly after entering Herkimer County, the trail enters Adirondack Park.	2.046875
75679918	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With%20Ballot%20and%20Bayonet	With Ballot and Bayonet	With Ballot and Bayonet: The Political Socialization of American Civil War Soldiers is a 1998 non-fiction book by Joseph Allan Frank, published by University of Georgia Press. Stephen V. Ash of University of Tennessee, Knoxville stated that despite the title, the book covers how preceding history had formed mindsets and that the actual topic "is considerably broader." Background The author used diaries and letters, from soldiers on both sides as sources. Contents The book's discussion portions do not often classify soldiers by their intensity of political understanding, but the organization of sources does organize by intensity of political understanding. According to Ash, the book highlights how Confederate and Union soldiers had "similar" "minds" with "remarkably parallel" "beliefs". Reception Martin Crawford of University of Keele wrote that the subject is important, and that researchers on the subject "will need to deal with" the book's content. Crawford criticized "overblown" wording, "repetitive" statements, and "one-dimensionally made" and "too insistently" done conclusions. Brian Dirck of Anderson University described the book as "sophisticated" and "scholarly", and that it "is an important addition to this growing body of literature." Dirck criticized how the work does not define what "conservative" and "liberal" mean, and he argued the book has "sometimes murky" organizing and style of writing. Mark Grimsley of Ohio State University argued that the "fundamental argument" is "sound", but that the book does not properly "demonstrate" it, with what Grimsley describes as wrongly conflating "racism" with "politics".	2.203125
75680340	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Tocco%20da%20Casauria	History of Tocco da Casauria	On March 15, 1848, riots broke out in Naples and a few days earlier, on May 7, there were violent clashes in Abruzzo at Pratola Peligna between the people and the National Guard. News of the riots reached Tocco and a group of Tocco peasants planned an insurrection in the village for March 20 during the feast of the patron saint. However, Domenico Stromei, a well-known poet in the town, after learning of this warned the lords of Tocco, who sent the gendarmerie to the town. On the morning of March 20, about 20 mounted gendarmes entered Tocco, and when the procession for the celebration of St. Eustace reached the Ducal Palace (the castle), a group of armed commoners arrived ready to start a riot, but the crowd that was already there for the procession did not side with them and instead railed against them. The rioters, therefore, retreated and there were no clashes. Following the various uprisings in the Kingdom there came state repression, and in May 1849, a year after the failed uprising in Tocco, Bourbon troops arrived in the village to search Stromei's home and store despite the fact that the previous year he had warned the authorities of the planned uprising by the peasants. All the letters in his possession were seized but he was not arrested. In the following years there were other house searches in Tocco for political reasons and 3 citizens were arrested. Unification of Italy and the post-unification period In 1860, during the Expedition of the Thousand, riots broke out in Tocco, so the mayor requested the royal authorities to send a detachment of gendarmerie troops to Tocco from Chieti to maintain order. When Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy entered the territory of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies to meet Garibaldi in Campania, he passed through Abruzzo and on October 19, departing from Chieti on his way to Popoli, he passed over the territory of Tocco in the hamlet of Francoli along the Via Tiburtina Valeria where he was cheered by a jubilant crowd.	2.15625
75680885	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea%20elleniae	Nymphaea elleniae	Nymphaea elleniae is a species of waterlily native to Papua New Guinea, and North Queensland, Australia. Description Vegetative characteristics Nymphaea elleniae is a perennial plant with elongate rhizomes. Mature floating leaves are 22 cm long, and 18 cm wide. Generative characteristics The flowers, which are only open during daytime, can extend up to 20 cm above the water surface. The four 7 cm long sepals have an acute to obtuse apex. The 25 lanceolate petals have an acute to obtuse apex. The androecium consists of 100 stamens. The gynoecium consists of 11-22 carpels. The globose, 2.5 cm wide fruit bears numerous glabrous, elliptical, 1.75-2.5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide seeds. Reproduction Generative reproduction Flowering occurs from April to December. Taxonomy Publication It was first described by Surrey Wilfrid Laurance Jacobs in 1992. Type specimen The type specimen was collected by S. Jacobs & J. Clarkson in Jardine River, Queensland, Australia on the 6th of August 1987. Placement within Nymphaea It is placed in Nymphaea subgenus Anecphya. Etymology The specific epithet elleniae refers to Ellen A. Jacobs, the daughter of Surrey Wilfrid Laurance Jacobs. Conservation The NCA status of Nymphaea elleniae is Special Least Concern. Ecology Habitat It is found in up to 5 m deep waters.	2.1875
75680898	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20in%20paleomammalogy	2024 in paleomammalogy	Primate research A study on the frequency of caries in strepsirrhines and on implications for determining diet and health of fossil members of the group, based on data from extant strepsirrhines, Karanisia clarki and Megaladapis madagascariensis, is published by Selig et al. (2024). Chaimanee et al. (2024) describe the anatomy of the maxilla of Siamopithecus eocaenus and interpret the studied primate as an anthropoid belonging to the family Siamopithecidae. New fossil material of the Hispaniola monkey is described by Halenar-Price et al. (2024), who provide the first description of the complete anterior dentition of the studied monkey, and interpret the ranges of the body mass and the endocranial volumes of the studied specimens as indicating that the brain size of the Hispaniola monkey was not smaller than expected for its body mass. Evidence from the study of incisors of extant anthropoids, interpreted as indicative of mixed-feeding ecology of the Hispaniola monkey, is presented by Cobb et al. (2024). Bouchet et al. (2024) describe new fossil material of Pliobates cataloniae, and interpret this primate as a member of Pliopithecoidea belonging to the family Crouzeliidae. Evidence from the study of the enamel–dentine junction in the molars of Pliobates cataloniae, interpreted as supporting the classification of P. cataloniae as a crouzeliid pliopithecoid, is presented by Bouchet et al. (2024). Revision of the fossil material of Old World monkeys from the Pliocene Mount Galili Formation (Ethiopia), indicative of closer similarity of the studied faunal assemblage to monkey assemblages from the Kanapoi and Gona localities than to the one from Aramis, is published by Reda et al. (2024). Stan et al. (2024) revise fossil material of Plio–Pleistocene Old World monkeys from Romania, and interpret the studied monkeys as indicative of a mosaic habitat with open and forested areas.	1.96875
75680898	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20in%20paleomammalogy	2024 in paleomammalogy	General paleoanthropology A study on the biogeography of early hominins is published by Sekhavati & Strait (2024). McRae & Wood (2024) present an inventory of fossils of early hominins from Africa allocated to taxa. Negash et al. (2024) reconstruct the proportion of woody cover at eastern African early hominin sites spanning the past 6 million years, and report that early hominin paleoenvironments were dominated by mixed tree–C4 grass savannas. Evidence indicating that patterns of speciation and extinction of members of the genus Homo differed from those of other hominins is presented by van Holstein & Foley (2024). Evidence from the study of extant mammals, interpreted as indicating that the eastern branch of the Eastern African Rift System might not be representative for morphological diversity and habitat reconstructions of early hominin in the entirety of their likely geographical range, is presented by Barr & Wood (2024). Evidence from experimental study, interpreted as indicating that practical experience enabled efficient use of flakes by early hominins, is presented by Eteson et al. (2024), who argue that the ability to accumulate practical knowledge might have formed the basis for tool-using innovations that ultimately led to the development of more complex stone tools. Affinito et al. (2024) study brain activation patterns related to forceful hammerstone percussion and precise flake cutting, and interpret their findings as supporting the existence of a link between modifications of the brain in the hominin evolution and stone tool use. Püschel et al. (2024) report evidence of within-species increase in brain size during hominin evolution, and interpret this pattern as explaining the overall increase in relative brain size across hominin evolution.	2.1875

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