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71377514	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender%20and%20sexual%20minorities%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire	Gender and sexual minorities in the Ottoman Empire	The Ottoman official Mehmet Cemaleddin Efendi was offered male prostitutes while on his stay in Paris between 1903 and 1906 by his hosts, who thought that being Turkish, he would be interested. This discomfited him, who later wrote that the streets of Paris had "1500 boys exclusively occupied in sodomy" with their availability and prices advertised on printed cards, which was far more blatant in France than anywhere in the Ottoman Empire. This perception altered societal norms and attitudes (including the presentation of same-sex desire in literature) as the Ottoman Empire sought to become more Western. With the Westernization of the Ottoman Empire, homosexuality began to be regarded in nineteenth-century Ottoman society as a deviant form of sexual expression. It is also possible that some literary scenes of a homosexual nature were removed by censors at a later date, when heterosexuality became more normative in Ottoman society. In the West, Coleman Barks's versions of Rumi's works popularised his gazel literature. However, in recent years these versions have been criticised for their inaccuracy, which had the effect of "reducing the divine to the sexual", according to translation and comparative literature experts Omid Azadibougar and Simon Patton, as well as ignoring cultural context in his versions of Rumi's work. The translator Dick Davis also notes the difficulty in translating Persian language poetry into English due to the lack of gender pronouns in Persian. Homosexuality was discussed in the bāhnāmes ("part-medical, part-erotic treatises"), with a specific focus on male homosexuality, including those adopted by the scholar , tailored for Prince Şehzade Korkut, the son of Sultan Bayezid II. The original composition, Alfiyya va Shalfiyya, was commissioned by the Seljuk Toghan-Shah is described by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall as a renowned "sotadic" work (referencing a geographic zone in which pederasty is allegedly prevalent and celebrated among the indigenous inhabitants).	2.53125
71377644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20of%20Nigeria	Climate of Nigeria	The 2017 flooding that occurred during the rainy season in Benue state was another disaster that displaced a thousand people. In 2021, 32 out of Nigeria's 36 states had cases of flooding according to the National Emergency Management Agency, reporting 155 lives lost between August and October. Droughts Nigeria was also among the affected countries that suffered severe famine in the 2012 Sahel drought. Prolonged drought in Nigeria has led to desertification and land scarcity for farming and livestock. This forces farmers and herders to migrate to new areas, often resulting in violent conflicts, with over 2,000 casualties in 2018. Despite these challenges, some Plateau State residents are reluctant to leave, rebuilding their communities after destruction. Satellite images from NASA reveal severe desertification, affecting about 900,000 km2 of savanna grassland between the 1960s and 1986. Drought is a recurring issue in Nigeria, particularly in the arid north, with historical famines documented in various years. A recent survey by SBMIntel found that 79% of Nigerian farmers were impacted by drought and flooding in 2020, with 26.3% experiencing significant harvest disruptions. This poses a threat to national food security.	2.890625
71377677	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim%20uprisings%20in%20Kars%20and%20Sharur%E2%80%93Nakhichevan	Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan	Ardahan–Kars Since its annexation of the Kars Oblast, the Armenian administration had delegated authority to local Muslim officials in the subdistricts Çıldır (consisting of 40 Muslim villages), Aghbaba (present-day Amasia, consisting of 42 Muslim villages), and Zarushad (present-day Arpaçay, consisting of 45 Muslim and 20 Russian sectarian villages) to ensure their loyalty—these subdistricts laid within the districts () of Ardahan and Kars. Despite the presence of Turkish and Azerbaijani provocateurs carrying large sums of money in the region, Armenia did not attempt to disarm the local population. The provocateurs on 12 January 1920 intended to train a local militia from the population of the villages to occupy the railway passing the Armenian-populated town of Kizil-Chakhchakh (present-day Akyaka). On 24 January, the Armenian administration was completely ousted from Chaldyr, Aghbaba, and Zarushad—the following day, martial law was declared in the district. The Armenian army led by Colonel on 28 January unsuccessfully utilised the local "coldly neutral" Russian Molokans of Zarushad as representatives to demand that the rebelling Muslims submit to Armenia. Shortly thereafter, on 1 February, the Armenian army shelled, set fire to, and occupied a number of rebelling villages, effectively routing the rebels of Zarushad. Nine days later, Zarushad's leaders officially accepted Armenian authority, and later confirmed it in-person to the provincial administration in Kars. Chaldyr later submitted on 14 March, however, the Armenian army continued to shell their settlements. The uprising and subsequent countermeasures had resulted in the displacement of up to 10,000 inhabitants of 20 villages, many of whom sought refuge in Azerbaijan.	2.328125
71377690	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20lichen%20terms	Glossary of lichen terms	The increasing availability of the optical microscope as an aid to identifying and characterizing lichens led to the creation of new terms to describe structures that were previously too small to be visualized. Contributions were made by Julius von Flotow (e.g. ), Edmond Tulasne (e.g ), and William Nylander (e.g. , ). Gustav Wilhelm Körber, an early proponent of using spore structure as a in lichen taxonomy, introduced , , and "polari-dyblastae", later anglicized to "polari-bilocular" and then shortened to . In the next five decades that followed, many other additions were made to the repertoire of lichen terms, subsequent to the increased understanding of lichen anatomy and physiology made possible by microscopy. For whatever reasons, there were not any new terms (still currently used) introduced from the period 1906 to 1945, when Gustaf Einar Du Rietz proposed replacing and with and ; all four terms remain in use. In some cases, older terminology became obsolete as better understanding of the nature of the fungal–algal relationship led to changes in their terminology. For example, after Gunnar Degelius objected to the use of for the algal partner, George Scott proposed the use of and for lichen components, recommendations that were generally accepted by lichenologists.	2
71378095	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Knapp%20%28artist%29	Dorothy Knapp (artist)	Dorothy Knapp (1907–1986) was an American cover artist who designed commercial first day covers. Biography Knapp was an envelope artist and art teacher in Rhinebeck, New York. She designed commercial first day covers (FDC) mainly for Fleetwood, one of the largest FDC publishers. Her career started in the late 1930s at the time hand-painted cachets, which were more expensive than the printed cachets, were not widely wanted. However, Knapp “influenced others to start hand-painting covers, [...] she influenced the style of mid-20th century cachets,” said Douglas Weisz, Knapp's biographer. In addition to mass-produced designs, she often created small quantities — ten or twelve per stamp issue — of hand-drawn, hand-painted covers. Knapp was never a stamp collector belonging to any philatelic organization nor did she subscribe to any philatelic publications. However, her husband was a stamp collector and cover approval dealer. Cachetmaking "was a way for them to share something together," said Weisz. "And when her husband died, she stopped... It wasn't something they could do together anymore. It wasn't interesting to her. She did it because of family and love." Works and legacy Knapp is considered to be one of the most famous cachet artists in the history of philately; "her work has majorly influenced generations of artists who present their designs on envelopes," said Weisz. By late 1970s, Knapp's FDCs were selling for a few hundred dollars each. In FDC collecting today, her FDCs typically sell for $200–500 each.	2.21875
71378155	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Nicholls%20%28surgeon%29	John Nicholls (surgeon)	Ralph John Nicholls (born 20 May 1943), FRCS (Eng), EBSQ is a retired British colorectal surgeon, Emeritus Consultant Surgeon at St Mark's Hospital London and Professor of Colorectal Surgery, Imperial College London. R. John Nicholls is best known for his work in the development of ileal pouch surgery. With the advancement of ileal-anal pouch surgery, selected patients with ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) requiring surgery can be treated by removing the diseased colon also known as the large intestine and rectum while preserving the anus, thereby avoiding a permanent stoma (ileostomy). This revolutionary operation challenged the conventional procedure used at the time, total procotocolectomy, which included removal of the anal sphincter leaving the patient with an ileostomy for life. The technique of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) surgery, also known as restorative procotocolectomy (RPC) consists of removal of the diseased colon and rectum, immediately followed by the creation of a surgical join (anastomosis) between the small intestine (ileum) above and the anus below. The reservoir function of the rectum lost by its removal was replaced by the surgical construction of a 'new' rectum made from the ileum to form a so-called "ileal pouch". This enabled the patient requiring surgery for ulcerative colitis and some with familial adenomatous polyposis to avoid a permanent ileostomy by enabling the storage of stool in the pouch as would normally occur in the rectum to be followed by defaecation through the anus at the patient's convenience.	2.03125
71378155	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Nicholls%20%28surgeon%29	John Nicholls (surgeon)	Parks operated on his first ileo-anal pouch patient in 1976 at the London Hospital and subsequently at St Mark's Hospital where he was also a consultant. Nicholls was his first assistant having spent 1976 carrying out research under Fritz Linder on an Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship in the Department of Surgery at the Heidelberg University in Germany. Nicholls became a Resident Surgical Officer at St Mark's on his return to the UK in 1977. He was also a consultant surgeon to St Thomas' Hospital, London, from 1982 to 1993 when he left to become Dean of St Mark's. Beginning of ileal pouch surgery The "straight" ileoanal procedure The ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) procedure was an advancement from the "straight" ileoanal anastomosis procedure original described by the German surgeon Nissen in 1934 and resurrected by the Americans Ravitch and Sabiston in 1947. They described the total removal of the colon and rectum with restoration of intestinal continuity by means of an ileo-anal anastomosis without any formation of an ileal pouch or reservoir. They procedure resulted in high frequency and urgency of defaecation day and night which made life difficult for many patients. The Kock reservoir Finnish surgeon Nils Kock premiered his continent ileostomy procedure in Sweden in 1969. The procedure known as a Kock pouch involved first the removal of the colon, rectum, and anus. Next, using the last 45 centimetres of the ileum, the construction of an ileal pouch with a valve designed only to allow drainage of its contents when a catheter was passed through the stoma on the abdominal wall. This allowed many patients to have control over their life by being able to evacuate stool at a time of their choosing.	2.046875
71378575	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue%20of%20Subhas%20Chandra%20Bose	Statue of Subhas Chandra Bose	The statue was formally dedicated on 8 September 2022. Prime Minister Narendra Modi dedicated the statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose to the nation near India Gate in New Delhi. In the inauguration ceremony, the Prime Minister said, "Today the Rajpath ceases to exist and has become a Kartavya Path. Today when the statue of Netaji has replaced the mark of the statue of George V, then this is not the first example of the abandonment of slavery mentality. This is neither the beginning nor the end. It is a continuous journey of determination till the goal of freedom of mind and spirit is achieved." Design and construction Design The statue is sited in the center of C-hexagon, and it is surrounded by India Gate, Param Vir Memorial, National War Memorial and Children's Park. The statue is in a canopy, and the canopy is situated in a water body. There are fountains in the water body. The black granite statue measures tall, long, and wide. It weighs approximately 65 Tn (65,000 kg). Subhas Chandra Bose is depicted as a commander of the Indian National Army, wearing his military uniform; A long belted jacket, boots and a hat. He is standing in the posture of salute.	1.929688
71379043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visit%20by%20Pope%20Francis%20to%20Canada	Visit by Pope Francis to Canada	Pope Francis visited Canada from July 24 to 29, 2022, with stops in the provinces of Alberta and Quebec and the territory of Nunavut. The trip mainly focused on apologizing for the Catholic Church's role in the Canadian Indian residential school system and on reconciliation with the country's Indigenous peoples. It was the first papal visit to Canada since 2002, when Pope John Paul II visited Toronto for World Youth Day. Background The visit was announced in May 2022, after Pope Francis had met with a delegation of Canadian Indigenous leaders and residential school survivors at the Vatican six weeks earlier. During that meeting, he apologized for the conduct of church members involved in Canadian Indian residential school system, and received invitations by members of the delegation to make an apology on Canadian soil. The pope described the trip as a "penitential pilgrimage" with the goal of contributing to the "process of healing and reconciliation with the country’s Indigenous peoples". Itinerary July 24: Arrival in Edmonton, and official welcome Pope Francis landed at Edmonton International Airport shortly after 11a.m. local time, following a 10-hour flight from Rome. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and Governor General Mary Simon greeted him before a brief welcoming ceremony inside an airport hangar. During the ceremony, he greeted and spoke briefly with several politicians, residential school survivors and Indigenous leaders, including Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations Grand Chief George Arcand Jr., Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami president Natan Obed, and Assembly of First Nations Chief RoseAnne Archibald. The pope was then escorted to St. Joseph Seminary in Edmonton, where he stayed while in Alberta. July 25: Apology at Maskwacis and Edmonton visit	2.421875
71379215	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20S.%20Laws	Robert S. Laws	Rev. Dr. Robert Simon Laws, a formerly enslaved person and Howard University graduate, founded two African American Baptist churches in the 19th century that have active congregations in the 21st century. Early life Laws was born on Wood Farm Plantation in Middlesex County, Virginia. Laws was enslaved by Sarah "Sally" Roane, the daughter of William Roane and Sarah Daniel. She left her farm and slaves, including Robert, to her niece Polly Roane Segar, according to her 1826 will. At some point, Laws was sold to Richard H. Lynch of Washington County, Virginia, who published a $100 (~$ in ) reward in 1863 for the return of a runaway slave, 24-year-old Robert Laws, who was described as "5 feet 7 inches high and weighs about 175 pounds" and likely headed to Middlesex County, Virginia. Laws eventually traveled and settled in Washington, D.C.. In 1866, he married Patsey A. Williams in Washington, D.C. Freedman's Village In 1865, the U.S. Congress established Freedmen's Bureau to administer various camps to house formerly enslaved African Americans, including Freedman's Village, a site on General Robert E. Lee former estate in Arlington County, Virginia. The village comprised approximately 50 story-and-a-half homes, divided in the middle to accommodate two families, an industrial school for education in various trades, a school for children and two places of worship. Harper's Weekly reported the village also included a hospital, a "home" for the aged, and other public buildings. Abolitionist and women's rights activist Sojourner Truth served as a counselor at the village for over a year. Laws held various positions at Freedman's Village, including employment agent, teacher and pastor. According to an 1870 report to Congress, "...Robert S. Laws, a scholar in the Wayland Theological Seminary and who preaches at Arlington, has the supervision of this Freedman's Village school, which averages about 100 scholars." Patsey Laws, his wife, was hired as a nurse for Abbott Hospital in Freedman's Village.	2.65625
71379304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid%20Dragon%20%28missile%20system%29	Rapid Dragon (missile system)	In the 1980s when the B-1 bomber faced the possibility of cancelation, a lower cost alternative to the B-1 bomber known as the Cruise Missile Carrier Aircraft (CMCA) was designed. It consisted of reconfiguring Boeing 747-200 cargo airframes as special-purpose cruise missile launchers with a capacity of 50 to 100 AGM-86 ALCM missiles. Like the Rapid Dragon, missiles were released rapidly from the rear of the aircraft (in this case, via a rotary launcher ejecting missiles out the side of the tail fuselage) and were dynamically targeted by an onboard control system. While the CMCA was never fully developed with the revival of the B-1B bomber, Rapid Dragon leverages the CMCA's thematic concepts of adapting existing aircraft to become standoff arsenal ships in support of cost-cutting purposes. By adapting the concept to a "roll on, roll off" capability, Rapid Dragon can be rapidly used to convert virtually any of the numerous cargo aircraft capable of airdropping pallets from a rear ramp that are operated by the US and its allies into a standoff strike bomber.	2.109375
71379304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid%20Dragon%20%28missile%20system%29	Rapid Dragon (missile system)	The concept of loading and launching palletized missiles from American cargo aircraft was first explored by graduate students in preliminary concept studies at the Air Force Institute of Technology in 2003 with explored launch systems including cruise missiles deployed from the aft of the aircraft atop of parachuted pallet trays, ejected rearwards from rotary launchers, or ejected rearwards from spring-loaded launchers. Later in the 2010s, with the emergence of near-peer adversaries exploring anti-access area denial tactics to counter the United States military's aerial and naval power projection capabilities, other research institutions such as the RAND Corporation began exploring concepts that may extend standoff bombing capabilities for the US military while balancing Congressional budgetary restraints. Similar concepts for parachuting pallets from cargo aircraft to launch rockets have independently been proposed in the civilian aerospace sector by a cross-industrial team sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in 2011 at the 25th AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites to facilitate the deployment of satellites weighing 100-200 kilograms to Low Earth orbit without the need for a dedicated spaceport. Follow-up design research was published in 2013 and 2015 at the 27th and 29th AIAA/USU Conferences on Small Satellites respectively. These design proposals have also been preceded and paralleled with other related Air-launch-to-orbit concepts that launch spacecraft deployed either from cargo ramps or external mounts.	2.078125
71379358	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulla%27s%20proscription	Sulla's proscription	Proscribed men were usually beheaded, because rewards were only given for severed heads. The head of the most prominent of Sulla's enemies were paraded in the streets, then displayed on the rostra—the platform on the forum where orators spoke. Some victims were also brought alive to Sulla and beheaded in an official manner with an axe, as with captured barbarians. Sulla had himself performed such executions in Asia against Ephesians that had revolted; likewise, Pompey personally killed several Marian leaders at Asculum and even the proscribed ex-consul Gnaeus Papirius Carbo. The place of execution was near the Servilius Lacus, a fountain on the Forum, where some heads were also displayed. Headless corpses were sometimes mutilated, then dragged by a hook and thrown in the river Tiber. One of the most active executants of the proscription, Catiline, notoriously inflicted gruesome mutilations on Gratidianus. The main goal of the decapitation and mutilations was to further humiliate the victims beyond death, as Romans believed that physical integrity was necessary for afterlife. Burial was forbidden for the same reason; the proscription edict may have contained a clause denying burial for the victims. Sulla systematically confiscated the properties of his enemies, even before the beginning of the proscription. People hit by this punishment, even though they were not on the proscription list, were simply labelled adversarii.	2.328125
71379422	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adropin	Adropin	Circadian rhythm There is evidence to suggest that adropin levels exhibit a circadian rhythm, meaning they follow a natural 24-hour cycle. Circadian rhythms play a vital role in regulating various physiological processes, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone secretion, and metabolism. Gonads and sexual development In mice, adropin treatment significantly increased sperm count and testicular testosterone by increasing expression of GPR19 and steroidogenic proteins via modulating redox potential. In the mouse ovary, adropin and GPR19 are strongly detected in the granulosa cells of large antral follicles and corpus luteum. An additional study suggests a role for adropin in the acceleration of pubertal development. Clinical significance Given its involvement in metabolic and cardiovascular processes, adropin has sparked interest as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. However, much more research is needed to understand the precise mechanisms of adropin action and its potential applications in clinical settings. Systemic sclerosis Adropin is a repressor of fibroblast activation and is dysregulated in patients with Systemic sclerosis. Adropin showed antifibrotic activity in mouse models of skin and lung fibrosis as well as in human skin biopsies. Thus, adropin is a potential therapeutic target in tissue fibrosis.	2.296875
71379424	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davies%20Davenport	Davies Davenport	Davies Davenport of Capesthorne Hall and Court Garden, Marlow (29 August 1757 — 5 February 1837) was a politician, soldier and landowner who served as Member of Parliament for Cheshire and High Sheriff of Cheshire. Early life Davenport was born on 29 August 1757 to Davies Davenport of Capesthorpe and Phoebe Davenport of Calvely. However, both of his parents died when he was still young and so was brought up by his uncle, Sir Thomas Davenport. Lord Glenbervie described him as being educated as 'a pupil of J. J. Rousseau', he went on to Brasenose College, Oxford and was admitted into the Inner Temple in 1786. He inherited his uncle's estates in 1810. Political career Davenport stood as an unopposed Member of Parliament for Cheshire from the 1806 United Kingdom general election until the 1830 United Kingdom general election when he stood down. Whilst Davenport was thought to be opposed to Abolitionism, he is not known to have voted against any of the abolitionist bills, he also voted against the bill proposing the ministerial pledge, however he was not supportive of Catholicism in general. Although he generally voted against the government, he was seen as a friend of the Liverpool ministry although opposed to that of Portland. He was however active in the committees on cotton and silk and was strictly against government interference. Family	2.0625
71379464	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Denman%20%28sculptor%29	Thomas Denman (sculptor)	Thomas Denman (1787–1861) was a 19th century English sculptor. Life He was born in 1787 the son of William Denman and his wife Ann. They lived on Mansell Street in the Aldgate district of London, close to the Tower of London. He attended the Royal Academy schools from 1807 and won their Silver Medal for sculpture in 1813. He exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1815 to 1836 and at the British Institution from 1818 to 1827. He was working in the studio of his brother-in-law John Flaxman at the time of Flaxman's death in 1826, and was responsible for completing several of his unfinished projects. Although occasionally acknowledged as the true sculptor, Flaxman is regularly credited with works after his own death. The statue of Robert Burns was placed in the Burns Monument on Calton Hill in 1830, almost certainly created after Flaxman's death. However, most of Denman's commissions seem to have come via the Flaxman studio and work gradually dried up. He was declared bankrupt in 1847 and was living in Battersea in "reduced circumstances" in 1850. He died in 1861. Family His sister Nancy Denman married the eminent sculptor John Flaxman. Flaxman took a shine to the younger daughter of the Denman family, Maria Denman, and left Maria a great deal in his will. Flaxman's portrait of Maria is held in the Soane Museum. Known artworks	2.078125
71379479	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20North%20American%20heat%20waves	2022 North American heat waves	June A historic heat wave affected the Midwestern United States and Southeastern United States in the second week of June 2022. In Phoenix, a daily record was tied, as the mercury soared up to 114 °F (45.6 °C). In North Platte, Nebraska, a record temperature of was recorded. In Death Valley, a man died when trying to refuel gas as temperatures climbed to . In Rocky Mountain National Park, the excess heat resulted in rapid snowmelt, and the flooding forced a trail in the park to close. A trail was also shut down at Joshua Tree National Park, where temperatures were predicted to reach as high as . Temperatures in Memphis soared to , with a heat index of . This forced over 125 million people under excessive heat warnings. In Odessa, Texas, thousands of residents were left without water, even as the temperature got to . In San Antonio, every day in June 2022 was at least as hot as 97 °F (36 °C), except for June 28. On June 13, St. Louis hit 100 °F (37.8 °C), breaking the daily record. In addition, from the 13–16, the morning low never went below 81 °F (27.2 °C), breaking the warmest morning low record for the next 4 days. In Chicago, Midway Airport recorded three days with high temperatures of at least between June 14 and 21. On June 17, the heat dome moved over the Mid-Atlantic briefly, causing a record high of in Washington DC, and tying the record high of in Baltimore. On June 20, Minneapolis set a daily record high of , with a heat index of . June 18 saw Mobile, Alabama have a record high of . This was the first time Minneapolis saw triple digits in four years. Grand Forks, North Dakota saw a daily high record of in June 19, and Houston and Galveston saw record highs of and respectively on June 20. Heat in Alaska triggered 31 wildfires.	2.375
71379488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Taylor%20%28science%20writer%29	Jane Taylor (science writer)	Beginning in the 1830s, discussions of anatomy and physiology became popular, and were increasingly seen as necessary information for women to know to maintain the health of their families. Women were expected to be able to transmit information to their children and other women about their bodies, excluding explicit sexual information. Catharine Beecher and Taylor began writing texts to relay basic information on the body, omitting discussion of sexual anatomy. These books focused on the benefits of good posture, physical education, diet, exercise, and proper moral behavior. In 1839, Taylor published Physiology for Children, which would become her most popular work. Following in the pattern of similar books by William Alcott, her texts were written in the style of a catechism and presented basic anatomy to children. They focused on various parts of the body, explaining their importance and structures in simple terms. For example, she described the spine as a structure "which runs from the head down the back, and is made up of twenty-four round pieces, like twenty-four rings piled one above the other", which were known as vertebrae. The book did not focus upon physiology or hygiene, until the fourth 1847 revision. It described different parts of the body and gave basic foundations for physiology, health care hints, as well as types of exercise and demonstrations of proper posture.	3.03125
71379615	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%20Rangi-tua-m%C4%81totoru	Te Rangi-tua-mātotoru	Te Rangi-tua-mātotoru was an 18th-century Māori rangatira and tohunga of the Ngāti Te Rangiita hapū and ariki (paramount chieftain) of the Ngāti Tūwharetoa iwi of the region around Lake Taupō, New Zealand. He built three great wharenui (meeting houses) for different sections of Ngāti Tūwharetoa. When the Tūwharetoa chieftain Tutakaroa attacked Te Rangi-tua-mātotoru’s allies in Ngāti Tahu, he summoned allies from Te Arawa to attack Tutakaroa at Whakaohokau, but had second thoughts about the venture and arranged a peace before Te Arawa could wreak havoc. He sent a force to help Te Uamairangi from the Ngāti Te Upokoiri hapū of Ngāti Kahungunu escape to Whakatane after he was defeated in a bid for control of Ngāti Kahungunu. In his old age, he negotiated the peace which ended the Tūhoe-Ngāti Tūwharetoa War. After his death, he was eventually succeeded by Herea Te Heuheu Tukino I. He played an important role in Ngāti Tūwharetoa as the model for subsequent paramount chiefs. Te Heuheu II called him “the man who understood good and evil” or “had the power of life and death.” John Te Herekiekie Grace reports that “during the occupation of Taupo by Ngati Tuwharetoa no other chief equalled him in mana or prestige.” A Waitangi Tribunal report of 2013 judges that he "set the high standard of leadership that would be associated with the role of paramount chief." Life Te Rangi-tua-mātotoru was the oldest son of Meremere, the paramount chief of Ngāti Tūwharetoa, who died at Lake Rotoiti, during a visit to Te Arawa. Through his father, he was the great-grandson of Tamamutu and a direct descendant of Tūwharetoa i te Aupōuri. Te Rangi-tua-mātotoru made his base at Motutere on the southeastern shore of Lake Taupō. Building wharenui	2.265625
71379615	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%20Rangi-tua-m%C4%81totoru	Te Rangi-tua-mātotoru	Tu-taka-roa of Ngāti Te Aho, who was based at Tokaanu, wanted revenge on Ngāti Tahu for the murder of Kereua and went to Te Rangi-tua-mātotoru to tell him that he planned to get the help of Ngāti Awa in raising a war party to do this. Ngāti Tahu were close allies of Ngāti Tūwharetoa, so Te Rangi-tua-mātotoru tried to dissuade him, but eventually he gave way, saying “if you return alive, you shall then take the reward from my armpits!” Then Tutakaroa went to the Bay of Plenty and gathered a war party, being joined by contingents from Ngāti Awa and Ngāti Maru under the leadership of Tokiwhati and Paraoa. They attacked the Ngāti Tahu settlement of Piripekapeka and Tu-taka-roa killed their main chief, Tama-kino, who also had Tūwharetoa ancestry. On his return, Tu-taka-roa visited Te Rangi-tua-mātotoru and told him what had happened. On hearing of the death of Tama-kino, Te Rangi-tua-mātotoru declared that he would have to avenge his death. Therefore, Tutakaroa fled to Tokaanu, where he convinced a section of the people to support him and built a fortress with them at Whaka-oho-kau on the west edge of the Tokaanu delta at Waitahanui. As of 1959, some of the palisade posts of this fortress were still visible, although the site was flooded in 1942.	2.046875
71379615	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%20Rangi-tua-m%C4%81totoru	Te Rangi-tua-mātotoru	Shortly after this, Tai-hakoa, a Ngāti Tūwharetoa rangatira joined the Ngāti Whare hapū of Te Arawa in a raid on Tūhoe in Te Urewera and was defeated. His intervention in a conflict that had nothing to do with Tūwharetoa so angered the rangatira of Tūhoe that they decided to attack Tūwharetoa in order to get revenge. While they were raising their war party, two Tūhoe tohunga, Te Wharangi and Te Akaurangi, who were related to the Ngāti Te Aho hapū of Tūwharetoa, travelled to Taupō and visited Te Rangi-tua-mātotoru at Motutere, warning him that Tūhoe was going to invade and that he should not participate in the conflict. Shortly after, the Tūhoe did invade, capturing four fortresses near Pākā Bay. Tūwharetoa gathered from all over the island to drive the invaders out, but they were defeated at the Battle of Orana and the survivors fled to Te Rangi-tua-mātotoru's village, where Herea made preparations to defend against an attack. Due to his age, Te Rangi-tua-mātotoru had not participated in the battle, but following the defeat at Orana, he took his canoe to Pākā Bay and shouted to the Tūhoe soldiers to let him speak to Te Purewa. After inquiring as to whether his grandson, Te Hinganui had been killed (he had), he landed and asked to make peace. The Tūhoe and Tūwharetoa forces then met at Ōpepe, where they agreed to end the war. The tatau pounamu (greenstone door, i.e. a state of enduring peace) was established by Te Rangi-tua-mātotoru on behalf of Tūwharetoa, and Te Umuariki and Koroki on behalf of Tūhoe. Then Tūhoe returned to Te Urewera, promising never to attack the Taupō region again. Death and succession	2.234375
71380808	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belinda%20Mason	Belinda Mason	Mason testified before the U.S. Senate as part of a joint congressional hearing on the Americans with Disabilities Act in September 1988, making her the first known person with HIV or AIDS to testify before Congress and ultimately contributing to the legislation's passage in 1990. President George H. W. Bush appointed Mason to the National Commission on AIDS in July 1989; she was the first person with AIDS ever to serve on the commission. During her tenure, Mason was an outspoken critic of the Bush administration's AIDS policy, accusing Bush of "treating AIDS as a moral issue rather than as a public-health issue". She vocally opposed mandatory HIV testing for medical workers and bans on people with AIDS entering the United States, two policies popular with the administration at the time, and urged the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to approve AIDS drugs other than AZT. Death and legacy Mason's health began to fail in early 1991, leading her to seek care at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. She died there of AIDS-related pneumonia on September 9, 1991, at the age of 33. Her seat on the National Commission on AIDS was filled by basketball player Magic Johnson. Appalshop produced a documentary about Mason's activism, Belinda, during the final year of her life. Belinda was released in 1992 and won the CINE Golden Eagle Award. Western Kentucky University annually awards the Ron Jerrell and Belinda Mason Scholarship to a journalism student affected by HIV.	2.546875
71381128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o%20Mamede%20Filho	João Mamede Filho	João Mamede Filho O.F.M. Conv. (born 21 August 1951) is the Brazilian Roman Catholic bishop of Diocese of Umuarama, being appointed in 2010. Biography Born in Caçapava in 1951, he joined the Order of Conventual Friars Minor in 1974, and was ordained a priest in 1978. On April 26, 2006 he was appointed bishop by Pope Benedict XVI and appointed to be auxiliary in São Paulo with the titular head office of Aquae Albae in Mauretania. He received episcopal ordination on 1 July 2006 from Cardinal Cláudio Hummes. His episcopal motto is "In the gospel strength of God". From 2006 to 2010 he was auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of São Paulo and responsible for the Lapa Episcopal Region. On 24 November 2010 he was appointed bishop of Umuarama by Pope Benedict XVI and was sworn in on 12 February 2011. He was appointed on 20 November 2019, apostolic administrator of the Archdiocese of Maringá, by Pope Francis, following the resignation of Anuar Battisti, and he held the post until 15 August 2020 when a successor was named.	1.929688
71381995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust%20for%20Linux	Rust for Linux	Rust for Linux is an ongoing project started in 2020 to add Rust as a programming language that can be used within the Linux kernel software, which has been written using C and assembly only. This project aims to leverage Rust's memory safety to reduce bugs when writing kernel drivers. Progress has been slower than hoped by both Rust advocates and Linus Torvalds, lead of the Linux kernel project. In December 2023 the first drivers written in Rust were accepted, and released in version 6.8. History The Linux kernel has been primarily written in C and assembly languages since its first release in 1991. Around 1997, the addition of C++ was considered and experimented upon for two weeks before being scrapped. Rust was created in 2006 and combines the performance of low-level programming languages (such as C) with a focus on memory safety and a user-friendly tool set and syntax. An example Linux external loadable kernel module created using the Rust language was published by Taesoo Kim in 2013. The Rust for Linux project was announced in 2020 in the Linux kernel mailing list with goal of adding Rust as a programming language that could be used within the Linux project. At the Open Source Summit 2022, Linus Torvalds stated that the incorporation of the project's work could begin as soon as the Linux 5.20 release, later named as Linux 6.0. The first release candidate for Linux 6.0 was created on 14 August 2022, without Rust support. In the release notes for Linux 6.0-rc1, Torvalds expressed his intention for adding Rust support, "I actually was hoping that we'd get some of the first rust infrastructure, and the multi-gen LRU VM, but neither of them happened this time around." On 19 September 2022, an article from ZDNet revealed an email from Linus Torvalds stating that "Unless something odd happens, it [Rust] will make it into 6.1".	2.375
71382066	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny%20Choi	Sunny Choi	Grace Sun "Sunny" Choi (born November 10, 1988) is an American breakdancer who competed in the inaugural breaking competition at the 2024 Summer Olympics. She previously performed as a youth gymnast and a director at Estée Lauder before leaving to pursue breaking full-time. Choi participated at the 2022 World Games in the dancesport competition where she won the silver medal in the B-Girls event. In 2023, she won the first gold medal in breakdancing ever given at the Pan American Games. Because of that, she became the first American woman to qualify for Olympic breaking. Early life and education Grace Sun "Sunny" Choi was born in November 10, 1988 in Cookeville, Tennessee, as the third of four children. Her parents, Jung-In and Kyung-Ju Choi, migrated from Daegu, South Korea for doctoral-level study at the University of Tennessee, with Jung-In going on to teach statistics at Tennessee Tech at the time of Sunny's birth. Her nickname, "Sunny", has been used by her family since birth; she also uses Sunny as her stage name when dancing to represent her warm personality. At the age of seven, her family moved to Louisville, Kentucky; Choi stated that her experiences with racism and alienation at predominantly white schools there led to an inferiority complex that impacted her into adulthood.	2.40625
71382095	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Agar%2C%205th%20Earl%20of%20Normanton	Edward Agar, 5th Earl of Normanton	Edward John Sidney Christian Welbore Ellis Agar, 5th Earl of Normanton (29 March 1910 – 28 January 1967) was a British and Irish peer, soldier, and landowner, a member of the House of Lords from 1933 until his death. From birth until 1933 he was known by the courtesy title of Viscount Somerton. Early life The only son of Sidney James Agar, 4th Earl of Normanton, and his wife Lady Amy Frederica Alice Byng, he was educated at West Downs School, Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating BA. Career As Viscount Somerton, Normanton was commissioned into the Royal Horse Guards. On 25 November 1933, he succeeded his father as Earl of Normanton, Viscount Somerton, and Baron Somerton, all in the peerage of Ireland, and as Baron Somerton of Somerley in the peerage of the United Kingdom. The last of these gave him a seat in the House of Lords. From his father, he also inherited Somerley House in Hampshire and an estate of some 7,000 acres, and an art collection which included the Somerley Venus and Adonis by Titian. On 13 November 1935, Normanton resigned his commission and transferred as a lieutenant from the active list to the Regular Army Reserve of Officers. During the Second World War, he returned to the army and rose to the rank of Captain. He died in 1967 aged only 56, without having planned for the inheritance tax on his estate, and as a result, his son owed 88 per cent of the value of the property for that.	2.171875
71382401	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital%20punishment%20in%20Uganda	Capital punishment in Uganda	Capital punishment is a legal penalty in Uganda. The death penalty was likely last carried out in 1999, although some sources say the last execution in Uganda took place in 2005. Regardless, Uganda is interchangeably considered a retentionist state with regard to capital punishment, due to absence of "an established practice or policy against carrying out executions," as well as a de facto abolitionist state due to the lack of any executions for over one decade. Uganda has taken recent steps towards abolition, such as several measures to abolish the mandatory death penalty; however, they have also taken recent steps towards expanding the death penalty, such as their 2023 bill prescribing the death penalty for 'aggravated homosexuality.' Methods and statutes A 1965 report on worldwide death penalty usage reported that Uganda only implemented the death penalty for murder, treason, and espionage, and that Uganda's exclusive method of execution was hanging. In 2023, Uganda's methods of execution were hanging and shooting. History and recent developments Uganda's first recorded execution took place in 1917.	2.34375
71382655	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana%20X.%20Adhikari	Rana X. Adhikari	Rana X. Adhikari (born 1974) is an American experimental physicist. He is a professor of physics at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and an associate faculty member of the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (ICTS-TIFR). Adhikari works on the experimental physics of gravitational wave detection and is among the scientists responsible for the U.S.-based Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) that discovered gravitational waves in 2015. He, along with Lisa Barsotti and Matt Evans from MIT, received the New Horizons in Physics Prize in 2019 for research on current and future earth-based gravitational wave detectors. His research focus is on the areas of precision measurement related to surpassing fundamental physical limits to discover new phenomena related to gravity, quantum mechanics, and the true nature of space and time. Adhikari is actively involved in the LIGO-India project, which aims to build a gravitational-wave observatory in India. He was elected as a Fellow of the American Physical Society and a member of Optica (formerly known as Optical Society of America). Since 2019 he has been a member of the Infosys Prize jury for physical sciences.	1.929688
71382655	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana%20X.%20Adhikari	Rana X. Adhikari	Personal life Adhikari was born in the U.S. state of Ohio to Indian Bengali immigrants from Raiganj, West Bengal, India. They moved to Cape Canaveral, Florida when he was seven. He studied physics at the University of Florida, where he worked with David Reitze, and graduated in 1998 with a bachelor's degree. In 2004, he received a PhD in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under the supervision of experimental physicist Rainer Weiss, and joined Caltech's Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) project as a postdoctoral researcher. Adhikari was promoted as an assistant professor in 2006 and become a tenured professor of physics in 2012. He has also been an adjunct professor at the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (ICTS-TIFR) in Bengaluru, India, since 2012. Research Adhikari has been involved in the construction and design of gravitational-wave detectors since 1997. He started working on laser interferometers as a graduate student at MIT, with a particular focus on the variety of noise sources, feedback loops and subsystems, and helped to reduce the noise in all 3 of the LIGO interferometers while working on the Livingston interferometer. In 2005, he received the first LIGO thesis prize. The Adhikari Research Group, part of the Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy at Caltech, focuses on new detector technologies for fundamental physics experiments (gravitational waves, dark matter, and near field gravity). Adhikari is also affiliated with the Caltech Material Science Department and together they work on advancing mechanical oscillators, nonlinear optics, acoustic metamaterials, and high efficiency photodetection for quantum measurements.	2.09375
71382706	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabroniaceae	Fabroniaceae	Fabroniaceae is a family of mosses belonging to the order Hypnales. It has a worldwide distribution, in temperate and tropical regions. The Fabroniaceae were established by Schimper (in 1855) to accommodate three genera: Fabronia , Anacamptodon and Anisodon .(= Clasmatodon ). Only Fabronia is still considered a member of the family (Buck & Goffinet 2000; Goffinet & Buck 2004; Goffinet et al.2009). The Fabroniaceae are well represented in the tropics with few species occurring in the North Temperate Zone. Description They are tropical mosses that grow on tree trunks and have erect branches and exserted capsules with the operculum (a cap-like structure) beaked. The gametophyte, is pleurocarpous (side-fruited), forming patches, or growing through other Bryophytes. It has primary stems that are procumbent (and homomallous or uniformly bending). The leaves of main stems and branches are similar in form. The leaves are nerveless, or single-nerved. The leaf blade margins are flat; unistratose (single layer of cells) and finely crenulate or entire. The walls of basal leaf cells are thick and straight. They are dioecious. Taxonomy The following genera are recognised in the family Fabroniaceae. Figures in brackets represent the number of species per genus: Dimerodontium Mitt. (3) Fabronia Raddi (62) Ischyrodon Müll.Hal. (1) Levierella Müll.Hal. (2) In a 2012 phylogenetic study, Câmara and Buck stated that the genus Levierella should be nested within the family Entodontaceae, with Dimerodontium among taxa traditionally associated with the family Leskeaceae.	2.59375
71382711	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muchongoyo%20dance	Muchongoyo dance	Muchongoyo is a presentational dance and drumming style that emphasizes acrobatic and stomping sequences to dazzle spectators during gatherings or competitions with a complementary rythme of sharp claps. In Zimbabwe, it is the most well-liked Ndau dance. In Zimbabwe's Chipinge, Chimanimani, Chiredzi, and Buhera districts, muchongoyo is a traditional dance that is performed for celebratory purposes or events of cultural significance such as burials of chief and royals. It particularly identifies with the Ndau people, though less strongly identifies with the Tsonga (Shangani) people. Muchongolo is the name of it in Tsonga. Etymology The word Muchongoyo comes from the Ndau word kuchongoya, which means to stamp one's foot. History The purpose of the violent foot stomping in muchongoyo is historically to chastise warriors before battle and to celebrate success afterward. The dance is now practiced to provide entertainment at occasions like traditional weddings, chief installation ceremonies, harvest festivals, keeping fit while dating, or in honor of a deceased dancer. Muchongoyo does not lean toward any particular faith, in contrast to other dances. Description Males and females both perform it. While the females sing words to inspire the dancers, the men do the choreography. There is a cow horn formation in the dance. There are often eight males and eight females in it. Six male dancers make up the front row, two men play the drums in the middle, and women make up the rear row.	2.5
71382823	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocoprinus%20muticolor	Leucocoprinus muticolor	Leucocoprinus muticolor is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Taxonomy It was first described in 1914 by the American mycologist William Murrill who classified it as Lepiota muticolor. In 1992 it was reclassified as Leucocoprinus muticolor by the mycologist John Errol Chandos Aberdeen based on observations in Australia which were compared to specimens described by the British mycologist Richard William George Dennis in 1953. The name Agaricus (Lepiota) muticolor was also used by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Christopher Edmund Broome in 1871 for an unrelated species. Description Leucocoprinus muticolor is a small dapperling mushroom. Murrill described the specimens from Alabama, USA as follows. Cap: 2.5-4cm wide with a white, campanulate (bell shaped) expanding cap which has a distinct dark brown umbo. It is covered in small brown fibrillose scales, the cap edges have slight striations and the white surface discolours to a rosy whitish when dry. Gills: Free, crowded, swollen in the middle (ventricose) and white discolouring to orange or browny yellow when dry. Stem: 3-5cm long and around 3mm thick with a slightly bulbous base. It is tough, smooth and white but discolors to a reddish-umber colour when dry. The stem ring is located in the middle of the stem (median) and is fixed in place, it is white with brown edges but may sometimes disappears. Spores: Ellipsoid. 8-9 x 6-7 μm. Aberdeen's description of the specimens from Queensland, Australia differs in some regards.	2.34375
72887128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iga%E2%80%93K%C5%8Dka%20alliance	Iga–Kōka alliance	Background In Japan in the 15th through 16th century, Iga Province contained some 300-500 small estates and 700 castles and nearby Kōka, in southern Ōmi Province, had some 53 clans. In the opening of the 15th century, both regions were in anarchy, the numerous estates and families constantly engaged in low-level, small-scale feuds and squabbles with each other both within and between each region. In Iga, fighting had been constant from at least the late 13th century. Bandits also frequently raided the local monasteries. In addition to the banditry, constant external threats posed by incessant warfare that broke out in the region in the 14th century necessitated that the local jizamurai (military officials of peasant class tasked with military administration) ally together and develop specialized combat, espionage, and guerilla warfare skills in order to restore peace and order to the province. By 1477, Iga Province was known for rejecting the authority of the military governors – shugo – appointed by the shogun, and by around 1500 they had formed an ikki – a "league". Kōka also formed a similar league. The armies formed by Iga and Kōka, in the late 1580s and early 1600s, retrospectively became known by the term shinobi, specifically shinobi-mono, and still later known as ninjas. In Iga, instead of a local daimyo (a warlord from the military aristocracy) replacing the shugo, leadership remained divided among the jizamurai. Iga ikki essentially functioned as a province-wide sō. Sō were individual villages banded together for mutual aid and military defense, similar to a European medieval commune. Typically, including in Iga, the leadership of sō consisted of kokujin (an alternate term for the jizamurai) and the dogō (villagers) and lesser farmers.	2.71875
72887214	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Chester%20B-25%20crash	West Chester B-25 crash	On May 7, 1944, a United States Army Air Force B-25 bomber crashed and exploded around one mile north of West Chester, Pennsylvania, killing all seven military passengers and crew members on board. Caught in stormy weather, the plane nose-dived into the woods at Oaklands Cemetery and burst into flames. Crash Assigned to Squadron 908BU of the U.S. Army Air Force, a B-25C bomber (tail number 42-64760) departed Newark, New Jersey, at 4:04 p.m. local time on a routine training flight to an Army airbase in Kissimmee, Florida. The four crew members were accompanied by three passengers, all airmen hitching rides to their home bases. The two officers and five enlisted men on board were members of the U.S. Army Air Force. Circa 4:40 p.m. local time, the B-25 was overflying West Chester, Pennsylvania, when it encountered a squall, with rain, hail, and heavy cloud cover reported. Residents reported that the plane "seemed to stop in midflight," began spiraling downward, and nose-dived into the ground, where it exploded into flames, producing an impact crater seven to ten feet deep. One eyewitness reported that one of the plane's two engines caught fire prior to impact. Part of the fuselage was found 500 yards from the crash, and numerous small brush fires sprang up because of burning fuel that the impact scattered over a wide area. Investigators attributed the crash to engine failure caused by stormy weather. The crash occurred circa 4:45 p.m. in the woods at the Oaklands Cemetery, around one and a half miles north of West Chester, Pennsylvania.	2.078125
72887250	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20T.%20Huddleston	Eric T. Huddleston	Prior to his arrival, the buildings of the university had been designed by private architects, especially the politically well-connected architect James E. Randlett. As supervising architect Huddleston was responsible for all architectural work on the campus. His first new building on the campus was a dining hall called the Commons, begun in 1918, which after his retirement he claimed as his favorite work. In 1919 he prepared a campus plan which guided campus development for the next thirty years. Huddleston's last works on the university campus were completed in 1946. Thereafter the university hired private architects to design its building, with Huddleston in an advisory role. He retired as supervising architect in 1949. As supervising architect, Huddleston was a vocal proponent of traditional architectural styles, especially the Colonial Revival style. Private practice In 1935, during the Great Depression, Huddleston realized his earlier plans to practice privately. In partnership with Irving W. Hersey, his former student, he established the firm of Huddleston & Hersey in Durham. They were responsible for a number of New Deal-funded projects, including the Rollinsford Grade School in New Hampshire and the Berwick Town Hall in Maine. During the 1930s, Huddleston & Hersey was the largest architecture firm in the state. Hersey left in 1942 to serve in World War II, and Huddleston temporarily retired from private practice in 1945. In 1948 he rejoined Hersey in his new firm, Irving W. Hersey Associates, as consulting architect. He remained with Hersey until his retirement in 1966. Honors and legacy Huddleston joined the American Institute of Architects in 1929, and was first president of the New Hampshire chapter when it was formed in 1948. In 1953 he was elected a Fellow, the first New Hampshire architect to receive the honor. In 1963 his first university building, the Commons, was rededicated in his honor as Huddleston Hall.	2.203125
72887266	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain%20Miracle	Captain Miracle	Captain Miracle is a fictional British Silver Age comic book superhero. The character was originally created by Mick Anglo for his own Anglo Features imprint, using material planned for Marvelman - itself a reworking of Fawcett Publications' Captain Marvel. The character first appeared in Captain Miracle #1, published in October 1960. Publication history The character was devised to make use of extant material after publishers L. Miller & Son decided to switch their Marvelman and Young Marvelman comics to reprint status in 1960. As a result Anglo set up his own Anglo Features label to make further use of completed material produced by Gower Studios. The name Captain Miracle had previously been considered for Marvelman during that character's creation in 1954. The character was redesigned with short sleeves, gloves and bare legs, and the "MM" logo was replaced by a simple arrow. The 28-page monthly comic also included other strips either from Gower Studios' inventory or imported from American publishers, such as Western-themed strips based on Belle Starr and Daniel Boone. Neither Anglo Features nor Captain Miracle were a success, and the title ended after 9 monthly issues in June 1961 when Anglo folded the imprint and instead returned Gower Studios to work for hire with Thorpe & Porter. Anglo would revisit the template again while devising Super Hombre for Spanish publisher Editorial Ferma, which was subsequently imported and published by Thorpe & Porter as Miracle Man.	2.078125
72887299	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishcycling	Wishcycling	Wishcycling is the disposal of consumer waste in a recycling bin in hopes of it being recycled, when it cannot or is unlikely to be recycled. Wishcycling occurs because people are unfamiliar with what can be recycled or they believe the item they dispose of for recycling can be made into a useful item. Recycling programs differ by jurisdiction and accept different types of items, which can lead to confusion as to what types of items are accepted. Wishcycling is a well-intentioned but misguided activity that can significantly disrupt the recycling process. Non-recyclable items introduced into the recycling stream can contaminate the otherwise recyclable materials. This contamination not only hinders the processing of genuine recyclables but in some cases, may lead to entire batches being deemed unrecyclable and subsequently sent to landfills. Nearly one-fifth of all recyclables are contaminated by wishcycling. This deterioration in the quality of recyclables undermines the efficiency and effectiveness of recycling efforts. The presence of non-recyclable items in the recycling stream imposes additional burdens on recycling facilities. Workers must expend extra time and effort to sort these items out, adding complexity to the recycling process. This added workload leads to increased operational costs, affecting the overall economic viability of recycling programs. Certain non-recyclable materials, such as plastic bags, hoses, or other items not designed for the recycling process, can cause damage to recycling machinery. This damage can result in costly repairs and downtime for recycling facilities, further exacerbating the challenges faced in the recycling process. Commonly wishcycled objects include plastic bags, bubble wrap, Christmas trees, wrapping paper, gift bags, pizza boxes, clementine boxes, clothing, bedsheets, ink cartridges, soiled paper products, and styrofoam.	2.8125
72887368	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab%20leech	Crab leech	Myzobdella lugubris, the crab leech, is a species of jawless leech widespread in North America, especially in central and Eastern Canada. It is an ectoparasite of fish and crustaceans, and is responsible for several dangerous conditions in fish, including lesions infected by bacteria and fungi and possibly viral hemorrhagic septicemia. It lays its egg capsules on crabs and possible other arthropods, which then disperse the eggs. Myzobdella lugubris is the type species for the genus Myzobdella, described by Joseph Leidy in 1851. Hosts & lifecycle Myzobdella lugubris lives in brackish and fresh water and cannot tolerate high salinity waters- in this case, above 26 PSU- for very long. However, the species tolerates a wide range of temperatures, from , at minimum. Unusually among oligochaetes, each egg cocoon contains only one embryo. Relationship with aquatic arthropods The relationship between Myzobdella lugubris and aquatic arthropods is not fully understood. They are known to be commensal with crustaceans, and may also parasatize various aquatic arthropods, but there has been no conclusive record of M. lugubris actually feeding on an arthropod. It has been suggested that, in the absence of relevant crustacea, M. lugubris lays its cocoons on rocks and stones, but, once again, this has not been conclusively proven. What is known for certain is that crustaceans act as vehicles for cocoon deposition and dispersion. The leeches lay their egg cocoons on the carapace of the crustaceans, sometimes in great numbers: one study found an average of 118 cocoons on 18 crabs. Another related species, Myzobdella platensis, may be a true parasite of the blue crab. Other animals affected by M. lugubris include shrimp, oysters, crayfish and prawns.	2.796875
72887735	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano%20Maria%20Travasa	Gaetano Maria Travasa	Gaetano Maria Travasa (31 may 169816 january 1774) was an Italian Theatine priest, ecclesiastical historian and scholar, best known for his five-volume history of early Christian heresiarchs, Storia critica delle vite degli eresiarchi del primo secolo della Chiesa. Biography Gaetano Maria Travasa was born in Bassano on 31 may 1698. After studying theology at the Theatine college of Venice, he was ordained at the age of seventeen. He built up an extensive library, and displayed a deep interest in the history of the early Church, biblical studies and hymnology. Having conceived the plan of a great work on early Christian heresiarchs, in 1746 he published the Life of Arius. It took him no less than ten years to deliver to the public the five volumes of his Lives of the heresiarchs of the first three centuries of the Christian era. The Life of Mani, which completed the last volume, is preceded by four dissertations: the first on the Adamites and on the Histoire Critique de Manichée et du Manichéisme by Isaac de Beausobre; the second on the historical value of the Acts of the disputation of Archelaus with Mani written by Hegemonius in the middle of the fourth century, and the last two on Scythianus and Terebinthus, the two predecessors of Mani. Travasa died in Venice on January 16, 1774. Works Among his published works are: In his discussions of first century heresiarchs, Travasa talks of Simon Magus; Menander; Cerinthus; and Ebion the putative founder of Ebionites. In the first part of the second volume of his history, Travasa talks of Saturninus of Antioch; Basilides; Carpocrates; and Prodicus. In the second part of the second volume of his history, Travasa talks of Valentinus; Cerdo; Marcion of Sinope; and Apelles. In the third part of the second volume of his history, Travasa talks of Tatian; Montanus; Bardaisan; and Hermogenes. In the third volume of his history, Travasa talks of Noetus; Sabellius; Paul of Samosata; and Mani.	1.921875
72887818	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20Zoo	The Secret Zoo	The Secret Zoo is a series of children's novels by American author Bryan Chick. Background When he was nine years old, Bryan Chick went to the zoo in Detroit and wondered what would happen if the exhibits had secret doors that allowed children to go inside and the animals to come outside, and thus, The Secret Zoo was created. Chick began work on the first novel in the series in 2007 and it was published in June 2010. A box set of the series was released in August 2014. Premise Set in the fictional town of Clarksville, United States, the Clarksville Zoo is not all it seems. Four kids: Noah Nowicki, his sister Megan, and their friends Richie and Ella live across the street from the zoo. One night they notice strange things going on at the zoo from their treehouse and decide to explore it. Here they find that there is a magical secret society that they become a part of where humans and animals can live together equally. Chronology Reception The series has received positive reviews. A reviewer from TheReadingTub praised book 1 of the series, calling it "a nice choice for reading aloud with a younger crowd". Publishers Weekly called it "an action-packed and breathless story about teamwork. (The) story should appeal both to animal-lovers and a broader audience". Kirkus, in a review of Secrets and Shadows, said that "while the tension between the preteen protagonists and the teens is both tangible and interesting, this installment feels more like novel-length worldbuilding than a story in itself."	2.328125
72888594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateusz%20Cyganski	Mateusz Cyganski	Mateusz Cygański (c. 1535 – c. 1611) was a naturalist who wrote a book on bird hunting, Myślistwo ptasze, in Polish in 1584 at Krakow, revealing the nature of the land, the status of birds and the methods used in bird hunting in the period. It is among the earliest printed book in Poland and the earliest known Polish work on falconry. The name Cyganski is believed to be derived from the name of a village named Cygany in Mazovia although the exact location is unknown. More than forty villages with similar names exist. It is also possible that his surname was derived from German von Zigahnen. He was from a noble family bearing the Prus I coat of arms and probably moved from to Poland and was a friend of Stephen Báthory, to whom his book was dedicated. His book on bird hunting published in 1585 and included 150 species with 79 woodcuts of birds. Some of the woodcuts are thought to have been drawn from mounted specimens, indicating the taxidermy techniques of the period. About 130 have been identifiable to species as defined in modern scientific literature. Cyganski used the term "bird peoples" to refer to species and some of the descriptions are in the form of verse. It is thought that he may have been illiterate and that the book was written by dictation to a scribe. He described falconry techniques, noting the use of the great grey shrike (Lanius excubitor) for hunting. He indicated in the book that swallows migrated and noted that cuckoos laid eggs in the nests of other birds that raised the young. The book was published by Jakub Siebeneycher and copies were reprinted in 1840 by Kazimierz Stronczyński, in 1842 by Antoni Waga and in 1914 by Józef Rostafiński.	2.46875
72888765	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbodes%20zakariaismaili	Barbodes zakariaismaili	Barbodes zakariaismaili, or Zakaria's barb, is a newly described species of cyprinid fish as of 2021. The species is native to Malaysia, where it is found in foothills and lowland streams with clear water in the southern Malay Peninsula. The species has very little to no significant commercial value. Previously thought to be a variant of Barbodes banksi, it and Barbodes sellifer were removed from B. banksi due to its unique color pattern in adulthood and morphological differences. Etymology This species is named in honour of Mohd. Zakaria-Ismail, an expert in Malaysia's fish fauna. Description Similar to Barbodes binotatus, the overall body coloration is dark yellowish brown, while the back of the fish is darker, and its underside is pale with a yellowish hue. The feature that distinguishes the species is the triangular black mark below the dorsal fin that stretches to the lateral line, this trait is similar to B. sellifer, but the mark is less broad and less rectangular then B. sellifer, the adults of B. zakariaismaili also sport an additional faint blackish lateral mark running along the lateral line from the gill opening to below the dorsal-fin, a black spot at the base of the caudal fin, an extended and pointed snout, and smaller eyes then B. sellifer. Distribution The species has a very small distribution, possibly only present in state of Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia as no other confirm catch records outside of its range have been made as of yet. Habitat It prefers slow-moving clearwater forest streams or pools.	2.109375
72889003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia%20sororum	Magnolia sororum	Magnolia sororum is a species of flowering plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is commonly known as vaco. It is native to the mountain forests of Costa Rica and western Panama, and may range into Nicaragua. Description Magnolia sororum is a large tree, growing up to 40 meters tall. Range and habitat Magnolia sororum is native to the mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama, including the Cordillera Central and Cordillera de Talamanca. The species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 20,000 km2. A population was reported in Bosawas Biosphere Reserve in northern Nicaragua. If confirmed, this population would extend the species' EOO to around 60,000 km2. It is found in mature humid upper montane forests from 2,300 to 3,200 meters elevation. In Panama its range extends into lower montane forests. Subspecies There are two accepted subspecies: Magnolia sororum subsp. lutea Vazquez – Costa Rica Magnolia sororum subsp. sororum – Honduras, Southeastern Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama Uses Its wood is used for fuelwood, charcoal, timber, and handicrafts.	2.234375
72889291	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarete%20Tietz	Margarete Tietz	Tietz and her husband supported numerous social projects in Cologne. She served as chair of the Sisters' Association of the Jewish Asylum, to which she had belonged since 1911, and also as chair of the Association for Mothers' and Children's Rights and Cologne Association for Women's Studies. She and her mother-in-law, Flora Tietz, were members of the Cologne Women's Club. She also founded the summer camp for working women and was a co-founder of the Cologne Family Service. She headed the Jewish Women's League in Cologne (Jüdischen Frauenbund), the Sisterhood of the Rhineland and Moriahloge, and the Jewish People's Kitchen, which she helped to found in 1919. In 1925, Margarete Tietz was one of ten women named as delegates to the first Federation Day of the Prussian Regional Association of Jewish Communities (PLV). During the Great Depression in the early 1930s, she and family members organized canteens to feed 800 starving people per day. For a time, Margarete Tietz was a member of the social committee of the Prussian State Association of Jewish Communities. In 1929, she was one of the co-founders of GEDOK in Cologne. She also subsequently supported numerous young female artists. Nazi persecution When the Nazis came to power in 1933, members of the Tietz family were persecuted because of their Jewish heritage. Jewish stores and department stores were boycotted, loans were cancelled by the banks and the owners were put under massive pressure to hand over the management to "Aryan hands".	2.609375
72890288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahelia	Tetrahelia	Tetrahelia () is a genus of four-ciliated protists belonging to the Endohelea, a group of heterotrophic eukaryotes previously considered heliozoa. It is the only genus in the family Tetraheliidae and order Axomonadida. It is a monotypic genus, containing the sole species Tetrahelia pterbica, previously classified as Tetradimorpha. Description Tetrahelia are unicellular ciliates with four standard-length centrioles that are shorter than in Heliomorpha and Tetradimorpha, and axopodia generated by a globular centrosome with a distinct granular shell and a microfibrillar core. The centrioles are arranged in two pairs: each pair has two parallel centrioles, and the pairs are positioned at 30° of rotation between each other. They are linked at the base by an amorphous material that connects them to the centrosome. There are lateral dictyosomes on either side of the cell nucleus. The axopodia have several irregularly arranged microtubules and irregularly flattened extrusomes, instead of the kinetocysts seen in Heliomorpha and Tetradimorpha radiata. The cell size is larger than 60 μm, and the centrosome itself measures between 18 and 20 μm. There is a thick pseudopellicle layer beneath the cell membrane. The life cycle of Tetrahelia contains a lazily swimming, purely flagellate stage with fully retracted axopodia.	2.8125
72890372	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuragaon-Kaupati%20Bridge	Bhuragaon-Kaupati Bridge	In addition to its practical benefits, the new bridge will significantly impact the social and cultural fabric of the region. It will bring the people of Morigaon district and Darrang district closer together, fostering cultural exchanges and enabling more frequent visits between the two districts. The bridge will also improve access to essential services such as healthcare and education, allowing both the district to share their resources more effectively. Importance The new bridge will boost trade by making it easier for farmers in Morigaon, Darrang and nearby places to reach markets. It will also help small businesses grow by improving access to resources and customers. It will also enhance education and healthcare by making these services more accessible. Additionally, it will protect people from the severe floods along the Brahmaputra River each year. This development will also boost tourism and defense in both the northeastern states of India and Bhutan. It is also important for India's defense against China. Because of its strategic location, it will be built to support the movement of tanks and aircraft.	2.234375
72891431	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir%20Mehdi%20Khazani	Mir Mehdi Khazani	Mir Mehdi Khazani (c. 1819—1894) was an Azerbaijani historian, poet and teacher. Biography Mir Mehdi was born in about 1819 in the village of Məmər of the Bargyushad mahal (district) of the Karabakh Khanate in the family of Mir Hashim Bey. He received his primary education in a madrasa. In his research, N. Guliyev, who studied the life and work of Mir Mehdi Khazani, reports that he moved to the village of Shykhymly in Karabakh in 1830, to Ganja in 1838, was engaged in teaching there, returned to Shykhymly again at the invitation of Molla Refi bey, and finally at the invitation of his son-in-law he moved to the village of Tugh in Dizak (Karabakh) in 1859. Here he continued his teaching activities. Mir Mehdi Khazani in love with his language, wrote a work for children in the Azerbaijani language, which tells about the dogmas of Islam. This work was published in 1884. His main work as a historian is the work “Kitabi-tarihi-Garabag” (The Book of the History of Karabakh) written after 1870. Mir Mehdi also became famous as a poet. He wrote poetry under the pseudonym Khazani. He died in the village of Tugh in 1894 leaving one son named Hamza. Bibliography In 1989, his works were published in book form. A few years ago, the manuscript of Mir Mehdi Khazani's collection of poems entitled "Collection of Imagination" was received at the Institute of Manuscripts named after M. Fizuli of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences.	2.109375
72891592	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20van%20Doesborch	Jan van Doesborch	Jan van Doesborch (c. 1470/80 – Utrecht, 1536), also known as Jan van Doesborgh, John of Doesborch or John of Doesborowe, was a Dutch author, bookseller, printer, engraver, publisher and translator. During the course of his career as a printer and bookseller during the period roughly between 1502 and 1532, he published at least sixty books in various genres, including works of prose fiction, jest books, medieval legend, practical handbooks, and colonial travelogues. These books were mainly printed in either Dutch or English. Jan van Doesborch's life is poorly documented. No archives have been preserved from the fifteenth century, with the result that we do not know when or where he was born, from what class or milieu he came, what his marital status was, or what education he received. Presumably he learned the printing profession from the Antwerp printer Roland vanden Dorpe, whose company and inventory he took over from his widow around 1501 or 1502 after his death. Traditionally, his year of birth is estimated circa 1470, but around 1480 is equally possible. In any case, he mastered English and French well enough to be able to translate into and out of those languages. He likely had some knowledge of Latin and possibly Greek. The first recorded appearance of his name is in 1508, in the archive of the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke, in which he was registered as an illuminator and engraver.	2.203125
72892034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Draga	La Draga	Ceramic assemblages have a predominance of large and medium thicknesses, which should correspond to vessels used for the storage, cooking and consumption of different foodstuffs. The pottery have a limited variety of shapes, with rounded profiles and hemispherical, subspherical with or without a neck, and cylindrical bases. The manufacturing process is coiling. After firing, the pottery is finished by smoothing and polishing and decorated with impressions and incisions on part of its surface. The proportion of decorated vessels should be very high, close to 70-80%, in the oldest level of the site (Cardial chronology) while somewhat lower in the most recent level. Lithic tools Many of the lithic tools used were made of various types of rock. Some knapped tools were made of opaque and darked-colour siliceous rocks, coming respectively from the mountain of Montjuic in Barcelona (115 km south) and from the Sigean Narbonne basin situated in France (110 km north). Flints were almost exclusively used in different tools such as sickle blades, drills, arrowheads and as utensils to scrape materials such as wood, bone, horn and skin. Rocks of local origin, such as vein and hyaline quartz, were used in smaller quantities. Polished stone blades were made of metamorphic rocks (schist and hornfels) being the active parts of the axes, from which several handles have been recovered. These utensils are generally related to woodworking and have an asymmetric active edge that allows them to be held in a way that the active part is perpendicular to the handle. Moreover, macrolithic tools were made of granular rocks such as basalt and granite, and used for the processing of some vegetables, such as grinding cereals. Other finer-grained rocks such as stoneware clay and sandstones could be used to grind, polish and sharpen various materials such as bones and wood. Organisation of the site Architecture	2.75
72892278	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto%20Martelli	Fausto Martelli	Fausto Martelli (born March 27, 1982) is an Italian physicist based in the United Kingdom. He is a senior research scientist at IBM Research Europe since 2018 and Honorary Lecturer at the University of Manchester since 2022. He previously held a position of faculty associate researcher at the Department of Chemistry, Princeton University. His background is in the physics and chemistry of disordered materials with a focus on the properties of soft matter. Born on March 27, 1982, in Bergamo, Italy, he obtained his undergraduate degree from the University of Milan. Early life and education Martelli was born in Bergamo in 1982. He graduated from the University of Milan in 2005 and obtained his PhD from the same institution in 2010 on a joint project with the Ecole normale superieure of Paris. Martelli spent two years as a researcher at the University of Evry and five years at Princeton University. In 2018 he was appointed at IBM Research. He was elected Benjamin Meaker Visiting Professor at the University of Bristol in 2019, where he gave a public talk on the anomalous behaviours of water, and Honorary Lecturer from the University of Manchester in 2022. Honors and awards Martelli is fellow of the Institute of Physics and fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Martelli is an IBM Senior Inventor, a title awarded by IBM in recognition of proficiency in the patent process, mentoring other IBMers in the patent process, adding value to IBM's portfolio and innovation leadership and service. Martelli was Benjamin Meaker Visiting Professor at the University of Bristol and is Honorary Lecturer at the University of Manchester. Work Martelli's work span from supercooled liquids and glasses to biological physics. His work include:	2.046875
72892612	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud%20Brigham	Bud Brigham	Ben M. "Bud" Brigham (born 1959) is an American oil and gas explorer, entrepreneur, and investor. Early life Brigham was raised in Midland, Texas, a center for the petroleum and natural gas industries. His father passed away at a young age, leaving his mother to raise their six children. She worked for oil companies and first introduced Brigham to Ayn Rand’s books, which strongly influenced his philosophy. After high school, Brigham joined the University of Texas at Austin, where in 1983 he graduated with a B.S. in Geophysics. His first job was in Houston, working as a geophysicist processing seismic data for Western Geophysical, a 3-D seismic services firm. Then he became an exploration geophysicist and spent six years working for Rosewood Resources, an independent oil and gas exploration company. Oil & Gas Companies In 1990, with an initial investment of $25,000, Brigham founded Brigham Exploration Company, which pioneered 3D seismic survey techniques for oil and gas exploration, and was its President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chairman. The company grew quickly and issued an initial public offering (IPO) in 1997. In that year, Brigham Exploration moved from Dallas to Austin.	2.046875
72892655	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunhild%20Tegen	Gunhild Tegen	Gunhild Maria Elisabet Tegen née Nordling, pen name Tilja, (1889–1970) was a Swedish writer, translator and peace activist. In addition to short stories and autobiographical works, in 1935 she wrote a film script titled En judisk tragedi (A Jewish Tragedy) based on the problems facing the Jews in Europe. From the beginning of World War II, Tegen was active in supporting refugees and contributing to the peace movement. In 1945, as editor of De dödsdömda vittna (Testimonial of the Condemned), she sought to present accounts collected from Jewish refugees, in particular from those detained in concentration camps. Early life and family Born on 15 August 1889 in the village of Njurunda near Sundsvall on the west coast of Sweden, Gunhild Maria Elisabet Nordling was the daughter of Johan Petter Nordling (1854–1912), a sea captain, and his wife Maria Erika née Dahlén (1857–1931). The eldest of the family's five children, she referred to herself as Alfa or Ettan (Number One). Brought up on the nearby island of Alnön, she matriculated from high school in 1909, earned an elementary school teaching diploma in 1910 and went on to study at Uppsala University (1911–1912). In 1915, she married the philosophy professor Einar Tegen (1884–1965) with whom she had two children: Inga (1916) and Martin (1919). Career Tegen was employed first as a teacher at Sundsvall girls' school (1913–1914). After her marriage, in the 1920s she worked as a columnist for various newspapers, also contributing short stories. In 1929, drawing on her life in Uppsala, she published her first book Eros i Uppsala under the pen name Tor Tilja. To contribute to the family income, she also worked as a translator. Following Einar Tegen's academic appointments, the family moved to Lund in 1931 and Stockholm in 1937.	2.515625
72892816	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl%20xanthic%20acid	Ethyl xanthic acid	Ethyl xanthic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It can be viewed as an O-ethyl ester of dithiocarbonic O,S-acid (the formula of that acid is ). Ethyl xanthic acid belongs to the category of thioacids, where the prefix thio- means that an oxygen atom in the compound is replaced by a sulfur atom. Preparation Ethyl xanthic acid is obtained by the action of dilute sulfuric acid on potassium ethyl xanthate at 0 °C. Ethyl xanthic acid is a colorless, labile oil. In aqueous solution, it decomposes rapidly by a unimolecular pathway to give carbon disulfide and ethanol. Esters of ethyl xanthic acid The methyl and ethyl esters of ethyl xanthic acid are colorless, oily liquids with a penetrating odor. Reactions Ethyl xanthic acid reacts with water or moisture producing carbon disulfide. Safety In an experiment with white rats, chronically exposed rats by inhalation of ethyl xanthic acid revealed higher frequency of chromosomal rearrangements in lymphocytes of peripheral blood than the control rats.	2.375
72893422	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendricks%20Chapel	Hendricks Chapel	Hendricks Chapel is a multi-faith religious, spiritual and cultural chapel located on the campus of Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York. It is located on the Shaw Quadrangle, and serves as the spiritual center of Syracuse University by hosting over ten chaplaincies. The Chapel was funded by a bequest from Francis Hendricks, a former Syracuse mayor, long-time trustee of the university, and the chapel's namesake, in honor of his wife, Eliza Jane Hendricks. The Octagonal, domed brick chapel is built in Georgian Colonial style and is characterized by classical portico supported by columns. Hendricks Chapel was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Comstock Tract buildings in 1980. The Chapel continues to be a notable center of spiritual and cultural diversity and serves as a place where people can gather for religious, social, cultural, and intellectual purposes, while maintaining its ambiance of sanctuary and its lack of specific religious symbols. History The chapel was built with funds donated by New York State Senator Francis Hendricks, who was mayor of Syracuse from 1880 to 1881 and state senator. He was a Syracuse University trustee from 1895 until his death in 1920, and Forestry College trustee from 1913 to 1920. Senator Hendricks, towards the end of his life, used to spend summers near Williamstown, Massachusetts, where he and his niece, Kathryn Hendricks, would often visit the chapel at Williams College. During one of these quiet visits, he decided to provide a chapel at Syracuse University, which he envisioned to be the heart of the campus. He gave the university $500,000 – an amount equivalent to about $8.1 million in 2023 – just before his death in June 1920 at age 85.	2.015625
72894594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JJ%20Kaplan	JJ Kaplan	JJ Kaplan (born May 28, 1997; ג'יי ג'יי קפלן) is an American-Israeli basketball player who plays guard for Ironi Kiryat Ata in the Israeli Basketball Premier League. He played college basketball for the Chargers at the University of Alabama in Huntsville Early life and high school Kaplan was born and grew up in Huntsville, Alabama, is Jewish, and had a bar mitzvah and keeps kosher. He is 6'5" (196 cm) tall, and weighs 210 pounds (95 kg). He attended Virgil I. Grissom High School ('16) in Huntsville, Alabama. Playing basketball for the Tigers in his junior season, Kaplan was named to the all-area team and the all-area tournament team. In his senior season, he averaged 16 points, 12 rebounds, and three assists per game, was named to the all-area and all-state teams, and was named to the all-area tournament team. As a teenager, he also played in Maccabi Games in Germany with Team USA. College Kaplan attended and played basketball for the Chargers at the University of Alabama in Huntsville ('21), as he double-majored in Economics and Finance. In 2017–18, he averaged 3.2 points and 2.6 rebounds per game. In 2018–19, Kaplan averaged 13.7 points and 8.6 rebounds (2nd in the Gulf South Conference (GSC)) per game, and was 2nd in the conference in field goal percentage (52.8%), and was 21st in the nation with 281 rebounds. He was named Jewish Sports Review All-American, Second Team All-Gulf South Conference, Gulf South All-Tournament Team, College Sports Information Directors of America (CoSIDA) Academic All-District, GSC All-Academic Team, and GSC Academic Honor Roll. In 2019–20, he averaged 11.6 points and 9.1 rebounds (2nd in the GSC) per game, and led the GSC and was 21st in the nation in total rebounds (282). Kaplan was named Jewish Sports Review All-American, Second Team All-Gulf South Conference, GSC Tournament Most Outstanding Player, GSC All-Tournament Team, CoSIDA Academic All-District, and GSC Academic Honor Roll.	1.9375
72894596	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophic%20and%20mantic	Sophic and mantic	Other uses Matthew Hilton and Neil Flingers make sophic and mantic the center of their 1990 essay entitled "The Impact of Shifting Cultural Assumptions on the Military Policies Directing Armed Conflict Reported in the Book of Alma". They define it as a synonym for the vertical/horizontal distinction in Judaism and the supernatural/natural distinction in modern-day. Later they define the vertical position as "driven by revelation from God" and the horizontal as simply its opposite. A reviewer complained that the authors assumed readers would understand the sophic/mantic distinction without explaining it. In a 2004 ongoing interchange between him and Dan Vogel about the Book of Mormon, independent amateur scholar Kevin Christensen criticized Vogel for equating the supernatural with pseudo-science and pseudo-history. In the section entitled "Science and Religion, Sophic and Mantic," Christensen quotes Nibley's observation that "those whom the Sophic claims for its greatest representatives lean strongly towards the Mantic, though the Sophic proposition condemns any such concessions." In other words, some of the world's greatest scientists and scholars have been highly interested in religion and divine influence. Christensen continues, arguing that there are "subjective" or supernatural aspects to science, but in a lesser degree than they are present in religion. In discussing Polish folk art in 1997, Doris R. Dant described the artists who pray for inspiration in their art as part of Nibley's "mantic" tradition. He compared the way that Polish folk artists seek inspiration for their art with the way that some LDS artists seek it. He defined the "mantic impulse" as a desire from an artist to use inspiration to achieve their artistic goals.	2.09375
72894757	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle%20Maine	Castle Maine	During the Desmond Rebellions, Castle Maine became one of the last remaining possessions of the Desmonds and was attacked by the English army of John Perrot in 1571. Perrot summoned the chieftains of Munster to meet him at the castle with their forces on 24 June 1571, in order to lay siege to the fortress. In a letter to Lord Burghley, Perrot emphasised the importance of the castle and the "necessity of winning it". Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond directed his cousin, James Fitzmaurice, to defend the castle. Despite use of cannon against the castle walls, Perrot was forced to abandon the siege at the end of July 1571 as he was running out of gunpowder. A year later, in June 1572, Perrot again laid siege to the castle assisted by Maurice Roche, 6th Viscount Fermoy and Donald McCarthy, 1st Earl of Clancare. Perrot's forces reputedly included Scottish gallowglass and native Irish components. The garrison of thirty men, defending Castle Maine, surrendered after a twelve-week siege had exhausted their provisions. From this point Castle Maine became an English Crown fortress. The castle was occupied by English soldiers with a standing garrison of twelve men and placed under the command of a Constable, the first of which was John Herbert. Perrot submitted a report to London in which he recommended that the castle should be re-edified and that the lands of the nearby Killagha Abbey be annexed to it. On the night of 24 December 1573, the castle gates were unlocked to a group of men loyal to Desmond, who seized the castle and ejected the English garrison. The following day, the Prior of Killagha Abbey came to the castle to give thanks for its return to Desmond control. An English Crown inquiry into the loss of Castle Maine was opened in 1574; in January 1574 Queen Elizabeth I wrote to Sir William FitzWilliam complaining of Desmond's "undutiful behaviour in taking Castle Maine". In September 1574, Desmond surrendered Castle Maine to the English as part of the settlement to end the rebellion.	2.640625
72895546	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour%20left	Labour left	The Labour leadership was hostile to the ILP's proposals as it was worried that the ILP wanted to implement them in a similar way advocated by Marxists. MacDonald publicly condemned the political beliefs surrounding the proposals, comparing them to "milestones around the parliamentary party's neck". Meanwhile, the ILP insisted on Socialism in Our Time'''s implementation by the Labour Party, with Maxton stating that this was the only way to preserve the labour movement of the United Kingdom. Differences between the ILP and the Labour leadership began to grow. Labour had been developing a new policy programme since 1927 with a draft of its new manifesto Labour and the Nation scheduled for debate at the 1928 Labour Party Conference, where the ILP and the wider Labour Party clashed. While the Labour leadership remained committed to a gradualist and peaceful transition to socialism through parliamentary politics, and wanted a simple outline of the party's goals, the ILP wanted a short and specific policy programme that would result in the enactment of Socialism in Our Time and full socialism itself. Ultimately, the ILP lost several policy votes at the conference and Labour and the Nation became a simple outline of the party's goals. Subsequently, MacDonald was responsible for the party's platform for the 1929 United Kingdom general election, which made little reference to socialism and no reference to Socialism in Our Time.	2.015625
72896482	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena%201%20%28computer%29	Athena 1 (computer)	The Athena 1 was an early laptop computer released in 1983 by Athena Computer & Electronic Systems, an American computer company active from 1982 to 1987 and based in San Juan Capistrano, California. The Athena 1 was one of the first laptops to make use of solid-state technology as its primary storage medium. Specifications The Athena1 contains an internal RAM drive of between 128 KB and 1 MB, depending on the configuration ordered, made up of 16 KB dynamic RAM chips. The Athena 1 features dual NCS-800 microprocessors; the NCS-800 was a second-source CMOS variant of the Zilog Z80 processor manufactured by National Semiconductor designed for minimal power draw. As these chips were somewhat more expensive, Athena resorted to using RAM chips fabricated using the more power-hungry NMOS process. One of the NCS-800s handles input/output, while the other serves as the laptop's central processing unit. Besides the RAM drive, the Athena 1 also contains 512 KB of RAM, originally 64 KB. The unit contains spare room internally for expansion circuit boards that would have connected to the existing motherboard via an expansion bus socket. Mitchell had eyed a 16-bit processor upgrade as one such circuit board in the early days of the laptop's development.	2.40625
72896482	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena%201%20%28computer%29	Athena 1 (computer)	Mitchell designed the Athena 1 with no internal floppy drive, as was common for portables at the time, to keep the laptop relatively lightweight at . His company offered an external 5.25-inch floppy drive as an optional peripheral. Some of the laptop's weight comes from the internal lead–acid battery, which has a maximum rated capacity of two hours. The laptop measures and sports an off-white plastic outer shell. Mitchell commissioned the Key Tronic corporation of Spokane, Washington, to design and manufacture the laptop's grey and black keyboard. He meanwhile purchased the laptop's display panels from Epson, LCDs capable of displaying 80 columns and 4 fours. Athena was beaten to market by NEC Home Electronics' NEC PC-8201 which featured an 8-line LCD panel. Mitchell expressed wanting to upgrade the Athena 1's LCD panel to that of the PC-8201 before it released to market. The Athena 1 was ultimately released with the 4-line display in 1983, although Mitchell hinted at a retrofit upgrade kit featuring a 16-line LCD for release in November 1983. This never came to pass, however, and instead Mitchell promised an upgraded version of the Athena 1 with a 16-line display, as well as the kit, for 1984. The CP/M 2.2 operating system, a JRT Pascal interpreter, Chang Labs' Profit Plan spreadsheet application, and the MiniVEDIT text editor are all included on the laptop's internal 12 KB ROM chip. Mitchell eschewed from shipping the Athena 1 with the BASIC programming language, instead opting for JRT Pascal, as he felt the latter was so ubiquitous that most purchasers of his laptop would already have it. The Athena 1's BIOS supports connecting up to 15 other machines together using the laptop's built-in dual-RS-232 serial ports; the laptops also house one parallel printer port.	2.046875
72897462	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatum%20Betula	Fatum Betula	Fatum Betula is a 2020 video game by Texas-based independent developer Bryce Bucher. Described as an "atmospheric exploration game with light puzzle elements", the game is an open-ended adventure game inspired by the aesthetics of fifth generation video game consoles. The game was included in the 2020 horror game compilation Haunted PS1 Demo Disc by Irish developer Breogán Hackett. Following its release on Windows, Baltoro Games ported the game for release on the Nintendo Switch in 2021 and the Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S consoles in 2022. Gameplay Gameplay in Fatum Betula is an adventure game played in first-person perspective without a user interface, with limited controls used to talk to characters, collect and use items, and open doors. The player is required to explore to collect liquids to nourish a birch tree that will determine the fate of the world and trigger one of ten unique endings for the game. The game features an inventory to collect fluids and obtain items, which assist in completing tasks given by other creatures and spirits that inhabit the world to obtain fluids. Items include a fishing rod used to catch fish, a knife used to cut items, and a jar used to capture the essence of certain items. The game also features hidden endings and secret areas. Plot The game follows an unnamed protagonist who wakes up in a room known as The Plant Room. Progressing up a staircase leads the player character to the Fate Birch, and meets a monster provides the player with three test tubes and tells them that the world is in a state of limbo due to the water around the Fate Birch. The player is tasked to fill the three test tubes and alter the water below the Fate Birch by whatever means necessary. Development	2.203125
72897788	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidaji%20Kofun%20Cluster	Amidaji Kofun Cluster	The is a group of three late Yayoi period burial mounds located in the Shimofukuda neighborhood of the city of Kurayoshi, Tottori Prefecture in the San'in region of Japan. The tumulus group was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1981. Overview The Amidaji Kofun cluster is located on the side of a hill overlooking Kokubugawa River. The cluster consists of three -style tumuli. This is a variation of the -style square tumulus with polygonal-shaped protrusions on each of its four corners. This style is unique to the Kibi, San'in and San'yō regions of Japan. Tumulus No. 1 is about 17.8 meters long, including protrusions, Tumulus No. 2 is 8.8 meters long, and Tumulus No. 3 is 7.8 meters long. Parts of the slopes and protrusions were protected by river stones, similar to fukiishi. Archaeological excavations were conducted in 1979 and 1980. Yayoi pottery, both ceremonial and for everyday use, was found around the protruding portions, but the burial chambers were not excavated. Currently, the site is backfilled for preservation, and the excavated artifacts are stored in the Kurayoshi Museum. The site is located a ten-minute walk from "Kamifukuda" bus stop on the Hinomaru Bus from Kurayoshi Station on the JR West San'in Main Line.	2.375
72898026	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciodaphyllum%20pittieri	Sciodaphyllum pittieri	Sciodaphyllum pittieri is a species of flowering plant in genus Sciodaphyllum. It is native to the mountain forests of Costa Rica and western Panama. Description Sciodaphyllum pittieri is an evergreen tree, which grows up to 25 meters high, thickly branched, with a trunk up to 40 cm in diameter. The bark is thin, flat, and mottled. Its leaves are oblong, up to 45 cm long and 19 cm wide, with a pointed tip. They are glossy on the upper side, and densely rusty-hairy underneath. They grow clustered in spirals at the end of stalks up to 1 m long. The trees bloom from February to September. The inflorescences are dense drooping cylindrical clusters up to 50 cm long, composed of numerous minute white to pale green flowers. Fleshy fruits form from May to September. They are 1 cm long by 4mm wide, white turning red or purple, and each contains two seeds. Range and habitat Sciodaphyllum pittieri is native to the mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama, including the Cordillera Central and Cordillera de Talamanca. It is found in humid montane forests from 800 to 3,200 meters elevation, where it is frequently found in clearings and secondary growth. It is a common canopy tree in upper montane forests dominated by the oak Quercus costaricensis.	2.65625
72898288	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation%20in%20Canada	Repatriation in Canada	Haida ancestors In 2005 the last known Haida ancestor located in a North American museum was repatriated. Over 450 human remains of known Haida origin were housed in North American museums. Many of these Haida ancestors were taken from the Haida Gwaii after a severe smallpox epidemic that left many bodies unburied. These remains were then taken from the island through bribery and theft. Traditional bentwood boxes were created to house and bury the repatriated ancestor. An end-of-mourning ceremony was held for some of the ancestors which included gifts, prayers, and water offerings taken to sea by canoe. The repatriated remains were buried in a local cemetery and a cedar plaque was erected. The number of remains repatriated, where they had been repatriated from, as well as the village of origin (if known) were carved onto the plaque. Other repatriated remains were buried in Old Massett cemetery with offerings but no end-of-mourning ceremony. It was decided that it was not yet time for a similar ceremony. Efforts continue to repatriated Haida ancestors located in international museums as well as identify previously unknown Haida ancestors that could remain in institutions or museums. Kwakwaka'wakw Potlach Regalia Potlatch regalia belonging to the Kwakwaka'wakw chief Dan Cranmer was confiscated in 1922 through laws banning the practice of potlach ceremonies. In 1975 the descendants of Dan Cranmer were successful in having the items returned from the National Museum of Canada with assistance from the Department of Indian Affairs. In 2001 other cultural items confiscated from the first nation were repatriated from the Canadian Museum of Natural History.	3.125
72898574	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marr%20Grounds	Marr Grounds	Career He met and married artist Joan Grounds there, and in 1966 they moved to Ghana to lecture in architecture at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Kumasi, after marrying at a quick ceremony at Reno, Nevada, as it was a requirement to be married to travel there. As part of a politically active group in Berkely, Joan and Marr wanted to escape America after Ronald Reagan became Governor of California. They viewed Kwame Nkrumah as the Fidel Castro of Africa, and went to help him establish a new school of architecture; however, Nkrumah was overthrown within days of their arrival. After a spell in Ghana, he was offered a job by Robin Boyd to lecture in architecture at the University of Sydney, starting in 1968. Not long afterwards, he co-founded the art workshop Tin Sheds in the university grounds with Donald Brook and his wife Joan. There, a group of artists, architects, engineers, and others tried to understand and define the notion of art, staying open 24/7 as students were encouraged to dream and create all manner of artworks, focusing on conceptual art Marr initiated the creation of the Avago gallery at Tin Sheds. This was a cube built into the wall facing onto City Road. Many artists held their first exhibitions at Avago. It gained notoriety after a copy of a Picasso painting that had been stolen from the National Gallery of Victoria was installed there, and it was later stolen from there again. He enjoyed lecturing in architecture, but was not interested in practising it – he preferred making art. One of his 1960s sculptures, entitled Womb with a window, was made of driftwood and steel. Artist Imants Tillers was one of his students. He developed a working relationship with Frank Watters, whose Watters Gallery was willing to take risks with new art, and was very loyal to their artists. In 1987, he resigned from his lecturing job and returned to the U.S. to live, but returned three years later.	2.484375
72900157	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boykinia%20richardsonii	Boykinia richardsonii	Boykinia richardsonii is a species of flowering plant in the family Saxifragaceae, endemic to Alaska and the adjacent Canadian territory of Yukon. It is commonly known as Richardson's brookfoam, but has also been called Alaska boykin, bearflower, Richardson's boykin and Richardson's saxifrage. "Bearflower" reflects its popularity with grizzly bears as forage in the summer months when it flowers. The species is named for Scottish naturalist John Richardson, who first identified it on his mid-1820s exploration of the western Canadian Arctic coast with John Franklin. William Jackson Hooker first described it in Flora Boreali-Americana, the 1833 account of plant species identified on that expedition. It was originally misclassified as part of the genus Saxifraga. Boykinia richardsonii is believed to have evolved in temperate Arctic forests of the Neogene, or Late Tertiary, period and survived through the ensuing glacial periods since much of Beringia remained an unglaciated refugium. Today it is found at lower elevations in open meadows or tundra, along streams, and sometimes in the shade provided by Arctic willow. Description From a system of dark brown rhizomes spreading underground the plant's stem rises , with capitate trichomes. Reniform basal leaves, 2–7 cm long by 5–11 cm wide, generally one and a half times as wide, sprout from trichomous petioles 2.5–10 cm long. The leaves, glandular-pubescent below and glabrate above with frequent stomata, are shallowly lobed and 2–3 times dentate on the margins. Stipules, 2–5 millimeters long, are either a dilation of the petiole base or foliaceous; the smaller ones are fringed with subulate bristles. Cauline leaves are similar to the stipules, fringed with brown hair. The plant's inflorescence is narrowly cylindrical, with three flowers on each branch. Its pedicels are densely stipitate-glandular.	2.515625
72900157	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boykinia%20richardsonii	Boykinia richardsonii	The two botanists in Richardson's group, Alexander Collie and George Tradescant Lay, discovered the flower and collected a specimen, stored in the Kew Gardens herbarium with the name of Frederick William Beechey, Collie's commanding officer on another expedition, on it. This is likely a mistake as Collie and Lay were the designated botanists under Richardson. So many new species were identified by the expedition that it was necessary to publish one volume for the plants and another for the animals. William Jackson Hooker wrote Flora Boreali-Americana, the catalog of plant species. He described the plant as Saxifraga richardsonii, saying an earlier identification as Saxifraga nelsoniana was incorrect. Hooker noted that its many glands and acute petals made it unlike any other Saxifraga save jamesii, and that "the two might form a distinct little group." Constantine Samuel Rafinesque alternatively proposed Hemieva richardsonii in 1837, as part of a genus later accepted as Suksdorfia, based on its floral morphology. This was not accepted and later analyses have found it having much more in common with other Boykinia. Later, after Thomas Nuttall described Boykinia as another genus of the Saxifragaceae family in 1834, richardsonii and jamesii were both reassigned to it in 1868. Otto Kuntze proposed Therofon richardsonii in 1891, but it was rejected.	2.40625
72900157	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boykinia%20richardsonii	Boykinia richardsonii	Delineations of the species' range vary but most agree on an area running across the Alaska North Slope into the foothills of the Brooks Range up to elevations of , thence across the Canada–United States border through the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) into northern Yukon and Ivvavik National Park, where it turns south through Vuntut National Park, then bending southwest through the Porcupine River valley to finish at the Alaska Range, found as high up the slopes as in Denali National Park and Preserve. Some maps show isolated areas on the Seward Peninsula and the Norton Sound coast. Others extend it along the Arctic coast into the Northwest Territories to the Coppermine, the area where Richardson's team found the first specimens identified, or the entirety of northern Alaska. Two early 20th century expeditions reported finding specimens across the Bering Strait, in eastern Siberia. While Eric Hultén did not confirm this, he found it "very probable" that B. richardsonii would occur there as well. But it is not reported in either of the two most comprehensive Soviet-era catalogs of plants. As a result, it is believed today that the two earlier reports of its occurrence in Siberia were mistaken. The Global Biodiversity Information Facility records 17 occurrences in an area of the Swedish Arctic near the border with Norway, since 2006. Specimens from different areas of the range have been recorded as widely varying in their chromosome counts. A 1968 study of those from the Brooks Range found those had 84, a 2n count way above that typical for the genus, while eight years later Alaska Range specimens were found to have 36. The only difference found in plants from the two regions is the greater equatorial diameter of pollen grains in the Brooks Range samples.	2.546875
72900184	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Edmundson	Mark Edmundson	Mark Edmundson is an American author and professor at the University of Virginia. He received a B.A from Bennington College in 1974 and a Ph.D from Yale University in 1985. Edmundson specializes in Romanticism, Poetry, and 19th-Century English and American Literature. He is the author of sixteen books, and his essays appear in The Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic, Harper's Magazine, The Chronicle of Higher Education, and The New York Times Magazine. Edmundson was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship and was a National Endowment for the Humanities/Daniels Family Distinguished Teaching Professor at the University of Virginia. Major works Self and Soul: A Defense of Ideals In Self and Soul: A Defense of Ideals (2015) Edmundson writes, "The profound stories about heroes and saints are passing from our minds." Michael Dirda of The Washington Post describes the book as "an impassioned critique of Western society, a relentless assault on contemporary complacency, shallowness, competitiveness and self-regard." Dirda notes that "Edmundson devotes the first half of 'Self and Soul' to several ancient exemplars of courage, compassion and contemplation, to those who, rejecting a safe and secure passage through life, consecrated themselves to some greater task."	2.171875
72900184	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Edmundson	Mark Edmundson	Teacher: The One Who Made the Difference and The Fine Wisdom and Perfect Teachings of the Kings of Rock and Roll Edmundson's memoirs, Teacher: The One Who Made the Difference (2002), and The Fine Wisdom and Perfect Teachings of the Kings of Rock and Roll (2010), chronicle his early education at Medford High School (Massachusetts) and Bennington College. Teacher: The One Who Made the Difference, was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year and describes how "Edmundson's high school philosophy teacher, Franklin Lears, transformed Edmundson in one semester from a teenage thug into the sort of man who could grow up to be an English professor at the University of Virginia." Kirkus Reviews calls The Fine Wisdom and Perfect Teachings of the Kings of Rock and Roll a "near-perfect memoir," an "erudite, coming-of-age riot," in which Edmundson describes working as a taxi driver, stage-crew, and a bouncer in New York City. In The Fine Wisdom and Perfect Teachings of the Kings of Rock and Roll, "the author revels in his renaissance-manliness—'how many other bouncers stand at the door of the discotheque and memorize Browning poems?'—and proves to be an honest, poetic and hilariously entertaining narrator." Books	2.578125
72900186	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia%20nuevoleonensis	Magnolia nuevoleonensis	Magnolia nuevoleonensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is native to the Sierra Madre Oriental of Nuevo León state in northeastern Mexico. Description Magnolia nuevoleonensis is a large deciduous tree, growing up to 20 meters tall. It has large open creamy to white flowers, which measure 20-24 cm in diameter. Distribution and habitat Magnolia nuevoleonensis is known from only two locations in the Sierra Madre Oriental of Nuevo León state. The species has an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 280 km2, and an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of less than 1 km2. Velazco-Macías et al. (2008) estimates a density of 30 individuals per 100 square meters, with a total population of more than 1,000 individuals. It grows in pine–oak forests from 1,500 to 1,700 meters elevation, together with pines (Pinus spp.), oaks (Quercus spp.), Cornus florida, and Sambucus canadensis. It is often found in deep ravines. The species was until recently classed as Magnolia dealbata. Conservation The species' conservation status is assessed as endangered. It has a small population and a limited range, and is threatened with habitat loss from deforestation.	2.59375
72900739	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musheer%20Khan	Musheer Khan	Musheer Khan (born 27 February 2005) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Mumbai. He made his first-class cricket debut on 27 December 2022 for Mumbai in the 2022–23 Ranji Trophy. As a right-handed batsman all-rounder, Khan represented the 2024 Under-19 Cricket World Cup as a member of the Indian U-19 cricket team. In December 2023, he was selected for the 2024 ICC U-19 Cricket World Cup squad for the Indian U-19 youth team. Indian team finished runner's up in the tournament in which Khan scored two centuries. In March 2024, Musheer broke Sachin Tendulkar's record to become the youngest Mumbai batter to score a hundred in the Ranji Trophy final. In September 2024, he debut in Duleep Trophy for India B against India A at M. Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bengaluru. In his debut match Musheer Khan hits his third First-Class century. Early life Musheer was born in 2005 at Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh. and he was brought up in the suburbs of Mumbai. His family hails from Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh. He spent most of his childhood in Azad Maidan with Naushad Khan, his father and coach. Musheer is the younger brother of the fellow Mumbai batsman Sarfaraz Khan who is 8 years older than Musheer.	2.015625
72900943	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%201986%20Reform%20the%20Armed%20Forces%20Movement%20coup	February 1986 Reform the Armed Forces Movement coup	Corazon Aquino, who rejected Enrile's proposal of a Military Junta, was eventually inaugurated as the civilian president of a revolutionary government which was not military in nature. Enrile was briefly granted the role of Defense Secretary in Aquino's administration, but was then compelled to resign due to "disagreements" with Aquino and his alleged role in plotting later coups against Aquino. RAM eventually organized several failed coups to overthrow Philippine President Corazon Aquino from November 1986 to October 1990. Background Even before he first became President of the Philippines in 1965, Ferdinand Marcos sought close ties to any officers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines who were loyal to him. Once in power, he developed "a patronage system within the defense establishment" which he leaned upon when he declared martial law shortly before the end of his last constitutionally allowed presidential term in 1972. During the 14 years in which he ruled the Philippines after that, Marcos used the AFP as what the Davide Commission Report would later call his "martial law implementor," and "one of the vital supports of the regime." To ensure their cooperation, Marcos "had to expand the military organization and patronize the generals to buy their loyalty." Generals loyal to Marcos were allowed to stay in their positions past their supposed retirement age, or were rewarded with civilian government posts. This led to a loss of morale among the middle-ranks of the AFP, because it meant a significant slowdown in promotions and caused many officers to retire with ranks much lower than they would otherwise have earned.	2.078125
72901079	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lychas%20buchari	Lychas buchari	Captivity Lychas burchari can survive in captivity but are only recommended to experts that have cared for buthid scorpions before. They have a generally timid manner but still can produce a painful sting. All enclosures should have sufficient space for the animals' well-being and simulate its natural habitat, red sand dunes; this is both for the scorpions health and quality of life. Reproduction Males and females have a couple defining features to help identify their separate sexes. On average males have longer tails (metasoma) and thinner bodies (mesosoma) compared to females. The pedipalps are also more bulbous and short on males compared to females which help for gripping their mating partner. The mating ritual/dance between scorpions is called the promenade à deux (walk for two). It begins with the male grasping the females pedipalps and circle each other for a few minutes. During this time the males spermatophore is being prepared and the female starts producing a substrate to accept the spermatophore. Once ready the male positions himself directly over the females genital region and excretes his sperm. Once the exchange is complete the scorpions will either go separate ways as normal, or if the female is particularly aggressive will then eat the male. After fertilisation the offspring develop in the ovariuterus or a small pocket that grows from there. The embryos are nourished through nutrient secretions within the ovariuterus. After the allotted gestation period all young is birthed at the same time. Feeding Lychas burchari, along with all desert dwelling scorpions, rely on pectinal teeth to sense vibrations on the sand surface. They are usually nocturnal hunters that go out at night and wait for suitable prey to come within range. Once they detect a prey target they approach pedipalps first and try to lock down the target. Then proceed to inject neuro toxins through their tail stinger to completely debilitate their prey.	2.578125
72901522	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindu%20Menon	Bindu Menon	Bindu Menon (born 1970) is an Indian neurologist, health activist, researcher and academician from Andhra Pradesh. She is known for providing free treatment to patients with Neurological disorder in rural areas of India through her organization, the Dr. Bindu Menon Foundation. She runs an initiative called Neurology-on-Wheels, offering free healthcare services to remote areas since 2013. Menon received the Mridha Spirit of Neurology Humanitarian Award and the A. B. Baker Teacher Recognition Award from the American Academy of Neurology in 2022. In 2021, the World Stroke Organization honoured her with the Fellowship of the World Stroke Organization (FWSO). She is also noted for her research in the field of epilepsy and other neurological diseases. Early life and education She was born in 1970. She received her MBBS at Gandhi Medical College in Bhopal and her MD at Gajara Raja Medical College. In 2002, she obtained her DM Neurology and Diplomate of National Board in Neurology from Bombay Hospital Institute Medical Sciences. She conducted research on the effects of prolonged medication on Epilepsy patients on bone health as part of a project funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research. Menon received additional training in neurology at University College London. Work Bindu Menon began her career as an assistant professor at Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences in Tirupati. After eight years there, she moved to Nellore and worked as the Professor and Head of the Department of Neurology at Narayana Medical College and Hospital. She is currently serving as a Professor and Head of the Neurology Department at Apollo Specialty Hospitals in Nellore.	2.53125
72901607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri%20Sembilan%20Football%20Association	Negeri Sembilan Football Association	History The association was established in 1923 according to a passage in the football history books of Malaysia through an interview with Austin Senevirathe, 93 years old when interviewed. He stated about a match that happened between PBNS and Singapore for Malaya Cup in that particular year. In 1927, PBNS started organizing league matches. Among the trophies that were up for grabs at that time were the Annex Shield, the British Resident's Cup and the Hose Cup. The earliest football clubs that existed and competed in the league were Negri Sembilan Chinese "A", Negri Sembilan Club, Port Dickson Recreation Club, Sungei Ujong Club, Negri Sembilan Chinese "B" and St. Paul's Old Boys Association. In 1982, Tan Sri Dato' Seri Utama Mohd Isa bin Dato' Haji Abdul Samad was appointed president of the Negeri Sembilan Football Association (PBNS) as well as the Menteri Besar of Negeri Sembilan. In March 2004, Datuk Seri Mohamad Hasan was appointed as the president of the Negeri Sembilan Football Association (PBNS). It's because he successfully held the position as the 10th Menteri Besar of Negeri Sembilan replaced Isa Samad who held that position the previous year. Mohamad Hasan was the first Menteri Besar who has ever been a local football player and then became the president of PBNS. He never represented the first team of Negeri Sembilan but played a lot with clubs in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. He was banned from football for life after received a red card when NS Malays played against NS Indians in 1977. He was active in football around the 70s. On 10 September 2018, Tunku Besar of Tampin, Tunku Syed Razman Tunku Syed Idrus Al-Qadri was elected as the new President of the Negeri Sembilan Football Association (PBNS) for the period of 2018-2021 after he won unopposed at the 86th PBNS Congress, at Klana Resort. Management PBNS management is elected through the PBNS Congress held every 4 years. The following are PBNS Executive committee members for the term 2022-2025.	2.125
72901795	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portentomorphini	Portentomorphini	Food plants The caterpillars of Portentomorphini primarily feed on plants of the Phyllanthaceae family: Portentomorpha xanthialis feeds on Margaritaria nobilis, species of Hyalobathra are reported from Glochidion and Phyllanthus, Pioneabathra olesialis and Isocentris filalis from Flueggea, and Mabra eryxalis from Phyllanthus urinaria. Several non-Phyllanthaceae hosts are known, such as Euphorbia virosa (Euphorbiaceae) and Sphaeranthus indicus (Asteraceae) for Isocentris, and Abrus precatorius (Fabaceae) and Helianthus annuus (Asteraceae) for Hyalobathra; furthermore, P. olesialis was reported from Solanum (Solanaceae), and Mabra eryxalis from rice (Poaceae). Distribution The species of Portentomorphini are distributed in the tropics and subtropics of Australia, Africa and Asia as well as South and Central America; an exception is Hyalobathra intermedialis, which was described from material collected in the Qin Mountains in the Central Chinese Shaanxi province at an elevation of . Systematics The tribe Portentomorphini was described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1956 based on the newly described genus Portentomorpha Amsel, 1956 with its single species P. incalis (Snellen, 1875), which is currently considered a junior synonym of P. xanthialis (Gueneé, 1854). The tribe was long considered a synonym of Pyraustinae, as the phylogenetic relationships in this group had not been studied. A 2019 study eventually investigated the relationships among Pyraustinae and the related Spilomelinae and found Portentomorpha together with Cryptosara and Hyalobathra to form a monophyletic group, consequently reinstating the name Portentomorphini on the level of a tribe. However, a study from 2022 found Portentomorphini nested within the tribe Pyraustini, rendering the latter tribe paraphyletic.	2.3125
72901935	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upendra%20Maharathi	Upendra Maharathi	Upendra Maharathi was an Indian artist who worked in various mediums including painting, sculpture, illustration, architecture, graphic design, and textile design. He was born in the village of Narendrapur in Odisha and received his art education at the Government College of Art & Craft in Kolkata under Mukul Dey and Percy Brown. After completing his studies, he settled in Bihar. His more than 900 works have been preserved by the National Gallery of Modern Art, Delhi. Life and career Born in 1908 in Narendrapur, a small village in Odisha, Upendra joined the Government College of Art and Craft in 1925. He was exposed to a variety of Western and indigenous techniques of art, craft and architecture at the school. His artistic style was shaped by the nationalist movement in Bengal, which supported Swadeshi values and recognized the resistive, anti-colonial potential of art. Led by E. B. Havell and Abanindranath Tagore, the movement encouraged students to revive traditional forms of Indian art. His art was also influenced by Gandhi's non-violent politics. Maharathi created a diverse body of work that explored themes such as spiritualism, nationalism and self-discovery. He lived as a recluse, wandering around pilgrimage sites like Bodh Gaya, Rajagriha and Vaishali and was known for substituting his canvas with various mediums such as cloth, wood, clay, and bronze. As an architect, his notable artworks include the Vishwa Shanti Stupa in Rajgir, Japan's Gotemba Peace Pagoda, the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, Nava Nalanda Mahavihara in Nalanda, Vaishali Museum and Gandhi Mandap in Bodh Gaya. Upendra Maharathi was also known for his innovative use of enamel paint on wood, a technique inspired by the Japanese style. He applied the tikuli style of art to practical and decorative objects such as coasters, trays and wall decorations. His work reflects the influence of Mithila (Madhubani) painting on contemporary tikuli art.	2.65625
72902370	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspare%20Trimbocchi	Gaspare Trimbocchi	Gaspare Trimbocchi, called il Tribacco (c. 23 February 1439 – circa 1492) was an Italian humanist. He was born in Reggio Emilia, the illegitimate child of Jacopo Trimbocchi, although by 1456 he was recognized as offspring by his father and moved into the paternal home in Modena. There he studied under Guarino da Verona until about 1459. By 1461 he had moved to Ferrara, and obtained by October a stipend from Borso d’Este, to travel to travel to Greece. It is unclear if he ever went. Borso added stipends to employ him as a teacher of Latin grammar in Modena, where among his pupils was Antonio Urceo (il Codro da Rubiera). By 1466, he was a teacher in Ferrara. After the death of Borso in 1471, he moved to Venice, where he received a commission to teach in Ragusa. However, he was imprisoned for some debts or obligations. Freed, he fled to Mantua, where he became a tutor to the children of Federico Gonzaga. He was known as a scholar of Classic Latin texts, and praises from contemporaries such as Tito Vespasiano Strozzi, Matteo Maria Boiardo, Marcantonio Aldegati, Raffaele Zovenzoni, and Bartolomeo Paganelli, recall a dense output of Latin poetic forms, including hymns (Horatian carmen); satyrical poems; eclogues; epigrams; and occasional poems. He dedicated in 1463 an encomium describing the Triumph of Borso d'Este (Trimphus). Other poems include: De apparatu divi Borsii Estensis contra Turcum Christi persecutorem De velocitate temporis De casibus Herculis in insania He died in poverty. Dionigi Trimbocco (died 1526) was putatively a grandson of Gaspare, and taught literature and classic languages for decades in Modena.	2.40625
72902761	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuzzie%20George	Wuzzie George	Wuzzie Dick George ( – December 20, 1984) was a Northern Paiute craftsperson who worked to preserve the traditional lifeways and tribal customs of her people. She served as a key collaborator in anthropologist's Margaret Wheat's efforts to record Northern Paiute lifeways. Early life Wuzzie Dick George was born circa 1880–1883 and given the name Wiziʔi, "Small Animal," which became Wuzzie in English. She was the daughter of Sam and Suzie Dick, of the Toi Dicutta, "Cattail-Eater" band of Northern Paiute from western Nevada. The Northern Paiutes once led a nomadic lifestyle, and she was born during a pine-nut gathering expedition in the Stillwater Mountain Range, but she spent the majority of her life in what are now known as Fallon and Stillwater, Nevada. When she was a girl, her grandparents Stovepipe and Mattie were major influences; her grandmother especially passed on the tribal customs and traditional stories that George would later work to preserve. After her parents separated when she was 10 years old, Wuzzie began working for the white Ernst family and started to learn English. She also briefly attended the Stewart Indian School near Carson City, but her father pulled her out after six months due to a measles epidemic. As a young woman, she met and married Jimmy George, with whom she had eight children, five of whom survived to adulthood. They were married until his death in 1969. Lifeways preservation George taught traditional lifeways as a means of preserving them, instructing both her own descendants and others, including through demonstrations at schools in her region. She also worked as an interpreter for her husband, who served as a medicine man for about 40 years until the mid-1950s.	2.46875
72903661	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre%20of%20the%20Slavn%C3%ADks	Massacre of the Slavníks	Another motive may have been an incident that occurred during Adalbert's tenure as bishop of Prague, which saw him provide an adulteress with ecclesiastical asylum in Prague Castle, thereby defending her and the adulterer, his deacon. However, he had a strained relationship with some local warriors, evidently of the Vrčovci family, who did not respect the ecclesiastical asylum, and, deaf to the bishop's exhortations, hauled the woman out of the church and beheaded her, despite her husband's opposition, before Adalbert's very eyes. In the aftermath of the attack, the Slavníks were threatened with revenge for the fact that their kinsman Adalbert had resisted the woman's immediate punishment. Two legal systems were at play in the context of the incident. The granting of ecclesiastical asylum, encoded in ecclesiastical law, was not respected, and, within the framework of customary and traditional ancestral law, a blood feud, the usual way of solving similar problems at the time, was threatened. Though it was his duty to do so, Duke Boleslaus II was unable to prevent the potential vendetta, since he had been indisposed by a stroke and was incapable of governing. Step in the formation of a Bohemian state According to older sources, the massacre was unequivocally considered up until the 1990s to be the event by which the Bohemian state came into being. Historian Jiří Sláma, however, claims that it already existed, and that the real milestone in its foundation was Saint Wenceslaus' murder on 28 September 935 in Stará Boleslav, which was followed by a revolution in Bohemia that marks the beginning of the founding of a Bohemian state. On the other hand, historian Petr Charvát maintains that Boleslav II was the state's unifier.	2.140625
72904278	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.M.%20Ladd	D.M. Ladd	D.M. Ladd, also known as D. Milton Ladd and "Mickey" Ladd (1903–1960), was a special agent and assistant (number 3 position) at the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to its director J. Edgar Hoover, who was "one of the earliest members" of the FBI. Background Daniel Milton Ladd was born on October 30, 1903, in Fargo, North Dakota. His parents were Edwin Fremont and Rizpah Sprogle. He attended public school. In 1921, he moved to Washington, DC, where he attended the George Washington University (GW). In 1925, he obtained A.B. from GW, where he played basketball and was a member of the District of Columbia Alpha chapter of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity. In 1928, after several years of night school, he obtained a law degree from GW. Career Ladd worked at his father's office initially, then helped run subway cars between US Capitol office buildings. On November 5, 1925, having finished law school, Ladd joined the FBI as an agent. His first assignment was in Butte, Montana, followed by New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1931, he became a special agent, assigned to St. Louis, Missouri; St. Paul, Minnesota; Chicago, Illinois; and Washington, DC, field offices. In 1939, Ladd became assistant director of the FBI's Technical Laboratory, AKA Identification Division and Laboratory. In 1941, Ladd became head of the Security Division, which in 1942 became the FBI's Domestic Intelligence Division (in the 21st Century known as "counterintelligence"). In this role, Ladd led investigations into Nazis (e.g., Operation Pastorius) during World War II and into Communists during WWII and the early Cold War including major cases like the Amerasia Case, Hiss-Chambers Case, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Case as well as alleged spies Alexander Koral, Robert Talbott Miller, William L. Uanna, Harry Dexter White, and Duncan Chapin Lee Case and even movies stars like Lucille Ball and subjects such as UFOs.	2.21875
72904551	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraits%20of%20Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach	Portraits of Johann Sebastian Bach	Possible portraits Joachim Ernst Rentsch portrait was found in 1877 in an Erfurt attic and would represent the young Bach between 1708 and 1717, when he was Kapellmeister at the Weimar court. It was restored and presented by Alfred Overmann, director of the Erfurt city museum, as a possible authentic portrait. However, many doubts were raised about its authenticity. Despite several unusual details of features and clothing, art historian and Bach expert Teri Noel Towe did not consider it an authentic portrait. Instead Musicologist Heinrich Besseler was sure of its authenticity, particularly because of its ophthalmological characteristics. It is currently located in the Erfurt city museum. Bach as Cöthen Court Kapellmeister was painted by J. J. Ihle. This painting is alleged to have portrayed Bach between 1717 and 1723, during his tenure as Kapellmeister to Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen. It was discovered in 1897 by Max Hartmann in Bayreuth, in the house of a baker. After restoration, it was acquired by Oskar von Hase, director of Breitkopf & Härtel in Leipzig, and in 1907 it was donated to the Bach-Museum in Eisenach, where it is currently located. Its authenticity is based only on conjectures and was strongly contested, also due to the geographical distance between the portrait painter and prince Leopold and the difficulty of reconciling the dates of possible realization (1717–1723) with the age of the artist (1702–1774).	2.46875
72904613	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Porteous	Mary Porteous	Mary Porteous born Mary Thompson (1783 – 18 April 1861) was a British Primitive Methodist itinerant preacher. Life Porteous was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1783. Her mother is unknown, but her father Thomas was a cabinet maker, a strict Presbyterian. He died leaving a wife and a large family and Porteous was leaving school aged seven. She was a child factory worker who found enough time to teach herself how to read and how to write. She left that work when she was eleven due to her health and she would read while spinning yarn to make money. She married a seaman named Thomas Porteous in 1803. At the time she was still attending Presbyterian services. She became more committed to the Primitive Methodists helping with classes, visiting and as a Sunday School teacher. Porteous fell foul of a new Primitive Methodist rule in 1827 that stated that "no married female shall be allowed to labour as a travelling preacher in any circuit except that in which her husband resides". This meant that any woman preacher who married a man from outside her circuit had to give up that role.	2.390625
72904718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Middleton	Bernard Middleton	Bernard Chester Middleton (29 October 1924 – 28 January 2019) was a preeminent British restoration bookbinder. He was regarded as one of the foremost book craftsmen and trade historians of modern times, lecturing and teaching in Europe (Belgium, Switzerland, and the Netherlands) and the Americas (Brazil, the United States, and Venezuela). He authored two major works, A History of English Craft Bookbinding Technique (1963) and The Restoration of Leather Bindings (1972), which became essential reading for professional bookbinders, scholars and collectors. In the trade, he was known as "The Great Man". He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in 1951 and, in 1986, was awarded an MBE for services to bookbinding. His gold-tooled bindings may be seen in the British Library, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Royal Library, Windsor, and the Wormsley Library, and in other major libraries worldwide. Biography Bernard Middleton was born in London to Doris Hilda Middleton (née Webster), a secretary to a well-known barrister, and Regent Marcus Geoffrey Middleton, himself a noted bookbinder.	2.46875
72904832	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20R.%20Yennie	Donald R. Yennie	Donald Robert Yennie (March 4, 1924 – April 14, 1993) was an American theoretical physicist and professor at Cornell University. He is known for his work on renormalization in quantum electrodynamics and for early work on the structure of nucleons. Biography Yennie was born in Paterson, New Jersey, on March 4, 1924, to Reinhart Yennie and Ella "Ellie" Clark. Raised in Midland Park, New Jersey, Yennie graduated from Pompton Lakes High School in 1941. He obtained his MA in physics at the Stevens Institute of Technology and his PhD in physics at Columbia University. He became professor at Cornell University in 1964 after working at Institute for Advanced Study, Stanford University and the University of Minnesota. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1978. His Ph.D. advisor was Nobel prize recipient Hideki Yukawa. Yennie himself was the Ph.D adviser of, among others, Thomas Appelquist and Stanley J. Brodsky. The covariant gauge choice is named Yennie Gauge after him. In 1961, with Steven Frautschi and Hiroshi Suura, he elucidated the role of infrared photons properly summed in high-energy quantum electrodynamics. This work was one of the keys to solving the problem of infrared divergences in gauge theories.	1.921875
72905049	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylaemenes%20mitratus	Pylaemenes mitratus	The nocturnal animals hide during the day. At night they feed on Aidia wallichiana, Uruphyllum glabrum (both species of the plant family Rubiaceae), Uncaria gambir, various species of Dracaena, Dioscorea, Calamus (from the formerly genus Daemonorops), Rubus and Curculigo, as well as Dieffenbachia and Epipremnum. The eggs are laid by the females on the ground. Taxonomy Redtenbacher described the species in 1906 under the basionym Datames mitratus. He pictures a female and describes both sexes. As a reference, he names specimens from his collection and from the Natural History Museum in Berlin. A female from his collection used for the description can be found in the Natural History Museum in Vienna. It was collected in 1902 by Albert Grubauer in Perak on the Malay Peninsula and later determined to be the lectotype of the species. A female deposited in Berlin is said to have come from northern Celebes (now Sulawesi). It has been established as a paralectotype, but differs somewhat from the Malayan specimens. The male or males described by Redtenbacher have not yet been found. The species name refers to the shape of the forehead and compares it to the mitre, i.e. the headgear worn by bishops (Greek: mitre = μίτρα = "headband").	2.28125
72905077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anion%20exchange%20membrane%20electrolysis	Anion exchange membrane electrolysis	Anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis is the electrolysis of water that utilises a semipermeable membrane that conducts hydroxide ions (OH−) called an anion exchange membrane. Like a proton-exchange membrane (PEM), the membrane separates the products, provides electrical insulation between electrodes, and conducts ions. Unlike PEM, AEM conducts hydroxide ions. The major advantage of AEM water electrolysis is that a high-cost noble metal catalyst is not required, low-cost transition metal catalyst can be used instead. AEM electrolysis is similar to alkaline water electrolysis, which uses a non-ion-selective separator instead of an anion-exchange membrane. Advantages and Challenges Advantages Of all water electrolysis methods, AEM electrolysis can combine the advantages of alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) and PEM electrolysis. Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis uses expensive platinum-group metals (PGMs) such as platinum, iridium, and ruthenium as a catalyst. Iridium, for instance, is more scarce than platinum; a 100 MW PEM electrolyser is expected to require 150 kg of Iridium, which will cost an estimated 7 million USD. Like alkaline water electrolysis, electrodes in AEM electrolysis operate in an alkaline environment, which allows non-noble, low-cost catalysts based on Ni, Fe, Co, Mn, Cu, etc to be used. AEM electrolyser can run on pure water or slightly alkaline solutions (0.1-1M KOH/NaOH) unlike highly concentrated alkaline solutions (5M KOH/NaOH) in AWE. This reduces the risk of leakage. Using an alkaline solution, usually KOH/NaOH increases membrane conductivity and adds a hydroxide ion conductive pathway, which increases the utilisation of catalyst. The current density of an AEM electrolyser without a PGM catalyst operating at 1 A/cm2 was reported to require 1.8 volts and 1.57 volts in pure water-fed and 1 M KOH-fed, respectively. Electrolyte can be fed on both anode and cathode side or anode side only.	2.484375
72905241	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s%20a%20Blind%20Man%20Playin%27%20Fiddle%20in%20the%20Street	There's a Blind Man Playin' Fiddle in the Street	Composition and recording Lagerberg was inspired to compose the song by Styrbjörn Colliander, owner of the Cue Club, where Tages would perform regularly. Colliander would play him the Beatles' double A-Side single "Strawberry Fields Forever" / "Penny Lane" (1967) for the first time. Lagerberg considered the song "one of the best he had heard thus far", leading to him "rushing home with the songs still ringing in my ears" and composing it on the piano he newly purchased. Lagerberg declared the song was written "rather quickly" after that, estimating it to have taken "only a few minutes, perhaps an hour" to write. Musically, the song continues the blend of rock and Swedish folk music present on Studio, heavily featuring the titular fiddle in various interludes across the song. There's a Blind Man" has been described as both psychedelic pop and vispop. Musically, the song acts as a "mini-suite", consisting of two distinct sections: the vocal verses and choruses along with the "musical interludes that are dependent on fiddles". The song was primarily composed in G minor, a "tonality which persists" through the musical interludes and verses, though "modulates up to G major during the bridge and choruses", creating a sense of "easiness and hope" once the chorus arrives. The intermezzo which appears in between choruses and verses "notably includes" lead guitarist Anders Töpel's playing, which acts as a counter-melody to "the established sound of the fiddles". During the more conventional parts of the song, a "clinking piano" dominates most of the sound frame.	2.171875
72905376	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20electricity%20in%20Iran	History of electricity in Iran	Use of electricity for communication Before the use of electricity for lighting, for the first time electricity was used for an experimental telegraph communication between the two rooms in Dār ul-Funun institution, in early 1850s. This was done by Iranian students of the institution, and for the next time, they extended its length up to Lalehzar garden. What these students had accomplished, resulted in establishing of a telegraph line from Karaj up to Soltanieh under supervision of government. Later when Tabriz was connected to Soltanieh, as a result the two strategic cities of Tehran and Tabriz got connected together in 1860. First use of electricity for lighting Based on the memoirs of Mohammad Hassan Khan Etemad al-Saltaneh, there had been an electricity generator which had been installed in "Baab-e Homayoun" and it had some number of lamps connected to it, which was lighting the "Baab-e Homayoun" street. The date for use of this generator is unknown, but it must be before 1879. There is also a report by Etemad al-Saltaneh, which describes establishment of a small electric factory by Mirza Ali Khan Amin al-Dawla in Majma-o-Sanaye which was situated in Baab-e Homayoun street. This factory was founded on September 4, 1879 by Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. There is another report which mentions presence of electric lamps (which could increase their radius of propagation), Pin insulator, and electric outlets in the factory. There is also a mention of electric lighting in a ceremony on October 30, 1884, which shows presence of the electricity factory during these years.	2.21875
72905378	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadashi%20Kaminagai	Tadashi Kaminagai	Marinho de Azevedo from Veja magazine describes Kaminagai as an artist who "painted with a pleasure that explodes in each of his canvases". In the same issue, Azevedo also mentions that the artist "did not give in, in the 50s, to the temptations of abstractionism. He kept painting landscapes, flowers, and figures, which gradually made him go out of fashion". As for his painting style, Azevedo wrote that "with strong tones, marked brushstrokes, and loose strokes, he creates a vigorous world. Fascinated by landscapes, Kaminagai painted them all with a similar palette - so his Amazon is not far from France. However, in every canvas, color reigns supreme. From the French scenes to the house gate in Rio or the light-filled interiors, in everything a happy life shines and a brush stroke with emphasis and sensitivity asserts itself". Several exhibitions were organized after Kaminagai's death. One of them, held at MASP, received the comment of art critic Mário Pedrosa, who said that Kaminagai's work "is made of milestones of spontaneous realizations that appear and evaporate soon after. He is not, however, an eclectic who looks for elements or strange and opposing inspirations to organize his bric-à-brac". In 1986, an article entitled "Do nazismo às galerias de arte" (English: From Nazism to art galleries) was published in the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo for the exhibitions called "Tempos de Guerra" (English: War Times), where Angélica de Moraes defines that "two dozen artists coming from abroad helped push Brazil towards modernity". Among the artists from Japan she mentions Tadashi Kaminagai and Tikashi Fukushima, and adds that the Japanese had an extra difficulty due to the suspicion that they were spies in the service of the Axis. In 1996, set designer Márcio Augusto Neiva confessed to the police that he used to forge paintings at the request of painter Giuseppe Irlandini, who delivered photographs to Márcio and paid US$200 for each reproduction. Among the works were the Kaminagai paintings.	2.03125
69800441	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%20Manifesto	February Manifesto	Differences between historians' views Documenting the history of independent Finland was long dominated by a "Finnish nationalist view of history", where the February Manifesto was seen as an illegal coup d'etat, judging by interpretations at its time. A "new way of research" rose to counter this in the 1960s, which has since become a more common view. Of historians, Osmo Jussila, Matti Klinge, Tuomo Polvinen, Päiviö Tommila, Toivo Nygård and Panu Pulma have viewed the significance the Finns gave to the February Manifesto at the time as exaggerated. The historians have seen the February Manifesto as having assembled, specified and clarified previously existing practices of enacting state legislation and being a logical consequence of long-time legal development. This "new way of research" has highlighted the point of view of the empire and also moved closer to the point of view of the Russian side of the legal dispute. Historians Timo Soikkanen, Juhani Mylly, Mårten Ringbom and Aki Rasilainen have later defended the more traditional interpretation of the manifesto as a revolutionary turning point of the autonomy period, which discontinued constitutional government and changed the legal circumstances. The dispute about the significance of the manifesto has also been connected with broader differences in interpretation of the nature of Finnish autonomy, the definition of state legislation and whether the emperors ever had felt bound by the Finnish constitution dating back to Swedish rule. For example, according to Polvinen, the February Manifesto did not signify "any nation-wide change, as there had been state legislation and decrees even before", whereas Rasilainen thinks that uniform legislation predating the manifesto could not be seen as state legislation and the manifesto "eliminated the essence of the Finnish state" and "brought autocracy to Finland".	2.390625
69800776	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yergeni	Yergeni	Yergeni (; ) is a hilly area in Russia. It is located in the southern corner of the East European Plain, mostly in Kalmykia, with parts in Volgograd Oblast and Rostov Oblast. The highest point of Kalmykia, high Shared, is located in the Yergeni hills. In Kalmykia the hills stretch from Sarpinsky District to the north to Iki-Burulsky District in the south. History A thorough topographic survey of the Yergeni was carried out in 1860-61 by Russian topographer Ivan Krizhin, who drew the first maps of the area. The Volga–Don Canal was built across the northern part of the hill area in 1952. Geography The Yergeni area forms the watershed between the Azov and the Caspian seas. The hills lie to the west of the lower course of the Volga, between Volgograd to the north and the Manych Depression to the south. The eastern slopes rise abruptly from the Caspian Lowland dissected by numerous ravines, with up to to high escarpments. The western slope, on the other hand, gradually descends to the Don valley. The average elevation of the hills is about . The Sal, a left tributary of the Don, is the main river having its sources in the hills. Flora and fauna The climate is semi-desert and the hills are mostly covered with grasses and shrubs, including feather grass, Volga fescue, wormwood and saltwort, but some trees, such as willow, oak, elm, and aspen, may grow in the ravines of the eastern slopes. Some of the animals found in the hills are the demoiselle crane, the eastern imperial eagle, steppe eagle, red-footed falcon, white-winged lark and the javelin sand boa.	2.25
69800843	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonization%20of%20Thomas%20Aquinas	Canonization of Thomas Aquinas	Following two inquiries which involved over a hundred eyewitnesses, the Italian Dominican theologian and philosopher Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) was formally canonized as a saint of the Catholic Church on 18 July 1323 by Pope John XXII. His corpse was boiled and his remains were distributed as relics, the ownership of which was contested for decades. In 1324, he became the second most important saint in the Dominican Order, after Saint Dominic himself. In 1969, the feast day of Aquinas was moved from 7 March to 28 January. Death While en route to the Second Council of Lyon, Thomas Aquinas died on the morning of 7 March 1274 at the Cistercian abbey of Fossanova. His funeral, which was organized by the Cistercians, concluded hours later and he was buried in the monastery. Following the news of his death, devotees rushed to his tomb, where multiple miracles were reported. According to Cistercian witnesses, Thomas had quoted Psalm 131:14 before entering Fossanova: "This is my rest for ever and ever; here I will dwell, for I have chosen it." The Cistercians interpreted this as proof of his belonging to the abbey. Anxious not to cede ownership of Thomas' body to the Dominicans, the Cistercians relocated it several times; in the process, Thomas' head was removed, while his right hand was cut off and given to one of his sisters, Theodora.	2.59375
69800843	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonization%20of%20Thomas%20Aquinas	Canonization of Thomas Aquinas	The canonization was fiercely contested by the Franciscans, who rejected the doctrines of Thomas; according to tradition, a Franciscan friar stated that he "would prefer to die before seeing the day when Thomas was canonized" and remarkably died a day after the canonization. Following the canonization of Thomas Aquinas, his body was boiled, possibly in wine. Around this time, his head was transferred from Fossanova to the Church of San Benedetto in nearby Piperno (present-day Priverno), of which Thomas also became patron saint. In 1324, the general chapter of the Dominican Order convened to discuss the veneration of Saint Thomas Aquinas. They agreed that he would be exalted as one of the greatest Dominican saints, surpassing Peter of Verona and placed just behind Saint Dominic in importance. Thomas' feast day was confirmed by the chapter in 1326, with the liturgy—one prayer and nine lections—finalized by 1328. In 1348, the count of Fondi, Onorato I Caetani, obtained the remains of Thomas Aquinas from the Cistercians. In 1369, after close to a century of controversy, and at the behest of Pope Urban V, fifty of Thomas' bones were handed over to the French Dominicans in Toulouse. Thomas' head relic was also believed to have been translated to France, but another skull purportedly belonging to Thomas was discovered in Fossanova in 1585. Although initially housed at the Church of the Jacobins, the remains in Toulouse were moved to the Basilica of Saint-Sernin during the French Revolution in 1789; they only returned to the Church of the Jacobins in 1974. In 1969, Thomas' feast day was moved from 7 March, which often coincided with Lent, to 28 January, the date of his translation to France.	2.578125
69801196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Armand%20Jacquet	Pierre Armand Jacquet	Pierre Armand Jacquet (7 April 1906 – 6 September 1967) was a French chemical engineer and metallurgist. He contributed to electrolytic polishing techniques to produce very smooth metal coatings and also to non-destructive approaches for surface metallographic analysis. Jacquet was born in St. Mande and became a chemical engineer in 1926 after studies at the École Normale Supérieure de Chimie in Paris under Charles Marie. He received a doctorate in 1938 and worked at the Société de Matériel Téléphonique in Paris. He later worked in the lab of Frédéric Joliot-Curie and during World War II for the navy. In 1929 he discovered, by reversing polarity, a method to produce smooth metal surfaces with electrolytic polishing that he continued to improve upon for multiple metals until 1940. He also studied surface metallurgy and along with E. Mencarelli and A. van Effenterre, developed a non-destructive approach to examining metal surface by applying and peeling of a nitrocellulose varnish which could then be examined under a microscope. Jacquet also served in advisory roles in French aeronautical research and for the atomic energy agency. He retired in 1966 and settled in Banyuls. He died in a sailing accident in Spain. The International Metallographic Society established a Jacquet memorial award for photo-metallography in 1968. The American Society for Metals began another award in 1946 which came to be called the Francis F. Lucas Metallographic Award from 1958. In 1972 the two awards got merged as the Jacquet-Lucas Award.	2.28125
69801444	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20compositions%20by%20Josquin%20des%20Prez	List of compositions by Josquin des Prez	The French composer Josquin des Prez was among the most prolific of his time, writing in genres that included masses, motets, chansons and frottole. Much of his output is sacred music, in which he cultivated and developed a highly sophisticated style of complex polyphony. Active during the high Renaissance, he was the central figure of the Franco-Flemish School. The difficulties in compiling a works list for Josquin cannot be overstated. Because of his immense prestige in the early sixteenth century, many scribes and publishers did not resist the temptation of attributing anonymous or otherwise spurious works to Josquin. The German editor Georg Forster summed up the situation admirably in 1540 when he wrote, "I remember a certain eminent man saying that, now that Josquin is dead, he is putting out more works than when he was alive." Thus, the authenticity of many of the works listed below is disputed on stylistic grounds or problems with sources or both. This thorny issue has been taken up vigorously in the now nearly complete New Josquin Edition (NJE).	2.15625
69801601	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptoconops%20myersi	Leptoconops myersi	Leptoconops myersi is a species of coastal biting midge in the genus Leptoconops and family Ceratopogonidae that is found in New Zealand. It is a small fly, with a body 1.5 millimetres long and wings 1.15 mm long. The head, thorax and legs are dark brown to black and the abdomen and wings are whitish. The female bites humans and consumes blood. It is the only one of the 28 species of Ceratopogonidae that were described from New Zealand as of 1971 that is known to feed on blood. The type specimen is a female that was collected from Tapotupotu Bay, near Cape Reinga, by J. G. Myers, a young entomologist from Wellington, in 1923. Myers had been attacked by small flies when just above high-tide mark. They settled on him in large numbers, some trying to get under his clothing, and bit fiercely. He collected specimens, all of which were female, and sent them to André Léon Tonnoir, an entomologist at the Cawthron Institute in Nelson who specialised in Diptera, and who then published a description of the species, naming it Acanthoconops myersi. The species was subsequently noted at Tom Bowling Bay (near North Cape), Moturoa / Rabbit Island (near Nelson), Tairua Bay, Whangamatā and Matakana Island. Lionel Jack Dumbleton collected one male and many female specimens at Tom Bowling Bay in 1967. Up to the 2000s, people reported a rash after being bitten by small insects on Coromandel Peninsula beaches. Entomologists assumed it would be L. myersi, but this was unproven. In 2006 specimens of the biting insect were collected at Colville Beach and Waikawau Beach on the peninsula and examination confirmed them to be L. myersi. In 2019, 11-year-old entomologist Olly Hills identified L. myersi as the species known as the 'Mount mauler', which had been inflicting painful skin irritations to people above the high-tide line on beaches in the Mount Maunganui area for up to 50 years.	2.28125
69801901	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sra%20peang	Sra peang	Sra peang (, ) is a rice wine stored in earthen pots and indigenous to several ethnic groups in Cambodia, in areas such as Mondulkiri or Ratanakiri. It is made of fermented glutinous rice mixed with several kinds of local herbs (including leaves and roots). The types and amount of herbs added differ according to ethnic group and region. This mixture is then put into a large earthenware jug, covered, and allowed to ferment for at least one month. The strength of this alcoholic beverage is typically 15 to 25 percent alcohol by volume. Nomenclature Sra peang is the Khmer name given to the wine rine mainly produced and consumed by the minority people in Northeast Cambodia and local names vary among the different indigenous groups both Mon-Khmer, such as the Brao people, Kachok people, Kravet people, Krung people, Lun people, Phnong people, Tampuan people, and Austranesian such as the Jarai, the Tai-Ladai and the Lao. History Archeological traces of wine jars from Angkor era According to Khmer ethnologist Ang Choulean, the jar wine was consumed by Khmer people since Angkorian times, as can be observed on some bas-relief of the Bayon temple, though the characters drinking from the beverage may actually be from Chenla. Other bas-relief in Angkor Wat represents distinctively Chinese individuals drinking from the wine jars. Khmer wine jars of the 13th century have also been observed among other ceramic artefacts of the Angkorian era, though many such artifacts are of Chinese origin. French archeologist Georges Cœdès was also able to identify rituals involving wine jars in Angkorian inscriptions. An indigenous sacrifice: the rite of alliance Rice wine was kept and consumed in jars until the 20th century according to French ethnologist Adhémard Leclère. However, it did not have a religious or ceremonial character.	2.328125
69802434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucjan%20Plater	Lucjan Plater	Lucjan Stanisław Count Broel-Plater (born 25 November 1808 in Pomusz, died 12 June 1857 in Parramatta) was a Polish-Lithuanian insurgent and emigration activist, son of Tadeusz, owner of and Pomusz villages, and Rachela Kościuszko. Biography Together with his younger brother Ferdinand he served in the Russian officer school in Dinaburg. The brothers, together with their cousin Emilia, were part of a conspiracy to capture the Dinaburg Fortress. The conspiracy failed, the brothers deserted on 22 April 1831 and joined a unit of Walenty Brochocki, where they received the rank of second lieutenants. After the fall of the uprising, the brothers emigrated via Bavaria to France. Ferdinand took part in the march of the famous "Sacred Host" to help the Frankfurt uprising on 7 April 1833, but was interned in Switzerland. Lucjan stayed in Avignon, then in Paris, where he worked in the editorial office of the "Pielgrzym Polski" (). On 9 September 1833, he joined the Polish Democratic Society. In 1835 he was sent to Poland under the assumed name of Laurance. In April that year he planned to join the Egyptian army, but this did not happen. On 22 November 1835 he emigrated to London, where he received a refugee certificate. Following in the footsteps of his wife's sister Laura, married to prince Konstanty Drucki-Lubecki, he left with his brother for Australia in September 1839. The brothers supported themselves there by making confectionery, which Ferdinand learnt in France. Lucjan Stanisław died on 12 June 1857 in Parramatta, today a part of Sydney. Family On 12 October 1836 he married Charlotte Duffus (1813–1885), daughter of a West India planter. They had five sons and three daughters, who were brought up by Ferdinand after Lucjan's death. Lucjan's descendants living in Australia use the surname 'de Plater', some of them cultivates Polish traditions.	2.125

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