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78854488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Franz%20Heinrich%20Carl%20von%20Ostein	Johann Franz Heinrich Carl von Ostein	Count Johann Franz Heinrich Carl von Ostein (2 February 1693 – 29 April 1742) was a German lawyer, Imperial Privy Councilor and Imperial Ambassador. Early life Count von Ostein was born on 2 February 1693 in Amorbach. He was the son of Anna Karolina Maria von Schönborn and Johann Franz Sebastian von Ostein (1652–1718). His father sold his inherited property, including the ancestral Schloss Ostein which was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War, to the Antoniter Commandery of Isenheim in Alsace. In 1710 he bought an estate in the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Maleschau lordship (today Malešov), for 400,000 guilders. He also acquired the lands of the Ehrenfels Castle in Hesse of the Elector of Mainz. Ehrenfels Castle was destroyed by the French after it was conquered and before their retreat in 1689 during the Nine Years' War. The ruins were abandoned and part of the property went to Johann Franz Sebastian von Ostein. Among his siblings were Johann Friedrich Karl von Ostein, the Archbishop of Mainz, Elector of Mainz, and Prince-Bishop of Worms, and Lothar Johann Hugo Franz von Ostein, also Electorate of Mainz, Eichstätt and Augsburg Privy Councillor.	1.914063
78854488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Franz%20Heinrich%20Carl%20von%20Ostein	Johann Franz Heinrich Carl von Ostein	One of his ancestors was Johann Heinrich von Ostein, Prince-Bishop of Basel during the Thirty Years' War. His maternal grandparents were Count Melchior Friedrich von Schönborn-Buchheim and Baroness Maria Anna Sophia Johanna von Boyneburg-Lengsfeld (a daughter of Johann Christian von Boyneburg). Among his maternal family were uncles, Johann Philipp Franz von Schönborn, the Prince-Bishop of Würzburg,Friedrich Karl von Schönborn-Buchheim, the Prince-Bishop of Würzburg and Prince-Bishop of Bamberg who served as Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire under Joseph I, Damian Hugo Philipp von Schönborn-Buchheim, the Prince-Bishop of Speyer and Bishop of Konstanz, Rudolf Franz Erwein von Schönborn, a diplomat and composer, Anselm Franz von Schönborn, and Franz Georg von Schönborn, the Elector and Archbishop of Trier who was also Prince-Bishop of Worms and Prince-Provost of Ellwangen. Career Ostein received a legal education and was appointed to the Aulic Council ("Court Council of the Empire") in 1725. For more than five years, from October 1734 to January 29, 1739, he was Austrian Envoy to the Russian Court in St. Petersburg for Emperor Charles VI and later, briefly, to the Royal English Court, first in Hanover and then in London. Shortly before his death in 1741, he became President of the Imperial Court Council in Frankfurt am Main.	2.1875
78854498	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Miguel%20Camacho%20Gonz%C3%A1lez	José Miguel Camacho González	José Miguel Camacho González (born 17 January 1951) is a Spanish ophthalmologist, medical director, and pioneer on intraocular lens. He was born in Cúllar, Granada. He studied at Universidad de Granada, in 1976 he got a bachelor's degree in Medicine and in 1979 he specialized on Surgery. In 1970s he worked as ophthalmologist at Bola Azul and Hospital Torrecárdenas in Almería, and he cooperated with Instituto de Oftalmología Barraquer. He opened Vista Camacho, which works with the latest and innovated ophthalmological technologies, including VisX STAR S4 IR CustomVue laser with the Wave Scan aberrometer, and the Spectralis(R) platform, which is a tomograph to make micro-thousandth eye studies. He is one of the most rated ophthalmologist in the province of Almería by Doctoralia. Manuel Camacho Sampelayo, his son, who followed his steps and also studied at Universidad de Granada and Instituto de Oftalmología Barraquer, holds the eighth place in the ranking, and his brother José Miguel holds the ninth place. In 2010 he got the 3rd Videofestival Secoir Cádiz Award alongside Jaime Campello Lluch and José Miguel Camacho Sampelayo. In March 2022 he provided free services to Ukrainian refugees in Almería due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and he was awarded in the same year as "Colegiado Honorífico" by the Colegio de Médicos de Almería.	2.21875
78854613	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomistic%20theology%20of%20merit	Thomistic theology of merit	The "principle of merit" in which every meritorious action must be founded is "charity founded in sanctifying habitual grace". Furthermore, two conditions must be met for meriting: namely the "facultas merendi" (capacity to merit) and the "status merentis" (state of meriting). The facultas merendi implies that a person is in control of his own acts through free choice and that divine grace is present in the action. The status merentis refers generally to earthly life, a situation in which human beings can perform meritorious actions in contrast to the heavenly beatitude in which they already possess what merit is directed to. From a Thomistic point of view, the individual must also be in a state of grace for an act to be meritorious. Merit and moral goodness This conditions follow from the belief that only believers can perform actually meritorious acts, while unbelievers can do morally good works which are not meritorious. Some acts, namely those good works of someone who does not have Christian charity, are therefore indifferent to merit or demerit. As charity is dependent on faith, unbelievers cannot be said to hold Christian charity and therefore cannot merit eternal life in any sense through this acts according to Thomism, what differs from other assessments of invincible ignorance.	2.390625
78854628	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikram%20Chughtai	Ikram Chughtai	Muhammad Ikram Chughtai (22 October 1941 – 7 January 2023), also written as M. Ikram Chughtai or Ikram Chagatai, was a Pakistani researcher, translator, historian, and biographer. He conducted research on Muhammad Husain Azad and Muhammad Asad and published several rare and previously unpublished documents, contributing to Urdu research. His work in Iqbal Studies is frequently referenced in academic literature. His research methodologies and findings have been cited in Urdu, English, and other languages. Early life and education Muhammad Ikram Chughtai was born in Sialkot on 22 October 1941. He obtained a master's degree in Urdu from the University of the Punjab in 1964. He studied Urdu, English, and history, which became the foundation of his academic and research career. Career and literary contributions Early career Chughtai began his professional journey as a lecturer at the University of the Punjab. He later held the position of Director at the Urdu Science Board (formerly known as the Central Urdu Board). Additionally, he worked as a research scholar at the Central Urdu Board, Lahore. Research on Muhammad Husain Azad Chughtai conducted research on Muhammad Husain Azad and authored key works such as Maulana Muhammad Husain Azad: Tanqeed o Tahqeeq Ka Dabistan, Muhammad Husain Azad: Nai Daryaft Shuda Makhaz Ki Roshni Mein, and Mutala-e-Azad. These works focus on Azad's literary contributions and aspects of his personal life. Research on Muhammad Asad Chughtai made significant contributions through his research on Muhammad Asad. His notable works include Muhammad Asad: Bandah-e-Sahrai, Muhammad Asad: A European Bedouin, and Home Coming of the Heart, which explore various aspects of Asad's life and intellectual legacy.	2.265625
78855479	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penstemon%20virgatus	Penstemon virgatus	Penstemon virgatus, the wandbloom penstemon, is a species of flowering plant from western North America. It grows as far south as southwestern Mexico and as far north as southern Wyoming. It is part of the large Penstemon genus in the veronica family. Description The wandbloom penstemon is a herbaceous plant that can grow , but more commonly is between tall. It is a perennial plant, but short lived. Plants can have one or more flowering stems. The stems may be puberulent, covered in fine downy hairs, or may be smooth, but are not waxy. Plants always have cauline leaves, ones that are attached to the stems, and will sometimes also have basal leaves, ones that grow directly from the base of the plant. If the stems are hairless the leaves will be hairless as well, but if the stems have fine hairs the leaves will usually be somewhat similarly covered. Rarely they may be slightly glaucous, covered in blue-gray waxes. The lowest leaves on the stem and the basal leaves, if present, measure 2 to 11.4 centimeters long, though usually more than 6 cm. They are much narrower, most often 1.2 to 2.1 cm in width, though sometimes as little as 3 millimeters. Commonly they are lanceolate or oblanceolate, shaped like a spear's head or reversed, but rarely they are linear resembling a blade of grass. The stems will have five to eleven pairs of sessile leaves attached to opposite sides. The ones higher up on the stems will be 4 to 11.8 cm long and 3 to 17 mm in width and are also lanceolate.	2.5
78855479	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penstemon%20virgatus	Penstemon virgatus	The flowering stem is long and wand-like with the flowers , all facing one direction. The inflorescence is usually , but occasionally will just be just 3 cm at the top of the stem. It can have as many as 14 or as few as 3 groups of flowers, cymes, with two to five flowers to each cyme. The flowers are two lipped with three rounded lobes to the lower one and two on the upper, the lower lobes might be bent backwards. The flowers come in a spectrum of colors including pallid white, pink, blue, faded lavender, and purple. They have dark purple-red nectar guide lines on the lower lip. Penstemon virgatus is very similar to Penstemon secundiflorus which also grows in the southern Rocky Mountains, however the staminode is hairless in this species and hairy in P. secundiflorus. Taxonomy Penstemon virgatus is classified in genus Penstemon in the family Plantaginaceae. It was scientifically described and named by Asa Gray in 1859 with the then common spelling of Pentstemon. The specimens used to describe the species were collected in the mountains near Santa Rita del Cobre in New Mexico by John Milton Bigelow and Charles Wright as part of the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey. It was also collected by Samuel Washington Woodhouse. Apparent natural hybrids with salmon, pink-lavender, or pink flowers in New Mexico of Penstemon barbatus are likely a cross with this species. Varieties There are two varieties of the species. Penstemon virgatus var. asa-grayi This variety was first described by Frank Samuel Crosswhite as a subspecies in 1965 and named to honor the botanist Asa Gray. Many specimens in herbariums had previously been labeled as Penstemon unilateralis, a name that is synonymous with Penstemon secundiflorus due to the type specimen being a member of that species. Crosswhite identified the misidentified plants as P. virgatus. It was reclassified as a variety in 1988 by Robert Donald Dorn. It is distinguished by its glabrous, smooth and hairless, stems and having largely hairless leaves.	2.703125
78855525	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Shahed%20Emon	Abu Shahed Emon	Abu Shahed Emon is a Bangladeshi film director and producer. Early life and education Emon was born in the village of Takerghat, Sunamganj District, Bangladesh. He pursued a bachelor's degree in psychology at University of Dhaka. He developed interest for filmmaking during his involvement with the Dhaka University Film Society, which he would later further study filmmaking at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, Sydney Film School. and Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) in Australia. Later he completed his Master in Fine Arts (MFA) from School of Film, TV and Multimedia Korea National University of Arts Career Emon directed his debut film, Jalal's Story. The film was premiered in the New Currents Competition of Busan International Film Festival, and appeared as Bangladesh's Oscars award submission 88th Academy Award in 2016. He produced Sincerely Yours, Dhaka, and No Ground Beneath the Feet. The Bangladesh Oscar Committee selected the anthology film Sincerely Yours, Dhaka as Bangladesh's submission for the International Feature Film category at the 93rd Academy award 2021 Oscars. The film No Ground Beneath the Feet, produced by Emon, was submitted as Bangladesh's entry for the Best International Feature Film category at the 96th Academy Award, also known as the 2023 Oscars. Emon written and directed the web series, Mercules for Bangladeshi streaming platform Chorki and also produced an anthology series Bagh Bondi Shingho Bondi for Bangladeshi streaming platform Binge and directed one episode titled Arai Mon Shopno (2020) Emon directed a Japanese-language short film Tenement of Secret Talk, which was showcased in several Japanese film festivals. He served as the project director for the Bengali dubbed version of the Korean animation series "Teenie Scouts: Big Five," which on-aired on Bangladeshi Satellite channel Channel I and iscreen.	2.171875
78855546	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik%20Janczyszyn	Ludwik Janczyszyn	From November 1954 to July 1955, he was commander of the Protection of the Main Naval Base. Then from 1955 to 1956, he again studied at the Soviet Naval Academy in Leningrad. After returning to Poland, he took the position of head of the Combat Training Department at the Main Naval Staff. Later, he obtained the position of head of the Operational and Training Department. In December 1957, he became deputy chief of the Naval Staff. On July 13, 1960, by resolution of the State Council of the Polish People's Republic, he was promoted to the rank of Commodore. From November 1969 to February 1986, he commanded the Navy. On October 6, 1970, he was promoted to the rank of Rear admiral and on October 5, 1978, to the rank of Admiral. Political career From October 1946, he was a member of the Polish Workers' Party, and from 1948, a member of the Polish United Workers' Party. He held the position of deputy member of the Central Committee of the Party. In the years 1981–1983, he was a member of the Commission of the Central Committee, established to explain the causes and course of social conflicts in the history of the People's Republic of Poland. He held the mandate of a member of the Sejm of the Polish People's Republic in the years 1972–1989. In the years 1974–1990, he was also a member of the Supreme Council of the Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy. During Martial Law, he joined the Military Council of National Salvation. In July 1986, the Council of State of the Polish People's Republic appointed him ambassador to Syria, and in October 1986, also to Jordan. At the end of 1988, he was dismissed from his position. On November 7, 1989, he was officially bid farewell by the Minister of National Defense, General of the Army Florian Siwicki. He was retired on February 9, 1990. Death He died on July 27, 1994, and was buried at the Witomin Cemetery in Gdynia.	2.078125
78855569	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburgh%20Lifeboat%20Station	Newburgh Lifeboat Station	At 04:20 on 26 January 1942, the John Ryburn (ON 837) lifeboat crew were called, after reports of flares from a vessel in distress to the north, but it was soon confirmed that a ship was ashore at Cruden Bay, and that the coastguard rocket-brigade were on scene. The lifeboat crew were stood down. A second vessel was then spotted ashore at Hackley Head by assistant mechanic George Whyte, and after confirmation, the lifeboat launched at 08:40, into a strong south-east gale, heading to the SS Lesrix. The lifeboat arrived with the vessel, to find it well ashore with her back broken, with no sign of life, and in a position impossible for the lifeboat to reach. It was decided to head home. About north of the river Ythan, approximately from the shore, the lifeboat capsized. 15 minutes later, the seven crew were washed onto the beach, but two, crewman James Walker, and asst. mechanic George Whyte, were unconscious and could not be revived. By 1965, it had been four years since the last call, and eight years since any lives were saved. With lifeboats stationed to the north at , and to the south at , the decision was taken to close Newburgh Lifeboat Station on 30 September 1965. Since the station reopened in 1877, 155 lives had been saved. The boathouse still stands on the shore at Newburgh. The last lifeboat on station, John Ryburn (ON 837), was sold from service in 1966, and was last reported in 2010 as having been broken up. In 2018, the original Newburgh service board dating back to 1889, which once resided in the Newburgh lifeboat house, was donated back to the RNLI by lifeboat enthusiast Keith Webb, and presented to the nearest active RNLI station at . Station honours The following are awards made at Newburgh. RNLI Silver Medal Lt. Eustace William Clitherow Stracey, RN (Retd.) – 1899 John Innes, Coxswain – 1923 Petty Officer Charles Albert William Essam, RN, HMS Vampire – 1923 RNLI Bronze Medal James Innes, Bowman – 1923	2.046875
78855600	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiane%20Volger	Christiane Volger	Christiane Volger (1917 - 2008) was a German forest scientist at University of Göttingen who undertook some of the early physiological studies of the effect of herbicide on bracken in the 1960s. Education and personal life Christiane Volger was born 6 August 1917 in Oldenberg. Her father, Hans Volger, was a professional forester and she, unusually for a woman at that time, pursued a career in forestry. She studied forestry at the Royal Prussian Forestry Academy in Münden (incorporated into the Georg August University of Göttingen from 1939) and the Albert Ludwig University in Freiburg. In 1954 she was awarded a doctorate for a dissertation on the history of forestry in the Oedelsheim an der Weser region. In 1969 she obtained her Habilitation for a thesis on Bracken and its control with aminotriazole (Der Adlerfarn und seine Bekämpfung mit Aminotriazol) about the fern bracken. She died 17 September 2008 at the age of 91. Forestry career From 1943 to 1948 Volger worked at the Royal Prussian Forestry Academy as a research assistant to Julius Oelkers, head of the Institute for Silviculture (Institut für Waldbau) within the academy (later University of Göttingen). She continued as a research assistant under his successor, Adolf Olberg. In 1954 she was awarded her doctorate for a dissertation on the history of forestry in the Oedelsheim an der Weser region, a topic suggested by Olberg.	1.921875
78856367	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit%20Public%20Library%20Main%20Branch	Detroit Public Library Main Branch	The Main Branch is the headquarters of the Detroit Public Library System in Detroit, Michigan. It is located in Detroit's Midtown neighborhood, between Woodward Avenue and Cass Avenue. Designed by Cass Gilbert, the Main Branch was constructed with Vermont marble and serpentine Italian marble trim in an Italian Renaissance style. His son, Cass Gilbert Jr. was a partner with Francis Keally in the design of the library's additional wings added in 1963. Among his other buildings, Cass Gilbert designed the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C., the Minnesota State Capitol and the Woolworth Building in New York City. History In 1901, the Library Commission called a meeting to consider a new Main Library building. At the time, the Centre Park Library on Gratiot and Library street in the downtown district was the main branch. Andrew Carnegie offered $750,000 for the proposed main branch, and the city asked to submit a ballot question regarding issuing $500,000 of library bonds for purpose of complying with Carnegie's offer. However, voters rejected Carnegie's gift in 1907 and approved a $750,000 bond issue. Eventually, Carnegie's offer was accepted in 1910 by Common Council. In 1912, property near Woodward and Kirby was purchased, and in 1913 Cass Gilbert was awarded the architectural contract. The design was a three-floor, early Italian Renaissance-style building at 180,000 square feet. Due to delays and World War I, the Main Library did not open until March 21, 1921. It was dedicated June 3, 1921.	2.21875
78856367	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit%20Public%20Library%20Main%20Branch	Detroit Public Library Main Branch	The Children's Library and H.Y.P.E. Teen Center are located in different rooms of Main Branch. Currently, the H.Y.P.E. Teen Center is located in the original 1921 Children's Room, and the Children's Library is located in the Children's Room, an area built during the 1963 addition. The H.Y.P.E. Teen Center still contains the original installations meant for the 1921 Children's Room. For example, an authentic Pewabic Fireplace designed and executed by Mary Chase Perry Stratton and Horace James Caulkins depicts fairy tales and children's fables. The frieze illustrates The Owl and the Birds from Aesop's Fables, and the subjects of each tile include Pocahontas and John Smith, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Ulysses from The Odyssey, Tar Baby and B'rer Rabbit, Hansel and Gretel, the Tin Soldier, Titania and Bottom from A Midsummer Night's Dream, Aladdin, Mowgli and the Bear from The Jungle Book, and Robinson Crusoe. Additionally, a pictorial map of the state of Michigan hangs above the fireplace. The map was designed by Frederick J. Wiley. The current Children's Room contains a series a mosaics designed and executed by Gail Rosenbloom Kaplan and Dani Katsir. These works include Read (2015), Healthy Living (2016), Under the Sea (2016), Music (2016), Sports (2016), Transportation (2016), and Earth (2017). Additionally, there is a display for the American Girl Doll Melody Ellison. Melody is written as a Detroit native in her accompanying book series. Special Collections The Burton Historical Collection, E. Azalia Hackley Collection, Ernie Harwell Sports Collection, and Rare Book Collection are all housed at the Main library. The public can view materials in these collections by request within the Burton Reading Room. Some portions of the collections have also been digitized for online perusal.	2.859375
78856417	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored%20lagoon%20cockle	Colored lagoon cockle	The colored lagoon cockle is native to freshened zones and limans of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. It occurs in lakes Kagul, Yalpuh, Kugurlui, and in the Razelm-Sinoe Lake complex of the Danube Delta, as well as in the Kuchurgan, Dniester and Dnieper-Bug limans, in the Taganrog Bay, the Don Delta, the Kirpilsky, Kurchanskiy, Konovalovskiy, Kulikovskiy, and Polyakov limans of the Kuban Delta and in the Temryuk Bay. The species has also spread into the Sasyk Lake when it became less saline after getting connected to the Danube river via a canal in 1978. In the 20th century land conversion led to the disappearance of M. colorata from the lake Brates of the Danube Delta. In Tylihul Estuary the species went extinct due to salinity increase caused by construction of a canal which connected the liman with the Black Sea. In the early 20th century M. colorata lived in the Berezan Estuary and has since disappeared from some known localities although this area has not been fully studied. Its empty shells have been found in the Lake Varna in Bulgaria where it possibly lived before salinity increase in the first half of the 20th century. In the Yeysk Liman the species was last recorded in the 2000s where it subsequently went extinct due to salinization and eutrophication. In the early 20th century it was also recorded in the Akhtanizovsky Liman, but has not been found there in later studies.	2.515625
78856417	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored%20lagoon%20cockle	Colored lagoon cockle	From 1951 to 1956 the colored lagoon cockle was being released into the Veselovsky Reservoir of the Manych river. Since 1959 the species has been recorded in the northern part of the Caspian Sea in front of the Volga Delta where it was presumably introduced via ships after the opening of the Volga–Don Canal. It has since then spread into the reservoirs of the Dnieper river, over the lower course of the Don and to the Tsimlyansk Reservoir, as well as to the Karpovskoye, Bereslavskoye and Varvarskoye reservoirs of the Volga–Don Canal, the Volgograd, and Saratov reservoirs of the Volga, the Bolshoy Irgiz river, and the Volga Delta. From 1965 to 1970 M. colorata has been stocked in the Kuybyshev Reservoir of the Volga where it didn't survive but was found again in the 21st century. In Kazakhstan the colored lagoon cockle was intentionally introduced to the Lake Balkhash in 1965 and to the Kapchagay Reservoir in the 1970s. Since then it has spread into other water systems of the country such as the Irtysh–Karaganda Canal. Ecology The colored lagoon cockle lives in fresh and slightly brackish waters on sandy and sandy-silty sediments at depths up to 8–12 m. It occurs in waters with salinity of 0,03–7‰ but can also survive for some time at a salinity level of 12–16‰. As a filter feeder it consumes diatoms (Navicula, Coscinodiscus etc.) and detritus. In its native habitats this species forms communities with Dreissena mussels and with brackish water cockles Adacna fragilis and Hypanis plicata. M. colorata usually starts maturing at the age of two years at a length of 10 mm. Three year old specimens with a length of 20 mm are considered adult. The species reproduces from late April to September. Females produce about 200,000 eggs and release from several dozen to 50–70 eggs at once. At a temperature of 11–24 °C development from embryo to veliger takes one day. After 14–30 days the veliger settles to the bottom. An unidentified trematode is known to parasitize on M. colorata.	2.484375
78856853	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7%20Wonders%20Duel	7 Wonders Duel	7 Wonders Duel is a 2015 two-player strategy card game designed by Antoine Bauza and Bruno Cathala with art from Miguel Coimbra. A spinoff of 7 Wonders, the game was published by Repos Production and achieved commercial success. Gameplay 7 Wonders Duel is a two-player strategy card game. A game consists of three stages, each with an unique deck of cards, laid out in a overlapping pyramid shape. On a player's round, they must select one of the available cards and perform one of three actions. They may construct it by paying its cost in resources, activating the card and giving the player its effects. These include resource production, military advances, scientific tokens, victory points, and coins. Alternatively, the card may be discarded for coins or used to construct wonders. Similar to in 7 Wonders, which the game is a spinoff of, wonders give large benefits and cost multiple resources to construct. There are three means of victory. Anytime during the game, a player wins if they have advanced the military token to the end of the track or if they have six different science tokens. If neither condition is met at the end of the game, the player with most victory points, as calculated by a formula, wins. There is a single-player variant available, in which the opponent is replaced by a leader card that takes actions based on decision cards. Reception 7 Wonders Duel was published by Repos Production, a subsidiary of Asmodee, in 2015. The game was a commercial success, selling one million copies in five years, at twice the speed of 7 Wonders. It was nominated for, and won, BoardGameGeek's "Best 2-Player Board Game" and "Best Card Game" awards of the same year.	2.171875
78856995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OmniGraphSketcher	OmniGraphSketcher	OmniGraphSketcher was a software application from The Omni Group for creating quantitative diagrams. It allowed users to plot data and draw freehand curves, filled areas, and text labels on a coordinate plane. It was available from March 2009 through July 2013. History OmniGraphSketcher had its origins in Graph Sketcher, a Mac OS X application created by Robin Stewart that was first commercially released in 2006. The software was influenced by Stewart's academic research integrating data plotting with freehand illustration user interfaces. The Omni Group acquired Graph Sketcher in 2008 and launched OmniGraphSketcher for Mac in March 2009, followed by an iPad version in April 2010. In July 2013, the Omni Group discontinued OmniGraphSketcher, and in January 2014 released its source code under an open-source license as GraphSketcher. Reception Outlets such as Macworld, MacUser, and MacNN described OmniGraphSketcher as "one of those programs that does one thing and does it very well." Most rated it 4/5, appreciating the simplicity of making graphs but noting some limitations and interface glitches with the iPad version.	2.03125
77388709	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie%20Meijer	Annie Meijer	Annie Meijer (28 July 1875 – 4 July 1954) was a Dutch politician of the Roman Catholic State Party (RKSP). From 6 May 1924 to 8 June 1937, she was a member of the House of Representatives. From 1923 to 1935, she was also a member of the Rotterdam municipal council and a member of the Provincial Council of South Holland. Biography Meijer was born on 28 July 1875 in Rotterdam as the daughter of Carolus Augustus Meijer and Paulina Maria van Berckel. She attended the girls' school in Rotterdam and boarding schools in Brussels and Bonn. After her education, she devoted herself to charity. She became active in the Roman Catholic Women's Union and other Roman Catholic associations and organizations. At the beginning of World War I, she helped Belgian children. Meijer entered the House of Representatives on 6 May 1924 as a replacement for the recently deceased Maximilien Joseph Caspar Marie Kolkman. In the House of Representatives, Meijer focused on women's issues, juvenile justice, morality, the prison system, and vocational education. She was the eighth female member of the House of Representatives, and the second female Catholic member. In the 1929 general election, she was elected via the "female quality seat". Meijer passed away on 6 July 1954. She was buried in the Roman Catholic cemetery in Crooswijk. Personal life Meijer was unmarried as of 1929. She traveled to places including Russia and Italy. She also enjoyed literature and music. Honors Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion Medal Reine Elisabeth, also known as the Queen Elisabeth Medal Honorary chairwoman of the Roman Catholic Women's Union Electoral history	2.25
77388988	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno-Malom%C4%9B%C5%99ice%20and%20Ob%C5%99any	Brno-Maloměřice and Obřany	History On the territory of the modern-day area of Brno-Maloměřice an Obřany there was a significant settlement as early as the time of the Great Moravia. The territory of the modern town originally belonged mainly to the cadastral territories of Maloměřice an Obřany, but the peripheral parts also belonged to Židenice, Husovice, Bílovice nad Svitavou (the forest above the right bank of the Svitava valley) and Kanice. The two main settlements, which are Maloměřice an Obřany, were already established in the Middle Ages. In 1241, the Mongols invaded Moravia and ravaged and burned Maloměřice that year. Only at the end of the 13th century were Maloměřice restored. Another serious damage to Maloměřice followed during the siege of Brno by the Swedes in 1645. Due to the change of Obřany, both events mentioned above did not affect them much. In the second half of the 19th century, the development of Baar's embankment was built, then belonging to the village of Juliánov (never had its own cadastre, but fell under Židenice), called "Juliánov near Husovice". The villages of Maloměřice, Ořany, Husovice, Juliánov and Židenice were annexed to Brno on April 16, 1919, but the lands originally belonging to Bílovice nad Svitavou and Kanice were annexed to Brno at the end of the 1960s. During this reambulation, almost all current sections of the borders of these cadastral territories were also newly established. Further adjustments followed in the 1970s (a change in the border between Obřany and Lesná municipalities, during which a line forming the modern border of the city district with the neighboring Brno-North district was established) and on November 26, 1998 (a small change in the border between the cadastral areas of Maloměřice and Židenice in the neighboring district of Brno-Vinohrady). People from Maloměřice were called čučkaři because lentils were grown here, and fazuláci to the inhabitants of Obřany because they grew beans.	2.296875
77389267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albizia%20harveyi	Albizia harveyi	Albizia harveyi is a deciduous tree belonging to the family Fabaceae, it is distributed in eastern and southern Africa and quite similar in appearance to Albizia amara. Description The tree grows as a multi-stemmed shrub or small tree, when growing as a tree, it is capable of reaching 15 m tall. It has a greyish to brown bark and stem that are covered in short velvety hairs. Leaves are bipinnately compound, with each leaf having up to 18 pairs of pinnae and each pinnae with up to 24 leaflets. Leaflets are oblong in shape, 6 mm long and up to 1.5 mm wide, with an acute to sickle shaped apex. Flowers are creamy white in color while its fruit is an oblong bownish pod that is many seeded. Distribution Native to eastern and southern Africa, it occurs in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Kenya southwards to Northern South Africa. Found in woodlands. Phytochemistry Research on the leaf extracts of Albizia harveyi indicated the presence of a flavanoid group of polyphenolic compounds that includes, myricetin and quercetin. Uses The wood is used in building poles and for firewood.	2.328125
77389497	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krone%20BiG%20X	Krone BiG X	Drive The forage harvester BiG X has two power paths, one mechanical and one hydraulic. All flow components (the chopping drum, conditioning rollers, and accelerator) are mechanically driven by a composite V-belt from the engine. The torque output to the pulley at the engine can be engaged and disengaged via a multi-plate clutch. The V-belt directly drives the chopping drum and accelerator via a pulley, while the conditioning rollers are driven on the opposite side by a second composite V-belt running over the accelerator. Variloc, a two-stage planetary gear is integrated into the pulley of the chopping drum, enabling a chopping drum speed of either 1250 or 800 RPM. A gearbox is flanged to the engine, to which the hydraulic pump for the propulsion drive and for driving the pre-compression rollers is flanged to. Unlike the large BiG X, the small series forage harvesters do not require a motor output gearbox for sending power to the wheels. Engagement of all flow components is done via a belt clutch. Chassis, tires, and cabin As described, the harvester has hydraulic power transmission to the wheels; it features hub motors made by Bosch Rexroth, and planetary gear sets. The rear axle is a sprung double wishbone axle, which can also be equipped with hub motors upon request. There are two driving modes: a field driving mode with a range from 0 to 25 km/h and a road driving mode with a range from 0 to 40 km/h; the driving speed can be continuously adjusted. From the factory, there are five different front tire combinations and four different rear tire combinations available, with front tire widths ranging from 680 to 900 mm and rim sizes of 32, 38, or 42 inches; the 500, 620, or 710 mm wide rear tires are always mounted on 30-inch rims. All tires are radial tires. The cabin is optionally height-adjustable and can be raised by up to 700 mm. The chassis and cabin of the small series are identical to the large BiG X. The tire options range from 680 to 900 mm with rim sizes from 32 to 42 inches.	2.125
77389691	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaniv%20Pumped%20Storage%20Power%20Station	Kaniv Pumped Storage Power Station	Kaniv Pumped Storage Power Station is an unfinished pumped-storage hydroelectric power plant in the village of Buchak near the city of Kaniv in Cherkasy Oblast, Ukraine. Construction of the Kaniv PSP with a capacity of 3600 MW began in 1986 but was halted in 1991. An updated project adapted to the current state of Ukraine's unified energy system envisages the construction of a pumped storage power plant with a reduced capacity of 1000 MW. History The project for the construction of the power plant, developed in 1985 by the Kharkiv Institute "Ukrhydroproject", envisaged the construction of a PSP with daily and weekly load regulation of the energy system with a capacity of 3600 thousand kW, consisting of 16 rotating hydro units with capacities of 225 and 250 thousand kW in generator and pump modes, respectively. Construction work on the PSP began in 1984. A pit for the upper reservoir was excavated, power lines, a concrete road, and a railway were built, 759 thousand cubic meters of sand were deposited, and the banks of the Kaniv Reservoir were partially reinforced. The residents of the village of Buchak, located in the construction zone, were resettled (a total of 85 households). Compensation was paid to the resettled residents. A total of 57 million rubles (at 1984 prices) was spent. Construction was suspended in 1991 during the implementation of emergency measures to stabilize Ukraine's economy. On the initiative of the Dniprohydroenergo, supported by the Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine, the moratorium on the construction of the Kaniv PSP was lifted by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine decree No. 307-р dated April 19, 1999. This created the necessary preconditions for the continuation of construction work.	1.976563
77389695	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera%20Neave	Vera Neave	Vera Neave (born 1893) was a British swimmer in the early 20th century. She held multiple world records. Swimming Affiliations Neave was a member of the Jersey Swimming Club, where she was coached by David Billington. Later, she joined the Enfield Ladies Club in London, where her father served as her coach. Achievements On August 5, 1911, she became the first woman to win an open water swimming race in London. Out of 18 swimmers, 12 completed the race. Neave finished the 15-mile course in 4 hours, 9 minutes, and 39.6 seconds. On 18 August 1912 she broke the 1 mile world record. with a time of 31: 41.8. The next year she broke the 2 miles world record with a time of 1 hour 1:15.4 minutes in a swimming pool in Liverpool. In 1915 she finished at the fifth of the twenty participants. In 1918 she holds two more world records. She is the 440 yards record holder with a time of 6:57.8 and the 550 yards world record holder with a time of 7:52. In August 1921 she again beat the 1 mile world record, now with a time of 21:41.8.	2.21875
77390103	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Radujevac	Battle of Radujevac	The Battle of Radujevac was a battle of the Austro-Turkish War of 1737–1739 that took place near Vidin on September 28, 1737, near Radujevac, the Ottoman troops won the battle and forced the Austrians to retreat. Background In July 1737, the Austrians joined the war with Russia against the Ottomans. The first Austrian success was the capture of Niš on 28 July. Soon after this capture, the Austrians headed towards Vidin. They dispatched the field marshal, Ludwig Andreas von Khevenhüller, with a force of 9,000 men. Due to terrain conditions, they marched in several squadrons. Khevenhüller had some warships to cover the bridge to cross the Timok River. Khevenhüller arrived in Vidin on August 10 and called the Ottoman garrison led by Ivaz Mehmed Pasha to surrender, however; they refused. Khevenhüller ordered a reconnaissance unit of 500 cavalry led by Colonel Dragoni to inspect the fort. The unit advanced carelessly so much that the Ottomans made a sortie, surrounded them, and killed 228 within minutes. Khevenhüller reported the situation to the field marshal, Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff. Seckendorff ordered him not to do anything until his arrival on August 27. A council was held and decided to abandon the planned siege of Vidin. Seckendorff then ordered the main army to retreat toward Niš, while Khevenhüller would cover up the march. At the village of Radujevac, where Khevenhüller set out, he was attacked by the Ottoman cavalry, he managed to repel them but at the same time, the Ottomans managed to capture 14 Imperial transport ships at Timok River.	2.09375
77390210	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Roos	De Roos	De Roos was initially constructed on the remains of a bastioned fortification (this section of the urban wall was destroyed during the 17th century), situated on the current Zuiderstraat — a thoroughfare in the southern part of the historic center of Delft. Subsequently, the edifice was situated near a fortified tower, designated as Oosterijke toren. The location of the initial construction site is indicated on a map dated 1678 and engraved by the Dutch painter Johannes Verkolje and published by the writer Dirck van Bleyswijck. Near the aforementioned mill was the Rotterdamse Poort, a fortified gateway that opened onto the southern city wall. It seems reasonable to posit that De Roos exhibited a similar architectural style to that of the Gasthuismolen, namely that it was initially a post mill. This element is attested by a document dated 1629 in which an accident between its string and pivot is mentioned. Despite the paucity of evidence, it can be surmised that De Roos existed on the bastioned rondel of the Oosterijke toren by the second half of the 16th century.	2.03125
77390210	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Roos	De Roos	In November 1975, the Delft mill was showcased in a television program designed for a youth audience, titled Het Programma met de Muis. The report, broadcast by the Nederlandse Omroep Stichting, demonstrated the processes of flour production and mill operation through the actions of miller Niek de Vreede, accompanied by detailed explanations. From 1975 to 1983, de Vreede operated the mill with the assistance of volunteer millers. On August 18, 1979, to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the mill's construction, the mayor and the council of Delft organized a celebratory event throughout the city. Restoration work in the 1980s and 1990s In 1984, the mill exhibited further deterioration. On the night of February 14-15, the wings ceased turning. This deterioration was attributed to a subsidence of the masonry above the hexagonal gallery and a malfunction of the rotating cap. The restoration work, which commenced in November 1988, entailed the removal of the cap and the raising of the upper portion of the mill's skirt, which weighed approximately 240 tons. This was achieved using 35 centrally controlled hydraulic jacks anchored through 40 holes drilled to a depth of 1.3 meters into the skirt. The jacks were employed to exert a force that would push the skirt upwards. The work continued in March/April 1989, with the jacks still holding the circular structure above the platform. The base, a brick-and-mortar assembly, was re-masoned, and the inclination was raised by approximately 40 centimeters. The new rotating cap, replacing the previous 19th-century one, was installed in early 1990. On June 19, 1990, a 120-ton mobile crane was utilized to affix the cap to the mill's skirt. Additionally, new metal shafts for the wings and new millstones were hoisted and integrated into the mill structure.	2.4375
77390552	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chvilevaite	Chvilevaite	Chvilevaite (, in its own name) is a rare hydrothermal polymetallic mineral from the class of complex sulfides, forming microscopic grains in related minerals, its composition is a rare combination of alkali (combining lithophile) and chalcophile metals — sodium ferro-sulfide, zinc and copper with the calculation formula Na(Cu,Fe,Zn)2S4, originally published and confirmed as Na(Cu,Fe,Zn)2S2. The new mineral was studied, described and identified in 1985-1986 and named in honor of Tatyana Chvileva, a leading employee of the Institute of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Crystal Chemistry of Rare Elements, a mineralogist at the Mineragraphy Cabinet. Discovery history and name Initially, a new mineral of the approximate composition Na(Cu,Fe,Zn)2S2 was discovered as very small grains of inclusion in archival samples of sphalerite from the Akatuy lead-zinc deposit (Alexandrovo-Zavodsky district of the Trans-Baikal Territory), obtained by the microscopy laboratory of the IMGRE from the funds of the Mineralogical Museum of the Academy of Sciences USSR. Monomineral grains of the future chvilevaite had sizes from 0.01 to 0.5 mm, but, as a rule, did not reach the maximum size, occurring mainly in the smallest varieties (from 0.01 to 0.05 mm). Therefore, the establishment of a new mineral species occurred mainly by subtle instrumental methods, based on the results of microscopic and X-ray studies. The group of scientists who discovered and identified the new mineral described their discovery as follows:	2.296875
77390552	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chvilevaite	Chvilevaite	X-ray studies of the crystal lattice of chvilevaite showed that the new mineral has a trigonal system and is not a structural analogue of the only known mineral with a related composition at that time, tetragonal murunskite К2Cu3FeS4. The research results showed that the symmetry, unit cell parameters of chvilevaite, as well as interatomic distances fixed from the Paterson function are close to wurtzite; atoms (Cu, Fe, Zn) jointly occupy tetrahedral voids in a hexagonal close packing (like wurtzite) of sulfur atoms: Na atom can be located in one of 2 octahedral voids in the unit cell. Copper, iron and zinc atoms together occupy half of the tetrahedral voids, but unlike wurtzite, in chvilevaite tetrahedral voids of different orientations are filled, having common edges and forming dense tetrahedral layers. Sodium atoms occupy half of the octahedral voids layer by layer, which leads to the appearance of a metallic luster in the crystals. In the structure along the c axis, dense layers of (Cu, Fe, Zn) tetrahedra alternate with looser layers of NaS6 octahedra, which fully explains the perfect cleavage along (0001). A very similar crystalline structure, although dissimilar space groups, characterizes the whole family of chvilevaite-like synthetic sulfides and selenides: Na(CuFe)S2, Li(CuFe)S2, Li(CuFe)Se2 and others. It is significant that replacing layers of sodium or lithium atoms with layers of larger potassium, cesium or thallium ions automatically leads to a transition from the trigonal chvilevaite structural type to the tetragonal bukovite structural type. In particular, murunskite, found on Mount Koashva in pegmatites of the same type as the new mineral orikite discovered in the Khibiny Mountains in 2007, has a similar crystal structure. However, a detailed X-ray study and modeling of the powder pattern of the found orikite showed that this mineral and chvilevaite are most likely not direct structural analogues. Mineral formation	1.90625
77390647	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin%20Kapkov	Konstantin Kapkov	Konstatin Gennadievich Kapkov (, born 22 August 1969) is a Russian historian, writer, theologian, and creator of the database of the military and naval clergy of the Russian Empire of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He has published several historical works, mainly on the reign of Nicholas II and the history of the Russian Orthodox church. Biography Kapkov was born in Moscow. In 1997 Konstantin Kapkov made a new Russian revision of the texts of the Gospels on the basis of Russian and European translations. In the introduction to the publication the author describes the principles of religious liberalism on which the work is based. In 1999 Kapkov was baptized and entered Saint Tikhon's Orthodox University which he graduated from with a degree in History of Religion. Since 2008, Kapkov has been the head of the сhurch historical project "Letopis" to create a database and synodic (commemoration book) of the clergy of the Russian Empire. He collected about 40,000 names of the clergy of the Orthodox Church in various archives, about 1000 personalities were published in the "Commemorative book of the Russian military and naval clergy." Kapkov became a nominee and winner of the Makariev Prize: "for significant scientific achievements" in 2009 and in the nomination "History of the Orthodox Church" for the work "Priests – Cavaliers of the Imperial Military Order of St. George” in 2013. Kapkov is in charge of the Scientific and Historical Department of the St. Nicholas Solba Convent. In 2014, Kapkov organized an exhibition "Ancient engraving of the Solovetsky Monastery," the exhibits of which are included in the funds of the History of Monasticism Museum. Three published books on the history of St. Nicholas Solba Convent offer detailed insights into the past of the institution and on the problem of monasticism in Russia.	2.140625
77390739	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady%20Anashkin	Gennady Anashkin	Gennady Vladimirovich Anashkin (Russian: Геннадий Владимирович Анашкин; born on 17 December 1968), is a Russian military leader, who served as the acting commander of the Southern Military District between 15 May and November 2024. He was awarded the title Hero of the Russian Federation in 2008. He was promoted to Colonel General as of 2023. He was the Deputy Commander of the 8th Combined Arms Army of the Southern Military District since July 2017. Berween 2023 and 2024, he was also the commander of the 8th Combined Arms Army. As of December 2024, he is currently head of the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Biography Gennady Anashkin was born on 17 December 1968 in Kuibyshev (now Samara). In June 1987, he was called up for military service in the Soviet Army and served in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany. In August 1989 he entered the Ryazan Higher Airborne Command School, after which in 1993 he was sent to serve in the 337th Guards Parachute Regiment (104th Guards Airborne Division, Ulyanovsk), from August of the same for a year he commanded a parachute platoon there. In August 1994, he was appointed to the position of deputy commander, and in July 1995, to the position of commander of a parachute company in the same regiment. Since April 1998, he served in the 116th separate parachute battalion (31st Guards separate airborne brigade, Ulyanovsk), where he commanded a company. From December 1999 to August 2000, Anashkin served on a mission in the former Yugoslavia, where he commanded a parachute battalion as part of the Peacekeeping Forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2003, he graduated from the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of Russia. Since June 2003, he served as chief of staff - deputy commander of the 226th, and from September - the 285th training parachute regiment of the 242nd training center for training junior airborne specialists in Omsk.	1.9375
77390809	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt%20of%20July%2020%2C%201810	Revolt of July 20, 1810	The situation began to grow so serious that Viceroy Amar y Borbón convened a meeting in the Viceroy's palace with the members of the Royal Audiencia to inform them about the secret notices that were coming to him where he was informed of the possibility that a revolutionary force against the Spanish system would explode in the immediate future. Unconcernedly, one of the members of the Royal Audiencia, Hernández de Alba, made his voice heard to say: "Americans are toothless dogs: they bark but they do not bite." With the collapse of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville with the capture of the city by French forces, the Spanish government fled to Cadiz establishing the Council of Regency. With the situation deteriorating in New Granada the council decided to order the destitution of Amar y Borbon, sending a notification with the royal commissioner Antonio Villavicencio. On March 1, 1810, Villavicencio departed from the port of Cádiz along with another royal commissioner Carlos Montúfar who was bound for Quito. The two arrived in Cartagena on May 8, while Montúfar departed for Quito, Villavicencio headed for Santa Fe. That same month on May 22 the colony's most important port and one of its most important cities Cartagena de Indias revolted and established its own junta. Soon other cities broke out in revolt such as Cali and Pamplona. On 9 July, In the provincial capital of Socorro the inhabitants of the town rose up against the Corregidor José Váldes de Posada with goal of "Restoring to the people of Socorro the sacred and imprescriptible rights of man", this revolt was suppressed by the local Spanish garrison leading to the death of 8 people.	2.53125
77390821	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Wilbraham%20%28causewayed%20enclosure%29	Great Wilbraham (causewayed enclosure)	Great Wilbraham is a Neolithic causewayed enclosure, an archaeological site near the village of Great Wilbraham in Cambridgeshire, England. The enclosure is about across, and covers about . Causewayed enclosures were built in England from shortly before 3700 BC until at least 3500 BC; they are characterized by the full or partial enclosure of an area with ditches that are interrupted by gaps, or causeways. Their purpose is not known; they may have been settlements, meeting places, or ritual sites. The Great Wilbraham enclosure was first identified from aerial photographs in 1972. An excavation was begun in 1975 by David Clarke, with a planned five-year research programme, but Clarke died in 1976 and the results from the dig remained unpublished for years. The surviving part of the archive of finds and records from Clarke's dig was reanalysed in the 2000s, and published in 2006. The site was rich in finds, including Neolithic flint, pottery from periods stretching from the Neolithic to the present day, and animal bone—mostly cattle, but also some sheep and pig. Radiocarbon dating of two samples from the enclosure found dates inconsistent with their context, and were assumed to be the result of later material intruding into the Neolithic levels. The site has been protected as a scheduled monument since 1976.	2.6875
77390821	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Wilbraham%20%28causewayed%20enclosure%29	Great Wilbraham (causewayed enclosure)	The cropmark plot used by Clarke to determine where to dig the trenches proved to be inaccurate, and this meant the trenches were not ideally positioned. The first trench (GW I in the diagram) was intended to be bisected by the circuit's ditch, but only just overlapped it at the southern end. The plot of the cropmarks was altered, probably by Clarke, to allow for the new information, but it was still incorrect in the east, and the trench in the northeast of the site, dug in 1976, was started (as trenches GW II a & d) further outside the line of the circuit than was expected, and the trench had to be extended (GW II c, e, & f) before the ditch was encountered. In both seasons this led to more investigation of the fenland peat deposits and less of the interior of the enclosure. The trench at the east side of the site (GW II in the diagram) was U-shaped, with two arms, connected at the southwestern end. For all three trenches, the initial soil removal was done by machine until the base of the ploughsoil was reached, and the spoil heaps were examined for finds. Recording of finds below this level was poor within the trenches and inconsistent between them, so it was not always possible for the later analysis to be sure of the original stratigraphic position of the finds.	2.5625
77390901	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives%20of%20Sremski%20Karlovci	Archives of Sremski Karlovci	Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Archive in Sremski Karlovci On July 4, 1949, the Holy Synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church transferred the archive of the Metropolitanate of Sremski Karlovci to the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts for preservation and organization for scientific use. This agreement, which extended SANU's responsibility for the archives, was set for 50 years and expired in 1999. The agreement was subsequently renewed twice, each time for ten-year periods. On December 7, 2018, with the support from the Government of Vojvodina Serbian Academy opened Audiovisual Archive and Center for Digitalization at the archive in Sremski Karlovci. When the third agreement between the Serbian Orthodox Church and SANU expired in 2020 the church expressed its intention to transfer religious documents back to the church while ensuring their continued accessibility for researchers. This request was based on the recommendation of the Ministry of Culture and Information and the Archive of Serbia that the entire sacral fundus should be nominally transferred to the Archive of the Serbian Orthodox Church while materials related to state and administrative issues should nominally be the responsibility of the Archive of Vojvodina.	1.953125
77390961	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Margaret%20Hooper	Jane Margaret Hooper	Jane Margaret Hooper (1818 – June 1907) was a British writer, best known for her gothic novel The House of Raby (1854). Jane Margaret Winnard was born in 1818 in London, daughter of John Winnard, an oilman, and Jane Winnard. In June 1852, she married journalist George Hooper. Their children Wynnard Hooper and Margaret Hooper were close friends with Rudyard Kipling. In her novel The House of Raby, two lovers cannot marry due to fears of hereditary insanity. Hooper also published the ghost story "Bring Me a Light!" in the magazine Once a Week in 1961. Jane Margaret Hooper died in June 1907 in Fulham. Bibliography Recollections of Mrs. Anderson's School: A Book for Girls. 1 vol. London: Arthur Hall, 1851. Arbell: A Tale for Young People. 1 vol. London: Routledge, 1853. The House of Raby: or, Our Lady of Darkness. 3 vol. London: Chapman and Hall, 1854. Little Maggie and her Brother: A Sketch for Children. 1 vol. London: Bell and Daldy, 1861. Fanny and Arthur: or, Pervevere and Prosper. A Tale of Interest. 1 vol. London: Dean and Son, 1862. A Young Man's Love: A Tale. 3 vol. London: Tinsley Brothers, 1873. Prince Pertinax: A Fairy Tale. 1 vol. London: Field and Tuer, 1883.	2.28125
77391123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahwas%20Al-Ansari	Al-Ahwas Al-Ansari	Abdullah bin Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Asim bin Thabit al-Ansari (variant:ʿAbd Allāh bin Muḥammad bin ʿAbd Allāh bin ʿĀṣim bin Ṯẖābit Al-Anṣārī) () also known as "Al-Ahwas" Al-Ansari () or simply as Al-Ahwas () was a satirical Arab poet from Madinah living under the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate. Along with Umar ibn Abi Rabi'ah, he is one of the representatives of the literary form of ghazel which became popular in the urban centers of the Umayyad Caliphate, but his better known works were his satirical poems, which influenced later satirical poets like Abu Nawas and Al-Jahiz. The nickname of "Al-Ahwas" ("The one that squints") was given to him due to the fact that he couldn't open one eye fully due to the tightness of the eyelid muscles, making it seem that he was constantly squinting. Biography Al-Ahwas was born in 35 AH (655 AD) in Madinah. He belonged to the Ansar from Madinah, more specifically to the Banu Aws tribe, and during his life he rose to enough prominence in the tribe to become the mouth-piece of the Ansar. He was part of the rich and noble classes of Madinah and lived through the Battle of al-Harra, in which the Ansar and other member of Medinan society rebelled against the rule of the very unpopular caliph Yazid I, and were later quelled by Yazid I's forces.	2.5625
77391398	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifes%20Peaks%20Formation	Fifes Peaks Formation	Description Fifes Peaks Formation consists of flows that are vesicular, basaltic andesite. Weathering the rock creates shades of dark brown. The newly fractured blocks are medium- to dark-gray colors. Some flows are fine grained, most are porphyritic and contain glassy phenocrysts of plagioclase that weather to chalky-appearing clay. The flows are a few feet to several tens of feet (3–20 m), with columnar jointing common in the thicker flows. The breccias in the Fifes Peak are mostly shades of gray, purple, and red, with angular to subrounded rock fragments cemented by ash. The fragments are a few inches in dimension, rarely a foot long. They are mostly andesite porphyry, pumice, and glass. With fewer rock fragments, the breccias is a buff and tan. Pieces of petrified wood may be present. Bedding can be conspicuous but is often too massive to be identified. Volcanic Clastic Rocks Andesitic and basaltic flows and breccias over lye the Ohanapecosh Formation. In contrast, Hartman referred them to the Fifes Peak Formation. The Sun Top tuff (or Sun Top unit), an informal member of the Fifes Peak Formation. The Sun Top unit crops out on both sides of the White River at Sun Top and on Dalles Ridge. An extra caldera flow from the Clear West Peak volcanic center is considered part of the Fifes Peak Formation. The flow consists of a silicified rhyolite tuff interbedded with the lavas from the Fifes Peak Formation. These beds are on the north side of the White River. Rocks in the Rimrock Lake-Mt. Rainier area of the Fifes Peak Formation ranges from 20 to 27 Ma in age, making the unit late Oligocene and early Miocene in age. In the Cougar Mountain and Mount Aix area, andesite lava of the Fifes Peak Formation are 22- to 24-Million years ago (Ma) whole (early Miocene). Near Snoqualmie Pass, the Sun Top unit of the Fifes Peak Formation range from about 20 to 24 Ma (Miocene).	2.65625
77391422	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilzan	Gilzan	Gilzan or the kingdom of Gilzan, also known as Gilzanu, was a late Bronze Age and early Iron Age kingdom in the ancient near east, lying between the ancient great powers of Assyria and Urartu. Not much is known about Gilzans history, Gilzan is primarily known from Assyrian and Urartian sources. History Gilzan first emerges in historical records in the 9th century BC. Initially, it appears to have been an independent kingdom, maintaining autonomy before eventually becoming part of the kingdom of Urartu. During the mid-9th century BC, as Shalmaneser III expanded his empire, Gilzan was conquered and transformed into a vassal state of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Over time, its integration into Assyrian control deepened, and it was likely fully absorbed into the empire under the reign of Sargon II in the late 8th century BC. Following this period, Gilzan itself disappears from the historical record. The territory of Gilzan was conquered together with Assyria and Urartu by the Median Empire in the late-7th century BC. Location The exact location of Gilzan is debated, it is known to have been north of Assyria, bodering Urartu, most likely somewhere around Lake Urmia. The modern Iranian cities of Salmas or Miandoab could have been its cite. Somewhere in the Zagros mountains, near the lake, is also seen as a possibility. Rulers Although Assyrian inscriptions from the 9th century BC mention the 'kings' of Gilzan, there is still debate over whether Gilzan was truly a kingdom or not. A list of Gilzans 'kings': Unknown king (c. 883–c. 880 BC) Asau (c. mid-9th century BC) Upu (c. 827 BC)	2.6875
77391702	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kociewie%20dialect	Kociewie dialect	In central Kociewie with ę can go to a and ą to ó, but with the loss of nasality of nasal vowels before sibilants: gasi. In northern Kociewie nasality is also lost before sibilants, but ę goes to y, or sometimes lowers to a. Nasal vowels lose their nasality and decompose in front of consonants, so ą becomes ó pochylone + n, ń, or m, and becomes o word finally. ę also denasalizes word finally and becomes e or sometimes a, resulting in the fact that feminine nouns in the accusative and nominative sound the same. Before a consonant or word-internally ę decomposed to y + n, ń, or m. The cluster oN shows prenasal raising, giving óN. Consonants w is often pronounced voiced even after voiceless consonants, as in other Greater Polish dialects. There are numerous Masovian influences on the consonant system. The groups św’, ćw’, dźw’ often harden: śwecili (świecili). Often the group li hardens to ly due to Masovian influence. The cluster chy often softens to chi, and kie, gie often harden to ke, ge. Soft labials often decompose, where the palatal element strengthens to j, now less common. kt shifts cht: chtoś (ktoś). Inflection Kociewie has some changes common to northern lects, as well as some innovations in its inflection. Nouns Masovian dialects have also greatly influenced the declension. The instrumental plural ending -ami oftens hardens to -amy. The masculine dative singular may be formed with -owiu, which has been less common in recent times. The genitive plural ending -ów is often used for all nouns regardless of gender. Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals Adjectives, numerals, and pronouns frequently take -ę, which may be realized as a, instead of -ą for the feminine accusative singular, as in nominal declensions.	2.296875
77391718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajna%20dialect	Krajna dialect	The Krajna dialect () belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the north-western part of Poland. It borders the Bory Tucholskie dialect to the northeast, the Northern Greater Polish dialect to the south, and the Kashubian language to the north. Due to its position, it is a transitional dialect and shares many features with neighboring dialects and languages, and is very diverse. Phonology Atypical of Greater Polish dialects, Krajna generally devoices consonants at the ends of words before vowels and semivowels as a result of Kashubian influence, except for a small part in the south. Typical of dialects of Greater Polish, Krajna does not have mazuration. Vowels Like other Greater Polish dialects, Krajna historically had a tendency to break monophthongs into diphthongs, or occasionally tripthtongs, but this is irregular, and occurs more in the north-west. Generally the final component of these diphthongs is non-syllabic u̯, or sometimes e̯ and i̯. Breaking vowels include slanted á (>au̯, ou̯), o (> ᵘ̯o, oe̯, ᵘ̯oe̯), slanted ó (> ᵘ̯ó, oy̯), and y (>yi̯ after sz ż rz cz c dz, or in the south after all hard consonants), and not a or u. Nowadays it's more common to use monophthongal pronunciation. y in Krajna has a tendency to be fronted, phonemically merging with i (but phonetically approaching it), and only the hardness of the consonant remains the deciding factor within a word. In the past there the group eł often shifted to oł, kiołbasa, wołna, which now only occurs in a few words and small regions of Krajna. The groups ił and ył had a tendency to lower, giving éł, or to uł in Sępolno. The common northern changes of ra- > re-, ja- > je- and -ar->-er- can only be found in certain words here. Slanted vowels Western Krajna raises old slanted é to y, whereas Eastern Krajna maintains it, but sometimes raises it to y after hard consonants and to i after soft consonants. Slanted á can either raise to o, or merge with a. Slanted ó tends to diphthongize.	2.609375
77391727	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyavian%20dialect	Kuyavian dialect	Contraction Uncontracted forms are usually present here: bojać sie (bać się). Inflection Both Greater Polish and Masovian influences can be seen in the inflection. Nouns Some noun forms show a levelling of ablaut: wiesna (wiosna). Until recently, the masculine singular dative ending -ewi could still be seen after soft consonants, but is mostly replaced by -owi. The instrumental plural is -amy instead of -ami. Similar to other dialects, nouns in Kujavian can have a different gender than in Standard Polish. A preference for -a over -u for the genitive singular for masculine nouns can be seen, and -owi over -u for masculine nouns in the dative. A few animate nouns can show an accusative forms equal to the nominative, where typically one would see the genitive: na śwynty Józef, przez Duch Śwynty. Masculine nouns often have the nominative singular in place of the vocative singular, but a few personal names have the vocative singular as the nominative singular. Masculine personal nouns in the nominative plural often take -y or non-softening -i (after k, g) and -e, and rarely take -owie or softening -i. -ów as the genitive plural ending may be used after both hard and soft consonants, as well as for all genders, and the genitive plural ending -y/-y is very limited. There are two accusative singular endings for feminine nouns: -ę (which can be realized as -e or -a) for nouns with a historically short final -a, and -ą (which can be realized as -um) for nouns historically ending in a long a (i.e. ija, -yja, -ja). Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals The superlative is occasionally formed with nej- instead of naj-. The instrumental plural is -imy, -ymy instead of -imi, -ymi. In adjectives and pronouns, -ech is used over -ych for the genitive/locative plural. Certain third person pronouns, especially when used possessively, can be extended with je-: jeji matka, nie jejich sprawa.	2.203125
77391729	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Greater%20Poland%20dialect	Northern Greater Poland dialect	The Northern Greater Polish dialect () belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Krajna dialect to the northwest, the Kujawy dialect to the northeast, the Western Greater Polish dialect to the far southwest, and the Central Greater Polish dialect to the south. The exact borders of Northern Greater Polish are not clear. The Krzyszczewo and Wola Skorzęcka subdialect occupies part of Northern Greater Polish and part of Central Greater Polish geographically, and also somewhat linguistically. The dialect of these villages is increasingly affected by Standard Polish, as demonstrated by the number of similar features. Phonology Typical of Greater Polish dialects, voicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here. Also typical of Greater Polish dialects, mazuration is not present, except in Wieleń, where the so-called “Wieleń Masurs” are, who have masuration. In reality, they are not true Masurians, but are just called this due to their dialect. Vowels Northern Greater Polish has features typical of a Greater Polish dialect. ej may shift to y: z ty (z tej). In the past, like many Greater Polish dialects, monothongs were often diphthongized: myjszyj (myszy). The change of ra-, ja- to re-, je- is found in a few words: redło (radło), jerzmo (jarzmo). Slanted vowels Slanted é often raises to i (after both hard and soft consonants) and to y (particularly after hard consonants). Slanted ó is retained ó. Slanted á raises to o. Nasal vowels Nasal ę and ą decompose word-medially to eN (or sometimes raised to iN, yN) and oN. Word final -ę denasalizes, and word-final -ą is typically realized as -om. Historically nasal vowels often completely denasalized: geś (gęś), ksiożka (książka). Prothesis Word initial o- and sometimes u- labialize to ô- and û-.	2.734375
77391729	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Greater%20Poland%20dialect	Northern Greater Poland dialect	Consonants kt-changes to cht. Sometimes medial -ch- changes to -k-: na wierzchu – na wierzku. In Wola Skorzęcka, r-z sometimes changes to rz (ż), szli can be realized as śli, and rękach can be realized as rencach. zrz simplifies to rz: rorzutnik, strz and trz simplify to szcz and cz, rdz to rz: barzej (bardziej), ść to ś: przypuśmy (przypuśćmy), and doubled consonants are simplified into a single one: leki (lekki). Intervocalic ł is often lost, especially in the feminine past tense: nie suwaa (nie suwała). Contraction Uncontracted forms can be seen here: stojał (stać). Inflection The inflectional features of this dialect are typical for a Greater Polish dialect. Nouns A few nouns differ in gender from Standard Polish: wuja (wuj). Mobile e is sometimes not lost in declensions in certain declensions: myndele (myndle). The instrumental plural -mi is often levelled to -ami: koniami (końmi). -ów is used as a genitive plural ending regardless of gender. There is a preference for -a for the masculine genitive singular over -u. Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals The feminine genitive/locative singular and comparative of adverbs may be -y/-i instead of -ej as a result of sound changes. Verbs First person plural past tense verbs typically take -m instead of -śmy: zbieralim (zbieraliśmy). The third person feminine past may be -aa due to loss of intervocalic -ł-. Verbs containing -nąć often lose -ną-, -nę- in the past tense: zamkło (się) (zamknęło (się)). The past tense is occasionally formed analytically: ja żem robił (robiłem). Vocabulary Word-Formation Word-formation in this dialect is typical of a Greater Polish dialect. Nouns Common noun suffixes are -acz(ka), -ak/-ok, -arka/-orka, -arnia, -arz/-orz, -ec, -ek, -ik/-yk, -ica, -icha, -isko/-ysko, -ówka. Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals Adjectives formed with -aty are common here. Syntax Masculine personal nouns are often levelled to masculine animal nouns here.	2.203125
77391741	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Greater%20Poland%20dialect	Central Greater Poland dialect	The Central Greater Poland dialect () belongs to the Greater Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Northern Greater Poland dialect to the north, the Western Greater Poland dialect to the west, the Eastern Greater Poland dialect to the east, the Southern Greater Poland dialect to the south, and the Lesser Polish Sieradz dialect to the southeast. The subdialect of these villages is increasingly affected by Standard Polish, as demonstrated by the number of similar features. Phonology Typical of Greater Polish dialects, voicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here. Also typical of Greater Polish dialects, mazuration is also not present. Vowels Final -ej is sometimes realized as -ij/-yj or -i/-y, and -aj as -ej. Like many Greater Polish dialects, monothongs were often diphthongized: myjszyj (myszy), however, this is now rare. A few words show a vowel shift of -eł- > -oł-: widołki (widełki), and some words do not see an ablauted e: mietła (miotła). Slanted vowels Slanted é often raises to i (after both hard and soft consonants) and to y (particularly after hard consonants). Slanted ó is retained ó. Slanted á raises to o. Nasal vowels Nasal ę and ą decompose word-medially to -iN-, -yN- and -oN-, -óN-. Word final -ę denasalizes to -e, and word-final -ą is typically realized as -om, -óm. Prothesis Word-initial o- often labializes to ô-. Consonants Many simplifications of clusters are present: tero (teraz), jes (jest), wszysko (wszystko). Often ł is lost when next to u: pótory (półtory) or intervocalically: byoᵉ (było). A common shift of trz, drz>czsz, dżż>cz, dż, strz, zdrz>szczsz, żdżż>szcz, żdż is present. ch in some positions, especially weak positions, can be realized as k: skła (schła). Doubled consonants are simplified into a single one. Contraction Non-contracted forms can be found: stojały (stały). Inflection The inflectional tendencies of this dialect are typical of other Greater Polish dialects.	2.578125
77391763	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca%20dialect	Łęczyca dialect	Nouns Many soft neuter nouns (those ending with -e) have replaced the final vowel with -o: powietrzo (powietrze). Some neuter nouns ending with -ę have some declensions levelled: z imiym (z imieniem). There is a tendency to use -ów as the genitive plural ending for all nouns, regardless of gender. Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals The feminine genitive/locative singular of adjectives, pronouns, and numerals and the comparative of adverbs may e -ij/-yj or less commonly -i/-y due to sound changes. Verbs The imperative of verbs may be -ej instead of -aj due to sound changes. In Tum, the first person plural past tense verb ending -m can rarely be found instead of -śmy. -śmy is much more common in Dobrów alongside -źmy. Similarly, and often preferred for dialectal stylization, is the ending -śta, -ta, extracted from the old dual; used for the past tense in Tum and occasionally for the imperative in Dobrów. The Standard Polish ending -cie is generally preferred over this ending. Sometimes an analytical past tense can be formed with że plus a personal clitic (-m, -śmy) and the l-form of the verb. This often occurs alongside standard endings. Due to Masovian influence, verbs that commonly end in -eć may end in -ić. Prepositions and prefixes Common is the extension of the prepositions w, z with mobile e to we, ze when before a word starting with a consonant of the same place of articulation: we wojne, ze synkatym. Syntax Sometimes masculine inanimate nouns are declined as masculine animal nouns. Similarly there is a tendency to level masculine personal and masculine animate nouns, where masculine personal nouns are declined as masculine animal nouns but other words in the concordance take masculine personal endings, such as verb endings. As a result, deprecative don't have a negative connotation. Use of deprecative forms neutrally is now rare, however.	2.109375
77391767	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieradz%20dialect	Sieradz dialect	The Sieradz dialect () belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Łęczyca dialect to the north, the Krakow dialect to the south, the Łęczyca dialect to the east, the Central Greater Polish dialect to the northeast, and the Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the farn northeast. The classification of the Łęczyca and Sieradz subdialects is often debated; some classify them as Lesser Polish, whereas others classify them as belonging to Greater Polish. Łęczyca and Sieradz have even been considered as one group due to the large number of similarities. This unclear categorization is the result of the land being placed under control of various administrative territories throughout history, resulting in a transitional dialect between Greater Polish, Lesser Polish, and Masovian. Furthermore, many dialectal traits of the region are fading, and Standard Polish is becoming more prevalent. Phonology Tautosyllabic -aj often shifts to -ej, and tautosyllabic -ił/-ył can shift to -uł. Vowels Somewhat exceptional here is the reduction of -ę, -ę > -i word-finally: właścicieli\|\|właściciele (właściciele). Word-final -ej shifts to -ij (after soft consonants)/-yj (after hard consonants or rarely after soft consonants). Initial ra- can shift re- in a small number of words. Slanted vowels Slanted é often raises to i (after soft consonants) or y (after hard consonants or on occasion after soft consonants or in Folwarki also to y). Slanted ó is retained ó/u. Slanted á raises to o, especially in some suffixes, or can be pronounced as a as in Standard Polish. This raising is also inconsistent, and pronunciation typically matches Standard Polish.	2.6875
77391769	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovian%20Borderland%20dialect	Masovian Borderland dialect	Consonants Partial decomposition of soft labial consonants is present here, as in Masovian dialects. A common hypercorrection is the replacement of soft ń with ḿ: misko (nisko). Soft ḿ is sometimes depalatalized: -(a)mi > -(a)my. A regional gemination of s is frequent here, including s result from mazurzenie: lass (las). In other places a reduction of geminated s is stronger: łosypać (rozsypać). In the north a similar gemination of -n- in adjectives is present. Very characteristic of this region is the preservation of rz as a raised tapped consonant /r̝/. l has hardened: lys (lis). The velars k, g, have hardened: kedy, and ch is often softened: muchi (muchy), marchiew (marchew). A shift of chw, chrz > chw, chrz is present: kwilka (chwilka), krzest (chrzest). The groups śẃ-, ćẃ- harden to św-, ćw-. Inflection Influence from Masovian and Lesser Polish dialects can be seen. Nouns A few nouns differ in gender from Standard Polish. A common masculine dative singular ending is -oji, and for neuter -u is most common. The masculine locative singular is formed most common with -e: w kapelusie (w kapeluszu). This can occasionally happen in the neuter, but -u is preferred. Many feminine nouns that typically end with a consonant end with -a here: brukwia (brukiew), brwa (brew). The genitive singular of feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant is -e. Feminine nouns ending in -o (-á) take -ą in the accusative singular, otherwise -a is used for the accusative singular of feminine nouns. -ów can be used for the genitive plural regardless of gender. -amy is used for the instrumental plural. Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals In adjectives and pronouns, the masculine/neuter genitive singular is formed with -igo (after soft consonants)/-ygo (after hard consonants). The masculine/neuter instrumental/locative singular is typically -am, and the dative plural is -am as well.	2.171875
77391769	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovian%20Borderland%20dialect	Masovian Borderland dialect	Verbs The verb jeść has an exceptional declension: jjem, jjys, jjy, jjaᵉmy, jjyta. The imperative may be -oj instead of -aj due to sound changes.The masculine singular past tense may be -uł due to sound changes. Some verb forms do not show ablaut: bierã (biorę). The personal past clitics -em/-am tend to be homophonous here due to fronting: ja widziałem/widziałam. It is also built the past tense without these clitics: jo buł (byłem). The present tense first person plural can be built with either -amy (where the a can front) (from Lesser Polish) or -em/-im (from Masovian). The present and past tense first person dual can be built with -wa: bylyźwa ((my dwaj/dwoje) byliśmy). The second person plural of the past, present, and imperative can be built with -ta. -cie is used as a formal ending showing respect. Prepositions and prefixes Common is the extension of the prepositions w, z with mobile e to we, ze when before a word starting with a consonant cluster. The dual of pronouns is retained here relatively well: do naju (do nas), do waju (do was), numa (nam). Vocabulary Word-Formation Noun formation tendencies are more typical for a Lesser Polish dialect, with some influence from Masovian. Nouns Nouns denoting young animals and people are formed with -ę, and not -ak. -ątko is used expressively. Verbs Both -ywać and -ować for frequentatives are present here, where -ywać is more common in the north. Sometimes -ać is used instead of either.	2.453125
77391774	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielce%20dialect	Kielce dialect	Verbs The imperative may be formed with either -ej or -oj due to sound changes. Many verb forms do not show ablaut, the result of levelling: wieze (wiozę). Many first person present/future verb forms have hardened consonants via analogy: złape (złapię). -ta and -wa can sometimes be found in imperatives, where -wa has an archaic marking. Many verbs take different government than in Standard Polish. The contemporary adverbial participle is built with the archaic -ący, where in Standard Polish it is -ąc. Prefixed forms of -iść usually have -ń- instead of -j-: dońde (dojdę). Initial s-, ś- is partially retained here: słożyć (złożyć). Vocabulary Word-Formation Typical Lesser Polish word-formation is common here. Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals -iwny instead of -iwy can be found in many words, along with -ny instead of -owy for some relational adjectives, and -ny instead of -asty in some cases. A final -k and -j is added to many pronouns and adverbs: nikogój (nikogo), jeszczek (jeszcze). Verbs -uwać is used for frequentative verbs here, and often -ić/-yć replaces -eć. Many verbal prefixes are preferred over standard verbs: ośmiać się (roześmiać się). The prefix roz- lost initial r- and labaliazed the following o. Syntax The plural is sometimes used as a formal way to address someone: mama to jedli. Frequently bez and przez are conflated. An archaic style of prepositional phrases can be seen here: po podłącu.	2.75
77391778	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w%20dialect	Kraków dialect	The Kraków dialect () belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Sieradz dialect to the north, the Kielce dialect to the northeast, the Eastern Kraków dialect to the east, the Podegrodzie dialect to the south, and Silesian to the west. Scholars often debate about the northern and western borders of this dialect. This dialect is slowly losing many features and replacing them with those from Standard Polish. Phonology Both voicing and devoicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here, with devoicing being common in the north from Masovian influence. Also typical of Lesser Polish dialects is the presence of mazuration, but is slowly being lost. Vowels Typical Lesser Polish vowel development is found here. Slanted vowels Slanted á is realized either as á or is raised to o. Slanted é is raised to y, or more rarely, i. This also effects the adverb comparative ending/genitive/dative/locative singular feminine ending for adjectives -ej > -yj/-ij. e can raise to y before r. ó can be realized as ó or raised to u. Nasal vowels ą is typically a nasal ǫ or ǫ́, and ę is typically a nasal ę, y̨, or ę́, and decompose to oN, eN before non-sibilants. In the past, denasalization was more common. ę and ą typically decompoze before l, ł and l, ł are lost: wzion (wziął), or n is lost: wzioł. Word finally -ę denasalizes to -e, and -ą can either denasalize to -o (in the accusative singular of feminine adjectives, numerals, and pronouns and the third person plural present/future tense of verbs) or decompose to -om (in the instrumental singular of feminine nouns, adjectives, and pronouns). The younger generation often uses -om for all positions. Prothesis Initial o often labializes to ô as well as after velars.	2.53125
77391783	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasovia%20dialect	Lasovia dialect	The dialect belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Kielce dialect to the northwest, the Western Lublin dialect to the northeast, the Eastern Lublin dialect to the east, the Przemyśl dialect to the southeast, the Biecz dialect to the southwest, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the southwest. Lasowska can be divided into four regions: eastern, central, northern, and western. Villages by the San and Łęg rivers are more similar the central subdialects, villages between the Vistula and Łęg are more like subdialects in Sandomierz, and villages near Grębów have traits of both. Phonology Both voicing and devoicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here, with devoicing being common in the north from Masovian influence. Also typical of Lesser Polish dialects is the presence of mazuration, but is quickly being lost, particularly in the east. In the east, mazuration is not present (except the western-most part of this area). Vowels Often e > ‘o is levelled: wiezło (wiozło). Slanted vowels Slanted á raises to o, but was until recently retained as á. Slanted é raises to i after soft consonants and to y after hard consonants. Slanted ó typically raises to u, or sometimes lowers to o, but was until recently retained as ó. In the east, slanted ó is retained as ó.	2.8125
77391783	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasovia%20dialect	Lasovia dialect	Nasal vowels In the east and north (around Jamnica), nasal vowels lose all nasality and are realized as e, o. In Dąbrowica, nasality is only partially lost. Final -ą can be either -o or -om, and final -ę loses nasality. Medially, decomposition and raising of ą > óN and ę > iN, yN) is more common, except before sonorants and ch, where they are raised and denasalized. In other places, nasal vowels are decomposed and lowered before sonorants (with many exceptions where nasality is lost): ę changes to æN and ą to aN, and similarly eN to æN. In the north, eN tends to raise to yN, áN, and oN to óN. Often aN fronts to eN, æN. Often uN is lowered to óN, oN, and iN, yN often lower to eN. In central Lasovia, ę changes to ą, eN to aN, there is lack of decomposition of nasals, and there is a retention of uN (without lowering). In the north, nasals are denasalized. In the west, nasal vowels denasalize in the north of this region and ę denasalizes in the south. Prothesis Initial o- and u- often undergo labialization to ô-, û-. A few other cases of prothesis before other word-initial vowels can be found, but are rare and limited to a few words.	2.640625
77391790	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Lublin%20dialect	Western Lublin dialect	i and y may lower before l, ł in past tense forms: beli (byli), beło (było). In the south, they may go to u in the same circumstances: buł (był), piuł (pił). Many verbs ending in -ać with -eję declension sometimes see levelling in the past tense in the north east: zaleli (zalali). This does not occur elsewhere. The past tense of żąć was levelled by analogy to the present tense, also with possible contamination with the verb rżnąć: żnęłam (żęłam). Many verbs across the whole region that normally end in -eć may end in -ić, which may also be seen in Masovian dialects: powedzić (powiedzieć). In the first person plural present, past, and imperative forms of verbs, -(ź)wa may be seen: byliźwa (byliśmy), chodźwa (chodźmy). In Bychawa and Kraśnik, it can even retain its original function as a dual marker, and -(ś)my is used for the plural. In the edges of this region -wa and -ma (resulting from contamination between -my and -wa) can be seen: wozima (wozimy). At the eastern edge -m for the first person present/past/future plural, from Masovian influence, can be seen: wozim (wozimy). In the west, the first person plural present, past, and imperative forms of verbs ending -(ś)ta is common alongside standard -cie: mota (macie). -(ś)ta may also serve as a formal ending, where most dialects use -cie for formality: dajta, mamo. The third person plural may also be used as a form of respect: dziadek przynosili słómy snop (dziadek przynosił snop słomy). In the east, analytic past tenses are often formed: my trzęśli (trzęśliśmy). In the northeast, synthetic forms occur, and synthetic forms are less common in the east. The third person singular present tense of być is je, as opposed to Standard Polish jest. In the east, iść and its prefixed derivatives can take a masculine third person singular past tense form influenced by Eastern Slavic languages: poszeł (poszedł). Verbs ending in -ąć typically take -n- in the past tense: wypłynena (wypłynęła), but in the far north-east standard forms occur	2.125
77391790	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Lublin%20dialect	Western Lublin dialect	Vocabulary Word-Formation Both Lesser Polish and Masovian word-formation tendencies can be seen here. Nouns Nouns formed with both -ę and -ak for young people and animals are common here. -yna is a common, expressive suffix here to imply a given object is old and not in good condition: łóżcyna (old and tired bed), from łóżko. Diminutives are sometimes used for this purpose as well, along with the standard, positive connotations. Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals Adverbs are sometimes formed differently than in Standard Polish: normalno (normalnie). Numerals under 5 often govern the genitive plural: dwa pópłónycków (dwa podpłomyczki), dwie wiunchów (dwie wiąchy(wiązki)); conversely numerals above five may not govern the genitive plural: pińć kilumetry (pięć kilometrów). Verbs Frequentatives are typically formed with -ywać/-iwać from Masovian influence; in most of Lesser Poland -ować dominates. In parts of the eastern region -uwać is common. Verbs formed from -jąć form the frequentative with -ać, and not -ować: wyjmało sie (wyjmowało się). Syntax Masculine personal nouns generally take the so-called “deprecative” forms neutrally: dziadki (dziadkowie). Similarly, the plural past tense is usually formed with -ły, regardless of gender: łojcowie zaprosiły (ojcowie zaprosili). However, in Giełczew and Stare Komaszyce, -li can still be found in the first person plural past tense regularly: my tak sie śmioli (tak się śmialiśmy), sadziliśmy (sadzaliśmy), or rarely in the third person plural. In the north, however, -li is preferred for all genders: byli takie ruzmaite kwiatki (były takie rozmaite kwiatki).	2.71875
77391794	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20Lublin%20dialect	Eastern Lublin dialect	Nouns In the east, feminine nouns ending in -cha, -ha sometimes take -se, -ze in the dative and locative singular: muse (musze, from mucha) as a result of Ukrainian influence. Some feminine nouns are extended with -a in the nominative: guspudynia (gospodyni), mysza (mysz), brukwa (brukiew). -ów is often used as the genitive plural ending regardless of gender, and may be extended to soft-stem masculine nouns as well: talerzów (talerzy). -∅ may also occur in feminine and neuter nouns. -am is used as the dative plural ending instead of Standard Polish -om: dziwczynkam (dziewczynkom) as a result of Ukrainian influence. This feature is one that distinguishes Eastern Lubelszczyzna from Western. -om/-óm may also occur. Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals The comparative of adverbs may be formed with -y/-i due to sound changes. On occasion, pronouns taking adjectival declension and adjectives can take noun-like declensions: któro (które). Adjectives in the masculine singular nominative may end in -yj/-ij from Ukrainian influence, but this is uncommon. Adjectives, pronouns, and numerals may sometimes take -e (from *-ę) in the feminine accusative singular in the eastern edge, as in nouns: śmitane gęste take (śmietanę gęstą taką). The instrumental/locative masculine/neuter singular of adjectives, pronouns, and numerals may be -em alongside standard -ym: całem tym sznurkiem (całym tym sznurkiem). The genitive plural of adjectives, pronouns, and numerals may be realized as -éch, as in Masovia and Western Lubelszczyzna, but -ych is more common. The instrumental plural of adjectives, pronouns, and numerals may be -emi: temi kiczkami (tymi kiczkami), probably as the result of prenasal lowering of y only in this inflectional ending. The numeral trzy may take trzoch alongside standard trzech as a genitive plural form: z trzoch gatunki zboże było (z trzech gatunków zboże było). It may also tak trzoma as the instrumental plural alongside standard trzema: z trzoma królami (z trzema królami).	2.34375
77391797	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari%E2%80%93Abu%20Dhabi%20War	Qatari–Abu Dhabi War	In August 1887, Zayed bin Khalifa lodged a formal complaint regarding a maritime incident involving Qatari vessels. According to Zayed's account, a baghlah (a type of traditional sailing vessel) originating from Al Wakrah, Qatar, allegedly engaged in acts of piracy. The vessel was reported to have first plundered a Bahraini boat in the vicinity of Ashat Island. Subsequently, the same vessel approached a baghla crewed by members of the Qubaisi tribe, who were engaged in pearl diving activities. The report states that the Qubaisi divers, unaware of the impending threat, were caught off guard. The aggressors opened fire on the Qubaisi vessel, resulting in the death of a crew member identified as Ashkan. Zayed attributed this act of aggression to the instigation of Jassim, the de facto ruler of Qatar, and Ali bin Rashid of Al Wakrah. 1888 Hostilities intensified markedly in 1888. Early in the year, a member of the Manasir tribe, nominally under Abu Dhabi's suzerainty, absconded with several camels and sought asylum in Qatar. This act of defection prompted Zayed to dispatch an envoy, Mohammed Saif Al Mazrouei, to Qatar to negotiate the return of the fugitive. Upon Jassim's refusal, Zayed ordered punitive raids against Qatar. In February 1888, approximately 400 men of the Al Bu Shaar branch of the Manasir mounted on 200 camels arrived at Nuaija, an area of Doha which held the town's main well. During their raid, they captured 40 slaves, while another raid outside the confines of Al Bidda saw the capture of a few more slaves. Jassim's forces attempted to apprehend the Manasir but to no avail.	2.640625
77391798	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl%20dialect	Przemyśl dialect	Nouns Masculine personal as a gender is often changed to masculine animal: muzykanty (muzykanci), ludzie niprzytomne (ludzie nieprzytomni), but the plural past tense -li is used for non-virile plurals as well: czołgi jechali (czołgi jechały), or non-virile agreement: chłopy tańcowały (chłopi tańcowali). This change is rare, and generally standard agreement is used. A few nouns differ in gender than in Standard Polish. Many feminine nouns that normally end in -i in the nominative singular are extended with -a here: gospodynia (gospodyni). Some masculine personal nominative plural forms are modelled on the form bracia, a historically collective form: kumyndiańcia (komedianci). -am is used as the dative plural ending instead of Standard Polish -om: dziwczynkam (dziewczynkom) as a result of Ukrainian influence. Standard -om occurs more frequently, however. Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals The comparative of adverbs as well as the feminine genitive/locative singular of adjectives, pronouns, and numerals may rarely be -yj/-ij or -y/-i due to sound changes. Adjectives (including adjectival pronouns and numerals) in the masculine singular nominative may end in -yj/-ij from Ukrainian influence. Adjectives in the genitive/dative/locative feminine singular can end in ‑i/‑y: pracy taki zaróbkowy (pracy takiej zarobkowej); however, standard -(i)ej is more common. Adjectives, pronouns, and numerals may sometimes take -e (from *-ę) in the feminine accusative singular in the eastern edge alongside standard -ą, as in nouns: miał te rączke dłuższe (miał tę rączkę dłuższą). On occasion, adjectives in the locative/instrumental masculine/neuter singular may end in -em alongside standard -im: z takim ukrągłem (z takim okrągłym), w jednem kóliorze (w jedym kolorze). Adjectives in the dative plural sometimes take -em alongside standard -ym: przypominać młodem (przypominać młodym). Numerals in the genitive sometimes take -och: ud cztérnastoch lat (od czternastu lat).	2.203125
77391800	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biecz%20dialect	Biecz dialect	The Biecz dialect () or Pogorzan dialect () is a dialect of the Polish language belonging to the Lesser Poland dialect group. It borders the Podegrodzie dialect to the west, the Eastern Krakow dialect to the north, the Lasovia dialect to the northeast, and the Przemyśl dialect to the east. It is spoken by the Polish Uplanders, who include the West and East Pogorzans, as well as some surrounding ethnographic groups. Historically, it was also spoken by assimilated German settlers in the area known as Forest Germans () or Deaf Germans (, ). Due to its position, Biecz is a very diverse dialect, with unclear northern and western borders, as in recent times the border of areas with mazuration and without has become less distinct. Phonology Typical of Lesser Polish dialects (as well as Greater Polish dialects), voicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here. Also typical of Lesser Polish dialects is the presence of mazuration, however, mazuration here is inconsistent and fading as result of a negative association with dialectal features, now being restricted to specific words. Often ablaut is levelled: uniesła (uniosła). In parts of this region, o can sometimes front, and then sometimes unround, sounding like e, phonetically near . A few cases of metathesis are recorded: druślok (durszlak). Somewords have lost a medial syllable as a result of initial stress that was common in Old Polish: płockej (poczekaj). Vowels A few instances of eł switch to oł, or less commonly ół: połne (pełne), pudołko (pudełko), kukiołka (kukiełka), Pawół (Paweł). -ił, -ył shift to -uł, generally in verb forms, particularly the third person singular past: robiuł (robił). -ej shifts to -i (after soft consonants) and to -y (after hard consonants) typically in the comparative of adverbs as well as medially in a few words: zdymowały (zdejmowały), zdymcie (zdejmijcie). Regionally e may be inserted in certain consonant clusters: wiater (wiatr), especially in the prepositions/prefixes w(-), z(-).	2.703125
77391800	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biecz%20dialect	Biecz dialect	Nouns A few nouns have a gender different than in Standard Polish, and a few feminine nouns that typically end in a soft consonant or -i end in -a here: wsza (wesz). There is a preference for -a as the masculine singular genitive over -u. An archaic genitive singular -e is regionally kept in feminine soft-stem nouns: ze studnie (ze studni). -owi as the dative masculine singular can appear in place of -u as a result of hypercorrection: kotowi (kotu). A masculine locative singular ending -e can be seen in place of standard -u in soft-stem nouns as a result of mazuration : w kapelusie = w kapeluszu. A masculine nomiative plural ending -o (from -á modelled on bracia, księża (historically braciá, księżá, here bracio, ksiy̨zo)) can be seen: wójcio (wójtowie), policjancio (policjanci), muzykancio (muzykanci). -ów can be used for the genitive plural regardless of gender. -ami can replace -mi as the instrumental plural via levelling: liściami (liśćmi). Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals The comparative of adverbs may be -i/-y due to sound changes. Many numerals display particularly different forms: z dwióma chłopokami (z dwoma chłopakami), dwójko, pięciórko ludzi (dwoje, pięcioro ludzi). Verbs The past tense may be formed with -uł instead of -ył/-ił due to sound changes. -aj shifts to -ej in the imperative of verbs. Verbs ending in -nąć in the infinitive often do not have -ną-, -nę- in the past tense: ciągła (ciągnęła). A few verbs take a different declension paradigm than in Standard Polish: gwizdom (gwiżdżę), lubiałam (lubiłam); and stem-final labials often harden in declensions: złame (złamię). The first person singular and third person plural present/future tense are often levelled: mogymy, muszymy (możemy, musimy). -my may appear instead of -śmy in the first person past plural: jechalimy (jechaliśmy). Prepositions and prefixes The prepositions/prefixes w(-), z(-) are often extended to we(-), ze(-) before certain consonant clusters. Vocabulary	2.5
77391800	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biecz%20dialect	Biecz dialect	Word-Formation Many typical Lesser Polish word-formation tendencies are found here. Nouns The suffixes -owo (from earlier -owá), -ino (from earlier -iná), and less commonly -ka denoting “wife of” attaching to surnames is common here: Karasiowo (wife of Karaś), Lijanino (wife of Lijana), Karaśka (wife of Karaś). The suffix -anka denoting “daughter of” attaching to surnames is also common: Lijanionka (daughter of Lijana). -ok (from earlier -ák) denoting “son of” attaching to surnames is also common: Majfelok (son of Majfela). -ok may also be appended to place names meaning “resident of”: bugajok (resident of Bugaj). The feminine equivalent of this is -ónka (from earlier -ánka: bugajónka (female resident of Bugaj). Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals Adjectives formed with -aty may be seen here where in Standard Polish might be a different ending: cyrwieniaty (czerwonawy), paniaty (pański), and -ni may be seen instead of -ny: tylni (tylny). Adjectives and adverbs are more frequently diminutized. Many pronouns and adverbs are formed with -ik, -ok: tutok (tu), dziesik (gdzieś). Indefinite pronouns may be formed with choć- which often assimilates: choćco/chojco: (coś). -k may also be used to create emphatic pronouns and adverbs: tutok (tuż). Verbs Frequentative verbs are formed with -ować where in Standard Polish is typically -ywać. Syntax In the east masculine and non-masculine syntax and declension is often levelled: chłopy siekli.	2.515625
77391805	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podegrodzie%20dialect	Podegrodzie dialect	Consonants -ch- can be lost: jeać (jechać), and -ch and change to -k, mainly in inflections, and not as much in stems. It is common to geminate s and ś here: z lassu, w leśsie. Often word-final final (or syllable-final) -ń shifts to -j: dziej (dzień). Final -ść, -źć simplify to -ś, -ź and strz, zdrz, trz, drz simplify to szcz, żdż, cz, dż. ślń is simplified to śśń, rnc to rz, gdź to dź, ndn to nn, and stn (stń) to sn (śń): maśnicce (maselniczce), gorcek (garnczek), dzie (gdzie), porzonnie (porządnie), chrzesny (chrzestny). Inflection As a result of sound changes, many inflections are different, which means that many of these are recent innovations since the 20th century. Nouns -o is now used also for the accusative and instrumental singular of feminine nouns. -o, -om, and -em are used for the instrumental singular of masculine nouns. -ami is typically -omi. -e as the genitive singular of soft feminine nouns is quite common: do studnie. Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals Word-final -ej of the comparative of adverbs and genitive/dative/locative feminine singular of adjectives shifts to -i (after soft consonants)/-y (after hard consonants). Verbs The past tense can be formed with -uł instead of -ił/-ył due to sound changes. Often ablaut in conjugations is levelled: niesły (niosły). Final -ł is lost in masculine past tense forms with -k, g, d, t, s, z-: mók (mógł). -o is used as the third person plural present and future tense of verbs: majo (mają). The past tense may be formed with a personal pronoun and an l-form without a personal clitic: jo myśloł, or less commonly with personal clitics: płojechołem (pojechałem), often with the personal pronoun alongside the clitic. The personal clitic has a stronger tendency to attach to words other than the verb than in Standard Polish. -my can be seen alongside -śmy (przyjezdzałymy) in the first person plural past tense.	2.4375
77391809	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBywiec%20dialect	Żywiec dialect	Nasal vowels Nasal vowels can be realized three different ways depending on region: 1) merging the nasal with denasalization (more in the north), 2) having two nasals but tending towards merging 3) having two nasals (more in the south), with all three systems being inconsistently pronounced; sometimes nasals may also be pronounced as in Standard Polish, or with raising. In the north, denasalization word-medially occurs before any consonant: siogali (sięgali), zajoce (zające), and sometimes piyknie (pięknie). Final -ą shifts to -o, and is consistently changed in the third person present/future tense and the accusative and instrumental feminine singular of nouns. A few exceptions can be heard. Final -ę may merge with -ą and then further to -o, or more commonly be realized as -e. The feminine instrumental singular of nouns (as well as masculine nouns ending in -a) may be realized as -om as well. eN is typically raised to yN, or to oN in certain inflections, such as in gerunds: do cedzonio (do cedzenia), the instrumental masculine singular: gniojom (gnojem), the first person present/future singular: powiom (powiem), the first person present/future plural: dajomy (dajemy), and in a few other isolated cases. aN can often raise to oN. In the south, nasals are closer to the standard, but usually undergo raising, so ę > yN, ą > óN, oN. -ę typically denasalizes word-finally, and final -ą is typically realized as -om, especially in grammatical endings such as the third person plural present/future of verbs and the instrumental singular of feminine nouns. Complete medial denasalization can occur in a few words. Here, eN raises to yN as well, or in a few exceptions, to oN. Verbs ending in -ąć typically lose ł, l in past tense forms: wzion (wziął). áN raises to óN. Prothesis Initial o- usually labializes to ô-, as well as medial -o- after labials and velars. u can also sometimes labialize to û- in these positions, especially initially. Initial i- may gain a prothetic j-, and initial a- may sporadically gain a prothetic h-.	2.53125
77391809	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBywiec%20dialect	Żywiec dialect	Adjectives and adverbs Due to Silesian influence-i is used in the nominative/accusative neuter of adjectives and pronouns due to Silesian influence: taki sukno (takie sukno), -i is used for the non-masculine plural of adjectives and pronouns: ôgródecki ‘malutki (ogródeczki malutkie); and -igo/-ygo is used for the masculine/neuter genitive singular of adjectives and pronouns (as the result from old slanted é): z takigo (z takiego). Verbs The infinitive may end in -j due to sound changes. As in many other Goral dialects, namely Orawa, Podhale, and Spisz, the first personal singular present/future tense of verbs is typically -em, of Slovakian origin: jezdzem (jeżdżę). The first person plural present/future verb forms are often levelled via analogy: idemy, chodzemy, mogemy (idziemy, chodzimy, możemy). The aorist is retained in the first person singular, with a shift of -ch > -k: chciałabyk (chciałabym). The first person plural past tense often has -my instead of -śmy, probably as a result of a reduction of -chmy (from the aorist -ch- + -my): ‘bawilimy sie (bawiliśmy się). Many verbs take a different paradigm than in Standard Polish: czymie (trzyma). Many passive adjectival participles are formed with -t- instead of Standard Polish -n-: ôblaty (oblany). Vocabulary Word-Formation Typical southern word-formation features can be found here. Adjectives Indeterminate pronouns and adverbs are commonly suffixed with -ik and -si, cosik (coś), skądsik (skądś). Adjectives are commonly formed with -aty: kwiociaty (kwiaciasty). Verbs Frequentative verbs are formed with -ować: ‘chodzowoł (chadzał). Syntax	2.4375
77391817	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orawa%20dialect	Orawa dialect	The Orawa dialect () belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in part of Poland and Slovakia. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Żywiec dialect to the far northwest, the Babia Góra dialect to the north, and the Podhale dialect to the east. The Orawa dialect is partially Poland with 14 settlements, and partially in Slovakia with 11. The use of dialect here is strong, and the effects of Standard Polish are weaker than in other regions. Phonology Typical of Lesser Polish dialects (as well as Greater Polish dialects), voicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here. Also typical of Lesser Polish dialects is the presence of mazuration. Initial accent is common here. Vowels Ablaut is often levelled: mietła (miotła). Slanted vowels Slanted vowels are generally retained: tráwa (trawa), wóz (in Stan. Pol. pronounced as wuz, here as wóz), and é has merged with y after both hard and soft consonants: śniyg (śnieg). Nasal vowels Nasals decompose from é > yN and ą > oN medially before non-sibilants, but retain nasality before sibilants. Verbs ending in -ąć end in -yn-, -on in the past tense: wzion (wziął), wziyna (wzięła). -ę word-finally changes to -ym in the first-person present/future of verbs: słysym (słyszę), as -e in the feminine accusative singular of nouns ending in historic jasne -a studnie (studnię); however feminine nouns ending in historic -á take -á/-o in the accusative singular: na msá (na mszę), where -á is a facultative variant. Final -ą is realized as -o (or optionally as -á) in the third person plural present/future forms of verbs: widzo (widzą), włozá (wożą) and in the accusative singular of feminine adjectives, numerals, and pronouns: staro babe (starą babę), na drugá dziedzine (na drugą dziedzinę (wieś), but as -om in the instrumental singular of feminine nouns, adjectives, numerals, and pronouns z mojom drugom babom (z moją drugą babą) as the result of morphologization.	2.390625
77391826	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisz%20dialect	Spisz dialect	The Spisz dialect () belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Podhale dialect to the northwest. The Spisz dialect is found partially in Poland (14 settlements) and partially in Slovakia (33 settlements). It is one of the dialects belonging to the Goral group. Often spiska was considered part of Podhale dialectally. Due to its geographic position, effects from neighboring dialects and Slovakian can be seen in this dialect, causing ununiformity across the region. Many of the features here have varying levels of intensity depending on the given idiolect, but generally the usage of dialect here is strong and well preserved amongst older speakers. This article is about the Spisz dialect found in Poland, not in Slovakia. Phonology Typical of Lesser Polish dialects (as well as Greater Polish dialects), voicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here. Also typical of Lesser Polish dialects is the presence of mazuration. Initial stress is present here. Vowels The so-called “Podhalanian archaism”, whereby after etymological cz, ż, sz (now c, z, s) as well as after etymological cy, zy, sy, i is retained, is present in eleven settlements. Slanted vowels Slanted vowels are both retained and merged: á is either separate or merged with o: teroz (teraz). Slanted é is either separate or has merged with y after both hard and soft consonants: mlyko (mleko). Slanted ó is separate or merges with u: gazdówka (may be gazdówka or gazduwka). Nasal vowels Nasal vowels are typically raised. Final -ą typically decomposes to -om, or sometimes -um. Prothesis Initial vowels rarely undergo prothesis here, likely as a result of Slovakian influence, atypical of Goral and Lesser Polish dialects.	2.34375
77391844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubawa%20dialect	Lubawa dialect	The Lubawa dialect () belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Ostróda dialect to the northeast, the Masurian dialects to the east, the Greater Polish Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the south and west, and the new mixed dialects to the north. Lubawska is part of the so-called “new mixed dialects” and is the result of Greater Polish and Masovian colonization. Due to its position, Lubawska has features characteristic of Masovian, Kashubian, Greater Polish, and more specifically Kocievian dialects, with some influence from German. Other dialects also belonging to the new mixed dialect group are Ostróda, Malborg, Warmia, as well as Kociewie. Due this diversity, Lubawska has sometimes been classified as Greater Polish and sometimes as Masovian, or also often as a transitional dialect. However, more Masovian traits are present here. The state of the dialect is relatively strong, and many traits are retained, as opposed to influenced by Standard Polish. Phonology Typical of Masovian dialects, devoicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here. However, before clitics, both voicing and devoicing is present. Atypical of Masovian dialects but typical of Greater Polish dialects is the absence of mazuration. However, sziakanie is present: sz’edż’ecz’ (siedzieć). A few other changes in the realizations of sibilants are present, but sporadic.	2.515625
77391857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81owicz%20dialect	Łowicz dialect	Slanted vowels Historic slanted vowels are often realized the same as in Standard Polish due to influence from it, but may be realized differently. Slanted á may raise to o or be realized as a, or is sporadically and rarely retained as á. Slanted ó is generally realized as u. Slanted é has lowered and merged with e, where most neighboring dialects raise é to y/i, but inconsistent raising to y (after hard consonants)/i (after soft consonants) may sometimes be heard. Normal e can be seen in adjectival declension replacing historic é, which is typical of Lesser Polish dialects, but reflexes é can also be seen, as in Masovian and more particularly Greater Polish. Nasal vowels Medially nasal vowels usually raise and decompose before non-sibilants: lyngły (lęgły), winkse (większe), przyglundała (przyglądała) or only raise to į (after soft consonants)/y̨ (after hard consonants) and ų before sibilants. Nasal vowels before l ł may give n: wzino (wzięło), zaceny (zaczęły). Final -ą usually decomposes to -om and sometimes raises to -um: oglądajom (oglądają), najedzum (najedzą). Final -ę usually denasalizes to -e and sometimes raises to -y: na marmolady (na marmoladę), takom jaglanom kase (taką jaglaną kasę). Generally the groups eN and oN often raise, but sometimes oN doesn't: chłopokim (chłopakiem), latym (latem), struny (strony), dónica, donica (donica). oN is most commonly not raised, which is the result of influence of Standard Polish. aN also often raises: nie móm (nie mam). Similarly, iN may sometimes lower to eN, as in Lesser Polish dialects: jendyk (indyk), and uN can lower to óN, oN. Prothesis Initial o- typically labializes, as does rarely initial u-. Medial -o- may also sporadically labialize, as in Lesser Polish dialects. Initial u- may also gain prothetic j-, as in Greater Polish dialects: juzda (uzda). Initial a-, i- and sometimes medial -a-, -i- may gain a prothetic j-: jiść (iść), strojeły (stroiły).	2.5625
77391857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81owicz%20dialect	Łowicz dialect	Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals The dative singular of ja (mi) often hardens to my, as in Masovian dialects: jak my powies (jak mi powiesz). Similarly, -ymi/-imi of adjectival declension may also harden: z tymy (z tymi). The instrumental plural endings -ymi/-imi may also harden: z tymy (z tymi). Verbs The past tense may be -uł instead of -ył/-ił due to sound changes. Final -aj shifts to -ej in the imperative of verbs: pogodej (pogadaj). This is common to Lesser Poland and Greater Poland. Some verb forms may appear with a hard consonants due to sound changes: złame (złamię). Some verbs show -ja- instead of -wa-, characteristic of Lesser Polish: dajać (dawać), wstajać (wstawać). Verbs ending in -nąć often do not have -ną-, -nę- in declensions: pragła (pragnęła). The second person plural of verbs is usually -ta: świętujeta (świętujecie), widzieliśta (widzieliście), chowejta (chowajcie). -wa for the first person plural past form and imperative of verbs can be encountered: przemówieliźwa się (przemówiliśmy się), nieśwa (nieśmy). This is typical of Lesser Polish and Masovian dialects. The first person plural imperative may also be formed with -ma, as in Greater Polish: nieśma (nieśmy). The third person plural of verbs may sometimes be -eli instead of Standard Polish -ali, as in Masovian dialects. Prepositions and prefixes The prepositions w, z are often extended with mobile e, as in Greater Polish and Lesser Polish dialects. Vocabulary Word-Formation Influences from multiple dialect groups can be seen in the word-formation. Nouns Diminutives may often be formed with -yszek, -yszko, -yszka, as in Greater Polish. Nouns denoting young animals and people are formed with -ok (< -ák), as in Masovian dialects: źrebok (źrebię).	2.625
77391874	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opoku%20Fofie	Opoku Fofie	During the reign of Osei Kwame (1777-1801), a major dynastic conflict pitted the asantehene against the queen-mother Konadu Yaadom. This conflict arose from the banishment of Akyaama, mother of Osei Kwame and previous asantehemaa, and the genealogical changes made by Konadu Yaadom. The latter adopted the children of the deposed queen to preserve their right of succession and erase the memory of her predecessor from the collective memory. Akyaama's exile led to a succession of other disqualifications and maneuvers designed to keep her future descendants from the Golden Throne. In the 1790s, following these rewritings of the royal lineage, Opoku Kwame, Opoku Fofie's eldest brother, was named heir to the throne. Although this agreement eased the conflict between the two dynasties, Opoku Kwame died under suspicious circumstances in 1797. Konadu Yaadom accused the younger Osei Kwame of poisoning his elder son. After an attempt on his life, the asantehemaa fled the capital Kumasi to take refuge in Kokofu with his son Opoku Fofie. Under the prerogatives befitting her office, she appointed the latter as the new legitimate heir to the throne. Ephemeral reign In 1801, Konadu Yaadom ordered the removal of Osei Kwame, but the latter fled to Juaben and planned to continue exercising power there in his own right. The Muslims of Gyaman and Kong, to whom he is close, rise to demand his restoration to the throne. Opoku Fofie, who governs from Kumasi as his heir, learns that Muslim armies are heading his way. To counter this, he won broad support from the districts surrounding Kumasi, as well as from the Akan tributary states of Banda, Takyiman, and Nkoransa. He created a new fekuw (company) made up of Muslim military units loyal to him, to reinforce the Ankobea (institution of the Empire's army).	2.046875
77391874	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opoku%20Fofie	Opoku Fofie	Consequences According to the rule of succession, the Osei Tutu house is to succeed. The three candidates, Osei Kofi, Osei Bonsu, and Osei Badu, are all children of Konadu Yaadom, who married Owusu Ansah, son of Osei Kwadwo. Osei Bonsu succeeded to the throne, confirming the principle of dynastic rotation and strengthening the influence of the asantehemaa. Thanks to genealogical modifications, she succeeded in completing Akyaama's dynastic erasure. To resolve dynastic conflicts, Osei Bonsu decreed a new law whereby the asantehene's sons and grandsons became heirs presumptive to the royal throne. Opoku Fofie's short-lived reign also weakened cohesion between the states of the Ashanti Empire by strengthening active rebel forces. This period benefited the Gyaman in particular, who attacked the smaller surrounding states that were allies of the Empire. Other tributary states also stopped paying tribute. The situation in the region did not calm down until after 1819. The causes of death potentially linked to witchcraft are so deeply rooted in Ashanti oral tradition and culture that they are responsible for the emergence of three anti-witchcraft cults between 1879 and 1920. Indeed, the attribution of Opoku Fofie's death to witchcraft echoes the growing interest in witchcraft since the late eighteenth century. Genealogical divergence Among Opoku Fofie's siblings are two other asantehene: Osei Bonsu and Osei Yaw Akoto. The official version of the royal genealogy also includes Osei Kwame. No mention is made of Akyaama, who reigned before Konadu Yaadom. Konadu Yaadom made genealogical changes to transfer the matrilineality of the asantehemaa's children to her lineage. Despite his short reign, Opoku Fofie also fathered several children: Kwame Akyamfo became Apesamakohene (chief of Apesamako), and Adusei Kra became Akotenhene (chief of Akoten). Opoku Ware II is a direct descendant of Opoku Ware I as he comes from a younger line of Opoku Fofie.	2.203125
77391880	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near%20Masovian%20dialect	Near Masovian dialect	The Near Masovian dialect () belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Łowicz dialect to the southwest, the Lesser Polish Masovian Borderland dialect to the south, the Western Lublin dialect to the southeast, the Podlachia dialect to the east, the Far Mazovian dialect to the north, the Greater Polish Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect to the northwest, the Kujawy dialect to the west, and the Lesser Polish Sieradz dialect to the southwest. The Near Masovian dialect is a younger dialect compared to others, and often is influenced by Polish from the capital. Phonology Typical of Masovian dialects, devoicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here. Also typical of Masovian dialects is the presence of masuration. Vowels The shift of initial ja-, ra- > je-, re- is present but limited to particular words: jek (jak), remię (ramię). Ablaut is often levelled: wymietał (wymiatał). Medial -ar- sporadically changes to -er-, most often in the northwest. Final -ej often raises to -yj/-ij and can sometimes further reduce to -y/-i: cały (całej), późni (później). i, y often lower before liquids: lubjeli (lubili), derektor (dyrektor). Final -ył/-ił often shift to -uł, usually in the past tense: piuł (pił). Slanted vowels Slanted á is either retained as á or raises to o, or often realized as a as in Standard Polish. Slanted é can be retained as é (with many phonetic variants), raised to y/i, or often realized as e as in Standard Polish, which can also be seen in the masculine/neuter genitive adjectival ending -ygo/-igo. Slanted ó is either retained as ó or raised to u, as in Standard Polish.	2.234375
77391880	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near%20Masovian%20dialect	Near Masovian dialect	Nasal vowels Medial ę typically decomposes to eN, or can rarely lower to aN (more commonly in the east), or sometimes can raise to yN, iN (more common elsewhere in the region). Final -ę denasalizes to -e. The group eN usually doesn't not change, but it can sometimes raise or lower as ę. Medial ą typically decomposes and raises. Final ą has a tendency to denasalize to -o and sometimes raises to -u, or can decompose to -oł. Medial nasal vowels can decompose before sibilants as well, but there is also a common tendency for them to denasalize and have -j-, -ł- inserted: gołski (gąski), niescejście (nieszczęście). Both nasal vowels denasalize before l, ł and can sometimes raise. The group oN tends to raise to óN, uN. The group uN tends to lower óN or sometimes oN. Prothesis Initial i- often has a prothetic j-, and sometimes lowers to e: jinna (inna), jenacy (inaczej). Initial o- usually labializes to ô-, and to a lesser exent initial u- to û-. Consonants Soft labials tend to decompose, where the palatal element becomes j. The groups św’-, ćw’-, dźw’- tend to harden: śfynie (świnie). The group li tends to harden to ly. Soft kie, gie, ki, gi, tend to remain soft, but can sometimes harden. kę, gę can sometimes soften: matkie (matkę). Sometimes chy softens to chi: chiba (chyba). kt usually shifts to cht: chto (kto). The groups chw, chrz shift to kw, krz: kwali (chwali), krzan (chrzan). Inflection Many typical Masovian features can be seen in the inflection.	2.359375
77391880	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near%20Masovian%20dialect	Near Masovian dialect	Nouns The instrumental plural ending -ami hardens to -amy. Sometimes it can also change to -ani. The rare ending -mi may also harden to -my: końmy (końmi). There is a preference for -a as the masculine genitive singular ending over -u. The masculine dative singular can be formed with standard -owi and -u, which are most common, but also -oju (via contamination of -owi and -u), which occurs more often in the Siedlce Voivodeship, and sometimes -ewi near Łowicz, which can be used regardless of the softness of the final stem consonant. The masculine/neuter instrumental singular ending -em has many phonetic variants. In the northwest it may raise to -ym (after hard consonants) or to -im (after soft consonants). In the rest of the north it may sometimes lower to -am. Masculine and neuter nouns ending in sz, ż sometimes take -e instead of -u in the locative singular: o kosie (o koszu). This occurs more if the word has undergone masuration . Feminine nouns that have undergone masuration can have a similar process: o dusie (o duszy). Neuter nouns ending in -ę sometimes also change declination and lose -en-: o imiu (o imieniu). The nominative plural of masculine nouns is also often formed differently than in Standard Polish, or sometimes in multiple different ways: nauczycielowie (nauczyciele), pisarze, pisarzowie (pisarze). Soft stem masculine nouns in the genitive plural can take both -y/-i as well as -ów, but there is a preference for -ów: kluczy, kluczów (kluczy). Similarly, there is a strong preference for -ów as the genitive plural ending for nouns of other genders, as well. Feminine nouns ending in a consonant sometimes take -i/-y as well: kości, kościów (kości). Feminine nouns ending in a consonant sometimes take -y/-i and sometimes -e in the nominative plural: koście, kości (kości). The dative plural ending -om sometimes raises to -óm.	2.21875
77391881	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee%20Bridge%20%28Tay%29	Jubilee Bridge (Tay)	The Jubilee Bridge is a road bridge over the River Tay near Dunkeld in Scotland. The bridge conveys the A9 road over the river. A concrete box bridge also joins the Jubilee Bridge at its southern end as it carries the A9 over the Highland Main Line. The area of the River Tay below the bridge is accessible for personal watercraft and walkers. As part of the A9 dualling project, the bridge will be duplicated by 2032. History Before the bridge was secured in place, much of the bridge works took place north of the river. The bridge was named after the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II and completed in May 1977. The bridge is composed of a concrete reinforced deck supported by steel girders in three spans and on two pairs of piers that are positioned at the edge of the river. The bridge construction cost £1.3 million and the consulting engineers for the project were Babtie Shaw & Morton. The bridge has footpaths on both sides. The construction of the bridge is featured in the 1982 documentary A9 Highland Highway about the reconstruction of the A9 now in the National Library of Scotland. The bridge received a Civic Trust award for the effectiveness of its integration with the adjacent landscape. Improvements In December 2018, essential works were carried out on the bridge to replace a damaged joint to ensure the bridge remained safe for traffic. In 2018 and 2019, boreholes and trial pits were dug adjacent to the bridge in preparation for improvements. The bridge will be duplicated in the A9 dualling project (Tay Crossing to Ballinluig) with improvement works expected between 2025 and 2032. The project (and therefore the second bridge) was supposed to be complete in 2025, but delays to the project meant that the doubled bridge will be finished by 2032 instead with the project as a whole finished in 2035.	2.265625
77391891	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurpie%20dialect	Kurpie dialect	Contraction Verbs may appear in both contracted and uncontracted forms here: stojała, stała (stała). Inflection Typical Masovian features of inflection are present here. Nouns The instrumental plural ending is generally -ani (from -ami). The typical Masovian ending is -amy, via hardening, which is exceptional here. The masculine dative singular ending for nouns is -oziu (rarely -owju or -oju) (from earlier -owiu) from contamination of -owi and -u: konioziu (koniowi). Masculine and neuter nouns ending in sz, ż, as a result of mazuration, sometimes take -e instead of -u in the locative singular: o kosie (o koszu). The nominative plural of masculine personal nouns is formed with -e more commonly than in Standard Polish: ojce byli (ojcowie byli). Alternatively, masculine personal nouns are often converted to masculine animal nouns: te majstry (ci majstrowie/majstrzy). There is a preference for -ów as the genitive plural ending regardless of gender or the softness of the stem. Feminine nouns ending in -ew are often declined differently: za krokwe (za krokiew), as if from the nominative singular krokwa. A few nouns have a gender different than in Standard Polish. Often neuter nouns ending in -ę do not take -n- in declensions: dwa wynia (dwa wymiona). Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals Adjectives, pronouns, and numerals take -em in the masculine instrumental/locative singular instead of standard -ym/-im: po tem wszystkiem (po tym wszystkim). The plural is often -eni (from earlier -emi): całeni dniani (całymi dniami). Similarly, the genitive/locative plural is -ech: tech (tych).	2.25
77391894	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podlachian%20dialect	Podlachian dialect	The Podlachia dialect () belongs to the Masovian dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It borders the Suwałki dialect to the north, the Masurian dialects to the far northwest, the Far Mazovian dialect to the west, the Near Mazovian dialect to the southwest, the Lesser Polish Eastern Greater Polish dialect to the south, and the Northern Borderlands dialect to the east. Often features exist here on a spectrum, where the further east one is the more influence from East Slavic languages one can see. The perception of Podlasian as a regional lect is quite strong, and often code-switching between it and Standard Polish occurs, with different levels of use of the dialect depending on the region. Often Standard Polish is preferred here. Phonology Typical of Masovian dialects, devoicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here, including before clitics. Atypical of Masovian dialects is the partial presence of mazuration, which is more common in the west than in the center or east. However, often palatal sibilants (ć, dź, ś, ź) harden somewhat, which is often ridiculed, and has become inconsistent. Similarly, hard sibilants (cz, dż, sz, ż), may somewhat soften. Stress is generally penultimate as in Standard Polish, but may also move due to influence from Eastern Slavic languages, namely, it may sometimes be initial: ‘aptekarzom (apte’karzom), or sometimes final: farba’mi (far’bami). Similarly, the particle się sometimes fuses as an element in verbs, rather than being a mobile clitic, and may be realized as s’a or s’e: zostałs’a (został się).	2.4375
77391894	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podlachian%20dialect	Podlachian dialect	Vowels Akanie is present here, in which unstressed o (or rarely e) changes to a. However, the origin of this change is different than East Slavic. Stressed o (and rarely stressed e) may occasionally also change to a: arganizawali (organizowali), bułak (bułek), uczana (uczona). Similarly, ukanie is also present, where unaccented o changes to u, typically when before the stressed syallable. The resulting u is sometimes labialized, as initial o is often labialized. Ukanie is present in regions where akanie is not: gutowali (gotowali). Unstressed i may lower to e: okolecznos’ci (okoliczności). Mobile e may be inserted in some consonant clusters: wiater (wiatr). Slanted vowels Slanted á is realized as a, as in Standard Polish. Slanted é is sometimes retained as é or raised to as y/i in the east, but is generally e in the west, as in Standard Polish. Slanted ó is raised to u, as in Standard Polish. Nasal vowels Medial ę is often decomposed to eN: pempak (pępek); sometimes decomposed and lowered to aN: wandlina (wędlina); or raised to i (in dialects where unstressed e may raise): klinkali (klękali); and rarely denasalized: bedzie (będzie) Medial ą can be decomposed to oN: pokond (pokąd); occasionally raise to uN in dialects with ukanie: sunsiedzi (sąsiedzi); lower to aM: do Dambrowy (do Dąbrowy), or remain nasal: łąków (łąk). Final ę is typically denasalized to e: życze (życzę); and sometimes backed to o: odprawja mszo (odprawia mszę); or lowered to a in dialects with akanie: nie żałuja (nie żałuję). Final ą denasalizes to o: churujo (chorują). Prothesis Initial i sometimes takes a prothetic j. o often labializes to ô- and to a lesser extent u to û-: akordeôn (akordeon), môżna (można), ôjciec (ojciec), û nas (u nas), ûs’emdziesiąt (osiemdziesiąt).	2.484375
77391894	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podlachian%20dialect	Podlachian dialect	Nouns In Czerwonka the accusative feminine singular is -u instead of -ę (realized as -e) due to East Slavic influence: machorku (machorkę). This may also occur with pronouns and adjectives: takuju starszu babc’u (taką starszą babcię). Similarly, in Czerwonka, the instrumental singular is sometimes -oj, -aju (-oju) due to East Slavic influence: z toj wjoskoj (z tą wioską), kasic’ kasoju (kosić kosą). More common is -o (from -ą). Often throughout the region, soft-stem feminine and masculine nouns take -y/-i in the nominative pluralinstead of -e due to East Slavic influence: koszuli (koszule), koni (konie). The feminine locative singular sometimes takes -u: na ulicu (na ulicy), na kufru (na kufrze); or -e: u krwie (we krwi). Sometimes the feminine plural is formed with -e instead of -y/-i: z pierzyne (z pierzyny). The instrumental masculine/neuter plural is sporadically formed with -om instead of -em: z ksiondzom (z księdzem). Often the instrumental plural ending -mi is levelled with -ami, as in other Masovian dialects: koniami (końmi). Many individual nouns also show declined forms different than in Standard Polish. Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals Pronouns, numerals, and adjecetives can take -ę (realized as -e) in the feminine accusative singular via analogy to the nominal inflection: na swoje strone (na swoją stronę). The genitive plural of neuter nouns may also be formed differently: dwoje dzieciej (dwoje dzieci). Numerals may show sporadic alternative declensions as well. Verbs Verb forms without personal clitics may be seen due to Eastern Slavic influence alongside forms with the clitic: ja pojechał (pojechałem), skończyłam (skończyłam). Cliticless forms are more common. Cliticless forms are the only way to form the past tense for the first person plural: przyjechali my (przyjechaliśmy). In Jasionówka, -m may be used instead of -my as the first person plural present tense verb ending: nie gotujem (nie gotujemy). A few other sporadic changes to verb conjugation may be seen.	2.265625
77391914	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hering%27s%20Paradox	Hering's Paradox	Note that the speed of the boundary curve has no physical importance whatsoever. This can be seen most easily in the differential notation of the Maxwell-Faraday equation where neither the induction area nor its boundary occurs. From a mathematical point of view, the boundary curve is just an imaginary line that had to be introduced to convert the Maxwell-Faraday equation to its integral notation such as to establish a relationship to electical voltages. Because the boundary curve is physically of no importance, the outcome of an experiment does not depends on the speed of this curve and it is not affected by whether or not the speed of the boundary curve corresponds to the speed of a conductor wire being located at the same place. For reasons of simplicity, the speed of the boundary curve is assumed to be zero in this article. The movement that actually counts is the movement of the (electrically conducting) magnet. It affects the value of the electric field strength inside the magnet and is thus accounted for in the Maxwell-Faraday equation via the numerical value of the vector field .	2.234375
77392197	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Nunes%20Carvalho	David Nunes Carvalho	David Nunes Carvalho (September 29, 1848 - June 29, 1925) was an American ink and handwriting expert who provided testimony in notable legal cases and was the author of Forty Centuries of Ink, a book about ink analysis. Early life and education Carvalho was born in 1848, the son of noted artist Solomon Nunes Carvalho and Sarah Miriam Solis. He studied at New York College, where he specialized in organic chemistry and photography. He married Annie M. Abrams and they had six children. The family lived in Breezy Point in Far Rockaway, New York. In 1899 Carvalho sued The Jamaica Bay Turnpike Company to keep them from building a bridge connecting Rockaway Beach to Brooklyn claiming it would "completely destroy the character" of his property. In 1911 he bought a "country estate" in Roslyn, NY. Career Carvalho did early work with his father in his father's photography studio. He worked at a photography studio in New York City from 1877 through 1885. He worked with New Jersey Stereoscopic View Company likely in the 1870s and was working for the Bachrach Photo-Engraving Company in 1875. He filed for several patents for improving the photography process. Patent 225458A a method to shorten exposure times by painting the studio an orange pea green color and coating the collodion negative with a film of violet colored collodion Patent 234171A a method of producing photographic images Patent 237246 a method for focusing frames using celluloid Patent 237247 a method for photo backgrounds using celluloid Patent 237248 a method for printing frames using celluloid Patent 1353720 a method of coating documents to protect them from being erased Handwriting analysis	2.1875
77392227	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin%20Houinato	Valentin Houinato	Valentin Houinato (born 15 October 1996) is a judoka and journalist. Born in France, he qualified to represent Benin at the 2024 Summer Olympics. Biography Houinato was born on 15 October 1996 in Melun, France. He has Beninese ancestry through his father, and Houinato visited the country several times growing up. He played football as a youth, but his mother did not like the sport and signed him up for judo instead. He competed in judo for a time in Cesson but eventually quit the sport; when he was age 17, he decided to return to the sport. He became a black belt in 2014. However, he suffered a broken arm early into his return to judo and then competed at a low level for the following three years. He then left his club, in Brétigny-sur-Orge, and joined one in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, Essonne. Houinato attended school in Montpellier, studying journalism, and received a bachelor's degree in information and communication. He joined a club in Montpellier and rose through the ranks, competing in the 81 kg category. He ultimately reached a ranking in the top 20 nationally. After he graduated from school, Houinato also became a journalist for the broadcaster Radio France. In 2022, Houinato, with a goal of ultimately competing at the Summer Olympic Games, decided to compete in judo for his father's home country of Benin, as it gave him a better opportunity of making the Olympics. However, due to the limited resources of Beninese athletic associations, Houinato mostly paid by himself to travel to tournaments, train, and get equipment. He described in Le Monde the difficulty of working full-time as a journalist and competing in judo: "there are a lot of struggles, so I'm talking about a lot of struggles ... I've been walking on a tightrope for months." Houinato placed fifth at the 2022 African Judo Championships and did the same again in 2023; he also won bronze medals at African Open events four times from 2023 to 2024, and competed at the 2024 World Judo Championships, where he lost in the round of 64.	1.9375
77392810	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus%20of%20Darkschewitsch	Nucleus of Darkschewitsch	The nucleus of Darkschewitsch is an accessory oculomotor nucleus situated in the ventrolateral portion of the periaqueductal gray of the mesencephalon (midbrain) near its junction with the diencephalon. It is involved in mediating vertical eye movements. It projects to the trochlear nucleus, receives afferents from the visual cortex, and forms a reciprocal (looping) connection with the cerebellum by way of the inferior olive. Anatomy Connections It receives afferents from the visual association areas (via the corticotectal tract), vestibular nuclei (via the medial longitudinal fasciculus), and from the spinomesencephalic tract. It gives rise to the medial tegmental tract to project efferents to the (rostral portion of) medial accessory olivary nucleus → ((decussation) inferior cerebellar peduncle → (contralateral) globose nucleus of cerebellum → superior cerebellar peduncle (decussation) → (rostral part of) medial accessory olivary nucleus → (ipsilateral) nucleus of Darkschewitsch). It projects (directly or indirectly) to the trochlear nucleus. Relations It is situated near the oculomotor nucleus. It is situated just dorsomedial to the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the medial longitudinal fasciculus, and red nucleus.	2.21875
77392812	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like%20Water%20for%20Chocolate%20%28ballet%29	Like Water for Chocolate (ballet)	Like Water for Chocolate is the ballet adaptation of Laura Esquival's novel of the same name. The ballet was choreographed by Christopher Wheeldon, with music by Joby Talbot. The ballet version of Like Water for Chocolate was premiered by The Royal Ballet on June 2, 2022, and premiered in the United States by The American Ballet Theatre Company on March 28, 2023. In the final scene of the ballet, the Pas de Deux is accompanied by Sunstone by Octavio Paz. Critical Reception Critical reception for the ballet was negative, with critics writing the ballet was too much like a Broadway show, as a plot-centered ballet with many scenes of elaborate staging and costuming. Synopsis Like Water for Chocolate follows the life of Tita De La Graza, a woman living during the Mexican Revolution, as she yearns for her one true love, Pedro Muzquiz. The ballet spans the length of 20 years, as Tita, Pedro, and the other members of the De La Graza Ranch are caught between tradition, the cycles of generations, war, and romance. Act 1 Scene 1: The De la Garza Ranch The ballet opens inside the De la Garza Ranch kitchen, as a young Tita cooks with the family cook, Nacha. Nacha and Tita express their affection for each other while cooking, and Tita as well expresses her love and affection for her neighbor, Pedro. Tita and Pedro long for each other and Pedro proposes marriage to Tita. However, according to family tradition, the youngest daughter cannot marry in order to care for her mother as she ages. When Pedro and his father approach Tita's mother, Elena De la Garza, to ask for Tita's hand in marriage, Elena refuses, and redirects Pedro's proposal to Tita's older sister, Rosaura. Tita is devastated by this, and weeps into the batter she prepares to celebrate Pedro and Rosaura's wedding. Nacha tastes the cake that was baked with Tita's tears and is filled with grief over her lost love, and dies.	2.0625
77393014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Ahmad%20Maqary	Ibrahim Ahmad Maqary	Sheikh Ibrahim Ahmad Maqary was born on September 15, 1976, in Zaria, Kaduna State, is an Islamic scholar and leader from Nigeria, known for his contributions to Islamic education and religious guidance. He serves as the Imam of the Abuja National Mosque. Early life and education Maqary was born September 15, 1976, in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. He was raised in a Muslim family that valued education. His early education began at local Quranic schools, where he memorized the Quran and learned the fundamentals of Islamic teachings. His parents sent him to further his studies at Islamic institutions across West Africa, including those in Senegal and Mauritania. Teaching and mentorship Maqary has been involved in teaching and mentoring young scholars. He has served as a teacher in various madrasas (Islamic schools) and has held lectures and seminars across Nigeria and other parts of Africa. His teachings cover a range of Islamic subjects, including Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), Tafsir (Quranic exegesis), and Hadith (Prophetic traditions).	2.28125
77393586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Le%20Moyne%20Dolphins%20men%27s%20basketball%20%281948%E2%80%931958%29	History of Le Moyne Dolphins men's basketball (1948–1958)	During the first three years of its varsity basketball program, Le Moyne was led on the court by Don Savage. Savage had appeared in Le Moyne College's first ever intercollegiate contest on December 4, 1947, a 62–57 overtime victory for the freshman basketball team at Utica. More than 400 Le Moyne students made the trip to see the game. Savage had eight points in that game, while Dave Lozo had a game-high 18 for the Dolphin Cubs. Joe Boehm served as captain of that freshman team, which went 16–4 and was coached by Tommy Niland in an effort to build the basketball program from the ground up. Niland pulled double duty, serving as coach of both the varsity and freshman teams through the end of the 1949–50 season. A crowd of 2,500 fans witnessed the Le Moyne freshman team's home debut in the nightcap of a doubleheader at the West Jefferson Street Armory on December 18, 1947, a 49–42 victory over La Salle Military Academy that improved their record to 4–0. Dave Lozo scored 18 points for the Dolphin Cubs. Christian Brothers Academy beat Utica Catholic Academy, 45–33, in the opening game of that night's twin bill. The challenge faced by Le Moyne during its inaugural varsity season was unique. The Dolphins were not simply a first-year basketball team; Le Moyne College was a second-year institution. Therefore, the Dolphins were composed entirely of sophomores and faced teams with experienced juniors and seniors in every game. Le Moyne's first varsity home victory came on January 7, 1949, over King's by a score of 70–59. The Dolphins were led by Don Savage and Dave Lozo, who each scored 21 points. Le Moyne improved to 3–3 with the win. Dave Lozo had the highest scoring game by a Le Moyne player during the 1948–49 season, putting up 27 points on January 15, 1949, against Saint Francis (PA) at the Jaffa Mosque in Altoona, Pennsylvania. The Dolphins fell in overtime, 86–80.	2.078125
77393586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Le%20Moyne%20Dolphins%20men%27s%20basketball%20%281948%E2%80%931958%29	History of Le Moyne Dolphins men's basketball (1948–1958)	In addition to carrying Le Moyne home games, as it did during the previous season, WOLF also planned to broadcast select Dolphins road games during the 1953–54 season with Red Parton continuing in his role as the play-by-play man. By mid November, practices were moved to the West Jefferson Street Armory, and freshmen Ronnie Mack and Dan Cavellier were expected to make the team. Two other freshman, Bob Smolinski and Bob Canty, were also impressive in pre-season practices. By the latter part of the pre-season, Mack was expected to start. Just before the start of the 1953–54 season, the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC) passed a regulation barring freshman from playing varsity basketball, unless the institution had fewer than 500 male students. The rule permitted freshmen to play on varsity teams, if the school had fewer than 750 male students and participated in at least two fall, three winter and three spring sports. Le Moyne had 631 male students but only participated in one fall sport: cross country. Although the Dolphins satisfied the NCAA's criteria for allowing freshmen to play, and Le Moyne was not yet a member of the ECAC, it had hopes of joining the conference. The college decided to voluntarily comply with the ECAC rule. Don Savage was appointed head coach of the hastily formed freshman team.	1.945313
77393596	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi%20dictionary	Punjabi dictionary	Background Punjabi lexicography can be traced back to the efforts by Christian missionaries. Punjabi, in Gurmukhi-script, was first printed by printing presses run by Christian missionaries, such as the Serampore Mission Press in Bengal and the Ludhiana Mission Press in Punjab. They established these printing presses to spread Christianity amongst the natives of the Indian subcontinent. In May 1806, the Serampore Mission Press began to experiment with printing in Punjabi, employing Gurmukhi script. In early reports by the Serampore Mission, they referred to the Punjabi-language and Gurmukhi-script as "Seek" (a reference to Sikhs, a term used interchangeably by the printing press for the Punjabi-language in Gurmukhi script and for Sikhs). By 1808, a type of Gurmukhi had already been developed by the press. The first Punjabi work printed in Gurmukhi characters with movable type began as early as 1809. The European missionaries were likely assisted by native pundits (for translating, punchcutting, and printing) and craftsmen in the creation of design or production of these types and the creation of letterforms. The first known Gurmukhi metal types were cut by Monohur (of the Karmakāra caste) or by unknown Indian assistants under the supervision of William Ward of the Serampore Mission Press. A Sikh man, named Ajnaram, assisted William Carey by translating the first ninety-two hymns of the Guru Granth Sahib. Ajnaram was paid a sum of five gold mohurs for his translation work. Ajnaram likely assisted the missionaries by translating texts into Punjabi and the development of printing types. Regarding the Punjabi-language, the Serampore Mission Press stated the following in one of its memoirs:	2.71875
77393973	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201340	NGC 1340	NGC 1340 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Fornax. Its speed relative to the cosmic microwave background is 1,126 ± 17 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble Distance of 16.6 ± 1.2 Mpc (∼54.1 million ly). It was discovered by the German-British astronomer William Herschel in 1790, but it was added to the New General Catalog under the designation NGC 1344 later. This galaxy was later observed by the British astronomer John Herschel on November 19, 1835, and it is this observation that was added to the New General Catalog under the designation NGC 1340. To date, 34 non-redshift measurements yield a distance of 18.688 ± 3.160 Mpc (∼61 million ly), which is within the Hubble distance range. NGC 1399 group NGC 1340 (NGC 1344 in Garcia's article) is part of the NGC 1399 group. This group is part of the Fornax cluster and it includes at least 42 galaxies, including NGC 1326, NGC 1336, NGC 1339, NGC 1351, NGC 1366, NGC 1369, NGC 1373, NGC 1374, NGC 1379, NGC 1387, NGC 1399, NGC 1406, NGC 1419, NGC 1425, NGC 1427, NGC 1428, NGC 1436 (NGC 1437), NGC 1460, IC 1913 and IC 1919.	2.515625
77393997	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul%20Foreign%20Language%20Spelling%20Dictionary	Seoul Foreign Language Spelling Dictionary	The Seoul Foreign Language Spelling Dictionary () is a database of recommended spellings for various Korea-related concepts published by the Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG). It covers things such as foods, places, and organizations, and is in the English, Japanese, and Chinese languages. The SMG uses the dictionary as a basis for standardizing spellings in Seoul, especially in publicly visible signs and menus. It was started in August 2013. Description A predecessor to the dictionary under the domain "englishname.seoul.go.kr" was created just for the English language in 2002. In August 2013, the dictionary was expanded to include Chinese and Japanese, making it the first such standard for these two languages in the country. It was maintained by an advisory committee (), which consisted of around 30 experts (10 for each language). Simplified Chinese and Japanese katakana are often used in the dictionary. The dictionary covers concepts in twelve categories: administrative districts, public institutions, natural places, transport, tourist sites, shopping, food, hospitality, education, medical/welfare, press/religion, and residential. It was first published with around 80,000 terms, with 48,000 in English and 16,000 each in Japanese and Chinese. Particular focus is given to concepts and places that tourists are likely to interact with. The recommended spellings in the dictionary are not strictly mandatory for businesses, but officials from the SMG do consult with businesses and encourage them to adopt the spellings. The SMG has run multiple public campaigns in the past, wherein citizens are rewarded with cash for reporting incorrect spellings per the dictionary on government-owned signs. In 2021, amidst tensions with China over the cultural identity of kimchi (vs. a similar Chinese dish pao cai), the dictionary began recommending the neologism xinqi () for "kimchi", instead of the previously preferred pao cai.	2.21875
77394339	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20wooden%20architecture	Russian wooden architecture	The Russian wooden architecture (in Russian ру́сское деревя́нное зо́дчество, russkoe derevyannoye zodchestvo) is a traditional architectural movement in Russia, that has stable and pronounced structural, technical, architectural and artistic features determined by wood as the main material. Sometimes this concept includes wooden buildings of professional architecture, eclectic buildings combining elements of folk architecture and professional architecture, as well as modern attempts to revive Old Russian carpentry traditions. It is one of the most original phenomena of Russian culture. It is widespread from the Kola Peninsula to the Central Zone, in the Urals and Siberia; a large number of monuments are located in the Russian North. The structural basis of traditional Russian wooden architecture was a log house made of untrimmed wood. Wood carvings placed on structurally significant elements served as decoration. Among the traditional buildings are wooden cage, tent, step, cuboid and multi-domed churches, which together with peasant dwellings, household, fortress and engineering buildings defined the image of a traditional Russian settlement.	2.4375
77394339	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20wooden%20architecture	Russian wooden architecture	A tiered temple has a stepped composition of several tiers, i.e. log cabins placed on top of each other, each of which is narrower than the one below. This type is characteristic of Central Russia. Stepped temples could have different endings and different forms of steps in the plan. The most widespread sub-type is the quatrefoil with one or more octaves placed on it. Often there are temples where all the tiers are octagonal (characteristic of the northeastern regions of European Russia) or quatrefoil (characteristic of the northwestern regions). Tiered temples were completed with a single head on a hollow closed cover or in later times with a dome.The cube-shaped temples include temples where the nave was covered with a cube on a four-sided base. There are known cases of cubes covering the aisles. The number (from one to ten) and location of onion chapters on such churches varied arbitrarily. They are characteristic of the Ponezh and the White Sea coast. Temples covered with a naos dome are very rare in Russian wooden architecture. Sometimes they include temples with octagonal onion-shaped ends (puchinas), resembling a cube in their structure, characteristic of Povaozhye and Siberia. I. E. Grabar considered five-domed churches to be a "known approach" to multicapital churches. Temples with more than five chapters became one of the most striking pages of Russian wooden architecture. However, despite the apparent complexity of their composition, the layout is quite simple. On the basis of a few types of plans, complicating and supplementing them with corridors, galleries and refectories, raising buildings on basements and modifying the forms of coverings, the architects achieved greater diversity in volume and silhouette. The churches' development	2.28125
77394339	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20wooden%20architecture	Russian wooden architecture	The old wooden foundations have hardly survived to our time. Pile foundations are vertical, buried or driven logs; they protected barns and sheds from rodents, and in wet areas they reliably protected buildings from water. Sometimes the corners of the log cabin rested on stumps. There were also log foundations (cut logs, laid horizontally), row foundations (several crowns, chopped in the cut), in swampy areas foundations in the form of a deck of two perpendicular rows of logs. Among old buildings, the most common are boulder foundations: boulders placed under the corners of the log cabin, under the middle of the walls, and under the places where timbers were joined. The spaces under the walls between the boulders were sometimes filled with smaller stones. Chisel and brick strip and column foundations became widespread rather late, although according to archaeological data they were present in some buildings of the pre-Mongol period. Such foundations, which are present in many ancient churches, usually appeared as a result of later repairs. Brick socle foundations are characteristic of urban and manor wooden buildings of the 18th-19th centuries, as well as the houses of wealthy peasants of the 2nd half of the 19th century. Walls Log walls The basis of Russian wooden architecture is a wall construction system — a log house. It is a structure formed by horizontally stacked logs, tied together at the corners, and along the logs there is usually a groove chosen. Tongue and groove joints and countersunk studs were sometimes used for greater strength. Warm and cold log cabins have their own joinery characteristics. Warm log cabins use interlocking sealant, which can be made of moss, straw, or sawdust.	2.671875
77394339	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20wooden%20architecture	Russian wooden architecture	Building organization and ensemble The development of medieval settlements was inclined to picturesqueness, enclosure, centrality. In the XVIII-XIX centuries Russian settlements acquired straight streets and other features of regular planning. Uniformity of building was achieved by the use of the same building material, a single technique of processing, modularity, by the size of the trunk, but these sizes still had a certain variability, which did not turn uniformity into monotony. Temple ensembles were placed with the expectation of the best perception from the main directions, away from the surrounding buildings for protection from fires. In cities and large villages, the ensembles consisted of the main summer church and a heated winter church, from the 17th to the 18th century: two temples and a bell tower, sometimes surrounded by a rubble fence. According to the conclusions of Y.S. Ushakov, in the northern architecture there were 2 main methods of interposition of buildings of the temple ensemble: on the diagonal (with 2 or 3 elements) and at the ends of the triangle (with 3 components). In this way it was possible to see the ensemble from all sides. The volumes of the ensembles were compared according to similarity or contrast. Regional characteristics	2.359375
77394848	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e%20de%20Vend%C3%B4mois	Renée de Vendômois	After attempting to poison the husband, although without success, Guillaume du Plessis and Renée de Vendômois ordered a former servant to assassinate the husband. Jean de Saint-Berthevin was killed shortly before Christmas 1483, and soon public rumor indicated Guillaume du Plessis as the author of the crime and the accomplice of Renée de Vendômois. He had written a letter to her to recommend that she watch carefully over her words and not let any confession escape in the event of interrogation. Du Plessis then hurried to reach Saint-Malo, which was a town of franchise. A criminal could not enjoy the privilege of immunity in Saint-Malo unless he first made his confession in writing without omitting the smallest detail. Wanting to avoid the noose, du Plessis therefore confessed everything: his guilt, Renée's complicity and the circumstances of the murder. Eventually, du Plessis moved to Burgundy, and married into a noble family without ever being tried for the murder of Jean de Saint-Berthevin. After the tutors of her former husband's children had accused Renée, she was arrested, held as prisoner at the Conciergerie and tried on 2 May 1485 before the Prévôt of Paris. As she did not confess to her crime, she was transferred from the prisons of the Conciergerie to those of the Châtelet, in order to subject her to further questioning. She was tortured several times, probably with an instrument called boots. While wooden wedges, struck by the mallet of the boots, bruised her legs and made her bones crack with great suffering, an impassive clerk stood at his desk, ready to record her cries of pain and confession. She was found guilty of adultery, theft, and complicity in the murder of her husband and sentenced to be burned at the stake.	2.09375
77394973	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beg%C3%BCm%20Pusat	Begüm Pusat	Begüm Pusat (born 2004) is a Turkish wheelchair basketball player who plays for Beşiktaş JK and is a member of the Turkey women's national wheelchair basketball team. Club career Pusat started playing wheelchair basketball at the age of ten after she was inspired by a poster of the female national basketball player Işıl Alben, and watching a match of the Beşiktaş JK wheelchair basketball team. She was encouraged by Cem Gezinci, a Wheelchair basketball player of Beşiktaş JK, she met during a match. She started playing for Aydın ADÜ Genç Eefeler team. In the 2018–19 season, she transferred to the Girls U16 team of the İzmir BB SK. In August 2022, her contract was extended. As of 2024, she plays as a forward for Beşiktaş JK wheelchair basketball as the only female member. Pusat plays in the forward position with disability class 2.5. International career At the age of 15 only, Pusat debuted internationally playing for the Turkey women's national under-25 wheelchair basketball team at the 2019 Women's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship in Suphanburi, Thailand. She was one of the youngest players of the championship. In 2020, Pusat was selected again to the Turkey women's U25 team. In June 2023, she took part at the preparation camp of the Turkey women's national wheelchair basketball team in Aksaray, Turkey, and the next month, preparationon camps in Hakkari, Turkey and Tabriz, Iran. She played at the 2023 IWBF Women's European Championship in Rotterdam, Netherlands. Personal life Begüm Pusat was born in 2004. She was confined to a wheelchair because she had the congenital disorder of cerebral palsy, and disorder of movement and posture due to brain damage. Following a long period of physical therapy, she was able to use her paralyzed left hand and left foot.	2.03125
77395146	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeenuth%20Futehally	Zeenuth Futehally	Zeenuth Futehally (1904–1992) was an Indian author, novelist and feminist. She married early and moved to Japan, where she conceived the novel "Zohra." First published in 1951, this work is set in early-twentieth-century Hyderabad and tells the story of an upper-class Muslim woman named Zohra. Early life and background She was born in 1904 into a Muslim family in Hyderabad, India. Her upbringing was marked by privilege and cultural exposure. She attended the Queen Mary's College in Madras (now Chennai), where she honed her literary skills. Her passion for writing blossomed during these formative years, eventually leading her to create the novel "Zohra," which remains a significant work in Indian literature. Works She is best known for her novel “Zohra,” which was published in 1951. This captivating work is set in early-twentieth century Hyderabad and revolves around the life of an upper-class Muslim woman named Zohra. The novel delves into themes of forced marriage, creative aspirations, and the complexities faced by women during that era.	2.375
77395174	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellet%20%28steel%20industry%29	Pellet (steel industry)	Pellet sintering has remained a viable method for processing iron ore. In the United States, this technique was employed to process fine concentrates from the Mesabi Range during World War II. This was necessary as naturally rich iron ores (containing over 50% iron) were being depleted. The development of pelletizing fine magnetite ores, which typically have less than 44 mm in size and are around 85% iron, began around 1943 with support from the University of Minnesota. The process was later adopted in Europe, particularly in Sweden, to facilitate the production of pre-reduced iron ore. Pellet production saw substantial growth between 1960 and 1980 but eventually plateaued at approximately 300 million tons annually. The following data illustrates pellet production over several years: In 1984, global pellet production reached 189 million tons, with North America producing 90 million tons, the USSR 63 million tons, and other regions 36 million tons. By 1992, production had increased to 264 million tons. In 2008, production further rose to 313 million tons. However, in 2009, production decreased to 215 million tons due to the economic crisis. In 2010, production rebounded to 388 million tons. Production Pellets are produced directly at the extraction site by mining companies and are marketed as a distinct product, unlike agglomerates which are typically manufactured at blast furnace sites through the mixing of iron ores from various sources. Pellets are generally more robust and better suited to handling compared to agglomerates, which are relatively fragile. The production process for pellets can vary significantly depending on the local characteristics of the iron ore, and some facilities may include additional stages, such as arsenic removal. The pellet production process involves several key stages:	2.453125
77395581	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%20Obeng-Odoom	Franklin Obeng-Odoom	Franklin Obeng-Odoom is a Ghanaian-Australian political economist, specialising in urban and regional economics, political economy of development, stratification economics, and the political economy of natural resources. He is a Fellow of the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences and Academy of Social Sciences. Early life and education Obeng-Odoom was born in Ghana. He completed his bachelor's degree in land economy in Ghana before studying urban economic development in England and political economy in Australia. Career Obeng-Odoom was a researcher at Global Poverty Project, Australia. He then taught at the University of Sydney as a Teaching Fellow before becoming a Chancellor's Postdoctoral Research Fellow and Senior Lecturer in Property Economics at the University of Technology Sydney. Obeng-Odoom was Associate Professor of Social Sustainability of Urban Transformations in the Global South, at Global Development Studies and the Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science in Finland. In 2021, he became a Docent in Sociology (Urban and Economic Sociology) at the University of Turku. Currently, Obeng-Odoom is Professor of Global Development Studies at the University of Helsinki, Finland. Obeng-Odoom serves as an Associate Editor of the Forum for Social Economics and Series Editor of Edinburgh Studies in Urban Political Economy. Selected publications Books	1.960938
77395594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian%20Raicu	Lucian Raicu	Comparatist and novelist Matei Călinescu recalls that "Bernard [...] was my first Jewish friend and the first one to have made me aware of how difficult it is to have been a Romanian Jew [...]. Bernard did not view his being a Romanian—or his being Jewish—as a miracle, just as I am sure that he did not regard being Romanian—or Jewish—as some metaphysical curse". According to Călinescu, this attitude showed a rift that existed between Raicu's take on his own identity and the struggles of his contemporary, the Christianized Jew Nicolae Steinhardt. Raicu also viewed himself as quintessentially tied to Western Moldavia and its traditional spirit, which he describes as "above all a critical spirit [Raicu's emphasis]." The family managed to live through World War II and its waves of antisemitic persecution. As reported by Duda, Carol Leibovici was made to do forced labor in the quarries, and was so exhausted that he died soon after the war; Rubin and Bernard's maternal uncle barely managed to survive the Iași pogrom and its "death train".	1.914063
77395594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian%20Raicu	Lucian Raicu	Repression and return As an official critic within the communist establishment, Raicu was focused on studies about the Romanian "social novel", defending and expanding on observations made by an interwar literary theorist, Garabet Ibrăileanu. In 1956, he published an overview on "value judgment". Regarded by scholar Alex Goldiș as one of "the most daring texts to have come out in the late '50s" (and immediately lambasted at the USR's annual congress), it exposed the mediocrity of several official writers, including Aurel Baranga, Mihai Beniuc, Dan Deșliu, and Eugen Frunză. He was also drawing attention to himself by engaging in publicized disagreements with colleagues such as Henri Zalis. These were dismissively covered by Scînteia of 14 April 1957, as "'disputes' on the periphery of literary life have [that] no principled goals whatsoever, only personal quarrels and mutual compromises". A year later, the same newspaper reported on another dispute, between Raicu and Nicolae Popescu-Doreanu, noting that the former had seemingly questioned the moral superiority of Marxism-Leninism. Such heresies did not impress the anti-communist exile, where essayist Virgil Ierunca once listed young Raicu as one of the "pseudo-writers [and] professional opportunists". Ciocârlie contrarily believes that Raicu "emerged unaltered" from the Socialist-Realist epoch, preserving his true self when others did not. He was also defended by Călinescu, who writes that his friend's "genuine idealism" was already set on a collision course with the communists' "hypocritical, contradictory humanism". In a 2006 obituary, scholar Paul Cernat concludes that Raicu, a "mobile spirit", was mostly influenced by "European humanism" and direct readings from interwar literature (though, as Breban cautions, he was never an erudite).	2.125

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