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77395731
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Lake
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Philip Lake
|
Philip Lake (April 9, 1865, Morpeth, Northumberland – June 12, 1949, Cambridge, England) was a British geologist and palaeontologist.
Education
After graduating from Morpeth Grammar School (where his father was the headmaster), Philip Lake studied from 1881 to 1884 at the Durham College of Science, where he learned geology from G. A. L. Lebour. In 1884 Lake matriculated at St John's College, Cambridge. There he graduated with a B.A. in 1887.
Career
Soon after receiving his B.A, he joined the Geological Survey of India. In 1890 his monograph The Geology of South Malabar, Between the Beypore and Ponnani River was published and he resigned from the Geology Survey due to ill health. From 1890 to 1892 he studied at the University of Cambridge, where he graduated with an M.A. For a number of years Lake held no academic appointment and earned money from private tutoring, examining, and lecturing. In 1903 he became headmaster at the Colchester Technical School. In the department of regional and physical geography of the University of Cambridge, Lake was from 1908 to 1919 and reader and head of the department from 1919 to 1927, when he retired.
From 1893 to 1912, Lake did research on the Lower Palaeozoic formations of five districts in North Wales. He did research on the river system of Wales, on hill slopes, on mountain and island arcs, and on Wegener's theory of continental drift. Lake published papers on the genus Acidaspis (1896), as well as on trilobites from Bolivia (1906) and from the Bokkeveld Beds of South Africa (1904). His main palaeontological work was a monograph of British Cambrian trilobites published in several parts by the Palaeontographical Society from 1906 to 1946. In connexion with this important monograph, Lake developed a method of photography which eliminated much of the distortion of the trilobite fossils and showed their original form.
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77395733
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Chania%20%281646%29
|
Battle of Chania (1646)
|
Aftermath
Despite having agreed to cooperate with Cappello in intercepting Ottoman supply fleets, the disheartened allied squadrons left Kythira for their homes on 8 September. Cappello was joined by a squadron of French ships under François de Nuchèze, but they too returned home in late October. Cappello failed to prevent the Ottoman galleys from sailing to Volos in Greece and return with fresh supplies to Crete, while an Ottoman attack on Souda failed. The Ottomans then laid siege to Rethymno. Cappello brought reinforcements to Souda and Rethymno and then tried to blockade the Ottoman fleet in Chania, but failed due to poor cooperation between galleasses and sailing ships, allowing a large part of the Ottoman fleet to escape north. Rethymno surrendered on 13 November. This succession of failures led to the dismissal of Cappello and his replacement as Captain General of the Sea by Giovanni Battista Grimani. On his return to Venice, Cappello was tried for incompetence, but was let go in view of the damage wrought by disease among his crews.
| 2.078125
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77395782
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilian%20Al%C3%A1%27%C3%AD
|
Lilian Alá'í
|
Lilian Elizabeth Alá'í (née Wyss) (2 July 1929 – 20 April 2023) was an Australian Bahá'í woman with the title of Knight of Baháʼu'lláh. She served the Bahá'í Faith for nearly eighty years, with approximately fifty-seven of those years dedicated to serving in Western Samoa and American Samoa. The title Knight of Baháʼu'lláh was given by Shoghi Effendi, Guardian of the Baháʼí Faith from 1921 to 1957, to Baháʼís who opened new territories as part of his goal-oriented ten-year Baháʼí teaching plans.
Early life and education
'Alá'í learned about the Bahá'í Faith from school friends at an early age, and then became a Bahá'í in 1944. She first served the Bahá'í Faith through pioneering and teaching the Bahá'í Faith in Europe from 1947 to 1952. Returning to Australia at the request of Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Faith from 1921 to 1957, 'Alá'í assisted the Australian Bahá’í Community teaching the Bahá'í Faith in various states in 1953. She then served on the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Australia and New Zealand, before resigning to pioneer as the first Bahá'í in Western Samoa in 1954 as part of the global Ten Year Crusade, as a Knight of Baháʼu'lláh. 'Alá'í served the Bahá’í Faith in various administrative capacities in Western Samoa (Independent State of Samoa) and American Samoa until 2010, before returning again to Australia.
Introduction to the Teachings of the Bahá'í Faith
Australian-born 'Alá'í and her brother Frank Wyss (1927–2007), while living in Tahmoor in rural New South Wales, heard of the Bahá'í Faith from their fellow students (who were siblings) at Bowral High School during the years of World War II. 'Alá'í and her brother Frank both accepted the Bahá'í Faith at the Yerrinbool Bahá'í School on different days in 1944. In a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Faith on 10 December 1944, 'Alá'í and her brother were referred to as “enlightened youth” by the Guardian, and welcomed into the Bahá'í Faith.
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77395913
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbe
|
Kabbe
|
Kabbe is a settlement in Namibia's Zambezi Region, located 53 kilometres southeast of the region's capital, Katima Mulilo. It serves as the administrative centre of the Kabbe North Constituency.
Kabbe North Constituency was established in August 2013, following the Fourth Delimitation Commission of Namibia's recommendation to split the former Kabbe Constituency into two: Kabbe North and Kabbe South. This division was made in preparation for the 2014 general election.
The area around Kabbe is known for its lush vegetation and diverse wildlife, making it a key part of the Zambezi Region's ecosystem. The settlement and its surrounding villages face seasonal flooding, which can impact infrastructure and accessibility. Despite these challenges, the community relies on subsistence farming, fishing, and small-scale commerce for their livelihoods. Additionally, Kabbe plays a role in regional tourism, attracting visitors interested in its natural beauty and cultural heritage. The settlement has a clinic, Kabbe Clinic.
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77396133
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructing%20The%20Lord%20of%20the%20Rings
|
Constructing The Lord of the Rings
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Tolkien's writing methods included the use of non-narrative materials including maps, names, languages, and drawings to develop ideas and guide the text.
Maps
In a letter to the novelist Naomi Mitchison, Tolkien explained that he drew maps to guide his storytelling:
Tolkien's working maps evolved continuously as the story developed. His "First Map" had seen many modifications by the time his son Christopher redrew it as "a large elaborate map in pencil and coloured chalks" in 1943.
Shippey notes Tolkien's discussion of "inspiration" and "mere uninspired 'invention'" in his essay "On Fairy-Stories", based on a 1939 lecture. Shippey comments that Tolkien does not appear to have begun with "a flash of 'inspiration'", rather the reverse: he began with a substantial amount of effort on practical materials like maps, and eventually inspiration followed. In his words "Maps, names and languages came before plot. Elaborating them was in a sense Tolkien's way of building up enough steam to get rolling; but they had also in a sense provided the motive to want to."
Names
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77396133
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructing%20The%20Lord%20of%20the%20Rings
|
Constructing The Lord of the Rings
|
Chapter 1:10 "Strider", at first untitled, had the hobbit protagonists in Barnabas Butterbur's inn at Bree meeting a person described in Gandalf's letter as "a ranger (wild hobbit) known as Trotter", since he wears wooden shoes that clatter. Trotter the wild hobbit is later "dramatically" replaced by a man, Ingold, Elfstone and, eventually, Aragorn. Shippey comments that Tolkien "stuck determinedly to the increasingly inapposite name 'Trotter'" even when "the character had become fixed as the tall and long-legged Aragorn". He criticises the [Aragorn] speech "But Trotter shall be the name of my house, if ever that be established, yet perhaps in the same high tongue it shall not sound so ill". Shippey writes that Tolkien was simply wrong here, observing that "trot" is "quite inconsonant with dignity when applied to a tall man" and stating that Tolkien "should have dropped the idea much earlier". He notes, too, that the speech defending an ill-sounding name survived into the final text, as Aragorn defends the name "Strider", making it the name of his royal line, the house of Telcontar in the "high tongue", Sindarin.
Names, too, could suggest structure and content. Shippey comments that from the most basic of names in The Hobbit, like "The Hill" and "The Water", Tolkien moved on to experiment with the use of real English placenames like "Worminghall" in Farmer Giles of Ham, playing with its imagined etymology. For The Lord of the Rings, Shippey writes that the name Farthinghoe, a village not far from Tolkien's home in Oxford, "set Tolkien thinking about the Farthings of 'The Shire'."
Languages
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77396133
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructing%20The%20Lord%20of%20the%20Rings
|
Constructing The Lord of the Rings
|
Tolkien's narrative was also at least partly founded on languages, both real (he was a philologist) and invented. He stated in a letter that his Middle-earth writings were "largely an essay in linguistic aesthetic". Shippey argues that although this may seem wild, there is evidence for it. In the Appendices to The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien explains that he chose Bree placenames such as Chetwood, and Bree itself, to give a feeling of unfamiliarity or vague Celticness.
Shippey calls the effect of Bilbo's song of Eärendil "highly Keatsian". Tolkien has Gildor's Elves sing in his invented language of Quenya in the woods of the Shire; he describes the effect the singing has on the listening hobbits. Shippey comments that Tolkien believed, more or less heretically "that untranslated elvish would do a job that English could not". Gandalf chants the Ring Verse in the Black Speech, another of his invented languages, creating a dramatically terrifying effect on his listeners. As another example, Shippey remarks Sam Gamgee's aesthetic response to Gimli's song of the Dwarf-King Durin as he hears "the ring of elvish and dwarvish names. 'I like that!' said Sam. 'I should like to learn it. In Moria, in Khazad-Dum!". Shippey comments that "obviously his response is a model one".
Drawings
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77396294
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proutista
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Proutista
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Proutista is a small genus of planthoppers from the family Derbidae, tribe Zoraidini, with 10 species, as of 2024. The type species, Proutista moesta is widely distributed and often very common, its distribution ranging from Tanzania in Africa, over some Indian Ocean islands (Seychelles, Maldives) and southern parts of western Asia (India, Sri Lanka) to far eastern Asia (China, Taiwan, Japan) and parts of the western Pacific (Philippines, Guam, Palau, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea). Seven of the remaining species are also found in tropical parts of Asia and only two additional species have been recorded from Africa, where Proutista fritillaris is the most common one. The species of Proutista are characterized by a combination of different features, mainly the shape and venation of the forewings, the size of the hind wings and the structure of the head and the antennae. On the forewings the media vein has 6 branches, none of them branching further into sub branches. The hind wings are about half as long as the forewings and have a rounded tip. The head has a narrow face (frons) and the antennae are rather short, much shorter than the face.
Type species: Assamia dentata Buckton, 1896, a synonym of Proutista moesta (Westwood, 1851)
Distribution
| 2.1875
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77396294
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proutista
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Proutista
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Taxonomy and species
The genus Proutista was original described by Buckton in 1896 as Assamia with the type species Assamia dentata from Assam, India. In 1903, Melichar stated that Assamia dentata is a synonym of Derbe (Phenice) moesta Westwood, 1851 which had been described from "India orientali". In 1904, Kirkaldy renamed Assamia Buckton as Proutista, since the name Assamia was preoccupied.
In 1906, Kirkaldy described a new genus which he named Sardis, with Phenice maculosa Krueger, 1897 from Java, Indonesia as the type species. As part of this description he also described and illustrated an insect from Queensland, Australia which he believed to be Phenice maculosa, but stating that he had not seen Krueger's "original work". One year later, he realized that the described and illustrated specimen from Australia was not Phenice maculosa and that:
Phenice maculoca Krueger, 1897 is a synonym of Proutista moesta Westwood, 1851.
The genus Sardis is consequently a synonym of Proutista.
The specimen from Australia he described and illustrated as Phenice maculoca is a different species which he named Proutista lumholtzi. This species is now known as Lydda lumholtzi (Kirkaldy, 1907).
The following 3 genera in the tribe Zoraidini are most similar to the genus Proutista, among others they all have a similar appearance, wing shape and wing venation:
Shizuka Matsumura, 1914, a small genus in eastern Asia, which differs from Proutista mainly by its longer antennae and the course of the cubitus vein on the forewing.
Lydda Westwood, 1840 which has a wider head, about as wide as the thorax, and shorter hind wings.
Diostrombus Uhler, 1896 which differs by the hind wings being shorter and having a pointed tip.
Currently (2024), 10 species are placed in the genus Proutista. The most common ones are:
Proutista fritillaris (Boheman 1838)
Proutista furcatovittata (Stål, 1855)
Proutista moesta (Westwood, 1851)
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77396324
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20Thomas%20Sabler
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Georg Thomas Sabler
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Early life and studies
Georg Thomas Sabler was born on in Haljala, now part of Lääne-Viru County, Estonia. His father, Georg Christian Sabler (1776–1819), was a Lutheran pastor. At first, Sabler studied privately. Later, Sabler graduated from the Tartu Evangelical Cathedral's gymnasium. Sabler studied theology (1828–1832) and mathematics (1832–1839) at the University of Tartu. He developed an interest in natural sciences, especially in astronomy, which was lectured by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve. During his study years, Sabler was engaged in astronomical observations, particularly of binary stars. Some of his works were published in the scientific press. For his scientific aptitude, von Struve ensured that Sabler began working at the Tartu Observatory as an assistant to its director until 1839.
In 1836–1837 Sabler participated in an expedition that determined the difference between the sea levels of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. He also edited the material collected during the expedition and published it in German under the title "Beschreibung der zur Ermittelung des Höhenunterschiedes zwischen dem Schwarzen und dem Caspischen Meere... in den Jahren 1836 und 1837 von Gr. Fuss, A. Sawitsch und G. Sabler ausgeführten Messungen... zusammengestellt von G. Sabler. Im Auftrage der Akademie herausgegeben von W. Struve". For his work, which he wrote about in 1839, he received a doctoral degree, and subsequently graduated that same year.
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77396368
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%20state%20visit%20by%20Xi%20Jinping%20to%20Vietnam
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2023 state visit by Xi Jinping to Vietnam
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On the morning of December 13, General Secretary Xi Jinping held talks with Vietnamese President Võ Văn Thưởng at the Presidential Palace in Hanoi. General Secretary Xi also met with Vietnamese Prime Minister Phạm Minh Chính and Chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam Vương Đình Huệ at the Government Residence. In the afternoon, General Secretary Xi Jinping and his wife Peng Liyuan met with representatives of Chinese and Vietnamese youths and friendly people with General Secretary Nguyễn Phú Trọng. Later, General Secretary Xi Jinping led the Chinese delegation to leave Hanoi and return to Beijing.
Outcomes
China and Vietnam signed 37 agreements, including Chinese funding for a cross-border railroad and the holding of joint maritime patrols. The two neighbors also agreed on a three-year plan to boost trade.
China and Vietnam decided to promote cross-border standard railroad connectivity between China and Vietnam, study and promote the construction of the Lao Cai - Hanoi - Haiphong standard railroad in Vietnam and carry out feasibility studies on the Dong Dang - Hanoi and Mang Jie - Ha Long - Haiphong standard railroads in due course. Accelerating the docking of infrastructure construction in border areas, including the construction of China's Damsha-Vietnam's Basha Red River Boundary River Highway Bridge.
| 1.921875
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77396603
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-puberty
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Mini-puberty
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Mini-puberty is a transient hormonal activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis that occurs in infants shortly after birth. This period is characterized by a surge in the secretion of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) and sex steroids (testosterone in males and estradiol in females), similar to but less intense than the hormonal changes that occur in puberty during adolescence. Mini-puberty plays a crucial role in the early development of the reproductive system and the establishment of secondary sexual characteristics.
Physiology
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activation
Mini-puberty begins within the first few days or weeks of life and typically lasts until 6–12 months of age. The HPG axis is temporarily reactivated, resulting in increased secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. GnRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which in turn stimulate the gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) to produce sex steroids.
Hormonal changes
Males: There is a significant increase in testosterone levels, peaking around 1–3 months of age and leveling off around 6 months. This rise in testosterone is essential for the development of male genitalia, testicular descent, and the proliferation of Sertoli and Leydig cells.
Females: There is an increase in estradiol and FSH levels, although less pronounced compared to the hormonal changes in males. This rise in estradiol is involved in the maturation of ovarian follicles and the growth of the uterus and levels off around 2 years of life. FSH peaks at 1–3 months, similar to boys, but may remain elevated for 3–4 years of life.
Clinical significance
Developmental role
Mini-puberty is crucial for several developmental processes, including:
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77397063
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20incident%20at%20Khabarovsk%2C%20Russia
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Nuclear incident at Khabarovsk, Russia
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On April 5, 2024, a state of emergency was declared in Khabarovsk, a city in Russia's Far East bordering China with a population of 630,000. Elevated Radiation levels were detected near a power pylon approximately 2.5 kilometers from residential buildings. The source of radiation was discovered to be a radioactive caesium capsule.
Discovery and response
On March 28, a potential radiation source was discovered at a power pylon 2.5 kilometers away from residential buildings in the industrial district of Khabarovsk. A resident alerted emergency services, however they only arrived on April 4. A Russian radiation control group ECHO arrived on April 3. They reported to Novaya Gazeta: "The citizen who discovered the radiation was simply passing by. I went out to look and found such an interesting "find" near the power line. Initially, the resident reported to the Ministry of Emergency Situations; they sent requests for several days. We, volunteers, visited the site on April 3." The volunteers detected a maximum radioactivity level of 800 microsieverts, a rate 1600 time higher than the background rate of 0.5 microsieverts. Footage also emerged on social media of a man wearing protective equipment carrying a radiation meter saying the radiation increases as he approaches a waste dump.
A state of emergency was declared on April 5 by the city's authorities, and a 900 square meter area around the source was cordoned off. The state of emergency was declared to allow specialists to work faster, according to the city's head of civil defence Andrey Kolchin. Initial reports indicated that no injuries or radiation exposure had occurred among the residents, and residents were reassured by authorities there was no health risk. The radiation spike was only recorded in the near vicinity of the source, and no excess radiation was recorded outside the exclusion zone.
| 2.375
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77397144
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan%20MacDougall%20%28British%20Army%20officer%29
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Duncan MacDougall (British Army officer)
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Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Duncan MacDougall (1787 – 10 December 1862) was a British Army officer who fought in the Peninsular War and War of 1812. He rose to command the 79th Regiment of Foot before serving as second-in-command of the British Auxiliary Legion during the First Carlist War.
MacDougall joined the British Army in 1804. After initial service at the Cape of Good Hope he fought through much of the Peninsular War in Spain and Portugal as a subaltern, being seriously wounded at the Battle of Salamanca. He became aide de camp to Major-General Robert Ross during the War of 1812, and was by his side at the Battle of Baltimore when the general was killed. Promoted to major, MacDougall became aide de camp to Major-General Sir Edward Pakenham. He was riding alongside Pakenham when the latter was mortally wounded at the Battle of New Orleans.
MacDougall was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in 1825. Sent to command colonial militia in Nova Scotia, he transferred to the 79th Regiment of Foot in 1830 and commanded it from 1832. In 1835 he joined the British Auxiliary Legion as second-in-command. He resigned a year later amidst disagreements over strategy with the commander of the Legion, De Lacy Evans. MacDougall left the British Army in 1838 and in retirement was a champion of militia and volunteer movements, establishing the Royal Lancashire Militia Artillery in 1853 and assisting with the formation of the Volunteer Force in 1859.
Early life
Duncan MacDougall was born in 1787 at Soroba near Oban, Argyllshire; he was the son of Patrick MacDougall and Mary M'Vicar. As a child he was educated in Edinburgh.
Military career
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77397252
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%20July%202024%20Israeli%20attack%20on%20Yemen
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20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen
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Firefighting and repairs
Firefighting teams arrived immediately to the port, but struggled to contain the blaze. The fire had expanded and threatened both humanitarian ships and food storage facilities. Meanwhile, Yemeni port authorities kept other parts of the port facilities functional to receive ships carrying food, medicine and fuel. Yemeni human rights group, Mwatana, reported that some additional casualties may be buried under the rubble and could not be reached due to the fires.
Repairs on the power plant damaged by Israel were started, as authorities tried to bring back electricity to the Yemeni people.
Two container ships docked at the port on 23 July, making them the first merchant vessels to use the port since the Israeli airstrikes. By 28 July, the port had become fully operational.
The Yemen Red Sea Ports Corporation, which runs the Hudaydah Port, estimated that the strikes caused over US$20,000,000 in damages, excluding losses caused by the destruction of fuel storage facilities. Two cranes and a small vessel were destroyed, while damage was caused to nearby buildings and docks.
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77397291
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Friedrich%20Stahl
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Johann Friedrich Stahl
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Johann Friedrich Stahl (26 September 1718 in Heimsheim – 28 January 1790 in Stuttgart) was a German mines inspector, cameralist, forester and the author of a dictionary of forestry terms. He founded the first German forestry journal Allgemeinen oeconomischen Forstmagazin which went into 12 volumes from 1763 to 1769.
Biography
Stahl was born in Heimsheim, son of schoolmaster Johann Michael and Sara Agatha Laux. He went to school in Vaihingen and Tübingen before grammar school in Stuttgart and went to study at a monastery in Tübingen in 1738. He studied theology in 1740 and became a vicar in Rudersberg (Württemberg). He was interested in natural history and cameralist matters and took up a position as a tutor for Baron von Göllnitz in Metzingen, resigning from his clergy position. Here he worked with foresters and after the death of Göllnitz in 1751, he became tutor to the Privy Councillor Christoph Heinrich Korn in Stuttgart. In 1753–54, travelled with support from the Württemberg Chamber President Friedrich August von Hardenberg (1700–68) in the Harz Mountains and the Bohemian Forest. In 1755 he became mining councillor and inspector of mines in Württemberg. In 1758 he became revenue councillor and head of forestry for the Dukedom of Württemberg. His official position was Herzoglich Württembergischer Rentkammer-Expeditions-Rat ().
From 1770 he taught natural sciences and forestry at the military school near Stuttgart which became a university in 1775. He then headed the teaching of sciences at the Faculty of Cameral science, Forestry and Commerce.
Stahl published a dictionary of forest sciences beginning in 1772 in which he saw the aim of forest management as being that of producing wood sustainably.
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77397610
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite%20de%20Laveleye
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Marguerite de Laveleye
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Marguerite de Laveleye (1859–1942) was a Belgian temperance lecturer who served as President of the Belgium Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU).
Biography
Marguerite Louise Adelaide de Laveleye was born in Gheluvelt, near Ypres, Belgium, June 21, 1859. Her father was the political economist, Émile de Laveleye. There were two siblings, a brother, Baron Édouard de Laveleye, and a sister, Marie-Rose-Julie.
She was educated at home, in England, and in Germany.
She was devoted to the temperance cause since 1886, when she became associated with the Society of the Blue Cross in Belgium. In 1906, she was made president of the Belgium WCTU.
Early in the 20th century, at Pontareuse, Switzerland, Laveleve studied the potential establishment of an institution for the treatment of alcoholics. She inaugurated a similar one on her own farm, near Spa, Belgium. The project proved successful, and in 1907, a committee to carry on the work was formed at Liege.
Later, she made a tour of the world, lecturing on temperance in India, Burma, Japan, Canada, United States, England, France, Germany, Italy, and Belgium. She attended several of the international congresses against alcoholism as a delegate of various Belgian societies — the Sixth Congress, held at Brussels in 1897; the Seventh, held at Paris in 1899; the Ninth, held at Bremen in 1903; the Thirteenth, held at The Hague in 1911; and the Fourteenth, held at Milan in 1913.
Marguerite de Laveleye died in 1942.
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77397619
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Chapelle%20%28Seine%29
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La Chapelle (Seine)
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500 meters wide at an altitude of around 53 meters, the Col de La Chapelle was the easiest route between the Beauceron and Picardy plains. It has been an important crossing point since ancient times. The route, later known as the Estrée, is mentioned in the Peutinger Table and Antonin's Itinerary. This road followed the axis of today's Rue Marx-Dormoy and Rue de la Chapelle. The village was at the junction of this road with the old tin route linking the English Channel and the North Sea to the Rhone valley (now rue Philippe-de-Girard), without passing through Lutèce. To the north, the plain between Pas-de-la-Chapelle and Saint-Denis (today's Plaine Saint-Denis) was an important Gallic cultic center and the Druids held their summer solstice gatherings around a tumulus considered to be the tomb of the ancestor of the Gauls. It took the name of Endit, then, by agglutination of the article, Lendit. The Gallic assemblies mentioned by Julius Caesar continued to meet under Roman rule. After Caesar, who chose this sacred site to assert his domination over the Gallic tribes, several emperors understood the symbolic significance of this sanctuary: Constantine went there, convinced that he had been invested with a divine mission by Apollo, and Julian had himself proclaimed Auguste. These cult gatherings were also a commercial event, and later became the internationally renowned Lendit fair, held along the Estrée.
As far back as Roman times, there was probably a small village on the Col de La Chapelle, between the wooded hills of Montmartre and Belleville, close to a temple dedicated to Bacchus. Although no archaeological remains have been found, 9th-century documents mention the ruins of a Roman tower known as "Glaucin's prison ". According to Hilduin, abbot of Saint-Denis, the saint was imprisoned here before his martyrdom.
The chapel of Saint Geneviève
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77397619
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Chapelle%20%28Seine%29
|
La Chapelle (Seine)
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But the village's prosperity was ensured by the Lendit fair, which endured, with the church remaining a rallying point for merchants, despite the absence of devotion to the relics. Another fair, known as "de Saint-Denis", was held near the Pas-de-La-Chapelle church in October, on the anniversary of the saint's death. However, the abbots of Saint-Denis succeeded in obtaining a ruling from Pepin le Bref in 759 in favor of transferring the fair to a purpose-built stone hall within the city walls of Saint-Denis, thanks to a forged document allegedly issued by Dagobert. La Chapelle was plundered, ravaged and burned several times by the Normans in the ninth century, then, in the following century, according to Flodoard's chronicle, devastated by the Hellequin mesnie, a terrible army of demons and ghosts, who threw blocks of stone at the church of La Chapelle.
For centuries, the road from Paris to the royal abbey hosted processions: monarchs from the north on their way to the capital, or the kings of France, on the occasion of their coronation or burial. Its popularity increased at the end of the ninth century, with the construction of the new Grand Pont, the first fortified bridge to provide the only crossing of the Seine's main arm15 for several centuries, and to protect the route between the Île de la Cité and the abbey of Saint-Denis from the brutality of invasions. It also formed part of the Paris crossroads, which Philippe Auguste ordered to be paved up to the village's northern exit. The old Roman road from Lyon, which became less frequented, became known as the Chemin des Potences, as it passed over a small mound (known as the Potences) where the royal gallows was located, before its transfer to Montfaucon in 1189.
Middle Ages
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77397619
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Chapelle%20%28Seine%29
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La Chapelle (Seine)
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The houses were located near the church and the house of the bailli, the village administrator appointed by the abbey. At the beginning of the 18th century, the seigneury of La Chapelle comprised forty-three locations. In the course of the 17th and 18th centuries, country houses sprang up around the church, notably that of Sébastien Slodtz, sculptor of numerous monuments in Paris and Versailles.
In the 1720s, La Chapelle benefited from the demarcation of the enclosures and boundaries of Paris and its suburbs, a Parisian operation designed to tolerate the construction of only modest houses with a boutique and a small doorway, not a carriage entrance, and with a single upper floor. The gradual urbanization of the faubourgs, beyond the boulevards that had replaced the enclosure built by Charles V in 1671, linked the faubourg Saint-Denis to La Chapelle, at least on the rue principale. The road to Saint-Denis was rebuilt, aligned, and widened to 65 meters, a vast traffic circle was built and two ancient marble columns that Suger had compared to Hercule were preserved. However, in the absence of a sidewalk, the large paved road linking Paris to the south, with its heavy traffic, remained inconvenient and dangerous for pedestrians. In 1757, the old Gothic tympanum of Saint-Denys church was replaced by a classical façade with four pilasters and Doric capitals framing the doorway, topped by a cornice, a bull's eye surrounded by drapery and a triangular pediment dominated by a cross and adorned with a royal coat-of-arms. To enter Paris, villagers had to pass through one of the gates of the Ferme Générale, in particular the offices of Sainte-Anne, Saint-Denis, Ravinet or Saint-Martin. The main one was the majestic Porte Saint-Denis, a triumphal arch erected to the glory of Louis XIV by the architect François Blondel.
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77397619
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Chapelle%20%28Seine%29
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La Chapelle (Seine)
|
In the first two-thirds of the 19th century, the town's population grew considerably, from 800 in the early years of the century to 40,000 by the time it was annexed to Paris, and was enlivened by a huge livestock market held on the site of today's Rue de la Louisiane, Rue de la Guadeloupe, Rue de la Martinique, Rue de l'Olive and Rue du Canada. In 1854, for example, 124,000 pigs and 110,000 calves were sold. The cow market, which had already made the village famous in the early 13th century, had survived the centuries. The Grande-Rue was home to a straw and fodder market, and every June 11, a large sheep fair was held in the town. The livestock market disappeared when La Chapelle was annexed to Paris, competing with that of La Villette and giving way to rue de la Louisiane, rue de la Guadeloupe, rue de la Martinique, rue du Marché and impasse Bizioux. Years later, between 1883 and 1885, Auguste-Joseph Magne built the La Chapelle market on this site, which was listed as a historic monument in 1981.
Alongside the development of the railways, new businesses emerged: wine and liqueurs, steam engines, printing, chemicals, salt and sucre. But La Chapelle remained an important public transport route: worthy heirs to the seventeenth-century coche from Paris to Pontoise or the regular carriages from Paris to Beauvais in the eighteenth century, new carriage lines with picturesque names linked the capital to Saint-Denis: les Coucous, les Favorites, les Célérifères, Les Dames réunies, les Dyonisiennes or les Hirondelles, which gave way, towards the end of the 1850s, to omnibus lines more prosaically named K or J.
| 2.78125
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77397739
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub%20Nakcjanowicz
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Jakub Nakcjanowicz
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Jakub Nakcjanowicz or Nakcyanowicz (Lithuanian: Jokūbas Nakcijonavičius; 1 May 1725 – 1777) was a Jesuit priest, mathematician, and astronomer of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was the second director of the Vilnius University Astronomical Observatory (1758–1764).
Biography
Jakob Nakcyanowicz was born on 1 May 1725 in Grodno, present-day Belarus. He joined the Jesuits in 1742. From 1744 to 1746 he taught in present-day Ilūkste. From 1746 to 1749 Nakcyanowicz studied philosophy at the Jesuit College in Polotsk. He returned to lecture in Ilūkste from 1749 to 1750. From 1750 to 1751 he lectured syntax and grammar in Pašiaušė. From 1751 to 1755 he studied theology at Vilnius University. He was ordained as a priest in 1754. Nakcyanowicz was prefect of the Diocesan Seminary in Vilnius. Nakcyanowicz once again returned to Ilūkste to lecture on mathematics from 1754 to 1758. In 1758 he became the director of the Vilnius University Astronomical Observatory, a position preceded by the observatory's founder Thomas Zebrowski, holding that title until 1764. Nakcyanowicz was Zebrowski's student. In the university itself, Nakcyanowicz lectured on mathematics, geodesics, philosophy, and experimental physics. From 1764 he taught at various schools at Grodno. From 1766 to 1768 he taught mathematics at Navahrudak. In 1773 he was dean of the faculty of philosophy of Vilnius University.
As a scientist, Nakcyanowicz was mostly interested in the works of Christian Wolff. Nakcyanowicz developed a mathematics textbook entitled Exercitationes in analysi cum finitorum tum infinitorum mathematicae, which was published in 1758. The textbook concerned the binomial theorem, progressions, geometry, and trigonometry. He wrote another textbook entitled Praelectiones mathematicae ex Wolfianis elementis adornatae in 1759–1761, which concerned the basic principles of mathematics, arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, and some algebra. In 1762 published a work on conic sections and other algebraic and transcendental curves.
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77398419
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Salvatore
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Anna Salvatore
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Anna Salvatore (1923 – 18 May 1978) was an Italian painter, sculptor, writer and socialite.
Life and career
Born in Rome in 1923, Salvatore studied at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze under Ottone Rosai, Galileo Chini and Felice Carena, and later at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma. She held her first exhibition in 1940. A member of the neorealist movement, she became first known thanks to her portraits of suburban people.
Salvatore took part in the XXIV e XXVIII Venice Biennale and in the V, VI and VIII Rome Quadriennale exhibitions. An "exponent of a deeply popular and socially engaged form of painting" and a major figure in the cultural and social life of her hometown, she owned the Il Pincio Gallery in Piazza del Popolo.
In 1959, Salvatore played herself in Federico Fellini's La dolce vita. In 1966, she made her literary debut with the novel Subliminal tu. She also served as professor of history of costumes at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia. Married and separated from writer and film director Pasquale Festa Campanile, she died of a brain aneurysm on 18 May 1978 at the Policlinico Umberto I in her hometown. She has been described as "a larger than life persona" who "made her one of the most talked-about cultural figures of her day".
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77398509
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules%20Loh
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Jules Loh
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Parallel to his coverage of the Civil Rights Movement, Loh reported on George Wallace's campaign during the 1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries. Loh was invited to travel with Wallace on a road trip through Indiana, capturing Wallace's apprehension about his rhetoric and ability to confront hostile audiences, as well as voters' perceptions. Matthew E. Welsh, who was the governor of Indiana during the 1964 Democratic presidential primaries, called Loh's reporting the "most perceptive picture of Wallace the campaigner". Later in the 1960s, Loh covered the assassinations of the United States President John F. Kennedy, and his brother, the Attorney General and presidential candidate Bobby Kennedy; the assassination attempt on Wallace; and the United States space program.
In 1971, Loh published a book under Crowell-Collier Press called Lords of the Earth: A History of the Navajo Indians. The book received mixed reviews. His AP colleague John Barbour praised Loh's "vivid and gentle ... understanding of the Navajo". Editha L. Watson in the Navajo Times likewise praised Loh for his sensitivity toward the Navajo people and his storytelling ability. The historian William H. Lyon, by contrast, called the book superficial in its analysis and criticized it for its disorganized, sometimes off-topic historical narrative and lack of citations.
In 1976, Loh began writing a column called "Elsewhere in America". The column was published twice a week. Loh used the column to tell stories "about unusual people and places". He retired from the AP in June of 1997. That same year, Charlotte Grimes writing in the American Journalism Review called him one of "journalism's giants". Loh died on in Tappan, New York, of complications from abdominal surgery.
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77398820
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20B.%20Richenda%20Parham
|
H. B. Richenda Parham
|
Charles' health continued to decline and from 1923, he fell seriously ill with a heart condition and was unable to work on the plantation. He died in 1926, and Parham continued with the plantation venture with the help of the children. She opened a little store which she operated. She also began publishing her botanical studies in 1928 with a booklet she printed at the plantation, Some Medicinal Plants of Vanua Levu. The plantation venture ultimately failed and Parham moved to Suva in 1932. She published other works such as Names of a Few Fijian Plants and Their Botanical Equivalents (1935) and "Valuable Plants of Fiji: Useful as Perfumery and Drugs" (1937) with publishing houses and in journals. She was a founding member of the Fiji Society of Science and Industry, which was organised in 1938. That year she collected three specimens of ribbon root from her home garden on Pender Street in Suva. These samples were confirmed in 1939 by Louis Otho Williams to belong to the Orchidaceae family. The Polynesian Society published a series of articles "Memoir No. 16: Fiji Plants, Their Names and Uses" in nine installments with two supplements and updates between September 1939 and June 1943. These memoirs were collected and published in book form by The Polynesian Society in 1943 and gave local and botanical names, as well as descriptions and uses for around 1,200 plants. In addition to her botanical writing, Parham contributed articles on culture and history, as well as poetry to The Girl's Own Paper, the Fiji Times and Pacific Islands Monthly.
| 2.625
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77399541
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Martin%20%28political%20activist%20and%20physician%29
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Henri Martin (political activist and physician)
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Martin took part in the 6 February 1934 crisis and led an action and documentation centre against agrarian Marxism within Henry Dorgères' Parti agraire et paysan [French Agrarian and Peasant Party], which aligned with the Front national. He advised Dorgères, who was also leader of the fascist-leaning Chemises vertes [Green Shirts] peasant movement. In 1935, he was one of the founders of a terrorist group, the Organisation secrète d'action révolutionnaire nationale [Secret Organisation of national revolutionary action] (Osarn), mis-labelled in the press as the C.S.A.R. and given the sardonic nickname of "La Cagoule" [balaclava or mask] by the director of the Camelots du roi, Maurice Pujo, because of its dissident Camelots members. It was led by Eugène Deloncle, who put Martin in charge of the 2nd Office - intelligence services - and his nickname was “'le Bib'”. He surveilled political enemies and collected data on them - a practice involving networking which was a notable feature of his life. A round-up targeted members of La Cagoule, but Martin escaped with the militant Jean Filiol, going into exile in Sanremo, Italy, with his wife and children. Following a pardon from prime minister Édouard Daladier, he returned to France to become a medical officer at Bicêtre Hospital.
| 1.9375
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77399763
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaing%20Zar%20Aung
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Khaing Zar Aung
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Khaing Zar Aung (in Burmese: (Khaing Zā Aung)), born in May 1984, is a Burmese union leader and human rights activist. A unionist since her teenage years, she emigrated to Thailand before being allowed to return to Myanmar at the end of the military junta. She joined the Industrial Workers Federation of Myanmar (IWFM) and became its general secretary.
During her tenure, she focused on unionizing women in the rapidly growing textile industry in the country. Following the return of dictatorship after the 2021 coup in Myanmar, she struggled to resist as best as she could, eventually managing to go into exile and reach Germany, while continuing her activism from abroad.
She has been nominated for the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize.
Biography
Zar Aung has seven siblings and comes from a poor family. She left school early to work and was hired in a textile factory at 16 by lying about her age in 2000. She joined a union as soon as she started working. Fired on the pretext of her age, she moved to Thailand, where she continued her union activities, notably organizing Burmese migrants who were with her. With the gradual return of a form of democracy, she was allowed to return to her country and joined the Industrial Workers’ Federation of Myanmar (IWFM).
Later, she became its leader and organized the labour movement in Myanmar in a very complex situation for human and union rights. The unionist achieved victories and sought, in particular, to empower women working in the country's textile industry. Despite these victories, she had to face an increasingly tense situation in the country.
After the 2021 coup in Myanmar, the situation became abysmal and very volatile. Zar Aung urges multinational corporations to leave the country. She managed to exile to Germany, where she continued her efforts to organize the Burmese labour movement from abroad.
In 2024, she received the Arthur Svensson international prize for trade union rights. She was nominated for the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize.
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77399854
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural%20impact%20of%20Mariah%20Carey
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Cultural impact of Mariah Carey
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Musicianship
Vocal styles
Melisma
Carey's vocal style, as well as her singing ability, have significantly impacted music. Multiple media sources have referred to Carey as the "Queen of Melisma". According to Rolling Stone, "Her mastery of melisma, the fluttering strings of notes that decorate songs like "Vision of Love", inspired the entire American Idol vocal school, for better or worse, and virtually every other female R&B singer since the Nineties." In a review of her 2002 Greatest Hits album, Devon Powers of PopMatters called Carey a living legend and that she has since gone on to influence countless female vocalists with her melisma. Chart historian Tom Breihan from Stereogum, chose "Vision of Love" as one of the chapters in his book The Number Ones: Twenty Chart-Topping Hits That Reveal the History of Pop Music, stating that Carey "established melisma-heavy R&B as a powerful commercial force". Author Bruce Pollock said the song led "to a generation of aspiring belters from Beyoncé to Rihanna to Christina Aguilera".
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77399854
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural%20impact%20of%20Mariah%20Carey
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Cultural impact of Mariah Carey
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In 2008, Jody Rosen of Slate wrote of Carey's influence in music industry, calling her the most influential vocalist of the last two decades and the person who made rococo melismatic singing. Rosen further exemplified Carey's influence by drawing a parallel to American Idol which to Rosen, "often played out as a clash of melisma-mad Mariah wannabes" adding that "nearly 20 years after Carey's debut, major labels continue to bet the farm on young stars such as the winner of Britain's X Factor show, Leona Lewis, with her Generation Next gloss on Mariah's big voice and big hair". New York magazine's editor Roger Deckker further commented that "Whitney Houston may have introduced melisma (the vocally acrobatic style of lending a word an extra syllable or twenty) to the charts, but it was Mariah—with her jaw-dropping range—who made it into America's default sound". Deckker also added that "every time you turn on American Idol, you are watching [Carey's] children". Professor Katherine L. Meizel noted in her book, The Mediation of Identity Politics in American Idol, that "Carey's influence [is] in the emulation of melisma or her singing amongst the wannabes, it's also her persona, her diva, her stardom which inspires them".
Whistle register
Carey possesses a five-octave vocal range, and is known for popularizing the use of whistle register in popular music. Carey gained the honorific nickname "Songbird Supreme" by the Guinness World Records due to her ability to sing in the whistle register. She first incorporated whistle notes in her debut album on various songs including "Vision of Love", garnering positive reviews. She became well known for her 1991 song, "Emotions" which heavily incorporated Carey singing in her whistle register. TheThings writer Michael Ibrahim noted that Carey "is easily the first person who comes to mind when high notes". American singer Ariana Grande began to receive heavy comparisons to Carey after using the whistle register in her song "The Way".
Popularizing remixes
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77400042
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassula%20undulata
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Crassula undulata
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Crassula undulata, commonly known as doily crassula, is a species of succulent plant that is native to South Africa.
Description
It is a perennial plant that is densely branched and bushy, about 400 mm high. The leaves are somewhat fleshy, frequently speckled with red hues. A line of rounded pearl-like hairs on the margins gives leaves a silvery edge. There are also small hairs that point downwards on the immature stems that feature a silvery tinge. The leaves are opposite, and are thickly ordered in regular rows on the stems.
Inflorescences
The flowers are white that tend to be hinted with pink or red sepals, with red ovaries coloring the center of the flowers, and red anthers that turn golden. The flowers are sorted in cloaked clusters, jammed at the branches' ends, with nectar that exudes a distinguishing scent. The flowers become small capsules (fruit), each comprising many very small seeds.
Habitat
Crassula undulata grows on south or south-west facing slopes or in gorges, rock outcrops, ledges or rock crannies in the Riviersonderend Mountains adjacent to Stellenbosch in South Africa's Western Cape, which is northwards from the Cederberg mountains. The species is also present in Fynbos and the Succulent Karoo region.
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77400431
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuma%20Kokubun-ji
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Satsuma Kokubun-ji
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The temple grounds are small, measuring about 130 meters north-to-south and 118 meters east-to-west, which is smaller than most kokubunji temples The layout of the temple complex is with the South Gate, Middle Gate, Main Hall, Lecture Hall, and North Gate located on a central axis, with a pagoda to the east in front of the Main Hall, and a secondary Main Hall to the west, is patterned after Kawara-dera in Asuka, Nara. This layout is also unusual for a kokubunji temple, and these factors may have been influenced by the great distance of Satsuma from the capital. The original temple was destroyed by fire and rebuilt in the 10th century on an enlarged scale, but this also soon disappeared. It was rebuilt again in the Kamakura period on a much smaller scale and existed as the Jingū-ji for the Kokufu Tenman-gū shrine, but was destroyed during Toyotomi Hideyoshi's conquest of Kyushu in 1586. It was restored by Shimazu Mitsuhisa, daimyō of Satsuma Domain. It was destroyed a final time in 1868 by the early Meiji government's haibutsu kishaku anti-Buddhism movement.
Currently, the site is maintained as the Satsuma Kokubunji Ruins Historical Park, and in addition to the remains of the tower, the remains of the lecture hall, the Main Hall, and the North Gate have been restored. It is about a 22-minute walk from Kami Sendai Station on the Hisatsu Orange Railway.
Only the remains of the tower were discovered early on, and the cornerstone was transported to a temple in the city in 1888, but was returned to the discovery site in 1944 and became a national historic site. In 1976, the entire area of 1.5 hectares was designated as a historic site, and in 1985 it was developed as "Satsuma Kokubunji Site Park".
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77400517
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203447
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NGC 3447
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NGC 3447 is a barred Magellanic spiral galaxy located in the constellation Leo. Its speed relative to the cosmic microwave background is 1,405 ± 34 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 20.7 ± 1.5 Mpc (∼67.5 million ly). It was discovered by the British astronomer John Herschel in 1836.
NGC 3447 shows a broad HI line.
With a surface brightness equal to 15.61 mag/am^2, NGC 3443 is classified as a low surface brightness galaxy (LSB). LSB galaxies are diffuse galaxies with a surface brightness less than one magnitude lower than that of the ambient night sky.
To date, four non-redshift measurements yield a distance of 13.730 ± 9.802 Mpc (∼44.8 million ly), which is slightly outside the range values of Hubble.
NGC 3447A
NGC 3447A, also known as UGC 6007, is an irregular galaxy in contact with NGC 3447. It has roughly the same apparent magnitude, and has a slightly lower surface brightness. Due to gravitational forces, it has become distorted, showing disrupted spiral arms and remnants of its spiral structure, hinting it might have been a spiral galaxy in the past.
Supernova
The supernova SN 2012ht (type Ia, mag. 18.6) was discovered in NGC 3447 by Koichi Nishiyama and Fujio Kabashima on December 18, 2012.
NGC 3447 group
NGC 3447 is the largest galaxy in a group of galaxies named after it. The NGC 3447 group includes at least 4 other galaxies: NGC 3447A, NGC 3457, UGC 6022 and UGC 6035.
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77400649
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s%20Movement%20for%20the%20Environment
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People's Movement for the Environment
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The People's Movement for the Environment (fr: ) was the first Swiss environmentalist party. It was founded in Switzerland in December 1971 in order to oppose a freeway planned to pass through the town of Neuchâtel.
History
In 1972, the party stood for elections for the town legislature. The election was a major success: the MPE received 17.8% of the votes, and 8 out of 41 seats.
The MPE already dealt, in the 1970s, with subjects which became those of the Green Party of Switzerland: land development, particularly urban land development; resisting large road projects; and the protection of the natural environment.
In the 1976 elections, the MPE again obtained good results, with 7 out of 41 seats on the General Council of Neuchâtel. It also got a seat on the Municipal (Executive) Council with the election of Jacques Knoepfler, who managed the finances of the town between 1976 and 1980. During this term, the MPE became more environmentalist. Among its members in this era was the militant anti-nuclear professor Jean Rossel. The problems between the founding members, the members and the environmentalists begun in this era.
In 1980, the MPE registered a clear decline in electoral strength during the elections to the General Council. It dropped to 5 seats. During this term, the MPE positioned itself more strongly to the left, often supporting the actions of the Swiss Social Democratic Party.
On January 24th, 1984, the MPE became Ecologie et Liberté when the cantonal party was founded.
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77400817
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph%20Rose%20Building
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Adolph Rose Building
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Adolph Rose Building is a historic commercial building in Vicksburg, Mississippi, U.S.. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 12, 1992; and is part of a Uptown Vicksburg Historic District since 1993.
History
The Adolph Rose Building is a Romanesque Revival style brick commercial building with a flat roof located in downtown Vicksburg. It was built in 1890 by Adolph Rose, a dry goods merchant. This building is architecturally significant in the context of commercial architecture in Vicksburg, Mississippi, which experienced a boom period during the late 19th-century. It contains three stories, and the middle bay reaches into a fourth story; the middle bay originally contained a cornice which was damaged during a 1953 tornado.
The right side of the Adolph Rose Building was remodeled in 1934 into the Strand Theater, which remained until 1966. Feld Furniture occupied the building for 40 years, in the 1940s through the 1980s. The building housed Adolph Rose Antiques on the first floor for 20 years, and closed in October 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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77401047
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Balinese
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Old Balinese
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Proof
The use of the Ancient Balinese language was discovered from the discovery of a number of inscriptions from the ancient Balinese period. Ancient Balinese in its oldest form is found in the Sukawana inscription. in 804 Çaka, issued in Panglapuan (a type of Court) in Singhamandawa is the center of the king's government in Bali with the king, Queen Sri Ugrasena. The ancient Balinese language was acquired through written remains, not based on direct speakers at the time. The ancient Balinese language is only known as a type of writing known through Balinese inscriptions from 882 to 1050 AD. Ancient Balinese inscriptions were compiled by Goris (1954). In its development, the ancient Balinese language then became the modern Balinese language with an oral and written tradition and was used by the Balinese and Bali Aga as their mother tongue. The basic difference between Ancient Bali and Modern Bali is: language level. In the ancient Balinese language, there are no known language levels, whereas in the modern Balinese language, the language levels are very strict. The vocabulary of the Old Balinese language is smaller than that of the Modern Balinese language, because In general, in the Modern Balinese language, the vocabulary generally has singgih (honorable), sor (condescending), kepara (common), and rude forms. The similarity in the vocabulary found in the Old Balinese language with Bali Modern is quite clear from the vocabulary found in the Ancient Balinese - Indonesian dictionary compiled by Granoka, et al. (1985). Similarly, if it is associated with Old Javanese and Sanskrit, the Balinese language cannot be separated from the influence of Sanskrit and the ancient Javanese language.
Writing system
Old Balinese used the Balinese script as its writing system. This writing system is closely related to the one used to write Javanese, this might be caused because both of Balinese script and Javanese script were heavily influenced by Brahmic scripts.
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77401047
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Balinese
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Old Balinese
|
The Sanu Pillar inscription which is one of the earliest attestations of Balinese is written in Sanskrit with elements of prose in Old Balinese. Interestingly, it has been indicated that the Sanskrit part of the inscription was written in Balinese script, while the text in Old Balinese part was written in more ancient local script called Nāgarī.
Evolution
An analysis of a list of Old Balinese words compiled by Dutch linguist shows that amongst of 3,067 words attested, 20% of them have no equivalent in modern Balinese. For the remaining 80%, 60% of these words have a neutral language register, 20% have a high register (equivalent to Krama register in Javanese) and finally 20% have a low register (equivalent to Ngoko register in Javanese).
Modern Balinese low register vocabulary, 87% of them are inherited from Old Balinese, 11% from Old Javanese, and 2% from Sanskrit. In the other side, the high register vocabulary derived from Old Balinese is much lower, around 56%, while the Sanskrit-derived was around 25%, and 19% from Old Javanese.
Phonological evolution
The major phonological changes between Old Balinese and Modern Balinese include: The lenition of the phoneme into , except in the /Cr/ sequences where C denotes a consonant; and the loss of the sound at the beginning of a word, especially in the intervocal position in low register. High register Balinese however, retains the sound intervocally, thus Old Balinese becomes in high register and in low register (as a result of vowel assimilation). This lenition is primarily due to the massive influence of Old-Javanese loanwords up until the 16th century. However, this change was not regularly lexicalised everywhere, so the sound sometimes appears in a sequence where it is not supposed to.
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77401047
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Balinese
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Old Balinese
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Another change that appears in low register but not in high register is the raising of the vowel into at the end of words. This leads to morphophonological alternations with the verbal prefix N- (such as Ndaki) pronounced with phoneme if a vowel, semivowel, or a liquid consonant succeeding it, while pronounced as if succeeded by monosyllabic base or nasal consonant.
Loan words
Old Balinese was first influenced by Sanskrit, then by Old Javanese. Some Sanskrit-borrowed vocabulary are still used in modern Balinese. It is estimated that Balinese contains around 705 loan words, 680 of them (or more than 90%) belong to the high register. These are mostly nouns, including proper nouns, names of gods, temples, offerings and calendar-related terms. One of the reasons for this borrowing is that Balinese lacked words for these concepts, which Sanskrit was then able to express. The first inscription in Old Balinese, "001 Sakawana AI", dating from 882, contains around 29% Sanskrit loanwords and 71% native words. However, this proportion decreased in later-dating inscription. For example, the inscription entitled 'Trunyan C', dating from 1049, contains only 8% Sanskrit loanword, 83% native words, while the rest 9% borrowed from Old Javanese. The following table shows a sample of these loanwords.
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77401163
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana%20Cruz
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Juana Cruz
|
Legal struggles
Cruz's legal battle in these first few years was arduous; in 1934, she appealed to Articles 2 and 33 of the Constitution of the Republic, which safeguarded the equality of the sexes before the law and the freedom to choose one's profession, respectively. She relied on support from other bullfighters such as Marcial Lalanda. This same year, Rafael Salazar Alonso, the new Minister of Governance, authorized bullfighting by women on foot in Spain, thus abrogating Article 124 of the 1930 Policy as unconstitutional. After women's bullfighting on foot was authorized, Cruz ended the 1934 season with 53 bullfights, some in renowned bullrings such as the Maestranza in Seville, the Valencia Bullring and Vista Alegre in Bilbao. In 1935, Cruz fought a total of 45 bullfights in Spain and France, standing out in the one held on 5 May in Granada, where she alternated with Joselito de la Cal and Antoñete Iglesias. Moreover, this year saw her first performance in Madrid, at the old La Chata bullring. She would not have her first bullfight at the new Las Ventas ring until the next year, 1936, when the new business's heads set the bullfighter's début for 2 April, with bulls supplied by García Aleas's widow, and with Cruz sharing billing with El Niño de la Estrella, Miguel Cirujeda and Pascual Márquez. Magazines referred to this event by saying "a complete and honest triumph. The revelation of the bullfight. Her art triumphed over all prejudice". It was the first time in history that a woman had performed at this bullring.
| 2.609375
| 0
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74469373
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o%20Jo%C3%A3o%20de%20Deus%20Hospital
|
São João de Deus Hospital
|
São João de Deus Hospital is a building located in Cachoeira, a town in the Brazilian state of Bahia. It gives its name to the architectural ensemble that includes the hospital building, a large early 18th-century Baroque style church in front of Dr. Aristides Milton square, a garden located at the back of the chapel, and a group of houses built by the Santa Casa da Misericórdia along Durval Chagas street.
Friar Antônio Machado from Church of Belém da Cachoeira founded the Hospital de Caridade de Cachoeira (Cachoeira's Charity Hospital) in 1729, near the town's center. It was donated to the Order of Saint John of God of Lisbon in 1754, having been transferred to the Santa Casa da Misericórdia in 1826. Its chapel was listed by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) in 1943, through process number 248. Its surrounding garden was listed in 1940, through process number 202.
History
The former Hospital da Caridade de Cachoeira was created by Friar Antônio Machado from Nossa Senhora de Belém in 1729. The order of St. John of God of Lisbon received it as a donation in 1754, and it was then handed over to the Santa Casa da Misericórdia in 1826. The current hospital dates from the second half of the 19th century, but follows the convent-style plan adopted during the colonial period by the Santa Casas, although its exterior is neoclassical. In 1912, the churchyard was turned into a garden. The chapel was listed by IPHAN in 1943 as a fine arts monument (Entry 285/1943), and the garden was listed in 1940 as an archaeological, ethnographic and landscape monument (Entry 09/1940).
| 2.140625
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74469544
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Kerr
|
Mary Kerr
|
Bondagers in Scotland
In the 19th century, Borders area of Scotland and Northumberland in England, large numbers of rural women and girls were made to work as 'bondagers'. What this system of work meant was that, in order to secure a contract (or bond) of employment with a farmer, a married ploughman would need another person willing to work long hours in the fields, normally a woman (his wife, his daughter or, if he had neither, this meant employing a complete stranger). This feudal system was unpopular with the 'hinds' (the ploughmen) as they were expected to provide bed and board, clean clothes and pay for the woman when they would often only have one room for their entire family to live in.
Bondagers were farmworkers expected to work in the fields and the bondage system was meant to ensure there were enough fieldworkers in order to get all the necessary farming tasks completed over the course of the year.
One distinctive aspect of life as a bondager was the costume that they wore as a work uniform. This included extravagant hats and often very colourful skirts and wraps.
| 2.96875
| 0
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74469566
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix%20Watsone
|
Beatrix Watsone
|
Beatrix Watsone (or Watson; 1606–1649) was accused of witchcraft in 1649 at Corstorphine Parish Church, Edinburgh, and died of suicide before trial.
Life
Watsone was a weaver, who was born in approximately 1606. She was married to Alexander Scott, a weaver and had a daughter named Bessie Scott. She was arrested at the age of forty-three, and accused of witchcraft in Corstorphine, Edinburgh in 1649. She denied all charges and hanged herself whilst in prison, before her trial.
Trial
Watsone was accused by four women and five men of maleficium, neighbourhood disputes and performing white magic. One of her accusers, William Scott said he had met the Devil whilst with Watsone, and was offered gold to become the Devil's servant and was re-baptised in a blasphemous demonic ceremony. During that year there were a large number of witch trials and witchhunts in Scotland, as witchcraft was considered a criminal offence whose punishment was death.
Her particular case was first heard by the Corstorphine Parish Church Kirk Session, who interviewed the witnesses and Watsone, as the accused. She declared her innocence and said that she had been slandered by the schoolmaster. The investigators were the parish minister, Reverend David Balsillie, the minister at Corstorphine from 1626 to 1654, and James Robertson, the justice depute.
They requested the laird of Corstorphine, Sir George Forrester to have Watsone arrested and put in prison. The jailor at Corstorphine Church was James Haddey. Watsone however was left alone in the tower and she hanged herself while in custody, and before her trial took place.
Legacy
Watsone was one of thirteen accused witches, memorialised in an exhibition in 2023 'Witches in Words, not Deeds, created by Carolyn Sutton, MLIS, AA. Watsone was one of the figures exhibited at Edinburgh's Central Library from September to November 2023. The artist had made her dress of white linen imprinted with the words that condemned her.
| 2.0625
| 0
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74469856
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch-Zamorin%20Conflicts
|
Dutch-Zamorin Conflicts
|
1670–1672 War
As hostilities escalated, Van Goes, a Dutch commander, led an army of 900 troops into the territory of the Zamorin. In the ensuing battle, the Zamorin's forces suffered over 300 casualties, including the severe injury of the king's wife, and were ultimately defeated. The Dutch army, in contrast, experienced relatively minor losses and returned to their stronghold in Crangur. Undeterred, the Zamorin launched a counterattack on the Dutch fort at Crangur with 800 men, but their efforts were unsuccessful, and the Dutch successfully repelled the assault. Recognizing the growing strength of the Dutch forces, the Zamorin launched an attack on the Tower of Cranganur with 4,000 men against the Dutch's 11,000 defenders. Surprisingly, the Dutch emerged victorious in this battle as well. Faced with this series of defeats, the Zamorin was eager to seek peace and finally signed a peace treaty with the Dutch on 6 February 1672. The treaty heavily favoured the Dutch, granting them favourable terms, and even ceded the region of Chetwai to Dutch control. This period of conflict and its eventual resolution through a peace treaty had significant implications for the power dynamics in the area. It shaped the relationship between the Dutch and the Zamorin during that time. During this war, the famous Cheraman sword was burnt in a surprise attack by the Dutch at Kodungallur (1670).
| 2.5
| 0
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74470116
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreomysinae
|
Boreomysinae
|
Boreomysinae is a subfamily of large, mostly deep-water oceanic mysid crustaceans from the family Mysidae. The name, which can be translated as "northern mysids", comes from the genus Boreomysis G.O. Sars, 1869, established for Boreomysis arctica (Krøyer, 1861) from the boreal waters of Atlantic. As more species have been discovered subsequently, the subfamily is considered panoceanic, and includes 38 species from two genera, Boreomysis and Neobirsteiniamysis Hendrickx et Tchindonova, 2020.
Boreomysinae is a primitive group, uniquely distinguished from other subfamilies of Mysidae by the presence of the seven pairs of oostegites, which can be maximum four in other subfamilies, and by the incomplete proximal suture on the uropodal exopods (either complete and distal or completely absent in the rest of subfamilies).
Boreomysinaes show wide diversity in the structure of eyes, from rather reduced to large with well-developed cornea.
Being an ancient group of crustaceans, possibly originated in the beginning of Mesozoic era, boreomysines are considered living fossils.
| 2.84375
| 0
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74470123
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forking%20paths%20problem
|
Forking paths problem
|
The garden of forking paths is a problem in frequentist hypothesis testing through which researchers can unintentionally produce false positives for a tested hypothesis, through leaving themselves too many degrees of freedom. In contrast to fishing expeditions such as data dredging where only expected or apparently-significant results are published, this allows for a similar effect even when only one experiment is run, through a series of choices about how to implement methods and analyses, which are themselves informed by the data as it is observed and processed.
History
Exploring a forking decision-tree while analyzing data was at one point grouped with the multiple comparisons problem as an example of poor statistical method. However Gelman and Loken demonstrated that this can happen implicitly by researchers aware of best practices who only make a single comparison and only evaluate their data once.
The fallacy is believing an analysis to be free of multiple comparisons despite having had enough degrees of freedom in choosing the method, after seeing some or all of the data, to produce similarly-grounded false positives. Degrees of freedom can include choosing among main effects or interactions, methods for data exclusion, whether to combine different studies, and method of data analysis.
| 2.265625
| 0
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74470411
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn%20Exchange%2C%20Ross-on-Wye
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Corn Exchange, Ross-on-Wye
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The Corn Exchange is a commercial building in the High Street in Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, England. The structure, which is now used as a bookshop and as the offices of Ross-on-Wye Town Council, is a Grade II listed building.
History
In the mid-19th century, a group of local businessmen decided to form a private company, known as the "Ross Corn Exchange and Public Buildings Company", to finance and commission a purpose-built corn exchange for the town. The site they selected was on the north side of the High Street.
The new building was designed by Thomas Nicholson in the neoclassical style, built in ashlar stone and was completed in 1862. The design involved an asymmetrical main frontage of six bays facing onto the High Street. The left-hand bay contained a round headed carriage entrance with voussoirs on the ground floor, and a round headed window with an elaborate surround on the first floor. The right-hand section of five bays contained round headed openings with voussoirs and keystones on the ground floor and sash windows with segmental pediments supported by brackets on the first floor. The first-floor windows were separated by Ionic order pilasters supporting an entablature and a dentilled cornice. Internally, the principal rooms were a market hall on the ground floor and an assembly room on the first floor.
The use of the building as a corn exchange declined significantly in the wake of the Great Depression of British Agriculture in the late 19th century. However, it continued to be used for public events: performers at that time included the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. It was converted for cinema use, under the branding of "The New Theatre", in 1922, and hosted performances the Ross Operatic and Dramatic Society, before it was badly damaged by a fire in 1939.
| 2.125
| 0
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74471375
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian%20union
|
First Swedish–Norwegian union
|
The Hanseatics reacted strongly to King Valdemar's rise in power, as they were keen for a balance of power to prevail in the Nordic region and that law, order and for fixed privileges to be maintained at the Skånemarket, the international trade fair held every autumn on the Falsterbo peninsula. The confederates waged war in Scania in 1368–69 and besieged, among other things, the important royal towns of Helsingborg (Kärnan) and Lindholmen (at Börringesjön in southwestern Scania).
Magnus Eriksson had been deposed from the Swedish throne in 1364 and succeeded by Albrecht of Mecklenburg, who personally took part in the war. He resided during the summer and autumn of 1368 at Falsterbohus and then used the title "lord of the land of Skåne".
In November 1369, the warring parties reached an agreement, ratified by the peace treaty of Stralsund in 1370. Loyal to the king, Denmark had suffered a clear but hardly devastating military defeat.
Re-unification
In 1362 Håkan Magnusson was elected king of Sweden after his father King Magnus was thrown in prison. Magnus and Håkan later became co-regents.
| 2.46875
| 0
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74471435
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario%20Jewish%20Archives
|
Ontario Jewish Archives
|
The Ontario Jewish Archives (OJA) is a community archives and the central repository for records related to Ontario's Jewish community. Located in Toronto, Ontario, what is today known as the Ontario Jewish Archives, Blankenstein Family Heritage Centre, was founded in 1973. The OJA maintains records dating back to the 1850s, including photographs, newspapers and minute books. Dara Solomon has been director of the archives since 2012, following Ellen Scheinberg (2002-2011) and founding director Stephen Speisman (1973-2000).
What became the OJA began as two file cabinets in a change room at the Shaarei Shomayim Synagogue in Toronto. The archives were officially formed in 1973 as part of a collaboration between the Toronto Jewish Historical Society and the Canadian Jewish Congress (Central Region). Since 1992, the archives has operated as a department of the United Jewish Appeal Federation of Toronto. In 2014 the name of the archives was expanded to the Ontario Jewish Archives, Blankenstein Family Heritage Centre following a donation from the Blankenstein family.
| 2.25
| 0
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74471929
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20bear%20conservation
|
Polar bear conservation
|
Polar bears diverged from brown bears 400,000–600,000 years ago and have survived past periods of climate fluctuation. It has been claimed that polar bears will be able to adapt to terrestrial food sources as the sea ice they use to hunt seals disappears. However, most polar bear biologists think that polar bears will be unable to completely offset the loss of calorie-rich seal blubber with terrestrial foods, and that they will be outcompeted by brown bears in this terrestrial niche, ultimately leading to a population decline.
Pollution
Polar bears accumulate high levels of persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides. Due to their position at the top of the ecological pyramid, with a diet heavy in blubber in which halocarbons concentrate, their bodies are among the most contaminated of Arctic mammals. Halocarbons (also known as organohalogens) are known to be toxic to other animals, because they mimic hormone chemistry, and biomarkers such as immunoglobulin G and retinol suggest similar effects on polar bears. PCBs have received the most study, and they have been associated with birth defects and immune system deficiency.
Many chemicals, such as PCBs and DDT, have been internationally banned due to the recognition of their harm on the environment. Their concentrations in polar bear tissues continued to rise for decades after being banned, as these chemicals spread through the food chain. Since then, the trend seems to have abated, with tissue concentrations of PCBs declining between studies performed from 1989 to 1993 and studies performed from 1996 to 2002. During the same time periods, DDT was found to be notably lower in the Western Hudson Bay population only.
| 2.984375
| 0
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74471929
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20bear%20conservation
|
Polar bear conservation
|
Concerns over the future survival of the species led to the development of national regulations on polar bear hunting, beginning in the mid-1950s. The Soviet Union banned all hunting in 1956. Canada began imposing hunting quotas in 1968. Norway passed a series of increasingly strict regulations from 1965 to 1973, and has completely banned hunting since then. The United States began regulating hunting in 1971 and adopted the Marine Mammal Protection Act in 1972. In 1973, the International Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears was signed by all five nations whose territory is inhabited by polar bears: Canada, Denmark, Norway, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Member countries agreed to place restrictions on recreational and commercial hunting, ban hunting from aircraft and icebreakers, and conduct further research. The treaty allows hunting "by local people using traditional methods". Norway is the only country of the five in which all harvest of polar bears is banned. The agreement was a rare case of international cooperation during the Cold War. Biologist Ian Stirling commented, "For many years, the conservation of polar bears was the only subject in the entire Arctic that nations from both sides of the Iron Curtain could agree upon sufficiently to sign an agreement. Such was the intensity of human fascination with this magnificent predator, the only marine bear."
Agreements have been made between countries to co-manage their shared polar bear subpopulations. After several years of negotiations, Russia and the United States signed an agreement in October 2000 to jointly set quotas for indigenous subsistence hunting in Alaska and Chukotka. The treaty was ratified in October 2007. In September 2015, the polar bear range states agreed upon a "circumpolar action plan" describing their conservation strategy for polar bears.
| 2.828125
| 0
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74471929
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20bear%20conservation
|
Polar bear conservation
|
Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today. Some estimates of the global population are around 5,000 to 10,000 in the early 1970s; other estimates were 20,000 to 40,000 during the 1980s. Current estimates put the global population at between 20,000 and 25,000 or 22,000 and 31,000. Despite the encouraging rebound of some populations, there is little evidence to suggest polar bears are thriving overall.
There are several reasons for the apparent discordance between past and projected population trends: estimates from the 1950s and 1960s were based on stories from explorers and hunters rather than on scientific surveys. Second, controls of harvesting were introduced that allowed this previously overhunted species to recover. Third, the recent effects of climate change have affected sea ice abundance in different areas to varying degrees.
Debate over the listing of the polar bear under endangered species legislation has put conservation groups and Canada's Inuit at opposing positions; the Nunavut government and many northern residents have condemned the U.S. initiative to list the polar bear under the Endangered Species Act. Many Inuit believe the polar bear population is increasing, and restrictions on commercial sport-hunting are likely to lead to a loss of income to their communities.
| 2.859375
| 0
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74472163
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukumari%20Dutta
|
Sukumari Dutta
|
Sukumari Dutta or Golap Sundari was an Indian theater actress, manager and playwright. She was also known as a kirtan singer.
Biography
Dutta’s mother brought her to Calcutta in order to be trained as a vaishnav singer. She would later be described as remarkable singer and dancer. She became one of the first four women hired to be an actress by the Bengal Theater. This theater was noted for being the first public theater to employ actresses to act in female roles instead of male actors impersonating women. She later adopted the name Sukumari after she successfully played the heroine in Upendranath Das’s Sarat-Sarojini, which was performed at the Great National Theater on January 2, 1875. It was the name of her character in the play.
In a published biographical sketch, Dutta is said to have married Goshtobihari Dutta, a respectable and middle class husband from Bengal. This was an arranged marriage made under the Native Marriage Act III of 1872, which allowed mixed-caste and mixed-faith marriages in India. Goshtobihari also acted in Das’s Sarat-Sarojini. Dutta retired from acting after their marriage. During her time, actresses were ostracized because they were also considered prostitutes. Goshtobihari, however, deserted her, prompting Dutta to come back to theatrical performance. It is said that he followed Das in England after the latter fled India due to his anti-Raj sentiments. Dutta was left to raise their daughter.
Career
Dutta’s career highlights included performances for the roles, Bimala in Durgeshnandini, Rani Oilobala in Purubikram, Birajmohini in Surendra-Binodini, Girijaya in Mrinalini, Malina in Asrumati, and Surjamukhi in Bishbriksha.
| 2.203125
| 0
|
74472374
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice%20MacCue
|
Beatrice MacCue
|
Beatrice A. MacCue Cosgrove (December 18, 1886 – died after 1955), sometimes seen as Beatrice McCue, was an American singer, clubwoman, and voice teacher, most active in the 1920s and 1930s.
Early life and education
Beatrice MacCue was from Akron, Ohio, the daughter of Thomas W. McCue. Her father and older brother were coal dealers; her father was also an inventor. She attended Mount Notre Dame convent school in Cincinnati. Herbert Witherspoon was one of her voice teachers.
Career
MacCue was a contralto. She moved to New York in 1901. She sang at benefit concerts for the American Red Cross during World War I, and toured in France with the YMCA to entertain the troops. She performed at New York's Aeolian Hall in 1920. She taught singing from a studio on Broadway, and performed for radio audiences, sometimes with her students.
MacCue owned a large working farm. In 1917, she donated over 100 jars of currant jelly to the American Red Cross. She was president of the entertainment unit of the Women's Overseas Service League. She was active in the New York chapter of Mu Phi Epsilon. In winters, she taught and performed in Miami.
During World War II, as Beatrice MacCue Cosgrove, she was again active in the Women's Overseas Service League, organizing fundraisers, directing "Bundles for America", a sewing workroom, and sending relief supplies to servicemen and their families. She was also active in the Daughters of Ohio in New York, into the 1950s.
Publications
"Music in New York City" (1925)
Personal life
MacCue was rescued from an undertow in the ocean off Miami in 1923. She married attorney Hugh Cosgrove in 1935. She died after 1955.
| 2.046875
| 0
|
74473339
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87akmak%20Line
|
Çakmak Line
|
The Çakmak Line () is a defense line established by Turkey, first on the Kırklareli-Edirne line and then in Çatalca in order to deter and counter any attack by the Germans on the Eastern Thrace border. It was built in anticipation of the outbreak of World War II. It stretched from the Sea of Marmara to the Black Sea.
History
The Chief of the General Staff, Marshal Fevzi Çakmak, used the French Maginot Line as an example, and prepared plans for a fixed defensive line constructed of concrete and steel in Thrace. Fevzi Çakmak wanted to give this line of defense his last name. However, President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk opposed his plan and said:War is always fought on the ground and it is won or lost on the ground. No matter how powerful the Çakmak Line is, its lifespan is as short as that of a battle. I do not bury my people's money under the ground for a whim. After the death of Atatürk on November 10, 1938, İsmet İnönü became the president. During his presidency, and in anticipation of the outbreak of World War II, the General Staff established the Çakmak Line, as proposed by Çakmak, in the north of Kırklareli in order to resist any attack that might come from the Balkans on the Thrace border. In February 1941, the Germans invaded Bulgaria and reached the Turkish border. Thereupon, it was decided to draw the line to Çatalca. It was considered doubtful that this plan would be successful in the face of modern tactics used by the Germans.
The Çakmak Line was built in two lines starting from Terkos Lake (Durusu) to Büyükçekmece. On these lines, there are military bunkers, some of which are large and some of which are small. This position is connected to each other with wall wire and iron barriers. Çakmak Line Construction could not progress due to lack of cement and iron. Only 380,000 tons of cement could be produced annually, and it was found in these factories in places that could be easily destroyed.
| 2.515625
| 0
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74474867
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilnag%20Lake
|
Nilnag Lake
|
Nilnag (; ; ) is a freshwater lake away from Yousmarg in Budgam district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is around away from Srinagar, the summer capital of the union territory. The lake is famous for its turquoise water. The route from Yousmarg is rather difficult and unmotorable and goes through a dense forest. The lake's crystal-clear blue water gave it its name: nag stands for lake (or a spring) and nil for the blue colour. The location is a great for picnic spot.
History
The lake was Eric Biscoe's favourite destination. Biscoe (died in 1949), who was the founder of Tyndal Biscoe school in Jammu and Kashmir, wanted to be buried by the lake side. To honour his wishes, his ashes were brought and buried there. Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe in his book states:
Access
Nilnag is easily accessible from Srinagar or Srinagar Airport (SXR), in under 2–3 hours from car or bus. The routes of Nilnag are from Srinagar to Chadoora, and then to Buzgu via Nagam. The total distance is about .
By road
Nilnag can be reached in from under 2 hours by car or taxi from Srinagar. The roads have recently been reconstructed, however, at certain places, the roads may be uneven. Another route is from Yousmarg to Nilnag, however, it is only pliable by motorbikes.
By air
The nearest airport is the Sheikh-ul-Alam International Airport (Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir). Nilnag is at a distance of from the airport, and it takes about 2 hours by car.
Recent developments
The lake basin is actively going through shallowing owing to siltation, an indicator of which is the emergent vegetation cover "in the lake littorals". In 2017, Yousmarg Development Authority (YDA) undertook dredging of the lake basin. The boundaries were also widened, and huts were built for monitoring.
| 2.0625
| 0
|
74475021
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance%20Smith%20%28tennis%29
|
Constance Smith (tennis)
|
Constance Laura Mary Smith (1860 – 27 October 1934), also known as Constance Langley Smith, was an English tennis player active in the very early years of women's tennis in the 19th century. She was a finalist at the prestigious Northern Championships where she lost to Ireland's May Langrishe. She was active from 1881 to 1891 and won 2 career singles titles.
Career
She was born Constance Langley in London, England in 1860. She played her first tournament in September 1881 at the St Leonards-on-Sea Tournament where she reached the final before losing to her sister Marion Langley in three sets. In June 1882 she took part in the first Northern Championships event for women, the tournament then was considered by players and historians as the four most important tennis tournaments to win. where she reached the singles final where she lost to Ireland's May Langrishe in straight sets.
In August 1882 she took part in the Darlington Open event and went to win her first title against Anthea Turner. In September she traveled to Edgbaston to take part in the Midland Counties Championships then one of the big regional tournaments in the English Midlands, where she progressed to the final and won the championship against Eva Adshead to claim her second title. Later that month she also took part in another big event for women the East Gloucestershire Championships where she reached the final before losing to Maud Watson in three sets.
| 1.90625
| 0
|
74475410
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedungjati%20railway%20station
|
Kedungjati railway station
|
Kedungjati Station (KEJ) is a class III railway station located in Kedungjati District, Grobogan Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The station is located at an altitude of +36 meters and is operated by Operation Area IV Semarang. The station once had a junction to Ambarawa Station until it was closed in 1976.
History
The station was built and owned by the Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (NIS) and was opened on 19 July 1868. NIS was planning to build two railway lines from Semarang, with one going to the Vorstenlanden and the other one to the military town of Ambarawa. The Kedungjati–Gundih–Solo segment of the Vorstenlanden line was operational on 1 September 1869, with the line was officially opened on 10 February 1870. The line to Ambarawa was opened on 21 May 1873.
In 1907, the wooden station building was dismantled and replaced with the new brick stucco structure.
The line to Ambarawa was inactive beginning on 1 June 1970 and it was officially closed in 1976. The line was completely severed from Kedungjati Station when a bridge in the line collapsed in 1978. The Kedungjati–Tuntang segment of the line was planned to be reactivated, with the reconstruction started in 2014. The reconstruction work was halted in 2015 and as of 2021 it is yet to be resumed.
Building and layout
When the station was opened in 1868, it had wooden structure. In 1907 it was replaced with brick stucco building and 14.65 meters steel platform canopy with corrugated zinc roof tiles. The 1907 building architecture is similar to the Ambarawa and Purwosari stations.
| 2.25
| 0
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74475725
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9mm%20Major
|
9mm Major
|
To ensure safety and compatibility, shooters must pay attention to the case support in their barrels, especially when using compensators or suppressors. Handloading allows shooters to adjust bullet weights and powder charges to suit their preferences and gun characteristics. Loading 9mm Major rounds as long as possible is common practice to keep peak pressure low. However, some flat nose bullets, such as hollow points, may cause magazine fitment issues if loaded to the maximum Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) overall length of . For example, Atlanta Arms rounds, loaded to with hollow point bullets, and JJR and ORM ammo, while fitting in Glock magazines, may have slight rubbing against the front wall of the magazine.
Firearm compatibility
In the world of 9mm Major pistols, the majority are built on a 1911/2011 frame, originally designed to accept the longer .38 Super cartridge. These frames allow the use of longer-loaded 9mm Major ammunition, especially when not using spacers to convert them strictly to 9mm Luger ammo. Handloading offers the advantage of adjusting the length of the ammo to fit one's specific gun, magazine and chamber.
The Alpha Wolf barrel used for testing accommodated all rounds, but not all barrel chambers can handle 9mm Major rounds loaded at this length. Many racegun chambers have extended throats to support longer-loaded ammo, providing another reason why handloading is preferred for these specialty rounds.
| 2.078125
| 0
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75765758
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Arthur%20B.%20Homer
|
SS Arthur B. Homer
|
SS Arthur B. Homer was a Great Lakes freighter that was built in 1960 by Great Lakes Engineering Works in River Rouge, Michigan for the Bethlehem Steel Corporation. The ship was launched in November 7, 1959 and being lowered sideways, which made it the largest side-launching in maritime history at that time. The ship's capacity was 25,000 tons, and it was the twelfth vessel of the Bethlehem Steel fleet. The ship was able to operate anywhere in the Great Lakes, St. Lawrence River, and parts of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The ship was 730 feet long and had a beam, the maximum size allowed by the Soo Locks and St. Lawrence Seaway locks. Over the winter of 1975-76, the Homer was lengthened 96 feet to bring her total length of 826 feet. She was laid up on October 4, 1980 and did not sail again. Towed to Port Colborne in December of 1986, she was scrapped in 1987 and remains the largest ship ever scrapped on the Great Lakes.
Arthur B. Homer was a sister ship to the Edmund Fitzgerald, which was lost with all hands in Lake Superior on 10 November 1975.
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75766212
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilse%20Tielsch
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Ilse Tielsch
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Ilse Tielsch (born Ilse Felzmann 20 March 1929 – 21 February 2023) was an Austrian writer.
Life
Ilse Tielsch was born on 20 March 1929 in Hustopeče, Czechoslovakia. She was the daughter of Fritz Felzmann (1895–1980), a doctor, writer and musicologist. She grew up in Hustopeče and attended high school in Mikulov. In April 1945, she fled from the approaching front and was accepted into an Upper Austrian farm in Schlierbach . She continued attending high school in Linz, from September 1945 and graduated from high school in Vienna in 1948. In 1949, she became an Austrian citizen, and in 1950, she married the doctor Rudolf Tielsch, They had four children, but lost two of her children early.
She studied newspaper studies and German studies at the University of Vienna. She worked for several daily and weekly newspapers and taught at a Viennese vocational school from 1955 to 1964. She has lived in Vienna as a freelance writer.
She wrote poetry, novels and non-fiction. The first books were published under the double name Tielsch-Felzmann; On the advice of Hans Weigel, she changed her surname to Tielsch in 1979. Her poems and books have been translated into 20 languages and published in 22 countries.
Ilse Tielsch wrote a trilogy of novels (The Ancestral Pyramid, Searching for Home, and The Fruits of Tears). In it she dealt with the topic of loss of homeland, and the history of German-speaking Moravia.
Tielsch was a member of the Austrian Writers' Association, the Austrian Society for Literature, the Austrian PEN Club and a founding member of the Podium literary circle.
In 1981, she was appointed to the Sudeten German Academy of Sciences and Arts as a full member of the class of arts and art sciences .
Since 2017, the Viennese publisher Edition Atelier has been republishing selected works by Tielsch. After her novel The Last Year, which was first published in Edition Atelier in 2006, the first volume of her novel trilogy, The Ahnenpyramide, and the second volume, Home Search, were published in 2019.
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75766521
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanosuchus
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Varanosuchus
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The lower jaw contained thirteen teeth, all of which were situated in the dentary bone. The two dentaries that form the lower jaw connect at the position of the fifth tooth in the lower jaw, forming the mandibular symphysis that formed the tip of the mandible. The symphysis was comparably wide which, combined with the rather uniformly wide mandibular rami, gives the lower jaw roughly the shape of a U. Like with the maxilla, the dentary has a sinuous silhouette when viewed from the side, with prominent waves that the teeth were placed atop of, fitting neatly into the concave areas of the upper jaw. The first of these peaks with the third and fourth dentary teeth while the second peaks with the eleventh and twelfth. These teeth, with the exception of the fourth, are also the biggest in the lower jaw, with the third in particular being the reason for the large notch present between the premaxilla and maxilla. Unlike modern crocodiles, Varanosuchus did not have an external mandibular fenestra, a hole that would otherwise perforate the outer surface of the lower jaw. Like the upper jaw, the surface of the lower jaw was ornamented by a series of pits and grooves, the former of which being circular to ovoid in shape.
| 2.796875
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75766611
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian%20Manifesto
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Ethiopian Manifesto
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The Ethiopian Manifesto, Issued in Defence of the Black Man’s Rights in the Scale of Universal Freedom was a pamphlet issued in New York by Robert Alexander Young early in 1829, only months before David Walker's much more influential Appeal. Little is known about the author, who was an obscure Black New Yorker who likely served as a popular preacher among the working class.
In it the author envisioned the coming of a Black messiah. It contains one of the earliest extent calls for the reassembling of the African "race", of their need to become a people, a nation in themselves. He makes no distinction between African people throughout the world; for him, they are all African, regardless of their place of birth. Pan-negroism (or Pan-Africanism) was a first principle of his brand of nationalism.
"Ethiopia" is not a reference to the modern country so named, but to the entirety of African people, wherever they may be located. He speaks of a messiah, from Grenada. Born of an Afro-Carriacouan mother, this messiah, though Black, would be light-skinned. If some person was in mind as a model for this messiah, he has not been identified. This messiah was to lead the self-redemption of all African peoples ("Ethiopians").
Young notes the content of Psalm 68:31: "Princes shall come out of Egypt; Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands unto God" (King James version). Young states:
No major nineteenth-century Black thinkers refer to the Manifesto, so its influence, if any, remains to be determined.
Text of the Manifesto
The Manifesto is included in several document collections, such as The ideological origins of Black nationalism, by Sterling Stuckey.
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75766706
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmuel%20Rosenman
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Shmuel Rosenman
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Shmuel Rosenman () is an Israeli educator, a co-founder and chairman of the International March of the Living, a past lecturer at Bar Ilan University's Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, and a former CEO of Kupat Holim Leumit. He lectures at Shaarei Mishpat Umada College in Hod Hasharon.
Early life and education
Rosenman, the son of European immigrants, was born in Israel, and was raised in Moshav Hemed, a religious moshav in central Israel, founded in 1950 by IDF veterans, who were mostly Holocaust survivors from Czechoslovakia, Poland and Romania. The people who came to the Moshav all spoke different languages, but were connected by their post-war experiences. His mother came to pre-Israel Palestine in 1933 from Poland and his father from Romania in the middle of World War II, after most of his family was murdered in the Shoah.
During his time at university, Rosenman focused his studies on education and geography and received his BA in the same two subjects. From 1972 to1977, he spent time as an emissary for the Jewish Agency in Altoona, Pennsylvania. He received a PhD from Pennsylvania State University in Educational Administration in 1977. However, it wasn't until the 1980's, while working for the Tel Aviv Education Department that he watched the nine-hour documentary "Shoah" by director Claude Lanzmann, that his life took a significant turn. In one interview, he admits overhearing a conversation between students, that there was only one chapter on the Holocaust, and that it was being taught as just another chapter of history. When he noted the number of survivors decreasing, soon no one would be left to tell the story. It is noted that Rosenman decided a serious discussion about the Holocaust should be introduced into the education system, and since then he has devoted his life to education and the memory of the Holocaust.
| 2.40625
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75766730
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch%20Dubh%20Hydro-Electric%20Scheme
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Loch Dubh Hydro-Electric Scheme
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Structures for the scheme were designed by the architect James Shearer, who was one of the architectural advisors for the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board. The Board appointed three Scottish architects to act as architectural advisors in 1943, and their role was to judge competitive entries submitted by others, but by 1947 this model had been abandoned, and Shearer, together with Reginald Fairlie and Harold Tarbolton designed the buildings themselves.
The scheme was the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board's Constructional Scheme no.20, and the order to authorise it was laid before Parliament and signed on 8 March 1949. The scheme was commissioned in 1955. In early 1957, Lord Lucas of Chilworth asked questions in the House of Lords about the costs of Scottish hydro-electricity. Lord Strathclyde stated that for Loch Dubh, the capital cost of the project was £366 per kW, the third highest of the 27 schemes mentioned, and considerably higher than the average cost of £175 per kW, reflecting the remote location in which it was built.
Operation
In 2002, the Renewables Obligation (Scotland) legislation was introduced. It was conceived as a way to promote the development of small-scale hydro-electric, wave power, tidal power, photovoltaics, wind power and biomas schemes, but by the time it came into force, the definition of small scale had been increased from 5 MW to 10 MW and then 20 MW, and existing hydro-electric stations that had been refurbished to improve efficiency could be included. Loch Dubh at 1.2 MW thus qualified, and between 2003 and 2007 the station qualified for 14,292 Renewable Obligation Certificates, generating a subsidy for SSE of nearly £691,000. Both turbines at the station were refurbished in the two-year period prior to April 2008.
| 2.4375
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75767512
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllocene
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Beryllocene
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Beryllocene is an organoberyllium compound with the chemical formula Be(C5H5)2, first prepared in 1959. The colorless substance can be crystallized from petroleum ether in the form of white needles at −60 °C and decomposes quickly upon contact with atmospheric oxygen and water.
Preparation
Beryllocene can be prepared by reacting beryllium chloride and sodium cyclopentadienide in benzene or diethyl ether:
Properties
Physical
In contrast to the uncharged metallocenes of the transition metals V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Ru and Os, which have a strictly symmetrical and therefore dipoleless structure, beryllocene has a electric dipole moment of 2.46 Debye (in benzene), or 2.24 Debye (in cyclohexane), indicating asymmetry of the molecule. In the IR spectrum there are signals at 1524, 1610, 1669, 1715 and 1733 cm−1, which also indicate that the structure does correspond to that of ferrocene. In contrast, the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum shows only one signal down to −135 °C, indicating either a symmetrical structure or a rapid fluctuation of the rings.
Structure
Beryllocene shows different molecular geometries depending on the physical state. The low-temperature X-ray structure analysis shows a slipped sandwich structure, i.e. the rings are offset from each other - one ring is η5 coordinated with a Be-Cp distance of 152 pm, the second only η1 coordinated (Be-Cp distance: 181 pm). The reason for the η5, η1 structure is that the orbitals of beryllocene can only be occupied with a maximum of 8 valence electrons. In the gas phase both rings η5 appear to be coordinated. In fact, one ring is significantly further from the central atom than the other (190 and 147 pm) and the apparent η5 coordination is due to a rapid fluctuation of the bond. Based on gas-phase electron diffraction studies at 120 °C, Arne Haaland concluded in 1979 that the two rings are only about 80 pm shifted from each other and are not coordinated η5,η1, but rather η5,η3.
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75767666
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadlincote%20Town%20Hall
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Swadlincote Town Hall
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Following significant population growth in the late 19th century, largely associated with the mining industry, the town appointed a local board of health in 1871. After the local board of health was replaced by an urban district council in 1894, the new council established its offices in the building. The town hall continued to serve as the headquarters of the district council until it established modern council offices behind the town hall by the late 1960s.
In 1981, the building was grade II listed and, in 1984, it was the inspiration for the song "Time the Avenger" on the Learning to Crawl album by the British-American rock band the Pretenders. An extensive restoration project, undertaken in 1985, involved the installation of a porch with a semi-circular canopy supported by iron columns, the replacement of the loggia with four shop fronts on the east side, and the demolition of adjoining public toilets on the west side. The town hall became a licensed venue for marriages and civil partnership ceremonies in March 2012.
| 2.0625
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75767676
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nako%20Nakatsuka
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Nako Nakatsuka
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Nako Nakatsuka is a Japanese researcher and Assistant Professor of Neurotechnology at EPFL. Her research is focused on pioneering translational technologies that directly impact human health. Her research group, the Laboratory of Chemical Nanotechnology (CHEMINA) works at the intersection of chemistry, engineering, and neuroscience to develop innovative strategies to support patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases. She was awarded the 2023 Prix Zonta.
Early life and education
Nakatsuka was born in Osaka. She enrolled at the International School of the Sacred Heart, which was an all girls' English speaking school. She was an undergraduate student at Fordham University, where she majored in chemistry and bioengineering. She has said that at Fordham University she was inspired by Ipsita Banerjee. At Fordham she was a competitive athlete who ran cross country. She was a doctoral researcher at University of California, Los Angeles, where she worked alongside Paul Weiss and Anne M. Andrews. Her doctoral research considered aptamer-functionalised field effect transistors for serotonin and dopamine sensing. She used chemical lift-off lithography and microfluidics to pattern small molecules in specific locations, which allowed for quantification of specific binding. She developed on-chip sensors for calculation of equilibrium dissociation constants. While in UCLA she contributed to the children's book A is for Atom: ABCs for Aspiring Chemists, which introduces pre-kindergarten children to chemistry and the alphabet.
| 2.6875
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75767744
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Leonard%20Chaney
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George Leonard Chaney
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In 1916, Chaney reflected on the formidable odds he faced in the formation of the Southern Conference. Success, he confessed, required “more make-believe than reality at the start.” Charleston and New Orleans exited but were “a continent apart.” Louisville, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C. were already associated with other conferences. “What was the wherewith,” Chaney lamented,” to make a Southern Conference?”
Though Chaney's 1916 reflection outlined the broad obstacles the expansion of Unitarianism faced in the South, a contemporary 1895 account by Rev. Henry A. Westall, a conference circuit rider, observed the sobering obstacles Unitarianism faced in the South. He commented on the
“harsh and stony ground” Unitarian ministers faced, adding, "Nowhere is it a holiday task to plant a Unitarian church in the South.”
Southerners were raised on a religious orthodoxy grounded on an angry God, a fallen man, and an ever-waiting inferno of eternal damnation. For Southerners, Unitarianism was “exotic” and “not native” to the Southland. For these reasons, Chaney's liberal religion, despite its compelling gospel of two commandments, “love to God and love to man,” was to be avoided.
Despite headwinds, the Southern Conference grew of 14 Unitarian societies extending from Virginia to Florida and stretching westward to Texas. Many of these societies had branches of the Southern Alliance Association. A women's organization within the Southern Conference designed to “quicken the life of Unitarian churches” and bring women together for “missionary and denominational work.” The Alliance also maintained a Post Office Mission to distribute Unitarian literature.
Southern Superintendent
In 1890, the A.U.A. appointed Chaney as its Southern Superintendent, a position he held for six years until he resigned in 1896.
Chaney traveled widely in the Southern states, first from his home in Atlanta and later from Richmond, Virginia.
| 2.484375
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75767744
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Leonard%20Chaney
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George Leonard Chaney
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That is, God so loved humankind that our shortcomings (i.e., sin) imposed a penalty upon God. Thus, God suffered “the consequences of caring so much for the sinner that [God] could not leave him (humankind) in his sin without protest, entreaty, and prostration even unto the death of the cross.”
Chaney reasoned that
The Trinity
Chaney did not believe in the central Christian doctrine of the Trinity, which defined one God that existed as three equal and eternal coequals of God the Father, God the Son (Jesus), and God the Holy Spirit.
For Chaney, the Trinity was a “bewildering statement of creed.” The Trinity, Chaney taught, was not part of original Christianity. “We believe in the Bible statements about God and Christ and the Holy Spirit, and not in creed statements” formulated centuries after Jesus's death.
Chaney added that Unitarians “believe in ‘one God the Father’ and in ‘Jesus Christ, his Son’ and in ‘the Holy Spirit’ as a divine influence proceeding from the Father.”
Succinctly, Chaney believed that “unity, not trinity, is the symbol of the real deity.”
Nature of Man
Chaney's faith in humankind's capacity for good stood in contrast to the orthodox Calvinist doctrine that rendered humankind as innately depraved due to Adam's fall; predestined by a sovereign God to either eternal damnation or heavenly bliss.
Chaney deconstructed the story of “the fall of Adam” on various levels.
Did the Hebrew scripture provide a veritable account of what happened to the first man? Chaney observed, “It seems to me improbable.”
Did Adam's fall account for the presence of evil in the world? Chaney noted, “I do not believe it is true as a fact of history.”
Chaney, who did not eschew mingling scripture with science, observed that given the “immense antiquity of the earth, and the presence of death long before Adam lived or sinned,” concluded Adam's origin story was neither “history nor science.” Adding that there were “many Adams;” and that humanity “is not all descended from a single pair.”
| 2.40625
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75767744
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Leonard%20Chaney
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George Leonard Chaney
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There was no mention in the church's meeting minutes or articles in local Atlanta press alluding to the opening of a segregated library
Georgia Institute of Technology
Myth Three: Chaney's Artisans’ Institute was the forerunner in the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) organization.
This myth is found in Chaney's obituary notices published in various newspapers and then, based on those references, repeated in scholarly papers and other online references. The source of this myth has been traced to Chaney himself.
In his November 1890 farewell address to the Church of Our Father, while recounting accomplishments, Chaney affirmed “the Artisans’ Institute which led the way for the School of Technology.” The following day, when the paper printed a letter from Chaney in which he pointed out errors in the earlier reporting of his farewell address, Chaney did not amend his remarks about the Artisans’ Institute.
In an 1894 article penned by Chaney in the Southern Unitarian entitled “A Decade of Church Building in Atlanta, GA,” Chaney again attributed the Artisans’ Institute as the seed “out of which grew the interest which culminated in Georgia's grand School of Technology.”
Years later, in 1916, Chaney's recollection of his time in the South was read into the record at a Southern Conference in Richmond. In those remarks, Chaney again noted, "The Artisans’ Institute, which began in our church, laid the foundation for the Georgia Institute of Technology, now the pride and reliance of the State.”
Unfortunately, contemporary reporting and verifiable information do not support Chaney's assertions.
The Artisans’ Institution, founded in 1885, was a short-lived school and unlikely to have made an impression on the general public. The Georgia Machinery Company that housed the school declared bankruptcy, and its assets were sold at a public auction on May 4, 1886. After that date, no further advertising for the Artisans’ Institute is found in the local papers.
| 2.1875
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75767772
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazaleh%20Golbakhsh
|
Ghazaleh Golbakhsh
|
A review by New Zealand news website Stuff described The Girl from Revolution Road as a "powerful book", and a "collection of perceptive and engaging essays which focus on the immigrant experience and the curious doubling effect which occurs when two cultures overlap". Angelique Kasmara for the Aotearoa New Zealand Review of Books said the work "offers a fresh and vital perspective" and is an "excellent gift for every racist relative who won’t shut up". Steve Braunias for Newsroom listed it as one of the top 10 New Zealand non-fiction works in 2020, describing it as "pretty much the only really good book of non-fiction published in 2020" to examine issues of racism. Previously, in September 2020, Newsroom had run a week-long series focusing on the book, including reviews and interviews.
Golbakhsh contributed a chapter "Hyphenated Identity" to the anthology Ko Aotearoa Tātou: We Are New Zealand, edited by Michelle Elvy, Paula Morris and James Norcliffe. Her chapter dealt with themes of the immigrant experience in New Zealand and the concept of "home".
Screen
Golbakhsh wrote and directed the 2020 documentary web-series This is Us, about the lives of New Zealand Muslims. Golbakhsh herself is not a practising Muslim but views it as a part of her cultural identity. The purpose of the documentary series was to provide a positive and uplifting message following the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings.
In 2022 she was one of eight women writers and directors who contributed to the anthology film Kāinga, each providing a 10-minute long short film set in the same house. Golbakhsh's section of the film was titled Parisa, about an Iranian woman wanting to return home to Iran. The film was screened at the 2022 New Zealand International Film Festival and Melbourne International Film Festival.
| 2
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75767802
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keren%20Dittmer
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Keren Dittmer
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Keren Elizabeth Dittmer is a New Zealand academic, and is professor of veterinary pathology at Massey University, specialising in animal skeletal pathology, vitamin D, and genetic diseases.
Academic career
Dittmer holds a Bachelor of Veterinary Science from Massey University, and also completed a PhD at the same university in 2008. Her doctoral thesis investigated inherited rickets in Corriedale sheep. Dittmer then joined the faculty of Massey, rising to full professor in 2023.
Dittmer's research focuses on bone diseases in animals, vitamin D deficiency and genetic diseases. Dittmer has researched the cause of humeral fractures in dairy heifers. She has also conducted research into dropped hock syndrome in cattle, and the repurposing of older drugs for squamous cell cancer treatment in cats and dogs.
Dittmer is a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy, qualified as a diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists in 2011, and as of 2024 is the president of the New Zealand Society for Veterinary Pathology.
Dittmer has written chapters in seven text books, including two of the main veterinary pathology reference texts, on bone pathology and bone tumours. She also authored an update of the WHO classification of bone and cartilage tumours.
Awards and honours
Dittmer is part of the Variant Discovery Team, which won the Hill Lab Primary Industries award at the Kudos Awards in December 2023. The Kudos Awards "honour educators, scientists and innovators who have embraced technology as a catalyst for progress". She was also part of a veterinary pathology teaching team that won a teaching award.
Selected works
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75768121
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20Rivers
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Urban Rivers
|
Urban Rivers has published works, alongside researchers from Northeastern University in Boston and the National Aquarium in Baltimore Urban Rivers has helped determine the ecological impacts of floating wetlands across three contrasting sites in Chicago, Baltimore, and Boston. Based on their observations in the Wild Mile the researchers published a study on the application of floating wetlands for the improvement of degraded urban water.
Bubbly Creek
Alongside Shedd Aquarium, Urban Rivers added over three thousand square feet of floating habitat to the South Branch of the Chicago River. They create the habitats by utilizing a 'riverponic' system: they combine together polyethylene and metal frames, matting, dropping them in the water, adding plants, and anchoring the islands to the river bottom.
The Wild Mile
The Wild Mile is Chicago's first floating eco-park, it is made using Urban Rivers 'riverponic' system to emulate natural river ecologies. Together with Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Urban Rivers designed the Wild Mile to attract wildlife such as pollinators, birds, fish, and turtles. SOM and Urban Rivers also enlisted the help of Omni Ecosystems, Near North Unity Program, REI, Wholefoods , engineers at Tetra Tech, d’Escoto, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on the project. Peter Nagle, Curator of Aquatics at Chicago's Botanic Garden, heads Urban rivers work on plant life in their biomes, informing them on vegetation design. Urban Rivers uses “river rangers” to oversee the well-being of plants and wildlife and address issues like litter, weeds, and invasive species.
| 2.53125
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75768299
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamazoo%20Celery%20Pickers
|
Kalamazoo Celery Pickers
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The Kalamazoo Celery Pickers were a minor league baseball team based in Kalamazoo, Michigan.
Between 1887 and 1926, Kalamazoo teams played in six separate leagues, joining two leagues twice. Kalamazoo teams played as members of the Ohio State League (1887), Tri State League (1888), Michigan State League (1889, 1895, 1897), Southern Michigan League (1906–1914), Central League (1920-1922), Michigan-Ontario League (1923–1924), with a final season as members of both the Central League (1926) and Michigan State League (1926). The Kalamazoo teams played intermittently known as the "Kazoos" and "Celery Pickers" and three seasons known as the "White Sox." Kalamazoo teams won league championships in 1887, 1910, 1911 and 1926.
Kalamazoo hosted minor league home games at four ballparks: Wheaton Avenue Grounds (1895, 1897, 1902), North Street Park (1906–1915) Riverview Park (1906–1914) and Stationery Park (1920–1924, 1926)
History
Beginnings 1887 & 1888
During the early months of 1886, the "Kalamazoo Base Ball Association" was organized, with the intention of forming a baseball team in the city. The association accumulated $5,000 in capital stock. Future manager A.W. Murphy was a part of the association, as were Oliver G. Hungerford, and William A. Doyle. Doyle and Hungerford were both local business leaders and still active baseball players who spearheaded an effort to build a ballpark in Kalamazoo. Their efforts were successful when the Wheaton Avenue Grounds were established to host the Kalamazoo team, who played in 1886 as a semi-professional team with local players.
Oliver Hungerford became the principal owner of the Kalamazoo team, which joined the Ohio State League for the 1887 season. A.C. "Al" Buckenberger, a third baseman from Detroit, was hired as the Kalamazoo player/manager. The local players from 1886 were replaced by professional players signed by Hungerford and Buckenberger.
| 2.03125
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75768299
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamazoo%20Celery%20Pickers
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Kalamazoo Celery Pickers
|
In 1923, the Kalamazoo Celery Pickers placed fifth in their first season of Michigan-Ontario League play. The Celery Pickers finished with a record of 69–84, playing under manager Marty Becker. No playoffs were held, and Kalamazoo ended the season 12.0 games behind the first place Bay City Wolves in the final league standings.
Kalamazoo "Kazoos" finished in last place in the 1924 Michigan-Ontario League. Kalamazoo ended the regular season with a record of 45–88, placing eighth in the eight-team league, playing the season under managers Marty Becker and Newt Hunter. The Kazoos finished 39.5 games behind the first place Bay City Wolves in the eight-team league. With their last place finish, Kalamazoo did not qualify for the playoff, own by Bay City over Flint.
Kalamazoo did not return to the Michigan-Ontario League in 1925, which reduced to six teams in the final full season of play for the league.
1926: Two leagues merge
The Kalamazoo Celery Pickers played in two separate leagues during the 1926 season, winning one league championship. Kalamazoo played in two leagues because the Central League and Michigan-Ontario League merged during the 1926 season to create a new league. The Celery Pickers began the season in the four-team Class D level Central League. On June 13, 1926, the league stopped play with Kalamazoo Celery Pickers in first place, with a record of 16–8. Kalamazoo finished 4.0 games ahead of the second place Ludington Tars in the Central League final standings, before the leagues merged. Boss Schmidt was the Kalamazoo manager as the team continued play in the newly formed league.
On June 15, 1926, the eight-team Class D level Michigan State League was reformed by the mid-season merger of the Central League and Michigan-Ontario League. The Bay City Wolves, Flint Vehicles, Port Huron and Saginaw Aces teams of the Michigan-Ontario League merged with the Grand Rapids Black Sox, Kalamazoo Celery Pickers, Ludington Tars and Muskegon Reds of the Central League to form the new Michigan State League.
| 1.960938
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75768367
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Truth%20about%20the%20Savolta%20Case
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The Truth about the Savolta Case
|
The Truth about the Savolta Case () is a 1975 novel by the Spanish writer Eduardo Mendoza Garriga.
Plot
The novel is set in Barcelona during World War I. The Frenchman Lepprince teams up with the Barcelona arms manufacturer Savolta and the lawyer Cortabanyes to secretly sell munition to Germany. The idealistic Javier Miranda works for Cortabanyes, becomes involved with Lepprince's mistress and is fed false leads when a journalist who seemed to be investigating the arms trade is found murdered.
Reception
The novel was well received by both critics and readers. It was Mendoza's debut and quickly made him a well-known writer in Spain.
Kirkus Reviews wrote that the story moves slowly and reads like a "sometimes eye-crossing mosaic" containing many red herrings, irony and world-weariness.
Frederick Luciani of The New York Times wrote that the fragmentary plotting makes the book stand out from conventional detective novels. The book was published a few months after the end of the Franco regime and Luciani, writing in 1992, wrote that it has the "hip, cynical, stylish, iconoclastic" attitude that came to characterise post-Franco Spain, while retaining traits of the Franco years through its allusions to corruption at a high level that cannot be explicitly addressed.
The book was awarded the in 1976.
| 1.984375
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75768422
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rock%20%28University%20of%20Michigan%29
|
The Rock (University of Michigan)
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The Rock is a boulder in Ann Arbor, Michigan, near the campus of the University of Michigan. The Rock was installed in 1932 at the personal direction of Eli Gallup, longtime Ann Arbor parks superintendent and namesake of Gallup Park. The Rock was initially placed in honor of George Washington's 200th birthday, and the small triangular parcel holding the rock was officially named George Washington Park in 1993. The Rock was first painted in the 1950s, and continues to be repainted regularly by students and the general public.
History
Eli Gallup, Ann Arbor parks superintendent from 1919 to 1961, was fond of large boulders, and he personally designated the installation of multiple particularly attractive boulders in city parks. Gallup found one such boulder, a glacial erratic, in the city gravel pit on Pontiac Trail. The limestone rock bore deep scratches from the movement of the glaciers that deposited it, and Gallup saw it fit for installation in a city park.
The triangular plot of land at Washtenaw Ave and Hill St, to become George Washington Park, was donated to the City of Ann Arbor in 1911 by dentist Louis Hall. Hall feared that a gas station would be constructed on the land, and wanted to ensure that the land remained undeveloped.
The Rock and the land were united in February 1932, when a crew of WPA workers with two trucks and a trailer moved the rock across town to the park site. The rock was christened in memory of George Washington, on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of his birth. Eli Gallup's son Al, who witnessed the installation of the rock at the age of seven, believed that his father cared far more about the rock itself than the symbolism of George Washington.
A copper plaque, made of material personally scavenged by Gallup from city landfills, was installed in 1939. The plaque was cast by industrial arts students at Ann Arbor's University High School, including Gallup's son Bill.
| 2.53125
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75769017
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Bishop%20%28hermit%29
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Sarah Bishop (hermit)
|
Lifestyle
Described as mentally sound and deeply devoted to her faith, her few possessions included an old pewter basin and a gourd shell for cooking. She slept on a solid rock with scattered old rags, and when a reporter visited her in 1804, her cave had no signs of food or an active fire though she had a fireplace in the corner. She had not left the cave since the snowfall. Bishop claimed to consume very little meat, relying on berries, nuts, and roots gathered from the mountains during the summer. She kept a Bible with her and spent a substantial amount of time reading and meditating on it. She made a weekly journey from her cave to attend Sunday services at the South Salem Presbyterian Church, first changing into a neater attire at a local residence. Following the service, she would switch back into her worn rags and retreat to her cave.
The land around her cave was a treeless patch covered in grass, with peach trees and beans, cucumbers, potatoes, and grapevines which extended into the nearby woods. Next to the cave was a fountain with mountain water.
Appearance
According to an 1804 newspaper article, “her dress appeared little else but one confused and shapeless mass of rags, patched together without any order”. These clothes covered everything except her head, which exposed her rich long grey hair.
According to Theodore L. Van Noden, in his unpublished 1927 book of the history of South Salem, she arrived in Connecticut close to the American Revolution and was of medium height, fairly skinned, and was elegantly charming. She wore the fashionable attire of the time, donned in a petticoat and a short gown, while carrying a bundle of garments that were both expensive and rarely seen in Salem. It was clear that she had once been attractive; her manners were refined, and her conversation revealed a worldly knowledge. Yet, she remained silent about her past, providing no details about her previous residence.
| 2.171875
| 0
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75769069
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylopaguridae
|
Xylopaguridae
|
Xylopaguridae are a family of hermit crabs of the order Decapoda. It was erected in 2016 to accommodate one new genus, Prexylopagurus, and three existing genera that had previously been placed in Paguridae. They occur in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.
Some sources do not recognize Xylopaguridae and list the species and genera that were transferred to it under their original family, Paguridae.
Evolution
The oldest record of the family is Paguritergites yvonnecooleae, the only known species of its genus, from the upper Albian (mid-Cretaceous) of northwest Spain. The family appears to have evolved in the Tethys Ocean.
Description and ecology
Xylopagurids have an elongated, subcylindrical carapace. They are adapted to live in cavities such as hollow pieces of bamboo and driftwood, or in empty polychaete tubes. Unlike typical hermit crabs, they inhabit open-ended cavities which they enter head-first. The posterior opening of the cavity is blocked by a strongly calcified portion of the abdomen, whereas a massive, strongly armed right cheliped protects the anterior opening.
Xylopagurids occur from shallow waters to depths of several hundreds of meters, the record being Prexylopagurus caledonicus dredged from a depth of 591 metres.
Genera
There are four genera, two of which are extant:
| 2.34375
| 0
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75769122
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatton-Brown%E2%80%93Rahman%20syndrome
|
Tatton-Brown–Rahman syndrome
|
Tatton-Brown–Rahman syndrome (TBRS) is a rare overgrowth and intellectual disability syndrome caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the DNMT3A gene. The syndrome was first recognized in 2014 by Katrina Tatton-Brown, Nazneen Rahman, and collaborators.
Signs and symptoms
TBRS is defined by overgrowth and mild-to-severe intellectual disability. All individuals with TBRS experience some degree of developmental delay and/or intellectual disability, with 86% of well-documented cases falling in the mild to moderate range. Most individuals with TBRS exhibit increased stature, head circumference, and weight at least two standard deviations above the mean.
Generalized joint hypermobility and hypotonia are observed in ~75% and ~55% of cases, respectively, and are often associated with musculoskeletal pain and joint instability. Approximately half of individuals exhibit behavioral or psychiatric issues; the most common diagnosis is autism spectrum disorder. Febrile seizures and afebrile seizures have been reported in ~20% of individuals with TBRS.
The facial gestalt of TBRS includes a round face; thick, horizontal, low-set eyebrows; vertically narrow palpebral fissures; and prominent maxillary central incisors. These features often become most clinically recognizable in adolescence.
Congenital heart defects and aortic root dilatation have been observed in ~10% of cases. Approximately 20% of males with TBRS have cryptorchidism. Vesicoureteral reflux and hypospadias have been reported in some cases.
Neuroimaging findings may include corpus callosum anomalies, small posterior cranial fossa, asymmetric arcuate and uncinate fasciculi, deep left Sylvian fissure, and increased cortical thickness
| 2.65625
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75770834
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalaherriaq
|
Qalaherriaq
|
After Qalaherriaq and the explorers boarded Intrepid, they were joined by Beck, Ross, and Forsyth, alongside Horatio Austin of HMS Resolute and Sherard Osborn of HMS Pioneer. Upon cross-questioning, Beck repeated what he claimed the Inughuit had told him, but Qalaherriaq insisted that he was lying. Communication between the two was limited due to linguistic differences between Qalaherriaq's Inuktun and Beck's Greenlandic. Qalaherriaq was able to communicate with Petersen much easier than with Beck. The officers eventually became convinced that Beck was incorrect, but continued towards Wolstenholme Fjord.
Upon transfer to Assistance, Qalaherriaq was washed and dressed in European clothing. He was given the name Erasmus York, although continued to be called variations of his birth name while aboard. He was seen as a curiosity by the crew, who recruited him to participate in the "Royal Arctic Theatre", a trope of theatrical performances. Ommanney described him as "an interesting specimen of uncivilised life". Qalaherriaq was the subject of a satirical article published in the Northern Lights, a ship newspaper published aboard Assistance, where he is depicted as praising European civilization, while making various naïve and childlike statements about ship life, including a joke about him misidentifying sailors cross-dressing during a masquerade as shamanic spirits.
While on board Assistance, Qalaherriaq was said to have drawn several detailed maps of the surrounding fjords. While he was described as drawing them single-handedly, biographer Peter Martin states that Qalaherriaq "certainly did not do so alone". The maps were drawn according to European cartography, and do not reflect Inuit geography or mapping, such as the Ammassalik wooden maps. Geographer Clements Markham, the Assistance midshipman, heavily praised the map in his 1875 Arctic Geography and Ethnology, echoing earlier European praise of Inuit geographical knowledge.
Wolstenholme Fjord
| 2.46875
| 0
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75770834
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalaherriaq
|
Qalaherriaq
|
Qalaherriaq guided Assistance to Wolstenholme Fjord where the Europeans investigated the claims of a massacre of the Franklin expedition. The area was devastated due to a recent epidemic. When the crew encountered several abandoned igloos at the site of Uummannaq (now Pituffik), they found a heaped pile of seven bodies. The survivors were assumed to have fled the area without burying the dead due to the disease outbreak. The crew excavated several graves, finding the bodies of both Inuit and British seamen from North Star who had contracted the disease.
An officer examined a grave and removed a narwhal tusk spear placed atop the grave, a type of Inughuit grave artifact commonly looted by British explorers for the collections of anthropological museums. Qalaherriaq cried and begged him to put the spear back, recognizing the grave as being that of his father, Qisunnguaq. The grave was repaired by another officer and the spear, considered in Inughuit customs to be used by the dead for protection in the afterlife, was returned.
With sea conditions rendering return to Cape York impossible, Assistance crossed Baffin Bay and wintered at Griffith Island, near the present location of Resolute. Icebergs continued to pose a threat the following spring, and the ship began the return trip to England without returning Qalaherriaq to his family.
Early 20th century Inughuit oral histories, recorded by Knud Rasmussen, describe Qalaherriaq as being abducted by the explorers, with his mother mourning his disappearance without ever learning of his fate. The loss of an adolescent son, expected to hunt for the family, would place a great material burden on his mother and siblings. This was especially true during an era marked by severe hardship for the Inughuit, characterized by population decline, widespread disease outbreaks, and extreme isolation from outside trade or contact.
England
| 2.75
| 0
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75771391
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seitai
|
Seitai
|
Tsunezo Ishii (1875- ?) was a great general of the Japanese army. Retired in 1923, he returned from America after serving in the Japanese Embassy. He formed the Seiki Kenkyujo (Living Ki Research Institute). This institute aimed to use the healing powers of ki for a "living ki self-reinforcement therapy" (生気自強療療 seiki jikyō ryōhō). He published three books on this therapy in 1925. He used the nervous system to arouse spontaneous movement.
Noguchi's perspective
Haruchika Noguchi, had studied many Eastern and Western therapeutic methods in a self-taught manner. But Seitai Noguchi is not only based on the knowledge of therapeutic methods or observations related to health, but also on teachings of Tao and Zen.[16] However, in the fifties, when he was already about forty years old, he decided to give up the therapeutic approach. Itsuo Tsuda, a writer and philosopher who studied with him, describes this change in perspective as follows:
«When he [H. Noguchi] managed to cure someone's weak stomach, the patient began to eat excessively and came back but with pain in the liver; it was a simple transfer, a change of illness. People started doing nonsense without taking into account the needs of their bodies, with the idea that it was enough to go to see Noguchi to get well. He became the repairer of the mistakes made by his patients. A significant degree of dependency had been established. When he was away on a trip, his patients were restless and sick. Trying to remove the patient's crutches, he himself was another crutch, but this time even bigger. That's when he came to develop the concept of Seitai, so that people could walk with their own feet. You have to learn to use your own body.»
| 2.328125
| 0
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75771606
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation%20of%20Charles%20X%20of%20France
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Coronation of Charles X of France
|
The Coronation of Charles X took place in Reims on 29 May 1825 when Charles X was crowned as King of France, marking the last coronation of a French monarch. It took place at Reims Cathedral in Champagne, the traditional site of the coronation of French sovereigns. It was the only coronation to take place following the 1815 defeat of Napoleon and the Bourbon Restoration before the direct line were deposed in 1830.
Background
As the Count of Artois Charles had spent many years in exile following the execution of his brother Louis XVI in 1793 during the French Revolution. During the later years of the Napoleonic Wars he settled in Britain, returning to France when his brother was restored by Allied Forces in 1814 and again after the Waterloo campaign in 1815. In the restored monarchy he was the heir of his childless elder brother Louis XVIII. Artois emerged as the leader of the Ultra-royalists a conservative political grouping which rejected most of the changes of the French Revolution. Louis XVIII never had a coronation. Plans to hold one kept falling through due to various circumstances, and ultimately were postponed indefinitely by the King's poor physical health. He therefore reigned for ten years without any formal religious ceremony. The country was occupied by Allied forces until the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in November 1818 agreed a withdrawal.
| 2.546875
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75771993
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Slater%20%28composer%29
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Mark Slater (composer)
|
Mark Andrew Slater (born 1 April 1969) is a British film composer, conductor, cellist and pianist. He is the composer for the film Flatland, 400 Years of the Telescope., and numerous planetarium fulldome films. He lives in Tokyo, Japan and is a professor of film music at Andvision International Music School, Tokyo. Slater is a sponsored artist of the Make Art Not War Foundation.
Early years
Slater was born on 1 April 1969 in Reigate, Surrey. His musical background includes a father who is a professor of music and conductor, a degree from the London College of Music and five years as a cathedral chorister at Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford. Slater appeared on Central TV in 1982 as a treble soloist on A Ceremony of Carols filmed as a follow-up to an album issued by ASV Records and on the 1984 Decca release of the Messiah performed by the Academy of Ancient Music. In 1998, Slater made his debut at Dorking Halls, Surrey as a solo pianist performing Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini. Slater's "crisp" piano playing was compared to Gershwin in a performance of Rhapsody in Blue. A composition by Slater written for a fund raising concert in 1999 for Kosovo War refugees 'Tempus Fugit' made a "stunning impression." Slater appeared in other Surrey concerts as a conductor and organist.
Recent years
In 2006 Slater scored the animated feature film Flatland: The Film directed by Ladd Ehlinger Jr. In 2007 Tribal DDB commissioned Slater to provide a film score for the Philips Aurea Seduction by Light campaign. The project won prestigious industry awards in the Consumer Electronics category including specific awards for music and People's Voice at the 12th Annual 2008 Webby Awards.
| 2.046875
| 0
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75772542
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Metcalfe
|
William Metcalfe
|
William Metcalfe (March 11, 1788 – October 16, 1862) was an English-American minister in the Bible Christian Church, homeopathic physician, and activist for vegetarianism, pacifism, temperance and abolitionism. He was a prominent figure in the American vegetarian movement.
Born in 1788, he was converted by William Cowherd in 1809, becoming a Bible Christian Church minister in 1811. He embarked on a journey to the United States in 1817, establishing the Philadelphia Bible Christian Church. Metcalfe and his wife faced challenges due to the beliefs they promoted. Despite the church's financial struggles, Metcalfe actively engaged in preaching, education, and publications addressing societal issues. He played a pivotal role in founding the American Vegetarian Society in 1850 and succeeded William Alcott as its president in 1859. Metcalfe's influence extended through his friendship with leading advocates like Alcott and Sylvester Graham. Metcalfe died in 1872, at the age of 74.
Biography
Early life
William Metcalfe was born in Orton, Westmoreland, on March 11, 1788, to Jonathan and Elizabeth Metcalfe. At the age of 19, he became a clerk in Keighly, Yorkshire. There, he encountered a congregation of Swedenborgians led by Rev. Joseph Wright, to whom Metcalfe became attached. Wright persuaded Metcalfe to study theology, leading him to an academy in Salford, presided over by William Cowherd, the founder of the Bible Christian Church. Cowherd ordained Metcalfe as a minister in 1811. In 1810, Metcalfe married Susanna, a fellow vegetarian and abstainer, who was the daughter of Rev. Joseph Wright; their son, Joseph, was born in the same year.
Philadelphia Bible Christian Church
| 2.515625
| 0
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75772881
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Lance%20Conlay
|
William Lance Conlay
|
William Lance Conlay CBE (21 June 1869 – 3 January 1927) was a British colonial administrator and Commissioner of Police of the Federated Malay States from 1916 to 1925.
Early life
William Lance Conlay was born on 21 June 1869, and joined the 21st Hussars and was posted to India.
Career
In 1893, he arrived in the Federated Malay States, was appointed Inspector of the 1st Battalion Perak Sikhs, and took part in an expedition to Pahang where he remained until 1902. Whilst in Pahang he held various appointments: acting Junior Officer, Ulu Pahang (1897), acting District Officer, Temerloh and Kuantan (1898), and Assistant District Officer, Rompin and Kuantan(1899).
In 1902, he entered the Federal Service as Assistant Commissioner of Police and Superintendent of Prisons, Negeri Sembilan, in the same year was appointed Assistant Commissioner of Police, Selangor, and in 1904, served in the same position in Kinta.
In 1907, he was the first to be appointed to the newly created post of British Agent, Terengganu. In 1910, he was appointed Acting Police Commissioner, Perak, in 1914 was promoted to Acting Commissioner of Police for the Federated Malay States, and in 1916 was appointed to the substantive position of Commissioner of Police, Federated Malay States, remaining in the post until his retirement in 1924.
During his nine year term as Commissioner of Police of the Federated Malay States he is credited with modernising the police force and improving its efficiency. He created a new criminal registry system, introduced modern finger-printing techniques, and gave to the police in the Malay language the Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code, Evidence Ordinance and the Drill Book.
Death and legacy
In 1925, the year after his retirement, he was awarded the CBE, and King's Police Medal. He died on 3 January 1927 in England.
A memorial plaque was erected in his honour in the police headquarters in Kuala Lumpur in 1930, and Conlay Road in Kuala Lumpur was named after him.
| 2.109375
| 0
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75773236
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20hooded%20pitta
|
Eastern hooded pitta
|
The eastern hooded pitta (Pitta novaeguineae) is a passerine bird in the pitta family Pittidae that is endemic to New Guinea and some of the small neighbouring islands.
It is a green bird with a black head and chestnut crown. It forages on the ground for insects and their larvae, and also eats berries. It breeds between February and August, the pair being strongly territorial and building their nest on the ground. Incubation and care of the fledglings is done by both parents. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the hooded pitta, now renamed to the western hooded pitta.
Taxonomy
The eastern hooded pitta was formally described in 1845 by the German naturalists Salomon Müller and Hermann Schlegel under the binomial name Pitta novaeguineae. This was a replacement name for Pitta atricapilla Quoy and Gaimard, 1830, as the latter name was pre-occupied by Turdus atricapilla Forster, JR, 1781, a junior synonym of Turdus sordidus Müller, PLS, 1776. The eastern hooded pitta was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the hooded pitta (renamed to the western hooded pitta). It is now considered as a separate species based on the significant genetic, morphological and vocal differences.
Three subspecies are recognised:
P. n. novaeguineae Müller, S & Schlegel, 1845 – Raja Ampat Islands (northwest of New Guinea), New Guinea, Karkar Island (off northeast New Guinea) and Crown to Tolokiwa (between New Guinea and New Britain, southeast Bismarck Archipelago)
P. n. goodfellowi White, CMN, 1937 – Aru Islands (southwest of New Guinea)
P. n. mefoorana Schlegel, 1874 – Numfor (Cenderawasih Bay islands, northwest New Guinea)
| 2.109375
| 0
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75773419
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav%20Melissaeus%20Lounsk%C3%BD
|
Václav Melissaeus Lounský
|
Václav Melissaeus Lounský (also known as Václav Meduna Lounský; – 4 March 1631) was an Utraquist Hussite teacher and priest in Bohemia.
Biography
Václav Melissaeus Lounský was born around 1573 in Louny. He was the son of Václav Melissaeus Krtský (1540–1578) and nephew of Jakub Melissaeus Krtský (1554–1599).
After his father's death, he lived with his guardian and uncle Jakub in Pelhřimov and Kutná Hora in the 1580s. He was later educated at Latin schools in Louny (until 1592) and Chrudim.
On 21 September 1593, his sister married the writer Václav Stříbrský, son of the late Peter.
From 1594, he studied at Prague's Utraquist University (at the Collegium sanctissimae virginis Mariae domus nationis Bohemicae), today's Charles University, where he received a bachelor's degree on 12 July 1595.
Thanks to the recommendation of his uncle Jakub, he worked for about a year at the archdeaconry school in Kutná Hora after completing his bachelor's degree. From there, he transferred to the town school in Louny, where he worked as a teacher for four and a half years from 1596 until 1599 (in 1598 he was investigated together with others for an offensive song about the municipal administration).
In 1600, he became the preceptor of Jiří, Adam the younger and Karel, sons of Karel Hruška from Březno, as well as Adam the elder, son of Bernard Hruška from Březno. Together with Karel Chotek von Chockov (who later joined the Bohemian Revolt and the Saxon invasion of Bohemia in 1631) and famulus Martin Reissig from Bitozeves, they enrolled at the academy in Altdorf, Nuremberg, on 27 December 1600.
After returning to Bohemia, he worked again at the archdeaconry school in Kutná Hora from March 1603 until 1605, this time as its rector. On 17 August 1604, he obtained his master's degree at Prague's Utraquist University.
Having been ordained to priesthood in Zerbst, in today's Saxony-Anhalt – a centre of Calvinism following the Reformation – on 27 May 1605, he was appointed chaplain at St. Barbara's Church in Kutná Hora.
| 2.265625
| 0
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75773552
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal%20Archaeological%20Site%20%28Kalinga%29
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Rizal Archaeological Site (Kalinga)
|
The Rizal Archaeological Site is an archaeological area situated in Rizal, Kalinga, Philippines.
The first fossils were discovered on the archaeological site in 1935. On 1977, President Ferdinand Marcos Sr. declared the site as an archaeological reserve.
Archaeological findings
Archaeologists unearthed from the site about 50 stone tools and animal fossils, which were dated approximately 709,000 years old to 608,000 years ago during the Pleistocene epoch, known as the last ice age. A fossil of a butchered Rhinoceros Philippinensis was also found, which has been extinct in the Philippines since at least 100,000 years ago.
The archaeologists also noted the diverse technology employed by ancient people in Kalinga, evidenced by the various tools unearthed at the site, including a stone hammer. In one of the rhino bones studied, a scar was found on the bone surface, which a stone tool could be used.
Impact
The Rizal Archaeological Site pushed back the first known human activity in the Philippines 10 times earlier. Prior to the excavation, the oldest fossil discovered in the country was the foot bone found in 2010 in Callao Cave, Cagayan Valley. The bone was dated at least 67,000 years old.
| 3.15625
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75773611
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artturi%20Vuorimaa
|
Artturi Vuorimaa
|
Artturi Vilho Vuorimaa (until 1923 Vilhelm Arthur Blomberg, August 8, 1890, Helsinki – October 28, 1972, Helsinki) was a Finnish Lapua movement activist, who played a key role in the Mäntsälä Rebellion in 1932.
Childhood and family
Vuorimaa attended seven classes Oulu Finnish co-educational school. He was married in 1910 to Emmi Maria Järvenpää (b. 1892). The couple had a total of five children, at least two of whom lived to adulthood.
After attending school, Vuorimaa worked in Simo as a businessman and in various positions in the municipality, e.g. as a member of the municipality's first council.
Military career
During the Finnish Civil War, on April 15, 1918, Vuorimaa was promoted to lieutenant. At least in 1926, Vuorimaa served as a lieutenant in the White Guard staff as a controller. He was later promoted to captain.
Vuorimaa was part of the first board of the Front Soldier League established in May 1929.
Activity in Lapua movement
Vuorimaa, who worked as a controlled for Hakkapeliitta magazine, was the "Helsinki strike force" leader in the summer of 1930 and together with Kosti-Paavo Eerolainen organized the kidnapping of socialist workers' and small farmers' parliamentary group MPs Jalmari Rötkö and Eino Pekkala from the House of the Estates parliamentary constitutional law committee session on July 5, 1930. He personally carried the small-sized Rötkö out of the committee room. In October 1930, the leadership of the Lapua movement had to, under pressure from the country's government, hand over to the authorities Vuorimaa and Eerolainen - the most famous kidnappers of the movement. However, the movement's management immediately organized a big solidarity campaign to free them.
| 2.390625
| 0
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75773900
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual%20property%20protection%20by%20Nintendo
|
Intellectual property protection by Nintendo
|
Copyright circumvention
Nintendo became more proactive as they entered the Famicom/NES period. Nintendo had witnessed the events of a flooded game market that occurred in the United States in the early 1980s that led to the 1983 video game crash, and with the Famicom had taken business steps, such as controlling the cartridge production process, to prevent a similar flood of video game clones. However, the Famicom had lacked any lockout mechanics, and numerous unauthorized bootleg cartridges were made across the Asian regions. Nintendo took a step to create its "Nintendo Seal of Quality" stamped on the games it made to dissuade consumers from purchasing these bootlegs, and as it prepared the Famicom for entry to Western regions as the NES, incorporated a lock-out system that only allowed authorized game cartridges they manufactured to be playable on the system. After the NES's release, Nintendo took legal action against companies that attempted to reverse-engineer the lockout mechanism to make unauthorized games for the NES. While Nintendo was successful to prevent reverse engineering of the lockout chip in the case Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America Inc., they failed to prevent devices like Game Genie from being used to provide cheat codes for players in the case Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of America, Inc.. Nintendo settled with the rental chain Blockbuster in Nintendo of America, Inc. v. Blockbuster Entertainment Corp. case after they began including photocopies of Nintendo's game manuals in rented games.
| 2.171875
| 0
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75773900
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual%20property%20protection%20by%20Nintendo
|
Intellectual property protection by Nintendo
|
In 2020, two major leaks of documents occurred. The first leak began in May, and it included source code, designs, hardware drawings, documentation, and other internal information primarily related to the Nintendo 64, GameCube, and Wii. The leak may have been related to BroadOn, a company that Nintendo had contracted to help with the Wii's design, or to Zammis Clark, a Malwarebytes employee and hacker who pleaded guilty to infiltrating Microsoft's and Nintendo's servers between March and May 2018. A second and larger leak occurred in July, which has been called the "Gigaleak" as it contains gigabytes of data, and is believed to be related to the leak from May. The leak includes the source code and prototypes for several early 1990s Super NES games including Super Mario Kart, Yoshi's Island, Star Fox, and Star Fox 2, and includes internal development tools and system software components. The veracity of the material was confirmed by Dylan Cuthbert, a programmer for Nintendo during that period. The leak has the source code to several Nintendo 64 games including Super Mario 64 and The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, and the console's operating system. The leak contains personal files from Nintendo employees.
| 1.96875
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75774070
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging%20Stone
|
Hanging Stone
|
The Hanging Stone () is a 500-ton granite rock in Ergaki Nature Park, seemingly hanging above Lake Raduzhnoye.
Background
The Hanging Stone is on the edge of a cliff above Lake Raduzhnoye (Rainbow Lake) in the western Sayan Mountains in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. The stone is an attraction in the Ergaki Nature Park.
Legend
The legend of the stone is thought to come from the Turkic peoples and Sayan aborigines. They believe that the world will end when the stone falls. The area features a chain of rocks or a ridge that appears to be a silhouette of a man lying on his back, which is said to represent a person from the legend known as "Sleeping Sayan". Local legend states that when the stone falls into Lake Raduzhnoye, the Sleeping Sayan will wake up. Another legend teaches that the monolithic stone is the heart of the Sleeping Sayan. People say that the stone vibrates, which is evidence of the beating heart. Some people also believe that the rock may represent the Russian mythical hero Svyatogor.
Several groups of tourists have tried to dislodge the landmark by pushing it down the mountain, but without any success. Some people have even brought winches and jacks to try to dislodge the stone. It did not move at all; it is held on with stone chips supporting its base. The area also experiences frequent earthquakes, but the stone has not moved as of 2024.
Description
The stone is perched on a precipice, giving the impression that it may fall. The weight of the stone is estimated at 500 tons. It is positioned approximately above the lake. The stone is long. At one time the stone reportedly swayed, but over time grooves became clogged and froze the stone in one place.
There is a trail leading to the stone that can be navigated between June and September. The trail is long and takes five to seven hours. The Ergaki Nature Park charges 4,800 rubles for a guided tour to visit the stone. The weather in the region changes quickly and can even receive snowfall in June.
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75774704
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Cartagena%20%281820%E2%80%9321%29
|
Siege of Cartagena (1820–21)
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In the meantime, the divisions commanded by Córdova and Maza arrived to reinforce the pressure on the Royalists, after their victories and pacification of Antioquia and Magdalena, and with the mission of preventing the Royalists from supplying themselves with food and supplies from Corozal. Brigadier Torres y Velasco now wanted to negotiate, but Montilla rejected the request to meet with him. Torres later wrote to Bolívar, but he also refused to talk.
In January 1821, Padilla's fleet arrived at Cartagena, blocking the port with 40 ships.
On 24 June 1821 at night, Padilla assaulted the Royalist in Ánimas Bay, near the current Los Pegasos dock, capturing 11 enemy ships and their weapons. After this, the fate of the garrison was sealed. Viceroy Sámano managed to escape by sea to Panama, which would remain in Spanish hands until November. Torres y Velasco was forced to capitulate to General Montilla on 10 October, bringing the last Royalist fortress in the Colombian Caribbean definitively under Patriot control.
Torres y Velasco and his troops were sent to Cuba, where Torres y Velasco was tried and acquitted for losing the city.
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75775254
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwells%20of%20Munches
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Maxwells of Munches
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Origins and heritage
The current branch of the family descends in the paternal line from the Johnstons (Ironically, a clan famously rivalling the Clan Maxwell). However, James Johnston (brother to Thomas Johnstone of Clachrie) married Barbara Maxwell, and their son Wellwood Johnston took in terms of settlements of his uncle, James Maxwell, the name Maxwell and became Wellwood Maxwell of Barncleugh. Wellwood Maxwell went on to marry Catherine Maxwell, daughter of John Maxwell of Portract, Terraughty, Munches, and Diwoodie (heir male to the Earls of Nithsdale and chief of the Clan Maxwell). Their son John Herries Maxwell of Barncleugh went on to marry his cousin Clementina Maxwell, also grandchild to the aforementioned John Maxwell. Clementina Maxwell served as heiress to her uncle Alexander Herries Maxwell of Munches and Terraughty (heir male to the Earls of Nithsdale and Chief of the Maxwells) and succeeded to Munches, Dinwoodie and Terraughty. Their son was Wellwood Herries Maxwell of Munches MP (husband to Jane home Jardine, eldest daughter of Sir William Jardine of Applegirth, Baronet) who had the Armorial Bearings of his family rematriculated in 1868 to represent the Maxwells, the Herries, and the Johnstones. The Maxwells of Munches are intertwined with several other old Scottish families, and the family has family connections to most aristocratic families in England, Scotland and Ireland, as well as other Scottish Clans. These familial connections highlight the extensive reach and influence of the Maxwells throughout Scottish history.
| 2.234375
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75775789
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldane%20Colquhoun%20Turriff
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Haldane Colquhoun Turriff
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Haldane Colquhoun Turriff (12 January 1834 5 February 1922) was an Australian hospital nurse, administrator.
Early life and education
On January 12, 1834, Haldane was born at Paisley in Renfrewshire, Scotland. She was the eldest child of the Scottish iron founder and engineer Alexander Turriff and his wife Janet Hardie (née Hardie). In August 1866, Haldane enrolled at the nightingale training school attached to St. Thomas's Hospital in London. In December 1867, she was one of five nurses who accompanied Lucy Osburn to Sydney Infirmary & Dispensary.
Life
The progressive administrators of the Alfred Hospital had written the autonomy of the nursing establishment into the hospital’s constitution, but they could not have anticipated the stubbornness of their beloved matron, or the prejudice of doctors who regarded nurses as ‘unclean housewives’. With the help of the brilliant journalism of the Argus and the ‘Vagabond’, complaints about the matron’s ill temper, the alleged abuse of power and her command over female staff boiled over in 1877. The issue at stake was control of the hospital, but this was clouded by personal disagreements. The hospital president, James Service, had a strong influence on the matron, and most of the complainants resigned or were discharged.
The remainder of the matrons tenure was quiet. The failure of the matron to fulfill her duties as a ‘nightingale’ graduate and to set up a training school may have been due to a lack of talent in the formal teacher’s part. Even her critics agreed, however, that she was one of the best nurses in Melbourne. In 1878, two women who had first nursed under her were appointed to run the training school.
| 1.96875
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75775823
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Geertruidenberg%20%281351%E2%80%931352%29
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Siege of Geertruidenberg (1351–1352)
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Siege and surrender
Two dates are given for the start of the siege. Some say it started in October 1351. Others say it started in December 1351. Hunger forced Philips van Polanen to ask for a truce in mid 1352. William V then travelled to Geertruidenberg.
On 22 July 1352, a temporary truce was made. Philips sent his envoy Philips van Tetrode to urge his Hook friends in Breda to send a relief force. In mid-August, the Hook party indeed sent a few hundred cavalry from Breda. These were led by John of Polanen. On 17 August these returned to Brussels, apparently without any result.
On 18 August 1352, Philips van Polanen surrendered Geertruidenberg Castle. Philips and his warriors were allowed to keep the goods they had before the war and were allowed a safe conduct to use them. Similar provisions were made for Philips van Tetrode, Willem van Foreest, Arend Nachtegaal, Wouter van Haarlem, Willem the bastard van Wassenaar, Gijsbrecht Hendrikszoon van de Lek, Philips van Beesd, and Gerrit the Bastard van Tetrode.
Aftermath
With the surrender of Geertruidenberg Castle, the war between William and Margaret was almost over. Philips van Polanen and 34 defenders kept their possessions, but chose to go into exile in Breda.
For the members of the Hook party, the outcome of the siege was a bit counterintuitive. E.g. the Geertruidenberg citizens Claes and Philips Nachtegaal lost their goods after William V reconquered Geertruidenberg. Their father Arend (above), who was part of the castle garrison, kept his due to the treaty. John II of Polanen was the official schout of Geertruidenberg and castellan of its castle. He was not part of the defenders of the castle and lost these fiefs. In 1356 he made his peace with William V, but William V retained these fiefs to himself.
| 2.734375
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75776191
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariia%20Vetrova
|
Mariia Vetrova
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Mariia Fedosiivna Vetrova (; 3 January 1870 – 24 February 1897) was a Ukrainian teacher and revolutionary. After working as a teacher in different parts of Ukraine and briefly joining a theatre troupe, she joined a socialist circle in Azov and became a devotee of the works of Leo Tolstoy. She continued her studies in Saint Petersburg, but was encouraged to become a revolutionary after meeting Tolstoy himself. She was arrested for anti-Tsarist publishing activities and died by self-immolation in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Her death became a rallying cry for the rise of an anti-Tsarist student movement, inspiring dedications by Tolstoy and Maxim Gorky, the latter of whom wrote "The Song of the Stormy Petrel" as a result.
Biography
Mariia Fedosiivna Vetrova was born on 3 January 1870, in , in the Chernihiv Governorate of the Russian Empire (modern-day Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine). The illegitimate child of a Cossack woman, Oleksandra Vetrova, and a local notary, she was raised as an orphan by a peasant woman who she called her "grandmother". In 1888, she graduated from college as a teacher, going on to teach at a rural school in Liubech.
Her meagre teacher's salary was insufficient to support her, and she became lonely in the small rural village. In April 1889, she joined the Ukrainian acting troupe of . They travelled throughout Ukraine, playing to small theatres with basic costumes and sets. But when she went to give her first performance, she got stage fright and left the theatre troupe.
| 2.078125
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75777234
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebony%20Carter
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Ebony Carter
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Career and research
Carter joined the Washington University School of Medicine faculty in 2016 and was promoted to tenured associate professor. While at WashU, Carter was Chief of the Division of Clinical Research and conducted health equity research about group prenatal care as a platform to address health disparities and equity in OB/GYN. Carter's research has identified that group prenatal care for women with diabetes improves postpartum contraceptive usage and postpartum oral glucose testing. Carter then obtained funding from the National Institutes of Minority Health and Health Equity to create Elevating Voices, Addressing Depression, Toxic Stress and Equity in Group Prenatal Care Women's Collaborative (EleVATE) which aims to specifically address black maternal mortality which is up to 3x higher than that of white pregnant people in the United States. The program is supported by the Integrated Health Network of St. Louis and Affinia Healthcare to provide trauma-informed care in a group setting for African American Women in St. Louis.
Carter has focused much of her career on increasing awareness of health inequities in reproductive care. She co-wrote a “Letter to birthing black people” which has been widely circulated in the OB/GYN community to raise awareness of the lived experiences of black birthing people in America and the fears they face due to their increased mortality risk. Along with her media and community level work, Carter works to improve health equity at the national level. Carter became the inaugural associate editor of equity for the journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, where she helps the journal maintain a focus on equity and inclusion.
In 2023, Carter was recruited to University of North Carolina School of Medicine to become the Division Director of Maternal-Fetal Medicine.
Media features
Carter was featured in the St. Louis American and on STLPR discussing her experience during the COVID-19 pandemic and her focus on promoting vaccination among her patients.
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75777273
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Smith%20%28philosopher%29
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Alexander Smith (philosopher)
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Alexander Smith (12 June 1796 – 12 February 1851) was a Scottish philosopher and educator from Banff, Aberdeenshire. He is known for his contributions to moral philosophy and his work The Philosophy of Morals. Smith spent most of his life in Banff, with a period at the University of Aberdeen. He was also known as a musician and a member of the local literary society.
Early life and education
Smith was born in Banff, Aberdeenshire, on 12 June 1796. He was educated in Banff, where he was recognized for his talents. Along with five other boys, he benefited from the education system in Banff.
Smith attended King's College, Aberdeen, graduating with an M.A. in 1814. He studied moral philosophy under Dr. William Jack.
Career
After graduating, Smith worked as a parochial schoolmaster at Rothiemay and later at a private academy in Forres. In 1820, he received his ministerial license from the Presbytery of Fordyce. However, he did not pursue a ministerial career and instead taught English at Banff Academy until 1827, when his health declined. He subsequently became the local postmaster, a position he held until his death in 1851.
Literary and philosophical contributions
In 1810, Smith, along with the other boys, established a literary society in Banff, which held meetings for the delivery of essays and discussions on literary subjects. The society's collection of books was gifted to the town library in 1899.
Smith's major philosophical work, The Philosophy of Morals, was published in 1835. Influenced by William Paley's theological utilitarian liberalism, Smith addressed issues in moral philosophy.
Selected publications
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