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75777385
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Houssemayne%20du%20Boulay
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Francis Houssemayne du Boulay
|
Francis Houssemayne "Frank" du Boulay (24 January 1837 – 12 January 1914) was an Australian musician and naturalist.
History
Du Boulay was born in Sandgate, Kent, England, the third son of Rev Thomas Houssemayne du Boulay. (14 February 1804 – 14 June 1872).
He left for Western Australia around 1858, and settled at Minnanooka station, Champion Bay, near Geraldton, with his brother Arthur Houssemagne du Boulay, who married Caroline Emily Josephine Howard in 1867.
He began collecting insects there, also in Victoria around 1869; Cooktown and Rockhampton around 1870, and in northern New South Wales and Sydney.
Du Boulay was a talented pianist and concertina player, and was prominent at concerts in Melbourne, 1872–1876 including Robert Sparrow Smythe's Exhibition Concert Company, with singers Mrs Smythe (Amelia Elizabeth Bailey, soprano), Samuel Lamble (basso), and Mary Ellen Christian (contralto).
His interest in bugs and beetles never waned; he was a member of the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria.
He moved to Beechworth, Victoria, around 1888, and soon was immersed in the music scene; he helped organise a concert in aid of the public library and Burke Museum, contributing a fantasia on themes from Faust played on a symphonion. He was also a skilled player on the xylophone and "carillon" (tubular bells).
Around 1904 he left Beechworth for Beverley, Western Australia, where he taught music for many years, and died on 12 January 1914.
Recognition
His collection of paintings of Coleoptera in two volumes, is held by the National Museum, Melbourne.
The species Chaetodontoplus duboulayi and Melanotaenia duboulayi were named for him, though both are fishes.
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75777656
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglaston%20Manor%20Windmill
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Douglaston Manor Windmill
|
Douglaston Manor Windmill (c.1870s-1988) was a Dutch windmill built in Littleneck, New York to pump water for farming. Alley Pond Park has a standing windmill (built 2005) that is a replica of the Douglaston Manor windmill. The windmill's tower was relocated to Alley Pond Park after being threatened with demolition in November 1986, having been originally situated on Arleigh Road in Douglaston. A committee formed to save the windmill raised to relocate the structure.
History
The Douglaston peninsula and its surrounding land were originally inhabited by the Matinecoc Indians. Later, in the late 1600s, it was settled by both the English and the Dutch. This area is notable for once being home to the largest tree on Long Island, a magnificent 600-year-old White Oak with a remarkable 69" girth, located at 233 Arleigh Road. It was taken down in 2009. One of the few remaining 19th-century farmhouses in the city, the Benjamin Allen-Beville house, stands as a local landmark. This dwelling is 170 years old.
In 1819, Wyant Van Zandt arrived and established a large farm and manor house. Eventually, George Douglas, a wealthy Scot, acquired the Van Zandt manor house and approximately 120 acres of land in 1835. He adorned the area with the planting of exotic trees such as Gingko, copper beech, and weeping beach (though only one of these survives to this day). In 1876, Douglas' son, William, generously donated a station building to the Flushing and North Shore Railroad, which decided to name a new stop after him, thus giving rise to the name "Douglaston."
| 1.914063
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75777686
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Eunseok
|
Lee Eunseok
|
Korean Modernism
Lee studied architecture under Henri Ciriani, who is recognized as one of the most faithful interpreters of the works of Le Corbusier, often hailed as the father of modern architecture. Consequently, his designs align closely with the values of modernist architecture in their broader context, a tendency particularly evident in his early works. However, rather than simply emulating Western modernism, he skillfully merged its principles with the values of traditional Korean architecture, further developing and refining it.
While his works adhere to modern architectural design principles, they effectively capture the essence of Korea’s natural and urban landscapes, with spatial arrangements and utilization that are distinctly Korean. Lee Eunseok’s designs stand out for incorporating values of traditional Korean architecture, such as chagyeong (차경; 借景), the practice of integrating natural elements into the architecture; geomibullu, hwaibulchi (검이불루 화이불치; 儉而不陋 華而不侈), which emphasizes being modest without being shabby and splendid without being extravagant; and the flexible use of space through features like madang (마당), openness, and yobak (여백; 餘白), the deliberate use of empty space. In this sense, it might be more accurate to describe Lee Eunseok's designs not as pure modernism but as a form of Korean modernism or neo-modernism that builds upon and advances the legacy of modernism.
| 2.65625
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75777686
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Eunseok
|
Lee Eunseok
|
Religious Architecture
It is clear that Lee Eunseok has made significant contributions to the development of contemporary religious architecture. Among Korean architecture students, there is even a joke that "studying church architecture is complete with just Lee Eunseok and Atelier KOMA." Starting with Mokyang Church in Daejeon (1996), his first church design, and culminating in Saemoonan Church in Gwanghwamun (2019), Lee is known to have designed over 100 churches in South Korea. Given that church construction has significantly declined in many other countries, architects who have designed as many churches as Lee are rare even on a global scale.
Lee's prolific work has gradually challenged and reshaped the public perception of Christian architecture, which was once confined to the Gothic stereotype of "churches must be pointed." Each new church he designed has influenced other architects, driving the evolution of modern church architecture. His ability to accomplish such an extensive portfolio can be attributed not only to his skill as an architect but also to his devout Christian faith, which allowed him to deeply understand and reflect the needs of worshippers in his designs.
In his book, New Church Architecture: Do It This Way, written after returning to South Korea, Lee proposed new directions for contemporary church architecture and categorized practical design types that churches could pursue. Later, in Beautiful Church Architecture, he explored the question of "What makes a church beautiful?" through an analysis of various domestic and international examples. This book became a bestseller in the field and is regarded as a textbook for church architecture.
| 2.328125
| 0
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75778051
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Schreiner%20%28Byzantinist%29
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Peter Schreiner (Byzantinist)
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Peter Schreiner (born 4 May 1940 in Munich) is a German Byzantinist. From 1979 to 2005 he taught as a full professor of Byzantine Studies at the University of Cologne. Schreiner is one of the leading Byzantinists in German-speaking countries.
Life and work
Peter Schreiner attended the humanistic Wilhelmsgymnasium in Munich and passed his Abitur there in 1961. He then studied at the University of Munich Byzantine Studies, Middle Latin Philology, Ancient History and Classical Philology. On February 23, 1967, he received his doctorate under Hans-Georg Beck with a thesis on the Byzantine Minor Chronicles. From 1967 to 1968 he had a travel and research scholarship from the German Research Foundation. From 1968 to 1972 he worked as a scribe for Greek manuscripts at the Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana in Rome. From 1972 to 1974 he was a research assistant at the Free University of Berlin. There he completed his habilitation in 1974 in Byzantine Studies. He was a private lecturer at the Free University of Berlin until 1979. From 1979 to 2005 he was a full professor of Byzantine Studies and director of the Institute for Classical Studies at the University of Cologne. In 1992 he was a visiting professor at the École pratique des hautes études in Paris and in 2000 a visiting professor at the Collège de France. From 1987 to 1993 he was a member of the advisory board of the Medievalists' Association. From 1992 to 1999 he was co-editor of the “Lexicon of the Middle Ages”. From 1992 to 2004 Peter Schreiner was editor of the Byzantine Journal. From 2005 to 2009 he was chairman of the scientific advisory board of the German Study Center in Venice. He was President of the Association Internationale des Études Byzantines from 2001 to 2011.
| 1.96875
| 0
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75778351
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Le%20Ricolais
|
Robert Le Ricolais
|
In 1997, twenty years after his death and at the time of the exhibition "Visions and Paradoxes. The Structural Research of Robert Le Ricolais" at the University of Pennsylvania, his former students described him as "simply brilliant. According to Peter McCleary, scholar and expert on his work "Le Ricolais was a well-rounded person who, despite his official departmental associations, also enjoyed the humanities and arts. 'He was a true Renaissance man." For this scholar "[Le Ricolais'] major influence derives from publications on his experimental structures and his 'way of thinking' during twenty years of research at the University of Pennsylvania".
A collection of models developed at the Structures Laboratory, among other materials are kept at the Architectural Archives of the University of Pennsylvania. Other materials are in France at the National Museum of Modern Art, at the Kandinsky Library of the Centre Georges Pompidou.
Several streets bear his name in France in La Roche-sur-Yon, Nantes, and Orvault.
Other activities
Le Ricolais was also a painter and a poet. Some of his poetic oeuvre can be found in "À toute vapeur" (Cahiers de l’école de Rochefort) and "Matières" (Renens: Chabloz, 1964).
| 2.046875
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75778729
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20A.%20Vaughn
|
Fred A. Vaughn
|
Fred A. Vaughn (December 8, 1876 – January 21, 1927) was an American educator, attorney, and politician who served as Secretary of State of Kentucky from 1920 to 1924. He also served as a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1904 to 1906 and Judge/Executive of Johnson County, Kentucky from 1913 to 1920. He was a member of the Republican Party.
Early life and education
Fred A. Vaughn was born on December 8, 1876, in Paintsville, Johnson County, Kentucky, as the fifth child of H.S. Vaughn, a local politician, and Mary E. Burgess. He received a common education from Paintsville public schools. He attended the University of Kentucky and learned law at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. He then taught as a teacher at the Big Sandy Valley Seminary for 10 years. He married Mary Muir Halstead in 1914, they had no children.
Career
In 1904, Vaughn was elected a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from Johnson and Martin counties. He served for one term from 1904 to 1906, when he was appointed chairman of the Republican campaign committee in Kentucky's 10th congressional district, which elected John W. Langley to serve as representative that year. He also served as Langley's assistant in Washington D.C. until 1909. For the next 10 years, he worked for the United States Census Bureau.
In 1913, Vaughn was elected Judge/Executive of Johnson County, Kentucky, and was re-elected in 1917. In 1919, he ran for secretary of state of Kentucky against Matt S. Cohen. Vaughn defeated Cohen taking 5,302 votes to Cohen's 5,136 votes. After being elected secretary of state, Vaughn resigned from his position as judge of Johnson County, in order to take on full duties as secretary of state. He served as secretary of state for four years from 1920 to 1924 under governors Edwin P. Morrow and William J. Fields. He also served in a variety of positions on several different school boards. He served on the Board of Regents of Eastern Kentucky University for 10 years.
| 2.125
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75779080
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulator%20Movement%20in%20North%20Carolina
|
Regulator Movement in North Carolina
|
While small acts of violence had been taking place for some time, mainly out of resentment, the first organized conflict was in Mecklenburg County in 1765. Settlers in the region, who were there illegally, forced away surveyors of the region assigned with designating land. Minor clashes followed for the next several years in almost every western county, but the only true battle of the movement was the Battle of Alamance on May 16, 1771.
Governor Tryon and his forces, which numbered just over 1,000, with roughly 150 officers, arrived at Hillsborough on May 9, 1771. At the same time, General Hugh Waddell, supporting the governor, en route with a contingent of 236 militia, was met by a large contingent of Regulators under the leadership of Captain Benjamin Merrill. Realizing his force was outnumbered, he fell back to Salisbury. Two days later, on May 11, 1771, having received word of the retreat from a messenger, Tryon sent the force to support General Waddell. He intentionally chose a path which would lead his forces through Regulator territory. By May 14, 1771, his militia troops had reached Alamance and set up camp. Leaving about 70 men behind to guard the position, he moved the remainder of his force, slightly under 1,000 men and 8 cannons, to find the Regulators.
| 2.53125
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75779080
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulator%20Movement%20in%20North%20Carolina
|
Regulator Movement in North Carolina
|
About away, a force of approximately 2,000 Regulators (by some accounts, 6,000), was gathered mainly as a display of force and not a standing army. The general Regulator strategy was to scare the governor with a show of superior numbers in order to force the governor to give in to their demands. On May 16, 1771, along the Salisbury-Hillsborough Road Tryon met the Regulators with 1,000 men and 8 cannons. After ordering them to disperse and waiting for an hour they opened fire with cannons and muskets on to the crowd. The battle lasted 2 hours and involved 1% of the North Carolinian population at the time and most of its prominent people. The battle was over with nine deaths for the governor's forces and about 100 killed and 200 wounded on the Regulator side. Afterwards Tryon conducted a campaign of terror against the population and hanged outlaw Regulators, burned people's homes, and forced oaths out of the population. Six Regulators were rapidly tried and hanged for their part in the uprising.
Aftermath
Following the battle, Tryon's militia army traveled through Regulator territory, where he had Regulators and Regulator sympathizers sign loyalty oaths and destroyed the properties of the most active Regulators. He also raised taxes to pay for his militia's defeat of the Regulators.
| 2.703125
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75781472
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Roughley
|
Theodore Roughley
|
In 1916, his book, The Fishes of Australia and their Technology, was published. Roughley is also credited with the original artwork for its 70 beautiful colour plates showing fishes of various species. Some of the plates correctly captured the colours of freshly caught specimens of species whose colours fade quickly after death. The book also set out proposals about how the fishing industry in Australia might be expanded and improved. Decades later in 1952, Roughley, self-deprecatingly, would refer to this work as "a rather pretentious volume".
In 1922, Roughley's, long paper, Oyster Culture on the Georges River, New South Wales, was published in hardcover by the museum. By 1925, when his paper, The Story of the Oyster, was published, the extent of Roughley's knowledge of the zoology and cultivation of oysters, and the pests which affected that cultivation, was apparent. In 1928, Roughley was the first to discover that the Sydney Rock Oyster changed sex, from male to female, during its life cycle, something that brought him international attention. Roughley remained humble about his understanding of the oyster; he told an oyster farmers' conference, in 1930, that what he had "ascertained about the oyster was like a bucketful of water to an ocean".
His work had a practical impact, when he suggested a method of managing the oyster disease, 'winter mortality', in 1926. For many decades afterwards, the oyster farmers of the Georges River limited the impact of winter mortality, by moving their oysters on trays, to more sheltered waters with lower salinity, such as near the Woronora River confluence and Bonnet Bay, and then placing the trays on racks higher in the intertidal zone. The method became known as 'wintering'. It did reduce 'winter mortality', but the disease could not be completely eliminated, and it came at the cost of slower growth to maturity. Another method used was to harvest the more mature oysters as the weather cooled.
| 2.875
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75781472
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Roughley
|
Theodore Roughley
|
As well as publications on aquatic life, he wrote, in 1933, The Aeronautical Work of Lawrence Hargrave. Roughley was among the first to properly recognise Lawrence Hargrave's pioneering work in the area of aviation, which, at that time, was largely forgotten in his own country. In 1925, he had written Hargrave's entry in the Australian Encyclopaedia, only ten years after Hargrave's death. He also wrote various other entries for the encyclopaedia. In 1924, he wrote a newspaper article on Hargrave's work.
His 1916 work, The Fishes of Australia and their Technology, is still sought after. Its rare editions have sometimes been destroyed to obtain the 70 beautiful engraved colour plates, which have been sold individually as works of art. His other books also are still to be found, in the second-hand book market.
His efforts, in effect, gave rise to off-shore commercial fishing for prawns. It remains a valuable commercial fishery. He encouraged fishermen to change their emphasis to deep sea fishing for pelagic fish. He also did much to encourage a commercial fish canning industry, although that is now only a memory. However, despite his work in other areas, it is still with oysters that he is most associated. The name of the Sydney Rock Oyster, Saccostrea commercialis, given to it by Roughley and co-author Tom Iredale, is not commonly used. It is better known now as Saccostrea glomerata. However, his surname is part of the name of the protozoan parasite, Mikiocytos roughleyi or Bonamia roughleyi, responsible for the 'winter mortality' of that oyster species. It was Roughley's work in the 1920s, which resulted in the disease being brought under control, allowing the oyster industry on the Georges River, in particular, to grow and prosper for many years. Roughley's 1926 paper, on 'winter mortality', An investigation of the cause of an oyster mortality on the Georges River, New South Wales (1924–25), is sometimes still found cited in more recent scientific papers on diseases of molluscs and associated parasites.
| 2.296875
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75781472
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Roughley
|
Theodore Roughley
|
Faster growing and generally larger Pacific oysters are displacing—geographically and commercially—to a significant extent, Roughley's beloved Sydney Rock Oyster, which he contended was the finest eating oyster in the world. In 1956, he had written, "I suppose most oysters are good, but there is little doubt that Australian oysters are the best in the world. They have a subtle delicacy of flavour found in few if any other oysters ...". It remains a highly regarded oyster, and its commercially-farmed variants are benefiting from selective breeding to overcome some of its vulnerabilities.
Over his long career, Theodore Roughley established a huge personal reputation and strong rapport with the fisherman and oyster farmers of New South Wales, and he came to be able to influence both them and government fisheries policy. At the time of his death, it was stated that nobody has had such a profound impact on the commercial fisheries of the state. His less tangible legacy is the lasting influence that his life's work has had on the commercial fishing industry in Australia, most notably the acceptance of scientific advice when managing fisheries.
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75781656
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina%20Montgomery
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Christina Montgomery
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Christina Smith Montgomery (March 21, 1870 – August 27, 1965) was a Scottish born Australian headmistress. She was the founding head of Melbourne Girls' High School which became the Mac.Robertson Girls' High School.
Life
Montgomery was born in Kelso in the Scottish Borders where she gained a love for classical studies at Kelso Grammar School. When she was a teenager, her parents William and Janet (born Smith) emigrated. Christina and her sister, Margaret, renewed their education in Melbourne at Cambridge Street State School where they became pupil-teachers. Together they studied at Melbourne Teachers' College from 1891 where they both won prizes. Christina went on to the University of Melbourne where she graduated in 1897. She gained a Master's degree in 1900. Victoria's Department of Education had appointed its first director, Frank Tate, and it had begun to employ women graduates. Montgomery was one of the first.
Tate noticed the Junior teacher, Montgomery, had respect from her classes despite her small size, but she had to wait to find promotion. She went to work for Perth Central Girls' School for a year and when she returned she was promoted. In 1905 she was teaching Latin at Melbourne Continuation School. In 1923 she became the headmistress under the head of the, then, co-educational school. The school was split into two halves in 1927. The boys moved to create Melbourne Boys' High School in South Yarra. The remaining building was condemned but the girls continued to be educated there. It was renamed Melbourne Girls' High School and Montgomery was its headmistrss.
In 1930 the school was moved to Government House. When she retired in 1932 it was said that she still at her height of her career. There were over 800 students in the school paying six pounds every term. Five years before there had been less than four hundred. There was a ceremony at the Lyceum Club in Melbourne with 50 fellow teachers present.
| 2.421875
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75782080
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism%20on%20social%20media
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Antisemitism on social media
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In November 2022, a study by The Counter Extremism Project (CEP) revealed that on TamTam there were thirteen antisemitic, extreme right-wing channels promoting neo-Nazi and violent content.
Responses
In extensive interviews conducted by Czymmek, three young German Jewish adults disclosed that experiencing an antisemitic social media post left them with a profound sense of "loss of control," "unawareness of what would happen next," and despair over "the silence of other users." One of the study's participants decided to keep his Jewish identity on social media anonymous. "This anonymity protects me very much, it keeps the hate at bay."
In the online space, CEO of CCDH Imran Ahmed said, there are no limits, and people become radicalized without any boundaries. "The online spaces then have an effect on offline spaces because these people have worsened," Ahmed said. "The failure of these companies is a cost that's paid in lives."
In response to years of increased antisemitic incidents and a significant spike in reports since the start of the Israel-Hamas conflict, several universities have decided to take action. The University of Michigan (U-M) and New York University (NYU) are creating new institutes dedicated to researching and preventing antisemitism. The Raoul Wallenberg Institute, named for the Swedish businessman and humanitarian who saved thousands of Jews during the Holocaust, is being established by the University of Michigan. New York University (NYU) establish the NYU Center for the Study of Antisemitism with the help of a seven-figure donation. Center is anticipated to open in Fall 2024.
| 2.125
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75782122
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthyl%20%28ion%29
|
Bismuthyl (ion)
|
The formation of bismuthyl was also considered to be a process that constantly occurs as a result of hydrolysis. Thus, bismuth nitrate, Bi(NO3)3 • 5H20, crystallizes from a solution resulting from the reaction of bismuth with nitric acid. It dissolves in a small amount of water acidified with nitric acid. However, when the solution is diluted with larger quantities of water, hydrolysis occurs and basic salts precipitate, the composition of which depends on the conditions. A salt of the composition BiONO3 is often formed.
Bismuthyl chloride (BiOCl) is readily soluble in hydrochloric acid. Moreover, this process, like nitrate, proceeds through a reversible reaction; a shift of the reaction to the left or right also occurs along the line of hydrolysis, depending on the relative amount of water and the (residual) hydrochloric acid present. Adding water to a slightly acidic solution of ВіСl immediately causes the appearance of a white precipitate of basic bismuth chloride, BiOCl. When hydrochloric acid is added, the precipitate dissolves again, but it immediately falls out when more water is added. All other bismuth compounds behave in aqueous solutions similarly to chloride.
In more detail, the ongoing hydrolysis reactions using bismuth chloride as an example are usually represented by the following reversible equations:
BiCl3 + H2O ↔ BiOHCl2 + HCl
BiOHCl2 + H2O ↔ Bi(OH)2Cl + HCl
The resulting dihydroxobismuth chloride is unstable and easily splits off a water molecule:
Bi(OH)2Cl = BiOCl + H2O
The output is a basic salt containing a bismuthyl cation ВiO+, i.e. ″bismuthyl″ chloride.
Bismuth nitrate is hydrolyzed in the same way, forming the main salt of the composition BiONO3. However, the reaction with it in an aqueous environment is much less successful and does not have such a clear result, since the resulting bismuthyl nitrate is much more soluble in water than its chloride.
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75782237
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai%20architecture
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Songhai architecture
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The thick walls provide insulation against heat, while strategically placed small windows contribute to interior cooling. Additionally, the palace encompasses a fortified royal cemetery. Noteworthy is the Dey Zarmakoye(the well of the Zarmakoye), an ancient well located in the women's courtyard.
Gao
Gao's architecture, including the tenth-century royal palace with stone construction and a stone-built citadel, highlights the city's historical grandeur. Excavations at Gao-Ancient and Gao Saney reveal structures made of rectangular mud bricks, pottery, metal objects, and glass beads. The royal palace's walls, 1.2 meters thick, employ a unique technique without arches, uncommon in West African architecture.
Gao Saney exhibits structures with rectangular mud bricks, featuring painted interiors and advanced architectural features like a bathroom with a drain pipe made of pebbles. Twin cities in Gao, confirmed through large stone buildings in Gao-Ancient, emphasize the city's architectural and urban complexity, including meticulous construction techniques with foundations made of banco.
Gao's architecture provides insights into cultural dynamics, trade routes, and religious influences, reflecting the city's historical landscape. The buildings and labor mobilization suggest a possible citadel or royal residence, aligning with historical sources from the tenth and eleventh centuries.
Tomb of Askia
The Tomb of Askia, a 17-meter pyramidal structure built by Askia Mohamed in 1495 in Gao, symbolizes the Songhai Empire's power and wealth from the 15th to 16th centuries. It exemplifies West African Sahel's monumental mud-building traditions, featuring two flat-roofed mosque buildings, the mosque cemetery, and an open-air assembly ground. Constructed when Gao became the capital of the Songhai Empire, after Askia Mohamed's return from Mecca.
Timbuktu
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75782670
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencho%20Glacier
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Tencho Glacier
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Tencho Glacier is a mountain glacier in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is located inside Mount Edziza Provincial Park on the Tahltan Highland, an upland area of the Stikine Plateau. Tencho Glacier is the source of several small streams that flow from the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.
Etymology
The name of the glacier was suggested by the Geological Survey of Canada on November 15, 1979, and eventually became official on November 24, 1980. Tencho is derived from the Tahltan words ten and cho, which mean ice and big or great respectively. This glacier is so-named because it is the largest glacier of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.
Geography
Tencho Glacier originates from Ice Peak and Tennena Cone on the southern flank of Mount Edziza. Its southern terminus is surrounded by Kaia Bluff in the southeast, Coffee Crater in the south and Cocoa Crater in the southwest. Unnamed tributaries of Taweh Creek originate from the southwestern side of Tencho Glacier between Cocoa Crater and Coffee Crater. Shaman Creek originates from the southern end of Tencho Glacier whereas the eastern side of Tencho Glacier is drained by unnamed tributaries of Tennaya Creek. Several unnamed tributaries of Sezill Creek originate from the western side of Tencho Glacier by Tennena Cone.
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78858582
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pied%20Piper%20of%20Hamelin%20%282011%20novel%29
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The Pied Piper of Hamelin (2011 novel)
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So the mayor and the townspeople implement an ambitious plan where they reform the education system by constructing a school and playground for the poor and needy, they create a fair housing market so no one is left homeless, they clean up all the garbage and trash that formerly littered the streets, and reform health care to make sure it is available for everyone, regardless of their social status. When the Pied Piper sees that his conditions have been satisfied, the children are returned to a better place to live for all.
Background
Morpurgo said he decided to retell the story because no one was reading it anymore, parents and teachers quit reading it "because it's this very strange and sinister story about a man in strange clothes taking children away from their parents". So his goal was to make the narrative relevant in today's modern world, without "dumbing it down", while also keeping intact the "darkness" surrounding the story with the infestation of the rats.
Pied Piper of Hamelin
The Pied Piper of Hamelin, also known as the Pan Piper or the Rat-Catcher of Hamelin, is the title character of a legend from the town of Hamelin, Germany. The legend dates back to the Middle Ages. The earliest references describe a piper, dressed in multicoloured pied clothing, who was a rat catcher hired by the town to lure rats away with his magic pipe. When the citizens refused to pay for this service as promised, he retaliated by using his instrument's magical power on their children, leading them away as he had the rats.
Reception
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78858854
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saluva%20Mangu
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Saluva Mangu
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Second Campaign In Tondaimandalam
After completing his campaign in the Tamil country in 1352, Kumara Kampana returned to Mulbagal, his seat of Viceroyalty, where he remained between 1353 and 1359. This is supported by the absence of his inscriptions in the Tamil region during this period and a reference in the Madhura Vijayam, which states that Kumara Kampana spent time with his father, received counsel, and then stayed at Mulbagal, awaiting the right moment to act. During this time, Savanna Udaiyar, acting as the overlord of Tondaimandalam, closely monitored developments in the region. It was likely Savanna who communicated the news of Rajanarayana’s death and the subsequent political unrest in the Tamil country to Kumara Kampana.
The exact date of Kampana's campaign against the Sambuvaraya dynasty is uncertain, but it likely commenced shortly after the death of Rajanarayana around 1362. Kumara Kampana led a formidable army comprising over a hundred war elephants, swift cavalry, and well-equipped infantry. Entrusting Maraya Nayaka with command, Kampana departed from the Vijayanagar capital and, within five or six days, reached Kantakanana (Mulbagal). There, he paused briefly to plan his next move before advancing into Sambuvaraya territory.
Marching in stages, Kampana first halted at Virinchipuram to strategize before launching a decisive attack on the Sambuvaraya capital, Kanchi. The Vijayanagar forces laid siege to the city, engaging in a fierce battle with the Sambuvaraya army, referred to as the "Dramila" forces. The superior strength and strategy of the Vijayanagar army overwhelmed their opponents, forcing many Tamil soldiers to abandon their weapons and flee. The Sambuvaraya ruler, unable to withstand the onslaught, retreated to his stronghold at Padaiveedu. Kampana’s forces occupied Kanchi and paused there to regroup and prepare for their final assault on the Sambuvaraya fortress.
| 2.203125
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78859485
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage%20in%20the%20United%20Arab%20Emirates
|
Marriage in the United Arab Emirates
|
Marriage in the United Arab Emirates is governed by a combination of Islamic principles, local traditions, and legal regulations. Islamic marriages within the country are conducted according to Sharia law, where the groom and bride are both Muslims, or the bride is from 'Ahl Al-Kitaab', typically referring to Christianity or Judaism. Non-Muslim residents and visitors can marry through the UAE Personal Laws for non-Muslims or their respective religious or national laws.
History
Though women across the Middle East typically married as a teenager or in their early 20s, early marriage declined sharply in the 20th century, particularly in the UAE. The percentage of women aged 15 to 19 who were married dropped from 57% in 1975 to 8% in 1995. In 2005, the average age of marriage for women with secondary or higher education was 27, while the average age for women with no education was 18. The same year, a report detailing attitudes towards marriage from mothers and their daughters found vast differences, with daughters reporting a desire to marry later in life, and to select their own husbands.
| 2.546875
| 0
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78859526
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20Essay%20on%20Humanity%20to%20Animals
|
An Essay on Humanity to Animals
|
The Monthly Mirror praised the book for its compelling arguments against animal cruelty, recommending it to those involved in activities like horse racing and cockfighting. The review highlighted its engaging style, zoological examples, and emphasis on animals' capacity for suffering.
The British Critic praised the work's benevolence and moral arguments, though noted occasional over-refinement. It recommended the work for those overseeing children's education due to its potential positive influence. The review supported its criticism of practices like bird-netting, hunting, and cockfighting, and praised its introductory Ode to Humanity as elegant and fitting.
Legacy
In his 1892 work Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress, Henry S. Salt listed An Essay on Humanity to Animals in the bibliography on animal rights. Benjamin Bryan included a quotation from Young's book on animal rights in his 1895 book Anti-Vivisection Evidences. Additionally, it was listed in the bibliography of Edward Payson Evans' 1898 book Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology.
According to animal rights historian Rod Preece, John Styles's essay, The Animal Creation: Its Claims on Our Humanity Stated and Enforced, appears to have borrowed extensively from Young's earlier writings, potentially amounting to plagiarism. In "The Status of Animals in Biblical and Christian Thought", Preece compared Young to contemporary church animal welfare proponents Richard Dean and Humphrey Primatt.
In 2013, the American Philosophical Society Library featured Young's work in a web exhibit showcasing historical texts on animal studies, ranging from natural history to modern animal rights.
Benjamin Curtis describes An Essay on Humanity to Animals as the first known work to provide detailed accounts of the cruelty inflicted on animals by humans, distinguishing it as a significant milestone in the development of animal rights literature.
| 2.78125
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78859547
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dush%2C%20Egypt
|
Dush, Egypt
|
Treasure of Dush
A French archaeological team from Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale or (IFAO) have been excavating at Dush since 1976. In 1989, they discovered the "Dush or (Douch) Treasure" which consisted of several sets "of magnificent gold necklaces, crowns and coins dating back to the second century" in one of the magazine complexes at Dush. Nearby, the treasure had been concealed in pottery jars and covered by masonry. In 2005, Zahi Hawass, Egypt's former Minister of Tourism and Antiquities announced that: "These golden treasures [from Dush] will be the first of many other exhibits in the Egyptian Museum that will be 'excavated' from its [the Museum's] corridors and halls and put on display with various educational tools explaining their significance" as part of the 'The Golden Jewelry of Dush' display. The Dush or Douch treasure reportedly:
"....consists of a gold Diadem, two bracelets and a necklace of 187 gold plates...[and was]...compressed into a large case hidden in the wall of a Roman fort, not far from a temple dedicated to Serapis and Isis. It weighs 363 grams and was discovered in the Kharga Oasis, Egypt...and dates from the 2nd Century AD [in the Roman period of Egypt]. The diadem is decorated with vine leaves and branches within a temple facade, his right hand is on the head of the god Harpocrates. Busts of the god Isis are surmounting the two columns and coming out of the two rosettes ending the decoration on both sides. The same vine leaves and branches are seen around an agate stone "orange" on the bracelet, and a piece of glass paste "green" on the other side.
| 2.6875
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78859560
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney%20Toy
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Sidney Toy
|
Sidney Toy (1875–1967) was a British architect and architectural historian.
Life
Toy was born on 15 February 1875 in Redruth in Cornwall. Toy became a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1924. While travelling in the Middle East, Toy met teacher and militant suffragette Violet Mary Doudney and they married in Leicester in 1929. Doudney had been imprisoned in 1912 for smashing the window of the Home Secretary. In 2018, the Toy's eldest son, John. recalled "My father was a typical Victorian man and wasn't in favour of women having the vote. He asked [Violet Mary Doudney] not to talk about [her imprisonment] and she didn't tell us until the day the Second World War broke out."
In 1939, Toy published Castles through Heinemann; it was one of the major works on castles in the 1920s and 1930s. He wrote the entry on castles for the Encyclopædia Britannica, published in 1959. As an architectural historian, Toy specialised in military architecture and his work continues to inform research into the 21st century.
Selected publications
Castles (1939)
Castles of Great Britain (1953)
A History of Fortification from 3000 BC to 1700 AD (1955)
Strongholds of India (1958)
Fortified Cities of India (1965)
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78859633
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strambinello%20Castle
|
Strambinello Castle
|
Strambinello Castle () is a castle located in Strambinello, Piedmont, Italy.
History
The castle, built in a strategic position as an outpost in relation to other castles of the Pedanea, is documented from the 12th century. Originally a quadrangular medieval fortress with corner towers, it passed from the Counts of San Martino to the Counts of Castellamonte in 1310. In 1387, during the Tuchini revolt, it was besieged and destroyed, along with other castles in the area. Rebuilt in the following centuries, it still retains clear traces of its medieval structure.
In the 17th century, the castle underwent extensive transformations in line with the tastes of the time. The main halls were adorned with large fireplaces topped with noble coats of arms, and a room was dedicated on the main floor to Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy. At the end of the 17th century, the castle passed through marriage from the Counts of Castellamonte to the Counts of Bersano, and in the 18th century, it came into the possession of the Counts of Barone.
In the 19th century, the castle was divided among various bourgeois families, who used it as a farmhouse, storage, cellars, and stables, leading to its gradual deterioration. Since the 1980s, the castle, then in ruins, has been restored and converted into a hotel.
| 1.9375
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78860352
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont-Libre%20Agile%20Learning%20Centre
|
Mont-Libre Agile Learning Centre
|
Mont-Libre Agile Learning Centre (Mont-Libre) is an independent inclusive multi-age bilingual democratic learning centre servicing children who are registered for homeschooling in Quebec, Canada. Mont-Libre Agile Learning Centre is part of the alternative education movement and is the first democratic learning centre to be established in the province of Quebec. Mont-Libre is located in the borough of La Petite Patrie, Montreal. The centre was founded in response to the desperate need for a space to support children and their families who do not fit in the traditional school system. The founders of Mont-Libre, Marc-Alexandre Prud'homme and others, also founded the Quebec Network of Democratic Schools (RÉDAQ).
Philosophy and educational structure
Mont-Libre prioritises self-directed learning, non-violent communication, transformative justice, democratic decision-making processes, a love of learning and community involvement.
Mont-Libre decision-making processes are organised via democratic assemblies held every week. Mont-Libre community members are free to explore their own interests as long as their interests do not encroach negatively on others.
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78860761
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bep%20Bijtelaar
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Bep Bijtelaar
|
Barendina Maria (Bep, Betty or Betsy) Bijtelaar (23 December 1898 – 24 October 1978) was a Dutch archivist and artist. She was instrumental in recording old images and saving artifacts in Amsterdam, Netherlands, when occupying Nazi forces threatened their destruction during World War II.
Biography
Bep Bijtelaar was the daughter of the tobacco merchant Cornelis Bijtelaar and Hendrika Willemina Wolff. She was taught at the "School with the Bible for Sloten and Overtoom" at 13 Eerste Schinkelstraat in the present-day Amsterdam district of De Baarsjes. She then learned typing and bookkeeping to qualify for an office job. With the money she earned there, she financed drawing and painting lessons with Gerrit Willem Knap. That was followed with another art course at the school of the Mathesis Scientiarum Genitrix society in Leiden, South Holland.
Career
1934 – 1950
In 1934, after the death of her mother in 1934, Bijtelaar began what would become her first masterpiece: drawing copies of all the gravestones in the Oude Kerk (Old Church) and trying to identify the people buried there ("the stone literature of ecclesiastical building history" as she called it). Her interest had been sparked while taking walks with her father along monuments in Amsterdam.
Another of Bijtelaar's works was mapping and drawing all the bronze bells in Amsterdam after city officials, who were aligned with the occupying forces of Nazi Germany, wanted to remove them during World War II. Working closely with Jan Belonje, she was instrumental in saving all eleven bells requisitioned in Amsterdam by inventing a story that the entire Calvinist church would probably have to be demolished to remove its bells. In 1947, her self-illustrated book De zingende torens van Amsterdam (The singing towers of Amsterdam) about her research was published.
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78861004
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese%20intervention%20in%20Hormuz%20%281514%E2%80%931515%29
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Portuguese intervention in Hormuz (1514–1515)
|
The Portuguese intervention in Hormuz (1514–1515) took place amidst a power struggle within the Kingdom of Hormuz. After the poisoning of King Saif-ud-Din in 1512, Hormuz was divided between Turan Shah and Rais Ahmad, who held control with the support of Ismail I of Persia. The Portuguese, led by Afonso de Albuquerque, intervened, eventually assassinating Rais Ahmad and establishing Portuguese control over Hormuz.
Background
In the early 1500s, Hormuz was under the rule of King Saif-ud-Din. However, King Saif-ud-Din was poisoned in 1512 by Rais Nur-ud-Din, who then installed the young Turan Shah as the new king. But Turan Shah's rule was short, as Rais Ahmad, the son of Rais Nur-ud-Din, deposed his uncle and took control of the kingdom, with the backing of Ismail Shah of Persia.
Conflict
In response to the growing influence of the Safavids in Hormuz, Afonso de Albuquerque sent his nephew, Pêro de Albuquerque, to the island in 1514. Pêro's mission was to collect overdue tribute, explore the political landscape, and reinforce Portuguese control. However, his mission did not achieve its objectives.
On February 21, 1515, Afonso de Albuquerque personally sailed to Hormuz with a fleet of 27 ships and 3,000 men. Upon arrival, Albuquerque found the city fortified but politically divided. King Turan Shah and Rais Nur-ud-Din sought Portuguese help to remove Rais Ahmad, believing that Portugal was only interested in trade and tribute.
On April 1, 1515, Albuquerque landed his forces with Turan Shah's consent. Using the alliance with Turan Shah, Albuquerque organized the assassination of Rais Ahmad during a council meeting. This neutralized opposition and terrified Turan Shah, who then became the king, but as a Portuguese vassal.
Aftermath
To solidify their control, the Portuguese began constructing a fort in Hormuz on May 3, 1515. The campaign, however, was taxing on Portuguese troops due to the intense heat and diseases.
| 2.578125
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78861350
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawkia%20of%20Egypt
|
Fawkia of Egypt
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Fawkia of Egypt (; 6 October 1897 – 9 February 1974) was an Egyptian princess who became Countess of Adix-Dellmensingen through her marriage to Count Wladimir of Adix-Dellmensingen.
Early life
Princess Fawkia was born on 6 October 1897 at the Saffron Palace in Cairo, Egypt. She was the only daughter of prince Ahmed Fuad and princess Shivakiar. Her elder brother had died in July that year. Her parents divorced in 1898 and Fawkia was left in the care of her father. She had five half-siblings from her father's side and six half-siblings on her mother's side. She acquired the title of Her Sultanic Highness on 11 October 1917. When her father became king of Egypt in 1922, Fawkia became a royal princess with the style of Her Royal Highness.
Marriage
Fawkia married the Egyptian diplomat Mahmoud Fakhry Pasha at the Bustan Palace in Cairo on 13 May 1919. The couple settled in a Rococo palace in Dokki. They had one child, Ahmed Fakhry Bey, who married Gloria Guinness. After her husband was appointed as the Egyptian ambassador of France, They moved to Paris.
In the French capital, she met Count Wladimir of Adix-Dellmensingen, a captain in the Russian Imperial Army infantry. After her divorce, she married Wladimir in 1938 in Paris. The Count converted to Islam, taking the name Farouk bin Abdullah.
Later life
After the Egyptian Revolution, Fawkia settled permanently in Switzerland, where she lived practically secluded in the Dolder Hotel. Her last public appearance was at the funeral of King Farouk in 1965, in Rome.
She died at the Dolder Hotel on 8 February 1974 at the age of 76. Her second husband had died the previous year.
Legacy
Princess Fawkia Secondary School, named in her honor, was built in Cairo in 1931. It was later renamed to Orman Secondary School for Girls. The Ophthalmology Hospital, which was established by the Health Authority in Rawd al-Farag, in Cairo, was named after Fawkia.
Honours
: Decoration of al-Kamal in brilliants (30 February 1930)
| 2.625
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78861745
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Brock
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André Brock
|
André Brock Jr. is an American scholar focusing on Black digital practices and online experiences, including Black Twitter. He is an associate professor of media studies at Georgia Tech.
Career
Brock earned a bachelor's degree from City College of New York, a Master's degree in English rhetoric from Carnegie Mellon University, and a Ph.D. in library and information science from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
Brock was an assistant professor of information science at the University of Iowa from 2007–2013. From 2013–2018 he taught as an assistant professor at the University of Michigan. In 2018, he became an associate professor of media studies at Georgia Tech. In 2021, he founded the Project on Rhetoric of Equity, Access, Computation, and Humanities (PREACH) Lab at Georgia Tech with a grant from the University of Michigan.
As a race and digital culture scholar, Brock's research has focused particularly on African Americans' use of new media like Twitter. He is an expert on Black Twitter, which has been a focus of his studies since 2012. In an interview for Jason Parham's 2021 Wired series "A People's History of Black Twitter", Brock said of Black Twitter: "Many immigrant communities have a form of signifying. But for some reason, the way Black folk do it on Twitter has really taken off and has really become definitive of what internet culture is." In 2024, he was one of the primary experts for the Hulu docuseries that grew out of the Wired series, titled Black Twitter: A People's History.
| 2.328125
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78862411
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naucrates%20%28rhetorician%29
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Naucrates (rhetorician)
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Naucrates () also known as Naucrates of Erythrae and Naucrates Erythraeus (Ἐρυθραίος Ναυκρατίτης) was a Greek rhetorician from Erythrae and Isocrates' disciple.
He is mentioned as one of the orators who competed (352 BC) for Artemisia's award for the best funeral oration delivered over Mausolus. He wrote on rhetoric. Cicero's incidental note of his writings suggests that he participated in and defended his master's technical improvement. Quintilian used the phrase στάσις in one of his treatises to describe the status or quaestio of a case in its most general aspect, and some considered him the creator of the term. As Isocrates created models for judicial and political orations, Naucrates provided templates (none of which survive) for funeral orations honouring public figures.
Eustathius mentions a commentary on Homer by Naucrates twice, who may be connected with the rhetorician by the name Sophista that he uses for him. However, Stephanus Byzantinus only mentions the commentator in relation to the commentary, raising the possibility of two people with the same name.
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78862713
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Poetry%20Business
|
The Poetry Business
|
Activities
The Poetry Business have often participated in local and national events, such as festivals, where their poets have performed their work. In July and August 2024, they organised several online workshops with such poets as Schmidt, who was then 77 years old, Jonathan Edwards and David Constantine. They recently worked with the poet Sarah Wimbush and the National Coal Mining Museum for England, to produce an anthology of poetry to mark the 40th anniversary of the Miners' Strike. The COAL Anthology, noted as "a moving and impactful tribute to the resilience and spirit of our mining communities", includes work from poets Simon Armitage, Liz Berry, Helen Mort, and newer voices. In 2012, paying tribute to steel city, the Press published The Sheffield Anthology: Poems from the City Imagined, which included work from Duffy, Armitage, Mort, Roger McGough, Ian McMillan, and more. In 2021, they announced a call for submissions for two poetry collections "to be edited by [the then] Apprentice Editor-in-Residence Gboyega Odubanjo as part of their 'Apart Together' 2021 project." The two collections published as a result were Helen Seymour's The Underlook, and Sarah Barnsley's The Thoughts.
Since 2021, they've gone on to work with The Writing Squad on a series of digital residencies. The first Poet In Residence, hosted throughout February, was Helen Bowell. The press have often worked with the former and the current poet laureates Carol Ann Duffy and Simon Armitage, who were both first published by them, with Armitage's pamphlet Human Geography also being the press's first. In 2016, a Guardian article mentioned the press among some "of the best poetry publishing" in the UK.
Competitions
The Poetry Business run several annual literary competitions, including the International Book & Pamphlet Competition, and the New Poets Prize.
| 2.25
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78862889
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Reid%20Murray
|
Elizabeth Reid Murray
|
Architecture (1788–2003): Includes information on general architectural topics, architects, builders, plans, reports, studies, and architectural publications. It also covers structures in Wake County, both generally and individually.
Historic Preservation (1792–2006): Focuses on historic preservation efforts, related publications, organizations, and historic tours, particularly those in and around Wake County.
Housing Developments and Neighborhoods (1792–2007): Contains information on housing and developments in Wake County, including developers, realtors, and specific neighborhoods and housing projects.
Agriculture and Environment
This archive encompasses topics such as agricultural practices, legislation, and industries in North Carolina, including farming, livestock, tobacco, cotton, dairy, cooperative marketing, gardening, recycling, watersheds, and bodies of water, reflecting the region's agricultural and environmental history. The documents span from 1800 to 2004, with the majority of the materials dating from the 1860s to the 1990s. These documents provide valuable insights into the agricultural practices and environmental history of Wake County, supporting Murray’s broader efforts to chronicle the county's historical development.
Volunteering and community engagement
Elizabeth Reid Murray was deeply involved in numerous volunteer efforts throughout her life, contributing to the preservation of history, education, and the arts. Her extensive volunteer work included service with the following organizations:
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78863558
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation75
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Liberation75
|
In 2020, with the goal helping students "to connect those dots between what they’ve been learning all year [about the Holocaust] to what’s happening in their communities right now,” Liberation75 partnered with nonprofit, USC Shoah Foundation, to host an educational virtual broadcast to approximately 1,500 students in 22 countries, titled, "Stories are Stronger than Hate: A Call to Action," during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The broadcast was hosted by Dr. Stephen D. Smith, Canadian director/actor, Mike Myers, with former NHL Hockey player Akim Aliu, and Toronto Holocaust educator, survivor, and Order of Canada Appointee, Pinchas Gutter OC, sharing his personal story and experiences witnessing the Holocaust (Madjanek, Buchenwald, and Theresienstadt).
“I have an obligation to speak out against racism and institutionalized hatred and that’s why I’m here...Now more than ever, it’s important to hear from survivors and witnesses of genocide, who know firsthand what can happen when hate goes unchecked. We all must remember and learn from history and do better for future generations,” remarked Mike Myers. Founder of Liberation75, Marilyn Sinclair stated that when these personal accounts of Holocaust are shared, students can draw parallels from their own lives, creating fellowship and awareness.
| 2.375
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78863568
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens%20of%20Castle%20Howard
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Gardens of Castle Howard
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There are numerous historic statues on the parterre. At its southern edge are two grade I-listed statues: one of wrestlers, and one of Spinario, a boy seated and removing a thorn from his foot. Each is on a pedestal of sandstone, about high, which was designed by Hawksmoor. It has a central rectangular pier on which is a drum pedestal, flanked by rectangular buttresses with raised panels, each carrying an urn with festoons and a finial on a shaped base. It has a moulded base and cornices and carries a statue of wrestlers.
About 90 metres south of the Atlas Fountain are a pair of statues. One depicts Apollo Belvedere and is a copy of a statue by Leochares in the Vatican Museums in Rome. It is grade II* listed, made of lead and was designed by John Cheere. The other is grade II listed and depicts a dancing faun with cymbals. The sandstone pedestal is about high, with a square three-course base, and a drum pedestal with a moulded base and cornice, and festoons.
To the east, northeast, east-northeast and west of the Atlas Fountain are four grade II-listed vases, each about high. The pedestals are on two steps, have a moulded base and cornice, and contain blind fielded panels. The sandstone vases are ovoid on a fluted base, and have lipped rims carrying vine scrolls.
Northeast and northwest of the fountain are also a pair of kylixes, and a pair of plant containers, all listed. The kylixes are in sandstone, and about high. They are on pedestals with one step, a moulded base, sunken panels with waterleaf borders, a quadripartite acanthus motif in the centre, and a bead and ovolo frieze with an egg-and-dart moulded cornice. These are surmounted by fluted kylixes with a lipped rim. The plant containers are made of limestone and have oval plans. Two steps lead up to a concave gadrooned base with beaded moulding. On this is a convex gadrooned plant container decorated with acanthus leaves.
| 2.0625
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78863568
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens%20of%20Castle%20Howard
|
Gardens of Castle Howard
|
To the northwest of the parterre is a grade II*-listed statue of a faun carrying a kid on his shoulders propped by an iron bar under the right arm. It is a copy of a statue in the Prado Museum, Madrid. The statue is in lead, dating probably from 1723, and by Andrew Carpenter. The pedestal is in sandstone, and has festoons in relief hanging from four consoles at the level of a moulded frieze.
To the northeast of the parterre is a grade II*-listed statue of Silenus leaning on a tree trunk and holding the child Bacchus in his arms. It is a copy of a statue in the Louvre, Paris. The pedestal in the grounds of Castle Howard is in sandstone, and is high. It has a square base and a drum pedestal with a moulded base and cornice, and festoons. The statue is in lead and dates from the mid-18th century.
In a small wooded area immediately to the west of the parterre is a statue of a figure in loose drapes holding a lyre. It is grade II*-listed, carved out of sandstone, and about high. The pedestal is pyramidal, and carved to suggest a craggy mountain with trees, ruins and a stream, and on it is a plaque inscribed with a poem.
| 1.984375
| 0
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78864487
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20One%20Percenter
|
Operation One Percenter
|
Operation One Percenter was a nationwide federal investigation into organized crime activity by outlaw motorcycle gangs conducted by the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). The investigation resulted in the arrests of 68 members and associates of 18 different biker gangs in 18 U.S. states.
Background
Amidst growing membership and increasingly sophisticated criminal activity, federal law enforcement agencies within the United States Department of Justice began classifying outlaw motorcycle gangs as "non-traditional organized crime" beginning in 1981, identifying four of the gangs—the Hells Angels, the Outlaws, the Pagan's and the Bandidos—as the largest and most powerful. According to federal law enforcement, biker gangs dominated the trade of manufactured drugs such as methamphetamine and PCP, and were also involved in contract killing, extortion, prostitution, firearms trafficking, car theft and witness intimidation, often in collusion with traditional organized crime families. At the time, there were an estimated 600 to 800 motorcycle gangs in the U.S.
| 2.078125
| 0
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78864619
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20W.%20Saunders
|
George W. Saunders
|
George Washington Saunders (February 12, 1854 – July 3, 1933) was an American cattleman.
Biography
Saunders was born on February 12, 1854, in Rancho, Texas, the sixth of eleven children. His father Thomas has moved to Texas from Fayetteville, North Carolina, in 1850, and his mother was Elizabeth Emily Bailey (née Harper). He grew up on a ranch, and was gifted ten cattle for his tenth birthday. He attended Concrete College.
Saunders first drove cattle to Kansas in 1871, later droving to the Texas Gulf Coast, New Orleans and Mexico. On July 15, 1874, he married Rachel Reeves. They had two daughters and a son who died during infancy. By 1880, they moved to San Antonio for Rachel's medical care, later dying on February 8, 1883. During that time, Saunders ran a hack business. After running a drove of horses north, he returned to San Antonio in 1886, to work with livestock as an apprentice to Dillard Rucker Fant. On January 1, 1889, he married Ida Friedrich, having one daughter. By 1910, he started his own livestock company, which made him $5,000,000 (~33,000,000 in 2025) per year. The company dissolved in 1958. He also owned four ranches and a 700-acre farm.
Saunders was an founding member of the Trail Drivers Association, serving from February 15, 1915, to 1917, when he was elected president. He was also a member of the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association. He died on July 3, 1933, aged 79, in San Antonio, following a myocardial infarction.
| 2.140625
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78865563
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenocereus%20humilis
|
Stenocereus humilis
|
Stenocereus humilis is a species of cactus in the genus Stenocereus, endemic to Mexico.
Description
Stenocereus humilis is a shrub characterized by irregularly branched shoots, often forming dense thickets. The shoots are weak and dark green, measuring between 1 and 4 meters in length and reaching a diameter of up to 4 centimeters. They have three to six interrupted ribs, with woolly areoles located in their notches. The plant features five to eight needle-like spines that start off brown and later turn whitish, measuring 1 to 2 centimeters in length.
The flowers of Stenocereus humilis are funnel-shaped, greenish-white, and can grow up to 6 centimeters in length. The spherical fruits are heavily spined and can reach up to 4 centimeters in length.
Distribution
This species is commonly found in the Cauca department of Colombia, particularly in the valley of the Río Dagua at altitudes between 700 and 1,000 meters.
Taxonomy
Originally described as Lemaireocereus humilis in 1920 by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose, the name "humilis" is derived from Latin, meaning "low." In 2002, David Richard Hunt reclassified the species into the genus Stenocereus.
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| 0
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78865876
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Carbon%20Removers
|
The Carbon Removers
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The Carbon Removers, formerly known as Carbon Capture Scotland, is a Scottish company specializing in engineered biogenic carbon dioxide () removal. Co-founded by brothers Richard and Ed Nimmons, the company has grown from its origins in dry ice production to become a provider of carbon removal credits and permanent storage solutions.
History
The Carbon Removers founded in 2012 as Dry Ice Scotland (CCS) in Perthshire, focusing on capturing emissions to produce dry ice for industries like pharmaceuticals, food storage, and cleaning. In 2021, with investment from Nash Business Capital, operations were expanded, and the company relocated to Dumfries.
In 2022, the company rebranded as Carbon Capture Scotland to reflect its shift toward carbon removal. This included capturing biogenic emissions and using them for industrial purposes or permanently sequestering them underground. In 2024, it became The Carbon Removers, reflecting its growing international presence and focus on scalable engineered removals.
Projects
Dry ice production
The company operates one of the UK's largest renewable -based dry ice manufacturing facilities, producing over 10,000 tons of dry ice annually and contributing to the resilience of the UK's supply chain.
Carbon removal in the UK
The Carbon Removers is active in carbon removal operations across the UK. The company captures biogenic emissions from industries such as whisky distillation and biogas plants, repurposing the for industrial uses or permanently storing it with its mineralisation partners or storing it underground in disused oil and gas fields where available. Key customers and partners include airlines, major banks and software companies.
Scandinavian expansion
In 2024, the company launched its Scandinavian expansion, marking its entry into the European carbon removal market. A key achievement was securing a contract with the Danish government to provide biogenic carbon removal credits as part of Denmark’s fund for negative emissions (NECCS fund).
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78866296
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djelal%20ed-Din%20Korkmasov
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Djelal ed-Din Korkmasov
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Djelal ed-Din Aselder oğlu Korkmasov was born on 1 October 1877 in the village of , in the Dagestan Oblast of the Russian Empire to a family of Kumyk nobles (). His maternal grandfather had been a murid to anti-colonial uprising leader Imam Shamil, while his paternal grandfather fought under Shamil's Caucasian Imamate, being sent into internal exile and executed after the failure of the uprising. His father, Aselder-Hajji, was an officer in His Imperial Majesty's Own Escort and an employee of the colonial bureaucracy in Dagestan Oblast. He later left the bureaucracy due to his opposition to Russian rule and became a housekeeper.
Korkmasov studied at the , graduating with honours. While studying, he began writing, sending some completed works to a literary magazine for students and literary critic Nikolay Mikhaylovsky. Korkmasov began studying at the natural sciences faculty of Imperial Moscow University, but left after a year to enter the University of Paris, where he also studied at the natural sciences faculty. Korkmasov was the first individual from Dagestan to study at the University of Paris. He also graduated from the École pratique des hautes études and the , a Paris-based university founded by Russian Maksim Kovalevsky. From 1903 to 1906, Korkmasov was a lawyer in the capital of Dagestan, Temir-Khan-Shura (now Buynaksk).
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78866296
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djelal%20ed-Din%20Korkmasov
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Djelal ed-Din Korkmasov
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Korkmasov's first major issue as leader of Dagestan was the Khasavyurt District, which had been separated from Dagestan and placed under the Terek Oblast following the Caucasian War. He began negotiating with the and Sergo Ordzhonikidze, with the latter serving in his capacity as Red Army's Caucasian Front. As a result of the negotiations, Korkmasov obtained a victory, with the Khasavyurt District being annexed into Dagestan as the republic's tenth district on 11 April 1920. This was followed by the Karanogai District (today known as the Nogai District) on 16 November 1922 and the Kizylyar otdel on 4 November 1923, as a result of which the size of Dagestan was more than doubled.
Korkmasov also involved himself in the strengthening of Dagestan's local agricultural and industrial capabilities during his rule. Of particular interest to the largely-agrarian Dagestani society was irrigation and new canals, leading to the development of the . Construction began on 5 October 1921 with Korkmasov addressing a meeting of workers in Temir-Khan-Shura, in which he called upon all able-bodied citizens to join in the canal's construction. M. A. Abullayev has written that Korkmasov's speeches in support of the canal bred an "enthusiasm for collective labour unprecedented in the conditions of Dagestan," as well as a strong level of trust in and support for the Dagestani republican government. 15,000 people attended the October Revolution Canal's opening ceremony on 2 August 1923, including representatives from the other North Caucasian republics and metropolitan Russia.
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78866557
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRI%20Matjan%20Tutul
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KRI Matjan Tutul
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The Indonesian government then planned to acquire the MK 3 torpedoes from the United Kingdom. However, due to the United Kingdom's alliance with the Netherlands, which was opposed to Indonesia's independence, they refused to sell the torpedoes to Indonesia. As a result, Indonesia then ordered torpedoes from the Soviet Union. However, when Operation Trikora was declared, the weaponry had not yet arrived in Indonesia. Despite this, the Jaguar-class torpedo boats, including Matjan Tutul, were still prepared and deployed for infiltration missions.
Battle and sinking
The Battle of Arafura Sea on 15 January 1962 occurred when two Dutch destroyers, along with Neptune and Firefly aircraft, attacked the Indonesian Navy's KRI Macan Tutul, KRI Matjan Kumbang, and KRI Harimau. The Indonesian fleet, led by Commodore Yos Sudarso aboard Matjan Tutul, maneuvered to divert the enemy's attention. As a result, the Dutch forces focused their attack on Matjan Tutul. Soon after, the assault caused Matjan Tutul to sink. At least three sailors died among whom was Commodore Sudarso, while the other two Indonesian vessels managed to escape undamaged.
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78866941
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo%20Biener
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Adolfo Biener
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Adolfo Amandus Wilhelm Charles Biener; (also Adolpho) September 30, 1873 - November 14, 1939, was a German born photographer and post card publisher.
Life
His father was Johann August Detlev Biener and his mother was Johanna Sophie Marie Noha. In 1899 he married German born Luisa Adela Mina Kraft in Guatemala. He was working in Guatemala from around 1915 until 1930's. He also did work in Mexico. He produced color cards and photographs especially in the 1920s. He hand-colored a master copy using an underdeveloped black and white image. He then printed the colored photograph. His work has been said to be very similar in subject and style to Alberto Valdeveallano. Many photos depicts archaeological sites, earthquakes and portraits. He offered photo processing and photographic equipment and supplies from Germany but also from the United States. He also published tourist booklets with postcards. Those contained 12 postcards that could be detached and mailed. In 1933 he travelled to New York with his son Paul and he died in 1939 in Hamburg.
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78867316
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy%20Radcliffe%20Beresford
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Daisy Radcliffe Beresford
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Daisy Radcliffe Beresford (, c. 1879–10 November 1939) was a British painter and decorative artist who was known for her portraits, landscapes and interiors.
Life
Beresford was born in 1879 in Dalston, London. She married the painter Frank Beresford (1881–1967) in 1910 and they had two daughters. Their daughters both followed their parents into careers in art.
Beresford was educated at the Heatherley School of Fine Art and at the Royal Academy Schools, where she won 3 silver and 2 bronze medals. She obtained the Art Class Teacher's Certificate at the age of 13 and her Art Mistress' Certificate at age 16.
Beresford was a member of the New Society of Artists, from its formation in 1921. She showed 12 paintings at the Royal Academy and one at the Society of Women Artists Exhibitors.
Some of her works are held in the collections of the Chris Beetles Gallery, Musée d'Orsay and Victoria and Albert Museum, whilst other pieces are on display at municipal institutions such as the Guildhall Art Gallery and Tenterden Town Hall, Kent.
She died in 1939.
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78867406
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Howell%20%28merchant%29
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Thomas Howell (merchant)
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Howell was primarily a cloth merchant, dealing in woollen broadcloth, which was the mainstay of England's export trade. He bought finished and unfinished broadcloth from the west country, Suffolk and Essex, which he often had dyed and finished in London before exporting it. From the sale of this cloth in Spain, Howell purchased wine, iron, woad dye, alum, olive oil and soap for sale in England.
From 1522-26, Howell lived in Seville, arriving back in England on 10 September 1526. On his return he was appointed junior warden of the Drapers' Company in 1527.
In 1528, Howell travelled to Seville to resume his business there. His wife, Joanne, died in London in 1529 and Howell decided to stay in Seville, where he had substantial business interests. From Andalusia he was able to trade with London but also into the Mediterranean, to the Canaries and to Santo Domingo in Hispaniola. By the 1530s Howell was very rich. The 1534 Lay Subsidy tax roll assessed him as the sixth richest tax payer in London and the wealthiest Draper, with a total capitalised wealth of £3,107. At this time an English labourer earned about £5 per year. The Subsidy Roll, moreover, 'undoubtedly...understated real wealth' since it was based on individuals own assessment of their taxable wealth.
By 1536/7 Howell had become ill. He began to make preparations for his death, including the repatriation of his Spanish assets to England to pay for his bequests. Howell calculated his Spanish assets at 12,000 ducats (£2,700). Since he had no children and his wife had died, he decided to leave the bulk of his estate to charitable causes in England and Wales. He died in 1537 and was buried in El Convento de San Pablo el Real, a Dominican monastery in central Seville.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Howell%20%28merchant%29
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Thomas Howell (merchant)
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Bequests
Howell left most of his estate to charitable causes. This included 1000 ducats left to the merchant Nicholas Thorne of Bristol to further the charitable works his brother, Robert Thorne the younger, had pursued there. The 12,000 ducats Howell bequeathed to the Drapers was intended to provide marriage portions (dowries) for Welsh maidens of Howell's lineage, with the surname 'Howell'. The bequest enabled the Drapers to purchase their current Hall, the former house of Thomas Cromwell at Austin Friars. Finding Welsh maidens of Howell's lineage proved difficult and complicated, leading to frequent litigation. In 1853 the Drapers decreed that the trust be used to establish two girl's schools in Wales, to be named after the founder: Howell's School in Llandaff, Cardiff and Howell's School in Denbigh. Since the closure of the Denbigh school in 2013 the money from the Thomas Howell's Trust has been used to support the Llandaff school, as well as providing grants to organisations and institutions in Wales supporting education for those under 25 'particularly in areas of high deprivation.' As of 2023, the Trust's income and expenditure amounted to c.£631,000 per year.
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78867546
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbarga%20Tur%20Dal
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Gulbarga Tur Dal
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Gulbarga Tur Dal is a variety of pigeon pea cultivated in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is a common and widely cultivated crop in talukas of Aland, Chincholi, Kalaburagi (Gulbarga), Afzalpur, Chittapur, Sedam and Jewargi located in Kalaburagi district along with the Shorapur, Shahpur and Yadgir talukas of Yadgir district. Both districts fall under Kalaburagi division. Kalaburagi district (formerly Gulbarga) accounts for 60% of Karnataka's total tur dal production, with Karnataka being the largest tur dal producer in the country. Kalaburagi district cultivates red gram in 3.7 lakh hectares of land, which accounts for nearly 41% of the total 9 lakh hectares of red gram cultivation in Karnataka.
Under its Geographical Indication tag, it is referred to as "'Gulbarga Tur Dal".
Name
Gulbarga Tur Dal is a prized agricultural produce in Kalaburagi and Yadgir districts falling under Kalaburagi division (formerly known as Gulbarga) and so named after it. It is called "Kalaburagi Togari Bele" in the state language of Kannada with Togari meaning Pigeon pea and Bele meaning lentil. Locally it is known as 'Gulyal', 'Chaple' or 'Bennur local'.
Description
The local Tur Dal from Kalaburagi is unique compared to other varieties cultivated in Karnataka. It has a distinct taste, aroma, lesser cooking period, and higher shelf life quality. This is due to the richness of calcium and potassium in the soils of the region, along with high milling qualities.
The district's climatic conditions are relatively warm and dry, with less annual rainfall. Despite this, the region's highly fertile black cotton soils are suitable for redgram cultivation. Gulbarga district is known as the 'Tur Bowl of Karnataka' due to its prominent tur dal production. The quality Tur Dal from this region is distributed and marketed to other regions and states of India.
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78867590
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring%20Willow%20Society
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Spring Willow Society
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The Spring Willow Society (), later known as the Spring Willow Theatre (), was a Chinese drama troupe active from 1906 to 1915. Established in Tokyo by a group of Chinese students, the troupe drew from the Japanese shinpa style in its efforts to modernize Chinese theatre. Its first show, performed in 1907, was an act from Alexandre Dumas fils' The Lady of the Camellias; it subsequently adapted Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin in five acts. Despite dwindling numbers, the troupe remained active in Tokyo through 1909, when it performed an adaptation of Victorien Sardou's La Tosca.
Alumni from the Spring Willow Society returned to China in the 1910s, seeking to continue their work in Shanghai. Under the leadership of Lu Jingruo, they developed a repertoire of more than eighty stories. Spring Willow disbanded after Lu's 1915 death. Black Slave's Cry to Heaven has been canonized as the first Western-style Chinese drama, and the troupe's adaptation of Othello may have been the first full-length performance of a Shakespearean play in the country.
History
Background
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Qing dynasty sought to implement reform and modernize after experiencing a series of military defeats against Western powers and Japan. Drama was perceived as better able to reach the common person than written literature, which relied on literacy that was uncommon in contemporary China. It thus occupied a special place in the modernization effort, with the philosopher Chen Duxiu arguing in 1905 that "theater is a big school for the world, and actors are teachers of the people." Spoken-word drama, which had been introduced to China through cultural interchange, was perceived as ideal for such reform, and the Meiji Restoration had shown that such approaches could be successful.
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78868030
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenasco%20Castle
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Mercenasco Castle
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Mercenasco Castle () is a castle located in Mercenasco, Piedmont, Italy.
History
The first recorded evidence of the existence of the castle, which was likely connected to a fortified settlement or ricetto, dates back to 1142, when Guglielmo Borgio of Mercenasco pledged allegiance to the city of Vercelli. From 1280, the fief came under the co-lordship of the Valperga family. During the 14th century, amid the conflicts between the House of Savoy and Montferrat, the castle was burned and looted. With the Treaty of Cherasco in 1631, the fief was permanently transferred under the control of the House of Savoy, who in 1646 ceded it to Gaspare Graneris de la Roche, president and general of finances.
Severely damaged during the Napoleonic invasions, the castle was purchased in the 19th century by Count Alessandro Compans of Brichanteau, who initiated an ambitious restoration, completed by his son Carlo in 1925. Architect Chevalley transformed the structure into a stately residence, redesigning its horseshoe-shaped layout, raising the tower, and embellishing the façades with heraldic decorations. In 1967, the property was purchased by Counts Benso di Arese di Villamirana.
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78868809
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments%20of%20the%20SED%20Central%20Committee
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Departments of the SED Central Committee
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The Party Organs Department was primarily responsible for keeping records of the party membership and party cadres, receiving party information and controlling the lower Bezirk, district, workplace and local party organizations. The department played an important role in the SED's Stalinization in the 1950s. In the 1980s, the department was notably the only one located on the same floor as the Politburo.
The department was originally created in 1946 as Organization Department and renamed Organization Instructor Department in 1950.
In early 1952, the department was merged with several others to form the Department for Leading Organs of the Party and Mass Organizations () (LOPMO). This "super department" was responsible for the SED's party organs and cadres, all bloc parties and all mass organizations, including the one for women (Democratic Women's League of Germany), youth (Free German Youth) and the Free German Trade Union Federation. All of these responsibilities were eventually spun off again and the department was again renamed Organization Department, briefly named Department for Leading Party Organs and eventually Party Organs Department.
Propaganda
As "propaganda" in communist terminology mostly meant "elite education", the Propaganda Department had the aim of "cultivating a socialist consciousness" and was primarily responsible for training cadres through the SED's broad network of party schools from the "Karl Marx" Party Academy in Berlin and the 15 Bezirk party schools to 255 district and 478 workplace schools. The department additionally oversaw the Propaganda Commission and the Urania.
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78868809
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments%20of%20the%20SED%20Central%20Committee
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Departments of the SED Central Committee
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For a time, the department worked under the Security Commission at the Politburo, which was replaced by the National Defence Council in March 1960, of which department heads Herbert Scheibe (1972–1985) and Wolfgang Herger (1985–1989) were members.
Sports
The Sports Department was the SED's instrument for directing and controlling the areas of physical culture and sports. It controlled the party organizations of sports associations, the State Secretariat for Physical Culture and Sport and the Deutscher Turn- und Sportbund (DTSB), the central mass organization for all sports. After the Peaceful Revolution, longtime department head Rudolf Hellmann was convicted for his involvement in the widespread doping of East German athletes.
In 1946, a part of the Department for Culture and Education was initially responsible for sport. In 1952, it was incorporated into the newly created LOPMO Department as the Sports Sector (from 1953 Youth and Sport). In August 1955, the Secretariat of the Central Committee decided to separate the sports area from this department and create a sports sector in the Security Affairs Department. An independent sports working group with six employees was created for the first time in 1961, which was given the status of a department in the mid-1960s.
State and Legal Affairs
The Department for State and Legal Affairs was primarily responsible for establishing, then controlling the GDR's judiciary system, additionally overseeing the legislative work of the Volkskammer.
The department was originally created in June 1950 as a merger of the Department for Municipal Politics, the Department for State and Provincial Politics and the Judiciary Department. In the spring of 1955, the resulting Department for State Administration was reorganized into the Department of State Organs, restructured again in 1959 to form the Department for State and Legal Affairs.
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78868991
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorthian%20Ranch
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Zorthian Ranch
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Zorthian Ranch is a in Altadena, California established in 1946 by Armenian-American artist Jirayr Zorthian. Described as a "masterpiece of outsider architecture", much of the property was destroyed in the Eaton Fire in January 2025.
Background
The Zorthian family escaped the Armenian genocide and in 1923 fled to the United States. Zorthian and his first wife, Betty, moved to Altadena to experiment with urban homesteading in 1946. Driven by his father's assessment of the US as "a wild, beautiful, abundant, rich and wasteful country", Zorthian vowed to recycle everything he could and create a self-sufficient environment on the ranch. Sculptures and built environments on the property utilized repurposed architectural fragments, construction debris, doll parts, lawn furniture, telephone poles, railroad ties, and old cars and trucks. Zorthian salvaged only materials created by hand. The first structures built, the Chardhouse and the Studio, used redwood from homes that had been demolished. The Palace, built in the 1970s, was made with railroad ties, discarded telephone poles, and insulators. The Zorthian Barn Gallery housed mural studies created by Zorthian commissioned under President Franklin Roosevelt's Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression. Associated with the assemblage movement, he viewed the entire ranch as his canvas. Waste became art, and the property became an open art gallery. Zorthian referred to the ranch as "The Center for Research and Development of Industrial Discards with Emphasis on Aesthetics."
During the summers of 1958 through 1982, Zorthian and his second wife, Dabney, ran Zorthian Ranch for Children, an anarchic daily art camp for kids. Zorthian traded art classes for lessons in physics from his neighbor, Richard Feynman, a Nobel Prize laureate who spent considerable time at the ranch.
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78869128
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%E2%80%93Arnold%20problem
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Hilbert–Arnold problem
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In mathematics, particularly in dynamical systems, the Hilbert–Arnold problem is an unsolved problem concerning the estimation of limit cycles. It asks whether in a generic finite-parameter family of smooth vector fields on a sphere with a compact parameter base, the number of limit cycles is uniformly bounded across all parameter values. The problem is historically related to Hilbert's sixteenth problem and was first formulated by Russian mathematicians Vladimir Arnold and Yulij Ilyashenko in the 1980s.
Overview
The problem arises from considering modern approaches to Hilbert's sixteenth problem. While Hilbert's original question focused on polynomial vector fields, mathematical attention shifted toward properties of generic families within certain classes. Unlike polynomial systems, typical smooth systems on a sphere can have arbitrarily many hyperbolic limit cycles that persist under small perturbations. However, the question of uniform boundedness across parameter families remains meaningful and forms the basis of the Hilbert–Arnold problem.
Due to the compactness of both the parameter base and phase space, the Hilbert–Arnold problem can be reduced to a local problem studying bifurcations of special degenerate vector fields. This leads to the concept of polycycles—cyclically ordered sets of singular points connected by phase curve arcs—and their cyclicity, which measures the number of limit cycles born in bifurcations.
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78869255
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where%20My%20Wellies%20Take%20Me
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Where My Wellies Take Me
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Where My Wellies Take Me is a British children's novel written by Michael and Clare Morpurgo, and illustrated by Olivia Lomenech Gill. It was originally published in Great Britain by Templar Books in 2012. This is a first collaboration for Morpurgo and his wife. The story is set in rural Devon, in southwest England, the Morpurgos' longtime home. It is based on Clare's childhood experiences of growing up in rural Devonshire. All royalties from the book go to their charity, Farms for City Children.
The book was short-listed for the Carnegie Medal, and the Kate Greenaway Medal, for Gill's illustrations. It was also nominated for the Biennial of Illustration Bratislava, and won the English Association Picture Book Fiction Award. The "Wellies" in the book's title comes from Wellington boots.
Synopsis
The book is narrated by Pippa, a fictionalised characterisation of a young Clare Morprugo, who loves to stay with her Aunty Peggy in Devonshire. Her first-person narration of her adventures wandering around the countryside is on notebook paper in cursive writing, where she shares meeting up with the local villagers. Along the way she records her encounters with spiders, chickens, a fisherman, and a farmer on a tractor; and shares her favorite pastimes: horseback riding and poetry. The poetry selections are some of the authors favourite poems and set in Times New Roman.
The range of the poems vary from traditional rhymes to English-language poets writing about cows, lambs and meadow mice, among other topics. A partial list of notable poets in the book include: Ted Hughes, A. E. Housman, William Butler Yeats, Rudyard Kipling, Walter de la Mare, John Tams, William Blake, Dylan Thomas, John Masefield, Christina Rossetti, Robert Browning, Edward Lear, Robert Frost and William Shakespeare.
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78869303
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius%20Lucilius%20Balbus
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Lucius Lucilius Balbus
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Lucius Lucilius Balbus was a jurist of the Lucilia gens of ancient Rome who lived in the 1st century BCE.
Balbus was one of the four notable pupils of the jurist Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex, and one of the legal instructors of Servius Sulpicius Rufus, the eminent lawyer and distinguished friend of the writer Cicero, who was said to have clearly surpassed his teacher.
He was probably the father of the Lucilius who was the companion of Appius Pulcher in Cilicia, and the brother of Quintus Lucilius Balbus, the Stoic philosopher. Cicero speaks of both the two Balbi as Stoics. The 18th century jurist Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, among others, proposed that the jurist Lucius has been confounded with Quintus the Stoic philosopher, and that it was just Quintus who was the Stoic philosopher and not Lucius.
The jurist was occasionally quoted in the works of Sulpicius; and, in the time of the 2nd century jurist Sextus Pomponius, his writings were on the verge of being lost, and either did not exist in a separate form, or, at least, were in the hands of few. In giving advice and pleading causes his manner was slow and deliberate.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladonia%20floerkeana
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Cladonia floerkeana
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The of Cladonia floerkeana is persistent, made up of small, lobed (scales) that measure 1–3 mm in length and 1–2 mm in width. These squamules are esorediate, meaning they lack powdery reproductive structures known as soredia. The basal squamules are small, persistent, and often inconspicuous, with an orange tinge toward the base of the lower surface. The secondary structures, or podetia, are frequent and grow up to 2 cm tall but are often shorter. They are pale to dark grey, with a brownish tinge in exposed sites. The podetia may remain unbranched or branch sparingly near the apices. Their surface is highly variable: they may be entirely corticate, partially decorticate (especially toward the apices), granular-sorediate in patches, or densely squamulose throughout. They have been described as resembling "scraggly white fingers with lumpy surfaces". The podetia show lateral growth, which begins with meristem splitting and enlargement. This growth process disrupts the isotropic (symmetric) pattern of early development, shifting to anisotropic (asymmetric) growth, which allows the podetia to branch and display morphological variability.
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78869431
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladonia%20floerkeana
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Cladonia floerkeana
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This species contains a variety of secondary metabolites. It consistently tests negative for the C and K chemical spot tests (P–, K–). It produces barbatic and didymic acids as major compounds, with the occasional presence of thamnolic acid. Rhodocladonic acid, a bright red pigment, is found in the hymenial tissues of apothecia. These compounds play roles in lichen defence and possibly in ecological signalling. Additional chemical spot tests reveal that Cladonia floerkeana is typically KC– and Pd–, with the ultraviolet test yielding UV± (blue). Rarely, the thallus reacts K+ (yellow) or K+ (purple) when orange pigments are present.
Regional chemical variation has been observed in Cladonia floerkeana. Finnish populations lack thamnolic acid and usnic acid; however, thamnolic acid has been detected in specimens from Sweden. In Poland, four distinct chemotypes of C. floerkeana have been identified, with variations in secondary metabolites. The most common chemotypes include barbatic acid (sometimes accompanied by 4-O-demethylbarbatic acid), with some populations also containing thamnolic and didymic acids. Rarely, usnic acid has been detected in conjunction with other compounds, reflecting both regional and environmental influences on the species' chemistry.
Similar species
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78869431
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladonia%20floerkeana
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Cladonia floerkeana
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Cladonia floerkeana has a broad but patchy distribution, with records from multiple continents. In Honduras, it is rare and has been observed growing on wooden fences, suggesting it may be frequently overlooked in this region. The species is also found in Chile, where it is considered very rare, and in eastern North America, ranging from Florida (very rare) to Newfoundland. In Europe and Australasia, its presence has been confirmed, though the full extent of its distribution is poorly understood, partly due to confusion with the similar species Cladonia macilenta. Additional records indicate its presence in Melanesia, including Papua New Guinea, as well as in regions of North and South America, Europe, Africa, Asia (e.g., Japan and Taiwan), and Oceania, including New Caledonia, Australia, and New Zealand.
The species grows in nutrient-poor acidic soils and is commonly found in habitats such as heathlands, boreal forests, and areas recovering from disturbance, including post-fire landscapes. It grows on a variety of , including soil, humus, rocks, and sand, and is occasionally found on decaying wood. It has been observed in geothermal vent areas in Japan, where it tolerates extreme conditions, including high surface temperatures (above 40°C), root-zone temperatures exceeding 70°C, and soil pH levels between 5 and 5.5. Despite this adaptability, C. floerkeana is highly sensitive to soil pH changes and exhibits a calcifugeous nature, being absent from alkaline or limestone-dominated soils. Lime treatment in experimental conditions resulted in lethal effects, emphasising its requirement for acidic substrates. The species has been collected at elevations ranging from 1,800 to 3,200 metres.
Ecology
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78869431
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladonia%20floerkeana
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Cladonia floerkeana
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As a pioneer species, C. floerkeana often establishes early in succession, forming part of a characteristic "cup lichen" community. These adaptations enable it to occupy niches too harsh for vascular plants or mosses, reducing competition in these environments. The podetia show a high degree of variability, ranging from entirely decorticate surfaces to densely squamulose ones, allowing the lichen to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions and substrate types.
The species demonstrates a preference for environments with low atmospheric nitrogen deposition, where it is more abundant compared to high-deposition areas. High nitrogen deposition can reduce lichen diversity and promote algal growth, which may outcompete C. floerkeana. This sensitivity to nitrogen deposition further limits its distribution in areas subject to elevated nitrogen levels. In high-nitrogen environments, C. floerkeana is often replaced by nitrogen-tolerant species, such as Cladonia macilenta and Cladonia ramulosa. Conversely, in low-nitrogen habitats, its ability to thrive in early succession stages gives it a competitive edge.
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78869900
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard%20Worden
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Willard Worden
|
After the destruction, all that remained of the Alban N. Towne mansion on Nob Hill were six marble columns and a lintel. When viewed from a certain angle, the empty porch perfectly framed the ruins of the smoldering City Hall. The haunting image became an icon of the 1906 earthquake, due largely to photographs by Worden. In 1909, the columns and lintel were relocated to Golden Gate Park, where, known as Portals of the Past, they became a monument to the city's grief and a symbol of its endurance. Worden repeatedly photographed the Portals both at the original Nob Hill site and at the final location on the banks of Lloyd Lake in the park.
Commissions and art photography
On September 7, 1907, Worden recorded another spectacular disaster, the burning of Adolph Sutro's Cliff House, built on a rocky crag overlooking the Pacific Ocean.
As the city began to rebuild, Worden's time was divided between commissions to document various construction projects and expanding his retail line of picturesque landscapes and seascapes. In 1911, one of his many photographs of Seal Rocks appeared in Paul Elder's book California the Beautiful, opposite a poem by Bret Harte. Around 1912 he created an extensive series of views of the Japanese Tea Garden in Golden Gate Park.
Calling his work "art photography," Worden produced hundreds of shoreline views, with sailing ships, seagulls in flight ("exquisite beyond description"), and beachgoers set against an endless variety of cloud formations and atmospheric conditions that he sometimes enhanced in the darkroom. "Among the most successful and innovative of Worden's landscapes are his photographs of sand dunes near the western shoreline. A number of his contemporaries explored similar subject matter on both the east and west coasts, but what set Worden's 'dunescapes' apart are their high horizons and relatively tight cropping that emphasize the sinuous windswept patterns in the sand."
| 2.578125
| 0
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78869900
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard%20Worden
|
Willard Worden
|
Like other commercial studios before the availability of color films, Worden adopted the practice of painting over monochromatic photographs as a way of enhancing their naturalism and decorative appeal to middle-class consumers seeking a less expensive alternative to watercolors or oil paintings to decorate their homes. "Some were tinted with heavy applications of oil paint that obscure the photographic base while others were more lightly enhanced with transparent watercolors." To meet demand, Worden delegated much of the actual painting of his photographs to his specially trained colorists, who remained anonymous. (In the Crocker-Langley city directory for 1925, Sargent Johnson was listed as an artist working for Worden.)
Panama-Pacific International Exposition
As preparations were underway for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, set to open on February 20, 1915, Worden took advantage of his accreditation as an official photographer of the event to use his large-format cameras to record the PPIE's architectural and sculptural marvels. "His nocturnal photographs were particularly successful in capturing one of the PPIE's major technological innovations: its state-of-the-art illumination, which included concealed arc lamps to make the buildings glow at night and batteries of spotlights, searchlights, and projectors to highlight architectural details, pennants, and individual pieces of statuary. The spectacular lighting was enhanced in a number of Worden's photographs by its reflection in wet surfaces, an effect he deliberately captured by setting up his camera equipment after heavy downpours had partially flooded the walkways."
| 2.4375
| 0
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78870024
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldissero%20Canavese%20Castle
|
Baldissero Canavese Castle
|
Baldissero Canavese Castle () is a castle located in Baldissero Canavese, Piedmont, Italy.
History
The castle, perhaps built by adapting a previous fortification, is mentioned for the first time in public documents from 1190. At that time, it was owned by Oberto di Castel Romano, but in 1253 it passed to the Counts of San Martino, who retained ownership until the end of the 17th century. Towards the end of the 14th century, during the Tuchini revolt, the castle suffered severe damage and was subsequently rebuilt and expanded. With the extinction of the main line of the San Martino family, the castle passed through marriage to the Ripa di Gaglione and Meana families. From the Ripa di Meana, the castle later passed to Count Giuseppe Adami di Bergolo, who sold it to the French Count Doré. It then passed to Stefano Brossa, who, in turn, sold it in 1858 to Cavaliere Felice Oddone di Feletto. During the 18th century, the Ripa di Meana family and the Oddone di Feletto family transformed the castle, emphasising its residential features. In 1888, naval engineer and admiral , known for designing the first submarine of the Italian Navy, the Delfino, purchased and further enlarged the castle.
| 2.375
| 0
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78870503
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Riojan
|
Old Riojan
|
Old Riojan is an extinct dialect of Navarro-Aragonese which was spoken in northeastern medieval La Rioja. The dialect went extinct due to a rapid mixture with Castilian following La Rioja falling into the control of Crown of Castile.
Latin had been spoken in La Rioja after 218 BC, following the Second Punic War. These varieties eventually evolved into Old Riojan, and were first documented in the Glosas Emilianenses. In the modern day, the modern Riojan varieties of Castilian contain several characteristics which belonged to Old Riojan.
Classification and terminology
The term "Old Riojan" refers to varieties of Navarro-Aragonese spoken in La Rioja.
Varieties of Ibero-Romance were referred as "" before the reign of Alfonso X of Castile in the 13th century. Terms such as , , and only existed as adjectives relating as to the region it referred to, but not as names of languages or dialects.
History
Pre-Riojan era
Before Roman times, the Vascones inhabited northeastern La Rioja. They presumably spoke a precursor to modern Basque. It is believed by experts that the Hand of Irulegi is written in this Vasconic language, referred as "proto-Basque". Upon the arrival of Romans in 218 BC following the Second Punic War, Latin was brought the Iberian Peninsula, initially to the southern and eastern coasts. These Latin varieties eventually evolved into multiple Vulgar Latin dialects, La Riojan being one of them.
In 711 AD, the Iberian Peninsula fell into Muslim control, and La Rioja became a part of the Muslim domains of Al-Andalus. This resulted in an influx of Arabic vocabulary being added to everyday Ibero-Romance speech, most words starting with "al-" or "a".
10th-12th centuries
The first features in Ibero-Romance arise in the 10th century as fragments appear from that time in Vulgar Latin varieties, identifable as Old Leonese and Navarro-Aragonese.
| 2.78125
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78870677
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1605%20Syriam%20battles
|
1605 Syriam battles
|
Battle of Syriam, January 28, 1605
After their loss, the main Arakan fleet regrouped and arrived at Syriam. Determined to besiege the fortress, Min Khamaung led his fleet through the narrow rivers and canals that provided access to Syriam, only to find the Portuguese blocking the passage. On January 28, the Arakan forces launched an all out attack. Fierce cannon fire, musket shots, and black smoke filled the air, ultimately, the Portuguese repelled the first assault. However, the Arakan fleet regrouped and launched a second and third assault, with one of the Portuguese ships catching fire. Despite this, the Portuguese extinguished the flames and continued their resistance. The turning point came when two Portuguese fustas, returning from patrol, unexpectedly attacked the Arakan fleet from another direction. Surrounded by the Portuguese forces, the Arakan fleet retreated, but the Portuguese pursued and ultimately captured the remaining vessels.
After the defeat of his fleet, the Prince of Arakan attempted to escape with his remaining ships, retreating into narrow rivers. The Portuguese fleet, led by their sanguiceis, anticipated his escape route and trapped the Arakan fleet. The remaining Arakan ships, unable to flee, were captured, and the Prince's forces were forced to abandon their vessels and retreat to the land. This marked the end of the naval campaign, as all the ships of the Arakan fleet were captured by the Portuguese.
Capture of Cosmim and the Prince of Arakan, January 29, 1605
With the Arakan fleet destroyed, the Portuguese turned their attention to the land. A day later, they launched an attack on the fortress of Cosmim, which surrendered without a fight. Following this, a Portuguese force under Filipe de Brito set out in pursuit of the prince. On land, the Portuguese encountered the remaining Arakan and Pegu forces. Despite being outnumbered, the Portuguese defeated the enemy in a fierce battle, and prince Min Khamaung was captured.
| 2.390625
| 0
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78870701
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius%20Aquilius%20Gallus
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Gaius Aquilius Gallus
|
Gaius Aquilius Gallus was a jurist of the Aquillia gens of ancient Rome who lived in the 1st century BCE.
Life
Of the details of his private life, little is known. Pliny the Elder wrote that Gallus was even more distinguished for the magnificent mansion which he possessed upon the Viminal Hill than for his knowledge of law. It was in this mansion, the most superb in all Rome, that his intimate friend, Publius Quintius Scapula, suddenly expired while at supper with Gallus.
In a letter addressed to the orator and jurist Servius Sulpicius Rufus in 46 BCE, Cicero speaks of a Gallus, a friend and relative of Servius, who lost a promising son, and bore his loss with equanimity, whom some suppose is the same as this Gallus; but though Gallus Aquillius, the jurist, was the friend and teacher of Servius, it is doubtful from the context whether he is the person referred to. In Cicero's work, Topica, a treatise which was published in 44 BCE, Gallus is spoken of in the past tense, as no longer living.
Career
Gallus was one of the most distinguished of the early Roman jurists who flourished in the Roman Republic, just before the time of the Roman Empire. Born of an ancient and noble plebeian family, he applied himself to the study of Roman law, under the auspices of the jurist Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex, one of the great legal minds of the ancient world, and he was himself the teacher of Servius Sulpicius Rufus, another of the great legal minds of the day.
Of all the many pupils of Mucius, Gallus attained the greatest authority. For deep and sound learning, perhaps some of his fellow-pupils, as Lucius Lucilius Balbus, Gaius Papirius, and Gaius Juventius, may have had equal or greater reputation among the members of their own profession; but they did not, like Gallus, exercise much influence on the progress of their art. He was an eques and senator.
| 2.28125
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78870891
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo%20Monneret%20de%20Villard
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Ugo Monneret de Villard
|
Ugo Monneret de Villard (16 January 1881 – 4 November 1954) was an Italian engineer, archaeologist, orientalist, historian, and art critic. He was a specialist on Islamic art, Eastern Christian art, and the larger interplay of knowledge and art between Europe and the Near East in the medieval era. He assembled an extensive collection and record of Egyptian and Nubian art during his work in Egypt and Sudan for the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Biography
Ugo Monneret de Villard was born in Milan, Italy on 16 January 1881 to a family of Burgundian origins from Piedmont, where they had moved during the French Revolution. He attended the Polytechnic University of Milan for his studies. He graduated in 1904 as a chemical industrial engineer. However, he had also nurtured a study of the arts at the same period, studying under Camillo Boito, who similarly combined a love of engineering with a love of architecture and art. He studied the history of architecture and medieval architecture specifically. He also did scholarship on the history of Italian art and Byzantine art. He began to travel in 1908 for his scholarship, largely to Africa and Asia. He acquired a teaching certification at the Polytechnic University, and taught there from 1913 to 1924 in the History of Architecture. Before 1920, his main academic output was in the field of Lombard history.
| 2.28125
| 0
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78870944
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20Ford
|
Warren Ford
|
Warren Lionel Ford (16 May 1933 – 21 June 2023) was a British tea researcher.
Biography
Born in Lewisham, South London, he was the only child of Arthur Ford, a Prudential Insurance manager, and Hilda Hook, a pianist trained at the Royal Academy of Music. Ford attended Mercers' School but left at the age of sixteen.
After leaving school, Ford began an apprenticeship with Joseph Tetley & Co in the coffee department but soon shifted his focus to tea. His early career included a year in Sri Lanka and three years in Calcutta working in Tetley's tea-buying offices. By 1952, he was back in London, participating in tea auctions, a practice established since the early 1700s. In 1953, Ford was involved in introducing mass-manufactured teabags in the UK and was appointed head of Tetley's blending department.
Following Tetley's acquisition by J Lyons and Co in 1973, Ford became an independent tea buyer and consultant, operating from a warehouse in the East End and offices on Great Portland Street. He worked as a broker and buyer for smaller manufacturers and merchants.
Ford later joined Taylors of Harrogate as a consultant and was appointed a director in 1976 while continuing his role as an independent buyer. In the 1990s, he resumed producing his own tea and remained involved with Yorkshire Tea, providing mentorship to upcoming tea buyers. He was associated with Yorkshire Tea for nearly fifty years. He died on June 21, 2023, following complications from surgery for a broken hip.
Personal life
In 1957, Ford married Gill West, and they had two sons, Kevin and Graham. The marriage ended in divorce, and in 1998, he met Judy Mahoney, a primary schoolteacher. They married in 2005.
| 2.265625
| 0
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78871006
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Methylthiomethamphetamine
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4-Methylthiomethamphetamine
|
4-Methylthiomethamphetamine (4-MTMA; code name PAL-1063), also known as N-methyl-4-methylthioamphetamine (NMMTA), is a monoamine releasing agent (MRA) of the amphetamine family related to 4-methylthioamphetamine (4-MTA) and N,N-dimethyl-4-methylthioamphetamine (DMMTA or 4-MTDMA). Much less is known about 4-MTMA compared to 4-MTA.
4-MTMA is known to act as a potent serotonin releasing agent (SRA). Its value for induction of serotonin release in rat brain synaptosomes was 21nM, whereas norepinephrine and dopamine release were not reported. In addition to its MRA activity, like 4-MTA, the drug has been found to act as a potent reversible enzyme inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A). It is about one-third as potent as 4-MTA as an MAO-A inhibitor. Its value for MAO-A inhibition is 0.89nM, whereas the values of 4-MTA are 0.13nM for (+)-4-MTA and 2.04nM for (–)-4-MTA. Neither 4-MTA nor 4-MTMA inhibited monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). Potent monoamine oxidase inhibition by amphetamines has been associated with dangerous and sometimes fatal toxicity in humans.
In animal drug discrimination tests, 4-MTA and 4-MTMA were found to generalize to MDMA. 4-MTA substituted for the serotonergic agent PMMA, whereas 4-MTMA did not. 4-MTA did not substitute for the serotonergic psychedelic DOM, whereas 4-MTMA was not assessed in DOM-trained animals. Neither 4-MTA nor 4-MTMA substituted for the psychostimulants dextroamphetamine or cocaine. It was concluded that 4-MTA and 4-MTMA show mainly MDMA-like effects in rodents.
4-MTMA had not been identified as an illicit drug or drug of misuse by 2004. However, it is said to have been encountered as a novel designer drug by 2015.
| 2.140625
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78871122
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenocereus%20zopilotensis
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Stenocereus zopilotensis
|
Stenocereus zopilotensis is a species of cactus in the genus Stenocereus, endemic to Mexico.
Description
Stenocereus zopilotensis is a tree-like cactus that grows with candelabra-shaped branches, reaching heights of 4 to 5 meters. It has a distinct trunk that can be as tall as 45 centimeters and has a diameter of 20 centimeters. The shoots are parallel and ascending, light green in color, with diameters ranging from 6 to 11 centimeters, and typically do not branch further.
The cactus features seven to eight ribs (occasionally up to nine) that are slightly humped and narrower above the areoles. It has one to three central spines that are initially white but turn gray over time, measuring up to 1 centimeter long. These spines are awl-shaped and have a thicker base, with one central spine being up to 4.5 centimeters longer than the others. Additionally, there are seven to nine long, needle-like marginal spines that are yellowish at first but also turn gray as they mature. These marginal spines are of varying lengths, with the longest reaching up to 1.3 centimeters.
The cactus produces whitish-green flowers that bloom at night, located at the tips of the shoots. Each flower measures 6.5 to 7 centimeters in length and has a diameter of 4 to 5 centimeters. The egg-shaped to spherical fruits that follow have a diameter of 5 to 6 centimeters and are covered in fine thorns, up to 1 centimeter long, which eventually fall off.
Distribution
Stenocereus zopilotensis is commonly found in the Mexican state of Guerrero, particularly in the Cañon del Zopilote, within deciduous forests at elevations between 200 and 750 meters.
Taxonomy
This species was first described in 2004 by Hilda Julieta Arreola-Nava and Teresa Terrazas. The name "zopilotensis" refers to its distribution in the Cañón del Zopilote.
| 2.40625
| 0
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78871218
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatian%20de%20Sesse
|
Galatian de Sesse
|
On 26 July, de Sesse agreed to these terms and the fortress' gate was opened. Contrary to expectations, the Ottomans spared 40 elderly men rather than the elites, and they proceeded to sack the Castello and enslave the people inside, who numbered between 5,000 and 7,000 according to different sources. De Sesse was among the first to be captured, and he was forced to carry a cart full of his riches to the Ottoman fleet where the plunder was loaded along with the captives.
Aftermath
Grand Master Homedes is said to have wanted de Sesse and former Governor of Tripoli Gaspard de Vallier – who had surrendered Hospitaller Tripoli to Sinan Pasha less than a month after the sack of Gozo – to pay with their lives. In late August 1551, the Hospitallers set up an inquiry to investigate de Sesse's actions, and prosecutor Gonsalez Diaz argued that the governor should have died fighting rather than surrender, and he requested that de Sesse be expelled from the Hospitaller order. No decision was taken at this point, as the Order's Council stated that no judgement could be given in absentia. The knight Pietro Olivares was appointed as the new Governor of Gozo in 1553.
In the meantime, de Sesse spent five years as a galley slave under the Ottomans. He was freed after paying a ransom, but upon his return to Malta in 1556 he was arrested and imprisoned. By that time, Homedes had died and he had been succeeded as Grand Master by Claude de la Sengle, who took a more lenient approach. All charges against de Sesse were later dropped and he was released on 14 August 1557, days before la Sengle's own death.
Some sources describe de Sesse as having shown poor leadership during the 1551 attack. Others state that he was not to blame for how events transpired as he could not have done much given the numerical superiority of the enemy and the weakness of the island's defences, and that it was de Homedes who was truly to blame as the latter's inaction created the conditions which allowed the sacking to occur.
| 2.015625
| 0
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78871388
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirits%20of%20Ancient%20Egypt
|
Spirits of Ancient Egypt
|
"Spirits of Ancient Egypt" is a song by the English-American rock band Paul McCartney and Wings from their 1975 album Venus and Mars. Although it was written by Paul McCartney, Denny Laine sings lead vocals on the track.
Background
"Spirits of Ancient Egypt" was written after Paul McCartney read a tome on the history of Egypt.
Reception
Author Peter Ames Carlin stated that it "evoked shimmery kinds of mystery, but to no discernible end. The spirits get hung up on the telephone and we’re left with someone making dinner with a pound of love." Music critic Eoghan Lang states that "English's percussion can be heard loudly, filling in the air holes that permeate in 'Spirits of Ancient Egypt', a jaunty tune ably sung by bassist Denny Laine."
Personnel
The personnel is as follows:
Paul McCartney – bass, backing vocals,, electric guitar, synthesizer, gismo, moog
Linda McCartney – organ, synthesizer. backing vocals string machine
Denny Laine – electric guitar, vocals
Jimmy McCulloch – guitar, vocals
Joe English – backing vocals, drums, gong
Alan O'Duffy – backing vocals
| 1.945313
| 0
|
78871672
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabant%20X03
|
Trabant X03
|
The Trabant X03 was a prototype developed in the late 1980s as a potential successor to the aging Trabant 601, which had been in production since 1963. This initiative emerged from a collaboration between East Germany's IFA-Kombinat and West Germany's Volkswagen AG, aiming to modernize the Trabant lineup by incorporating contemporary design and technology.
Overview
The X03 was based on the third-generation Volkswagen Polo (A03), which was under development at the time. The proposal included various body styles, such as 3- and 5-door hatchbacks, a sedan, and a station wagon, all designed to offer a more modern and versatile vehicle compared to its predecessor. Notably, the design work was led by renowned Italian designer Giorgetto Giugiaro. The vehicle was approximately 3.80 meters long and was planned to be equipped with Volkswagen's EA 111 four-stroke engine, which had already been introduced in the Trabant 1.1.
In early 1989, the X03 prototype was presented to East German officials, with plans to commence production by 1995. The proposal included an annual production capacity of 112,000 units, with development costs estimated at 600 million marks. However, the political upheavals of 1989, leading to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent reunification of Germany, rendered the project obsolete. Volkswagen canceled the X03 project at the end of 1989 and instead established a joint venture that led to the production of the Volkswagen Polo in Zwickau starting in May 1990.
| 2.046875
| 0
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78871687
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti%20Tamaihutoroa
|
Ngāti Tamaihutoroa
|
When the news of this success reached the people of Rotorua, they sent a messenger called Hororita to tell them about another taniwha at Awa Hou, which was eating travellers between Rotorua on the one hand and Waikato and Patetere on the other. This taniwha was called Pekehaua and lived in a spring called Te Wharo Uri. He had spines on his back and looked like the calf of a black whale. The brothers gathered their party of 340 men once more and collected the vines of the kareao (supplejack). They wove these vines into a giant tāiki (basket), which they covered in pigeon feathers and attached a rope to. Then they travelled to Awa Hou, reciting the following karakia (incantations) as they went: puni, werotaniwha, and tumangai. When they reached Te Wharo Uri, Pitaka and his followers got inside the tāiki along with a large rock. The tāiki was thrown into the spring and sunk to the bottom, while the rest of the men on the shore sang karakia to weaken the monster. While Pekehaua was distracted by the men on the shore, Pitaka swam out of the tāiki and tied the rope around Pekehaua's middle. The men on the shore grabbed the other end of the rope and pulled him up onto the shore, where they killed him. They butchered the monster so that his ribs were left exposed, each one "like the trunk of Tāne Mahuta." Inside his stomach were the skeletons of many people, as well as loads of weapons, mats, and clothes. They buried the skeletons and ate Pukehaua's flesh.
| 2.578125
| 0
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78871705
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison%20Bury
|
Alison Bury
|
Alison Bury (born 20 January 1954) is a British violinist who works as a soloist, orchestra leader and chamber musician, specialising in historically informed performances of Baroque music, especially works by J. S. Bach, Vivaldi and Handel. Her teachers include Francis Baines, Nikolaus Harnoncourt and Sándor Végh. She was the leader of the English Baroque Soloists (1983–2008) and a co-leader of the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, of which she was a founding member in 1986, and was also a member of several other well-known period-music ensembles including the Academy of Ancient Music (1975–90), the Taverner Players (1976–92) and the Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra (1980–86).
Early life and education
Bury was born 20 January 1954 in Woking, Surrey. She attended the Royal College of Music, where she was taught violin by Sylvia Rosenberg and Jaroslav Vanáček. There she studied Baroque performance practice with Francis Baines, with whom she also worked on the viol. In 1976 she won a Boise Scholarship and a Countess of Munster Award, which she used to go to Salzburg in Austria (1976–7), where she worked on violin with the chamber music specialist Sándor Végh and on Baroque performance practice with Nikolaus Harnoncourt.
| 2.0625
| 0
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78871924
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes%20in%20Oklahoma
|
Tornadoes in Oklahoma
|
Several destructive tornadoes have hit the state of Oklahoma since 1882, the year with the first recorded tornado within state boundaries. Oklahoma, located in tornado alley, experiences around 68 tornadoes annually, with each tornado killing an average of 2.9 persons. 497 of these tornadoes have been classified as "intense", being rated F3+ on the Fujita Scale or EF3+ on the Enhanced Fujita Scale. Oklahoma has seen thirteen F5 or EF5 tornadoes since 1905, the most recent hitting Moore in May 2013. The deadliest sliced through the Oklahoma panhandle in April 1947, hitting Woodward and killing at least 182 people.
Oklahoma was struck by several significant tornadoes prior to 1950, including an F5 tornado that hit Snyder and a large tornado that passed over Woodward and surrounding communities. The first tornado warning ever issued in the United States was sent out for the Tinker Air Force Base area on March 25, 1948, shortly before an F3 tornado hit the base. The 1950s were particularly devastating for Oklahoma, with 546 tornadoes killing a total of 154 people. A large F5-rated tornado hit Blackwell in the early hours of May 26, 1955, and an F4 tornado killed seven people west of Stonewall in May 1959. Tornadoes in the 1960s were less damaging, with a total of 581 tornadoes touching down within state boundaries, killing 57 people. An F5 tornado moved through Prague and Sapulpa in May 1960, killing five people along a track. An F3 tornado hit downtown Oklahoma City five days earlier, inflicting $2.5 million (1960 USD) in damages to the city and injuring 57 people.
| 2.71875
| 0
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78872059
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub%20Rojek
|
Jakub Rojek
|
Jakub Rojek (born March 24, 1979) is a Polish-American pianist, composer, conductor, and educator known for his iconoclastic and humorous creations, often transcending music genre. His music often blends elements of music pastiche, cabaret, and improvisation and is characterized by inherent classical music aesthetic.
Biography
Rojek was born in Stalowa Wola, Poland in 1979. He spent his formative years studying and playing classical and cabaret music. He comes from a family of multifarious talents. Both he and his older sister played piano growing up. His father is a self-taught sound engineer, multi-instrumentalist, master woodworker, and jack of all trades. Rojek took up piano at seven and later developed a penchant for improvisation, composition, and cabaret music. He entered the Krakow Academy of Music in 1998 to major in piano performance, but ultimately ended up spending more time playing music at a local Russian cafe, and jazz clubs around town than in a practice room. In 2002, he relocated to the United States to further his musical education under the tutelage of Frank Caruso and later Danilo Perez, Frank Carlberg, and Michael Gandolfi at the prestigious New England Conservatory. He later studied composition with Daniel Asia and conducting with Thomas Cockrell at the University of Arizona.
Career
Rojek has appeared alongside jazz greats Dave Holland, Roscoe Mitchell, Dave Douglas, Cecil McBee, Danilo Perez, John Hollenbeck, Michael Cain, Grammy-nominated reedman Aaron Kruziki, and ECM artist Dominik Wania to name a few, and collaborated with chamber musicians around the world.
| 2.125
| 0
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78872375
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Museum%20of%20the%20Philippines%20-%20Davao
|
National Museum of the Philippines - Davao
|
The National Museum (NM) Davao Regional Museum, also known as the National Museum of the Philippines - Davao, is a museum in Davao City, Philippines. It is the 17th regional museum of the National Museum of the Philippines and the 4th regional museum in Mindanao (after Butuan, Zamboanga, and Sulu).
Design and construction
The building is a six-storey structure that adapts a mimetic architecture, taking inspiration from a Durian- one of Davao's identifiers. The construction started in 2021 in collaboration with the City Government of Davao and was to reported to have cost around ₱300 Million Philippine Pesos.
Galleries and collections
The first four floors of the museum is managed by the National Museum of the Philippines while the fifth floor is managed by Museo Dabawenyo- the city's local museum.
The first floor houses the oil on canvas painting of "Davao Industries" by Victorio Edades, a national artist who spent his retirement years in Davao. An installation art entitled "Ahungan sa Panaghiusa" (The Hanging Gongs of Harmony) by Kubali Millan spans throughout the floors of the building. The agung-shaped pieces are made by over 50 Manobo weavers from Jose Abad Santos, Davao Occidental and are made of endemic materials such as rattan, nito, and abaca.
The second floor exhibits the region's biodiversity and geographic landscape such as rock specimens, insects and marine fossils. A replica of the Stegodon and taxidermied Philippine eagle can also be found here. The third floor is entitled "Bahandi: Ritual in Life Cycles" featuring artifacts and items used in everyday life by the indigenous tribes that settled in Mindanao. The fourth floor is entitled “Kabilin: Enduring Textile Tradition of Mindanao” showing the works of indigenous people groups and honours the Gawad ng Manlilikha ng Bayan. This section is in partnership with the National Commission for Culture and the Arts and Senator Loren Legarda. It also houses the works of renowned expressionist and national artist, Ang Kiukok.
| 2.5625
| 0
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78872388
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast%20Students%27%20Organization
|
Northeast Students' Organization
|
The North East Students' Organization (NESO) is an umbrella body representing various student organizations across the eight northeastern states of India. Established in 1979, NESO advocates for the rights, culture, and development of the indigenous peoples of the region.
About
The North East Students' Organization (NESO), established in 1979, is a prominent umbrella body representing student organizations across the eight northeastern states of India. Headquartered in Shillong, Meghalaya, NESO focuses on advocating for the rights, culture, and development of the region's indigenous communities. Its key objectives include protecting indigenous rights, addressing immigration and demographic challenges, preserving cultural heritage, and promoting socio-economic and educational development. NESO has actively opposed policies like the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), citing concerns over its impact on the region's demographics, and has raised issues related to illegal immigration and border security. The organization also works to enhance educational opportunities through lobbying for scholarships and improved infrastructure.
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78872722
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside%20the%20Red%20Brick%20Wall
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Inside the Red Brick Wall
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"Inside the Red Brick Wall" (Chinese: 理大圍城) is an 88-minute Hong Kong documentary that chronicles the large-scale clashes between police and protesters at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom campus in November 2019 during the anti-extradition bill movement. The documentary won the "Best Editing Award" at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam (IDFA) and the "Best Film Award" from the Hong Kong Film Critics Society. It was also selected as the opening film for the 12th Taiwan International Documentary Festival (TIDF) and won the Chinese Documentary Award, along with "Taking back the Legislature".
Production Crew
The documentary was created by a group of filmmakers who worked anonymously under the collective name "Hong Kong Documentary Filmmakers" to avoid potential arrest. To protect their identities, they concealed their real names. They also refrained from informing their families about their involvement to prevent causing them worry. In the event of winning an award, they had arranged for the distributor, Ying e Chi, to accept the award and deliver the acceptance speech on their behalf.
Content
"Inside the Red Brick Wall" unfolds chronologically, documenting key moments and struggles of protesters during the November 2019 clashes at Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
The documentary captures events such as:
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78872837
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadolomedes%20trux
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Megadolomedes trux
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Megadolomedes trux is a species of spider endemic to Australia in the family Dolomedidae.
Taxonomy
Megadolomedes trux was first described by J. Lamb in 1911 under the name Dolomedes trux from a specimen collected at Ithaca Creek, Brisbane. The species was later redescribed as Megadolomedes trux by Raven and Wendy Hebron in 2018.
Description
Like many spiders, M. trux displays strong sexual size dimorphism. Females are 30 centimetres long (excluding legs), and males are 7.6 centimetres long. It is one of Australia's largest spiders. They have a brown, earth-coloured abdomen and long, pseudosegmented tarsi. The species superficially resembles the American genus Trechalea.
Distribution
M. trux is found east of the Great Dividing Range in New South Wales and Queensland. Their distribution ranges from Gordon in the south to Cooktown in the north.
Behaviour
In its original description, this species was recorded preying on an adult tree frog.
M. trux hunts from beneath rocks and logs on the edges of slow-moving waterways, where they wait for prey to pass by with their front legs outstretched. The long, sensitive trichobothriae on the front legs of this species allow them to detect vibrations in the water from small fish and frogs. Upon detecting a suitable prey item in this manner, the spider dives into the water to subdue it, remaining in the substrate for up to 30 minutes.
Like other species in Dolomedidae, females carry eggsacs in their chelicerae.
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78873239
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFS%20Youth%20Assembly
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AFS Youth Assembly
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The AFS Youth Assembly is an annual event organized by AFS Intercultural Programs to engage youth to address important global challenges and contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The assembly brings together participants aged 18–32 from diverse backgrounds to collaborate, exchange ideas, and develop solutions for a better future. The assembly emphasizes intercultural understanding, youth leadership, solidarity, and social responsibility.
History
The AFS Youth Assembly was established as part of AFS Intercultural Programs' mission to build a more just and peaceful world through intercultural exchange and education. Over the years, it has developed into a forum for young global citizens to engage with experts, policymakers, and peers on critical global issues. The assembly is designed to provide young people with the tools, skills, and networks needed to contribute to change in their communities and elsewhere.
Themes
Each edition of the Assembly is centered around a specific theme that reflects current global priorities. Recent themes include "Breakthrough to a Better Future" for the 28th session in 2023, which addressed inequality, climate action, and education for employment, and "Forge Our Shared Future" for the 29th session in 2024, which addressed humanitarian crises, climate action, education innovation, and food security.
Outcome
The Assembly provides participants with skills, networks, and opportunities to contribute as global citizens. The event promotes intercultural understanding and highlights youth leadership in addressing global challenges. Alumni of the assembly often pursue initiatives in their communities and advocate for youth representation in decision-making processes.
| 3.046875
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78873358
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex%20Histories
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Sex Histories
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Sex Histories Part I (, often simply called Sex Histories, ) is a 1926 book by Chinese philosopher and sexologist Zhang Jingsheng.
On 2 February 1926, Zhang published an article in the Beijing periodical Jingbao Fukan titled "The Best Pastime for a Winter Vacation: An Announcement for the Colleagues of the Eugenics Society", soliciting detailed stories of readers' sexual experiences. Zhang claimed to have received over two hundred submissions from this advertisement. Seven were featured in the book, with Zhang analyzing and commenting on them as case studies.
The book caused widespread scandal upon its release in May 1926. Sales were extremely high for an academic book in the period. Large numbers of pirated copies boosted its circulation beyond the initially small print runs. Educational institutions such as Peking University attempted to ban the book, but such bans backfired and resulted in more students seeking out the book.
A large number of unauthorized parodies and knock-offs of Sex Histories were produced by various authors following the book's release, many of which were brazenly pornographic parodies or excerpts from earlier erotic texts. Zhang Jingsheng himself was credited as the author of all of these supposed sequels and editions of Sex Histories, resulting in significant confusion among the general public on which books were actually produced by Zhang.
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78873465
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20Immell
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Ralph Immell
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After La Follette was re-elected as governor in 1936, speculation began that La Follette would run for U.S. Senate in 1938 and that Immell would run to succeed him as governor. Vocal factions for and against the Immell candidacy quickly announced themselves in progressive newspapers, debating the issue for most of 1937 and into 1938; one of the leading opponents of the Immell candidacy was William T. Evjue, the influential editor of The Capital Times. Responding to the agitation, La Follette indicated he would run for re-election as governor, and Immell's supporters began pushing for Immell as a candidate for U.S. Senate instead. Ultimately it was revealed that La Follette had been attempting to build a national progressive party and had not planned to run for office in 1938 in order to focus on building this third party; he had been responsible for much of the support for Immell's candidacy, but could not control the rebellion from inside his party. Immell faced strong opposition from progressive farmer and labor groups, who stated that they "could not forget" his role in the 1933 milk strikes. La Follette was ultimately compelled to tell a private group of Progressive Party leaders that he would not push for an Immell nomination for Senate, and Immell did not enter either race.
Although his plans were changed, La Follette continued his effort to turn the Wisconsin Progressive Party into a new national party. Since Immell had been unable to run for either elected office in 1938, La Follette appointed him to head the new "National Progressives of America". The Progressive Party went on to lose both 1938 Wisconsin elections, effectively dooming the project.
| 1.90625
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78873636
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhu%27l-Nun%20Ayyub
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Dhu'l-Nun Ayyub
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In 1954, Ayyub would resettle in Vienna where he would spend the rest of his life in. He would publish a collection of short stories he had written shortly after World War II in 1957 titled "Qisas min Fiyina" (Stories from Vienna).
Literary style
Ayyub's works are characterized by the simplicity of their plot, precision, and aphoristic language, combined with the tendency to edify inherent in Arabic prose. The creative individuality of the author, who depicts the life of the "little man" in his works, was formed under the influence of writers such as the Russian writers Anton Chekhov, and Maxim Gorky and the Egyptian writers Taha Hussein and Mahmud Taymur.
Ayyub's stories also included aspects of the East–West dichotomy. Such as Dr. Ibrahim, portrayed as an amoral evil character, marries an English woman and is portrayed as an anglophile with a hatred of his native country. Dr. Ibrahim also further states how he wishes to "shed this skin of mine to replace it with white skin, like that of the British, and thus become one of them..." A different portrayal of the dichotomy is explored in his 1957 romance story "Aytam fi eid al-Milad" (Orphans on Christmas Day) which shows an Iranian man and an Austrian woman overcoming cultural differences to be together. The story itself is noted to be an allegory of harmony between East and West.
Selected works
Dhu'l-Nun Ayyub had several short stories collections, these include:
Rusul al-Thaqafa (1937)
Wahi al-Faan (1938)
Al-Dhahiyya (1938)
Sadiqi (1938)
Burj Babil (1939)
Al-Kadihun (1939)
Qisas min Fiyina (1957)
Mukhtarat Dhu'l-Nun Ayyub (1958)
| 2.390625
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78873779
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh-Rohilkhand%20War
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Sikh-Rohilkhand War
|
In November 1764, Jawahir Singh laid siege to Najib-ud-Daulah's forces in Delhi. However, the siege was delayed due to Jawahar's ally, Malhar Rao, not fully supporting him and leaning toward Najib. As a result, Jawahir turned to the Sikhs, who were raiding the Ganga Doab, for help. After negotiations, he promised them a large sum of money and enlisted 12–15,000 Sikhs. They arrived in early January 1765 at Barari Ghat, 20 km from Delhi, where Jawahir met them. However, their relationship soured when the Sikhs insulted his attendants, and during the meeting, they declared that Jawahar had joined the Khalsa and sought revenge for his father's death. Despite the disrespect, Jawahar, desperate for their assistance, agreed to join forces. The Sikhs formed trenches on the north side of the city while Jawahar and Malhar Rao fought from the east, and the Sikhs also cut off the supply lines to the city from the west. Fighting continued for 20 days, with some of Najib's soldiers, including 1,000 under Bhola Singh, fighting for him. The conflict outside Delhi is vividly described by the eyewitness Nur-ud-din, who recalls the Sikhs using hit-and-run tactics, hiding behind ruined buildings near the river, and fighting Najib's forces with muskets. Several skirmishes took place, and a Sikh in silver armor was killed. After a month of constant fighting, Najib's forces would come out at sunset to engage the Sikhs, who fought until nightfall. On January 9, 1765, it was reported that Jawahar Singh had defeated Najib-ud-Daulah and taken control of the city. Trapped in the fort, Najib sought help from the Marathas to escape. On January 25, 1765, a major battle took place near the Horse Market and Sabzimandi between Najib and the Sikhs, aided by the Jats. Although many were killed or wounded, the outcome was inconclusive. In February 1765, the Sikhs suddenly withdrew from Delhi without informing Jawahar Singh, as they learned that Ahmad Shah Abdali was advancing toward the city, and they returned to Punjab.
| 2.625
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78873779
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh-Rohilkhand%20War
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Sikh-Rohilkhand War
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On May 11, 1767, Ahmad Shah Abdali gave permission for Najib-ud-daulah to leave the banks of the Sutlej River due to his poor health. Just as this decision was made, news arrived that the Sikhs, who had managed to avoid the Durrani troops by slipping past their camp a week earlier, had now entered Najib's territory. They first attacked the Sarhind area right under Abdali's nose. Afterward, they left their families and belongings in the Bhatinda-Hissar region's Rohi jungle and crossed the Jamuna River at Buriya Ghat. The Sikhs then raided Najib's districts of Saharanpur, Ambetah, and Nanautah, before focusing on the Barah Sadat settlement, which was a group of twelve Sayyid villages around Miranpur in Muzaffarnagar district. Their next target was Meerut.
G.R.C. Williams quotes a contemporary's diary regarding this Sikh invasion: "Indeed, even I lost some property during this time; it was the very month of Shams-ud-din’s wedding, and Sheikh Allah Yar Khan, the son of Muhammad Khan, was martyred by the hands of the Sikhs."
| 1.929688
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78873779
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh-Rohilkhand%20War
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Sikh-Rohilkhand War
|
Although this marked a victory for Najib-ud-daulah, it was clear that his power was waning. The rising strength of the Sikhs would soon overwhelm the declining Afghan influence in the region. As the years passed, raids from the Punjab became increasingly frequent and regular. The people of the Ganga Doab, worn out from the constant invasions, stopped resisting the Sikhs’ raids. They reluctantly accepted their fate. Border chieftains in the area began to regularly collect "blackmail" from the local villages. This system, known as "rakhi" or sometimes euphemistically "kombu" (meaning "blanket money"), became well-established. Each chieftain controlled a specific area, or "patti," and villagers were expected to pay a set amount, usually two to five rupees per person. Typically, two or three horsemen would collect these payments, but more soldiers were never far behind, ensuring compliance. If villagers were slow to pay, mounted troops would quickly appear to enforce the collection, and refusal to pay would often result in severe consequences, including violence. This system became a harsh reality for the people of the region, as the Sikhs continued to dominate the area with their raids.
Najib-ud-daulah's Weakness and Decision to Retreat
Najib-ud-daulah became so overwhelmed by his inability to deal with the Sikhs that he seriously considered escaping his political troubles by either making a pilgrimage to Mecca or retreating to an isolated place. He openly acknowledged his defeat in a letter to the Queen-Mother of Shah Alam II, admitting that he could no longer protect the royal family or the city of Delhi from the Sikhs. In this letter, Najib confessed that despite his previous loyalty to the Timurids and his past efforts to protect the royal domains, he was now powerless against the Sikhs. He mentioned that the Sikhs had already gained significant strength and were encouraging various tribes to rise against him, making it clear that he could no longer ensure his own safety, let alone that of the royal family.
| 2.703125
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78873779
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh-Rohilkhand%20War
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Sikh-Rohilkhand War
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Sikh Raids in the Upper Doab (1773)
In the winter of 1773, a large group of Sikhs, led by Karam Singh Shaheed, launched an invasion into the upper Doab region. They successfully captured and plundered a significant area that was under the control of Zabita Khan. Zabita Khan, who was paralyzed, stayed confined within his stronghold at Ghausgarh and did not attempt to defend his territory. One of the first places the Sikhs attacked was Nanautah, which they raided on December 11, 1773. The local annalist, documenting the misfortune of the town, noted that during the raid, the Sikhs took away fifteen maunds (a traditional unit of weight) of grain, along with various other goods.
The Sikhs then proceeded to attack Jalalabad. According to Ratan Singh, the Sikhs' attention was drawn to Jalalabad due to a complaint made by a Brahman. He alleged that his daughter, who had recently been married, had been forcibly taken by Sayyid Hasan Khan, the local chief. In retaliation, the Sikhs attacked the entire village. Those who resisted them were executed by beheading, while others who showed submission by holding grass in their mouths were spared. Sayyid Hasan Khan, the chief, was captured, tied to a cot, and then set on fire after being wrapped in straw. The chief's ally, a Hindu named Kalal, who had aided him by informing him about the attractive girls in the village, was hanged. In a symbolic act of justice, the Brahman's daughter was returned to her husband, and the food she had prepared was distributed among the prominent Brahmans of her husband's village. Additionally, the Sikhs gave the husband a generous sum of money to ensure that the wife would be treated well in the future.
| 1.984375
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78873779
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh-Rohilkhand%20War
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Sikh-Rohilkhand War
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Sikh Advancements and Mughal Responses (January–February 1784)
In early 1784, the Delhi government had too much trust in Zabita Khan and Zain-ul-Abidin's ability to control the rising Sikh attacks. In January, a large force of about 20,000 Sikh cavalry gathered near Buriya on the banks of the Jamuna River, which alarmed the British officer at Bareilly. He reported to the Governor-General on January 8, warning that the Sikhs might try to enter Rohilkhand between the Ganga crossings at Daranagar and Hardwar. The Governor-General believed, however, that the forces at Bareilly and Fatehgarh were strong enough to stop any Sikh movements into Oudh. As a precaution, additional reinforcements were sent to support the brigades at Allahabad. By late January, a much larger Sikh force, with 30,000 horsemen and infantry, crossed the Jamuna River and set up camp at Sultanpur, north of Saharanpur. Led by Jassa Singh Ramgarhia and Karam Singh, the Sikhs moved toward Sarsawa by January 30. In response, Zabita Khan, based at Ghausgarh, sent a battalion led by Qutbi Ranghar and Nahar Singh Gujar with five cannons to try to stop the Sikhs near Pikhani. However, the Sikhs demanded a tribute of ₹50,000 to withdraw, and Zabita Khan's representatives could do little to change their mind. By February 4, the Sikhs had moved to Shikarpur, then Nirpura, and later set up camp at Naula, where they looted, killed local people, and used the crops to feed their horses. Toward the end of February, they advanced to Sardhana, the headquarters of Begum Samru, and then to Barnawa. This series of movements caused much concern in Delhi, prompting Abdul Ahad Khan to order Zafaryab Khan, stationed at Serai Rohilla, to stay in place and not march toward Sardhana. The Delhi court responded by strengthening the city's defenses, deploying two Najib Battalion companies and two cannons to protect the Kashmiri Gate, signaling their growing fear of the Sikh forces.
| 2.71875
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69916059
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobo%20of%20Porto
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Bobo of Porto
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On the following day thirteen cardinals who had been present in Ferrara began the proceedings to elect his successor. It is not known whether Cardinal Bobo was present. The cardinals were aware that the papal chancellor, Albert di Morra, was in great favor with the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, because he was a member of the imperial party in the curia, and because he reported to the emperor all the confidential activities of the Roman curia. On 21 October 1187 he was unanimously elected pope and took the name Gregory VIII. Cardinal Bobo did not subscribe any documents at all for Pope Gregory VIII during his brief reign of one month and twenty-seven days. This might be an accident of the survival of documents, or perhaps a policy disagreement between the two.
The cardinals unanimously elected Cardinal Paolo Scolari, bishop of Palestrina, on 19 December 1187, the Saturday after the Feast of S. Barbara. He took the name Clement III. Immediate arrangements were begun for a return to Rome. Without delay Pope Clement sent his legates to the Roman people, in order to formulate a firm peace between him and them. On 26 January 1188, Pope Clement was in Siena, and by 11 February 1188 he returned to Rome and was resident at the Lateran.
Cardinal Bobo, still deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria, began subscribing for Pope Clement III at the Lateran in Rome on 11 March 1188.
| 2.5
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69916083
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20Ken%20Hill
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Wild Ken Hill
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Wild Ken Hill is a rewilding and regenerative agriculture project located in Norfolk, England, at the edge of The Wash.
History
The name Ken Hill probably derives from a chieftain or landowner with the Anglo-Saxon name Cena. The site has been inhabited from ancient times, with hoards including gold torcs, ingot rings, coins, bracelets and scrap metal from the last two centuries BC being found by archaeologists at Ken Hill.
The farm has been owned by the Buscall family since the 1870s.
The farm
Wild Ken Hill is a lowland farm with some grassland, meadow, heathland and shrub. In the middle of the farm, arable farming and intensive grazing have been replaced with low density herbivores (Red Poll cattle, Tamworth pigs, Exmoor ponies). Woodland thinning encourages wood pasture. European beavers have been reintroduced within an enclosure.
The farm also manages freshwater marsh, river valleys and woodland in a traditional manner in the west of the farm. The eastern part of the farm is used for regenerative agriculture, where "we aim to repair soil health to sequester carbon and boost biodiversity, whilst also delivering good, sustainable yields with minimal use of chemical inputs."
Media appearances
Wild Ken Hill was used for the filming of the BBC series Springwatch, Autumnwatch and Winterwatch in 2021–22.
| 2.484375
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69916382
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahe%20wollt%20der%20Herr%20uns%20sein
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Nahe wollt der Herr uns sein
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"" (The Lord wanted to be close to us) is a Christian hymn with German text, translated in 1971 from a 1964 Dutch hymn by Huub Oosterhuis. Its refrain says that God is among people but not recognised. The song, of the genre Neues Geistliches Lied (NGL), appeared from 1975 in German hymnals, then in the common section of the Catholic Gotteslob. In the hymnal's second edition, it appeared only in regional sections.
History
In the 1960s Oosterhuis was a Catholic priest in Amsterdam in a parish of students. The group was interested in a renewal of the language in the liturgy, both sung and spoken. Inspired by the Second Vatican Council, their service was primarily a meeting of people, intending to serve and proclaim Biblical words. Oosterhuis wrote the hymn text as "Omdat hij niet ver wou zijn" in 1964. His songs are, like the psalms, "tentative approaches to answer questions of God and man" (tastende Versuche, die Frage nach Gott und dem Menschen zu beantworten).
The melody was composed by . The translation to German was made by Nicolas Schalz in 1971. The hymn was included in the first common German Catholic hymnal Gotteslob of 1975 as GL 617. Intentions to ban songs by Osterhuis from the 2013 edition, because he and his parish had left the Catholic Church, were met with protests from German parishes. "" was included only in regional sections of the Gotteslob in the 2013 second edition, such as GL 807 for the Diocese of Limburg. It is also part of other songbooks, including the Swiss hymnal Kirchengesangbuch as KG 599.
Oosterhuis received an ecumenical German sermon prize in 2014 for his life's work, in recognition of the great influence of his hymns in German parishes.
| 1.9375
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69916485
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joannes%20Gennadius
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Joannes Gennadius
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Joannes, Ioannes or John Gennadius (, 1844–1932) was a Greek diplomat, writer, and speaker, best known for his donation of his collection of Greek books and art to the Gennadius Library.
Early and personal life
Gennadius was born in Athens on , the son of Georgios Gennadios, a man of letters, and Artemis Gennadios, a descendant of Ioannis Benizelos. His father died when he was 10. He was educated at the English-language Malta Protestant College and at the University of Athens. In November 1862, at age 18, he left the university and traveled to London. In Britain, he worked at Ralli Brothers, returning briefly to Athens to work as a journalist.
Gennadius married in London on 27 December 1902 Florence Laing Kennedy (1853–1952), the widow of the artist Edward Sherard Kennedy and daughter of Samuel Laing. There were two ceremonies, first at the Greek Church of St Sofia, then at the Anglican church of St Peter, Cranley Gardens. They set up household at 14 De Vere Gardens, Kensington. They moved to East Molesey, Surrey, in 1924. Gennadius died in London in 1932 and his wife died in 1952.
| 2.34375
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69916521
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Saraya
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Abu'l-Saraya
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Abu'l-Sarāyā al-Sarī ibn Manṣūr al-Shaybānī (d. 18 October 815) was leader of a Zaydi revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate in Kufa and Iraq in 815. The revolt spread quickly across southern Iraq, and his agents even took over Mecca and Medina. At one point, the rebels threatened even Baghdad, but the Abbasid general Harthama ibn A'yan drove them back to Kufa in a series of victories. Forced to abandon Kufa in late August, Abu'l-Saraya and his followers tried to flee, but were pursued, defeated, and captured. Abu'l-Saraya himself was executed at Baghdad on 18 October. The uprising continued in the Hejaz for a few months under Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq as anti-caliph at Mecca, until this too was suppressed by the Abbasid troops.
Life
Abu'l-Saraya's early life is obscure. His hometown was Ras al-Ayn, and claimed descent from the pre-Islamic Shabani chieftain Hani ibn Qabisah, but is said to have been a donkey driver and a bandit, before he entered the service of Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani, the Abbasid governor of Armenia. Under Yazid's command, he fought against the Khurramites. In the Abbasid civil war of al-Amin and al-Ma'mun, he initially sided with the former, and fought against al-Ma'mun's general Harthama ibn A'yan, before switching sides.
Revolt in Kufa
After a while, he obtained leave to go to the Hajj, but on the way rose on revolt. He defeated the Abbasid troops sent against him, and with the Alid Ibn Tabataba launched a Zaydi-inspired uprising in Kufa in January 815. Ibn Tabataba's role in the revolt was only as a figurehead, while actual power rested with Abu'l-Saraya. Indeed, modern scholars suggest that Abu'l-Saraya was not motivated by pro-Alid zeal, but merely saw the Alids as a tool to gain power.
| 1.976563
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69916760
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather%20of%202015
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Weather of 2015
|
In April, a tornado killed three people in Myanmar. A tornado outbreak in Pakistan killed 45 people. Also in April, a tornado in Brazil killed two people. In addition, the 2015 Rochelle–Fairdale, Illinois tornado caused 2 deaths, 19 injuries and $11 million across central Illinois. Finally in April, a tornado in Pakistan causes 45 deaths. An outbreak in May killed at least five people and left US$1.5 billion in damage. Also in May, a tornado in Mexico, part of the 2015 Texas-Oklahoma flood and tornado outbreak, killed 14 people. As a result of the storm's damaging effects, 45 people were killed and over 200 were wounded. In July, a tornado in Italy killed one person.
Tropical cyclones
As the year began, Tropical Storm Jangmi was dissipating in the South China Sea. There were 12 tropical cyclones in the year in the south-west Indian Ocean, including very intense tropical cyclones Bansi and Eunice, which both attained 10 minute sustained winds of at least 220 km/h (140 mph) in January. Also in the month, Tropical Storm Chedza moved across Madagascar, killing 80 people, mostly due to landslides. In the Australian region, there were 17 tropical cyclones. In February, two cyclones – Lam and Marcia made landfall in Australia in a 24 hour period, the first ever recorded instance of such an occurrence. Lam moved ashore Northern Australia, causing widespread flooding. Six hours later, Marcia made landfall on Queensland as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, causing A$750 million (US$587 million) in damage. There were 18 tropical cyclones in the South Pacific, including Cyclone Pam in March, which moved through Vanuatu with winds of 250 km/h (155 mph), causing 16 deaths and VT63.2 billion (US$600 million) in damage. There were also two subtropical cyclones in the South Atlantic Ocean, Bapo and Cari.
| 2.3125
| 0
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69916760
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather%20of%202015
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Weather of 2015
|
In the north-east Pacific Ocean, there were 31 tropical cyclones, half of which intensified into hurricanes. The strongest storm of the season was Hurricane Patricia, which on October 23 attained 1 minute sustained winds of 215 mph (345 km/h) and a minimum pressure of , making it the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in the western hemisphere, and the second-strongest worldwide after Typhoon Tip in 1979. Patricia struck southwestern Mexico after weakening, causing at least two deaths and US$325 million in damage. The Atlantic hurricane season was quiet by contrast, with just 12 tropical cyclones. The strongest was Hurricane Joaquin, which hit the Bahamas in October with 1 minute sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h). Damage in the country was estimated at US$200 million. Joaquin also capsized the cargo ship SS El Faro, killing the crew of 33 people. Also during the season, Tropical Storm Erika produced flooding and landslides in Dominica when it moved through the Lesser Antilles in August, killing 30 people and causing US$482.8 million on the island.
| 2.640625
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69916803
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakrala%20%28Sindh%29
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Kakrala (Sindh)
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Kakrala () was a historical region in southern Sindh, in the coastal parts of the Indus Delta. Descriptions of its precise extent vary, but it lay in the middle part of the delta, comprising the present-day taluqas of Shahbandar and Jati in Sujawal and Thatta districts. It has been described as the region from Jati to Kharo Chan, or the region between the mouths of the Wanyani and Pitti rivers. This area later formed part of the pargana of Ghorabari.
From about 1470 to 1760, Kakrala was also a small state, whose rulers took the title of Jam and are called as either Sammas or Kehars (or Kīhars). Their capital was at Dera, which is now in ruins near the site of Chach Jahan Khan. The Jams of Kakrala built numerous tombs and chhatris for themselves and for their patron saints. One of their patron saints was Aban Shah, a 16th-century Suhrawardi mystic who is buried at a place called Aban Shah Ja Takkar (where he had come to live during his lifetime), 2 km south of Chuhar Jamali in Sujawal district. Another was Rajan Shah, also a Suhrawardi mystic from the same family, whose tomb is located 1 km west of Aban Shah's. Both the men and women took part in the tomb-building process; for example, one woman of the Kakrala ruling family commissioned the tombs at Abro Halani near Jati. Kakrala was finally annexed by the Kalhoro dynasty in 1760.
Some 19th-century authors identified Kakrala with the island of Krokala in ancient Greek sources, but this is unlikely because Krokala was probably not in or near the Indus Delta.
Name
The name "Kakrala" is variously transliterated; variant spellings include Kakrāla, Kakrālā, Kakrālah, Kakrālo, and Kukrāla. It is probably derived from the Sindhi adjective kakrālo, meaning "pebbly", derived from the noun kakro meaning "pebble". The interpretation "land's end" has also been proposed, but this is more esoteric.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakrala%20%28Sindh%29
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Kakrala (Sindh)
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Shortly after Muhammad Muradyab Khan was installed as ruler of Sindh, he invaded Kakrala and defeated the Jam, who was "removed from Kodariah and confined at Kakrala, his head-quarters". Under the resulting treaty, Muhammad Muradyab Khan annexed the territories of Ochta, Lanjari, Miran, and Kachah; he fortified each of these places and designated Kachah as the "chief centre of stores".
Two years later, Muhammad Muradyab Khan wanted to invade Kakrala again, but the Kalhoro nobles refused to take part because they didn't want to break the treaty, and they ended up forming a conspiracy to dethrone him and replace him with his brother Mian Ghulam Shah.
In 1760, Jam Desar of Kakrala, who had taken advantage of Ghulam Shah's absence from Shahgarh to lead an incursion into Kalhoro territory, was defeated by a group of generals, including one named Muhammad Siddik Wais, who had been dispatched to deal with him. Then in 1761, he was made to leave the fort of Abad and go to Kutch, while his son Hardarji was kept as a hostage by Mian Ghulam Shah.
Kakrala was one of the parganas of Lower Sindh under the Talpur dynasty. It was governed by a "sazāwal-kār", or revenue collector, with several munshis (writers) to assist in its administration.
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69916915
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziwu%20Campaign
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Ziwu Campaign
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The Ziwu Campaign was a military counter offensive launched in 230 by the state of Cao Wei against his rival state Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. The campaign was initiated by Wei's Grand Marshal, Cao Zhen following the numerous Northern Expeditions and more recently the battle of Jianwei.
Background
Following Zhuge Liang's return after the battle of Jianwei, Liu Shan issued an imperial decree to congratulate him on his recent success. He also restored Zhuge Liang to the position of Imperial Chancellor (丞相).
While in Wei, Cao Rui summoned Cao Zhen to the imperial capital Luoyang, where he promoted him to Grand Marshal (大司馬) for his successful defense of Wei territory against Shu Han's expeditions. During this meeting, Cao Zhen proposed that in response to Shu Han's attacks, Cao Wei should launch their own invasion. He also said that if the various generals proceeded along several routes simultaneously then there could be great chance of success. Chen Qun prevailed against such a plan on the basis, that when Cao Cao defeated Zhang Lu, the army already had difficulty transporting provisions. He further said that the terrain of Hanzhong makes it hard to advance and retreat, posing a great danger for the troops. Cao Rui discussed the matter with Cao Zhen. Cao Zhen planned to use a different route to Ziwu, but Chen Qun again spoke against this plan. Cao Rui brought Chen Qun's arguments to Cao Zhen, but he was adamant in his decision and the campaign began.
The Campaign
In August 230, Cao Zhen led an army from Chang'an to attack Shu via the Ziwu Valley (子午谷). At the same time, another Wei army led by Sima Yi, acting on Cao Rui's order, advanced towards Shu from Jing Province by sailing along the Han River. The rendezvous point for Cao Zhen and Sima Yi's armies was at Nanzheng County (南鄭縣; in present-day Hanzhong, Shaanxi). Other Wei armies also prepared to attack Shu from the Xie Valley (斜谷) or Wuwei Commandery.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%27s%20End%3A%20California%27s%20Latest%20Water%20War
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River's End: California's Latest Water War
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River's End: California's Latest Water War is a 2021 American documentary film written and directed by Jacob Morrison. It follows the competition over California's limited water resources amid worsening droughts, as well as the decline of freshwater ecosystems in the California Delta. The documentary draws parallels to the California water wars featured in the 1974 film Chinatown.
The film had its world premiere at the 2021 Wild & Scenic Film Festival on January 14, 2021, where it won the Jury Award and People's Choice Award. It then played at the International Wildlife Film Festival where it won its category. It was released on video on demand by Giant Pictures on November 2, 2021. It received acclaim from critics, with praise for its story, interviews, cinematography, animation, and subject matter.
Plot
The film explores the struggle over California's limited freshwater resources during recent periods of drought, with particular focus on the expansion of almond groves in the Westlands Water District. The film explores the connection between increased water use for agriculture, and the decline of freshwater ecosystems in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. The documentary also draws parallels between the construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct during the historic California water wars, and the now proposed conveyance tunnels in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.
Cast
Narrated by DeLanna Studi
Subjects include (but are not limited to):
Peter Gleick
Bettina Boxall
Richard White (historian)
Jared Huffman
Tom McClintock
George Miller (California politician)
Reception
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