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78914078	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murr%20Dedi	Murr Dedi	History of his Descendants Aside from the history of Murr Dedi, there are also oral stories of his sons and their descendants. After arriving from the sea in a region known as Mamurras, the tribe moved to Vau i Dejës, a region near Shkodra, due to warfare. Kojel (head of the Berisha) and Lekë Pogu, son of Pog Murri, son of Murr Dedi, moved to Gralishtë and expelled the Latin speakers from Iballë. Their territory was named after them, Berishë, and the tribe began to split and grow into what it is today. Another story involved the ancestors of Mirdita, Shala, and Shoshi. Mir Diti, son of Dit Miri, son of Murr Deti, was the brother of Zog Diti, father of the Shoshi tribe, and Mark Diti, father of the Shala tribe. When the brothers Zog and Mark were to separate from Mir, both going on their own paths, Mir Diti had gifted Mark a shalë, "saddle", and Zog a shoshë, "sieve". In another tradition, the ancestor of the Shala is named as Zog Diti, the son of Dit Murri and grandson of Murr Dedi. Likewise, in this tradition the Shala appear as patrilineal kin with the Shoshi and Mirdita, formed by Zog's brothers Mark and Mir Diti. Geography In northern Albania, such as Dibër and surrounding areas, multiple locations seem to bear names similar to the name of Murr. These include Muhurr (village), Qafë-Murrë (mountain), Murrë (village), Mamurras (village), Fushë-Mamurras, and Fushë-Muhurr.	2.75
78914867	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From%20Waste%20to%20Art%20Museum	From Waste to Art Museum	The Sixth International "From Waste to Art" Exhibition opened on October 10, 2017, at the Gala State Historical and Ethnographic Reserve. Organized by the Heydar Aliyev Foundation and partners, the exhibition featured artworks made from household waste and discarded items. This year, 25 artists from 9 countries participated, with over 140 artists from 36 countries having contributed over five years. The exhibition continues to promote environmental awareness and the creative transformation of waste. The IX International "From Waste to Art" exhibition took place on May 27, 2024, in Baku, organized by the Heydar Aliyev Foundation and supported by Temiz Sheher OJSC, the IDEA Public Association, the Office of the State Historical and Architectural Reserve ‘Icherisheher,’ and the Q Gallery art gallery. The exhibition showcased works by 12 foreign and 18 local artists from nine countries, using waste and discarded items to create art. It aimed to raise awareness about environmental protection and the transformative potential of waste materials.	2.125
78914959	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20autonomous%20sex%20identity	Cell autonomous sex identity	Cell Autonomous Sex Identity (CASI) refers to the intrinsic determination of a cell's sex-specific characteristics based on its genetic and epigenetic makeup, independent of external hormonal influences. Unlike traditional models of sex differentiation, which emphasize the role of gonadal hormones in directing cellular and tissue-level sexual traits, CASI highlights the ability of individual cells to express their sexual identity autonomously. This concept has significant implications for understanding sexual dimorphism, development, and the evolutionary diversity of sex determination mechanisms across species. CASI has been observed in various organisms, including birds, insects, and fish, and challenges the long-held view that hormonal signaling is the primary determinant of sex-specific traits. In certain species, CASI plays a critical role in development, with sex chromosomes directly influencing cellular function and morphology. The study of CASI provides new insights into how genetic and epigenetic factors contribute to the differentiation of cells and tissues and has potential applications in understanding human biology, reproductive health, and disorders of sexual development. Historical Background The concept of cell autonomous sex identity (CASI) emerged as a challenge to the traditional understanding of sexual differentiation, which largely centered around the role of gonadal hormones in directing the development of sex-specific traits. Early research on sex determination systems focused heavily on the influence of hormonal signaling, particularly in mammals, where the testes and ovaries are known to orchestrate a cascade of changes in both primary and secondary sexual characteristics.	2.15625
78914959	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20autonomous%20sex%20identity	Cell autonomous sex identity	Cell Autonomous Sex Identity and Sexual Differentiation in Humans CASI plays a foundational role in early sexual differentiation in humans, particularly during embryonic development. In XY embryos, the SRY gene on the Y chromosome activates a cascade of signals that trigger testis development, while in XX embryos, the absence of SRY leads to ovarian development. While hormones such as testosterone and estrogen play major roles in furthering sexual development and secondary sexual characteristics, CASI ensures that each cell reflects its genetic sex, whether male (XY) or female (XX), from the very beginning. Research has shown that cells, particularly in the gonads, brain, and other tissues, retain their cellular sex identity even in conditions where hormonal signals might be disrupted or absent. This independent cellular identity suggests that CASI might be at work throughout human development, regulating key processes such as the differentiation of gonads and the central nervous system. Disorders of Sexual Development and Cell Autonomous Sex Identity Understanding CASI is crucial for interpreting certain disorders of sexual development (DSDs), in which an individual's chromosomal sex and phenotypic sex do not align as expected. These conditions can be classified into several categories, including conditions where individuals with XY chromosomes develop female characteristics (e.g., androgen insensitivity syndrome) or individuals with XX chromosomes develop male characteristics (e.g., congenital adrenal hyperplasia).	2.3125
78915222	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solorina%20bispora	Solorina bispora	Solorina bispora is a small foliose (leaf-like) lichen that forms patches wide. The thallus (main body) consists of rounded or irregular small surrounded by darker tissue. The upper surface appears pale greyish-green, sometimes with brownish tints, and often has a whitish, powdery coating (). When wet, the surface becomes bright green. The lower surface is white with indistinct veining and scattered pale root-like structures called rhizines. The species produces abundant reproductive structures (apothecia), which are brown to blackish disc-shaped organs partially embedded in the thallus. These measure across and lack a rim of tissue () around their edge. Inside the apothecia, each spore sac (ascus) contains two dark brown spores. The spores are divided into two cells by a central wall (septum) and measure 60–105 by 25–60 micrometres, with a distinctive net-like (reticulation) pattern on their surface. Like other lichens, S. lbispora is a symbiotic organism containing photosynthetic partners: its primary photobiont is a green alga (Coccomyxa), while it also contains colonies of cyanobacteria (Nostoc) in specialised structures called cephalodia. These cephalodia are usually internal and visible as dark spots on the lower surface, though they occasionally develop externally. The species does not produce any unique lichen products and shows no colour changes when tested with common chemical spot tests used in lichen identification. Habitat and distribution	2.734375
78915563	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso%20Robles%20Highlands%20District%20AVA	Paso Robles Highlands District AVA	The Paso Robles Highlands District extends from just south of the town of Shandon to the base of the La Panza Range to its south. The Highlands District AVA encompasses , making it the second-largest in Paso Robles AVA. Local residents still use the name "Highlands" to refer to the region of canyons and highlands to the east of Creston located within the Paso Robles Highlands District viticultural area, according to the petition. Based on the common use of the term "Highlands" throughout the United States, the words "Paso Robles" and "District" were added as modifiers to the viticultural area name. History The "Paso Robles Highlands District" name is based on the historical and current use of the "Highlands" or "Highlands District" name by local residents to refer to the geographical region of the Paso Robles Highlands District viticultural area since at least the late 1800s. The Highlands School District, located largely within the viticultural area, appears in local records as early as 1890. Although the school district did not extend to the eastern boundary of the viticultural area, the Highlands School drew students from a broader area due to difficulties in accessing other schools in the region. In addition, a book documenting the settlement and development of the region refers to it as "the Highland district." The name, "Highlands" is a name that residents of this area have traditionally referred to since at least the late 1800s.	2.1875
78915563	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso%20Robles%20Highlands%20District%20AVA	Paso Robles Highlands District AVA	Topography Paso Robles Highlands District viticultural area is topographically distinct from the central and western regions of the Paso Robles viticultural area. The terrain in Highlands District viticultural area includes large expanses of open landscape and grasslands, high ridges with scattered coniferous trees, and low hills and terraces that are bisected by canyons and channels incised by intermittent streams. These canyons and streams appear as long fingers that run predominantly south to north across the landscape. The open spaces and broad vistas of the Highlands District viticultural area serve as a geologic transition zone between the valley floor to the north and the La Panza Range to the south. Paso Robles Highlands District viticultural area elevations generally increase from north to south toward the La Panza Range, rising from in the area's north to in the area's south. Vineyards in the Paso Robles Highlands District viticultural area are generally planted on old alluvial terraces, alluvial fans, and hill slopes at elevations of . These high elevations enable vineyards in the viticultural area to benefit from more precipitation than surrounding lower elevations, as well as rapid hillside warming with the morning sun. At night, cold air drains off the high elevations and into the lower elevations outside the proposed viticultural area, reducing the risk of frost in vineyards within the proposed Paso Robles Highlands District viticultural area.	2.625
78915563	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso%20Robles%20Highlands%20District%20AVA	Paso Robles Highlands District AVA	Climate The Paso Robles Highlands District viticultural area has a more continental climate as compared to other regions within the Paso Robles viticultural area, averages 12 inches of precipitation annually, and is classified as a low Winkler Region IV climate. The landscape in this region transitions from valley floor to mountain slopes, with elevations ranging between . Paso Robles Highlands District, inland from the Pacific Ocean, generally has a warmer and more continental climate with less precipitation than other regions of the Paso Robles viticultural area at similar elevations. Due to the viticultural area's location to the east of the Santa Lucia Range and northeast of the La Panza Range, it lies in a double-rain shadow. However, due to its relatively higher elevations, the Paso Robles Highlands District viticultural area still receives an average of , or about more, of rain annually than the regions farther to the east. According to the Winkler climate classification system, the Highlands District viticultural area has a low Region IV climate, based on the 3,678 average GDD units measured from 2000 to 2003 at the elevation French Camp Vineyard. The abundant sunshine and warm temperatures result in moderate yields from vineyards within the viticultural area. The Paso Robles Highlands District viticultural area has greater daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual temperature ranges when compared to other areas within the Paso Robles viticultural area. The difference between daily maximum and minimum temperatures in the mid- and late-summer can be or more, with highs around and lows around . According to grape growers in the Paso Robles Highlands District viticultural area, the warm summer days ensure full maturity of the fruit, while the cool evenings preserve acids in the grapes. The growers also note that due to its distinctive climate, grape harvest in the proposed viticultural area occurs two to four weeks earlier than in some other areas of the Paso Robles viticultural area.	2.640625
78915706	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Duralde	Martin Duralde	Descendants Martin Adrien Duralde, usually called Martin Duralde Jr. in American newspapers, was appointed to be U.S. marshal of New Orleans in 1811. After Susan Clay Duralde died in 1825 her children went to live with their grandparents Henry and Lucretia Clay at Ashland in Kentucky. Martin Duralde Jr. was a candidate for governor of Louisiana in 1830. Clay stayed at Duralde Jr. house's "three miles below" New Orleans for several months in 1831. Duralde was appointed to a patronage position in 1841. Duralde died on the return trip from the Mexican-American War, where he had worked as some kind of merchant to the troops; the entire ship caught yellow fever, except for one young boy, possibly an enslaved cabin boy, and Duralde was found dying beside the dead captain after the ship drifted aground near New Orleans. Martin Duralde III was involved in a bloodless duel with Dr. Mosby of Virginia in 1841 in Cincinnati, Ohio. The humorous and charming journal of Martin Duralde III, described as a "tubercular gambler," during a tour of Virginia therapeutic hot springs in 1846 is held in the special collections of the Virginia State Library. Martin Duralde III died in Philadelphia later that year. Henry C. Duralde, his brother, went to California for the gold rush but died by drowning after falling overboard from the steamer Yuba on the Sacramento River in 1850. J. V. Duralde Jr. was once a candidate for Louisiana state office on the Know Nothing ticket and was president of the Grosse Tete and Opelousas Railroad.	1.976563
78915746	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pialba%20Shire%20Council	Pialba Shire Council	The Pialba Shire Council was a local government in Queensland, Australia that existed from 1905 to 1917. The council's headquarters, the Pialba Shire Hall, is now known as the Pialba Memorial Hall, and is on the Fraser Coast Local Heritage Register. The council had two divisions which each elected three councillors. The six councillors then elected their chairman, the first of whom was Hans Fevre. In August 1905 the council appointed its first Shire Clerk, Nicholas Tooth, a former MP and Mayor of the neighboring Maryborough council. The later years of the council’s existence coincided with the construction of the Urangan Pier (1913-1917). The connection between the histories and legacies of the council and the Urangan Pier is the subject of the book Pialba and the Pier by Fraser Coast Mayor George Seymour. The final meeting of the Pialba Shire Council was held on 4 April 1917. The area of the Pialba Shire Council was then grouped together with the area of the also abolished Howard Shire Council and part of the abolished Antigua Shire Council as well as part of the Maryborough City Council to form the new Burrum Shire Council (which covered a different area to the Burrum Shire Council that existed prior to 1905).	2.21875
78916235	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Sumsky	Victor Sumsky	Victor Vladimirovich Sumsky (Russian: Виктор Владимирович Сумский; born 13 April 1953) is a Russian orientalist and academician. He is a specialist in the current history and international relations of Southeast Asia. Early life and education Sumsky was born on 13 April 1953. His father worked at a defense research institute and was a World War II veteran, while his mother worked as chief legal adviser of the RSFSR's Ministry of Forestry. He was raised in a communal apartment in Moscow. He studied at English specialized school No.23 in Moscow and graduated in 1970. Afterwards, he entered MGIMO's Faculty of International Journalism in 1970. During his study at MGIMO, he learned Indonesian under the guidance of Ami Intoyo. While studying at MGIMO, he worked as a journalist at local newspapers in Severodvinsk and Nakhodka, respectively. He also interned at TASS and pre-graduation practical training at Novoye Vremya. He finished his study at MGIMO in 1975. In 1979, upon returning to the Soviet Union, he continued his postgraduate education at the Institute of Oriental Studies. He wrote a dissertation about comparing the contemporary political development and official ideologies of two Asian countries. After defending his dissertation, he published it titled Nationalism and Authoritarianism: Political and Ideological Processes in Indonesia, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Sumsky defended his doctoral dissertation on the Philippines' political regime development in 2006.	2.03125
78916304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive%20Government%20Council%20%28Haiti%29	Executive Government Council (Haiti)	The Executive Government Council (French: Conseil Exécutif Gouvernement; CEG) was a provisional collegial governing body in Haiti created during the politically turbulent years of 1956-1957. Its establishment, facillitated by the military, was in response to the failure of the two preceding interim presidents, Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis and Franck Sylvain, to resolve widespread unrest following the resignation and departure of Paul Magloire. Its primary objectives were to restore stability and prepare Haiti for a national election. It governed Haiti from April 5/April 6, 1957, to May 21, 1957. Thirteen representatives formed the council, representing the six principal presidential candidates, including François Duvalier, Daniel Fignolé, and Louis Déjoie. These members served as the country's secretaries and undersecretaries of state. Leadership of the council rotated among the secretaries of state. Throughout its existence, François Duvalier repeatedly sabotaged the council's work, primarily because he saw it as a tool for his rivals. The imbalance in representatives (both Fignolé and Déjoie had four representatives each, while Duvalier only had three) was the cause for this belief. Finally, when the council attempted to remove General Léon Cantave as Chief of Staff and appoint Colonel Pierre Armand in his stead, the military high command decided to dissolve the council entirely. Background	2.625
78917304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagami-Ogata%20Syndrome	Kagami-Ogata Syndrome	Kagami-Ogata syndrome is a rare genetic disease that is caused by mutations on Maternal chromosome 14 or by paternal UPD(14). The main signs of this disease are: polyhydramnios, narrow bell-shaped thorax, coat-hanger-like ribs, abdominal wall defect, enlarged placenta. Patients with KOS also have a facial dysmorphism, such as: frontal bossing, excessive hair growth on forehead, depressed nasal bridge, micrognathia with/or retrognathia, full cheeks, webbed neck, protruding philtrum. Symptoms The symptoms of this disease are: Very frequent: Anverted nares Bell-shapes thorax Protruding Philtrum Coat hanger-like ribs Depressed nasal bridge Dysphagia Full cheeks Intellectual disability Enlarged placenta Joint mobility limitation Micrognathia Webbed and short neck Repisratory failure Polyhydroamnios Frequent: Puckered lips Coxa valga Small eye openings Frontal bossing and hirsutism Premature birth Omphalocele Kyphoscoliosis Occasional: Anomalies of the cardiovascular system Hepatoblastoma Overgrowth Postnatal growth retardation Very rare: Seizures Cause There are three main mechanisms that can cause KOS: Paternal Unipaternal Disomy (in 55-70% cases). This can be caused by monosmy rescue. Usually Paternal UPD arises from nondisjunction in oocyte which causes nullisomy of that chromosome. When such oocyte gets fertilised, conceptus will have 1 chromosome (in that case only one chromosome 14) and autosomal monosomy is fatal most of the times. In monosomy rescue, chromosome gets duplicated and it can cause problems in gene expression pattern (like in this case). Epimutation on maternal chromosome 14 (in 10-20% cases). Epimutation doesn’t affect DNA, but rather by gene expression by chemical interactions. In that case genes on maternal chromosome 14 gets methylated and subsequently deactivated. Deletion of 14q32.2 (in 10-20% of cases). In that case part of the maternal chromosome 14 gets deleted.	2.28125
78917331	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajah%20Koswara	Jajah Koswara	Jajah Koswara (sometimes written as Yayah Koswara, 9 December 194117 March 2011) was an Indonesian academic and education administrator who was known for developing hybrid corn in Indonesia. She served as the Director of Research and Community Service Development at the Directorate General of Higher Education from 1989 until 2002, during which she developed the competitive grant scheme and the voucher system. Early life and education Jajah was born in Sumedang on 9 December 1941. Both of her parents worked as teachers, while her grandparents worked as a farmer. Jajah described her father as a strict and disciplined person, while her mother taught her basic home skills and opened an embroidery training school to provide additional income for the family. As a teacher, her parents had to move from town to town. After completing 2nd grade, Jajah followed her parents to Bandung and attended an elementary school for a few years there. She completed her elementary school education in the city and continued her studies at a junior high school there. Before completing her junior high school, her parents moved again to Cirebon. She finished her basic education in Cirebon in 1959. After completing high school, Jajah was accepted to study medicine in the University of Indonesia (UI) as well as the Bandung Teacher's Institute. Despite this, she opted to study agriculture at UI due to her family background as a farmer. Jajah was elected as the chief of the student's dormitory from 1962 to 1963. She completed her studies in 1964, after the agricultural faculty in UI was established into the separate Bogor Agricultural Institute (IPB). She was the fastest student of her cohort to graduate.	2.375
78917501	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20Bernetta%20Quinn	M. Bernetta Quinn	Teaching She began her teaching career in elementary and secondary schools in St. Priscilla Parish, Chicago, and Winona and Austin, Minnesota. In 1954 she joined the English department faculty of the College of St. Teresa in Winona, Wisconsin, remaining there until to 1967. She had an interest in historically Black colleges and universities, teaching at Allen University in South Carolina and Norfolk State University in Virginia. She also taught abroad at two Tokyo, Japan campuses, University of the Sacred Heart. and Meiji Gakuin University. She had visiting professorships at the Catholic University of America, SUNY-Buffalo, St. Andrew's Presbyterian College in North Carolina (now St. Andrew's University), and Siena College. Poetry She wrote poetry all her life, and it began appearing in print in the 1940s. In 1949 she published "Explanation" in College English, and in 1959 she published "For Ruth Wallerstein Who Died in England, April 1958" there. Flannery O'Connor, a Catholic who attended daily mass, spoke highly of “the Sister at Minneapolis that writes such good poetry." Quinn corresponded with O'Connor and her mother Regina. Quinn's poem, "Children Carrying Wood," appeared in Art Journal in 1962, and "In Branches of Spruce" in The Sewanee Review in 1963.	2.4375
78918046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia%20hispanica	Aquilegia hispanica	Aquilegia hispanica is a perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to the Iberian peninsula. Description Aquilegia hispanica is a perennial herbaceous plant similar in appearance to Aquilegia vulgaris. It has a slender stature with stems that are downy from the base and slightly sticky branches and leaf stalks. The leaves are densely velvety on the upper side, and smooth and greyish underneath. The flowers are violet-blue, smaller than those of A. vulgaris, with a slightly hooked nectar spur. Taxonomy Aquilegia hispanica was originally described as a variety hispanica of Aquilegia vulgaris by the German botanist Heinrich Moritz Willkomm in 1880. It was reassessed as a distinct species by the Hungarian botanist Vincze von Borbás in 1882, and is now generally accepted as such, despite Vernon Heywood's assessment of it in 1961 as a subspecies hispanica of A. vulgaris. Etymology The specific epithet hispanica means "from Spain, Spanish, Hispanic" in Latin, referring to its native range. Distribution and habitat Aquilegia hispanica is native to the north and west of the central Iberian peninsula, in both Portugal and Spain. It grows in meadows, forests, and woods in shaded rocky places, in mountainous and subalpine areas. Conservation , the species has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List. Ecology Aquilegia hispanica flowers in May and June. It is a characteristic part of the ground layer in deciduous Quercus pyrenaica (Pyrenean oak) forests, growing alongside other forest herbs such as Arenaria montana (mountain sandwort), the birthwort Aristolochia paucinervis, Luzula forsteri (southern wood-rush), Primula veris subsp. canescens (cowslip), and Veronica officinalis (heath speedwell).	2.59375
78918399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirote-Macedonian%20War%20of%20289%20BC	Epirote-Macedonian War of 289 BC	The Epirote-Macedonian War of 289 BC was an armed conflict which occurred during the year of 289 BC between the Kingdom of Epirus and the Kingdom of Macedonia. Background In 292 BC, while Demetrius was besieging Thebes, Pyrrhus invaded Thessaly however Demetrius immediately gathered an army and began to march to Pyrrhus. Outnumbered, Pyrrhus withdrew. Conflict In 289 BC Pyrrhus was betrayed by his second wife Lanassa, who left him and fled to Corcyra with her dowry, giving herself and the city to Demetrius I who sailed to the city, taking it. After returning from Corcyra, Demetrius planned to invade Epirus. Before invading Epirus, Demetrius planned to defeat the Aetolian League, a close ally to Pyrrhus, however the Aetolians, not seeking battle, retreated to the nearby hills. Seeing this, Demetrius left his best general Pantauchus together with 11,000 to engage with the Aetolians while Demetrius himself began marching to Epirus. Pyrrhus gathered the Epirote army consisting of 20,000-25,000 men and marched to Aetolia. Battle of Aetolia While Demetrius had now reached Epirus and began raiding the region, Pantauchus and Pyrrhus passed through each other while being on separate roads. Pantauchus, according to some sources challenged Pyrrhus to a duel which he accepted. During the duel, while hurling spears at each other, Pyrrhus was lightly injured while Pantauchus was seriously injured. After this duel, the "motivated" Epirote army charged and defeated the Macedonian army killing many and capturing 5000 as prisoners of war. Upon hearing about the defeat, Demetrius withdrew from Epirus, while Pyrrhus set free his prisoners.	2.296875
78918458	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair%20Planet	Fair Planet	Fair Planet is an Israeli non-profit organization that operates in rural communities in east Africa to increase food security and provide economic opportunities to smallholder farmers. Origin and Objective Fair Planet was founded by Dr. Shoshan Haran in 2012 as a means to provide local farmers in Africa access to seeds and farming practices of the developed world. According Fair Planet analysis, local seed varieties are highly susceptible to pests and diseases and the crops have very short shelf life. Average yield of tomato crop produced from local seeds is 7,670 Kg / Ha, about 20% of the yield achieved when using high quality seed varieties. This results in malnutrition and poverty, and limits the farmers to subsistence farming. Climate change and occasional outbreak of pests threaten their survival. In contrast, professional high quality seeds varieties, which are used throughout the industrial world, are resistant to many pests and diseases, the crops are of high quality and long shelf life, minimizing post-harvest losses. However, seed companies largely ignore Africa in general and small-scale farmers in particular due to the small-scale nature of the farming, and the poor infrastructure, which mean that the market is largely not profitable. The NPO therefore seeks a long-term technology transfer process - on the one hand facilitating access of smallholder farmers to seed of the highest-quality vegetable varieties suitable for their need, and on the other hand, training the farmers to use these seeds with minimal changes to their traditional production. Model Fair Planet aims to bridge that gap with a unique model that combines volunteer work, local public entities and global seed companies.	2.640625
78918512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Gordon	Roy Gordon	Roy Gordon was a chemist and a research metallurgist who rose to become President of Inco Limited. Biography James Roycroft Gordon was born a Methodist in 1898 near Kingston, Ontario. He graduated from Queen's University in 1920 with a B.Sc. in Chemistry. Gordon participated as a soldier from 16 May 1918 in the Canadian Expeditionary Force of World War I. In 1936 he became associated with Inco as Director of the newly established Research Department at Copper Cliff. Gordon was the recipient of the 1948 Medal of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Gordon was awarded the AIME James Douglas Gold Medal in 1958. Gordon was elected President of Inco in 1960. Gordon was fêted by the Canadian Club on 30 November 1964 as he delivered a lecture entitled "Canada - The Common Market - and World Trade". In December 1967 INCO inaugurated the J. Roy Gordon laboratory in Sheridan Park for its research in extractive metallurgy. By 2002 it had developed into a jewel responsible for many of the recent innovations in the field. Gordon was at one time or another, President and a Director of the Ontario Mining Association, President and a Director of Whitehead Metal Products, a Director of Canada Life Assurance, Page-Hersey Tubes, the Toronto-Dominion Bank, and the Toronto General Trusts.	2.171875
78918887	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%20nm%20process	1 nm process	Challenges and future implications The transition to the 1 nm node represents significant challenges for the semiconductor industry: Manufacturing Complexity: Producing features at this scale requires precise control and advanced lithographic techniques, which drive up costs. Material Limitations: Traditional silicon may reach its fundamental limits, necessitating the exploration of alternative materials. Economic Viability: The increasing cost of research, development, and production raises questions about the affordability of future nodes for widespread adoption. Despite these challenges, the 1 nm process is expected to play a crucial role in enabling new applications, such as advanced AI processors, 6G communication technologies, and next-generation IoT devices. It will also pave the way for further innovation in the semiconductor industry, reinforcing its central role in global technological development. Beyond 1 nm As semiconductor technology approaches the 1 nm process node, researchers are exploring innovative materials and structures to continue device miniaturization and performance enhancement. A notable development in this realm is the creation of transistors with gate electrodes measuring less than 1 nanometer. Research and technology demos In 2012 a single atom transistor was fabricated using a phosphorus atom bound to a silicon surface (between two significantly larger electrodes). This transistor could be said to be a 180 pm transistor (the Van der Waals radius of a phosphorus atom); though its covalent radius bound to silicon is likely smaller. Making transistors smaller than this will require either using elements with smaller atomic radii, or using subatomic particles—like electrons or protons—as functional transistors. In 2018, researchers at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology created a transistor with a working single atom gate.	2.15625
78918930	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha%20Harkness%20%28Marvel%20Cinematic%20Universe%29	Agatha Harkness (Marvel Cinematic Universe)	Youth and motherhood In 1693, Agatha Harkness murdered her coven, the Salemites, including her mother Evanora, after they attempted to execute her for practicing dark magic. She absorbed the powers of her fellow witches but spared their children, who later formed the Salem's Seven, a group that sought revenge against her. In 1750, Harkness had a son, Nicholas Scratch, who was fated to die at birth. Harkness negotiated with her lover Death to extend Scratch's life. Over the next six years, Scratch traveled with his mother and reluctantly assisted her in luring witches to their deaths. Together, they created a song that gained popularity as a folk tune called "The Ballad of the Witches' Road". After Death claimed Scratch in 1756, Harkness maintained a centuries-long practice of deceiving witches with tales of the Witches' Road in order to drain their powers and kill them. Present at disasters Harkness was allegedly present at several major historical events in the 20th century, including the sinking of the Titanic in 1912 and the Hindenburg disaster in 1937. In the 1920s, Harkness lived in Boston where she sold spells for financial gain. By the 1970s, she had relocated to Nashville, where she crossed paths with Dolly Parton. Parton slapped her, an event that was caught on camera and inspired the song "Jolene".	2.6875
78918952	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Hogan	Samuel Hogan	In the city of Mortain, the main German spearheads began encircling the US infantry unit within, the 120th Regiment from the 30th Infantry Division. For the following five days, Task Force Hogan fought to relieve the US 120th Infantry Regiment encircled in the hilltop redoubt of Mortain as they held off the German advance to Avranches. In the face of heavy German attacks by SS regiments, artillery of all types and several Luftwaffe sorties, they held their ground and kept pressure off the surrounded GIs of the 30th Infantry Division until 12 August, when Hitler gave his exhausted troops permission to discontinue the attack. In March 2020, the Presidential Unit Citation was awarded to Task Force Hogan, 33rd Armored Regiment “For extraordinary heroism in action and outstanding performance of duty against armed enemy forces from 6 August 1994 to 12 August 1944 in the vicinity of Mortain, France.” After helping defeat Operation Luttich, Task Force Hogan helped close the Falaise Pocket as the First Army unit on the flank of the 2nd French Armored Division. Throughout the dash through France Sam Hogan’s Sherman or Jeep always flew a Texas Flag from the radio antenna, to show his soldiers he was always out front with them. The Stars and Stripes reported on this morale quirk and local Frenchmen welcoming their liberators reacted with wide-eyed looks and smiles to Sam’s remark that it was “the flag of the free Americans”.	2.09375
78919103	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racoplaca	Racoplaca	Racoplaca is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Strigulaceae. It comprises seven species of foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) lichens. Taxonomy The genus Racoplaca was originally established by Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fée in 1824 but was later subsumed within the broader genus Strigula. A 2020 multilocus phylogenetic analysis by Shu-Hua Jiang and colleagues demonstrated that foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) species previously placed in Strigula actually represent six distinct evolutionary lineages. This led to the resurrection of Racoplaca specifically for members of the Strigula subtilissima group. The analysis showed Racoplaca forming a well-supported monophyletic clade characterised by thin, olive-brown to dark olive-green thalli with a metallic sheen, composed of dichotomously branched bordered by thin black lines. The genus can be distinguished from other related genera in the Strigulaceae by its characteristic thallus morphology, the presence of black borderlines along the lobes, and its perithecial walls that are covered by a thin thallus layer up to the ostiole. Description Racoplaca is a genus of crustose lichens that grow on living leaves (foliicolous). The lichen forms a thin, distinctive crust beneath the leaf cuticle, characterised by repeated forking (dichotomous) branches that create a network-like pattern radiating outward. Each branch of this pattern is outlined by a thin black border. The (algal partner) in this symbiotic relationship is from the genus Cephaleuros. The sexual reproductive structures () are prominent and shaped like warts or cones. These are typically covered by a thin layer of the lichen's body (thallus) except at the opening (ostiole), giving them a partially black appearance. The internal fertile tissue () is colourless and does not react with iodine-based chemical tests. The spore-producing cells (asci) are club-shaped to oblong, with a short apex () and narrow chamber. Each ascus produces eight colourless, two-celled arranged in two rows or irregularly.	2.515625
78919233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno-O%C5%99e%C5%A1%C3%ADn	Brno-Ořešín	After 1850 After the establishment of the municipal system, Ořešín was an independent municipality after 1850, part of the Brno-venkov (Brno-Country) political district. The affiliation to judicial districts was more complicated. In the years 1850–1855, it fell into the Brno-horní prědměstí (lit. 'Brno-Upper Suburbs') judicial district. That year, the Brno judicial districts were merged into the judicial district of Brno, which was divided again in 1892 and Ořešín became part of the Brno-okolí (lit. 'Brno-Surroundings') judicial district. The municipality was located there until 1949, when these territorial units were abolished. In 1850, the Staré Brno manor became an economic estate, which mainly owned the forests around Ořešín. The estate was inherited by the descendants of Prince Eduard, so it remained in the possession of the Schönburg-Hartenstein family until 1945, when it was expropriated based on the Beneš decrees. The forest district was attached to the forest estate of the University of Agriculture.	2.015625
78919260	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshan%20Haran	Shoshan Haran	Shoshan Haran is an Israeli agronomist and the founder of the Fair Planet NPO. Born and raised in Kibbutz Be'eri, she studied for a BA in plant protection at the Faculty of Agriculture of the Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel. After working in the field in the kibbutz itself she returned to the faculty and worked on a direct path to a Ph.D. under the supervision of Ilan Chet. She then continued to postdoctoral degree at Rutgers University NJ with the help of a Fulbright scholarship and a BARD scholarship. After returning to Israel, she worked for 11 years at , a subsidiary of the Limagrain Group, which specializes in the cultivation of vegetable varieties. Her work in the seeds industry, along with her travels around the world have motivated her to found Fair Planet NPO, which aims to improve the harvest and livelihood of smallholder African farmers by providing them access to professional high quality seed varieties. Haran is one of around 200 civilians that were kidnapped by Hamas militants into the Gaza Strip on October 7 2023. Along with her, Hamas abducted eight other family members, murdered her husband Avshalom and brother-in-law Eviatar Kipnis, and detonated their house.. She was later released as part of an Exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners. After her release she joined the advisory council of Hostage Aid Worldwide, a non-profit NGO dedicated to the release of hostages globally and prevention of acts of hostage taking.	2.34375
78920165	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius%20Avienus	Gaius Avienus	Gaius Avienus was an Equites of the Aviena gens of ancient Rome who lived in the 1st century BCE. He served as the military tribune of the tenth legion, probably an appointee of Julius Caesar. He was in active service from at least 47 BCE. In 46 BCE, he sailed from Lilybaeum to the African town of Uzita, where Caesar's camp was located, commandeering a vessel of the convoy for his own private use. When he arrived, Caesar realized Avienus's ship had brought only his own personal slaves and pack animals, and not one single Roman soldier. The next day, Caesar called an assembly of legionnaires and publicly, dishonorably discharged (ignominiosa missio) Avienus from service. This was a severe disgrace, which disentitled a soldier from all benefits and rewards, and classed the offender as infames: they were still technically Roman citizens, but they were stigmatized and excluded from civic life. This was also intended to punish Avienus for an incident in 47 BCE in which, Caesar believed, Avienus had incited soldiers of the tenth legion to mutiny. He was probably from Campania.	2.640625
78920254	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Erwin%20Graf%20von%20Spreti-Weilbach	Hans Erwin Graf von Spreti-Weilbach	Hans Erwin Karl Ernst Martin Graf von Spreti-Weilbach (24 September 1908 – 30 June 1934) was a member of a German noble family who joined the Nazi Party. He rose to become an SA-Standartenführer in its paramilitary branch, the Sturmabteilung (SA). He served as the chief adjutant to Ernst Röhm, the SA-Stabschef, and was executed by members of the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler during the Night of the Long Knives. Family and education Spreti-Weilbach was descended from the junior branch (Weilbach) of the , members of the German nobility originally of Italian origin. He was born in Karlsruhe, the son of a military officer and merchant. He was the youngest of four children and the last surviving son, his two older brothers having died in the First World War. A cousin from the senior (Kapfing) family line, Cajetan Graf von Spreti, became an SA officer and an official in the Reich Ministry of Labor. Spreti-Weilbach first was taught by private tutors, then attended the from 1920 to 1922 and the Neue Realgymnasium in Munich until 1927. He earned his Abitur in March 1928 from a private school in Magdeburg. He then completed an agricultural internship before beginning his studies in agriculture in 1929 at the Royal Academy for Agriculture and Brewing (today, the TUM School of Life Sciences) in Weihenstephan. He transferred to the Christian Albrecht University of Kiel before returning to Weihenstephan and completing his studies in August 1932 with a degree in agriculture.	1.929688
78920362	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel%20de%20Ville%2C%20Villeurbanne	Hôtel de Ville, Villeurbanne	The design involved a symmetrical main frontage of 15 bays facing onto the new square. The centre bay featured a short flight of steps leading up to a glass doorway; there was a semicircular balcony and a French door on the first floor. The other bays were fenestrated with plate glass on both floors. The bays were flanked by full-height fluted columns which were decorative and had no capitals. At roof level, there was a parapet, the height of which was raised in the centre and decorated with a coat of arms. There was also a recessed attic floor, fenestrated by small square casement windows. Behind the central bay was a square belfry which was high. Internally, the principal rooms included the Salle de Mariages (wedding room), with an organ designed and built at the factory founded by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, and the Salle des Commissions (commissions room), with a fine fireplace. On 24 August 1944, during the Second World War, local resistance fighters led by Captain Jacques Lefort, mounted an insurrection against German occupation, formed a command post in the town hall and erected barricades around the building. With superior armaments, the German 11th Panzer Division eventually regained control on 26 August 1944. However, the town was liberated by the 1st Free French Division, just a few days later, on 2 September 1944.	2.296875
78920672	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico%20Mora%20National%20Hospital	Federico Mora National Hospital	Federico Mora National Hospital, located in Guatemala City, Guatemala, serves as the primary public psychiatric facility in Guatemala. It provides mental health care to individuals from across the country and also houses persons transferred from the nearby prison system, including those deemed mentally unfit to stand trial. People have written about their experiences volunteering at the hospital. Human rights concerns The hospital has faced criticism from international organizations and human rights advocates. Reports have highlighted issues such as overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, and inadequate staffing. Disability Rights International (DRI) raised concerns about the treatment of patients, including allegations of abuse and neglect. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) has been involved in addressing concerns related to the hospital. Scholars have written about the hospital and wider system. Deaths In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Patient #10451 died at the hospital. He was transferred to the hospital in 1991 where he lived for over three decades before his death.	2.015625
78920714	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Neumann	Barbara Neumann	Barbara Zsusanna Neumann (; 30 November 1914 – 25 November 2002) was a Hungarian mineralogist and clay scientist, inventor of the synthetic clay laponite. In 2022, the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland named their senior medal in her honour. Biography Early life Neumann () was born in Szolnok, Hungary on 30 November 1914, to Jewish parents. She moved to Budapest, and completed a degree in physics, and doctorate in X-ray diffraction. In 1939, she married Gyorgy Emődi. Emődi was conscripted into the army and died of typhus early in World War II. Career During her PhD, Neumann studied the mineralogical structures of clays using X-ray diffraction. One of the samples she worked on was a natural clay called Fuller's earth, provided by the Fuller's Earth Union. In 1939, Neumann wrote to the FEU suggesting that she could help to improve their product. Following an interview, Neumann secured a job with the company, and moved to Redhill, Surrey. Fuller's Earth Union limited merged with Laporte industries in 1954, but Neumann remained with the company until she retired, aged 60, in 1974. In 1962, Neumann patented a synthetic hectorite clay, which she called laponite. This was the first completely synthetic clay mineral that became commercially highly successful, with uses in products from paints and coatings to catalysts and composites. Laponite was patented in 1970 in the United States. Laponite is a nanomaterial, made up of very small disk-shaped crystals that usually forms a fine white powder. It was one of the first examples of a nanomaterial to be manufactured on an industrial scale. Laponite is registered to and manufactured by BYK Additives & Instruments, and is used in many applications, due to its versatility and desirable physical and chemical properties. Laponite is mentioned in over 3000 patents, and in more than 2500 research publications; and laponite was instrumental in the development of the first 'non-drip' paints, among other products.	2.3125
78921039	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Hilda%27s%20Church%2C%20Hinderwell	St Hilda's Church, Hinderwell	St Hilda's Church is the parish church of Hinderwell, a village in North Yorkshire, in England. A church was built on the site in the Saxon period, and rebuilt in the 12th century. There is a holy well in its churchyard. The old church was demolished and the current church was built in 1773, while the tower was rebuilt in 1817. The church was restored in 1895, and was grade II listed in 1969. The church is built of stone with a Welsh slate roof, and consists of a nave, a chancel and a west tower. It measures by . The tower has two stages, a west doorway, and an embattled parapet. The windows are square-headed with Perpendicular tracery, and at the east end is a Venetian window. Inside, part of a Norman piscina and some Saxon carvings survive from the old church. There is a Gothic oak screen, and a west gallery and organ which were moved from Selby Abbey. St Hilda's Well in the churchyard is probably mediaeval and was restored in 1912. The wellhead is built of stone, the side walls are rusticated, and it carries a flat slab roof above the spring. On the well is an inscription relating to the restoration.	2.15625
78921615	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourisia%20cotapatensis	Ourisia cotapatensis	Ourisia cotapatensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to high-elevation habitats in the Tropical Andes mountains of the La Paz Department in Bolivia. Heidi Meudt and Stephan Georg Beck described O. cotapatensis in 2003. Plants of this species of South American foxglove are small, perennial, and repent herbs with opposite, anisophyllous, punctate, hairy leaves. There can be up to four flowers on a short raceme, and each flower has a regular calyx, and a violet, tubular-funnelform, bilabiate corolla with purple spots in the corolla tube and included stamens. The calyx is hairy on the outside, and the corolla has a ring of hairs at the tube opening as well as a line of hairs on the inside. This species is known only from Cotapata National Park, for which it is named. Taxonomy Ourisia cotapatensis Meudt & S.Beck is in the plant family Plantaginaceae. American-New Zealand botanist Heidi Meudt and German-Bolivian botanist Stephan Georg Beck described O. cotapatensis in 2003. It is known only from Cotapata National Park, for which it is named. The type material was collected by Beck in 1996 in the La Paz Department of Bolivia (Beck 22777). The holotype is housed at the National Herbarium of Bolivia (herbarium LPB), with isotypes at the herbaria of the University of Texas at Austin (TEX), Botanische Staatssammlung München (M), New York Botanical Garden (NY) and the Higher University of San Simón (BOLV). Ourisia cotapatensis is one of five species of Ourisia in the Tropical Andes, together with O. muscosa, O. pulchella, O. chamaedrifolia, and O. biflora. All five species are in the herbaceous subgenus Ourisia. The violet, bilabiate corollas of Ourisia cotapatensis also differ from the corollas of the other Tropical Andean species, i.e. the red, bilabiate corollas of O. chamaedrifolia, the white, regular corollas of O. muscosa and O. biflora, and the white or pale violet, bilabiate corollas of O. pulchella.	2.5
78921615	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourisia%20cotapatensis	Ourisia cotapatensis	Ourisia cotapatensis plants are perennial, repent herbs. The short stems are 0.5–1.1 mm wide, and glabrous (hairless) or hairy with short non-glandular hairs. Leaves are opposite, spaced 1.0–7.5 mm apart, anisophyllous, petiolate, 1.9–5.4 mm long by 1.6–5.2 mm wide (length: width ratio 0.8–1.2:1). Leaf petioles are 0.6–2.4 mm long and usually glabrous or sometimes hairy with short non-glandular hairs. Leaf blades are broadly ovate or very broadly ovate, widest below the middle, with a rounded or subacute apex, usually cuneate base, and irregularly notched edges. The upper surfaces of the leaves are hairy with short to long, sparsely to densely distributed non-glandular hairs, the lower surfaces are glabrous, and both surfaces are punctate. Inflorescences are ascending, with hairy racemes up to 39 mm long, and with 1–3 flowering nodes and up to 4 total flowers per raceme. Each flowering node has 1 flower and 2 petiolate to sessile bracts that are lanceolate to ovate. The bracts are similar to the leaves but hairier and smaller, 2.8–4.3 mm long and 1.3–2.4 mm wide. The flowers are borne on a pedicel that is up to 11.0 mm long and has densely distributed, short non-glandular hairs. The calyx is 3.9–5.9 mm long, regular, with all five lobes divided to the base of the calyx, sparsely to densely hairy with short non-glandular hairs on the outside of the calyx. The corolla is 19.1–21.0 mm long (including an 8.5–11.4 mm long corolla tube), bilabiate, curved, tubular-funnelform, violet (and yellow with purple spots in the corolla tube), glabrous on the outside, and densely hairy inside at the tube opening and with a line of hairs between the two long stamens. The corolla lobes are 2.8–7.8 mm long, spreading, cordate or obcordate and emarginate. There are 4 stamens which are didynamous, with two long stamens reaching the tube opening, and two short stamens that are included; a short staminode is also present. The style is 7.4–8.4 mm long, included, with an capitate stigma. The ovary is 2.1–3	2.5
78922081	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRSC-EO1%20satellite	PRSC-EO1 satellite	PRSC-EO1 (Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite - Earth Observation 1) is an Electro-Optical Satellite developed by Pakistan's Space Agency (SUPARCO). It was launched from China's Jiuquan Satellite Centre on January 17, 2025, by China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC), a subsidiary of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), The PRSC-EO1 is Pakistan's first domestically produced observation satellite. The satellite is Pakistan's 2nd launch in just under a week, previously, Pakistan launched PAUSAT-1 satellite, on SpaceX's Falcon 9 on January 14, 2025. Background The launch of PRSC-EO1 is part of a broader initiative under the "Space Vision 2040", which seeks to establish Pakistan self-reliant in satellite launching and development capabilities. Under this vision, SUPARCO announced a new program of three optical remote sensing satellites called PRSC-EOS and the PRSC-EO1 is first of three satellites. Then, In 2022, the China Great Wall Industry Corporation reached an agreement with SUPARCO. providing multi-launch services for a SUPARCO satellite. In addition to that, CGWIC also provided Pakistani satellite with Telemetry, Tracking, and Command support for Launch and Early Orbit Phase support. Launch PRSC-EO1 was launched on January 17, 2025, 12:07pm (Beijing Time) by Long March-2D (LM-2D) from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia. The satellite was launched besides two other Chinese satellites Tianlu 1 and Lantan 1. The official launch ceremony was held at the SUPARCO Complex in Karachi where the launch was broadcast live. Objectives PRSC-EO1 is earth observation satellite. Its primary purpose is to monitor earth and support land mapping in agriculture, disaster management, urban planning and resource planning. PRSC-EO1 will also help in infrastructure tracking, natural resource conservation, environmental monitoring, and providing real-time response to disasters.	2.25
78922422	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Sparrman	Mount Sparrman	Mount Sparrman is a hill in Fiordland, New Zealand. The hill is notable as the first peak in New Zealand climbed by Europeans; this happened in 1773 as part of the second voyage of James Cook. Description Mount Sparrman is a hill south of Cook Channel, which is part of Tamatea / Dusky Sound. This peak is located in Fiordland National Park and Te Wahipounamu. Precipitation runoff from the hill drains north-west to Tamatea / Dusky Sound and south-east to a lake that eventually flows into Taiari / Chalky Inlet via Lumaluma Creek. The Mount Sparrman–South Peak is an informal name for a nearby hill at an elevation of . Topographic prominence is . First ascent The hill is notable as the first peak in New Zealand climbed by Europeans – it was scaled on 23 April 1773 by a party of four who belonged to the second voyage of James Cook. Three of the party's names are known: Anders Sparrman (1748–1820), Richard Pickersgill (1749–1779), and Joseph Gilbert (1732–1831). It is believed that the fourth person was an able seaman who may have acted as a porter. Georg Forster and his father Johann were supposed to be part of the trip, but they were both sick that day. The Resolution had already been in Tamatea / Dusky Sound for five weeks before the ascent. James Cook had decided to give his crew a rest period. They anchored in what they called Cascade Cove based on "a large magnificent waterfall", and that waterfall was later painted by William Hodges. The route chosen to Mount Sparrman was beside this waterfall. When the party reached the top, which was above the tree line, they set fire to the dry grass to signify the occasion. For many years, it had been believed that the first significant European climb of a New Zealand mountain was John Bidwill's ascent of Mount Ngauruhoe in 1839, but the degree of difficulty between Mount Sparrman and Mount Ngauruhoe is similar. The mountain's toponym honours Sparrman (1748–1820), who was a scientist on the Resolution.	2.390625
78922629	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourisia%20pulchella	Ourisia pulchella	Of the Tropical Andean species, O. pulchella is most similar to O. cotapatensis, with which it shares leaves up to 1 cm long and bilabiate corollas 1–2 cm long that are hairy inside. It can be distinguished from O. cotapatensis by its corollas with white or pale violet without spots (vs. violet, curved corollas that have purple spots in O. cotapatensis) that are hairy throughout the tube (vs. have a ring of hairs at the tube opening as well as a line of hairs between the two long stamens), three lobes divided to halfway and two divided to the base (vs. all five calyx lobes divided equally to the base of the calyx), petioles that are sparsely hairy (vs. usually glabrous), and leaves that are tightly packed along the rhizome (vs. c. 2–5 mm long and evenly spaced along the creeping rhizome). Ourisia pratioides was described by German botanist Ludwig Diels in 1906 and is a synonym of O. pulchella. The holotype of O. pratioides was collected by August Weberbauer in the mountains of southwestern Monzón District, Peru, in October 1903, and was housed at the Herbarium Berolinense (herbarium B) at the Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum where it was destroyed in World War II. A lectotype of O. pratioides was designated in 2018 from the Philadelphia Herbarium at the Academy of Natural Sciences (herbarium PH).	2.640625
78922629	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourisia%20pulchella	Ourisia pulchella	Ourisia pulchella flowers in October, November and February, and fruits from October. The chromosome number of Ourisia pulchella is unknown. Distribution and habitat Ourisia pulchella is known only from the high elevation, rocky habitats in the altiplano and puna of central Peru (Huánuco province, c. 10°S) and northwestern Bolivia (Cochabamba and La Paz Departments, c. 17°S) from 3000 to 4050 m above sea level. There are few herbarium specimens or observations of it. Conservation status Ourisia pulchella is listed on the IUCN Red List as Data Deficient. Phylogeny Four of the five Tropical Andean species of Ourisia were sampled, including one individual of O. pulchella, for phylogenetic analysis of all species of the genus Ourisia, using standard DNA sequencing markers (two nuclear ribosomal DNA markers and two chloroplast DNA regions) and morphological data. Ourisia pulchella was always placed with high support in the north-central Andean clade, especially near O. cotapatensis and O. chamaedrifolia; O. muscosa was usually the sister species to these three species.	2.734375
78922754	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte%20Moore%20%28athletic%20director%29	Monte Moore (athletic director)	Ernest Merrill "Monte" Moore (December 9, 1891 – February 6, 1949) was an American athlete, coach, and athletics administrator. He served as the athletic director at Bates College from 1938 to 1949. Early life Moore was born in Randolph, Maine on December 9, 1891, to Walter E. and Rita G (Merrill) Moore). He attended school in Gardiner, Maine and enrolled at Bates College in 1911. He played guard for the school's football team and pitched for the Bates baseball team. He was captain of the 1914 Bates football team and graduated the following spring. In 1918, he married Ruth Frost of Bangor, Maine. They had two daughters. Administrative career Moore began his career in education as assistant headmaster at Fort Fairfield High School. He then spent two years as the athletic director and football, baseball, basketball, and track coach at Deering High School. In 1918, he moved to Massachusetts to become the director of athletics at Revere High School. He then spent 17 years as athletic director and football and baseball coach at the Huntington School in Boston. From 1935 to 1938, he was the athletic director at the Wilbraham Wesleyan Academy. In 1938, Moore returned to Bates College as athletic director. During World War II, coached baseball, basketball, and football teams, which consisted of students from the V-12 Navy College Training Program. Moore underwent surgery on January 13, 1949. He did not recover and died on February 6, 1949, at the Central Maine General Hospital.	2.09375
78923127	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sughra%20Humayun%20Mirza	Sughra Humayun Mirza	Sughra Humayun Mirza (1884 – 1958), also known as Begum Sughra, was a social reformer, Urdu writer and traveller from Hyderabad, India. She is believed to be Hyderabad's first female novelist, having written 14 major novels. Background Mirza was born in December 1884 in the erstwhile princely state of Hyderabad, India. She came from an educated, migrant, Shia Muslim family who had settled in Hyderabad and served the state. Her father, Dr. Haji Safdar Ali Mirza, served as a surgeon in the Nizam's Army. Her mother, Maria Begum, was a scholar of Arabic and Persian languages. Her grandfather was from Turkey, and her maternal family was from Iran. Sughra was homeschooled in Urdu and Persian. At the age of 16, she married Humayun Mirza, a prosperous barrister from Patna, who moved to Hyderabad. Literary work Mirza was a prominent Urdu language writer of her time and wrote travel accounts, novels, short stories, poetry, and essays. Her writings reflected her views on social reform and, particularly, advocating for women's rights. She is considered to be the first woman novelist in Urdu from Hyderabad. She authored major 14 novels, including Mohini (1929), Zohra (1911), Bibi Turi ka Khwab (Turi's Dream), Awaz-e-Ghaib (Voice from the Unknown), Sarguzisht-e-Hajira (1926) and Safina-e-Najat (The Barge of Liberation). She wrote poetry under the pen name 'Haya'. She contributed to several women's magazines and served as editor Al-Nisa (The Woman), and Zaib-un-Nisa (Women's Adornment). Al-Nisa was published between 1919 and 1927 and focused on social issues like cleanliness, health, nursing, and critiques of outdated customs. It became a platform for women writers and had an audience beyond Hyderabad, including in cities such as Aligarh, Delhi, Lahore and Lucknow.	2.53125
78923240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Cornet	Paul Cornet	Paul Cornet (18 March 1892 – 10 April 1977) was a French sculptor, painter, and teacher. He was known for his statues, nudes sculptures, busts, and monuments. He taught at the Académie Scandinave in Paris for many years. Early life, and education Paul Cornet was born on 18 March 1892, in Paris, France, the son of genre painter (1839–1898). He studied at the École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs in Paris, as well as under sculptor Camille Debert. He married in November 1919, Elna Lübschitz, the daughter of the Danish painter (1858–1941). Career Cornet was a teacher at the Académie Scandinave (English: Scandinavian Academy) a private art school in Paris, from 1929 to 1935. He initially worked in a cubist style on his sculptures, and drew inspiration from Egyptian sculpture. Later he worked in a more realism style. From 1954 to 1955, Cornet worked on the Tulle Memorial, a monument dedicated to the memory of the victims of World War II in Tulle in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. Starting in 1964, Cornet exhibited with the le Groupe des Neuf (the Group of Nine) at the Galerie Vendôme in Paris, of which group he was one of the co-founders a year earlier. Cornet sculpted a large number of monumental portraits (Campagne) for the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, as well as a sculpture (La Vienne) for the Champ de Juillet in Limoges, (Hygieia) for the Sèvres manufacture in Luxeuil-les-Bains, (Venus and Cupid) for the Orangerie in Meudon in Île-de-France, and a bronze (Tour d'Auvergne) for the Panthéon in Paris. Cornet was recognized for his work and awarded the Wildenstein prize in 1967, and Paul-Louis Weiller prize in 1972. Death and legacy Cornet died on either the 10th or 15th of April 1977, in Saint-Martin-de-Nigelles in Centre-Val de Loire, France. His work can be found in museum collections, including Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, and Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen.	2.328125
78923266	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesentor%20Madonna	Friesentor Madonna	The Friesentor Madonna, also known as the Friesentor Virgin, is a sculpture of the Virgin Mary with Christ Child. It was created sometime around 1370-1380 and is attributed to a local sculptor. It is one of the best examples of a beautiful Madonna, a 15th century style of Madonna statues from Central Europe. This sculpture is on exhibit in the Schnütgen Museum in Cologne, Germany. History The statue is named for its location prior to the Schnütgen Museum's acquisition. According to tradition, the statue was originally from the Friesentor in Cologne, an old city gate destroyed in 1882. Description The statue depicts the Virgin Mary holding the Christ Child upright in her arms. She stands with the distinct S-curve of a beautiful Madonna. The Virgin's cloak delicately drapes over her shoulders and bunches at her left hip underneath the child, exposing the tunic underneath. The fabric of the Virgin's cloak and tunic lie close to her body, and they include waving folds that complement the figure's vertical, S-curved body. The statue is relatively well preserved, and it retains its original and now faded polychrome. Both the Virgin and the Christ Child are missing their right forearm.	2.296875
78923274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelis%20Chibueze	Fidelis Chibueze	Fidelis Chibueze (born May 29, 1992) is a Nigerian-born technology entrepreneur and mathematician. He is widely known as the founder of Fixtops, an AI-powered Repair-as-a-Service (RaaS) platform that connects device enthusiasts with vetted professionals to help with their device care needs. Fixtops was listed on Forbes among the 20 Tech-Focused Business Practices that Promote Better Sustainability and also listed among the Top 10 Tech-Based Innovatory Brands in Nigeria by Independent Newspaper. Fidelis is a member of the Forbes Technology Council. Early Life and education Fidelis was born in Lagos State, Nigeria but originally hails from Enugu State. He completed his primary education at Iranwa Edumare Primary School, and secondary education at P & P Secondary School. In 2013, he bagged a bachelor's degree in Mathematics and Statistics from the University of Ilorin, he later obtained a master's degree in Cyber Security from Kansas State University, USA two years later. Career In 2012, Fidelis created LinkAccess, an online school monitoring system in Nigeria. This initiative enabled parents to monitor their children's academic performance. He later relocated to the United States of America in 2015, where he developed his entrepreneurship skills as he transitioned into website development, helping clients build websites. According to him, it earned him loyal clients and also helped him save enough money to open an electronics store, where he developed a passion for the repair business. As the electronic shop thrived, he met his business partner, who later became the co-founder of Fixtops. They have reportedly offered repair solutions for about 10,000 clients globally since its inception.	2.25
78923950	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20George%20Lister	Frederick George Lister	Frederick George Lister (1 January 1790-28 February 1870) was a military officer and political agent of the Khasi Hills during the British Raj. Captain Lister is considered the Father of the Sylhet Light Infantry Regiment with his 20-year command. Early life Frederick George Lister was born on 1 January 1790 to Richard Lister and Katherine Lister. He was the oldest child from his three other siblings which consisted of a brother, Henry Lister and two sisters, Charlotte Lister (m. Bond) and Katherine Lister (m. King). As a cadet, Lister would join the East India Company's armed forces. Career Lister's first posting would be to the 26th Bengal Native Infantry which participated in the Anglo-Nepal War and the Third Anglo-Maratha War. Lister would then be briefly transferred to the 52nd Bengal Native Infantry to participate in the First Anglo-Burmese War in 1824. In January 1825 Lister would be appointed second-in-command of the newly raised 16th Sylhet Local Battalion. Lister would become the commander of the Sylet Local Battalion on 14 March 1828. He would remain in command for 26 years until 17 July 1854. For this, he is regarded as the father of the Regiment. As commander of the Sylhet Light Infrantry Lister would command a fight with the Khasis in 1829 and 1836. Lister would also lead an expedition against the Lushai Hills in 1850.	1.953125
78925269	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20F.%20Spurgin	William F. Spurgin	William F. Spurgin (October 18, 1838 – August 6, 1904) was a career officer in the United States Army. A veteran of the American Civil War, American Indian Wars, Spanish–American War, and Philippine–American War, he served in the Union Army from 1862 to 1864, and the US Army from 1866 until retiring a few months before reaching the mandatory retirement age of 64. He attained the rank of brigadier general in May 1902, and retired later that month. Early life William Fletcher Spurgin was born in Carlisle, Kentucky on 18 October 1838, a son of David McKendree Spurgin and Amanda (Secrest) Spurgin. David Spurgin moved his jewelry and photography business to Greencastle, Indiana in the early 1850s, where Spurgin was raised and educated. He attended Asbury University (now DePauw University) from 1854 to 1857. In 1858, he obtained an appointment to the United States Military Academy from U.S. Representative John G. Davis. Spurgin attended West Point from May 1858 until July 1861, when he left because he intended to join the Union Army during the American Civil War. In December 1861, he married Martha Lucia Hair. They were the parents of four children; David, William, Margaretta, and Horace. In June 1862, he was commissioned as a first lieutenant and assigned as adjutant of the 54th Indiana Infantry Regiment. In September, he was promoted to captain. In April 1864, Spurgin was assigned to the 15th United States Colored Infantry Regiment. In June, he was transferred to the 100th U.S. Colored Infantry. Spurgin was discharged from the volunteers in December 1864 and received a brevet promotion to major to recognize his heroism at the November 1864 Battle of Johnsonville and December 1864 Battle of Nashville. During 1865 and part of 1866, Spurgin was superintendent of the Freedman's Employment Agency in Washington, D.C.	1.953125
78925399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s%20March	People's March	The People's March, also known as the People's March on Washington, was a political rally that took place on January 18, 2025, two days before the second inauguration of Donald Trump as the president of the United States. Organized by Women's March, Abortion Rights Now, Sierra Club, Planned Parenthood, ACLU and National Women's Law Center, an estimated 50,000 people were expected to attend the People's March on Washington event. The goals of the People's March was to "help participants find a political home", adverting it as a “a day of joyful resistance, community building, and powerful action" and addressed topics such as women's rights, reproductive's rights, environmental issues, racial justice, LGBTQ rights, immigration, anti-militarism, climate change, and democracy, rather than focusing on Donald Trump. Unlike the 2017 Women's March, the People's March was less significant and attracted less crowds than the previous marches. Similar to the other marches, the crowds were peaceful. Background In early-November 2016, following Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump's victory as the president-elect of the United States over Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election, Melissa Miotke created a Facebook event to protest a march in Washington. With others organizing similar events and many women signing up to protest, the Women's March on Washington was later established.	2.125
78925450	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagamore%20Sam	Sagamore Sam	Sagamore Sam (died 1676), also known as Upchattuck, Shoshanim, and Uskattuhgun, was a sachem of the Nashaway tribe of Massachusetts. He was an active leader during King Phillip's War. Sam was a major insurgent against white settlers, acting alongside other tribal leaders such as Monoco. Biography Sagamore Sam was from Waushacum. He was preceded as sachem by Matthew, the son of Sholan. King Philip's War In September 1675, Sam and Monoco lead an ambush in Squakheage. Their mixed band of 150 men killed up to 20 white soldiers lead by Captain Richard Beers. He would later take part in the Battle of Bloody Brook. Sam and Monoco planned the Lancaster Raid of February 1676. The battle was fielded alongside other notable leaders including the Narragansett sachem Quinnaipin, Muttaump of the Quabaug band of Nipmuc, and likely other Nipmuc leaders such as Pakashoag and Matoonas. Sam had captured several prisoners of war during his raids. In April of 1676, Tom Nepanet arrived to negotiate the release of these captives. Although initially refused, Sam later advocated for the release of the prisoners against the advice of King Philip. By the end of the war, Sam's own wife and children were captured by Captain Daniel Henchman and sold into slavery. Sam himself tried to surrender and asked for forgiveness, but was instead imprisoned and executed in September 1676 alongside Monoco, Matoonas, and Tantamous.	1.9375
78925986	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Palmyrene%20War%20of%20272%E2%80%93273	Roman–Palmyrene War of 272–273	The Roman–Palmyrene War of 272–273, also called the Eastern campaigns of Aurelian or, more simply, the Palmyrene War, was fought between the Roman Emperor Aurelian against the Palmyrene Empire. These campaigns were the consequence of the secession of Palmyra desired by Zenobia after the Crisis of the Third Century, who had usurped her husband's title, effectively extending her power over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, including Cilicia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cappadocia, including an invasion of Egypt. The campaign ended with the Siege of Palmyra and with the capture of the Palmyrene queen, Zenobia. For his decisive triumph Aurelian was remembered not only as Palmyrenicus maximus, but also as Adiabenicus, Parthicus maximus, Persicus maximus, but above all as Restitutor orbis, as he had succeeded in reunifying the Empire by defeating both Palmyra and Gaul. Historical context The Crisis From 260 to 274, the Roman Empire suffered the secession of two vast territorial areas, which however allowed its survival. In the west, the usurpers of the Gallic Empire, such as Postumus (260–268), Laelian (268), Marcus Aurelius Marius (268–269), Victorinus (269–271), Domitian II (271) and Tetricus I (271–274), managed to defend the borders of the provinces of Britain, Gaul and Hispania. Eutropius wrote: Postumus had in fact succeeded in establishing an empire in the West, located in Germania Inferior and Gallia Belgica and, shortly after, in all the other Gallic, British and Hispanic provinces including, for a short period, even Rhaetia.	2.890625
78925986	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Palmyrene%20War%20of%20272%E2%80%93273	Roman–Palmyrene War of 272–273	When Emperor Claudius died, his brother Quintillus seized power with support of the Senate. With an act typical of the Crisis of the Third Century, the army refused to recognize the new emperor, preferring to support one of its own commanders: Aurelian was proclaimed emperor about August or September (older sources argue for May) by the legions in Sirmium. Aurelian then overthrew Quintillus, and was recognized as emperor by the Senate after Quintillus's death. The claim that Aurelian was chosen by Claudius on his death bed can be dismissed as propaganda; later, probably in 272, Aurelian put his own dies imperii at the day of Claudius' death, thus implicitly considering Quintillus a usurper. Aurelian, having solved the problems he had in Italy, decided to plug all the gaps in the Roman defensive system, restoring the integrity of the state on the old borders, starting with the Kingdom of Palmyra. As a first move, he sent the future emperor Marcus Aurelius Probus, when he was still a general, to Egypt to reconquer for the imperial cause the territories lost a couple of years earlier to the advantage of the Palmyrene kingdom. Probus succeeded in bringing the Egyptian territories back within the jurisdiction of the central Empire of Rome. When Aurelian became emperor, he initially recognized Vaballathus with the titles of vir clarissimus rex and imperator dux Romanorum, so much so that in the kingdom of Palmyra coins were minted with the effigy of Vaballathus, imperator dux Romanorum on one side and of the emperor, Aurelian, on the other. Zenobia, instead, was initially granted the title of Augusta.	2.71875
78926277	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschetinus	Aschetinus	Aschetinus or Anschetin (died before 1128) was the first Roman Catholic bishop of Bethlehem in the Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1108 until his death. Early life In medieval Latin documents, he is mentioned under various names, mainly variants of the forms and . These forms can be traced back to the Old Norse name . The two Latin forms were popular among the Normans of southern Italy, implying that he was born in this region. If this assumption is true, Aschetinus likely accompanied the Italo-Norman prince Bohemond during the First Crusade in 1096. He started his church career as cantor of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Before 1108, he was named the prior (head) of the Augustine canons of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. Titular bishop of Ascalon King Baldwin I of Jerusalem who had been crowned in the Church of the Nativity decided to elevate it into an episcopal see. For this purpose, he approached Pope Paschal II who charged the papal legate Archbishop Ghibbelin of Arles with discussing the issue with the King. By the time Ghibelin reached the Holy Land in 1108, Aschetinus had been made the bishop of Ascalon. As Ascalon was still under Muslim rule, Aschetinus could only be regarded as a titular bishop. Bishop of Bethlehem Ghibbelin as papal legate transferred Aschetinus's see from Ascalon to Bethlehem, establishing the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bethlehem in 1108. His appointment made Aschetinus one of the three local canons to be raised to bishopric in the Jerusalemite kingdom. As bishop of Bethlehem, he was a suffragan of the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem and due to his see's vicinity to Jerusalem, he was closely associated with the patriarchal court. In 1120, he participated in the Council of Nablus, which established the first set of laws in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and in 1124 was one of the signatories of the Pactum Warmundi with the Republic of Venice.	2.15625
78926868	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon%20Abraham%20Rosanes	Salomon Abraham Rosanes	One of his unique traits as a researcher is that his writings were recorded almost entirely in the Hebrew language, among the first to even write history of Balkan Jews in Hebrew, which helped spread his teachings under the lingua franca. His writings not only covered history, but also linguistics, including his 1929 publication, One Language and One Thing, on Hebrew Philolphy. The book uses comparative linguistics to reconstruct origins of early written Hebrew. His research also asserted that the spoken language of Balkan Jews has roots in Ancient Greek, a remnant from the period of Roman rule. He noted that Cyril and Methodius borrowed letters from Hebrew when developing Cyrillic script, including the letters "Ш" and "Ц". Criticism Rosanes has been criticized by modern historians, as many have disagreed with his research methods on the basis of historical accuracy. They believe that since Rosanes did not have primary sources that could complete the historical picture, many conclusions he drew were inaccurate. However, none dispute that his extensive documentation that has preserved many facts and items that were lost and form the basis for much modern research. He often used inductive reasoning as the sole form of thought in his research, which have been criticized as erroneous. Dr. stated that in the ancient cemetery in the city of Vidin, Rosanes had found a tombstone with the inscription including the name Ananias (cognate to the name Hananya), which was also found on a tombstone that was identified in an ancient Roman Jewish cemetery. He used this to infer a connection that the tombstone at Vidin had to have belonged to a Jew, and used this as the basis for an earlier formation date of the Jewish community in Bulgaria, which Greenwald criticized as merely a hypothesis, with no backing information supporting it, and therefore is a weak claim. Legacy There are streets named after him in German Colony, Jerusalem and Tel Baruch, Tel Aviv.	2.34375
77427063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimoh%20Akolo	Jimoh Akolo	Jimoh Bola Akolo (1934 – June 3, 2023) was a Nigerian artist known for his contributions to modern Nigerian art, particularly as a member of the Zaria Art Society. His work often explored indigenous cultural traditions and contemporary social issues. Early life and education Akolo spent his early years in Egbe, Kogi State, where he completed his primary education. Akolo attended Government College Keffi, where he excelled in art, leading him to pursue further studies at the Nigerian College of Arts, Science, and Technology (NCAST), now Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. At NCAST, Akolo was a part of the Zaria Art Society, alongside notable artists like Yusuf Grillo and Bruce Onobrakpeya. He later studied at Hornsey College of Art in London and obtained his MSc and doctorate in Art Education from Indiana State University in Bloomington, USA. Akolo was also a professor at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, where he taught for over three decades. Career Akolo's made indigenous Nigerian motifs with contemporary art styles, a method based on the Zaria Art Society's "Natural Synthesis" ideology. He was part of the Visual Arts Exhibition of FESTAC 77. His works have been exhibited internationally, including notable exhibitions at the Commonwealth Institute in London (1964), the São Paulo Biennial in Brazil (1962), and the Havana Biennial in Cuba (1986). Works "Owambe" - 2013 (oil on canvas) "Wrestling Match" - 2000 "Man on Horse" - 1996 "War, Red War" - 1996 "Horse Man II" - 1995 (pencil on paper) "Milk Maid" (Fura da Nono) - 1998 "Dambe" (Native Boxing) - 1998 "Mother and Child" - 1998 "Horn Blowers from Southern Kaduna Welcoming the Governor" - 1984/1986 "Test of Manhood" (Sharo) - 1982 "Durbar" (pencil on paper) "Farm Worker" - 1970 "The God of Thunder" - 1964 (oil on canvas, Yoruba influence) "The Model" - 1961 (pencil on paper)	2.328125
77427128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20architecture%20and%20art%20in%20Milan	History of architecture and art in Milan	The building site of Palazzo Marino introduced Galeazzo Alessi to Milan: it is surely the architect's most famous city work, and the palace is regarded as Milan's most representative Mannerist civil architecture. Other famous building sites of the second half of the sixteenth century in Milan include the renovation of Villa Simonetta and the constructions of Palazzo dei Giureconsulti, Casa degli Omenoni, Palazzo Arcivescovile, Palazzo Erba Odescalchi, and the rebuilding of the Palazzo Reale. Already in the early Renaissance Milanese craftsmen were among the most highly regarded in Europe, yet the heyday of the decorative arts in the city came during the early Spanish rule. One of the leading areas of Milanese craftsmanship was armor, the workmanship of which far exceeded that of other European manufactures. The fame of the Milanese armorers was such that their works were considered a real status symbol among nobles throughout Europe, despite the fact that other foreign states had established their own workshops, such as in Innsbruck, Augsburg or Greenwich; among the best craftsmen of the second half of the sixteenth century stand out above all Lucio Marliani known as the Piccinino and Giovanni Battista Panzeri known as the Zarabaglia, both belonging to well-known families of armorers.	2.234375
77427128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20architecture%20and%20art%20in%20Milan	History of architecture and art in Milan	With the 1881 National Exhibition, twenty years after the unification of the nation, the city of Milan was definitively established as Italy's main industrial hub. The city saw the formation of a new emerging bourgeois class linked to industry and commerce and made up of master builders, landowners and entrepreneurs who in a few decades would stand alongside the city's old nobility in affluence and importance. At the beginning of the 20th century, therefore, the bourgeois class, which by then had become the ruler of the social and economic life of the city, found in the Art Nouveau style, a novelty coming from France and introduced in Italy in the Turin Exposition of 1902, its own specific status symbol and an opportunity to show its power and at the same time emphasize its clear detachment from the aristocratic class and its neoclassical and baroque mansions: this almost exclusive link between the new ruling class and the new architectural style and the clear detachment from the architectural models of the "old" aristocratic class appear most evident when one observes that, while the new bourgeoisie erected mansions à la page following the new dictates of Art Nouveau, at the same time the traditional and more conservative patronage associated with the old financial and ecclesiastical world - the new bank offices in the Piazza Cordusio area stand out above them all - remained tied instead to the now decadent and more conservative eclectic style in vogue in the nineteenth century.	2.328125
77427942	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue%20of%20Peace%20in%20Berlin	Statue of Peace in Berlin	The Peace Statue is a monument located in Union Square in the Moabit district of Mitte, Berlin for the "comfort women" (girls and women who were forced into prostitution in Japanese military brothels during World War II). It also serves as a general symbol against sexual violence against girls and women. The monument was initiated by the "Action Group Comfort Women" of the Korea Verband and was unveiled on September 28, 2020. The statue has sparked a discourse on commemorative cultures among local, state, and diplomatic levels. The bronze statue was designed by the South Korean artist couple Kim Eun-sung (b. 1965) and Kim Seo-kyung. It is the first statue of its kind to be installed in a public space in Germany. Design The centerpiece of the sculpture is the bronze figure of a young girl in traditional Korean attire (Hanbok). The clothing and age are meant to reflect the victims' situation at the time of their abduction. Among a studied group of slightly over 800 “comfort women,” 85 percent were over 20 years old. Political controversies The monument was approved by the Mitte District Office. On September 29, 2020, Japanese Cabinet Secretary and government spokesman Katsunobu Kato announced that they would seek to have the statue removed. Japanese Foreign Minister Toshimitsu Motegi reportedly contacted German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas according to the nationalist daily Sankei Shinbun. There had already been similar interventions by the Japanese government in Freiburg and San Francisco.	2.015625
77427994	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Origin%20NS-26	Blue Origin NS-26	Blue Origin NS-26 was a sub-orbital spaceflight mission, operated by Blue Origin, launched on August 29, 2024, using the New Shepard rocket. Crew Details The flight's crew included NASA-funded scientist Rob Ferl who is a professor at the University of Florida. During the flight, he performed experiments studying the change of gene expression in one type of plant when the plant was exposed to microgravity and other different phases of flight. Professor Ferl was the first NASA-funded researcher flying aboard New Shepard (or indeed aboard any of the commercial suborbital space vehicles of the 21st century). His flight and experiments were funded by NASA's Flight Opportunities program. Nicolina Elrick is an entrepreneur. She is a British citizen from Scotland and also a permanent resident of Singapore, and intends to become a Singapore citizen. Eiman Jahangir's flight was sponsored by the cryptocurrency spaceflight accelerator organization MoonDAO. Karsen Kitchen became the youngest woman and youngest American to cross the Kármán line (100 km) at 21 years old.	2.5625
77428236	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calochortus%20fuscus	Calochortus fuscus	Calochortus fuscus is a bulbous plant in the lily family native to Mexico. It is sometimes known by the common name Hinton's cyclobothra and belongs to subsection Ghiesbreghtiani within section Cyclobothra in the genus Calochortus. It occurs in the mountainous regions of the Mexican Plateau. Description Calochortus fuscus is a bulbous perennial plant with small, dark-red flowers. Its upright glaucous stem, 30–60 cm in height, bears a basal leaf 20–20 cm in length, as well as cauline leaves, bracts, and two to four blooms. The flowers are erect and shallowly bowl-shaped or nearly flat, around 2–2.5 cm across. The sepals are pointed and slightly shorter than the petals, although the two floral whorls are much closer in size compared to other Calochortus species. The petals are slightly pointed to nearly truncate with smooth or slightly toothed margins. Each petal bears a nectary gland surrounded by a sparse to dense dusting of cream-yellow trichomes. The petals themselves, as well as the sepals, are dark red. The anthers are reddish and oblong in shape. Calochortus fuscus blooms in the late summer and early autumn from mid-August through September. Populations at higher elevations flower later. Like other members of section Cyclobothra, C. fuscus forms thick and coarsely hairy bulb coats appearing like a fibrous net. It also lacks bulbils in its leaf axils, which is characteristic of members of subsection Ghiesbreghtiani. Distribution and habitat Calochortus fuscus occurs in the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacán, and Oaxaca. It prefers volcanic soils and gros in oak and pine forests at elevations of 900–2300 m. It experiences cool, dry winters and rainy summers.	2.875
77428319	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20Introduction%20to%20Mechanics	An Introduction to Mechanics	An Introduction to Mechanics, commonly referred to as Kleppner and Kolenkow, is an undergraduate level textbook on classical mechanics coauthored by physicists Daniel Kleppner and Robert J. Kolenkow. It originated as the textbook for a one-semester mechanics course at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where both Kleppner and Kolenkow taught, intended to go deeper than an ordinary first year course. Since its introduction, it has expanded its reach to other universities to become one of the most popular mechanics textbooks. The first edition was published in 1973 by McGraw Hill and republished in 2010 by Cambridge University. The second edition was published in 2013 by Cambridge. Table of contents (2nd edition) Preface To the Teacher List of Examples Chapter 1: Vectors and Kinematics Chapter 2: Newton's Laws Chapter 3: Forces and Equations of Motion Chapter 4: Momentum Chapter 5: Energy Chapter 6: Topics in Dynamics Chapter 7: Angular Momentum and Fixed Axis Rotation Chapter 8: Rigid Body Motion Chapter 9: Non-Inertial Systems and Fictitious Forces Chapter 10: Central Force Motion Chapter 11: The Harmonic Oscillator Chapter 12: The Special Theory of Relativity Chapter 13: Relativistic Dynamics Chapter 14: Spacetime Physics Hints, Clues, and Answers to Selected Problems Appendix A: Miscellaneous Physical and Astronomical Data Appendix B: Greek Alphabet Appendix C: SI Prefixes Index Reception The first edition of the book was criticized for sexism in the exercises, though this was improved in the second edition.	2.828125
77428393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavagnon%20Ika	Lavagnon Ika	Global project management In his second research stream, Ika explored the factors contributing to the success and failure of global development projects, with a particular focus on Africa. He suggested that projects in Africa often fall into four traps: the one-size-fits-all technical trap, the accountability-for-results trap, the lack-of-project-management-capacity trap, and the cultural trap. He investigated the importance of contextual understanding, the pitfalls of results-based management (RBM), and the complexities of scaling up and replicating successful projects across different locations to enhance the positive impact on beneficiaries, especially the poor and marginalized. Focusing on the theory of capacity building project delivery, his 2017 research examined structural, institutional, and managerial conditions for the success of international development projects in different contexts, proposing that high levels of multi-stakeholder commitment, collaboration, alignment, and adaptation were crucial. In related research, his 2022 study analyzed the evolution of the concept of "capacity building" through a literature review, suggesting a "new pragmatism" framework that emphasized context sensitivity, methodological pluralism, and collaborative knowledge creation for more effective public administration practices.	2.015625
77428729	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20unification%20declarations%20in%20Moldova%20and%20Romania	2018 unification declarations in Moldova and Romania	Diaspora The Moldovan and Romanian diasporas are large ones, with the former being composed of around 1 million people (with approximately 2.7 million people living in Moldova as of 2020–2021) and the latter consisting of 4–6 million people (in comparison to the about 19 million people living in Romania as of 2020). These diasporas also participated in the unification declarations of 2018. One example of this was Paris, in France, where the Moldovan organization Union Makes Force Association signed unification with Romania on 11 March. Later, in Milan, Italy, Moldovan citizens of the city met and signed a declaration in support of the unification of Moldova and Romania on 13 March. A similar declaration was signed in Parma, also in Italy, on 18 March, during an event organized by the Union-Parma Association in which dozens of Romanians and Moldovans living in Parma and other parts of Emilia-Romagna (in northern Italy) participated. Another declaration was signed on Lisbon, Portugal, on the same day. These declarations were also made and signed by the Moldovan and Romanian diasporas in several other cities, such as in Bergamo, Padua, Portogruaro, Rome, Treviso, Venice and Verona (all in Italy), Athens (in Greece), London (in the United Kingdom), Brussels (in Belgium) and Dublin (in Ireland). They also happened outside Europe, in Canada, where the Moldovan diaspora of Calgary signed a unification declaration on 31 March. The Moldovan and Romanian diaspora of Edmonton, also in Canada, did the same on 19 May. Both of these declarations were done in Romanian Orthodox churches in the cities.	2.140625
77428804	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20Jasper%20wildfire	2024 Jasper wildfire	Landmarks in Jasper such as the Athabasca Hotel, Jasper Skytram, Jasper station, Jasper the Bear statue, Jasper-Yellowhead Museum & Archives, and Marmot Basin were undamaged by the wildfire. Jasper Park Lodge experienced property damage but the main lodge and some structures were spared while the HI Jasper and Athabasca Falls hostels was destroyed. Two churches, St. Mary & St. George Anglican Church and the Jasper United Church, were destroyed. The Maligne Canyon Wilderness Kitchen and all structures at the Maligne Wilderness Hostel were destroyed while the Maligne Lake area was spared. Campgrounds and commercial accommodations outside of the townsite experienced varying degrees of damage with 16 of the 72 structures at Whistlers Campground destroyed while all 23 structures at Jasper House Bungalows were destroyed. The Palisades Center also sustained significant damage in the north fire, with 8 of the 14 structures destroyed, including several federally recognized heritage buildings. The fires cost $880 million in insurance claims, making it the ninth most expensive natural disaster for insurance companies in Canadian history.	1.945313
77428855	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic%20Morgan%2C%205th%20Baron%20Tredegar	Frederic Morgan, 5th Baron Tredegar	Frederic George Morgan, 5th Baron Tredegar (22 November 1873 — 21 August 1954), styled the Honourable Frederic Morgan between 1913 and 1949, was a Welsh peer and landowner. On 27 April 1949, he succeeded to the title of 5th Baron Tredegar, 7th Baronet, following the death of his nephew, Evan Morgan, 2nd Viscount Tredegar. Heavy estate taxation in the 1940s forced Morgan to renounce his inheritance, in an attempt to protect the longevity of the Morgan estates. Early life and ancestry Frederic George Morgan was born at Ruperra Castle on 22 November 1873 to Colonel Frederic Courtenay Morgan and Charlotte Anne Williamson. Following family tradition, he was educated at Eton College, and later studied at Oxford Brookes University. Although he never lived at Tredegar House (even during his time as Lord Tredegar), Morgan spent much of his youth there as his uncle was Godfrey Morgan, 1st Viscount Tredegar, and his brother was Courtenay Morgan, 1st Viscount Tredegar. The Morgans claimed descent from Welsh princes, and were among the most powerful families in South Wales, their fortunes having been established by William Morgan, who was a politician, and acquired substantial landholdings throughout Monmouthshire, Glamorganshire and Breconshire. His descendants continued the family's political and social ascent; Charles Morgan becoming a baronet in 1792, and another Charles becoming 1st Baron Tredegar in 1859. His second son, Godfrey Morgan fought in the Charge of the Light Brigade in the Crimean War and was made 1st Viscount Tredegar in 1905. Never marrying, Godfrey was in turn succeeded by his nephew Courtenay Morgan, and the Tredegar viscountcy was revived in his favour in 1926. Evan Morgan succeeded his father in 1934. Evan, homosexual despite two marriages, had no children and his heir was his uncle, Frederic.	1.992188
77428931	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janaina%20Mello%20Landini	Janaina Mello Landini	In 2010, Janaina began her experimentation with drawing in four-dimensional space using physical tension, twisting threads, nails, and knots to explore themes of interconnectedness and interdependence.Over canvas, her drawings transform into a blend of painting, sculpture, and embroidery. Cycleweb is the artist's neologism referring to the construction of a schematic, fractal, binary structure that tends towards infinite potential. Cyclowebbing is a long-term ongoing action that involves dividing the whole and its parts, similar to mereology, establishing a relationship with craft practices by continuously unraveling a rope into two groups until its indivisible unit becomes apparent and supports the entire system. Cyclowebs are conceived from a linguistic perspective, a tool in the artist's repertoire for the exercise of hermeneutics, weaving together different formal, epistemological, ontological, and metaphysical conceptions into a more relativistic, autonomous, and poetic understanding evoked by these forms. The first Cycloweb in the Impregnation series represented analytical thinking about concepts of infinitesimal calculus using the form of binary trees, where the individuation of each thread of a rope can be visible within a larger set. The Agglomeration series emerged from images brought by J.M. Bourgery and N.H. Jacob's atlas of human anatomy and surgery, where organ anatomy reveals that veins are structures similar to Ciclotramas, directly linked to hydrodynamics as revealed by Leonardo da Vinci when attempting to draw trees, with blood as a fluid, like water in rivers and plant and mycelium sap. Overlaps of weaves creating a structure closer to rhizome.	2.171875
77429057	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasquale%20Lucio%20Scandizzo	Pasquale Lucio Scandizzo	Pasquale Lucio Scandizzo is an Italian economist, academic and author. He is a Senior Economic Consultant for the World Bank, Senior Advisor of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Senior Fellow of The Tor Vergata Foundation of the University of Rome Tor Vergata, Member of the Expert Committee of the Council of the Economy and Labor (CNEL), Scientific Director of OpenEconomics, and President of OpenEconomics International. He was a Senior Economic Advisor at the Ministry of Economics and Finance in Italy, in addition to holding positions as Professor of Economic and Financial Policy and Research Center Director at the University of Rome Tor Vergata and President of the Salerno Savings Bank Foundation. Scandizzo is most known for his work in economic and social evaluation, impact assessment, and cost-benefit analysis of sustainable development and climate change projects. His publications comprise research articles and books, including The Agrictural Economy of Northeast Brazil, The New Generation of Computable General Equilibrium Models: Modeling the Economy and The COVID-19 Disruption and the Global Health Challenge. He was awarded the 2023 Jean-Paul Fitoussi Prize by the Italian Association of Development Economists (Società Italiana di Economia dello Sviluppo), of which he is also a member and past President. Education Scandizzo earned a Laurea in Agricultural Sciences in 1965 and a Specialization in Economics in 1967 from the University of Naples, Italy. He later attended the University of California, Berkeley, obtaining an MS in Agricultural and Resource Economics in 1970 and a PhD with a thesis on international capital movement and economic growth in 1972.	2.15625
77429057	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasquale%20Lucio%20Scandizzo	Pasquale Lucio Scandizzo	Career Scandizzo joined the World Bank in the Bank Development Research Center in 1972, and he has been involved with the organization since then. During this time, he has led research programs in Africa, Latin America, and countries including Brazil, Mexico, and Indonesia, focusing on their economic policies and strategies and offering policy recommendations. Scandizzo led a research project in Northeast Brazil, the findings of which laid the groundwork for the World Bank's investment program in land tenure and agrarian reform. From 1975 to 1987, he served as Senior Economist and Research Coordinator at the World Bank. During this period, he was also seconded to the Italian Government as a Senior Economic Advisor. He took on governmental roles in Italy, starting as Director of a task force aimed at implementing cost-benefit analysis within Italian Public Administration. He later served as Senior Advisor to the President of the Parliamentary Budget Committee, and to the Minister of the Budget, eventually being appointed as President of the Italian Institute for Economic Planning. His contributions also extended to positions on the National Planning Board and the Governing Board of the Italian Institute of Statistics. Scandizzo began his academic career at the University of Cagliari in 1987, before moving in 1989 to the University of Rome Tor Vergata, where he held the chair of Economics and Financial Policy until 2012. He was the Director of the Centre for Economic and International Studies (CEIS). He has been a member of the Governing Board of the Tor Vergata Foundation, a branch of the university. He is a member of the advisory board of the foundation, presiding over an international research program and the Villa Mondragone Development Association activities.	2.03125
77429113	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20anarcho-syndicalism	History of anarcho-syndicalism	After the defeat of the anarchists in the Spanish Civil War, the suppression of anarcho-syndicalist unions by various authoritarian regimes and the establishment of welfare states throughout much of the Western bloc, anarcho-syndicalism went into a period of decline. The movement split into two factions: the "orthodox" faction, which held to traditional syndicalist principles in spite of changing material conditions and increased political isolation; and the "revisionist" faction, which aimed to achieve a mass base and push for progressive reforms within existing systems to create an industrial democracy. By the end of the 20th century, the rise of neoliberalism and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc had led to a revival in anarcho-syndicalism, with syndicalist unions once again being established throughout the globe. Origins The roots of anarcho-syndicalism lie in the anarchist faction of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), which upheld the central role of trade unions in the class struggle and called for a general strike to replace the state with a free association of producers. This was in opposition to the Marxist faction, which proposed the seizure of state power by a political party. The IWA's largest section was the Spanish Regional Federation (FRE), which adopted the anarchist platform of revolutionary trade unionism and organised itself according to a structure that anticipated syndicalism. The FRE was driven underground following the suppression of the FRE-led Petroleum Revolution in 1873, after which they were succeeded by a series of unions such as the Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region (FTRE) and the Union and Solidarity Pact (PUS). The FRE's model was also taken up by Cuban anarchists, who established their own union federations to organise Cuban workers and recently emancipated slaves.	2.5625
77429113	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20anarcho-syndicalism	History of anarcho-syndicalism	Italy During the Biennio Rosso in Italy, the USI organised a series of general strikes and factory occupations, intending to establish a decentralised system of workers' councils that could replace the state in the administration of society. By early 1920, workers' uprisings had spread throughout the country, resulting in the seisure of hundreds of enterprises by workers' councils. But the majority union, the General Confederation of Labour (CGL), was content with the concessions it had won and brought the movement to an end, leaving the smaller USI unable to continue its activities by itself. The syndicalists became a target for the rising fascist movement, who attacked the USI's "houses of labour" and suppressing their trade union activities. The anarcho-syndicalists attempted to organise resistance to the fascists, establishing armed anti-fascist detachments and carrying out strike actions, including an attempted anti-fascist general strike. But with the support of the right-wing and the inaction of the left-wing, the fascists rose to power and suppressed the anarcho-syndicalist movement.	2.25
77429189	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot%20Flight%20H-75	Aeroflot Flight H-75	The controller indicated that the landing would be on a magnetic course of 22°. Following this, as per his instruction, the crew turned to the opposite landing course and began executing the third turn 11 kilometers from the runway. As the aircraft proceeded to the fourth turn at 310 km/h, the pilots extended the flaps to the landing position, after which the speed dropped by 45 km/h over 50 seconds. As a result, the engine power was increased at 260 km/h. When the aircraft completed the fourth turn at around 15:24 and aligned with the landing course, the engine power was reduced, and the flaps were fully extended. Sixteen seconds later, the speed decreased to 240 km/h, prompting the crew to increase engine power again. The speed initially dropped to 220 km/h, then increased to 230 km/h, leading to another slight reduction in engine power. The aircraft was 200 meters above the ground when the pilots, attempting to level the aircraft, first pushed the elevator down. The aircraft pitched steeply downward, prompting the elevator to be pulled up to raise the nose. However, the airliner rolled to the left up to 30°. The pilots tried to recover, but at 15:25, the inverted An-24, descending at a 70° angle, severed wires on wooden poles 100 meters past the outer marker, then crashed into a dirt road on a field, completely destroyed, and burned. All 24 people on board perished. Causes After examining the flight data and inspecting the aircraft wreckage, the technical commission concluded that the anti-icing system had not been activated.	2
77429508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Hewett%20%28British%20Army%20officer%29	William Hewett (British Army officer)	In his later life, Hewett lived at East Park Terrace in Southampton and was cared for by his daughter. Hewett was a notable veteran of Waterloo and the Rifle Brigade wrote to him on the battle's anniversary each year to congratulate him. With Albemarle (b. 1799) and General George Whichcote (b. 1794), he was one of the last three surviving British officers who served in the battle. With Albemarle's February 1891 death and Whichcote's in August, Hewett became the last surviving officer. He died in Southampton on 26 October 1891 and his funeral was attended by a detachment from the Rifle Brigade. Hewett was buried at Southampton Old Cemetery, which also held the grave of fellow Waterloo veteran, Private John Russell, of the 3rd Regiment of Foot (d. 1864). Hewett's gravestone notes a wife, Sarah (1806-1883). A son, James Duff Hewett, served as a captain in the New Zealand Wanganui Militia. James was killed by Māori in February 1865 during the New Zealand Wars. His killers took a sword that had been carried by William Hewett at Waterloo. It was later recaptured and returned to the family. In 2023, Hewett and Russell's graves were restored by the Napoleonic & Revolutionary War Graves Charity and the Friends of Southampton Old Cemetery and, on the eve of the 208th anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo, a memorial service was held at the gravesides of the two men.	2.171875
77429659	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halina%20Ryffert	Halina Ryffert	Halina Ryffert (4 February 1916 - 7 August 1996) was a Polish cryptographer, mathematician, and professor of acoustics. During the war, she created a one-person cipher cell to ensure the secure transmission of information between the country and the government in exile. The work was strenuous, requiring great concentration and attention, as each letter was encrypted separately and the slightest mistake could change the information the need to completely eradicate all traces of work after each encryption of several hours, required great vigilance and tension – she recalled years later. Life and career She was born on 4 February 1916 in Bugulma, Russia, to a Polish family evacuated deep into the country because of the German offensive in the Congress Kingdom. Three years later, after Poland had already regained its independence, Halina's family came back to Poznan. It was here that the future cipher artist began her education, showing a particular talent for mathematics. Even before graduating from secondary school, she was tutoring in this subject. She went on to study mathematics at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics at Poznań University. In June 1939, she received a Master of Philosophy degree in mathematics. After the outbreak of World War II, she joined the conspiratorial organisation “Ojczyzna” (Homeland), engaged in secret teaching and, under the pseudonym “Basia”, worked as a cipher for the Main Delegation of the Government for the Polish territories incorporated into the Reich. She created a one-person cipher cell. Due to the impossibility of performing her tasks in her own room, she ciphered texts in the home of a friendly family. Arrested by the occupying forces, she was imprisoned in Fort VII and then in the detention centre in the Soldier's House, where she was subjected to torture. She was eventually deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp, where she remained until the end of the war.	2.453125
77429770	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy%20Artysz	Jerzy Artysz	Jerzy Artysz (18 November 1930 – 22 July 2024) was a Polish baritone and academic teacher. A long-term member of the Grand Theatre, Warsaw, he made an international career, performing all over Europe, in Israel, Canada and the United States. He performed title roles from Monteverdi's early Baroque L'Orfeo, to Mozart's Don Giovanni, Rossini's Il barbiere di Siviglia, Verdi's Macbeth and Falstaff, Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin, Szymanowski's King Roger, Enescu's Œdipe and Alban Berg's Wozzeck. In contemporary opera, he performed in Penderecki's Die schwarze Maske and Menotti's The Telephone; he created roles in the world premieres of Josep Soler's Oedipus et Jocasta at the Liceu in Barcelona in 1986 and of Paweł Mykietyn's Ignorant i szaleniec in Warsaw in 2001. During the 1970s he focused on teaching, both in Barcelona and in Warsaw. Life and career Artysz was born in Sochaczew on 18 November 1930. He studied voice with Maria Halfter and violin at the Warsaw Music Academy, graduating in singing in 1959. He continued his studies in Milan with Maria Carbone. He achieved prizes at singing competitions, a third prize at the 6th World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow in 1957, a second prize and the Grand Prix at the International Singing Competition of Toulouse in 1959, and second prize at the Geneva International Music Competition in 1960. As a student he made his stage debut at the Grand Theatre, Łódź, as Janusz in Moniuszko's Halka directed by Kazimierz Dejmek. He was a member of the company from 1958. Artysz joined the ensemble of the Grand Theatre in Warsaw in 1964, where he remained for 26 years. He toured the world, performing in Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Soviet Union, Sweden, Switzerland, and beyond Europe, including Canada, Israel and the United States. He often participated in festivals such as Warsaw Autumn.	1.90625
77429770	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy%20Artysz	Jerzy Artysz	His wide repertoire of leading roles ranged from early Baroque to contemporary. Roles included Monteverdi's Ottone in L'incoronazione di Poppea and the title roles of L'Orfeo, Scarlatti's Narciso, Telemann's Pimpinone, Mozart's Don Giovanni, Rossini's Il barbiere di Siviglia, Verdi's Macbeth and Falstaff, Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin, Szymanowski's King Roger, Enescu's Œdipe and Alban Berg's Wozzeck. He also appeared as Posa in Verdi's Don Carlos, in leading Wagner roles, Golaud in Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande, Perl in Penderecki's Die schwarze Maske and Ben in Menotti's The Telephone. He created the role of Oedipus in the world premiere of Josep Soler's Oedipus et Jocasta at the Liceu in Barcelona in 1986, and the role of the Father in the world premiere of Paweł Mykietyn's chamber opera Ignorant i szaleniec (The Ignorant and the Madman) at the Grand Theatre in 2001. Artysz was artistic director of the opera studio in Barcelona from 1990 to 1994. He was also professor at the Warsaw Music Academy, participated in oratorio classes in Wrocław, Gdańsk and Bremen, and served as a juror at music competitions. He was awarded the 1980 prize of the Polish composers' association for his merits in contemporary music, and the 1981 Gloria Artis Medal for Merit to Culture. He also became an officer of the Order of Polonia Restituta in 1989. The Chopin University of Music honoured him with a gala concert on the occasion of his 70th birthday, and he performed an aria from L'Orfeo. In 2004 he was presented with the Orpheus Award from the for his "poignant and highly individual creation" of Paweł Mykietyn's Ładnienie. Artysz died in Warsaw on 22 July 2024, at the age of 93.	2.0625
77430345	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikramaditya%20Empire	Vikramaditya Empire	The Vikramaditya Empire is a mythical empire linked with the legendary king of Ujjain, Vikramaditya. Most historians consider the empire as a folklore construct, but few of them associate the empire with the Paramara dynasty, especially under the rule of Bhoja, as Vikramaditya and Bhoja are sometimes interlinked with each other. In Hindu texts After the ninth century, a calendar era beginning in 57 BCE (now called the Vikrama Samvat) began to be associated with Vikramaditya; some legends also associate the Shaka era (beginning in 78 CE) with him. A Hindu text called Bhavisya Purana tells that,The Paramara dynasty originated from Pramara, born from a fire pit at Mount Abu. Vikramaditya, a descendant of Pramara, was sent by Shiva to earth to restore Vedic faiths. Vikramaditya's empire expanded through a horse sacrifice, defining its boundaries from the Indus River to Rameswaram. He united four Agnivanshi clans by marrying princesses from rival clans, earning celebration from all gods except Chandra. History The Vikram Samvat era, beginning in 57 BCE, was not associated with Vikramaditya until the 9th century CE. Earlier sources referred to the era as "Kṛṭa" (343 and 371 CE), "Kritaa" (404), or "the era of the Malava tribe" (424). The first known inscription linking the era to Vikramaditya dates back to 971 CE. Bhavisya Purana also deals with a claim, which says that Vikramaditya ruled Malwa — which includes parts of present-day western Madhya Pradesh and southeastern Rajasthan — from 57BC and Ujjain was his capital. Administration Legends attribute various reforms to Vikramaditya, including the promotion of justice, protection of women's rights, aid for the poor, and advancements in education. However, the historical accuracy of these claims remains debated.	2.484375
77430396	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20York%20Rifle%20Militia	North York Rifle Militia	Green jackets In response to the invasion threat the government had increased the available forces by forming fencible (home defence) regiments of horse and foot, and by encouraging the counties to add volunteer companies to their militia regiments, paid for by subscription. North Yorkshire set up a subscription fund, to which Col Earl Fauconberg and Lt-Col Sir Thomas Dundas were major contributors. On 24 July 1795 two companies (168 men) of 'light-armed marksmen' were ordered to be added to the North York Militia. Although some have claimed that these were the first green-jacketed rifle companies in British service they were actually armed with fusils (light muskets) rather than rifles, and their green uniform was not so dark as that of the 95th Rifles when that regiment was formed in 1800. It appears that the choice of colour was simply because the green uniforms had already been ordered for the four proposed troops of fencible cavalry in the North Riding. However, these fencibles were never raised, part-time troops of yeomanry cavalry being formed instead (the forerunners of the Yorkshire Hussars). Recruiting parties for the light militia companies were sent out on 1 August 1795 and they were completed on 12 January 1796.	2.421875
77430419	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardleys%20Creek	Wardleys Creek	Wardleys Creek is an area of Stalmine-with-Staynall, near the village of Hambleton, Lancashire, England. It is located on the eastern banks of the River Wyre, around from the river's mouth at the Irish Sea. An ancient port, the creek is believed to have been used since Roman times. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Russian ships sailed along the Wyre estuary to Wardleys Creek and nearby Skippool Creek. In 1708, customs were established in Poulton-le-Fylde to take advantage of the trade, while warehouses, to store wool, linen, yarn, flax and guano, had been built on Wardleys Creek by the early 1740s. A three-masted vessel was built at the harbour. Prior to nearby Fleetwood's emergence as a harbour, people emigrated to the Americas from the creek, including aboard the Quebec-bound Six Sisters on 3 April 1833. The harbour's foundation rocks are still visible beneath today's wooden jetty. Until the 1930s, a ferry used to run from Cockle Hall, on the western side of the river, to Wardleys Creek. Some of the passengers were employees of United Alkali Company at Burn Naze, the predecessor to ICI Hillhouse. Parts of the pier are still visible in the marsh in front of where Cockle Hall once stood.	2.40625
77430432	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative%20reform%20in%20Poland%20%281975%29	Administrative reform in Poland (1975)	On June 1, 1975, 392 poviats were abolished (including 78 urban ones), and instead of 17 voivodeships and 5 separate cities (Warsaw, Łódź, Kraków, Wrocław and Poznań), a new administrative division into 49 voivodeships was introduced. In addition to voivodeships, administrative units of voivodeship level also included the capital city of Warsaw and the cities of Kraków and Łódź, which resulted in the official designation of the Warsaw Voivodeship as the capital and the Kraków and Łódź Voivodeships as urban. In addition to communes (), as basic units, there were also districts () in larger cities. What was characteristic of the administrative division resulting from the reform was that only a few voivodeships had more than 1 million inhabitants and the fact that in many cases the capitals of the new voivodeships were medium-sized or small provincial towns. 12 capitals had fewer than 40,000 inhabitants, including 8 with less than 30,000. The smallest provincial city, Sieradz, had only 20,934 inhabitants. Four cities were not even the largest in the voivodeship: Sieradz (compared to Zduńska Wola, which was almost twice as large), Tarnobrzeg (compared to Stalowa Wola, which was 13,000 larger), Skierniewice (compared to Żyrardów, which was 8,000 larger) and Suwałki (compared to Ełk). Moreover, Krosno had a similar population as Sanok, located more centrally in the voivodeship.	2.78125
77431007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatyrannus	Asiatyrannus	Asiatyrannus is a small-medium-sized tyrannosaur. Its nearly complete skull measures long, and it has an estimated body length of . In comparison, the mature skull of the closely related Nanuqsaurus from the Prince Creek Formation of North America is estimated at . Since Nanuqsaurus likely had a body size similar to Albertosaurus, Asiatyrannus may represent the only tyrannosaurine in this smaller size class. The Asiatyrannus holotype is about half the length of the contemporary Qianzhousaurus. However, the holotype of Asiatyrannus did not belong to a skeletally mature individual, and as such, it would have been larger when fully grown. Nevertheless, it had probably passed through the life stages of most rapid growth, and other tyrannosaurines in similar growth stages are more than twice as large. Classification Using a modified version of the phylogenetic dataset of Carr et al. (2017), Zheng et al. recovered Asiatyrannus as a derived tyrannosaurine member of the Tyrannosauridae, in a polytomy with the North American Nanuqsaurus. These results are displayed in the cladogram below: Paleoecology Asiatyrannus is known from the Nanxiong Formation, which dates to the end of the Maastrichtian age of the late Cretaceous period. Many other dinosaurs have been described from layers of the formation, including the fellow tyrannosaurid Qianzhousaurus. Large teeth indicate the presence of a large, unnamed tyrannosaurid in the ecosystem. Other theropods include therizinosaurids (Nanshiungosaurus) and many oviraptorids (Banji, Corythoraptor, Ganzhousaurus, Huanansaurus, Jiangxisaurus, Nankangia, Shixinggia, and Tongtianlong). The somphospondylan sauropods Gannansaurus and Jiangxititan are also known from the formation. The formation's non-dinosaurian fauna includes crocodilians (Jiangxisuchus), lizards (Chianghsia and Tianyusaurus), and turtles (Jiangxichelys).	2.625
77431067	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Croc%C3%A9-Spinelli	Joseph Crocé-Spinelli	During the flight, the scientists conducted a series of meteorological and aeronautical experiments, for which Alphonse Penaud specially developed the instruments. Among them was a differential barometer with a rubber membrane, used for the first time, which could measure the altitude and rate of ascent and descent of the balloon. This device later became popular among aeronauts and was indispensable in many scientific flights. Another result of the Polar Star expedition was a scientific article by Dr. Félix Petard, published in the journal L'Aéronaute. In this article, Petard described his observations of the physiological and psychological states of the crew members during the flight in detail. He observed changes in mood and behavior in each scientist with altitude and made assumptions about how altitude affected these changes. Regarding Joseph Crocé-Spinelli's behavior and mood during the Polar Star flight, Dr. Petard wrote: Second flight On March 22, 1874, Crocé-Spinelli and Sivel made their second flight in the balloon Polar Star. In this flight, for the first time, on the advice of physiologist Paul Bert, the scientists took small soft balloons with oxygen supplies. Before the flight, Crocé and Sivel trained in Paul Bert's special barometric chamber. In the chamber, all the oxygen was pumped out for a certain time, and one could breathe only through a special tube connected to the soft balloon. This experiment allowed checking the aeronauts' behavior at altitudes with extreme atmospheric pressure and lack of oxygen in the air. This unusual way of breathing freely even where there was practically no oxygen allowed the scientists to conduct meteorological research and control the balloon. As a result, the Polar Star rose to a then-record height of .	3.03125
77431067	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Croc%C3%A9-Spinelli	Joseph Crocé-Spinelli	During their research, Crocé-Spinelli and Sivel measured the air temperature at an altitude of over , which was . They also observed their own physiological reactions to the rarefied atmosphere. Specifically, they noticed a sharp increase in pulse and changes in the color of their face and mucous membranes. The flight on March 22, 1874, received widespread media coverage, making Joseph Crocé-Spinelli and Théodore Sivel famous in France and Europe. This enabled the scientists to quickly find support and funding for their next aerial expedition. Third flight Joseph Crocé-Spinelli made his third flight on March 23-24, 1875, when the balloon Zénith flew from Paris to Arcachon over 22 hours and 40 minutes. This flight broke all world duration records, surpassing the 18-hour flight by the English aeronaut Charles Green made in 1836. The record of the Zenith was only broken eleven years later, in September 1886, when the Frenchman Henri Hervé made a 24-hour flight from France to England in the balloon Le National. On March 23, Zenith was prepared for flight at the La Villette gas plant, and at 18:20 in the evening, it successfully took off. On board the balloon were five aeronauts: Théodore Sivel, acting as captain, Joseph Crocé-Spinelli, conducting scientific experiments with a spectrograph, Claude Jobert, a mechanic and experienced balloonist, and the two brothers Gaston and Albert Tissandier, who were conducting their own scientific experiments. Albert Tissandier made drawings of all the landscapes the aeronauts saw during the flight. Gaston Tissandier later described the first hours of the flight:	2.875
77431248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthonia%20darbishirei	Arthonia darbishirei	Arthonia darbishirei is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Arthoniaceae. Found on the Galápagos Islands, it was described as new to science in 2003 by Gerhard Follman and Birgit Werner. It was first collected on San Salvador Island in June 1872 during the Hassler Expedition. The fungus grows specifically on the thallus of Roccella nigerrima, a fruticose lichen that is endemic to the Galápagos. The species epithet darbishirei honours the British lichenologist Otto Vernon Darbishire (1870–1934), who initially described the host lichen and made significant contributions to the study of roccellaceous lichens. Arthonia darbishirei is characterised by its reddish rusty, irregularly maculiform to indefinite ascomata (fruiting bodies) that grow on the sides of the branches of R. nigerrima. The ascomata measure 0.5–1.3 mm in diameter and have a hyaline (translucent) and hymenium. The fungus produces pear-shaped asci containing eight hyaline, broadly , four-celled ascospores with a distinctive microcephalic shape. While A. darbishirei infiltrates the of its host, it appears to be parasymbiotic, causing no visible damage to R. nigerrima. The species is known only from its type locality on San Salvador Island, where it inhabits geologically young lava rocks in the salty and moist environments typical of Galápagos Roccella species.	2.375
77431250	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthonia%20prominens	Arthonia prominens	Arthonia prominens is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Arthoniaceae. Discovered on the Pacific coast of Chile, it was described as new to science in 2003 by Gerhard Follman. The holotype was collected in the supralittoral zone between Las Ventanas and Quintero, in the Valparaíso Province of Central Chile, at an elevation of about 10 metres. The fungus grows specifically on the thallus of Ingaderia gracillima, a fruticose lichen. The species epithet prominens (Latin for "projecting" or "prominent") refers to the swollen macules (spots) produced on the host's branches where the fungus's fruiting bodies aggregate. Arthonia prominens is characterised by its distinctive infection pattern, forming ash-grey, drab-coloured, or whitish raised macules measuring 1.2–2.5 mm in diameter on the flattened branches of I. gracillima. The fungus causes significant alterations to the host's cortical and medullary structure, disintegrating the normal hyphal arrangement. It produces numerous ascomata (0.1–0.3 mm in diameter) and smaller conidiomata on these infection zones. The asci contain eight brownish, mostly three-celled . Unlike its relative A. ingaderiae, A. prominens is considered parasitic due to the extensive changes it causes in its host. The species is endemic to the Mediterranean coastland of Pacific South America, ranging from approximately 30° to 33° south latitude, and appears to be more adapted to moderate Mediterranean conditions compared to A. ingaderiae.	2.703125
77431255	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigridea%20labyrinthica	Sigridea labyrinthica	Sigridea labyrinthica is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Arthoniaceae. Discovered on the Pacific coast of Chile, it was formally described as a new species in 2003 by Gerhard Follman, who first classified it in the genus Plectocarpon. Damien Ertz and Paul Diederich transferred it to the genus Sigridea in 2005. The holotype was collected at Punta Caraumilla, Bahia Laguna Verde, southwest of Valparaíso, on September 15, 1968, by . The fungus grows specifically on the thallus of Roccella portentosa, a fruticose lichen commonly found along the rocky Pacific coast. The species epithet labyrinthicum (Latin for "labyrinthine" or "intricate") refers to the maze-like appearance of its gall-forming ascomata (fruiting bodies). Sigridea labyrinthica is characterised by its distinctive fructifications, forming flattened galls measuring 0.9–3.8 mm in horizontal diameter and 0.4–1.2 mm in vertical diameter on its host. These galls have a labyrinthine surface reminiscent of Chiodecton dilatatum, subdivided into multiform loculi by whitish, striae of stromatic . The fungus produces but caudate asci containing eight hyaline, almost , four-celled . Sigridea labyrinthica is endemic to the temperate to Mediterranean coastland of the Pacific-Andean province of South America, ranging from approximately 30° to 34° south latitude. This species is of particular interest to lichenologists due to its unique gall-forming nature and its specific association with R. portentosa, a lichen historically used for textile dye production.	2.390625
77431259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sil%C3%A8ne%20Edgar	Silène Edgar	Silène Edgar or George Silène, (born Sophie Ruhaud, ), is a French teacher, writer, and researcher. Early life and education Sophie Claire Marie Ruhaud-Trouffier was born on in Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine. Her parents are Bernard Ruhaud, a writer and Josiane Danièle Salgues. The poet Étienne Ruhaud is her brother. She obtained her Baccalauréat Littéraire at the Jean-Dautet high school in La Rochelle, then continued her studies in literature in Poitiers. She obtained a master's degree in comparative literature at the Paris Cité University in 2000, and graduated in French as a second language, specializing in Language Awareness in 2011 at Le Mans University and in children's literature in 2015 at the University of Artois. She is an agrégée in Humanities. Career and research Teaching She taught French for 13 years, from 2004 to 2017, in a college in Saint-Nazaire. In 2017, she received the Palmes Académiques and stopped her teaching activity to devote herself full-time to writing. Since June 2010, she became a freelance editor of educational materials for DYS adaptations (Dyslexia) and began writing fictions for publishing houses such as Casterman, Castelmore, Thierry Magnier, Gulf Stream, Hachette, and Gallimard. Children's literature Sophie Ruhaud wrote some twenty internationally acclaimed children's novels, notably in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Poland and Latvia. Her breakthrough work is the post-apocalyptic Moana adventure trilogy published by Castelmore (inspired by her year in Tahiti), which won the 2011 CRILJ First Novel Award. Her novel 8,848 mètres, published by Casterman and edited by Vincent Villeminot in 2020, is inspired by the story of her cousin Marion Chaygneaud-Dupuy, who lived in Tibet for 20 years and climbed Mount Everest 3 times. In 2014, she co-wrote the novel 14-14 with Paul Beorn, published by Castelmore, which parallels the stories of two boys a century apart.	2.203125
77431660	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Kisoka	Arnold Kisoka	Arnold Daso Kisoka (born 4 September 2000) is a Congolese judoka. He qualified for the 2024 Summer Olympics and was selected as his country's flag bearer. Biography Kisoka was born in Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as the 10th of 11 children. He participated in judo at an early age and rose through the ranks; he also attended Bumbe Technical Industrial Vocational Institute and graduated in 2018 with a degree in construction. A member of the Ouragan judo club in Matete, he was selected for the national team in 2022 and made his international debut at the Dakar African Open tournament in November 2022. Later that month, he won gold at the Yaoundé African Open, thus becoming the first Congolese judoka to accomplish the feat. In 2023, Kisoka won a silver and a bronze medal at African Open competitions; he also placed seventh in his weight class at the African Judo Championships and won a bronze medal at the 2023 Jeux de la Francophonie, held in Kinshasa. He won a bronze medal at the African Open in April 2024 and later that month placed fifth at the African Championships. Kisoka qualified for the 2024 Summer Olympics in the 60 kg weight class. He was selected the Congolese flag bearer and also participated in the 2024 Summer Olympics torch relay, becoming the first ever Congolese to do so.	2.140625
77432159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%201908%20Irish%20representative%20peer%20election	January 1908 Irish representative peer election	Curzon resigned as viceroy in 1905, an action sparked by his conflict with the Commander-in-Chief, India, General Lord Kitchener. On Curzon's return to Britain, he felt that his health would not permit him to seek a return to the Commons, and King Edward VII considered it marred the dignity of the viceregal office for a recent viceroy to fight for a seat in the Commons. Although Edward wanted Curzon to be given an earldom, the prime minister, Arthur Balfour, opposed this, or at least wanted the matter postponed to January or February 1906, fearing that an immediate honour for Curzon would be seen as vindication in the dispute with Kitchener, in which Balfour considered Curzon in the wrong. But Balfour resigned in December 1905. The new prime minister, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, also refused Curzon an earldom or another United Kingdom peerage that would permit him, like other former viceroys, to sit in the House of Lords. The Unionist leader in the House of Lords, Lord Lansdowne suggested Curzon seek to become an Irish representative peer in place of Lord Kilmaine, and two prominent noblemen of the Irish peerage, the Duke of Abercorn and the Marquess of Londonderry, were willing to back Curzon for the position although Curzon had never been to Ireland.	2.390625
77432159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%201908%20Irish%20representative%20peer%20election	January 1908 Irish representative peer election	When parliament assembled on 29 January 1908, the King's Speech was first delivered by Edward VII in the House of Lords, after which several lords took the oath. Then, the writ and return stating that Lord Curzon had gained the greatest number of votes in the election, with Lord Ashtown second, were placed before the House of Lords. The Lord Chancellor, Lord Loreburn, then ruled that the Act of Union, though it required that the peers voting in an election for Irish representative peers had claimed a right to vote, and had that claim upheld by the House of Lords, did not require the same for the person elected. Accordingly, Lord Curzon, whose name appeared on the list of Irish peers, could be elected. This was concurred in by the former chancellor, Lord Halsbury, after which Curzon took the oath. Using a privilege of the eldest sons of peers, Curzon had been standing on the steps of the throne; once he had taken the oath, he took a seat on the front bench of the Opposition (Conservative) side, to cheering from that side. The following day, Curzon petitioned for the right to vote in elections for Irish representative peers, and that petition was granted. Aftermath Lawrence Parsons, 4th Earl of Rosse, an Irish representative peer, died in August 1908. The press named Ashtown and Farnham as the likely candidates to replace him. On 2 November 1908, Joseph Nugent Lentaigne, the clerk of the crown and hanaper, certified that Ashtown and Farnham had received an equal number of votes. This was the only time an election for Irish representative peer resulted in a tie. Lentaigne travelled to London to place the election return before the House of Lords. Under a procedure set forth in the Act of Union, papers containing the name of each peer were placed in an ordinary wine glass before the House of Lords on 4 November 1908. Lord Ashtown's name was drawn by the Clerk of the Parliaments, and he was declared elected.	2.46875
77432203	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margareta%20von%20Konow	Margareta von Konow	Emma Margareta Isabella von Konow, (née von Zweigbergk; 17 July 1897 - 2 August 1999) was a Swedish journalist, editor, author and feminist. Early life and education Emma Margareta Isabella von Zweigbergk was born on 17 July 1897 at the Mosseberg estate in Sandhem parish outside Falköping in Skaraborgs län, to Magna Noring (b. 1865) and Axel von Zweigbergk (1862–1935). Her father was a landowner and a member of the Swedish nobility. When the family experienced financial problems, they moved to the Sölvesborg area. The young Margareta went to school in Karlshamn as a boarder, and was the only girl in her class to take the realskolexamen school-leaving exam. She then moved to Sävsjö, and completed her secondary school education in Jönköping as a private student, writing her 1915 university matriculation paper on Swedish writer and reformer, Fredrika Bremer. Von Zweigbergk became interested in politics at an early age, particularly gender equality issues. She subscribed to the journal Rösträtt för kvinnor (Voting Rights for Women), published by the Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR), from its inception in 1912. In Sävsjö, she attended lectures at the local branch of the LKPR, and graduated from Lund University in 1918 with a Bachelor of Arts in Literature, German, English and Political Science. While studying in Lund, she was secretary of the Kvinnliga studentföreningen (Female Student Association), and was a key participant in the first female student play performed in Lund by writing and performing a play called ‘Justitia or sic framåt gloria mundi’. She then travelled the country speaking for the LKPR while working as a substitute teacher at Norrköping Girls' School.	2.125
77432358	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse%20Ch%C3%A9rel	Alphonse Chérel	In the early stages of the company, Alphonse Chérel made bicycle deliveries to his clients, until he got into an accident where he injured his leg. He was then amputated below his hip, which made him unable to do deliveries; he thus dedicated his time to working on other language learning books (e.g. for Spanish, German, Russian and Italian). When he was 57 years old, he met an opera-singer, and married her in 1940. The couple later had two sons: Jean-Loup Chérel (born 1942) and Gil Chérel (born 1944). Chérel died in 1956 of a cerebral hemorrhage. Eventually, the leadership of Assimil was taken over by Jean-Loup Chérel from 1968 to 2007, after which it ultimately passed to Yannick Chérel, the grandson of Alphonse. Methodology For Chérel, a naturalist approach to language learning was more important than that of pedantic grammarians that prioritized rote memorization of grammar rules. For that reason, his Assimil method utilized and emphasized daily exposure and assimilation (hence the name), as well as including humorous drawings (which were at first done by Pierre Soymier, who provisioned the sketches for the company until the 1970s).	2.421875
77432724	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroperipatus%20tiputini	Oroperipatus tiputini	The dorsal integument of Oroperipatus tiputini features 12 plicae per segment, alternating between large and narrow. Primary papillae are ovoid, with the largest found on the major plicae and smaller papillae distributed across the minor plicae. These primary papillae are often accompanied by one to three accessory papillae, adding to the species' distinctive appearance. On the ventral side, the preventral organs are not prominent. The legs of the species display 17 to 18 transverse rings. In legs IV and V, there are four spinous pads, with the fifth being notably reduced. Males are particularly distinguished by their crural tubercles, which are arranged in a specific pattern across their pregenital legs. This species exhibits sexual dimorphism in both size and leg number: Females of this species range from 46 mm to 65 mm in length, whereas males range from 23 mm to 40 mm in length. Females have 37 to 40 pairs of legs, whereas males have 34 to 37 leg pairs. In terms of coloration, Oroperipatus tiputini exhibits considerable variation among individuals. Adults may appear in hues ranging from plain dark orange to brown with varied patterns. A conspicuous white band with a heart-shaped border runs along the midline of all specimens, providing a distinctive visual marker. The species exhibits notable ontogenic color changes. The adult female holotype displays a uniform dark orange dorsal coloration, in contrast to the yellowish background and rhomboid pattern observed in the juvenile. Juveniles are characterized by their brighter colors, with a lighter yellow hue and distinct rhomboid patterns. As they mature, their coloration darkens, and the rhomboid pattern diminishes or disappears. In males, the pattern fades, while in females, it is often completely lost.	2.234375
77432952	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%20Mints	Aleksandr Mints	In 1921, the 1st Cavalry Army was disbanded. Mints was sent to Moscow, to the Higher Military School of Communications of the Red Army, where he worked as head of the radio department and head of the radio laboratory. Under the scientific guidance of the prominent radio specialist Mikhail Vasilyevich Shuleikin, Mints conducted research on the propagation of short waves, and also worked on the transfer of military radio communications from spark radio stations to tube radio stations. In 1922, he created the country's first army tube radiotelegraph station, which was put into service in 1923 under the symbol "ALM" (Alexander Lvovich Mints). It was manufactured in the amount of 220 sets and was used until the start of the Great Patriotic War. By 1928, spark radio stations were removed from supply to the Red Army. In August 1923, Mints was appointed head of the Scientific Testing Institute of the Military-Technical Council of Army Communications (SRI VTSS RKKA ()), created in April of the same year on the basis of the Military Radio Engineering Laboratory (VRTL). Under his leadership, the first radio broadcasts of concerts, operas and performances from theater halls, as well as newsreels from streets and squares, were carried out. While studying room acoustics, he proposed a method for mixing the signal from several microphones. Mints actively supported radio amateurs - he led radio circles, gave consultations, under the pseudonym "A. Modulator" wrote articles for popular science magazines.	2.46875
77433115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro%20d%27Oro%20della%20Nobilt%C3%A0%20italiana%20%28official%20register%29	Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà italiana (official register)	To obtain inscription in the register 'Libro d'Oro' (Golden Book), in addition to submitting an application, one had to have paid the relative administrative fees, obtaining registration at the Corte dei Conti, after which the relative decree was sent within the terms of law. Simply belonging to a noble family was not the only requisite, but also the positive opinion of Prefetto (Prefect, as local representative of the central government), authorities that had consulted the police and various other information. Royal Decree no. 1990 of 7 September 1933 provided norms on the compilation of the "Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà italiana" (Golden Book of Italian nobilitu) and required citizens listed in the "Elenco Ufficiale nobiliare" to apply, after specific recognition, for registration in said Book. It is structured in many handwritten and bound volumes, divided into two series and today kept at the Archivio Centrale dello Stato in Rome-EUR: Libro d'oro della nobiltà italiana, old series, in 11 volumes; Libro d'oro della nobiltà italiana, nuova serie, in 30 volumes. From the beginning of the Italian Republic, noble titles are not recognised and the Consulta Araldica of the Regno d'Italia ceased to function. This register was obviously no longer updated.	2.015625
77433237	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netzarim%20Corridor%20clashes	Netzarim Corridor clashes	From March to April 2024, the two sides clashed regularly in the area. The IDF launched raids into the northern and central Gaza Strip, while Palestinian forces launched multiple artillery and rocket attacks on the Netzarim Corridor. By 7 April, following a series of successive withdrawals from the Gaza Strip, the Netzarim Corridor became the only area where the IDF was deployed. The Foundation for Defense of Democracies reported on 8 May that the Netzarim Corridor had become "a magnet" for repeated Palestinian attacks, with the Tehran Times reporting a similar observation on 20 July. Nonetheless, the IDF continued military operations from the Corridor during this time. One IDF officer reported that troops have consistently found evidence of Palestinian militant activity, such as weapons and explosives, in almost every building they search near the area. On 17 August, an IED trap set by the al-Qassam Brigades was triggered in Netzarim. The Israeli army acknowledged 2 soldiers were killed, including a sergeant major. During the 1 October Iranian airstrikes on Israel, Iran claimed that some missiles they launched hit IDF positions in the Netzarim Corridor. That same day, the IDF repelled an apparent ground attack by dozens of "Palestinian suspects" approaching the Corridor. According to Palestinian medical officials, these were Gazan civilians attempting to return to their homes in the northern Gaza Strip. 2025 Israel agreed to gradually withdraw from the Netzarim Corridor as part of a ceasefire agreement with Hamas, which came into effect on 19 January.	2
77433605	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata%20Shell%20Mound	Ata Shell Mound	The Ata shell midden is located in the middle of the Satsuma Peninsula. It faces Mt. Kinpu to the east and the East China Sea to the west, and is home to the Fukiage sand dunes stretching about 40 kilometers north-to-south. Inland, low hilly plateaus and alluvial plains extend in layers, formed by small and medium-sized rivers such as the Mase River and the Isaku River. The Ata Shell Mound is located about 3.7 kilometers inland from the present-day coastline of the Tabuse Plain, which is the border between the volcanic ash plateau and the alluvial plain, and is located on a tongue-shaped plateau about 9 meters above sea level protruding to the northwest and a width of about 150 meters. It was excavated in 1978 and was designated a type site for a style of Jōmon pottery, which places the mound in the latter half of the early Jōmon period. The main midden is elliptical in shape, with an area of approximately 600 square meters. The shell layer deposited between a black volcanic ash layer and a yellow volcanic ash layer (Akahoya layer), with the upper layer thicker and containing a mixture of Jōmon and Yayoi pottery and the lower layer containing densely packed oyster and clam shells and only Jōmon pottery. Stone tools include stone arrowheads, stone spoons, stone axes, grinding stones, hammer stones, and of particular note are stone knives made from shale, serpentine-shaped earrings, and flat, stalk-shaped arrowhead-shaped bone and horn tools. The shells excavated from the shell mound include eight varieties of gastropods and three varieties bivalves, the majority of which are saltwater species.	2.75
77433874	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhong%20Jingwen	Zhong Jingwen	During the 1920s, Zhong partnered with Zhao Jingshen to perform comparative studies of western and Chinese children's literature. In 1934, Zhong left his position at Zhejiang to serve as a visiting professor at Waseda University in Tokyo, Japan. While at Waseda, he worked alongside various Japanese sinologists and mythologist . He returned to teaching in Hangzhou in 1936. Postwar career In 1949, Zhong attended the First Congress of Literary and Art Workers in Beijing. Later that year, he accepted a professorship at Beijing Normal University by Li Jinxi. Concurrently, Zhong instructed at Peking University and Fu Jen Catholic University. The incipient Communist government established the Research Society of Chinese Literature and Arts in February 1950 to organize folklore studies under Marxist principles. Zhong served as its first vice-chairman from 1950 to 1957, with Guo Moruo as chairman. The following year, Zhong published an article titled "Some Basic Understandings About Folk Literature and Arts", emphasizing the importance of folk literature and oral history towards understanding the history of the working class. In 1953, he began lecturing on folk literature at Beijing Normal University and became a graduate instructor in folklore studies. Zhong's approach was opposed by hardliners of communist folkloristics such as Jia Zhi, who accused him of being a "salesman of capitalist folklore".	2.21875
77433955	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20education%20in%20Brunei	History of education in Brunei	The demand for English education among the Brunei population contributed to the 1972 National Education Policy's failure to set up Malay as the official language of teaching in schools. Since the 1950s, there has been an apparent tendency among parents to prefer sending their kids to English-language schools, whether they were private establishments or overseas ones. By the late 1970s, this preference was more apparent, as demonstrated by the notable decline in the number of students attending Malay secondary school (from 4,487 in 1970 to 1,218 in 1979), while the number of students attending government English secondary school (to 7,344) increased. The change in educational choices was influenced by the government's failure to enforce of the usage of the Malay language in schools as well as the anticipated benefits of bilingual for improved career chances and higher learning. 1984 Bilingual Education Policy Following its independence, Brunei became increasingly vocal in its support of bolstering Islamic sovereignty. This included outlawing alcohol and prohibiting its sale, as well as enacting laws pertaining to law enforcement, compulsory religious education, Sharia criminal law, which faced harsh criticism from other nations, and beyond that, introducing the concept of "Negara Zikir," which was directly influenced by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah.	2.578125
77434234	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right%20of%20way	Right of way	A right of way (also right-of-way) is a transportation corridor along which people, animals, vehicles, watercraft, or utility lines travel, or the legal status that gives them the right to do so. Rights-of-way in the physical sense include controlled-access highways, railroads, canals, hiking paths, bridle paths for horses, bicycle paths, the routes taken by high-voltage lines (also known as wayleave), utility tunnels, or simply the paved or unpaved local roads used by different types of traffic. The term highway is often used in legal contexts in the sense of "main way" to mean any public-use road or any public-use road or path. Some are restricted as to mode of use (for example, pedestrians only, pedestrians, horse and cycle riders, vehicles capable of a minimum speed). Rights-of-way in the legal sense (the right to pass through or to operate a transportation facility) can be created in a number of different ways. In some cases, a government, transportation company, or conservation non-profit purchases the full ownership of real estate, including everything above and below the ground. Many rights-of-way are created instead by easement, which is a right to cross that does not include full ownership of the land. For example, the original owner may still retain mineral rights under the right-of-way easement, but not the right to exclude people from passing through certain parts of what would otherwise be private land. Creation and elimination	2.890625
77434329	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fath%20Khan	Fath Khan	Following Fath Khan's imprisonment, the king Burhan Nizam Shah faced the desertion of key figures of the court, due to the weakening position of the kingdom in the face of Mughal imperialism. In desperation, Burhan Nizam Shah freed Fath Khan on 18 January 1631, and reappointed him to his former position. Fath Khan's unpopularity contributed to further desertion, such as that of the noble Muqarrab Khan. Fath Khan put his opponent Hamid Khan to death. Aware of his precarious position in court, and facing the possibility that the Nizam Shah could turn against him once again, he imprisoned Burhan Nizam Shah, declaring him insane. He simultaneously put to death twenty-five leading members of the court, and reopened negotiations with Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, offering to recognize Mughal sovereignty. Shah Jahan responded asking Fath Khan to prove the sincerity of his claims, upon which Fath Khan put Burhan Nizam Shah to death, and installed the king's 10-year-old son as ruler Husayn III. Publicly, Fath Khan claimed he was not responsible for Burhan's death. Fath Khan also struck coins and had the khutba read in Shah Jahan's name, symbolising Mughal sovereignty. Shah Jahan made further demands of the Nizam Shah's wealth, which were also granted. In return, Fath Khan received some of the jagirs (land grants) of Shahaji Bhonsle, a Mughal officer; this prompted the latter to desert the Mughals. Appeased with the submission, Shah Jahan departed the Deccan in 1632 for northern India, leaving the Mughal noble Mahabat Khan to govern the Deccan.	2.359375
77434489	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops%20germanoi	Bothrops germanoi	Bothrops germanoi, also known as Moela's lancehead or jararaca-damoela is a species of pit viper from São Paulo, Brazil. It is named after Mr Valdir J. Germano, who is regarded as one of the most renowned Brazilian experts in snake identification. Description Bothrops germanoi is distinguished from other Bothrops species by many characteristics, such as specific scale counts, a small cream-coloured spot above the head, a white or cream stripe around their eyes, brown blotches along the body and pale tail. Characteristics that distinguish them from B. jararaca specifically are a smaller snout-to-vent length, larger head, less ventral scales and a longer tail in males. B. germanoi is also distinguishable from B. alcatraz, B. insularis and B. otavioi in several ways, most notably the smaller head, more ventrals and more subcaudal scales in males. Sexual dimorphism Bothrops germanoi exhibits sexual dimorphism in many subtle ways, one example being scale count. Females are likely to have slightly more ventral and subinfralabial scales than males, and males generally have more subcaudals than females. Diet Bothrops germanoi is known to eat mainly nocturnal prey such as centipedes, frogs and lizards.	2.203125
77434630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Jasper%2C%20Western%20Australia	Lake Jasper, Western Australia	Lake Jasper is a rural locality of the Shire of Nannup in the South West region of Western Australia. Central within the locality lies the lake of the same name while, in the south, it borders the Southern Ocean. A large part of the locality is taken up by the D'Entrecasteaux National Park; its south-eastern border runs along the Donnelly River. The north of Lake Jasper is taken up by agriculture, among them the large dairy farms of Lactanz 1 and 4, while Lactanz 2 and 3 are in the neighbouring locality of Scott River East. Lactanz Dairy was Western Australia's largest dairy producer when it was sold for A$30 million in 2016 to Australian Agribusiness Group. Lake Jasper is located on the traditional land of the Noongar nation. Scientific evidence proves a Noongar presence in the South West region for at least 47,000 years, while the oldest evidence for presence in the D'Entrecasteaux National Park dates back 6,000 years. The heritage listed Black Point on the Southern Ocean coast is located with the locality of Lake Jasper, an outcrop of the Bunbury Basalt, which is rarely exposed. It is an important scientific research site, and dates back to 135 million years ago, when it was formed by a volcanic lava flow. The historic Jangardup Stock Route originally started in the north of the locality on the route heading north to what is now the Vasse Highway. It was last used as a stock route in the mid-1960s. The heritage listed Quannup House, dating as far back as 1864, is also within the locality. Access to the locality and the lake has been historically difficult and underdeveloped. A 1944 newspaper report complained that to get to the lake for the purpose of exploring its potential to stock trout, a round trip of and a track through swamp had to be made, despite the fact that it was only from Pemberton. Roads in the coastal region, especially within the national park, are still often four-wheel drive only and closed in winter because of rain.	2.46875
77434663	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornanong%20Aramwit	Pornanong Aramwit	Bioactive materials and wound healing Aramwit authored Silk: Properties, Production and Uses in 2012, delving into the applications of silkworm products in medicine and textiles. In 2021, she co-wrote Sustainable Uses of Byproducts from Silk Processing with Narendra Reddy, focusing on the sustainable utilization of silk by-products across materials, energy, food, cosmetics, and environmental cleanup, with an emphasis on silk proteins in industries like cancer treatment and pharmaceuticals. Her research on silk sericin highlighted fibroin's applications in textiles and biomaterials, alongside discoveries in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, while examining the effects of different extraction methods on sericin's properties, including cell behavior and collagen production, finding that urea-extracted sericin most effectively reduced melanin content and cellular tyrosinase activity, suggesting its potential use in treating hyperpigmentation. Additionally, she noted sericin's induction of IL-1β and TNF-α in vitro without other inflammatory effects. Aramwit found that sericin reduced inflammation, sped healing, and boosted collagen in rat wounds, with anti-inflammatory effects comparable to betamethasone and calcitriol in her psoriasis study. She later developed eco-friendly agarose and sericin scaffolds for enhanced drug release and wound healing.	2.046875
77434663	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornanong%20Aramwit	Pornanong Aramwit	Biopolymer and nanotechnology applications Aramwit coedited Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery with Glen S. Kwon and Melgardt M. de Villiers, exploring nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems and their application for the delivery of small molecules, proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, and genes. Her research highlighted that alginate/chitosan beads enhance the stability and bioavailability of mulberry-extracted anthocyanin, with 0.05% chitosan solution proving most effective for encapsulation and gastric resistance, while Eugenol-embedded calcium citrate nanoparticles (Eu-CaCit NPs) show potential as a biocompatible topical delivery system, improving dermal penetration and reducing skin irritation. Clinical and therapeutic evaluations Aramwit's work has encompassed clinical and therapeutic evaluations across various health conditions. She found that mulberry leaves containing 12 mg of 1-deoxynojirimycin reduced fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin in obese individuals with borderline diabetes, with minimal side effects, and observed that their leaf powder also lowered triglyceride, LDL, and CRP levels in patients with mild dyslipidemia. In her collaborative studies, she discovered periostin as a biomarker for kidney disease severity in IgA nephropathy, demonstrated oxymetholone's muscle-enhancing effects in hemodialysis patients with liver injury risks, and detected ultrafiltration failure and fibrosis in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients through CA125 levels. Among other research works, she developed P80, a longan extract spray reducing viral adhesion, including COVID-19, as a prevention alternative, and explored crocetin's anti-cancer properties.	1.90625

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