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15828704	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jou%C3%A9-du-Plain	Joué-du-Plain	Joué-du-Plain () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. The commune was mentioned in 1216 by the name of "Jeum". There are 248 people living there. The community festival is 29 June. Geography The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, Le Ménil Martel,La Rivière, Chantelou, Le Haut Ménil, La Folletière and Joué-du-Plain. It is in size. The highest point in the commune is . Joué-du-Plain along with another 70 communes is part of a 20,593 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called the Haute vallée de l'Orne et affluents. The River Udon plus two streams the Gosu and the Poncey traverse through the commune. Important places The church in the commune is dedicated to Saints Gervais and Portais. The architectural elements are pointed arches, a Norman tower and Roman arches. The church was rebuilt in the Renaissance. Inside the church are sculptures of St. Gervais and Saint Portais made in the 18th century. Also, there is an 18th-century sculpture of Saint Michael made in stone and painted. There are also sculpted wooden stalls, a statue of the Virgin Mary and a baptismal font made in the 18th century. The cemetery around the church has two 16th century entrances. Another important place in the commune is Chateau de la Motte. The chateau is a 19th-century building. Legends Joué-du-Plain has a legend that the lord of Chantelou killed his wife and her lover. The lord painted the front of his chateau with their blood. The farm called Baritaur is the former place of the lord called "Red House of Chante-lou"	2.515625
15828705	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%20Aspera%20Ad%20Astra%20%28film%29	Per Aspera Ad Astra (film)	Per Aspera Ad Astra (, USA screen name - Through the Thorns to the Stars; Humanoid Woman) is a 1981 Soviet science fiction film directed by Richard Viktorov and based on a novel by Kir Bulychov. Plot In the 23rd century, the starship Pushkin discovers a derelict alien spaceship of unknown origin. The alien craft's crew are identical humanoids created by an advanced cloning process. Most are dead, but one woman is found in a catatonic state. The leader of the mission, scientist Sergei Lebedev, brings her to Earth. He settles her in his house and names her Neeya. Neeya suffers from memory loss and cannot recall anything of her past. As she adapts to life on Earth, she discovers she has a variety of telekinetic powers. A friend of Lebedev, Prof. Ivanova, begins studying Neeya's neurophysiology and finds a special neurocenter in her brain that can be triggered remotely. Neeya is visiting the beach with Lebedev's son Stepan when Ivanova triggers the system. Neeya loses control of her body and falls into the water. The device also triggers a clear memory of her home planet, where she sees a man explain the purpose of the control system, giving him control over the clones. The flashback ends when Stepan pulls her from the water. Neeya joins an archaeological expedition, where she has another flashback that reveals she is from the planet Dessa. She returns from the expedition to find that a diplomatic mission from Dessa has just arrived at the spaceport to ask for help from Earth. She learns they will return to Dessa on the Astra, and stows away on the ship. By chance, both Stepan and Prof. Ivanova are also aboard.	2.046875
15828733	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward%20Pinkett	Ward Pinkett	William Ward Pinkett, Jr. (April 29, 1906 – March 15, 1937) was an American jazz trumpeter and scat vocalist during the Harlem Renaissance. A respected sideman recognized as a "hot" trumpet and with a versatile ear, he played and recorded with some of the greatest jazzmen of the era, including King Oliver, Jimmy Johnson, Chick Webb and Jelly Roll Morton. His career was cut short by alcoholism. Early life Born into a musical family, Pinkett was the eldest of four children born to William Ward Pinckett and Mary Louise nee Carr of Newport News, Virginia. His father, a prosperous tailor and land owner, was an amateur cornet player who formed the Newport News Brass Band around 1900, playing for social clubs and funerals in the area. His mother played piano, often accompanying his father in the home, and his sister, Loretta Gillis (1913-1998), played saxophone in several local jazz bands. Encouraged by his father, he started learning cornet at an early age and began playing trumpet at ten. He followed his father by enrolling in the Hampton University, where he played in the school band. There he met and received trumpet lessons from Harry R. Cooper, who was attending Hampton's architectural school. Before graduating, Pinkett was recruited by William A. Sykes, music director of the Haven Conservatory of Music of Meridian, Mississippi, to attend the private institute, along with several of his school friends, including trumpeter Harold F. Whittington, who also became a professional jazz musician. Pinkett did not finish his studies at the academy. He joined Roy F. Johnson's Happy Pals, a well-known jazz orchestra from Richmond, Virginia. From there he went to the White Brothers Orchestra, a similar territory band from Washington, D.C., that played in the area bounded by Pittsburgh, New York, and its home base.	2.546875
15828733	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward%20Pinkett	Ward Pinkett	Career In January 1926, 19-year-old Pinkett joined Charlie Johnson's Original Paradise Band at Smalls Paradise in Harlem, Manhattan. In the summer of 1926 he switched to the 10-piece Willie Gant's Paradise Ramblers, who took over from Johnson as Smalls' house band from May 1926 to 1927. Jazz writer Albert McCarthy reported that Pinkett recorded three sides with Gant's band in the mid-1920s, based on an interview with Harry Cooper conducted by Charles Delaunay. Gant himself reported that he cut some sides during the period he led the Smalls Paradise band, but none of his recordings have been found. In July 1926 Pinkett recorded three songs with a band fronted by Tommy Morris, which are his earliest surviving recordings. Later that year he was with Billy Fowler's Society Orchestra and then James Hogan's band at the Joyland on 4th Ave. and 14th St. In 1927 he joined banjoist Henri Saparo's Orchestra at the Bamboo Inn on Seventh Avenue and 139th Street. A fire closed the club down in June, and it reopened in the fall. Saparo continued as bandleader with Langston Curl on trumpet, but after Saparo left in early 1928 pianist Joe Steele took over the band and soon replaced Curl with Pinkett. Pinkett soon left and joined Bill Benford's band, which became the house band at the Rose Danceland on 125th street. Jelly Roll Morton came to New York in the spring of 1928 and caught Benford’s band playing at the Rose. Morton took over the band as the newest incarnation of his Red Hot Peppers. Pinkett became Morton's favorite trumpet player, recording with the band both as a member and after he left in late 1928 to play in Chick Webb's Harlem Stompers.	2.40625
15828771	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable%20theory	Stable theory	In the mathematical field of model theory, a theory is called stable if it satisfies certain combinatorial restrictions on its complexity. Stable theories are rooted in the proof of Morley's categoricity theorem and were extensively studied as part of Saharon Shelah's classification theory, which showed a dichotomy that either the models of a theory admit a nice classification or the models are too numerous to have any hope of a reasonable classification. A first step of this program was showing that if a theory is not stable then its models are too numerous to classify. Stable theories were the predominant subject of pure model theory from the 1970s through the 1990s, so their study shaped modern model theory and there is a rich framework and set of tools to analyze them. A major direction in model theory is "neostability theory," which tries to generalize the concepts of stability theory to broader contexts, such as simple and NIP theories. Motivation and history A common goal in model theory is to study a first-order theory by analyzing the complexity of the Boolean algebras of (parameter) definable sets in its models. One can equivalently analyze the complexity of the Stone duals of these Boolean algebras, which are type spaces. Stability restricts the complexity of these type spaces by restricting their cardinalities. Since types represent the possible behaviors of elements in a theory's models, restricting the number of types restricts the complexity of these models.	2
15828788	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20William%20Boyle	Robert William Boyle	Robert William Boyle (October 2, 1883 – April 18, 1955) was a physicist and one of the most important early pioneers in the development of sonar. Boyle was born in 1883 at Carbonear in the Dominion of Newfoundland. Boyle left Newfoundland for Montreal, Quebec in Canada where he trained at McGill University under Nobel Prize winner Sir Ernest Rutherford, in the then fledgling field of radioactivity. He earned McGill's first Doctor of Philosophy in physics in 1909. He then moved to England to continue his work by following Rutherford to the University of Manchester. In 1912 he returned to Canada at the request of Henry Marshall Tory to become head of the physics department at the University of Alberta, and shifted his research to ultrasonics. During the First World War Boyle volunteered his expertise to the British Admiralty and, with the help of his old professor Ernest Rutherford, he joined the Board of Inventions and Research and worked with British physicist Albert Beaumont Wood, a fellow student of Rutherford's. Before 1917 the scientific teams from the Allied countries worked separately, however, after joining forces with French researchers, Boyle produced a working prototype of what the British called "ASDIC" (the first sonar). Early versions of the technology were being installed on Royal Navy war ships just as the war came to an end. In 1919 Boyle returned to Alberta and shortly thereafter became dean of the Faculty of Applied Science, a position he held until 1929. That year he joined the National Research Council of Canada as the director of physics, where he supervised research into radar during the Second World War. Boyle also recruited engineering professor John Hamilton Parkin from the University of Toronto to head aeronautical research at NRC. He continued to work at the National Research Council until his retirement in 1948, when he moved back to England. He was elected to the Royal Society of Canada in 1921 and awarded the Flavelle Medal in 1940. He died in London, England, aged 71.	2.46875
15828802	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eesh%20Safari	Eesh Safari	Eesh Safari's social, cultural, and physical help Eesh Safari is a helper method to the native parts of the regions that the show uses for the contests. Participants of Eesh Safari usually clean up their left-overs and help themselves with problems that occur to their habitats or own property, such as a flood that occurred in the second part of the show. Other than teaching the children to help themselves, and teaching them teamwork, the show also helps the native parts of the region by "punishments" teams who lose, which, most of the time, brings fun to the punished team's hearts. The punishments are always dealing with helping the native people in the region, such as cleaning animals feces, collecting unnecessary weeds on the coast and in gardens, washing up farm animals, and many more. Also, participating in quizzes, visiting cultures, building traditional homes, going to scientific places and a lot of other activities teach participants and also the watchers of the show physical, scientific, cultural, and social help.	2.921875
15828864	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick-firing%20gun	Quick-firing gun	A quick-firing or rapid-firing gun is an artillery piece, typically a gun or howitzer, that has several characteristics which taken together mean the weapon can fire at a fast rate. Quick-firing was introduced worldwide in the 1880s and 1890s and had a marked impact on war both on land and at sea. Characteristics The characteristics of a quick-firing artillery piece are: A breech-loading weapon with a breech mechanism that allows rapid reloading Single-part cased ammunition, i.e. a cartridge containing both shell and propellant Recoil buffers to limit recoil, so the barrel can quickly return to the same position after firing The use of smokeless powder – nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine, or cordite – which create far less smoke than gunpowder, meaning that gun crews could still see their target These innovations, taken together, meant that the quick-firer could fire aimed shells much more rapidly than an older weapon. For instance, an Elswick Ordnance Company 4.7-inch gun fired 10 rounds in 47.5 seconds in 1887, almost eight times faster than the equivalent 5-inch breech-loading gun. History Naval use In 1881, the Royal Navy advertised for a quick-firing gun that could fire a minimum of 12 shots per minute. This rate of fire became increasingly important with the development of the first practical torpedoes and torpedo boats, which posed an extreme threat to the Royal Navy's maritime predominance. The first quick-firing light gun was the 1-inch Nordenfelt gun, built in Britain from 1880. The gun was expressly designed to defend larger warships against the new small fast-moving torpedo boats in the late 1870s to the early 1880s and was an enlarged version of the successful rifle-calibre Nordenfelt hand-cranked "machine gun" designed by Helge Palmcrantz. The gun fired a solid steel bullet with hardened tip and brass jacket.	2.84375
15828894	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah%20Aviation%20Hall%20of%20Fame	Utah Aviation Hall of Fame	The Utah Aviation Hall of Fame was established in 1996 to honor and recognize individuals in the State of Utah who have contributed significantly to Utah aviation. These people have distinguished themselves through major contributions in advancing aviation or heroic accomplishments as civil or military aviators in and for the State of Utah. It is the greater goal of this program is to foster public appreciation for the contributions of these individuals to the education of air power. Specifically, the continuing education and development of civil or general, commercial, and military aviation throughout the State. The official recognition of the Utah Aviation Hall of Fame was proclaimed by the Governor in 1996. It Governor proclaimed the 32nd Flight (Pioneer), Order of Daedalians, the National Fraternity of Military Pilots, as the sponsor and custodial agency for the program. Honorees are inducted each year around Memorial Day. The Utah Aviation Hall of Fame is located within the Hill Aerospace Museum, Hill AFB, UT (Interstate 15 Exit #338 / 5600 South Exit). Hours of operation are the same as those of the museum: 9 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Tuesday through Saturday (closed Sundays and Mondays), closed December 24–25 for the Christmas Holiday and closed January 1 for New Years Day. Admission does not require entry onto Hill AFB and is free to the public. Laurates of the Hall In 1996, the original eleven inductees for the Hall of Fame were so honored when the Hall was established at the Hill Aerospace Museum. The current Administrator is Charles P. "Pat" Gilmore, Major, USAFR (Retired)	2.046875
15828988	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid%20butterflyfish	Pyramid butterflyfish	The pyramid butterflyfish (Hemitaurichthys polylepis) is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a butterflyfish belonging to the family Chaetodontidae, native from central Indo-Pacific. Description The pyramid butterflyfish is a small-sized fish that can reach a maximum length of 18 cm. Its body is compressed laterally with a rounded body profile, and its snout protrudes forwards slightly with a small protrusible (extendable) mouth. Its very characteristic livery leaves no doubt about the identification. A dark brown-yellow area, the colour of which may vary in intensity, fully masks the head and extends to a line from the first rays of the dorsal fin to the start of its pelvic fins. The rest of its body is white, peduncle and caudal fin included. Insertion of yellow-orange areas at the top of the side form a characteristic pyramidal pattern, hence the name of the fish. The anal fin is also yellow-orange. Distribution and habitat The pyramid butterflyfish is widespread throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the central Indo-Pacific from Cocos Keeling and Christmas Island to Polynesia and from south Japan to New-Caledonia. The pyramid butterflyfish appreciates the outer reef slopes from which it can swim out into open water to get its food. It can be seen at depths from 3 to 60 meters deep. Biology The pyramid butterflyfish lives in large schools, and feeds on plankton in open water out of its shelter reef. Conservation status The species as a planktivorous could be affected by climate-induced reductions in planktonic productivity. There do not appear to be any current threats to this species and it is listed as Least Concern (LC) by the IUCN.	2.609375
15829026	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Naphthol	2-Naphthol	2-Naphthol, or β-naphthol, is a fluorescent colorless (or occasionally yellow) crystalline solid with the formula C10H7OH. It is an isomer of 1-naphthol, differing by the location of the hydroxyl group on the naphthalene ring. The naphthols are naphthalene homologues of phenol, but more reactive. Both isomers are soluble in simple alcohols, ethers, and chloroform. 2-Naphthol is a widely used intermediate for the production of dyes and other compounds. Production Traditionally, 2-naphthol is produced by a two-step process that begins with the sulfonation of naphthalene in sulfuric acid: C10H8 + H2SO4 → C10H7SO3H + H2O The sulfonic acid group is then cleaved in molten sodium hydroxide: C10H7(SO3H) + 3 NaOH → C10H7ONa + Na2SO3 + 2 H2O Neutralization of the product with acid gives 2-naphthol. 2-Naphthol can also be produced by a method analogous to the cumene process. 2-Naphthol-derived dyes The Sudan dyes are popular dyes noted for being soluble in organic solvents. Several of the Sudan dyes are derived from 2-naphthol by coupling with diazonium salts. Sudan dyes I–IV and Sudan Red G consist of arylazo-substituted naphthols. Reactions Some reactions of 2-naphthol are explicable with reference to its tautomerism, which produces a small amount of the keto tautomer. One consequence of this tautomerism is the Bucherer reaction, the ammonolysis of 2-naphthol to give 2-aminonaphthalene. 2-Naphthol can be oxidatively coupled to form BINOL, a C2-symmetric ligand popularized for use in asymmetric catalysis. 2-Naphthol converts to 2-naphthalenethiol by reaction with dimethylthiocarbamoyl chloride via the Newman–Kwart rearrangement. The OH→Br conversion has been described. Electrophilic attack occurs characteristically at the 1-position as indicated by nitrosylation to give 1-nitroso-2-naphthol. Bromination and alkylations proceed with similar regiochemistry. Ring-opening reactions have been documented. Carbonation of 2-naphthol gives 2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid.	2.28125
15829115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Clark%20%28designer%29	Jeff Clark (designer)	Jeff Clark (born 1971) is an American poet and book designer. Biography Clark grew up in southern California. He studied at UC Davis and completed a Master of Fine Arts in poetry at the Iowa Writer's Workshop. At Davis, Clark drummed for the band Buick, whose album Sweatertongue was released by Lather Records in 1992. In 1995, he moved to San Francisco, where he wrote poetry, edited the zine Faucheuse, and worked at a book design studio. Writing Clark's first book, The Little Door Slides Back, was a 1996 winner of the National Poetry Series award. It was published by Sun and Moon Press in 1997, and reprinted in 2004 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. John Yau, writing in Boston Review, said that Clark evoked "a fragile, interior world largely lit by the moon, cheap paperbacks, and noir movies, a place in which predicaments and paradoxes abound." Farrar Straus Giroux also published Clark's second collection, Music and Suicide, which received the 2004 James Laughlin Award. John Beer in Chicago Review said "its ambition is more erotic than programmatic, which makes it hard to place in a critical landscape dominated by twin towers of linguistic materialism and idle taste-mongering. But if this erotic ambition is one more aspect of Clark's untimeliness, that untimeliness may allow him to escape mere datedness to disclose a new poetic future for us all." In 2000, German artist Cosima von Bonin created an installation entitled The Little Door Slides Back for the Kunstverein Braunschweig. Also in 2000, Z Press published Sun On 6, which was printed by Leslie Miller at The Grenfell Press. In addition to Clark's poem, it contains Jasper Johns' first linocut.	2.078125
15829359	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill%20farming	Hill farming	Hill farming or terrace farming is an extensive farming in upland areas, primarily rearing sheep, although historically cattle were often reared extensively in upland areas. Fell farming is the farming of fells, a fell being an area of uncultivated high ground used as common grazing. It is a term commonly used in Northern England, especially in the Lake District and the Pennine Dales. Elsewhere, the terms hill farming or pastoral farming are more commonly used. Cattle farming in the hills is usually restricted by a scarcity of winter fodder, and hill sheep, grazing at about two hectares per head, are often taken to lowland areas for fattening. Modern hill farming is often heavily dependent on state subsidy, for example in the United Kingdom it received support from the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy. Improved, sown pasture and drained moorland can be stocked more heavily, at approximately one sheep per 0.26 hectares. Location and organization Hill farming is a type of agricultural practice in the UK in upland regions. In England, hill farms are located mainly in the North and South-Western regions, as well as a few areas bordering Wales. The Scottish highlands are another home for many hill farms. Sheep farms and mixed sheep and cattle farms constitute approximately 55% of the agricultural land in Scotland. These areas have a harsh climate, short growing seasons, relatively poor quality of soil and long winters. Therefore, these areas are considered to be disadvantaged and the animals raised there are generally less productive and farmers will often send them down to the lowlands to be fattened up.	2.84375
15829359	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill%20farming	Hill farming	Upland areas are not traditionally favourable for agricultural practices. The majority of Hill farming land in England is classified as Less Favoured Area (LFA), and the LFA constitutes 17% of land farmed in England. The LFA is further divided into Severely Disadvantaged Areas (SDAs) and Disadvantaged Areas (DAs), which make up 67% and 33% of the LFA respectively. These areas are classified as such on account of poor climate, soils, and terrain which cause higher costs in production and transportation as well as lower yields and less productivity. The LFA is significant in England's farming on a whole despite these disadvantages: 30% of beef cows and 44% of breeding sheep come from LFAs. Farming distinctively shapes the ecosystems of these zones, and the agriculture practices in the uplands define and shape the environment and landscape. Upland areas are usually covered with both dry and wet dwarf shrub heath and, rough and either managed or unmanaged improved grasslands. The typical hill farm is made up of three distinct zones: the High fell, the Alotment, and the Inbye. The High fell includes peat moors and rocky areas which provide poor grazing at the top. The Alotment follows below, an enclosed area with rough grazing. The Inbye is the lowest area at the bottom, which is used as the regular grazing area as well as for growing hay. History Dartmoor National Park has over 10,000ha of prehistoric field systems, dating back to 1500BC. Archaeological evidence shows that these moors have been grazed for 3500 years. Because of the extent of historical farming in the UK uplands, hill farming has shaped the English uplands both environmentally and culturally.	3.203125
15829359	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill%20farming	Hill farming	Over the past century, Hill farming and the upland environment have undergone a number of changes. Since 1900 there has been: An approximately 500% increase in the number of sheep livestock. A decrease in medium-sized farms, due to increase in large farms businesses and the emergence of small-scale hobby farmers. Increased specialization in livestock and a movement away from tradition mixed farming methods. Fairly consistent labour employment on account of constant agricultural intensification offsetting reductions in labour output made possible by technological advancements. A high turnover rates in upland ecosystem habitat types. For example, although the percentage of land classified as dwarf shrub moor remained relatively stable between 1913 and 2000, only 55% of the dwarf moor shrub land in 1913 occupied the same area as it does in 2000. Uplands ecosystems A large number of upland ecosystems have been shaped by humans for centuries, particularly by farming and agriculture. Because of this, many upland ecosystems have become dependent on hill farm land management. Hill farming practices play a significant role in supporting surrounding flora and fauna in the uplands. Through grazing, sheep and cattle maintain a variety of tall grasses and short vegetation. This in turn supports local wildlife, as the short vegetation provides breeding and nesting grounds for many species of waders, including the lapwing, redshank, and golden plover. The taller grasses are an important part of the Curlew habitat, which is another species of wader. Cattle dung provides nutrition for many species of insects and carrion provides food for various species of scavenging birds.	3.234375
15829359	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill%20farming	Hill farming	During winter farmers will usually keep the animals indoors, supplementing the livestock's diet with hay or silage. The land used to grow winter feed that are not mowed are able to provide protection for a variety of birds including skylarks, partridge, and corncrakes who build on their nests on the ground. Agricultural use, burning, and grazing by both livestock and wild life such as deer, helps to sustain the upland grasslands, moorland and bogs. If these ecosystems were not maintained they would be colonized by trees and scrub. Sustainable careful maintenance is highly important in hill farming in order to protect the delicate relationship that farm manage has on the biodiversity of native plant and animal species. Upland ecosystems have seen a shift in the last century, associated with widespread habitat deterioration caused by human actions and exploitation. The decline in grazing animals accompanied with the milder winters experienced in recent years has caused an overgrowth in vegetation, putting the ecosystem, as well as various archaeological sites at risk. The Dartmoor Vision initiative is trying to return Dartmoor to its former predominantly cattle, sheep, and pony grazed landscape. Government support and subsidies Hill farm incomes in the UK have recently seen great decrease following drops in lamb and beef prices. Therefore, subsidy support has become vital for Hill farm survival, and the policies have been changing in response to continuous uncertainty in the sector.	3.109375
15829359	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill%20farming	Hill farming	Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) Hill farming has been supported by both the British government and EU policies, one of the most influential EU scheme being The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The CAP provided production-based direct (headage) which gave incentive to stock beef cattle and sheep at high densities. This led to, in some circumstances, overgrazing which damages natural and semi-natural vegetation. Because of overgrazing and issues with the accumulation of surpluses, the CAP was reformed. The two most recent reforms to the CAP were Agenda 2000 in 1999 and the Mid Term Review of June 2003 and April 2004. These changes are phasing out support and protections linked to production, and are providing more support on environmental and rural developments. Single Farm Payment The Single Farm Payment replaced the older headage payments (CAP) in 2005. Analyses of the effects of economic incentives provided to hill farmers by decoupling and the introduction of the Single Farm Payment show that although these policies cause little change in average farm incomes they do encourage change in the way hill farms run. Specifically the policies promote the reduction of stocking densities, reduction of employment of additional farm labour, movement away from reliance on beef cattle, increased specialization, and to keep farming land in “good agricultural condition” rather than farm abandonment. The EU plans to phase out and progressively reduce the SFP, and the SFP is guaranteed until 2013.	2.328125
15829359	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill%20farming	Hill farming	Hill farmer income is subject to large fluctuation above the influence of the farmers. The harsh terrain and climate of hill farms are hard on the animals, causing them to be relatively very unproductive. Because of this, hill farming can have economic strains on the farmers who generally have low income. Wet weather, as often experienced in the uplands, create additional animal feed costs for farmers. Many hill farmers earn around £12,600, with some earning as little as £8,000. This is much below the annual £19,820 a single working adult requires to live in a village in England. In 2008, a farmer would receive a profit of £1 for a single moorland lamb. The average LFA farm in England only earns about 66% of their total revenue from farming. 22% of this revenue comes from the Single Farm Payment, and 10% from specific agri-environment payments. The 2% balance originated from non-farm activities, which are usually associated with contracting or tourism and recreation. Hill farmers in Peak District National Park (PDNP) constitute one of UK's most deprived farming communities, with farms in the LFA making an average loss of £16,000 per farm, generating an average headline Farm Business Income of £10,800 (supplemented by various government subsidies), creating a net income average per farm of about £6000. The hill farming sector in southwest England, like farming in the rest of the country, has experienced a decade of much change associated with economic pressures and uncertainties. On average, the financial position of hill farms in South West England, like the rest of the country, is precarious. The average southwest English hill farm system in unable to match labour and capital invest in the business.	2.640625
15829359	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill%20farming	Hill farming	Many farmers rely on a Single Farm Payment as a source of income. These payments are expected to arrive in November or December, but sometimes farmers do not receive the money until June. Due to this farmers are often unable to pay their bills or fix their machinery. Some farmers have to cut back on the feed given to their animals, leading to a decrease in meat production and therefore lower profit. By 2012 the Single Payment Scheme (or SPS), will only take into consideration the area of the farm. This will decrease the income in moorland farmers to only 70% of what it was 20 years ago. The income from calves and lambs has remained constant, while the costs of farm upkeep have risen sharply (including items such as feed, straw, fuel, or fertilizer). Because hill farming is becoming increasingly less profitable an increasing number of farmers have switched from the traditional hearty but less profitable animals which graze the moors to mainstream more profitable animals. Opportunities for farmers to supplement their farm income by working in industries such as quarrying or mining are largely no longer available. The financial burden has taken a toll on many hill farmers, causing them to exhibit signs of mental health issues. Many hill farmers are forced to generate supplemental income outside their farms or to take out loans. Because of these economic factors, there is little incentive for younger generations to continue on with the hill farming. Problems As discussed in an article on the Carnegie UK Trust Rural Community Development Programme site: The Foot and Mouth outbreak in Cumbria in 2001 led to the culling of over a million sheep. It also showed that the hill (fell) farming communities were as vulnerable as the pastoral system they have created over many generations.	2.40625
15829365	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiesville	Hiesville	Hiesville () is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy, north-western France. A small commune, Hiesville covers an area of just . It is bounded by Boutteville to the north, Blosville to the west, Sainte-Marie-du-Mont to the east, and Vierville to the south, and lies several kilometres from the Normandy coast. The population was 70 as of 2019. It was 148 in 1866. Etymology It was known as Hevilla in 1164, de Heevilla in 1180, and Hievilla in 1327. It derives from the Germanic personal name Hedo, and villa (translation: "village"). History Early residents Michel le Loup, of Yeville (Hiesville), was knighted in the year 1543. The nobleman and squire, Guillaume Bellot of Hiesville was knighted in 1594. In 1598, Maurice du Praël owned the fiefdom and was the Lord of Hiesville. Eight years later, in 1606, the noblemen of Hiesville included Jacques Richier, Sieur de Colombières, a Calvinist; Jacques Bellot, Sieur de Callouville; and Pierre Lelong, Sieur de Limarcst, also a Calvinist. By 1789, Lord of Hiesville was Joseph-Bon-Pierre Le Vavasseur. World War II There are three memorials related to the invasion of Normandy during World War II in the area as it was where the gliders of the 101st Airborne Division landed. Officers of the 101st Airborne Division set a hospital up at the Chateau de Colombières which was at the north end of Hiesville, near Utah Beach. Landmarks Notable buildings include the Église Saint-Côme Saint-Damien and the 17th century Château de Hiesville which was also renovated in the 19th century. Église Saint-Côme Saint-Damien, the parish church, is an oblong square, and consists of a chancel and a nave. Built in the 13th century and renovated in the 19th century, it is dedicated to the patron saints of Saints Cosmas and Damian. Since 1803, it was an annex of Blosville, but this relationship ended in 1856. Notable people Jean-Baptiste Le Carpentier (born Hiesville, 1759), Deputy to the French National Convention	2.25
15829589	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Garland	Joe Garland	Joseph Copeland Garland (August 15, 1903, Norfolk, Virginia – April 21, 1977, Teaneck, New Jersey) was an American jazz saxophonist, composer, and arranger, best known for writing "In the Mood". Garland studied music at Shaw University and the Aeolian Conservatory. He started by playing classical music but joined a jazz band, Graham Jackson's Seminole Syncopators, in 1924, where he first recorded. He had a long run of associations as a sideman on saxophone and clarinet, with Elmer Snowden (1925), Joe Steele, Henri Saparo, Leon Abbey (including a tour of South America), Charlie Skeete and Jelly Roll Morton in the 1920s. The 1930s saw him playing with Bobby Neal (1931) and the Mills Blue Rhythm Band; he was both a performer and an arranger for the Blue Rhythm Band from 1932 to 1936, when Lucky Millinder replaced him. Following this he played with Edgar Hayes (1937), Don Redman (1938), and Louis Armstrong (1939–42). In the 1940s, he played with Claude Hopkins and others, and then returned to Armstrong's band from 1945-47. Following this he played with Herbie Fields, Hopkins again, and Earl Hines (1948). In the 1950s, he went into semi-retirement. Garland wrote a number of well-known swing jazz hits, including "Serenade To A Savage" for Artie Shaw (one of Shaw's gold records) and "Leap Frog" for bandleader Les Brown. "In the Mood" authorship controversy Garland is credited as the composer (with Andy Razaf as lyricist) of the Glenn Miller hit "In the Mood", but "In The Mood"'s main theme, featuring repeated arpeggios rhythmically displaced, had previously appeared under the title of "Tar Paper Stomp", credited to jazz trumpeter/bandleader Wingy Manone. Manone recorded "Tar Paper Stomp" which did not become popular until the middle of 1930, just months before Horace Henderson used the same tune in "Hot and Anxious," recorded by his brother's band, The Fletcher Henderson Orchestra, on March 19, 1931.	2.203125
15829771	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations	Kosovo–United States relations	The United States officially recognized Kosovo as a country on February 18, 2008, one day after the Kosovar declaration of independence from Serbia. Since then, the two countries have maintained relations, with Kosovo considering the United States one of its most important allies. Kosovo has dedicated several monuments to American politicians deemed instrumental to the nation's independence, especially Bill Clinton. Most Kosovars consistently approve of the United States government, often posting the highest percentages in polls among European nations. In 2009, then-U.S. Vice President Joe Biden visited Kosovo. In 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump mediated economic diplomacy efforts between Kosovo and Serbia, hosting negotiations for the Kosovo–Serbia economic agreement at the White House in Washington, D.C. History The US established full diplomatic relations at Ambassador level with the Republic of Kosovo. Kosovo considers the United States its greatest partner in gaining recognition from the rest of the world, and such view is also expressed from United States Officials. The United States and Kosovo established diplomatic relations on February 18, 2008. U.S. President George W. Bush on February 19, 2008 stated that recognizing Kosovo as an independent nation would "bring peace to a region scarred by war". The bilateral ties the United States shares with Kosovo are maintained through the U.S. Embassy in Pristina, which was opened on April 8, 2008 by then-Chargé d'Affaires ad interim Tina Kaidanow. Prior to the declaration of independence, the United States maintained U.S. Office Pristina (USOP), with a chief of mission. The US has a large military base in Kosovo named Camp Bondsteel, and it forms part of its defence strategy for the region. It also continues to contribute troops to the Kosovo Force (KFOR), along with staff for the ICO and EULEX missions.	2.46875
15829771	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations	Kosovo–United States relations	During the European Commission-hosted international Donors' Conference on July 11, 2008 the United States pledged $400 million for 2008–2009 to support, among many other things, helping relieve debt Kosovo may inherit. U.S. assistance in Kosovo continues to support governance through strengthening civil society and political processes, especially targeting minority communities, and aims to strengthen economic institutions and help private enterprise grow. In May 2009, then-Vice President Biden visited Kosovo and was greeted by large crowds. He affirmed the US position that Kosovan "independence is irreversible". The Obama administration remained committed to Kosovo. He returned to Kosovo in August 2016 to attend a ceremony that renamed a southeastern highway "Joseph R. 'Beau' Biden, III" to honour his son Beau's contribution to Kosovo for training its judges and prosecutors. Beau was also posthumously awarded a Presidential Medal on the Rule of Law by the Kosovan government in 2021, when his father had become President. Kosovo has named certain places in Pristina after U.S. leaders such as Bill Clinton Boulevard and George W. Bush Street. Around Pristina, other streets are named after former military commanders involved in the NATO campaign, honouring their role to conflict between local Albanians and the Yugoslav army. The capital also has a women's clothing shop named Hillary, after Hillary Clinton and atop on some large buildings and hotels architectural features replicating US monuments and symbols like the Statue of Liberty or the bald eagle. In Kosovo, Bill Clinton is considered an iconic figure and hero. Many US flags are flown throughout Kosovo from buildings. The US donated funds and built one of the largest film studios in Europe, located in the suburbs of Pristina.	2.1875
15829771	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations	Kosovo–United States relations	Widespread sentiments of gratitude are held by people in Kosovo to the US for playing a major role in ending Serb control of the area. These sentiments increased, including support toward the US, especially after it recognised Kosovan independence. The Kosovo population also support the US engagement with the Balkans, which is viewed as anti-Serbian. After the Kosovo War, the US remains popular among the Kosovo Albanian population. According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report, 87% of Kosovars approve of U.S. leadership, the highest rating for any survey in Europe. According to a 2016 report by Gallup, Kosovo led the region and the world again in approval for the second consecutive year, with 85% approving of U.S. leadership. According to a recent report by Gallup of U.S. Leadership on Trump's term, Kosovo led the region and the world again in approving of U.S leadership with 75% approval. US-mediated Kosovo–Serbia negotiations On October 4, 2019, U.S. President Donald Trump appointed Richard Grenell as the Special Presidential Envoy for Serbia and Kosovo Peace Negotiations. After months of diplomatic talks, on January 20, 2020, Serbia and Kosovo agreed to restore flights between Belgrade and Pristina for the first time in over 20 years. On September 4, 2020, the President of Serbia, Aleksandar Vučić, and the Prime Minister of Kosovo, Avdullah Hoti, signed an agreement on the normalisation of economic relations between Serbia and Kosovo at the White House. The deal will encompass freer transit, including by rail and road, while both parties agreed to work with the Export–Import Bank of the United States and the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation and to join the Mini Schengen Zone, but the agreement also included the mutual recognition between Israel and Kosovo.	2.046875
15829815	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste%20Taveau	Auguste Taveau	Auguste Taveau (Louis Augustin Onésiphore Taveau) was a French dentist born in Le Havre, the 28th of August 1792. Date and place of his death are still unknown. In 1826, he was among the first to use amalgam as a dental restorative material, although he had originally developed it as early as 1816. He went on trying to improve the material. History In 1816, Auguste Taveau developed his own dental amalgam from silver coins and mercury. This amalgam contained a very small amount of mercury and had to be heated in order for the silver to dissolve at an appreciable rate. Taveau's formula offered lower cost and greater ease of use compared to existing materials such as gold, but had many practical problems, including a tendency to significantly expand after setting. Because of these problems, this formula was abandoned in France. In 1833, however, two untrained Europeans, the Crawcour "brothers" (Edward Crawcour and his nephew Moses), brought Taveau's amalgam to the United States under the name "Royal Mineral Succedaneum". The Parisian police knew that Taveau was a "pédérast" and that he had contracted syphilis. He was arrested after a denunciation to the police by a man called Émile Lagunière, who had previously been taken for an adopted child of Taveau. The forensic surgeon Ambroise Tardieu probably reported Lagunière case in his Étude medico-légale sur les attentats aux mœurs (obs. XXII). Taveau's subsequent fate is unknown.	2.5625
15829841	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard%20Gaskin	Leonard Gaskin	Leonard Gaskin (August 25, 1920 – January 24, 2009) was an American jazz bassist born in New York City. Gaskin played on the early bebop scene at Minton's and Monroe's in New York in the early 1940s. In 1944 he took over Oscar Pettiford's spot in Dizzy Gillespie's band, and followed it with stints in bands led by Cootie Williams, Charlie Parker, Don Byas, Eddie South, Charlie Shavers, and Erroll Garner. In the 1950s, he played with Eddie Condon's Dixieland band, and played with Ruby Braff, Bud Freeman, Rex Stewart, Cootie Williams, Billie Holiday, Stan Getz, J.J. Johnson, and Miles Davis. In the 1960s he became a studio musician, playing on numerous gospel and pop records. In the 1970s and 1980s he returned to jazz, playing with Sy Oliver, Panama Francis, and The International Art of Jazz. Gaskin became involved in educating young people later in his life. He performed and shared his knowledge with elementary students with the Good Groove Band (Leonard Gaskin, Melissa Lovaglio, Bob Emry, Michael Howell) at Woodstock Elementary School in Woodstock, New York in 2003. Gaskin died of natural causes on January 24, 2009. Discography As leader 1961 – Leonard Gaskin at the Jazz Band Ball, (Swingville) 1962 – Darktown Strutter's Ball, (Swingville)	2.015625
15829845	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Reyntiens	Patrick Reyntiens	Nicholas Patrick Reyntiens OBE (; 11 December 1925 – 25 October 2021) was a British stained-glass artist, described as "the leading practitioner of stained glass in this country." Personal life Reyntiens was born in December 1925 at 68 Cadogan Square, Knightsbridge, London SW1, of Belgian extraction. He was sent to school at the Benedictine Ampleforth College in Yorkshire and was a practising Roman Catholic. He left school in 1943 and joined the Scots Guards, with whom he served from 1943 to 1947. His artistic training was first at Regent Street Polytechnic (now the University of Westminster) and then at Edinburgh College of Art. At Edinburgh he met Anne Bruce (1927–2006), a painter whom he later married. They had two sons and two daughters, Edith, Dominick, Lucy, and John. In the 1950s, Reyntiens and Bruce bought Burleighfield House, a run-down country house near Loudwater, Buckinghamshire. The couple moved to Somerset in 1982. Reyntiens died on 25 October 2021, at the age of 95. Career Stained glass Reyntiens began his career as assistant to the stained glass artist Jozef Edward Nuttgens (1892–1982), who lived and worked at Pigotts Hill, near High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. Reyntiens went on to collaborate with John Piper (1903–92), with whom he worked for 35 years. Their notable works together include the Baptistery window of the new Coventry Cathedral (1957–61) and the windows of the lantern tower of Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral (1963–67). They also worked together on commissions for Church of England parish churches including at Bledlow Ridge (1968), Pishill (1969), Nettlebed (1970), Sandford St Martin (1974), Turville (1975), Wolvercote (1976), Fawley, Buckinghamshire (1976)., and Eton College Chapel.	2.15625
15830159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente%20Nicolau%20de%20Mesquita	Vicente Nicolau de Mesquita	Vicente Nicolau de Mesquita (July 9, 1818, in São Lourenço, Portuguese Macau – March 20, 1880, in São Lourenço, Portuguese Macau) was an officer of the Portuguese Army in Macau. He is widely remembered for his role at the Portuguese attack of Baishaling, in 1849. He was the oldest of the five children of noted Macanese lawyer Frederico Albino de Mesquita and Clara Esmeralda Carneiro – both Macau natives. He married twice: first to Balbina Maria da Silveira; second to his sister-in-law Carolina Maria Josefa da Silveira. Baishaling Incident Immediately after a Chinese mob assassinated Governor Ferreira do Amaral on August 22, 1849, Chinese Imperial troops mobilized on the Guangdong Province – Macau frontier. The Portuguese population of Macau viewed this as an overtly threatening move by the Chinese to retake Macau. On August 25, 1849, with a numerically smaller group of 36 soldiers from his Artillery Battalion, against a defending force of 400 men and 20 cannons, the then Second Lieutenant Mesquita attacked and pacified the Chinese fort at Baishaling. This coup guaranteed Macau's security and upon his return to the city, Mesquita was received as a national hero. Later years In later years, Mesquita was wracked by depression due to his slow and inadequate promotion in the Portuguese military, allegedly due to being Macanese. He was further saddened by the lack official recognition of his role in protecting Macau. As a result, he suffered a series of severe nervous breakdowns – the last of which prompted his permanent retirement. His professional and personal life deteriorated rapidly afterwards. His madness reached its zenith on March 3, 1880 – at his fashionable home: nº 1, Largo da Bica do Lilau – when Mesquita murdered his second wife, a daughter and gravely wounded two other of his children. Afterwards, on that same day, Mesquia committed suicide by throwing himself down a well at his home.	1.945313
15830247	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Babe	My Babe	Releases and charts Ray Charles had famously, and controversially, pioneered the gospel-song-to-secular-song approach with his reworking of the gospel hymn "It Must Be Jesus" into "I Got a Woman," which hit the Billboard R&B charts on January 22, 1955, later climbing to the number one position for one week. Within days of the appearance of Charles's song on the national charts, Little Walter recorded "My Babe" and Checker released it while "I've Got a Woman" was still on the charts. The single eclipsed Charles's record by spending 19 weeks on the Billboard R&B charts beginning on March 12, 1955, including five weeks at the top position, making it one of the biggest R&B hits of 1955. The B-side of "My Babe" was the harmonica instrumental "Thunderbird," following the pattern established by the release of Little Walter's number one hit single from 1952, "Juke," of featuring a vocal performance ("Can't Hold On Much Longer") on one side and a harmonica instrumental on the flip side. Recognition and influence In 2008, "My Babe" was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame in the "Classic of Blues Recording – Singles or Album Tracks" category. The song has been recorded by artists with a variety of backgrounds, including rock, R&B, country, and jazz.	2.21875
15830332	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Whitley%20%28prison%20warden%29	John Whitley (prison warden)	Philosophy Like several Louisiana wardens before him, Whitley was committed to an open door policy with the media. He told editors of the inmate-produced newsmagazine, The Angolite, that he would continue the decades-long policy of lack of censorship. This had enabled the inmates to produce reporting on difficult issues and to win major national journalism awards for investigating problems at the prison. He also said that he would continue to welcome outside media and cooperate with them: "We're not going to have anything to hide in Angola," he said. "And, if there's something that's wrong in the prison, I want to know about it, and my staff better correct it—because I intend to be proud of this prison and the way we operate it." Under Whitley, The Angolite began to produce material for uncensored radio and television journalism. Whitley believed these efforts were related to the prison's other outreach programs designed to educate the public about prison life and issues. As he explained to National Public Radio's Fresh Air host, Terry Gross, about his philosophy that lay behind the lack of censorship: "We want … different views of prison. Some of the views, I don't like. It upsets me sometimes, but it's true. We're looking for the truth." Challenge In July 1991, inmate welders were ordered by a corrections department employee to build a "hospital examining table". They soon learned that it was a gurney to enable executions by lethal injection. This took place hours after an execution by electric chair had taken place. One of the welders had a brother who had been executed at the prison. Learning of these plans, hundreds of fellow inmates staged a work strike.	1.945313
15830409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passale%C3%A3o%20incident	Passaleão incident	The Passaleão incident (), also known as the Battle of Passaleão (or Pak Shan Lan) or Baishaling incident, was a conflict between Portugal and China over Macau in August 1849. The Chinese were defeated in the only military confrontation, but the Portuguese called off further punitive measures after a naval explosion killed about 200 sailors. Changes in Portuguese policy The Portuguese governor João Maria Ferreira do Amaral had adopted a confrontational stance towards the Chinese, as displayed in the earlier revolt of the faitiões (October 1846). In early 1849 he proposed to extend a road from the walls of the city to the Chinese border. This required the relocation of some Chinese graves. Further, he ordered Chinese residents within the walls to pay taxes to the Portuguese authorities and no longer to the imperial mandarins. Amaral also placed stricter controls on the lorcha traffic and tried to stop the mandarins from collecting customary dues from the Tanka people who lived on boats in the harbour, since Macau was a free port. The mandarins retained two customs houses, one at the Inner Harbour (Praia Pequena) and one at the Outer Harbour (Praia Grande). They refused to close them at Amaral's request, so on 5 March he proclaimed them closed. The mandarins still did not budge and, on 13 March, they were forcibly expelled. Amaral informed the mandarins of Zhongshan that if they ever visited Macau they would be received as foreign dignitaries. By all these moves the mandarins—and the Chinese state—stood to lose significant revenue. The Chinese inhabitants of Macau were inflamed. Placards offering a reward for the head of Amaral were posted in Guangzhou (Canton). The governor, however, had achieved his goal of Macanese independence from China: for the legations of Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States accredited to China had chosen to stay in Macau while awaiting permission to enter China. Assassination of Amaral	2.78125
15830409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passale%C3%A3o%20incident	Passaleão incident	Matters came to a head on 22 August, when Amaral and his aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Jerónimo Pereira Leite, left the town through the Portas do Cerco (Barrier Gate) to give alms to an elderly Chinese woman whom Amaral was supporting. The two were only a few hundred yards within the gate when a Chinese coolie frightened Amaral's horse with a bamboo pole and signalled to his comrades in hiding. The one-armed governor held the reins with his teeth in order to draw his pistol. Before he could do so, he was set upon by seven Chinese, led by Shen Zhiliang and armed only with edged weapons, and dragged from his horse. Leite, also armed, was dismounted and fled on foot. Intending to collect the reward in Guangzhou, the assassins cut off Amaral's head and remaining hand as proof. The Portuguese authorities later retrieved the rest of his corpse and traced a trail of blood out of the gate. The assassination quickly became well known in Guangzhou, where the evidence was widely seen and the perpetrators openly bragged. When the Portuguese—supported by the Americans, British, French and Spanish—protested the assassins' escape to the Chinese government, the latter claimed complete ignorance of the event. Since Amaral had earlier dissolved the Senate of Macau (because it had opposed his imposition of taxes), there was a power vacuum after the assassination. Some senior officials requested assistance from Britain and the United States. The USS Plymouth and Dolphin took up defensive positions in the harbour, while HMS Amazon and Medea landed some Royal Marines to defend Portuguese civilians and British nationals. Battle of August 25	1.921875
15830409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passale%C3%A3o%20incident	Passaleão incident	In the aftermath of the assassination, sensing Portuguese weakness, the Chinese moved troops closer to the city. On 25 August, the guns of the imperial fort of Latashi (拉塔石), known to the Portuguese as Passaleão, about one mile north of the city, opened fire on the walls of Macau. The field artillery and naval guns of the Portuguese returned fire, but could do little damage to the Chinese fort. With about 400 men and 20 cannons, the Chinese greatly outnumbered and outgunned the Portuguese garrison. In this situation, Vicente Nicolau de Mesquita, an artillery sub-lieutenant, volunteered to lead an attack on Baishaling with a company of about thirty-six men and a howitzer. The howitzer got off only one shot before its carriage broke down, but the shell caused a panic among the Chinese troops. Mesquita then led a charge, and the surprised Chinese broke and ran. Now in control of the fort but unable to hold it, Mesquita had the guns spiked and exploded the powder magazines. One Portuguese was wounded and about 15 Chinese were killed. Although Mesquita was treated as a hero in the twentieth century, both in Portugal and in Macau, he was not immediately recognised for the valour of his actions. To calm the Portuguese, Xu Guangjin, Viceroy of Liangguang, ordered the arrest of Shen Zhiliang, the lead conspirator. He was captured by officials in Shunde County, who also recovered Amaral's head and arm, on 12 September 1849. Although Xu believed that Amaral deserved his fate, he had Shen Zhiliang executed at Qianshan on 15 September.	2.265625
15830409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passale%C3%A3o%20incident	Passaleão incident	Aftermath After their initial victory, the Portuguese received support from Britain, France and the United States. They brought in reinforcements from Portuguese India (Goa) and metropolitan Portugal (Lisbon). Following negotiations, the Chinese agreed to return Amaral's head and arm in January 1850, and the governor's entire body was returned to Lisbon for burial. The Portuguese proceeded to assemble a naval flotilla for a punitive expedition. The frigate Dona Maria II, the corvettes Irís and Dom João I and some armed lorchas gathered in the harbour on 29 October 1850 to fire a salute in honour of King Ferdinand II on his birthday. After the salute, and just before the local elites could board the Dona Maria II for the celebrations, the frigate exploded. The cause was sabotage by the keeper of the magazine with a grudge against the captain. Nearly 200 men died and the expedition was called off. A memorial to the victims of the Dona Maria II tragedy, erected in 1880, still stands by the site of the old fort in Taipa.	2.59375
15830436	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced%20literacy	Balanced literacy	Balanced literacy is a theory of teaching reading and writing the English language that arose in the 1990s and has a variety of interpretations. For some, balanced literacy strikes a balance between whole language and phonics and puts an end to the so called "reading wars". Others say balanced literacy, in practice, usually means the whole language approach to reading. Some proponents of balanced literacy say it uses research-based elements of comprehension, vocabulary, fluency, phonemic awareness and phonics and includes instruction in a combination of the whole group, small group and 1:1 instruction in reading, writing, speaking and listening with the strongest research-based elements of each. They go on to say that the components of a balanced literacy approach include many different strategies applied during reading and writing workshops. On the other hand, critics say balanced literacy, like whole language, is a meaning-based approach that when implemented does not include the explicit teaching of sound-letter relationships as provided by systematic phonics. Also, it is reasonably effective only for children to whom learning to read comes easily, which is less than half of students. Reading	3.5
15830436	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced%20literacy	Balanced literacy	During balanced literacy reading workshops, skills are explicitly modeled during mini-lessons. The mini-lesson has four parts: the connection, the teach (demonstration), the active engagement and the link. The teacher chooses a skill and strategy that the class needs to be taught based on assessments conducted in the classroom. During the connection phase, the teacher connects prior learning to the current skill the students are currently learning. The teacher announces the teaching point or the skill and strategy. In this approach, the teacher shows students how to accomplish the skill by modeling the strategy in a book the students are familiar with. The teacher likewise uses a "think aloud" in this method to share thoughts and then allow the students to work this out in their own books or in the teacher's book during the active engagement. During the link phase, the teacher reminds students about the strategies they can do while they are reading. Shared reading is when the students read from a shared text. Often this is a big book projected on screen using a website or documents camera. If possible students should have their own copies also. Students and the teacher read aloud and share their thinking about the text. During mini-lessons, interactive read-aloud and shared reading the class will create anchor charts. These anchor charts remind students how and when to use different skills and strategies.	3.734375
15830436	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced%20literacy	Balanced literacy	Guided reading is a small group activity where more of the responsibility belongs to the student. Students read from a leveled text. They use the skills directly taught during mini-lessons, interactive read aloud and shared reading to increase their comprehension and fluency. The teacher is there to provide prompting and ask questions. Guided reading allows for great differentiation in the classroom. Groups are created around reading levels, and students move up when they note that the entire group is ready. During guided reading time the other students may be engaged in reading workstations that reinforce various skills or partner or independent reading. They often work in pairs during this time. Stations can include a library, big book, writing, drama, puppets, word study, poetry, computer, listening, puzzles, buddy reading, projector/promethean board, creation station, science, social studies. Independent reading is exactly what it sounds like: students reading self-selected text independently. Students choose books based on interest and independent reading level. Word study content depends on the grade level and the needs of the student. Kindergarten begins with phonemic awareness, then adds print for phonics, sight word work, and common rimes/onset. In first and second grade phonics work intensifies as students apply their knowledge in their writing including adding endings, prefixes, suffixes, and use of known sight words to study other words. To "know" a word means the student can read it, write it, spell it and use it in conversation. Writing The second half of balanced literacy is the writing component giving students practice writing, for extended periods of time, on topics of their choice. Allowing students to write about topics they find interesting gives them a sense of ownership. There are four main components of the writing workshop: the mini-lesson, check-in, writing/conferring time, and sharing.	4.03125
15830436	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced%20literacy	Balanced literacy	The mini-lesson is a whole class activity. The teacher introduces a skill or strategy they want students to be able to apply during the independent writing time. Examples of skills or strategies could include: using strong verbs; how to transition from one idea to another; the importance of adding vivid details; how to organize writing with a beginning, middle, and end, and tips for writing a good introduction or conclusion. Just before the students begin writing, the teacher will check in to see where each student is in the writing process. This is a quick check-in to check their status and make sure someone is not stuck in one area. After modeling the skill or strategy taught during the mini-lesson, students then begin writing independently, putting those new skills to work. Students utilize all the steps of the writing process: brainstorming, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. Depending on the size of the writing piece, this may take place in one session, or over several days. While the students are writing, the teacher is conferencing one-on-one with each student. Meeting with students individually, allows the teacher to target specific skills for each student. Each conference lasts approximately five minutes with the goal being to meet with each student at least once a week. At times, peer conferencing may also take place, where students seek feedback from their peers. The final step in the writing workshop is sharing. This is a crucial element, almost as much as the writing itself. This process allows students to show off their work and take ownership for what they have written. Implementation	3.5
15830436	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced%20literacy	Balanced literacy	Balanced literacy is implemented through the Reading and Writing Workshop Model. The teacher begins by modeling the reading/writing strategy that is the focus of the workshop during a mini-lesson (see above description) Then, students read leveled texts independently or write independently for an extended period of time as the teacher circulates amongst them to observe, record observations and confer. At the culmination of the workshop session, selected students share their strategies and work with the class. It is recommended that guided reading be implemented during the extended independent reading period. Based upon assessment, the teacher works with small groups of students (no more than 6 students in each group) on a leveled text (authentic trade book). The teacher models specific strategies before reading and monitors students while they read independently. After reading, the teacher and students engage in activities in word study, fluency, and comprehension. The purpose of Guided Reading is to systematically scaffold the decoding and/or comprehension strategy skills of students who are having similar challenges. Direct Instruction in phonics and Word Study are also included in the balanced literacy approach. For emergent and early readers, the teacher plans and implements phonics based mini-lessons. After the teacher explicitly teaches a phonemic element, students practice reading and/or writing other words following the same phonemic pattern. For advanced readers, the teacher focuses on the etymology of a word. Students who are reading at this stage are engaged in analyzing the patterns of word derivations, root words, prefixes and suffixes. The overall purpose of balanced literacy instruction is to provide students with a differentiated instructional program which will support the reading and writing skill development of each individual. Comprehension strategies	3.546875
15830436	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced%20literacy	Balanced literacy	Children are taught to use comprehension strategies including: sequencing, relating background knowledge, making inferences, comparing and contrasting, summarizing, synthesizing, problem-solving, distinguishing between fact and opinion, finding the main idea, and supporting details. During the Reading and Writing Workshop teachers use scaffolded instruction as follows: Teacher modeling or showing kids what a reader does when reading a text, thinking aloud about the mental processes used to construct meaning while reading a book aloud to the class. Active Engagement during the mini-lesson; students try the work they were shown by the teacher. "Link" Students are reminded of all the strategies they can do as readers and writers. Independent practice where children begin to work alone while reading books by themselves, trying out the work they have been taught by the teacher, not only on that day but any previous lessons as well. Application of the strategy is achieved when the students can correctly apply comprehension strategies to different kinds of texts and are no longer just practicing but are making connections between and can demonstrate understanding through writing or discussion. Throughout this process, students progress from having a great deal of teacher support to being independent learners. The teacher support is removed gradually as the students acquire the strategies needed to understand the text by themselves. Reception and critics Critics such as Diane Ravitch say that balanced literacy may use elements of phonics and whole language but it focuses mainly on reading strategies such as "predicting what they will read, visualizing what they will read, inferring the meaning of what they have read, reading alone, reading in a group, and so on". Others, such as Louisa C. Moats, say that balanced literacy is just whole language "wearing the fig leaf of balanced instruction".	3.453125
15830636	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara%20Gee	Tamara Gee	Tamara Gee is of Polish descent. She was born in Seattle, Washington, in the United States as Tamara Diane Wimer. At 8 years old she began singing the National Anthem as a soloist for major Seattle sporting events at the Seattle Seahawks, Seattle Mariners and Seattle SuperSonics games in arenas of 65,000+ people and was singing regularly at such events until her early 20s. Throughout her adolescence, Gee sang and toured the United States with the Seattle Girls Choir studying with Jerry Wright and the Northwest Girls Choir as well as trained privately with vocal coach Maestro David Kyle (Ann Wilson, Geoff Tate, Chris Cornell, Layne Staley, etc.) who Gee stated, taught her how to belt in her chest voice. She began her professional career in music at age 12, performing pop, R&B, classical, jazz, Broadway, and country music. In a Tygodnik Angora Magazine article, Gee shared that the most memorable singing contest she ever entered as a child was when she was 12 years old, both winning the contest and $1,000.00 cash. Gee attended Kentwood High School in Covington, Washington from 1988 to 1991 receiving awards such as "Most Inspirational Student" and "Most Likely To Succeed". Gee also received music scholarships at the University of Washington, Central Washington University, Pierce College and Highline Community College. She has sung at various events for individuals such as Bill Gates, Paul Allen and the Mayor of Seattle. At 17, Gee received the Best Female Vocalist Award in a singing contest with IMTA (International Modeling and Talent Association) in Los Angeles. California Soon after, she went on to win a scholarship and beauty pageant (preliminary to Miss America) also winning the Talent Award.	2.34375
15830659	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Hall%20%28Australian%20politician%29	Edmund Hall (Australian politician)	Edmund Henry Hartley Hall (13 August 1878 – 28 July 1965) was an Australian politician who represented the Western Australian Legislative Council district of Central Province from 1928 until 1947, and the Legislative Assembly seat of Geraldton from 1947 until 1950. He was a member of the Country Party. Biography Born to Edward Hall, a labour, baker and contractor, and Ellen (née Craggs) in the port city of Geraldton, Western Australia, Hall was educated locally before gaining employment at the post office, where he worked in various locations over 20 years. By 1911, he was the postmaster at Laverton, and on 20 April 1916, he married Catherine Forster at St Andrew's Church, Subiaco, with whom he was to have one son and four daughters. On 5 August 1918, he enlisted and was appointed Second Lieutenant with the First Australian Imperial Force, on account of his 7 years' earlier service with the Rifles in Geraldton. He was assigned to the Australian Light Horse Regiment, and reported to Blackboy Hill, but did not leave Australia and was discharged on 1 December 1918. He then continued his career with the postal service, then became a storekeeper and agent in Geraldton. On 24 November 1920, he was elected to Geraldton Municipal Council, and served eight years as a councillor. In May 1928, he contested one of the three Legislative Council seats in Central Province, which had historically been Labor-held, and won it. He went on to sit in the Council for 19 years, serving on select committees into the Hire Purchase Act, the distribution of funds provided by the Commonwealth to aid wheat growers, and the care and reform of juvenile delinquents. He resigned his seat before the 1947 Assembly election to contest the seat of Geraldton, following the retirement from politics of the former Labor Premier, John Willcock, who had held the seat for 30 years. Hall won the seat by 11 votes against Bill Sewell, and served a single term before being defeated by Sewell at the 1950 election.	1.960938
15830683	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Quincy%20%281628%E2%80%931698%29	Edmund Quincy (1628–1698)	Edmund Quincy II (; 1628–1698) was an English colonist soldier, planter, politician, and merchant in the American colonies. He emigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1633 with his father, Edmund Quincy I. Early life Edmund Quincy II was born in England in 1628. He was the son of Edmund Quincy I. In 1633, at around five years old, he emigrated to colonial Massachusetts with his father. Career Edmund became a magistrate, a representative to the general court, and a Lieutenant Colonel in a Massachusetts militia regiment. In 1689 he was a member of the provisional government (Committee of Safety). This was a time of turmoil in the colonies and England. The disliked Governor Edmund Andros of the Dominion of New England was placed under investigation by the Committee, while in England the Glorious Revolution (James II fled to France) and the Bill of Rights brought fundamental changes to the political structure. Colonel Quincy started work on the family property, called the Quincy Homestead, around 1696. Personal life His mother Judith Pares Quincy then married Robert Hull, the father of John Hull. John and Edmund were therefore step-brothers as well as in-laws. John and Judith Quincy Hull raised Daniel Quincy from the age of seven.	2.796875
15830750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation%20Public%20School	Foundation Public School	Foundation Public School (FPS) are a group of private schools based in Karachi, Hyderabad and Islamabad Pakistan, educating children from the ages of three and a half to eighteen, including O and A Levels. The school has nine campuses, one in Hyderabad offering Intermediate diplomas, and was founded in 1981. House system There are three inter houses and students are randomly divided among them at the time of admission. The houses, named after important personalities in Pakistan's history, are: Jinnah (blue) named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Liaquat (red) named after Liaquat Ali Khan and Iqbal ( yellow) named after Muhammad Iqbal. Inter school sports days are part of the yearly activities including football however excluding basketball at FPS. Students compete in sports related activities and represent their respective houses. The house with the most points wins the annual sports trophy. Curriculum FPS prepares students for the International Examinations conducted by Cambridge Assessment International Examinations (CAIE) which issues the General Certificate of Secondary Education in Ordinary Level, and/or Advanced Level examinations. The Hyderabad campus is the only campus to offer a Matric Diploma and Intermediate Diploma under the Sindh Board of Secondary Education. Subjects taught at FPS include Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology, Computer Studies, Pakistan Studies, Urdu, Islamic Studies, English Literature, Economics, Accounting, Business Studies, Environmental Studies, Sociology, English Language, World History, Art & Design, Additional mathematics and Economics. All students that are citizens of Pakistan must write an examination testing their knowledge on Pakistan's History and Geography. The CIE board offers Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies to meet those requirements. Non Muslims are exempted from Islamiyat but still have to write an exam based on Pakistan's History and Geography.	2.5625
15830777	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutu%20District	Gutu District	Gutu is the third largest district in Masvingo Province, southern Zimbabwe, after Chiredzi and Mwenezi. It is the northernmost district in the province. The name "Gutu" is historically reported to have emerged from "Chinomukutu wemiseve" – meaning, "the one with a load of arrows". This is according to oral historical folklore of the "Gumbo" clan who are said to have taken over the area from the "Shiri" clan through killing them by poisoning the fruit trees in the "Gona" area. Mupandawana is the largest district service centre. It was designated as a "growth point" during the early years of independent Zimbabwe together with such places as Gokwe in the Midlands Province and Juru in Mashonaland East province. Mpandawana gained town status in April 2014. It was home to the late Oliver Munyaradzi, Simon Muzenda, former vice president of Zimbabwe as well as Vitalis Zvinavashe, a Commander of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces and politician. Dr Costa Maonei, former District Medical Officer, comes from the southern tip of the District. The late Air Vice Marshal Josiah Tungamirai was also a native of Gutu. Nelson Chamisa, a politician and former president of the Citizens Coalition for Change also comes from Gutu. Gutu Mission Hospital found in the district, is one of a number of centers for HIV/AIDS treatment in the province. The population is mostly the Karanga, a Shona sub-tribe. It is one of a few districts in the province where the standard of living is above average. Gutu Rural District council is in charge of the day-to-day running of the district.	2.125
15830777	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutu%20District	Gutu District	Geography Climatically, the area falls under Natural Region III. Natural Regions (NRs) in Zimbabwe's context are areas delineated on the basis of soil type, rainfall and other climatic factors. It is one of a few districts in the country that suffers from over-population. Its population density of 22.08 per square kilometer is among the highest in the country. Gutu district center had a population of 10-12000 in 1989. Like other districts in the country, medical facilities in the district suffer from shortage of manpower. Mpandawana Growth Point, a business center in Zimbabwe, is found in the district. Government and politics General elections 2008 The district was divided into four parts by the electoral commission for the general elections of 2008. Candidates from both the MDC and ZANU-PF and independents will compete for the four constituency seats available and winner will go one to represent the district in Zimbabwe's new House of Assembly. Matuke Lovemore (Zanu-PF), and Chirume Oliver (MDC Tsvangirai) will contest the Gutu central seat while in Gutu east, Chikwama Bertha (Zanu-PF), Revai Tichaona (Independent), Makamure Ramson (MDC Tsvangirai) will fight it out. In Gutu north, the candidates are Maramwidze Edmore (MDC Tsvangirai), and the late Provincial hero Frank Machinya(Zanu-PF) while Mandevu Tarirai (Zanu-PF), and Maguma Stanley (MDC Tsvangirai) are vying for the Gutu west seat. The results came as follows: of the five seats, four seats were won by MDC Tsvangirai, and one went to Zanu PF.	2.296875
15831083	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Murchison	Carl Murchison	Carl Allanmore Murchison (1887–1961) was an American psychologist and an early promoter of the discipline of psychology. Unlike most psychologists who became prominent in the history books, Murchison was not an influential theorist or researcher. Instead, he was an extremely active organizer, publisher, and editor. Murchison received his Ph.D. in social psychology from Johns Hopkins University in 1923. He taught at Clark University from 1923 to 1936. During most of this time he served as the chair of the psychology department. Carl Murchison edited The Psychological Register in 1929, and the first Handbook of Social Psychology in 1935. He founded and served as editor of a total of five psychology journals, all of which still exist today. These include the Journal of Psychology, the Journal of General Psychology, co-founded with Edward Titchener and the Journal of Social Psychology, co-founded with John Dewey. This further broadening the reach and impact of psychological research.Carl Allanmore Murchison efforts in publishing, organizing, and advocating for psychology helped to establish a strong foundation for the field and encouraged the dissemination and application of psychological knowledge Murchison was also instrumental in organizing conferences and meetings that brought together leading psychologists and researchers. These gatherings were crucial for sharing ideas, fostering collaborations, and setting the agenda for future research directions and till this day there is professionals talking this approach like Chris M Murchison. In addition he was also known for his support and mentorship of up-and-coming psychologists. By providing guidance and opportunities for young scholars, he helped nurture the next generation of psychologists, ensuring the growth and sustainability of the discipline.	2.6875
15831125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha%20Belt%20Line	Omaha Belt Line	The Omaha Belt Line was a long railroad that circumnavigated Omaha, Nebraska, starting in 1885. The organization behind the line, called the Omaha Belt Railway, was incorporated two years earlier, in 1883. Carrying passengers and cargo, the original line was operated by the Missouri Pacific Railroad, with the first line from the Sarpy County line into Downtown Omaha. History The line was first associated with the Union Pacific Railroad, whose officers first registered it as a "pet project" in 1883. In 1885, a young railroad tycoon named Jay Gould noticed that the Omaha Belt Line would be a perfect route to run his burgeoning Missouri Pacific Railroad around Omaha, thereby giving his railroad direct access to Downtown Omaha, something his railroad had previously only been able to reach via Union Pacific-owned tracks, which Missouri Pacific's line from Kansas City connected with at Portal, NE, just west of Papillion, NE. While being constructed with Union Pacific employees and materials, the Belt Railway had only weak ties to UP on a business level, so, the always ambitious Gould decided he would expropriate Union Pacific of the 15-mile rail line around Omaha. To ensure local agreement, Gould, known for his charisma and strategic use of easily swayed government officials, stacked the Omaha Belt Board of directors with local officials whom Gould had frequent, personal contact with - except S.H.H. Clark, who was a former president of the Union Pacific - eager to work for Gould's growing empire. This acquisition of the Omaha Belt Railway from the Union Pacific was viewed as a masterfully enacted business coup in later years. The line was finished using materials from both railroads. That use of combined resources was the subject of a later dispute between the railroad companies which they carried to the US Railway Commission. The case was eventually dropped. By the 1920s, 178 trains per day went in and out of Omaha carrying mail, passengers, and freight.	2.46875
15831125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha%20Belt%20Line	Omaha Belt Line	The line was abandoned and removed piecemeal throughout the 1980s and 1990s as freight customers moved to bigger facilities away from the rail line and public transportation service in Omaha became less popular and dominated by an inefficient bus system. Today a portion of the Belt Line has been turned into the MoPac Trail (MoPac being the age-old nickname of the Missouri Pacific Railroad), also known as the "Field Club Trail", a recreational trail in Omaha. A small portion of the Belt Line Railway is still in use on the extreme south end of the line, which now serves as a "spur" (a dead end railroad track that provides access to one or more industries) to several South Omaha industries near Dahlman Avenue. It is operated by the Union Pacific Railroad. Lines and properties Missouri Pacific's Omaha Belt Line included the main yard at Nicholas Street in North Omaha, the "Alley" switching district in Downtown Omaha, the "short belt" industrial area and the Westside Junction near 48th and Leavenworth streets. The Belt Line interchanged with several other roads including the Union Pacific, the Chicago and Northwestern Railway, the "Omaha Road" Railway and the Illinois Central. The Belt connected with the Missouri Pacific Railroad's original mainline at Westside Junction, as well as the newer mainline to Kansas City and St. Louis at Dahlman Ave. in South Omaha. The Missouri Pacific railroad also had branches in Lincoln, Wahoo and Nebraska City.	2.140625
15831283	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah%20Gates	Elijah Gates	Elijah Gates (December 17, 1827 – March 4, 1915) was an American politician, and colonel in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Early and personal life Gates moved to Platte County, Missouri, sometime around 1846, and subsequently settled on a farm in Buchanan County. In 1852, he married Maria Stamper, and they had twelve children. Military career At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Gates enlisted in the Confederate Army, starting as a captain in the Missouri State Guard under the command of General Sterling Price, and was later promoted to colonel of the 1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment. He commanded his regiment at the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas in March 1862, during the Siege of Corinth, Mississippi, and at the Battles of Iuka, Second Corinth, Champion Hill, Big Black River Bridge and at the Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi. He also temporarily commanded the 1st Missouri Brigade. In 1864, Gates participated in the Atlanta Campaign and the Battle of Allatoona, Georgia, and lost an arm at the Battle of Franklin, Tennessee. During his service, he was wounded five times, captured by Union forces three times, and had four horses shot from underneath him. On April 9, 1865, the same day Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, Colonel Gates was engaged in one of the last battles of the Civil War, the Battle of Fort Blakeley in Alabama. Political career Following the war, Gates returned to his farm. In 1874, he was elected as Sheriff of Buchanan County, serving in that post until 1877. From 1877 to 1881, he served as State Treasurer of Missouri. Following his tenure as State Treasurer, he served as United States Marshal for the Western District of Missouri under President Grover Cleveland, and was engaged in the transfer and bus business in St. Joseph, Missouri until his death at the age of 87 years old.	2.390625
15831300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellegen%27s%20theorem	Tellegen's theorem	Tellegen's theorem is one of the most powerful theorems in network theory. Most of the energy distribution theorems and extremum principles in network theory can be derived from it. It was published in 1952 by Bernard Tellegen. Fundamentally, Tellegen's theorem gives a simple relation between magnitudes that satisfy Kirchhoff's laws of electrical circuit theory. The Tellegen theorem is applicable to a multitude of network systems. The basic assumptions for the systems are the conservation of flow of extensive quantities (Kirchhoff's current law, KCL) and the uniqueness of the potentials at the network nodes (Kirchhoff's voltage law, KVL). The Tellegen theorem provides a useful tool to analyze complex network systems including electrical circuits, biological and metabolic networks, pipeline transport networks, and chemical process networks. The theorem Consider an arbitrary lumped network that has branches and nodes. In an electrical network, the branches are two-terminal components and the nodes are points of interconnection. Suppose that to each branch we assign arbitrarily a branch potential difference and a branch current for , and suppose that they are measured with respect to arbitrarily picked associated reference directions. If the branch potential differences satisfy all the constraints imposed by KVL and if the branch currents satisfy all the constraints imposed by KCL, then	2.078125
15831300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellegen%27s%20theorem	Tellegen's theorem	Network analogs have been constructed for a wide variety of physical systems, and have proven extremely useful in analyzing their dynamic behavior. The classical application area for network theory and Tellegen's theorem is electrical circuit theory. It is mainly in use to design filters in signal processing applications. A more recent application of Tellegen's theorem is in the area of chemical and biological processes. The assumptions for electrical circuits (Kirchhoff laws) are generalized for dynamic systems obeying the laws of irreversible thermodynamics. Topology and structure of reaction networks (reaction mechanisms, metabolic networks) can be analyzed using the Tellegen theorem. Another application of Tellegen's theorem is to determine stability and optimality of complex process systems such as chemical plants or oil production systems. The Tellegen theorem can be formulated for process systems using process nodes, terminals, flow connections and allowing sinks and sources for production or destruction of extensive quantities. A formulation for Tellegen's theorem of process systems: where are the production terms, are the terminal connections, and are the dynamic storage terms for the extensive variables.	2.203125
15831358	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather%20Brooke	Heather Brooke	Describing herself as "burnt out" from covering over 300 murders, Brooke took a break from journalism. When her mother died in a car accident in 1996, and her father moved back to England, she no longer had family in America and decided to relocate to the United Kingdom. She enrolled for a master's in English literature at the University of Warwick, then moved to East London with her husband, where she took a job with the BBC as a copywriter. Boyd Tonkin wrote in 2010 that when she arrived in the UK she was immediately introduced to the "British disease": "the overweening haughtiness of bureaucratic jobsworths, and the deference of citizens." She became a neighbourhood activist, describing local public officials as having a surprisingly hostile attitude compared to local governments in the United States. Freedom of Information writing and activism With the enactment of the Freedom of Information Act 2000, Brooke began work on a book explaining how to use the law, which was not scheduled to come into effect for another five years. Originally titled Your Right to Know: How to Use the Freedom of Information Act and Other Access Laws, the book was reissued in October 2004 as Your Right to Know: A Citizen's Guide to Freedom of Information, with a foreword by Alan Rusbridger, editor of The Guardian. In October 2006 it was revised and published in paperback and hardcover editions that included a foreword by satirist Ian Hislop.	1.945313
15831619	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Response%20Framework	National Response Framework	Historical context The NRF represents the American state of the art in the blueprint application of strategic staff planning that has at its roots the model of the Prussian General Staff in 1870, after which the United States Army adopted that form of staff organizational structure and function. This model includes dedicated doctrinal components for an institutional emphasis on leadership training at all organizational levels, combined with continuous historical analysis for acquiring generally understood strategic lessons. In the specific instance of the NRF model for best-practice strategic staff planning under comprehensive emergency management (CEM) after Homeland Security Presidential Directives 5 and 8, the NRF incorporates military field components as directed by the President or released by the Secretary of Defense. In their parallel command structure to ICS/NIMS under national coordination, these military assets support the operations of ICS/NIMS civilian resources in a given incident scenario under management by objectives. Under the Secretary of Homeland Security, the NRF Resource Center exists a living system that can be revised and updated in a dynamic transparent fashion, where the online Resource Center will allow for ongoing revisions as necessary to reflect the continuous analysis of real-world events and the acquisition of CEM lessons subsequently learned.	1.914063
15831721	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%2Agger%20Wetb%2Ack%20Ch%2Ank%3A%20The%20Race%20Play	Ngger Wetbck Ch*nk: The Race Play	NGGER WETBCK CHNK, also known as "NWC", is a comedy stage production co-written by Rafael Agustin, Allan Axibal, Miles Gregley, Liesel Reinhart, and Steven T. Seagle. The production was originally performed by Rafael Agustin, Miles Gregley, and Allan Axibal. The play uses a combination of theater, stand-up comedy, hip hop, slam poetry, and real-life stories to take on racial slurs, stereotypes and the concept of race itself. The show, written and performed by three former UCLA students: Rafael Agustin (the "W"), Miles Gregley (the "N"), and Allan Axibal (the "C"), debuted in the Spring of 2004. The show quickly became a success in Los Angeles and has been touring at colleges, theaters and performing art centers throughout the United States. "NW*C" exclusive booking representation is David Lieberman Artists' Representative. The show opens with a lively chant of stereotypes, slurs, and other racial phrases. Axibal first comes on stage neatly dressed as the “model minority” and starts his chant. He is followed by Agustin dressed as a cholo, who expands on the chant. Lastly, Gregley enters in pimp attire, further elaborating on the ideas presented. The performance, though comedic in nature, was created with the intent to strip racial slurs of their pejorative power. The three actors have insisted “their point was not to exacerbate racial tensions or divisions, but to drive home that there is only ONE race, the human race. The show traces the origins and evolution of three derogatory terms that shaped our lives. In doing this show we hope to de-power these words for ourselves and for our audiences.” The final performance of the show was in 2015.	2.0625
15831806	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto%20Rico%20Highway%205	Puerto Rico Highway 5	Puerto Rico Highway 5 (PR-5) is a main highway in the San Juan Metropolitan area which connects the cities of Cataño to Bayamón and is being extended and converted to a tollway (it has a toll plaza in Bayamón near PR-2 and PR-174) to access the municipalities of Naranjito and Comerío. It is a short freeway from south Cataño to the business area in Bayamón. It makes intersections with PR-22, PR-6, PR-2 and PR-199, where it ends at this time. The highway will parallel PR-167 and will contain the new cable-stayed bridge being built between Bayamón and Naranjito. It will probably end in Puerto Rico highway 152 when completed. Route description Cataño to Bayamón PR-5 begins in a dead end in downtown Cataño, on a peninsula overlooking San Juan Bay. It crosses downtown Cataño on an urban street, passing through the main square. Shortly after an intersection with PR-165, it becomes a divided avenue until reaching PR-22 at the Bayamon city limit. After the PR-22 intersection, it becomes a freeway, paralleling the Metro Urbano bus rapid transit route. After an intersection with PR-29, it becomes an avenue in downtown Bayamon, where the Metro Urbano ends. After the intersection with PR-2, it becomes a tolled freeway until this section ends, becoming the western section of PR-199. Toa Alta to Naranjito This section begins at an intersection with PR-167, near the border with Bayamon. This segment passes through the Jesús Izcoa Moure Bridge and is a freeway until the junction with PR-148. It then continues as a non divide highway, and then becomes divided until its end at an intersection with PR-164 and PR-152. This entire segment was originally known as PR-147. Tolls Major intersections	2.125
15831872	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell%20Harrison	Wendell Harrison	Wendell Harrison (born October 1, 1942) is an American jazz clarinetist and tenor saxophonist. Early life and career Wendell Harrison was born in Detroit, Michigan. In Detroit, Harrison began formal jazz studies with pianist Barry Harris. He began playing clarinet at age seven. He switched to tenor saxophone while attending Northwestern High School, and at 14, performed professionally for the first time. In Detroit, early gigs included backing Marvin Gaye as part of Choker Campbell's band. In 1960, Harrison moved to New York. He began performing with artists such as Grant Green, Chuck Jackson, Big Maybelle, and Sun Ra. Along with saxophonist Howard Johnson, and trumpeters Marcus Belgrave and Jimmy Owens, Harrison toured with Hank Crawford and appeared as a sideman on four of Crawford's albums recorded for Atlantic Records during 1965-67. In the late 1960s, Wendell Harrison relocated to California and entered substance abuse treatment at Synanon center. During his two-year stay, he collaborated with artists such as Esther Phillips and Art Pepper. In addition, Harrison and other residents recorded an album under the musical direction of Greg Dykes. Prince Of Peace was released on Epic Records in 1968. Tribe In 1971, Harrison headed back to Detroit and began teaching music at Metro Arts, a multi-arts complex for youth. At Metro Arts, Harrison reconnected with Marcus Belgrave, and first met pianist/composer Harold McKinney and trombonist Phil Ranelin, who had moved to Detroit from Indianapolis in 1969. With Ranelin, Harrison formed the Tribe record label and artist collective. Tribe used this vehicle to convey a growing black political consciousness. In addition to McKinney and Belgrave, the group also included drummer and composer Doug Hammond, pianist Kenny Cox, trumpeter Charles Moore, pianist David Durrah, and bassist Ron Brooks.	2.453125
15831872	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell%20Harrison	Wendell Harrison	Harrison and his first wife, Patricia, also published Tribe magazine, a publication dedicated to local and national social and political issues, as well as featuring artistic contributions such as poetry and visual pieces. The magazine proved popular, eventually switching from quarterly to monthly publication. Harrison supervised the editing of Tribe magazine until the final issue hit the newsstands in 1977. Rebirth and WenHa In 1978, with encouragement from John Sinclair, Harrison and Harold McKinney co-founded Rebirth, Inc. Run by Harrison's second wife, Pamela Wise, Rebirth is a non-profit jazz performance and education organization, whose mission is to “educate youth and the greater community about jazz through workshop and concert presentations throughout the Midwest”. Notable jazz artists, such as Geri Allen, Jimmy Owens, James Carter, Eddie Harris, Leon Thomas, and Woody Shaw have participated in Rebirth's programs. Further expanding on his focus on music education, Harrison authored the Be Boppers Method Books I & II as a teaching aid to musicians looking to build their improvisational skills. During this time, Harrison also created the WenHa record label and publishing company, which released many of his recordings as well as that of other artists, such as Wise, Phil Ranelin, and Doug Hammond. Return to clarinet In the late 1980s, Harrison increased his focus on the clarinet. He formed the Mama's Licking Stick clarinet ensemble, which features E flat soprano, B flat, alto, bass and contrabass clarinets. With this ensemble, Harrison recorded several albums: Mama's Licking Stick, Rush and Hustle, Live In Concert, and Forever Duke. Harrison has continued to bring attention to the jazz clarinet via education workshops, as well as public performances. He has showcased the clarinet in such varied settings as his own Swing Ensemble (where he occasionally sings) and accompanying techno artist Carl Craig.	2.25
15831914	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20Fehlis	Heinrich Fehlis	It has been suggested that Fehlis took a milder approach towards the end of the war, possibly fearing reprisals in the case of a German defeat. Despite already having a family in Germany, he entered a relationship with a Norwegian woman named Else Johanne Schaug, who gave birth to his daughter Venke Fehlis in January 1945. German capitulation and suicide Following the German surrender on 8 May 1945 and the end of World War II in Europe, Fehlis and other SS officials attempted to escape capture by Milorg. He arranged for Gestapo members to be hidden among ordinary soldiers in the Wehrmacht, personally leading a force of around 75 men disguised in Gebirgskorps Norwegen uniforms to a military camp near Porsgrunn. Following a tip-off, the camp fell under suspicion and was surrounded. During negotiations, Fehlis (who impersonated a lieutenant named "Gerstheuer") requested an hour to prepare for surrender. Milorg agreed, but when they finally entered the camp it was in a disorderly condition with many of the Germans in a state of intoxication. Fehlis' body was discovered in one of the camp rooms; he had found the means to first poison, then shoot himself. He was buried in Eidanger. Else Schaug escaped to Sweden with her and Fehlis' daughter Venke. In 2012, Venke released a book about her experience growing up as his daughter.	2.03125
15832065	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20O%27Neil	James A. O'Neil	James A. O’Neil (January 26, 1800 – September 1, 1874) was an American businessman and politician in the Oregon Country and later Oregon Territory. A New York native, he took part in the Champoeg Meetings and helped form the Provisional Government of Oregon. Prior to the formation of a government he participated in the Willamette Cattle Company, and later served as a judge in the Provisional Government. Early life James O’Neil was born in the state of New York in 1800. He was partly educated in legal studies there. In 1834, James joined Nathaniel Wyeth’s fur trading company, the Columbia River Fishing and Trading Company (CRFTC), that was organized to exploit the fur trade along the west coast of North America. Oregon Wyeth’s party arrived in 1834 at the confluence of the Columbia and Willamette rivers at present day Portland, Oregon. O’Neil helped build Wyeth’s Fort William on today’s Sauvie Island. The venture was a failure, and O’Neil moved up the Willamette Valley and took a land claim near what is now Wheatland, Oregon, in 1835. In 1837, the Willamette Cattle Company was formed by area settlers, led by Ewing Young. O’Neil joined the company and sailed to California aboard the Loriot and then drove cattle back to Oregon. In 1838, he was one of the people to sign a petition circulated around the Euro-American settlements of the Oregon Country that was sent to the United States Congress asking for the United States to extend its jurisdiction over the region. The U.S. did not do so until it formed the Oregon Territory in 1848 after settling the Oregon boundary dispute with Great Britain. In 1841, settler Ewing Young died without an heir, leading to a series of meetings at Champoeg on the French Prairie. At a later meeting in 1843, settlers voted 52 to 50 in favor of forming the Provisional Government of Oregon with O’Neil voting with the proponents.	2.25
15832087	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Defensor%20Sr.	Arthur Defensor Sr.	Arthur "Art" Doligosa Defensor Sr. (born December 25, 1941) is a Filipino politician and a statesman who served as the governor of Iloilo from 1992 until 2001, and again from 2010 until 2019. He also served as Representative of the 3rd District of Iloilo from 2001 to 2010. He was the Majority Leader of the 14th Congress of the Philippines. He is currently a member of the PDP–Laban. He is married to Cosette Rivera Defensor. Early life and education Arthur Doligosa Defensor was born on December 25, 1941, to Santiago A. Defensor and Lourdes P. Doligosa, Both of them are public school teachers. He graduated with honors from Mina Elementary School, as well as University of the Philippines High School in Iloilo. He obtained his Associate in Arts degree from the University of the Philippines, Iloilo City in 1959 and his Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of the Philippines in Diliman, Quezon City in 1963. A bemedalled orator and debater, Defensor is a recipient of various awards, among which are the Most Outstanding Alumnus in Public Service (Centennial Award) from the UP in the Visayas, and the BenignoS. Aquino, Jr. Fellowship for Professional Development. He was cited four times as the Most Distinguished Alumnus of the Iloilo National High School Political career Governor Arthur D. Defensor, Sr. is the only chief executive of the Province of Iloilo who got elected six times in the office, a manifestation of the overwhelming support of the people of his leadership. He was first elected in 1992, re-elected in 1995, and in 1998. After serving nine years as Congressman, he was again elected governor in 2010 and re-elected in 2013 and in 2016. His name has become synonymous with good governance while his extensive and distinguished political career has never been tarnished with accusations of wrongdoings and misconduct. Moreover, his long list of awards and citations conferred on him attests to his exemplary public service record.	2.046875
15832122	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Barnett%20%28politician%29	Richard Barnett (politician)	Major Sir Richard Whieldon Barnett (6 December 1863 – 17 October 1930) was an Irish barrister, sportsman, volunteer officer and freemason who sat as a Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom House of Commons. He also competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Early life and education Barnett was the eldest son of Richard Barnett, a doctor of medicine of Ardmore, Holywood, County Down and his wife Adela née Whieldon. He was educated at Wadham College, Oxford, where he studied classics and law. He graduated with a BA Honours in jurisprudence in 1887 and an MA and Bachelor of Civil Law in 1889. While at university, he joined the Oxford University Volunteers, a volunteer unit of the Oxfordshire Light Infantry, in which he reached the rank of captain. From 1889 to 1897, he held a commission in the 22nd Middlesex Rifle Volunteers (The Rangers), with which he acted as musketry instructor. Career In 1889 he moved to London where he was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1889 and practiced on the South-Eastern Circuit. An expert sport shooter, Barnett represented Ireland in the contest for the Elcho Shield on 37 occasions and twice made the record score. He was one of twelve competitors for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the 1908 Summer Olympics. He finished fourth in the 1000 yard free rifle competition. A member of the council of the National Rifle Association, he was the captain of the winning team in the Lords vs Commons shooting team at Bisley in 1921–28. He was also Irish Chess Champion from 1886 to 1889. At Oxford, he was president of the Oxford University Chess Club and competed in a number of varsity matches against Cambridge. On the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, he was appointed musketry officer of the 41st Infantry Brigade. In November of the same year, he became Staff Officer for Musketry for the 36th (Ulster) Division. In October 1915, he moved to the 40th Division, ending the war with the brevet rank of major.	2.421875
15832128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muggins%20Mountains	Muggins Mountains	The Muggins Mountains is a mountain range in southwest Arizona east of Yuma, Arizona, northeast of the Gila Mountains, and east of the Laguna Mountains. The Castle Dome Mountains lie to the northeast across the broad Castle Dome Plain. The Muggins Mountains Wilderness occupies the southwest portion of the range. The Muggins Mountains are a triangular block about on the SW and SE sides and on the north side. The northern half of the mountain range has the two high peaks of the range: the unnamed northwest at and the northeast, Red Bluff Mountain at . The northern of the range is within the Yuma Proving Ground. The southern portion of the range is bordered on the southeast by the agricultural Mohawk Valley and the Gila River Valley; to the southwest is Dome Valley and the northwest-flowing Gila River agricultural valley. The Muggins Mountains Wilderness is in the southwest and borders Dome Valley. Two peaks are located in the wilderness, Muggins Peak at in the southeast, and the Klothos Temple in center west at . There is flatland, mesas, and hills between the two northern peaks within the Yuma Proving Ground. Small alluvial fans drain this northern perimeter. The unnamed northwest mountain is separated from the southern mountain block by the west flowing Vinegaroon Wash. The large visible alluvial fan that drains the central Muggins Mountains by way of Vinegaroon Wash sits on the northwest of the range and can be seen from US 95 4 mi west. Several washes drain the southwest and the Muggins Mountains Wilderness including Long Mountain Wash, Twin Tanks Wash and Muggins Wash all drain southwest into the northeast Dome Valley foothills. Morgan Wash drains the southeast wilderness border to the southeast into Mohawk Valley.	2.265625
15832233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Sheffield%2C%201st%20Baron%20Sheffield	Edmund Sheffield, 1st Baron Sheffield	Edmund Sheffield, 1st Baron Sheffield, of Butterwick (22 November 1521 – 1 August 1549) was an English nobleman who died in Kett's Rebellion. Early life Edmund Sheffield was born on 22 November 1521 in Butterwick, Lincolnshire to Sir Robert Sheffield (died 15 November 1531, son of Sir Robert Sheffield and Helen Delves) and his second wife Jane Stanley, daughter of George Stanley, 9th Baron Strange and Joan le Strange, 9th Baroness Strange. Through his mother, he was a second cousin once removed of the reigning English monarch, King Henry VIII. Following his father's death in 1531, Sheffield's wardship was granted to George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford, the brother of King Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn. Rochford and Boleyn were both executed in 1536. On 2 January 1538, Sheffield's wardship passed to John De Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford. Sheffield was sent up to Thomas Cromwell and became one of his gentlemen. Sheffield had a troubled youth and was in prison by July 1538 but was soon released. On 16 Feb 1547, by the will of King Henry VIII, Sheffield was raised to the Peerage of England as Baron Sheffield of Butterwick at the beginning of the reign of King Edward VI. Personal life Sheffield married Anne de Vere, daughter of his guardian John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford, before 31 January 1538, and by her had two sons and three daughters: Eleanor Sheffield () married Denzel Holles John Sheffield, 2nd Baron Sheffield ( – 10 December 1568) married Douglas Howard Robert Sheffield () Frances Sheffield () married Thomas Metham Elizabeth Sheffield () Sheffield was a poet of the same generation as the Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. Although none of his poetry has survived, he was praised by Fuller: "Great his skill in music, who wrote a book of sonnetts according to the Italian fashion".	1.976563
15832233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Sheffield%2C%201st%20Baron%20Sheffield	Edmund Sheffield, 1st Baron Sheffield	Death In 1549, Sheffield accompanied William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton on an expedition to quell Kett's Rebellion in Norfolk. On 1 August 1549, during a pitched battle at Pockthorpe Gate for control of Norwich, Sheffield fell from his horse and was captured by an armed mob. The rebels refused the lord's request to spare his life in return for a promised ransom and Sheffield was fatally struck by a butcher, reputedly named Fulke. Sheffield's death was seen as a turning point in the fight. With the loss of a senior commander and his army being broken up in street fighting, Northampton ordered a retreat. Sheffield left behind a young son, John Sheffield, 2nd Baron Sheffield, who became a ward of King Edward VI. In recognition of his father's loyalty to the crown and sacrifice, John Sheffield was granted an annual annuity and in November 1550 the right to marry freely without having to pay the usual fees or fines to the Court of Wards and Liveries. Sheffield was buried at St Martin at Palace, Norwich. A plaque near Norwich Cathedral now marks the location of Sheffield's murder. Ancestry	2.21875
15832486	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Morrison	David Morrison	Upon promotion to colonel in October 1999, Morrison was appointed as colonel of Operations, Headquarters International Force for East Timor (INTERFET). On his return to Australia, he was posted to the Deployable Joint Force Headquarters (DJFHQ) as chief of staff. He left that position at the end of 2001 to attend the Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies, Canberra, where he graduated in 2002 with a Master of Arts in Strategic Studies. Morrison was promoted to brigadier in November 2002, and commanded the 3rd Brigade from December 2002 until December 2004. He was then appointed as Director-General Preparedness and Plans – Army (DGPP-A) and held that position until his promotion to major general in December 2005. He was appointed commander of the Australian Defence College in January 2006, and Head Military Strategic Commitments in April 2007. Morrison took up the appointment of Deputy Chief of Army in February 2008, replacing Major General John Cantwell. He served in this position until December, when he was appointed Land Commander Australia (LCAUST). Following a re-structure in July 2009, the post of Land Commander Australia was re-designated as Commander Forces Command. Morrison was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in the Australia Day Honours List of 2010 for distinguished service to the Australian Army in the fields of training and education, military strategic commitments and force structure and capability; in particular, as Commander Australian Defence College, Head Military Strategic Commitments and Deputy Chief of Army. Army veterans who fought a "decisive ambush against far superior forces" at Thua Tich in Vietnam in 1969 have complained that Morrison argued against their recognition in 2008, which was subsequently approved by Labor defence support secretary Dr Mike Kelly.	1.9375
15832486	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Morrison	David Morrison	Women in the military In June 2013, Civilian Authorities were going to announce the mishandling of serious investigations by the ADF. As a result, Morrison ordered an investigation into several emails sent from Army accounts over a three-year period that were highly demeaning to women, which became known as the "Jedi Council scandal". At a 13 June press conference, Morrison announced that he had suspended three members of the Army, ordered action to consider the suspension of five others, and suggested as many as nine more could face disciplinary action. He described the emails as "explicit, derogatory, demeaning and repugnant", and suggested that the alleged conduct was even worse than the "Skype scandal" of 2011. In a video posted on the Army's official YouTube channel, a visibly irate Morrison described the alleged behaviour as a "direct contravention" of the Army's values. He added that he had been committed ever since becoming Chief of Army to making the Army an inclusive force. "If that does not suit you," he said, "then get out!" He also told anyone not willing to work with women and accept them as equals, "There is no place for you amongst this band of brothers and sisters." Morrison's speech was written by his speech writer, Lieutenant Colonel Cate McGregor, who is transgender. Morrison, as one of her strongest supporters, refused to accept her resignation from his office when she came out. Seven months after his speech, Morrison attributed "one of the most quoted phrases" in his anti-misogyny speech, "the standard you walk past is the standard you accept", to General David Hurley. Morrison's aggressive response was widely hailed by Australian and American media, in particular comparing it to the relatively guarded response of the U.S. military to similar accusations.	1.921875
15832486	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Morrison	David Morrison	In June 2014 Morrison formed part of the Australian delegation to the Global Summit To End Sexual Violence in Conflict in London, to which he delivered a speech arguing that armies that separate themselves from civil society, value men over women and celebrate violence "do nothing to distinguish the soldier from the brute". Controversy Since the "Jedi Council scandal", information was received by media outlets, that the army, under the control of Morrison, had previously investigated the individuals involved and had failed to find any evidence of the allegations and cleared those involved of any wrongdoing. However, Morrison recommended that the commanding officer be dismissed. Contrasts have been drawn regarding the differing responses to allegations of sexual misconduct by subordinates, in case of a lieutenant colonel, in the case of Governor-General Peter Hollingworth, and Morrison. In February 2016, Senator Jacqui Lambie made a speech in the Senate in relation to cases involving former soldiers who claim to have suffered abuse, calling for an inquiry into coverups and Morrison's involvement. The Prime Minister has also agreed to support a general mediation process for those involved. Post military career In May 2015 Morrison retired from the army and in September 2015 was appointed chairman of the Diversity Council Australia, a not-for-profit workplace diversity advisor to business in Australia, and as a gender diversity adviser to Deloitte Partners. He is also a motivational speaker. As an advocate for gender diversity, Morrison campaigned against the use of gender-neutral terms such as 'guys'. In response, Foreign Minister Julie Bishop said the use of generic words such as 'guys' should not cause offence.	1.976563
15832491	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum%20of%20the%20Imperial%20Collections	Museum of the Imperial Collections	The Museum of the Imperial Collections is located on the grounds of the East Garden of Tokyo Imperial Palace. It showcases a changing exhibition of a part of the imperial household treasures. History The Museum of the Imperial Collections was conceived during the change from the Shōwa period (1926 – 1989) to the Heisei period (1989 – 2019) . The Imperial family donated 6,000 pieces of art to the Japanese government in 1989. Many pieces were created by Imperial Household Artists. The museum was opened in 1993 for the study and preservation of the art collection. The collection was further enlarged by the donation of the art collection of Prince Chichibu (1902 – 1953) in 1996, the collection of Kikuko, Princess Takamatsu (1911 – 2004) in 2005, and the collection of Prince Mikasa family in 2014. The number of items in the collection is 9,800 at present, but the exhibition room is a small room of 160 square meters and the storage room is small. Therefore, the existing museum will be rebuilt and the exhibition room will be expanded to 1,300 square meters. The construction is scheduled to be completed in 2025. Selected artists Although the museum houses many masterpieces, none of them are designated as National Treasure or Important Cultural Property because cultural properties owned by the Imperial Family or the Imperial Household Agency (Cultural properties donated to the nation by the Imperial family) are not subject to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties of Japan.	2.875
15832610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beelzebufo	Beelzebufo	Beelzebufo ( or ) is an extinct genus of hyloid frog from the Late Cretaceous Berivotra and Maevarano Formations of Madagascar. The type species is B. ampinga, and common names assigned by the popular media to B. ampinga include devil frog, devil toad, and the frog from hell. Discovery and naming The first fossil bones were found in 1993 by David W. Krause of New York's Stony Brook University, and the species Beelzebufo ampinga was named and described by Evans, Jones & Krause (2008). The holotype is specimen UA 9600, consisting of a fused cervical and second presacral centra. These specimens were then described in more detail by Evans, Jones, and Krause (2014). Some 100 fossil isolated partial bones have been found between 1993 and 2011. Some portions of articulated skull are also known: specimen FMNH PR 2512 (a specimen discovered in 2010 which preserves most of the braincase, part of the palate, part of the skull roof and several pre-sacral vertebrae) and specimen FMNH PR 2512 (which preserves one of the posterior flanges). Researchers have been able to reconstruct parts of the frog's skeleton, including nearly the entire skull. Description In early studies, it is suggested that Beelzebufo had snout-vent lengths of up to 42.5 cm (16.7 in). But in later studies, animals of this species estimated to have grown to at least (snout-vent length), which is around the size a modern African bullfrog can reach. The head of Beelzebufo was very big, and bones of the skull roof show a rugous external surface, indicating at least parts of the head may have borne bony scales, called scutes. The skull sutures are open in even the largest specimens of Beelzebufo, showing that it might have grown even bigger.	2.375
15832610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beelzebufo	Beelzebufo	Classification Within the superfamily Hyloidea, the definitive phylogenetic position of Beelzebufo is uncertain. While initially placed as a member of the family Ceratophryidae, a 2018 study suggested that Beelzebufo, and other extinct frogs with ceratophryid-like traits such as Baurubatrachus, were instead part of a more ancient group of Neobatrachia, distantly related to horned frogs. A 2022 study recovered Baurubatrachus and Beelzebufo as sister genera, with the clade formed by the two genera in turn being the sister clade to extant Ceratophyridae. A 2023 phylogenetic instead recovered Beelzebufo as a sister taxon of the hylid Ranoidea australis. Paleobiology Beelzebufo most likely was a predator whose expansive mouth allowed it to eat relatively large prey, perhaps even juvenile dinosaurs. Bite force measurements from a growth series of Cranwell's horned frog (Ceratophrys cranwelli), suggest that the bite force of a large Beelzebufo—skull width —may have been between . Paleobiogeography The fossils of Beelzebufo are from Madagascar, which, while still attached to India, separated from the coast of Somalia in the earliest stage of the Late Jurassic. While its definitive taxonomic placement is uncertain, Beelzebufo has been suggested to resemble horned frogs (Ceratophryidae) of South America, which raised the possibility of a close biogeographic link between Madagascar and South America during the Cretaceous. The initial description of Beelzebufo hypothesis reignited interest and research into skeletal variation among living members of the Ceratophyridae. These investigations suggest several of the similarities between Beelzebufo and horned frogs may have evolved by convergence.	2.625
15832717	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20statistics	Computational statistics	Computational statistics, or statistical computing, is the study which is the intersection of statistics and computer science, and refers to the statistical methods that are enabled by using computational methods. It is the area of computational science (or scientific computing) specific to the mathematical science of statistics. This area is fast developing. The view that the broader concept of computing must be taught as part of general statistical education is gaining momentum. As in traditional statistics the goal is to transform raw data into knowledge, but the focus lies on computer intensive statistical methods, such as cases with very large sample size and non-homogeneous data sets. The terms 'computational statistics' and 'statistical computing' are often used interchangeably, although Carlo Lauro (a former president of the International Association for Statistical Computing) proposed making a distinction, defining 'statistical computing' as "the application of computer science to statistics", and 'computational statistics' as "aiming at the design of algorithm for implementing statistical methods on computers, including the ones unthinkable before the computer age (e.g. bootstrap, simulation), as well as to cope with analytically intractable problems" [sic]. The term 'Computational statistics' may also be used to refer to computationally intensive statistical methods including resampling methods, Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, local regression, kernel density estimation, artificial neural networks and generalized additive models. History Though computational statistics is widely used today, it actually has a relatively short history of acceptance in the statistics community. For the most part, the founders of the field of statistics relied on mathematics and asymptotic approximations in the development of computational statistical methodology.	2.390625
15832717	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20statistics	Computational statistics	In 1908, William Sealy Gosset performed his now well-known Monte Carlo method simulation which led to the discovery of the Student’s t-distribution. With the help of computational methods, he also has plots of the empirical distributions overlaid on the corresponding theoretical distributions. The computer has revolutionized simulation and has made the replication of Gosset’s experiment little more than an exercise. Later on, the scientists put forward computational ways of generating pseudo-random deviates, performed methods to convert uniform deviates into other distributional forms using inverse cumulative distribution function or acceptance-rejection methods, and developed state-space methodology for Markov chain Monte Carlo. One of the first efforts to generate random digits in a fully automated way, was undertaken by the RAND Corporation in 1947. The tables produced were published as a book in 1955, and also as a series of punch cards. By the mid-1950s, several articles and patents for devices had been proposed for random number generators. The development of these devices were motivated from the need to use random digits to perform simulations and other fundamental components in statistical analysis. One of the most well known of such devices is ERNIE, which produces random numbers that determine the winners of the Premium Bond, a lottery bond issued in the United Kingdom. In 1958, John Tukey’s jackknife was developed. It is as a method to reduce the bias of parameter estimates in samples under nonstandard conditions. This requires computers for practical implementations. To this point, computers have made many tedious statistical studies feasible. Methods Maximum likelihood estimation Maximum likelihood estimation is used to estimate the parameters of an assumed probability distribution, given some observed data. It is achieved by maximizing a likelihood function so that the observed data is most probable under the assumed statistical model.	2.375
15832752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian%20Gardens	Victorian Gardens	Victorian Gardens was a seasonal traditional-style amusement park that set up at Wollman Rink in Central Park, Manhattan, New York City, from spring through fall each year. Description The facility, which started operating in spring 2003, accommodated up to 3,000 guests and featured about a dozen rides geared primarily to ages 2–12. In addition to the rides, the park offers activities including face painting, balloon sculpting, interactive games and live entertainment, including clowns and magic shows, on weekends and holidays. History The idea to put an amusement park in the Wollman Rink came from a small group of industry veterans who saw an opportunity to use the 50,000 square foot facility all year long. After negotiations with the Central Park Conservancy, the New York City Parks Department and the Trump Organization, these private investors established Central Amusement International (CAI), which turned to Zamperla, an Italian amusement ride manufacturer, to put the ideas into play. Victorian Gardens first opened its gates to the general public in 2003. Due to operating restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, Victorian Gardens did not open for the 2020 season and never reopened. Following the city's termination of all contracts with the Trump Organization in early 2021, CAI took over the operations of the nearby Central Park Carousel and plans were made to transform Wollman rink's warm season into other activities operated by other concessions. Albert Zamperla died in November 2022.	2.0625
15832758	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velepromet%20camp	Velepromet camp	The Velepromet camp was a detention facility established in the final days of the Battle of Vukovar during the Croatian War of Independence. The camp was set up by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), which shared control of the facility with Croatian Serb rebels. The facility, originally an industrial storage site, was located on the southern outskirts of the city of Vukovar, in close proximity to the JNA barracks. It consisted of eight warehouses surrounded by a wire fence, and was established on 16 November 1991, when the first detainees were brought there. A few days after the end of the Battle of Vukovar, there were 2,000 detainees in the camp. Detainees usually spent several days in the camp, during which some of them were interrogated, beaten and killed. Up to 10,000 detainees passed through the camp before it was closed in March 1992, when the United Nations Protection Force deployed to the area. Anywhere between 15 and 800 inmates may have been killed at the camp, though the latter figure includes approximately 700 people who are missing and presumed dead. The events in the camp formed part of three indictments issued by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. , two of the trials are ongoing, while the trial of Slobodan Milošević was terminated following his death. Background	2.15625
15832758	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velepromet%20camp	Velepromet camp	After a bloodless skirmish between Serb insurgents and Croatian special police in March, the JNA itself, supported by Serbia and its supporters, asked the Presidency to give it wartime powers and declare a state of emergency. The request was denied on 15 March, and the JNA came under the control of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević. Milošević, preferring a campaign to expand Serbia rather than to preserve Yugoslavia, publicly threatened to replace the JNA with a Serbian army and declared that he no longer recognized the authority of the Presidency. By the end of the month, the conflict had escalated into the Croatian War of Independence. The JNA stepped in, increasingly supporting Croatian Serb insurgents and preventing Croatian police from intervening. In early April, the leaders of the Croatian Serb revolt declared their intention to integrate the area under their control, known as the Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Krajina, with Serbia. The Government of Croatia viewed this declaration as an attempt to secede. In May, the Croatian government responded by forming the Croatian National Guard (Zbor narodne garde - ZNG), but its development was hampered by a United Nations (UN) arms embargo introduced in September. On 8 October, Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia. The second half of 1991 saw the fiercest fighting of the war, as the 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia culminated in the Siege of Dubrovnik, and the Battle of Vukovar. The Battle of Vukovar ended on 18 November, when the JNA captured the city after nearly three months of fighting. At the same time, Croatian Serb authorities began systematically expelling non-Serb civilians from areas under their control. The expulsions in the area of eastern Slavonia were primarily motivated by the aim of changing the ethnic composition in favour of Serbs as well as the resettling of Serb refugees who had fled western Slavonia following Operation Swath-10 by the Croatian Army.	2.46875
15832758	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velepromet%20camp	Velepromet camp	Detainees were generally kept in the Velepromet camp for three to four days before being transferred to Sremska Mitrovica. It is estimated that up to 10,000 civilians and prisoners of war passed through the Velepromet camp before the camp was closed down in March 1992, when the United Nations Protection Force deployed to the area. According to survivors, up to 800 were killed there, although a large number of those deaths are unconfirmed and many are considered missing. The figure includes 700 missing and presumed dead . Seventeen victims were buried in graves within the detention facility itself. According to the Croatian Government, about 350 inmates did not leave the camp alive. This figure was repeated by Croatian lawyers in March 2014, during the trial phase of the Croatia–Serbia genocide case before the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Serbia's legal team maintained that the figure of 350 killed is exaggerated, but conceded that crimes had been committed in the camp. Based on the findings of the ICTY, the ICJ found that at least 15 inmates had been killed at Velepromet, but stated that it was impossible for the court to determine the exact number of deaths.	2.296875
15832772	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osu%21	Osu!	Osu! (stylized as osu!) is a free-to-play rhythm game originally created and self-published by Australian developer Dean Herbert. It was released for Microsoft Windows on 16 September 2007, with later ports to macOS, Linux, Android and iOS. Osu!s gameplay, based on the Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan series of rhythm games, primarily involves clicking notes, which appear as circles, using the mouse cursor. Since the game's release, three other game modes have been added, taking inspiration from Taiko no Tatsujin and Beatmania. Unlike many rhythm games, levels in Osu! are created and uploaded by users, increasing the range and volume of the song library, which is a factor contributing to the game's popularity. The game has a significant connection to Japanese culture and anime music. It has also had effects on the esports industry—professional gamers use Osu! to warm up and practice, and the community frequently organizes tournaments between players. Gameplay Osu! is a rhythm game in which hit circles appear as notes over a song's runtime, and the objective is to click on the circles at the appropriate time and in the correct order, aided by rings called approach circles that close in on the hit circles to visually indicate the timing. The core gameplay is inspired by the Nintendo DS rhythm game Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan and its sequel Elite Beat Agents. Slider and spinner notes require that the player click and hold while moving the cursor. If the player misses too many circles, they fail the song and must retry. In-game settings, called mods, can change gameplay in different ways—for example, by speeding up the song or decreasing the size of circles. Songs are mapped to levels called beatmaps, and the same song can have multiple beatmaps of varying difficulties. Some beatmaps, including a tutorial, are bundled with a new installation of the game, but more can be downloaded from the game's website.	2.265625
15832772	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osu%21	Osu!	Community and popularity Osu! has continued to gain popularity since its release, being widely shared on video and live streaming platforms like YouTube and TikTok. The game works on a model of community-generated beatmaps, which has been cited as a significant factor in its popularity and longevity. A large portion of the available music consists of songs from anime—the game itself is aimed at foreign fans of Japanese culture and is influenced by it, particularly due to its inspiration from Ouendan and the general continuing association of rhythm games with Japan since the 1990s. Tournaments are held frequently as another mode of competition. The Osu! World Cup is an annual tournament which comprises a group stage and bracket of the 32 highest-seeded national teams in the world, usually with 6 to 8 players on each team. Due to the game's emphasis on quickly moving the mouse cursor to precise points on the screen, some players of multiplayer online battle arena games and first-person shooter games use it to improve reflexes and mouse control, and it has been specifically recommended by some esports professionals like Ninja. Devices Osu! has been noted for encouraging the use of unique input devices—although the game can be played with a computer mouse, it is often recommended to use a graphics tablet with a pen, which more closely emulates the gameplay of Ouendan. The accessibility of using a mouse and keyboard is another reason given for the game's popularity. Gaming keyboard manufacturer Wooting announced in March 2023 a three-key keyboard dedicated to playing Osu! due to the popularity of their keyboards among the game's players.	2.09375
15832789	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20True%20Meaning%20of%20Smekday	The True Meaning of Smekday	The True Meaning of Smekday is a 2007 children's book by Adam Rex. It was adapted by DreamWorks Animation into the 2015 feature film Home. Rex's second volume in the series, Smek for President!, was published in 2015, prior to the release of Home. The film version, which departed significantly from the books' continuity, was followed by the 2016 animated TV series Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh. An audiobook edition of The True Meaning of Smekday, read by Bahni Turpin, was released on March 8, 2011. Plot summary The story is narrated in first person by a 12-year-old girl in eighth grade, and takes the form of a school-assigned essay intended for submission to a national competition, and expected to be stored in a time capsule to be opened in 100 years. The protagonist is Gratuity "Tip" Tucci, who must survive on her own at age 11, after her mother is abducted by an alien race called the Boov. The entire Boov population arrives in a fleet of ships on Christmas Eve, and use their advanced technology to take over the Earth without bloodshed. The Boov promptly rename Earth and Christmas "Smekland" and "Smekday" respectively, in honor of their leader, Captain Smek. On "Moving Day", when all humans are required by the Boov to relocate to Florida, Tip evades being transported by the Boov, and instead drives the family car to Florida in search of her mother. When the car breaks down, Tip reluctantly joins forces with a fugitive Boov mechanic who had taken the name J.Lo, thinking it to be a "common Earth name." Tip learns that the overly-friendly J.Lo was fleeing from his fellow Boov because, while modifying radio tower antennas for Boov use, he had accidentally transmitted a strong test signal in the wrong direction. The signal gave away the Earth's location to the Gorg, a violent alien race who had previously conquered the Boov's home planet.	2.9375
15832802	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymulin	Thymulin	Thymulin (also known as thymic factor or its old name facteur thymique serique) is a nonapeptide produced by two distinct epithelial populations in the thymus first described by Bach in 1977. It requires zinc for biological activity. Its peptide sequence is H-Pyr-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn-OH. The hormone is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation and enhancement of T and NK cell actions. Besides this rather paracrine or auto-organic effects on the thymus dependent immune system, thymulin seems to have neuroendocrine effects as well. There exist bidirectional interactions between thymic epithelium and the hypothalamus-pituitary axis (for example, thymulin follows a circadian rhythm and physiologically elevated ACTH levels correlate positively with thymulin plasma levels and vice versa). A recent focus has been on the role of thymulin as an effector on proinflammatory mediators/cytokines. A peptide analog of thymulin (PAT) has been found to have analgesic effects in higher concentrations and particularly neuroprotective anti-inflammatory effects in the CNS. Astrocytes seem to be the target for thymulin for this effect. Researchers hope to develop drugs thwarting inflammatory processes associated with neurodegenerative diseases and even rheumatism with the help of thymulin analogs. Moreover, thymulin has been associated with anorexia nervosa.	2.0625
15832946	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo%20Borghese%20%281904%E2%80%931985%29	Paolo Borghese (1904–1985)	Don Paolo Borghese, Duke of Bomarzo, Prince of Sant Angelo of San Paolo (20 October 1904 – 24 April 1985) was an Italian nobleman of the Borghese family. He was born in Cafaggiolo. His father and mother were Marco Borghese, Duca di Bomarzo, and Isabel Fanny Louise Porges. His first wife was Anne dei Conti Scheibler, whom he married on 21 April 1927 at Castellazo. They had two children, Flavia Maria Pia Isabella Ernesta Ermina (born 1930) and Camila Maria Antonia Pia Isabella Ernesta Erminia (born 1932). After Anne's death, Paolo married his second wife, Marcella Fazi, on 12 April 1938 at Rome. They had two children, the twin boys Francesco Marco Luigi Costanzo and Livio Marco Luigi Fabrizio (born 1938). The Borghese family Paolo Borghese's ancestors included Camillo Borghese (husband of Napoleon's sister, Pauline Bonaparte), as well as Pope Paul V and Cardinal Scipione Borghese. The latter two had an enormous influence on Italian art and beautifying Rome in the 1600s, and they helped finish St. Peter's Basilica. To honor Pope Paul V's accomplishments, the Borghese family name (spelled in Latin as Bvrghesivs) and coat of arms (an eagle and a dragon) can be found on the façade of the famous basilica. The Borghese family received their titles (Prince and Princess) from Pope Paul V in the early 1600s. During that time, the Pope often had powers equal to a king, and like a king, he had the power to bestow titles, called Papal titles. These titles were often tied to territories of land. Paolo Borghese's branch of the family received five different titles, which included Prince of San Paolo, Prince of Sant'Angelo and Duke of Bomarzo. While Pope Paul V was in power, he purchased entire towns and approximately 1/3 of the land south of Rome. As a family, the Borghese became the largest landowners of the "Roman Campagna," the central region in Italy, which is an area of approximately 1,300 square miles.	2.203125
15832996	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy%20H%C4%81naiali%CA%BBi%20Gilliom	Amy Hānaialiʻi Gilliom	Amy Hānaialiʻi Gilliom is an American vocalist and songwriter. Hanaialiʻi is a six-time Grammy Award Nominee. She is best known for reinvigorating the Hawaiian tradition of female falsetto singing. Her album Generation Hawaii won four Nā Hōkū Hanohano Awards in 2007 for Album of the Year, Hawaiian Album of the Year, Female Vocalist of the Year and Best Engineered Album. The Na Hoku Hanohano Awards are the Hawaii recording industry's regional equivalent of the Grammy Awards. Gilliom was also one of the five finalists for the 2006 Grammy Award for Best Hawaiian Music Album but did not win. She performed, recorded, and toured for several years with fellow Hawaiian music artist Willie K, the producer of her first hit album, "Hawaiian Tradition". The two also had a personal relationship, which ended in 2001. In 2013, the singer joined Willie K. to sing "Imagine" by John Lennon at the signing of the Hawaii Marriage Equality Act by Gov. Neil Abercrombie, which made Hawaii the 15th state in the U.S. to legalize same-sex marriage. In 2014, Gilliom announced a forthcoming recording "Reunion" with Willie K. She was selected to serve on the Board of Directors for the Native Arts and Cultures Foundation and Abercombie proclaimed Oct. 15 to be Amy Hanaialiʻi and Willie K. Day in Hawaii. In 2014 Hanaialiʻi launched her own line of Wine & Champagne with distribution throughout the USA. In 2014, Hanaialiʻi Gilliom starred as Eva Perón in the musical Evita on Maui. Early years When growing up, Gilliom, her father (Lloyd), her mother (Mimi) and her brother were all involved with the Maui Youth Theater, now known as the Maui Academy of Performing Arts. Her first album, Native Child (Mountain Apple Company MACD 2030), was released in 1995. "Hawaiian Tradition" (MACD 2040), her second album, was recorded and released in 1997.	2.015625
15833059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccus%20mac%20Arailt	Maccus mac Arailt	Maccus mac Arailt (fl. 971–974), or Maccus Haraldsson, was a tenth-century King of the Isles. Although his parentage is uncertain, surviving evidence suggests that he was the son of Harald Sigtryggson, also known as Aralt mac Sitriuc, the Hiberno-Norse King of Limerick. Maccus' family is known as the Meic Arailt kindred. He and his brother, Gofraid, are first recorded in the 970s. It was during this decade and the next that they conducted military operations against the Welsh of Anglesey, apparently taking advantage of dynastic strife within the Kingdom of Gwynedd. The Meic Arailt violence during this period could account for Maccus' participation in a royal assembly convened by Edgar, King of the English. Maccus may have been regarded as a potential threat by not only the English and Welsh kings, but also the rulers of the Kingdom of Strathclyde. Perhaps as a consequence of this convention, the Meic Arailt thereafter turned their attention to Ireland. In 974, Maccus defeated and captured Ímar, King of Limerick. Gofraid resumed the family's campaigning against the Welsh before the end of the decade. In 984, the Meic Arailt appear to have formed an alliance with the family of Brian mac Cennétig, King of Munster. Whether Maccus was alive by this date is unknown. He does not appear on record after this date, and seems to have been succeeded by his brother. Gofraid is the first King of the Isles to be identified as such by Irish sources. Family Maccus was a member of the Meic Arailt kindred, although his exact parentage is uncertain. Surviving evidence suggests that Maccus' father was probably Aralt mac Sitriuc, King of Limerick. Such a relationship would mean that Maccus was a member of the Uí Ímair. Alternate possibilities—lacking specific evidence—are that Maccus was a son of Hagrold, a Danish warlord active in Normandy; or a son of Haraldr Gormsson, King of Denmark.	2.609375
15833059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccus%20mac%20Arailt	Maccus mac Arailt	Maccus appears to have been an elder brother of Gofraid mac Arailt. A sister of Maccus and Gofraid, or perhaps a daughter of the latter, may have been Máel Muire, wife of Gilla Pátraic mac Donnchada, King of Osraige. Specific evidence of a familial relationship between Máel Muire and the Meic Arailt may be preserved by the twelfth-century Banshenchas, a source that identifies the mother of Gilla Pátraic's son, Donnchad, as Máel Muire, daughter of a certain Aralt mac Gofraid. One possibility is that this source has erroneously reversed the patronym of Maccus' brother. Another brother of Maccus may have been Eiríkr Haraldsson, a Viking who ruled the Kingdom of Northumbria in the mid part of the tenth century. Although non-contemporary Scandinavian sources identify this figure with the like-named Norwegian royal Eiríkr blóðøx, there is reason to suspect that these sources have erroneously conflated two different individuals, and that the former was a member of the insular Uí Ímair. There is uncertainty surrounding Maccus' name. Although the nineteenth-century edition of the seventeenth-century Annals of the Four Masters refers to him as , suggesting that the Gaelic is a form of the Old Norse —itself a borrowing of the Latin —the oldest manuscript forms of this source show that the recorded name was actually an abbreviated form of Maccus. Besides this mistranscription, Maccus is not accorded the name by any historical source, and his name is unlikely to refer to it. Maccus' name may instead be of Gaelic origin. Irruption into the Irish Sea region	2.53125
15833059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccus%20mac%20Arailt	Maccus mac Arailt	The Meic Arailt first appear on record in the Irish Sea in the 970s. The power of the family seems to have been centred in the Isles, and may have been based upon control of the important trade routes through the Irish Sea region. If the Meic Arailt were indeed centred in the Hebrides, the family's apparent ambition to secure control of Mann could account for its campaigning against the Welsh on Anglesey. The latter island was the traditional seat of the kings of Gwynedd, and control of it may have been sought by the Meic Arailt as a way to further ensure the control of the surrounding sea-lanes. According to the "B" version of the eleventh- to thirteenth-century Annales Cambriæ, an unidentified son of Aralt wasted this island off the north-west Welsh coast. The thirteenth- and fourteenth-century texts Brut y Tywysogyon and Brenhinedd y Saesson corroborate this record and identify the attacker as Maccus himself. Maccus' assault targeted Penmon on the eastern coast of the island. Several near-contemporary engraved crosses at Penmon indicate that it was a significant ecclesiastical site with important patrons. Both Brut y Tywysogyon and Brenhinedd y Saesson further reveal that Gofraid attacked Anglesey the next year, and thereby brought the island under his control. At the time of the Meic Arailt kindred's attacks, the Kingdom of Gwynedd was in the midst of a vicious civil war triggered by the death of Rhodri ab Idwal Foel, King of Gwynedd in 969, a fact which could indicate that the Meic Arailt purposely sought to capitalise on this infighting. Amongst an assembly of kings	2.71875
15833059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccus%20mac%20Arailt	Maccus mac Arailt	There is evidence indicating that Maccus was amongst the assembled kings who are recorded to have met with Edgar, King of the English at Chester in 973. According to the "D", "E", and "F" versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, after having been consecrated king that year, this English monarch assembled a massive naval force and met with six kings at Chester. By the tenth century, the number of kings who met with him was alleged to have been eight, as evidenced by the tenth-century Life of St Swithun. By the twelfth century, the eight kings began to be named and were alleged to have rowed Edgar down the River Dee, as evidenced by sources such as the twelfth-century texts Chronicon ex chronicis, Gesta regum Anglorum, and De primo Saxonum adventu, as well as the thirteenth-century Chronica majora, and both the Wendover and Paris versions of Flores historiarum. Whilst one of the named kings appears to have been Maccus himself, a certain other—named by Gesta regum Anglorum, and by Chronicon ex chronicis—could have been Gofraid. Gesta regum Anglorum describes Maccus as ("prince of the pirates" or "pirate king"), whilst Chronicon ex chronicis, De primo Saxonum adventu, and the twelfth- to thirteenth-century Chronicle of Melrose (which also notes the assembly) call him ("king of many islands" or "king of very many islands"). The titles associated with Maccus appear to relate to a similar one— ("king of many islands")—earlier accorded to Amlaíb mac Gofraid, King of Dublin by Chronicon ex chronicis.	2.71875
15833059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccus%20mac%20Arailt	Maccus mac Arailt	The precise reasons for Edgar's assembly are uncertain. It came on the heels of a royal crowning ceremony at Bath, and could have been orchestrated as a way to project imperial authority over Edgar's neighbours. With a grand show of force, Edgar may have sought to demonstrate this authority, and thereby resolve certain outstanding issues with his neighbouring rulers. There is reason to suspect that the upsurge in Viking activity in the 960s/970s, and the emergence of the Meic Arailt in the region, may have factored in Edgar's machinations. Specifically, one aspect of the assembly may have concerned the ongoing warring between the Meic Arailt and the Welsh. Such conflict could have posed a significant threat to the English trade routes in the region, and Edgar may have sought an understanding with Maccus to ensure the safety of important sea-lanes shared with the Islesmen. The threat of international collusion could have also factored into Edgar's assembly. One possibility is that he may have acted to ensure that the Islesmen would not be tempted to lend support to discontented elements in the English Danelaw. It is also conceivable that the assembly could have concerned the remarkable rising power of Amlaíb Cúarán in Ireland. Edgar may have moved to resolve the strife between the Meic Arailt and the Welsh as a way to limit the prospect of any encroachment by Amlaíb Cúarán into the Irish Sea region. This reigning King of Dublin was a leading member of the Uí Ímair, and may have been a rival to the Meic Arailt. By easing tensions between the Meic Arailt and the Welsh, Edgar could have sought to gain their allegiance against Amlaíb Cúarán's ambitions of authority in the area, and further offset any attempt by Amlaíb Cúarán to attain an alliance with the Scots and Cumbrians against the English.	1.914063
15833059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccus%20mac%20Arailt	Maccus mac Arailt	The fact that Brenhinedd y Saesson reports that Gofraid subdued Anglesey and placed it under tribute could indicate that the Meic Arailt were attempting to establish themselves in Britain, and could indicate that the Meic Arailt participated in the assembly in this context. If Maccus was in possession of Mann in the 970s the record of Edgar's assembled fleet could have been a response to the perceived threat that Maccus posed. As such, the episode could well be an example of tenth-century gunboat diplomacy. Other royal attendees of the summit meeting appear to have been Dyfnwal ab Owain, and Dyfnwal's son Máel Coluim, men who represented the Cumbrian Kingdom of Strathclyde. It is probable that the power of the Meic Arailt posed a serious threat to the rulers of this northern British realm, and may explain their own part in the assembly. One possible result of the conference is that Edgar recognised Maccus' lordship in the Isles in return for his acceptance of English overlordship. Although Maccus appears as a witness in two alleged royal charters of Edgar, these appear to be forgeries. Later career Whatever the reasons behind the assembly, the Meic Arailt violence in the region was temporarily abated—perhaps as a consequence of the conference—and the kindred turned its attention westwards towards Ireland. In 974, the eleventh- to fourteenth-century Annals of Inisfallen and the Annals of the Four Masters reveal that Maccus—accompanied by the ("lawmen") of the Isles—attacked Scattery Island and captured Ímar, King of Limerick. Ímar appears to have gained the kingship of Limerick in the 960s. If Maccus was indeed a son of Aralt, Maccus' move against Ímar in 974 would appear to corroborate this kinship. For instance, Maccus' attack could have been undertaken in the context of regaining what he regarded as his patrimony, since Ímar's accession in Limerick was conceivably accomplished at the expense of Aralt's progeny.	1.90625
15833059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccus%20mac%20Arailt	Maccus mac Arailt	It is possible that Ímar was in control of Limerick in 969, and may have controlled the town in 972, when the Munstermen are recorded to have expelled the Viking ruling elite. If correct, Ímar's return to power could explain the Meic Arailt kindred's actions against him. Maccus may have ransomed Ímar to the Limerickmen, or Ímar may have escaped his captors. Certainly the Annals of Inisfallen reports that Ímar "escaped over sea" the following year. In any event, Ímar next appears on record three years later when he and his two sons were slain by Brian mac Cennétig, King of Munster. In 967, Brian's brother, Mathgamain mac Cennétig, is reported to have attacked Limerick. If the eleventh- or twelfth-century Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib is to be believed, Ímar played a role in slaying Mathgamain the year before his own death at Brian's hands. As such, the Meic Arailt and Brian's family appear to have shared a common enemy in the person of Ímar. The record of Maccus' attack is the second such notice of in the Isles. Earlier in 962, the Annals of the Four Masters reports that the and the Meic Amlaíb—seemingly the descendants of Amlaíb mac Gofraid—attacked several sites in Ireland. Such lawmen appear to have been elective representatives from the Hebrides, and these annal-entries could be evidence that leading figures in the Irish Sea region received formal support from the Hebrides. Following Maccus' campaigning against Ímar, nothing is recorded of the Meic Arailt until the 980s. In 984, the Annals of Inisfallen reports that the Meic Arailt contracted an alliance with Brian's family, and exchanged hostages with them in an apparent agreement pertaining to military cooperation against the Kingdom of Dublin. This compact seems to indicate that Brian's family sought to align the Vikings of the Isles against those of Dublin.	2.46875
15833069	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilling%20Group	Tilling Group	The Tilling Group was one of two conglomerates that controlled almost all of the major bus operators in the United Kingdom between World Wars I and II and until nationalisation in 1948. Tilling, together with the other conglomerate, British Electric Traction (BET), became the main constituents of the country's nationalised bus industry in the late 1960s and was sufficiently well known to have entered popular culture as part of London's Cockney rhyming slang (Thomas Tilling = shilling). The company continued as an industrial conglomerate after nationalisation of its bus interests; it was acquired by BTR plc in 1983. Origins The company traces its origins to 1846, when Thomas Tilling started in business. Tilling was born in 1825 at Gutter's Hedge Farm, Hendon, Middlesex, of parents who had moved there from Gloucestershire. In 1846, at the age of 21, he went into the transport business in London as a jobmaster in Walworth using a horse and carriage which cost him £30. In January 1850, he purchased a horse bus together with the right to run four journeys a day between Peckham and Oxford Street. This bus he drove himself, and at the time had only one employee, a conductor named Joseph Eagle, who stayed with the firm until the end of his working life, well into the 1890s. By 1856, Tilling owned 70 horses, which he used for bus and general carriage work. When the Metropolitan Fire Brigade was formed in 1866, Tilling was contracted to train and supply horses to haul the fire engines; the horses were trained to respond quickly and, prior to handover to the fire brigade, were employed on bus services (primarily the Peckham route) to gain experience with heavy traffic. Tilling soon became the biggest supplier of horsepower and vehicles in London, with a stable of 4,000 horses by the time of his death in 1893. Tilling is buried at Nunhead Cemetery, south London.	2.15625
15833069	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilling%20Group	Tilling Group	Tilling's horse buses stopped at predetermined points and ran to a fixed timetable, making them more punctual and orderly than the other operators' buses. This was one of the reasons for his success with customers. Because his buses operated on time, they earned the nickname of "Times" buses, and this became the fleet name painted on the side. One of Tilling's children was the actress Mabel Constanduros. Early history The business passed to Tilling's sons, Richard and Edward, who, with Thomas's son-in-law Walter Wolsey, formed a limited company, Thomas Tilling Ltd, in 1897. In addition to bus work, the company hired carriages to individuals and to a range of public utilities. The company put three Milnes-Daimler motor buses into service in 1904. These were open top double-deckers with 16 inside seats and 18 "outside" on the upper deck, and a speed of 12 mph (19 km/h). These were the first double-decker motorbuses built for public service in London. By 1905, Tilling had 20 motor buses but still owned 7,000 horses, kept in 500 stables. The horses worked the company's 250 horsebuses were hired to companies and individuals for hauling goods vehicles, cabs, and carriages. In 1907, Tilling began the first long-distance motor bus service, running 13 buses between Oxford Circus and Sidcup in Kent.	2.578125
15833069	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilling%20Group	Tilling Group	In 1909, Tilling entered into an agreement with the London General Omnibus Company (LGOC), which pooled their resources (and allowed Tilling to remain independent when LGOC led an amalgamation of most of London's bus companies), but which restricted their expansion in the capital. Then, LGOC and Tilling co-operated on a joint route from Peckham to Turnham Green, via Oxford Circus. The LGOC had introduced numbers on all its routes, and this was route number 12. This service between Peckham and Oxford Circus still operates and is still the number 12. It may be the oldest operating bus route in London. In 1915, the first woman bus conductor in London worked on Tilling route number 37. During World War I, women were recruited to replace men who had joined the Armed Forces. In 1911, Tilling introduced the Tilling-Stevens TTA1 petrol-electric bus into its fleet; despite some drawbacks of the technology, this type formed the mainstay of the fleet for some years. In 1914, just before the outbreak of World War I, the last horse-bus operated on the Tilling Honor Oak – Peckham Rye Station route, after which the horses were requisitioned for war work. National expansion Starting in 1914, with the LGOC dominant in London, the company looked to the rest of Britain outside London for growth. Tilling started to seek new markets in the provinces. The company began operating in Folkestone in 1914, Brighton in 1916, and Ipswich in 1919.	2.34375
15833069	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilling%20Group	Tilling Group	BET had entered into a similar agreement with LGOC in London, and was also expanding outside London. Instead of destructive rivalry, the two companies agreed to work in close co-operation. By 1928, a BET subsidiary, British Automobile Traction Company (BAT), had interests in nineteen bus companies, with Tilling being a co-owner of eleven of them, and at the same time was partly owned by Tilling itself. To simplify the arrangement, BAT was reconstructed with a new title, Tilling & British Automobile Traction Ltd (TBAT), and Tilling exchanged its shares in the various operating companies for an increased shareholding in the new company. The railways of Britain had grown significantly and many companies had developed bus services. In 1923, most of these "pre-grouping" companies merged to form four mainline companies: Great Western Railway; Southern Railway; London, Midland and Scottish Railway; and London and North Eastern Railway. During the 1920s, the "Big Four" divested themselves of much of the operations of their bus networks by transferring their interests to Tilling and BET in exchange for shares. The Tilling family's association with the company ended in 1929 with the death of Richard Tilling. In 1931, Thomas Tilling Ltd acquired the Bristol Tramways and Carriage Company, along with the Eastern Counties Omnibus Company, whose bus construction activities were renamed the Eastern Coach Works Ltd (ECW) in 1936. In 1933, the new London Passenger Transport Board compulsorily acquired the 328 buses that made up Tilling's South London services. In 1935, Tilling took over Royal Blue, which was the premier express coach company in the South and West of England, with a network of routes stretching from Penzance to Margate and Bournemouth to London, having developed tours and local services around Bournemouth and the New Forest in the horse-drawn era and express coach services after the First World War.	2.28125
15833224	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20B.%20Duncan	George B. Duncan	Major General George Brand Duncan (October 10, 1861 – March 15, 1950) was a United States Army officer who served in numerous conflicts, most notably World War I, where he commanded the 82nd Division, now the 82nd Airborne Division. Military career The son of Henry Timberlake Duncan Jr., mayor of Lexington, Kentucky, George Brand Duncan entered the United States Military Academy (USMA) in 1882, graduating in 1886 and receiving a position as a second lieutenant in the 9th Infantry. Several of his classmates included men who would, like Duncan himself, eventually rise to general officer rank, such as John J. Pershing, Charles T. Menoher, Walter Henry Gordon, Edward Mann Lewis, Mason Patrick, Julius Penn, Avery D. Andrews, John E. McMahon, Ernest Hinds, William H. Hay, James McRae, Lucien Grant Berry and Jesse McI. Carter. He was stationed in Cuba during the Spanish–American War, and he served with distinction during the Philippine–American War, helping to organize the Philippine Scouts. After a term on the General Staff, Duncan reported to France in June 1917, two months after the American entry into World War I, where he served as the commander of the 26th Infantry Regiment, part of the 1st Division of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). In September he was given command of the 1st Brigade, 1st Division. He remained in this appointment until May 1918 when he was selected by General John J. Pershing, his classmate at West Point who was now in command of the AEF, to take over the 77th Division. The first of the National Army divisions to arrive in France, the 77th began training with the British forces in northern France and Belgium where it soon gained a reputation as a first-class unit. After having been relieved over concerns about his physical condition, Duncan successfully convinced Pershing to return him to command. In October 1918, Duncan relieved Major General William P. Burnham as commander of the 82nd Division, and participated in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.	2.359375
15833413	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%2C%20Baltimore	Brooklyn, Baltimore	Brooklyn is one of the southernmost neighborhoods in Baltimore, Maryland. It is located near Anne Arundel County along Governor Ritchie Highway which is also Maryland Route 2. Its main roads are South Hanover Street, (formerly First Street - before 1919), Potee Street, and East Patapsco Avenue, Sixth Street, Tenth Street, and West Bay Avenue which borders the neighboring Curtis Bay community to the east, running through Bay Brook Park, which separates the two. South Hanover Street also serves as the dividing line between east–west streets in Brooklyn, as Charles Street (which acts as the east–west divider from downtown north to the city line) does not exist here. Often mistaken for the similarly-named Brooklyn Park area, Brooklyn shares the 21225 ZIP Code with the greater Brooklyn Park area which is across the Baltimore City Line (of the Annexation of 1919) in (northern Anne Arundel County) and the other neighboring community of Cherry Hill to the west and northwest across the now small western branch (formerly the old "Ferry Branch") of the Patapsco River flowing from Ellicott City and Elkridge and along the shoreline-hugging southern extension "South Hanover Street" of the downtown's old colonial-era "Hanover Street" (of the "Original Survey of 1729" of Baltimore Town) across the 1914-1917 Hanover Street Bridge, later renamed the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge in the 1990s.	1.960938
15833413	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%2C%20Baltimore	Brooklyn, Baltimore	To the northeast, along the shoreline of the Patapsco River is the former residential communities of Fairfield and Wagner's Point (also known as East Brooklyn), which were "islands of houses" surrounded by the belt of river-front heavy industry. During the construction of the 1955-1957 Baltimore Harbor Tunnel of Interstate 895 (Maryland), another smaller residential island neighborhood of Masonville was purchased and razed by the highway construction. Recently, its old name has been resurrected as the name of the nearby cove on the south shore of the river which has endured as a swampy forested "island of nature" and slated to be preserved amidst the nearby development of further port facilities for the Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore. In the past decade these two communities of Fairfield and Wagner's Point have been also bought out and razed. Brooklyn is within the Baltimore City limits and Brooklyn Park and Brooklyn Heights along with smaller neighboring neighborhoods of Arundel Village, Arundel Gardens, Pumphrey, and Roland Terrace are in northern Anne Arundel County. Brooklyn is the location of the John R. Hargrove, Sr. District Court Building, located right off of Patapsco Avenue. There is also a host of industry in the region, mainly shipping ports, rail yards, and oil tanks. Many car imports come through this area, as well as being the south end of the Harbor Tunnel that runs off I-895. History On 26 December 1911, King Johnson was lynched in Brooklyn. A mob was able to take him from his jail cell and shoot him four times. Nobody was ever tried for the killing. The Brooklyn neighborhood was included in the areas annexed to the City of Baltimore in 1918 as a result of state legislation. Prior to the annexation, the neighborhood had been part of Anne Arundel County. On July 2, 2023, a mass shooting occurred in Brooklyn during a Brooklyn Day celebration. Two people were killed and 28 were injured according to police. It is the largest shooting incident in the city's history.	2.09375
15833433	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t%20Kh%C3%AA	Việt Khê	Việt Khê is an archaeological site in the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam. Excavations there yielded a number of coffins containing relics of the Dong Son culture in Bronze Age. The Việt Khê construction site is located on the southern base of a hill which overlooks the Hàn River near Thủy Nguyên District, Haiphong. Five wooden coffins were excavated in 1961, each of which were aligned in the east-west direction, with at least two pairs of coffins being configured in a linear manner. In 2013, the largest coffin and its contained artifacts found at Việt Khê was designated as a national treasure of Vietnam by the Vietnamese Prime Minister. In 2016, the complete burial ensemble were brought to Germany primarily for conservation and had to be accompanied by Vietnamese conservators. Only by this context, a permit was issued by the Prime Minister of Vietnam for the first time regarding a national treasure loan to the exhibition “Archaeological Treasures from Vietnam” in Herne, Chemnitz and Mannheim. Artifacts The largest coffin was that labelled as burial M2, spanning a length of 4.76 m, but no human remains were found in that coffin. The coffin was made of 1-meter diameter trunk with two ends made of thick planks. It is almost in a shape of a boat. There were 107 grave items including vase, urns, jars, censers, drums, axes, spearheads, chisels, bells, trays and a leather piece. Bronze objects are 90% including urns, vessels, jars, censers, pots, lamps, weapons. It could be said that no other excavation in Vietnam has found such big quantity and multi-type items as much as this Viet Khe coffin. Thirty-one pediform socketed axes with oval sockers were unearthed, in addition to two symmetrical axes with rectangular sockets and flared blades, and another two axes with blades almost parallel-sided.	2.671875
15833433	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t%20Kh%C3%AA	Việt Khê	The chisels found at the burial site were divided into three varieties of classifications, these being wide, pointed and small-gauge working ended chisels. The pediform axes found at Viet Khe differ from most other specimens of Dong Son culture, because they were plain in appearance and had very sparse ornamental decoration. Although some of the axes were used in woodworking, there were also a range of axes that appeared to be used for the purposes of weaponry. The archaeologists involved in the excavations classified three types of socketed spearheads, two styles of socketed arrowhead, daggers with blades ranging up to 20 cm long and a sword almost 50 cm long. Four ring-handled knives were uncovered, with a Sinic origin or appearance. One of the major artefacts uncovered at Viet Khe in terms of aesthetic impact were a set of bronze vessels, known as thap (thạp). These are tall vessels, similar in shape to vases, with slowly tapering sides and strap handles. The largest stands at 37 cm in its current fragmented condition, bearing panels of decorative artwork that combine spiral and geometric motifs. The panel also depicts scenes of plumed warriors travelling on dryland or on water transport associated with both avian and aquatic life. The tho (thố) is a bronze hemispherical vessel with outward sloping sides standing on a low tripod pedestal, similar to an incense bowl. One of the examples recovered from Viet Khe stands 22.5 cm tall and is decorated with rows of spiral and geometric patterns. The binh (bình) is a globular vessel, wider on the sides than vertically, standing on a high pedestal similar to a circular base. It has two handles at the top and its lid is decorated with further geometric decorations. One of the examples unearthed was 21 cm in height and 24.7 cm in diameter.	2.515625
15833433	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t%20Kh%C3%AA	Việt Khê	One example of the au (âu), a basin with a handle, supported by a pedestal, was found at Viet Khe. A dinh, a basin supported by three legs was found, which resembled the li of China. The khay is an artefact not similar to modern implements, consistings of a low tray wide large handles, decorated with triangular figures and spiral motifs. An am found in the excavation is a rounded vessel with a spout resembling that of a kettle, was undecorated and damaged. A set of ornamented bronze ladles (muôi) were also unearthed, all of approximately 20 cm long. One was decorated with depictions of flying birds and geometric patterns, while another showed a picture of a man playing music. The circular motifs in the artefacts excavated at Viet Khe were not restricted to the bronze specimens, with a piece of leather also being ornamented in this way. The coffins also held sooden hafts for use in speartips, impressions of matting on soul and items of lacquer, cloth and basketry. Musical instruments On the musical front, a small drum was found, with a tympanum 23 cm wide showing the design of a central-rayed solar body, enveloped by four birds in flight. On a part of the mantle remains in existence, which contains artwork of a bird within a panel whose boundary is denoted by decorated circular bands. A set of musical bells was also found; some were decorated with local Dong Son artforms while others showed Chinese influences. Dating and analysis Three radiocarbon dating figures have been ascertained from the coffin wood at Viet Khe. Taking into account the possibility that already long dead trees were used for constructing the coffins, archaeologists have estimated the age of the Viet Khe artefacts to be between 300 BCE and 500 BCE, which would place the Viet Khe site among the earlier of the Dong Son burial sites.	2.359375

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