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13164010
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Phillips%20%28first%20baseman%29
|
Jack Phillips (first baseman)
|
Jack Dorn Phillips (September 6, 1921 – August 30, 2009) was an American professional baseball player whose career extended from 1943 to 1959. In the Major Leagues, he was a backup first baseman who played for three different teams between the and seasons. Listed at tall and , Phillips batted and threw right-handed, and was nicknamed "Stretch" for his flexibility when covering first base.
Early years
A native of Clarence, New York, Phillips graduated from Lancaster High School in 1939 and Clarkson University in 1943. He served in the US Navy during World War II.
Baseball career
Phillips entered the majors in 1947 with the New York Yankees, playing for them two and half years joining the Pittsburgh Pirates (1949–52) and Detroit Tigers (1955–57). His most productive season came in 1956 with the Tigers, when he posted career numbers in home runs (5), runs scored (25) and runs batted in (34), while hitting for a .293 average in 69 games.
The highlight of Phillips’ career was his ultimate grand slam (a walk-off grand slam that erases a three-run deficit) on July 8, 1950, which he hit against the St. Louis Cardinals, with the ball tipping off the end of Stan Musial's glove as it went over the outfield fence. Through the end of the 2016 season, Phillips is one of just 28 players in major league history to hit an ultimate grand slam.
In a nine-season career, Phillips was a .283 hitter (252-for-892) in 343 games, including 111 runs, 101 RBIs, 42 doubles, 16 triples, nine home runs and five stolen bases.
A member of the 1947 World Champions New York Yankees, Phillips also earned Pacific Coast League MVP honors in 1954, after hitting .300 with 17 homers for Triple-A Hollywood Stars. In 11 minor league seasons, he hit a combined .278 in 1,212 games for five different teams between 1943 and 1959.
| 1.976563
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13164036
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg%20Seven
|
Harrisburg Seven
|
Douglas set up a mail drop and persuaded students to transcribe letters intended for Berrigan into his school notebooks to smuggle into the prison. They were later called, unwillingly, as government witnesses. Douglas was the chief prosecution witness. Librarian Zoia Horn was jailed for nearly three weeks for refusing to testify for the prosecution on the grounds that her forced testimony would threaten intellectual and academic freedom. She was the first United States librarian to be jailed for refusing to share information as a matter of conscience.
The trial
U.S. attorneys obtained an indictment charging the Harrisburg Seven with conspiracy to kidnap Kissinger and to bomb steam tunnels. They filed the case in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, seat of the Middle District. Activist attorney and former Attorney General Ramsey Clark led the defense team for their trial during the spring months of 1972. Unconventionally, he didn't call any witnesses in his clients' defense, including the defendants themselves. He reasoned that the jury was sympathetic to his Catholic clients and that that sympathy would be ruined by their testimony that they'd burned their draft cards. After nearly 60 hours of deliberations, the jury remained hung and the defendants were freed.
Douglas testified that he transmitted transcribed letters between the defendants, which the prosecution used as evidence of a conspiracy among them. Several of Douglas' former girlfriends testified at the trial that he acted not just as an informer, but also as a catalyst and agent provocateur for the group's plans.
There were minor convictions for a few of the defendants, based on smuggling mail into the prison; most of those were overturned on appeal.
The trial gained some notoriety for the use of scientific jury selection – use of demographic factors to identify unfavorable jurors – to keep the defendants from being convicted.
| 1.914063
| 0
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13164048
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper%20King
|
Jasper King
|
Robert Jasper Stuart King, also known as Robert Stuart-King (10 May 1909 – 11 May 1992), was an English cricketer.
Family
King was born in Leigh-on-Sea to a family of Anglican priests. His father, Robert King was Rector of St Clement's Church, Leigh-on-Sea, from 1892 to 1950, and his grandfather, Walker King, had been Rector of the same church from 1859 to 1892. Among his other clerical relatives was his great-uncle, Edward King, who was Bishop of Lincoln from 1885 to 1910 and was famously prosecuted for ritualistic practices.
Cricketing career and later life
King was captain of cricket at Felsted School.
Later, he was a right-handed batsman and leg-break bowler who played for Essex. He represented Essex in one match during the 1928 season, scoring just three runs from the lower-order, and conceding 20 runs from 7 overs in the ball in his two bowling spells.
King moved to South Africa in his early fifties, and umpired 29 first-class cricket matches in total, mostly in the Currie Cup during the 1960s and 1970s.
He moved back to England late in his life, after umpiring his final game at the age of 70, and died at Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex, the day after his 83rd birthday.
| 2.015625
| 0
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13164053
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser%20Richmond%20Field%20Hospital
|
Kaiser Richmond Field Hospital
|
The Kaiser Richmond Field Hospital was the first Kaiser Permanente Hospital and is a historic site resource of the city of Richmond, California, and a contributing property to Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The hospital provided health services for surrounding communities until 1995 when it was replaced by the then state-of-the-art Richmond Medical Center in downtown Richmond. The field hospital is now closed and remains in its original location in South Richmond along Cutting Boulevard.
Background
More American workers died in Home Front accidents than US soldiers killed on World War II battlefields. This was true up to the Battle of Normandy in June 1944. Henry J. Kaiser, owner of the Richmond Shipyards, realized that only a healthy work force could meet the deadlines and construction needs of wartime America. He institutionalized a revolutionary idea, pre-paid medical care for workers, which soon expanded beyond workers. For many workers, this was the first time they had seen a doctor.
Hospital operations
The Kaiser Richmond Field Hospital for the Richmond Shipyards was financed by the U.S. Maritime Commission, and opened on August 10, 1942. Sponsored by Kaiser's Permanente Foundation, it was run by Medical Director Sidney R. Garfield, M.D. The Field Hospital served as the mid-level component of a three-tier medical care system that also included six well-equipped First Aid Stations at the individual shipyards, and the main Permanente Hospital in Oakland, where the most critical cases were treated. Together, these facilities served the employees of the Kaiser shipyards who had signed up for the Permanente Health Plan (commonly referred to as the "Kaiser Plan"), one of the country's first voluntary pre-paid medical plans, and a direct precursor to the health maintenance organizations (HMOs) defined by the federal HMO Act of 1973.
| 2.453125
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13164053
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser%20Richmond%20Field%20Hospital
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Kaiser Richmond Field Hospital
|
By August 1944, 92.2 percent of all Richmond shipyard employees had joined the plan, the first voluntary group plan in the country to feature group medical practice, prepayment and substantial medical facilities on such a large scale. After the war ended, the Health Plan was expanded to include workers' families. By 1990, Kaiser Permanente was still the country's largest nonprofit HMO. National Park Superintendent Martha Lee stated that the hospital "was the center of the nation’s first prepaid health care system and was a precursor of today’s HMO’s [sic]."
In part due to wartime materials rationing, the Field Hospital is a single-story wood frame structure designed in a simple modernist mode. Originally intended for use primarily as an emergency facility, the Field Hospital opened with only 10 beds. Later additions increased its capacity to 160 beds by 1944. The Field Hospital operated as a Kaiser Permanente hospital until closing in 1995. Kaiser conducted its first medical research at the facility in 1942 and later at another site before abandoning animal research all together in favor of correlational studies in 1958.
Current status
The site and its parcel officially entitled the Nystrom Tract Addition are owned by Masjeed Al-Noor. It was sold by Kaiser in the late 1990s, after the opening of the Richmond Medical Center and converted to a mosque that was shut down for dilapidated conditions in 2014 by the Richmond Fire Department, which caused accusations of racism by Richmond City Councilman Corky Boozé while the congregation began to meet in a tent according to Richmond Confidential.
In the summer of 2007 preliminary bus tours were begun with a new guideless model, which instead filled half of the bus with residents who spoke of their experiences from the time to put what are otherwise everyday streets for residents into a greater historical perspective.
| 2.46875
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13164075
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandywine%20flag
|
Brandywine flag
|
The Brandywine flag was a banner carried by Captain Robert Wilson's company of the 7th Pennsylvania Regiment. The company flag received the name after it was used in the Battle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777. The flag is red, with a red and white American flag image in the canton.
Other stories indicate that the flag may have actually flown earlier, at the Battle of Cooch's Bridge in Delaware on 3 September 1777. Captain Wilson may have also brought it to the Battle of Paoli on 21 September and the Battle of Germantown on 4 October.
The 7th Pennsylvania Flag may have been one of the first American flags to feature stars and stripes, although it was a militia company's flag, not a flag of Washington's army. The Flag Resolution of 1777 defined the official flag of the United States as having 13 stripes and 13 stars, although the specific pattern of the stars was not specified. Many variations existed. The flag shown in the canton of the Brandywine Flag uses a 4-5-4 star pattern, and was probably patterned after a Hopkinson-style United States flag.
The Brandywine Flag is currently displayed in Philadelphia's Independence National Historical Park, and was featured on a 33¢ postage stamp issued in 2000, as a part of the US Postal Service's Stars and Stripes series.
The colors and pattern on the stamp may have been altered for aesthetic purposes.
| 2.640625
| 0
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13164117
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisi%20Raskin
|
Lisi Raskin
|
Lisi Raskin (born Miami) is an artist known for creating large-scale, architectural environments that refer to the often clandestine fallout shelters and missile silos constructed during the Cold War. Raskin performs rigorous field research in order to understand these architectures and the stories embedded within them. In an effort to articulate the nuance of alternate narratives, Raskin often stages performances and displays discrete art objects ranging from drawings and paintings to sculpture within their installations. Often Raskin employs the assistance of their male, German, alter-ego, Herr Doktor Wolfgang Hauptman to exorcise repressed cultural narratives that lurk in their choice of subject matter.
Early life and education
Raskin was born in Miami, Florida, the eldest of four children. They grew up in a newly forming, suburban housing development, a location they have referred to as the site of their earliest adventures, play, and invention in the landscape. In 1996 Raskin received a BA from Brandeis University. In 2003, they received an MFA from Columbia University in New York City. While at Columbia, Raskin studied with Jon Kessler, Kara Walker, Coco Fusco, Dana Hoey and anthropologist Michael Taussig.
Work
In 2013 Raskin traveled to Afghanistan as part of Creative Time Global Residency Program. In 2005, Raskin was awarded the Berlin Prize at the American Academy in Berlin. They were an artist in residence at IASPIS in Stockholm for most of 2007 and in 2008, Raskin was an artist in residence at the Center for Curatorial Studies and Art in Contemporary Culture at Bard College.
Raskin made their New York gallery debut in May 2007 at Guild & Greyshkul after having exhibited in various galleries and institutions including Galleria Riccardo Crespi, Socrates Sculpture Park, PS1/MoMa, Kuenstlerhaus Bethanien, and Artists Space. Since then Raskin has had solo gallery shows at Milliken in Stockholm, Reception in Berlin and Churner and Churner in New York.
| 2.234375
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13164183
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%20Bond%20Warehouse
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B Bond Warehouse
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B Bond Warehouse () is a former bonded warehouse built to serve Bristol Harbour.
Built in 1908, B Bond was the second of three warehouses constructed close to Cumberland Basin to meet the demands of the tobacco import boom of the early 20th century. A Bond was built in 1905 and C Bond in 1919. All three warehouses are Grade II listed buildings.
B Bond was the first major building in Britain constructed using the reinforced concrete system pioneered by Edmond Coignet. It was built by Cowlins Construction. The open plan structure, which is nine storeys high and has an 18-window range, was created in two equal parts separated by central spine wall. In addition to the concrete structure, the warehouse was built using black bricks, patent red bricks and blue engineering bricks, with Pennant stone steps, terracotta details and a Welsh slate roof.
In the 1990s it was still being used for the storage of wines and spirits. The building is now owned by Bristol City Council. The western half houses Bristol Archives (which holds the extensive archives of the city of Bristol) as well as other council offices. The brickwork of the exterior of the building was refurbished by John Perkins Construction using bricks which matched the originals.
The eastern side is occupied by the CREATE Centre, which includes an energy-saving Ecohome designed by Bruges Tozer Architects. The CREATE Centre also houses several organisations working in sustainable development, including the city council's sustainability teams.
In 2015 a quarter of a million books and reference materials were moved from Bristol Central Library to the B Bond Warehouse to make space for refurbishment and the development of a school at the library building.
| 2.234375
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13164317
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodleston
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Dodleston
|
Dodleston is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. The village is situated to the south west of Chester, very close to the England–Wales border. The civil parish includes Balderton, Gorstella, Lower Kinnerton and Rough Hill. It is one of the three old Cheshire parishes which are situated on the Flintshire side of the River Dee.
Dodleston has a village shop with post office, village hall, village green, a C of E primary school, the Grade II listed St Mary's Church and the Grade II listed 'Red Lion' pub.
It also contains some good examples of buildings by the 19th-century architect John Douglas.
At the 2001 census, the population of Dodleston was 777,
reducing to 715 at the 2011 census.
History
The name Dodleston likely derives from the Old English personal noun Dod(d)el and the word tūn, meaning "an enclosure, farmstead or settlement". In 1086, Dodleston was recorded in the Domesday Book as a relatively large settlement within the hundred of Ati's Cross and in the county of Cheshire. The castle at Dodleston was first mentioned in 1277, but was likely founded in the 12th century.
Dodleston was a township in Broxton Hundred. The population was recorded over time as 185 in 1801, 258 in 1851, 307 in 1901, 267 in 1951 and significantly increasing to 777 by 2001.
The village was also the birthplace of Sir Thomas Egerton (1540–1617), who rose to importance during the latter years of Elizabeth I and the early reign of James I. Because of his high status he could have been buried in either Westminster Abbey or St Paul's Cathedral in London, but chose St Mary's Church, Dodleston, as his final resting place.
| 2.25
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13164333
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20McAlister
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Elizabeth McAlister
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Elizabeth McAlister (born November 17, 1939) is an American peace activist and former nun of the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary. She married Philip Berrigan and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church. McAlister served prison time for nonviolent acts of civil disobedience.
Early life
Liz McAlister was born Maureen McAlister to Irish immigrant parents in Montclair, New Jersey. She and her twin sister Katherine had a sheltered upbringing and attended Lacordaire Academy. Following graduation, the sisters attended Marymount College, Tarrytown. During her sophomore year at Marymount College, McAlister, still Maureen, entered the novitiate of the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary (RSHM). In June 1961, she became Sister Elizabeth McAlister. McAlister continued her studies at Hunter College, graduating with a master's degree in art. She then returned to teach art history at Marymount College in 1963.
Life of protest and witness
Philip Berrigan
While an instructor at Marymount College, McAlister got involved with peace demonstrations and prayer vigils against the Vietnam War. Through this community, McAlister met Philip Berrigan, who came to speak and demonstrate in Tarrytown, New York. According to McAlister's daughter, Frida Berrigan, the two met "at a funeral in 1966", although there are accounts that Berrigan and McAlister moved in the same circles from 1964, on. In early 1969, Phil Berrigan and McAlister married by "mutual consent". At this time, Berrigan was awaiting sentencing for pouring blood on draft files in the U.S. Customs House in Baltimore.
| 2.109375
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13164333
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20McAlister
|
Elizabeth McAlister
|
Harrisburg Seven
While Berrigan was in federal prison for his involvement in the Catonsville Nine, McAlister and Berrigan communicated via a fellow inmate, Boyd Douglas, who was allowed furlough for work release. Douglas was an informant for the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and turned over the contents of Berrigan and McAlister's letters to the authorities. These letters, which seemed to include plans to kidnap Henry Kissinger (the material was deliberately taken out of context), led to the prosecution of McAlister, Berrigan, and five others, known as the Harrisburg Seven.
Excommunication and marriage
Berrigan had spoken and written about the importance of celibacy to activists, but abandoned his previous position against romantic entanglements for McAlister. McAlister and Berrigan were married (witnessed commitment) in January 1972 while Berrigan was in prison. Following his parole, on May 28, 1973, they were legally married and they were excommunicated by the Catholic Church, though their excommunication was later lifted. McAlister had three children with Berrigan: Frida, Jerry, and Kate. McAlister and Berrigan continued their activism, serving jail time for their civil disobedience. During their twenty-nine year marriage, Berrigan and McAlister spent a total of eleven years separated by prison.
Jonah House and later life
McAlister and Berrigan founded Jonah House in 1973. Called a resistance community Jonah House was a commune, with the Berrigan-McAlister family living in the basement of the Baltimore row house. They raised their three children there, with the help of the other activists in the community. In 1996, Jonah House moved to a house overlooking St. Peter's Cemetery, and the community members cared for the grounds.
| 1.976563
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13164354
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio%20Salado%20%28Mexico%29
|
Rio Salado (Mexico)
|
The Río Salado, also Río Salado de los Nadadores, or Salado River, is a river in northern Mexico, a tributary of the Rio Grande (Río Bravo). Its basin extends across the northern portion of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas states.
It originates in the Sierra Madre Oriental in Coahuila and flows east-northeastward. It is joined by the Rio Sabinas in the reservoir created by the Venustiano Carranza Dam. The Salado flows southeast from the reservoir through northern Nuevo León and northwestern Tamaulipas, where it is joined by the Sabinas Hidalgo River, to join the Rio Grande in the Falcón Reservoir, at Rio Grande river kilometer 43.
Economic importance
The river is used mainly for agricultural and mining activity, especially for irrigation of cotton. Fishing has been increasing because some species have been introduced such as gizzard shad, largemouth bass and white bass, among others. Water lilies have also been introduced.
Environmental impact
The river faces a number of problems related to mismanagement. There is no system to regulate the exploitation of resources found there.
| 2.765625
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13164373
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Iraqis
|
British Iraqis
|
British Iraqis are British citizens who originate from Iraq.
The three main ethnicities within the British Iraqi community are Arabs, Kurds and Turkmen, according to a publication by the International Organization for Migration. There are also smaller Assyrian, Mandaean and Yazidi communities.
History
The UK has had a significant Iraqi population since the late 1940s. Refugees including liberal and radical intellectuals dissatisfied with the monarchist regime moved to the UK at this time. Supporters of the monarchy subsequently fled to the UK after it was overthrown. According to an International Organization for Migration mapping exercise, many settled Iraqi migrants in the UK moved for educational purposes or to seek a better life in the 1950s and 1960s. Some members of religious minorities were also forced to leave Iraq in the 1950s. Other Iraqis migrated to the UK to seek political asylum during the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein, with large number of Kurds and Shi'a Muslims in particular migrating in the 1970s and 1980s, or as a result of the instability that followed the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
In the six-year period between 2018 and 2023, 15,392 Iraqi nationals entered the United Kingdom by crossing the English Channel using small boats – the third most common nationality of all small boat arrivals.
Demographics
Population size
The 2001 UK census recorded 32,236 Iraqi-born residents. The 2011 UK census recorded 70,426 Iraqi-born residents in England, 2,548 in Wales, 2,246 in Scotland and 75 in Northern Ireland. The Office for National Statistics estimates that, as of 2020, the UK-wide figure was around 58,000.
According to estimates by the Iraqi embassy in 2007, the Iraqi population in the UK was around 350,000–450,000. At the time of the Iraqi parliamentary election in January 2005, the International Herald Tribune suggested that 250,000 Iraqi exiles were living in the UK, with an estimated 150,000 eligible to vote.
| 3.078125
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13164373
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Iraqis
|
British Iraqis
|
Population distribution
According to community leaders in March 2007, there are around 150,000 Iraqis in London, 35,000 in Birmingham, 18,000 in Manchester, 8,000 in Cardiff and 5,000 in Glasgow.
Ethnicity
According to the International Organization for Migration, the three largest ethnic groups in the British Iraqi community are Arabs, Iraqi Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen. In particular, the Kurds form the most numerous of these ethnic groups. Moreover, they also form the largest Kurdish community in the UK, exceeding the numbers from Turkey and Iran.
There are also sizeable numbers of Assyrians, Armenians, Mandaeans and other ethnic groups, such as Iraqi Jews, Yezidi, Shabakis and Kawliya.
According to the 2011 census, Iraqi-born England and Wales residents most commonly gave their ethnicity as Arab (39%), "any other ethnic group" (28%) and Asian (17%).
Religion
Although the majority of Iraqis are Muslim (Shia and Sunni), there are also minority religions including Christians, Jews, and followers of Mandaeism, Yazidism, Shabakism and Yarsan.
Notable individuals
Notable Iraqi names in Britain include:
Labour MP for North Somerset, Sadik Al-Hassan
Former Conservative MP and Chancellor of the Exchequer Nadhim Zahawi,
Actor, producer and director Andy Serkis,
Labour politician Cllr Sarbaz Barznji, former Mayor of London borough of Lambeth.
Mothercare founder Selim Zilkha,
Advertising agents Saatchi & Saatchi,
Architect Dame Zaha Hadid (DBE, RA),
Broadcaster Alan Yentob,
Theoretical physicist Jim Al-Khalili (OBE)
Chartered Scientist M E H Rasheed (PhD)
Hip hop artist Lowkey
Former Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi
The billionaire founder of Investcorp, Nemir Kirdar, and his daughter, the author and socialite, Rena Kirdar Sindi.
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13164491
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlwinds%20of%20Danger
|
Whirlwinds of Danger
|
Whirlwinds of Danger (original Polish title: Warszawianka) is a Polish socialist revolutionary song written some time between 1879 and 1883. The Polish title, a deliberate reference to the earlier song by the same title, could be translated as either The Varsovian, The Song of Warsaw (as in the Leon Lishner version) or "the lady of Warsaw". To distinguish between the two, it is often called "Warszawianka 1905 roku" ("Warszawianka of 1905"), after the song became the anthem of worker protests during the Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907), when 30 workers were shot during the May Day demonstrations in Warsaw in 1905.
According to one version, Wacław Święcicki wrote the song in 1879 while serving a sentence in the Tenth Pavilion of the Warsaw Citadel for socialist activity. Another popular version has it written in 1883, immediately upon Święcicki's return from exile in Siberia. By the beginning of the next decade the song became one of the most popular revolutionary anthems in Russian-held Poland. The music was written by composer Józef Pławiński, who was imprisoned together with Święcicki, inspired partially by the January Uprising song "Marsz Żuawów".
Lyrics and variants
Its Russian version with altered lyrics, which removed any mention of Warsaw from the song, the "Varshavianka" (Варшавянка), once experienced considerable popularity. Gleb Krzhizhanovsky is usually reported as the author of the Russian version and the moment of writing the text is thought to be 1897, when Krzhizhanovsky was imprisoned.
In East Germany, a German translation was created and used as a common piece of marching music by the Army; whilst France's 1st Parachute Hussar Regiment adopted the same music using different lyrics.
In 1924, Isadora Duncan composed a dance routine called Varshavianka to the tune of the song.
| 2.15625
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13164574
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisita
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Elisita
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Elisita is a 1980 Spanish dramatic film written and directed by Juan Cano Arecha.
The film is a love story between a young student (Antonio) and an older woman (Elisita). Action takes place in Madrid, Spain during the Francoist State.
Plot
The film begins in 1980's Spain during Spain's transition to democracy. An old single woman (Elisita) sits alone in ‘The Retiro’ park in central Madrid remembering her only love story during the post civil war in Spain.
Flashback takes us back to Francisco Franco's Francoist State. Elisita is an intelligent young but mature woman who lives with her rich widower and extremely Catholic mother Dona Elisa. Elisita's mother encourages her to find a husband and marry before she is too old. Antonio is a young student friend of the family who is preparing for his school exams. Too young to be her husband, Antonio is mutually attracted by her caring personality. Elisita is asked to help Antonio with his Latin and math lessons. As they spend several afternoons together they develop a close bond. Elisita knows this might be her last chance to fall in love and Antonio's first encounter with passion. As days pass, Elisita and Antonio fall in love and the inevitable happens.
Cast
Nicolas De Santis - Antonio
Encarna Paso - Elisita
Lola Gaos – Dona Elisa
Imanol Arias – Boy in park
Mari Paz Ballesteros - Amiga
Concha Gomez Conde – Antonio's mother
Guillermo Heras – Doctor
Socorro Anadon – Girl in park
Production notes
Nicolas De Santis who plays Antonio as lead actor is the son of famous Spanish actress Maria Cuadra and Italian producer Eduardo De Santis. He made his debut in this movie at 14 years of age.
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13164797
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20bottom%20trailer
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Live bottom trailer
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A live bottom trailer is a semi-trailer used for hauling loose material such as asphalt, grain, potatoes, sand and gravel. A live bottom trailer is the alternative to a dump truck or an end dump trailer. The typical live bottom trailer has a conveyor belt on the bottom of the trailer tub that pushes the material out of the back of the trailer at a controlled pace. Unlike the conventional dump truck, the tub does not have to be raised to deposit the materials.
Operation
The live bottom trailer is powered by a hydraulic system. When the operator engages the truck hydraulic system, it activates the conveyor belt, moving the load horizontally out of the back trailer.
Uses
Live bottom trailers can haul a variety of products including gravel, potatoes, top soil, grain, carrots, sand, lime, peat moss, asphalt, compost, rip-rap, heavy rocks, biowaste, etc.
Those who work in industries such as the agriculture and construction benefit from the speed of unloading, versatility of the trailer and chassis mount.
Safety
The live bottom trailer eliminates trailer roll over because the tub does not have to be raised in the air to unload the materials. The trailer has a lower centre of gravity which makes it easy for the trailer to unload in an uneven area, compared to dump trailers that have to be on level ground to unload.
Overhead electrical wires are a danger for the conventional dump trailer during unloading, but with a live bottom, wires are not a problem. The trailer can work anywhere that it can drive into because the tub does not have to be raised for unloading. In addition, the truck cannot be accidentally driven with the trailer raised, which has been a cause of a number of accidents, often involving collision with bridges, overpasses, or overhead/suspended traffic signs/lights.
| 2.203125
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13164797
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20bottom%20trailer
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Live bottom trailer
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Advantages
The tub empties clean, making it easier for different materials to be transported without having to get inside the tub to clean it out. The conveyor belt allows the material to be dumped at a controlled pace so that the material can be partially unloaded where it is needed.
The rounded tub results in a lower centre of gravity which means a smoother ride and better handling than other trailers. Working under bridges and in confined areas is easier with a live bottom as opposed to a dump trailer because it can fit anywhere it can drive.
Wet or dry materials can be hauled in a live bottom trailer.
In a dump truck, wet materials stick in the top of the tub during unloading and causes trailer roll over. Insurance costs are lower for a live bottom trailer because it does not have to be raised in the air and there are few cases of trailer roll over.
Disadvantages
Some live bottom trailers are not well suited for heavy rock and demolition. However rip-rap, heavy rock, and asphalt can be hauled if built with the appropriate strength steels.
| 1.976563
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13164915
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purang%20Town
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Purang Town
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Purang or Burang, known as Puhreng in Tibetan (, IPA: puʂeŋ), (Nepali:ताक्लाकोट) is a town which serves as the administrative center of Purang County, Ngari Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), China. The town lies at an altitude of 3,900m (12,795 feet) in the valley of the Karnali River. The town spans an area of , and has a permanent population 6,047 as of 2010, and a hukou population of 4,477 as of 2018. To the south are Gurla Mandhata (Mount Namonanyi) and the Abi Gamin ranges. Lake Manasarovar and Mount Kailash are to the north. This region is the mythological and actual river nexus of the Himalaya with sources of the Indus, Ganges and Yarlung Tsangpo/Brahmaputra all within of Purang.
Etymology
The Tibetan name of the town (spu hreng) is a corruption of the Zhang-zhung words pu hrang, meaning 'horse head'. Nepalese call the town Taklakot from Tibetan 'Takla Khar' (). Takla Khar means Tiger Hill Castle, which is the name of a historic Zhang-zhung fortress in the county.
Saryu Karnali River's Peacock Mouth source is glaciers on the northern slopes of the Himalaya NW of Purang. The Lion Mouth source of the Indus is east of Mount Kailash and the Elephant Mouth is the source of the Sutlej. Lake Manasarovar is just 2 km from few of the Sarayu heads, and has an ephemeral connection to Rakshastal. The Horse Mouth source of the Yarlung Tsanpo (Brahmaputra) is about 90 km. (55 mi.) SE of Lake Manasarovar.
History and religion
Purang is an ancient trading post. Indian and Nepali communities residing in the mountainous parts of India and Nepal bordering the Purang county have for many generations conducted trade with Tibetan communities at Purang. But the conditions under which this trade presently happens are significantly different from those prevailing before the mid-twentieth century. The government of Nepal issues special border area passes to its citizens who are bona-fide residents of the border district of Humla, which enables them to seek seasonal work in Purang.
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13164926
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Nero
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Pseudo-Nero
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Another possible source of inspiration for those who impersonated Nero was the circulation of prophecies that predicted he would regain his kingdom in the East. One version placed his resurgence at Jerusalem. These prophecies have been tied to Nero's natal chart, which has been interpreted as pointing to a loss of his patrimony and its recovery in the East. Tacitus may have been referring to such prophecies in veiled language when he wrote of the rumors that circulated about Nero after his death, which had contributed to the belief that he had survived. The return of Nero may have inspired the author of the Book of Revelation when he wrote about the eschatological opponent called the Beast, which is mortally wounded and then miraculously heals. The number of the Beast, 666 or 616, depending on the manuscript, has been identified by some as the numerical value of the letters in Nero's name. Nero also appears more explicitly in this role in the Ascension of Isaiah and some of the books of the Sibylline Oracles. Owing to these prophecies and others, Nero was long thought to be the Antichrist.
First Impostor
The first Pseudo-Nero appeared in the autumn of 68 AD or the early winter of 69 AD in the Roman province of Achaia, today modern Greece. Nero had recently visited Greece (66–67 AD) to participate in its Panhellenic Games, and this may account for some of the support the impostor received. Tacitus attributed the whole phenomenon to the gullibility and restive nature of the Greeks, whom he seems to have disliked. The impostor, according to Tacitus, was either a slave from Pontus, or a freedman from Italy. The historian does not reveal much about the early career of the impostor, except to say that the Pseudo-Nero gathered around him a group of army deserters and then set out to sea.
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13164926
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Nero
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Pseudo-Nero
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The impostor's group was blown by storm to the island of Kythnos, one of the lesser islands of the Cyclades, which had only one community worthy of the appellation polis in antiquity—the city of Cythnus. Here he supposedly engaged in piracy by waylaying merchants, stealing their cargo, and arming their slaves. Cythnus was long known as a popular base for pirates. The false Nero also made appeals to bring Roman soldiers en route to Italy over to his growing armed force. Nero's successor Galba probably assigned Lucius Nonius Calpurnius Asprenas with the task of hunting down the impostor on his way to take up the governorship of the province of Galatia and Pamphylia. With information provided by naval captains that the Pseudo-Nero had attempted to seduce to his side, Asprenas ordered his soldiers to storm the ship and kill the impostor. Asprenas then sent the head of the impostor on a tour of Asia and then on to Rome.
Second Impostor
The second pseudo-Nero appeared during the reign of Titus. He was an Asiatic named Terentius Maximus and also sang to the accompaniment of the lyre and looked like Nero. He gained a great number of followers across the Euphrates to Parthia. He later fled to Parthia and tried to gain their support by claiming that they owed him some requital for the return of Armenia. Artabanus III, the Parthian King, out of anger towards Titus, both received him and made preparations to restore him to Rome. He was executed when his true identity was revealed.
Third Impostor
The third pseudo-Nero appeared twenty years after Nero's death, during the reign of Domitian. Supported by the Parthians, they hardly could be persuaded to give him up and the matter almost came to war.
Lindsey Davis wrote The Third Nero, a historical mystery, based on this episode.
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13164961
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Hutchinson%20Island
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North Hutchinson Island
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North Hutchinson Island is a coastal barrier island in Indian River and St. Lucie counties on the east coast of Florida. The island is adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean and is separated from the mainland on the west by the Indian River Lagoon. The portion of the island in Indian River County is known as Orchid Island.
Description
North Hutchinson Island is an Atlantic barrier island located on Florida's Treasure Coast approximately north of Fort Lauderdale. The island extends from the Sebastian Inlet on the north to the Fort Pierce Inlet on the south, and is about long. It has an area of .
The island was once included with the barrier island (Hutchinson Island) to the south as "Hutchinson Island", even though the Fort Pierce Inlet split it into two islands. In 1985, Indian River County renamed its portion of the island "Orchid Island", to distinguish it from the high density development occurring on Hutchinson Island in St. Lucie County.
State Road A1A is the main road for the length of the island, and four bridges provide access to the mainland. For most of its length, A-1-A is known as Atlantic Beach Boulevard. North Hutchinson Island has many county and state parks and preserves, and is one of the few areas on the east coast of Florida with several accreting (growing) beaches.
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13164961
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Hutchinson%20Island
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North Hutchinson Island
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A number of restaurants, hotels and shops are located on, or easily accessible to the island. Activities on North Hutchinson Island include fishing, snorkeling, boating, kayaking, hiking, biking, surfing, parasurfing, paddleboarding, and wildlife observation. On the northern end of the island is Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge, the nation's first refuge was established by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1903 with over of protected waters and lands. Avalon State Park located on A-1-A near the St. Lucie County line provides a number of recreational opportunities and its beach is used by visitors for swimming, snorkeling, surfing, and scuba diving. The area ecosystem provides a habitat for varied marine wildlife including manatees, dolphins, sea turtles, many species of fish, and birds.
Communities
The city of Vero Beach lies on both sides of the Indian River, with its main business and residential areas on the mainland. Two of the island's four bridges from the mainland lie within the city limits. Other communities on the island include the towns of Indian River Shores and Orchid, and the census-designated places of South Beach, Wabasso Beach and Windsor.
Parks and protected areas
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13165036
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langbourn
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Langbourn
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Langbourn is one of the 25 ancient wards of the City of London. It reputedly is named after a buried stream in the vicinity.
It is a small ward; a long thin area, running in a west–east direction. Historically, Lombard Street and Fenchurch Street were the principal streets, forming the cores of the ward's West and East divisions respectively. Boundary changes in 2003 and 2013 have resulted in most of the northern sides of these streets remaining in Langbourn, whilst the southern sides are now largely in the wards of Candlewick, Bridge, Billingsgate and Tower. Three changes to the boundaries of Langbourn took place in 2013; all of the southern side of Lombard Street, with the notable exception of the guild - or ward - church of St Mary Woolnoth, is in Candlewick (from 2003 to 2013 Candlewick extended only to Abchurch Lane); the ward of Walbrook now includes the northern side of Lombard Street from number 68 to Bank junction. In turn, Langbourn expanded by taking another part of Leadenhall Market, from Lime Street ward.
The ward at present borders eight other wards (Walbrook, Candlewick, Bridge, Billingsgate, Tower, Aldgate, Lime Street, and Cornhill); historically no other City ward bordered so many neighbours.
The ward encompasses a large area of Leadenhall Market and two historic churches: St. Mary Woolnoth and St. Edmund's. Historically, the ward also contained four other churches: St Nicholas Acons (destroyed in the Great Fire 1666), All Hallows Staining (demolished 1870), St. Dionis Backchurch (1878), and All Hallows Lombard Street (1939). It has its own club for ward officials, City workers and residents and newsletter.
Politics
Langbourn is one of 25 wards of the City of London, electing an alderman to the Court of Aldermen and three councilmen (the City equivalent of a councillor) to the Court of Common Council of the City of London Corporation. Only electors who are a freeman of the City of London are eligible to stand.
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13165081
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman%2C%20Ontario
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Coleman, Ontario
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Coleman is a township municipality in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is situated in the Timiskaming District of Northeastern Ontario. The township had a population of 595 in the Canada 2016 Census.
It is located along Highway 11 and 11-B.
History
The community was first formed around 1906. The township is named after geologist A. P. Coleman, who did extensive work in the region in the late 1800s. Coleman also mapped the Sudbury Basin, leading to important nickel discoveries, and proved conclusively that the area had been repeatedly glaciated. The township celebrated its first 100 years in 2006.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Coleman had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Mother tongue (2006):
English as first language: 77.0%
French as first language: 14.9%
English and French as first language: 4.6%
Other as first language: 3.5%
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13165113
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Dellinger
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Rudolf Dellinger
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Rudolf Dellinger (8 July 1857 – 24 September, 1910) was a German Bohemian composer and Kapellmeister. He almost exclusively composed operettas and was considered to be among the most outstanding composers of his time.
Born into a family of Bohemian of instrument makers in Graslitz, Dellinger received musical tuition early in life. He studied at the School of Music in Prague between 1874 and 1879, and later at the Prague Conservatory, where he was taught piano by, among others, Julius Pisarowitz.
After completing his musical education, he took a position as a clarinettist in Brno in 1880, then worked as a Kapellmeister in Passau, Eger, Prague and Salzburg. In 1883, Dellinger moved to Hamburg, where he worked at the Carl-Schultze-Theater. He wrote his first operettas there, which also premiered in Hamburg.
On 2 February 1886, Dellinger married Anna Maria Eppich, an Austrian singer.
In 1893, Dellinger was employed as Kapellmeister of the Residenztheater in Dresden, where he worked until his death at the age of 53.
Works
Dellinger's oeuvre includes:
1885: Don Cesar – libretto by Otto Walther, adapted from Don César de Bazan by Philippe Dumanoir and Adolphe d'Ennery
1886: Lorraine – libretto by Oscar Walther
1889: Capitain Fracassa – libretto by F. Zell and Richard Genée after Th. Gautier
1891: Saint Cyr – libretto by Otto Walther after Alexandre Dumas Sr
1894: Die Chansonette – libretto by Victor Léon and H. v. Waldberg
1901: Jadwiga – libretto by Richard Pohl and P. Hirschberger, after Les diamants de la couronne by E. Scribe
1910: Der letzte Jonas (The last Jonas) – libretto by Richard Pohl and L. Ascher
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13165170
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchnadamph
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Inchnadamph
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Inchnadamph is a hamlet in Assynt, Sutherland, Scotland. The name is an anglicisation of the Gaelic name Innis nan Damh meaning "meadow of the stags". Assynt is a remote area with a low population density. Inchnadamph contains a few houses, a lodge, a hotel and a historic old church, graveyard and mausoleum.
History
Bone Caves
The "Bone Caves" of Inchnadamph contain relics of Eurasian lynx, brown bear, Arctic fox, reindeer (dated to 47,000 BCE), the only evidence of polar bears so far found in Scotland, and human skeletons dated to the 3rd millennium BCE. The skeleton of a bear thought to be 11,000 years old or more was removed from the caves in 2008. The bones were found by cavers in 1995, deep in the Uamh an Claonaite system and have been examined by the National Museums Scotland to determine the age and species. It is presumed the animal died while hibernating, and that its body was later washed further into the underground network.
Ardvreck Castle
The ruins of Ardvreck Castle lie nearby on the shores of Loch Assynt. The castle was badly damaged in a thunderstorm in 1795. The Old Parish Church of Assynt is located in the village and pieces of an old Celtic cross have been found, dating from the 8th to the 11th century.
Old Parish Church
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13165170
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchnadamph
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Inchnadamph
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The Old Parish Church of Assynt (Church of Scotland, Listed Building LB44967), is one of the tourist sites of Inchnadamph. Local lore ascribes the origin of the church to Angus Macleod, laird of Assynt between 1436–1443. The first official notice was in 1455. Only the burial vault of the Macleods remains of the old structure, in the graveyard to the SE of the present church. The present church was built in 1741–1743 and was renovated in 1900 by William C. Joass. It is not used for worship now. The 5-bay rectangular building measures 15m x 6m and is aligned E-W. At the east end is a spire on a square base with a cross finial. The roof is graded slate with a stone ridge, the rubble walls are pebble-dashed and whitewashed. The church and graveyard occupy an area of about 32m x 26m, protected by stone boundary walls. The interior was refurbished in 1900. The pulpit is octagonal and the pews are made of pine. The churchyard and MacLeod Vault, excluding the present church building, are a Historic Environment Scotland scheduled monument SM8309.
Geology
The Moine Thrust runs through the area, which is a mecca for geologists, who can find accommodation in the Assynt Field Centre (Inchnadamph Lodge) or at Inchnadamph Hotel. Nearby there is a monument to the work of Ben Peach and John Horne whose work, culminating in their 1907 publication The Geological Structure of the North-West Highlands of Scotland, was crucial in the understanding of this, the first thrust fault to be discovered anywhere in the world. The monument's inscription reads: "To Ben N Peach and John Horne who played the foremost part in unravelling the geological structure of the North West Highlands 1883–1897. An international tribute. Erected 1930". The hotel retains a copy of the guest book signed by many prominent geologists of the day who visited during the 1912 British Association for the Advancement of Science excursion to Assynt.
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13165259
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Gilfillan
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Joseph Gilfillan
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Joseph Alexander Gilfillan (1838 – November 18, 1913) was an Episcopal missionary to Native Americans of the Ojibwa Tribe on White Earth Reservation in northern Minnesota during 35 years from 1873 until 1908.
Biography
Joseph Alexander Gilfillan was born October 23, 1838, in Gorticross, County Londonderry, Ireland to Alexander Gilfillan and his wife Margaret. He married Harriet Woodbridge Cook April 19, 1877. He graduated from the General Theological Seminary, New York, in 1869. From 1869 until 1873 he was rector successively of two English churches in Minnesota. From June, 1873, until, September, 1908, he served as missionary to the Ojibwas at White Earth.
He worked diligently and earnestly to learn the Ojibwe language, to ascertain and record the origins of place names in the areas where he worked, to perform accurate and worthy translations of the Ojibwe place names into English, and to encourage that the names so recorded continue to be used in one form or another after settlement.
Gilfillan's work was cited frequently by Warren Upham in his remarkable history of place names in Minnesota, "Minnesota Place Names, A Geographical Encyclopedia." Upham characterized Gilfillan's paper "Minnesota Geographical Names Derived from the Chippewa Language" as one of the two "most important resources of information on Minnesota geographic terms of Indian origin."
His wife Harriet considered life at White Earth a hardship, and often spent winters socializing in New York, occasionally in Europe.
Gilfillan retired in 1908 and went to Washington, D.C. He was the chief editor of the 1911 Ojibwa edition of the Book of Common Prayer entitled "Iu Wejibuewisi Mamawi Anamiawini Mazinaigun" ("Iw Wejibwewizi Maamawi-anami'aawini Mazina'igan").
Gilfillan died in New York City on November 18, 1913, after a year's illness.
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13165272
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlemartin%2C%20Pembrokeshire
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Castlemartin, Pembrokeshire
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Castlemartin () is a village and parish in the community of Stackpole and Castlemartin, Pembrokeshire, Wales, in the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.
The village is on a sandstone ridge, southwest of Pembroke, southeast of Angle, and reached on the B4319 road.
Geography
In chronostratigraphy, the British sub-stage of the Carboniferous period, the 'Arundian' derives its name from Hobbyhorse Bay in the Castlemartin communityarundo being the Latin for hobby horse. Castlemartin has of coastline, much of it consisting of spectacular limestone cliffs characterised by large sea caves, natural arches and stacks.
History
The village of Castlemartin was in the ancient Hundred of the same name, once centred on a prominent Norman motte-and-bailey castle giving, with the church dedicated to St Martin, the origin of the name. Like other places in southern Pembrokeshire, Castlemartin has been mainly English-speaking for 900 years or more.
A 1583 map in the British Library shows Castlemartin parish as Castlemerten.
The census population of Castlemartin was 496 (1801): 528 (1851): 460 (1901): 243 (1951): 147 (2001).
During the 20th century, much of the land in the community area was cleared by the government for use as an artillery range: Castlemartin Training Area, with its base at Merrion, in Warren. Here, the Pembrokeshire Coast Path has to run inland; by-passing many interesting sections of cliff, although sometimes access may be offered to Flimston. In 2011, the MoD opened up a special diversionary route which was safer for walkers by protecting them from the range fire and preventing them for having to negotiate narrow country roads with fast moving traffic.
Castlemartin community amalgamated with Stackpole community in 2012, forming Stackpole and Castlemartin community.
Parish church
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13165336
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n%20McManus%20%28priest%29
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Seán McManus (priest)
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In 1972, McManus was sent to serve as a priest in the United States. In 1974, he founded the Irish National Caucus (INC), a group formed to lobby the United States Congress on behalf of the cause of justice and peace in Northern Ireland. McManus formed the organization around principles promulgated by the 1971 Synod of Bishops in their document "Justice in the World" which states: "Action on behalf of justice ... [is] a constitutive dimension of the preaching of the Gospel ... and [a constitutive of dimension] of the Church's mission for the redemption of the human race and [for] its liberation from every oppressive situation."
The INC has developed a solid reputation within Congress, with Ben Gilman, former Chairman of the House International Relations Committee, stating, "No one has done more than Father McManus to keep the U.S. Congress on track regarding justice and peace in Ireland. Indeed, I believe historians will record that no one since John Devoy (1842 – 1928) has done more to organize American pressure for justice in Ireland. The only difference being that Father McManus – in keeping with his priestly calling – is committed to nonviolence."
In 2011, McManus was chosen to serve on the World Peace Prize Awarding Council, The South Korea-based Council consists of twelve international and interfaith members. and in 2013, was selected to be their chief judge.
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13165475
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonum%20sane
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Bonum sane
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is a motu proprio on Saint Joseph written by Pope Benedict XV and delivered on July 25, 1920.
In 1870 Pope Pius IX issued the decree "Quemadmodum Deus", proclaiming Saint Joseph Patron of the Church. In commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the proclamation, in 1920 Pope Benedict XV issued a motu proprio, "".
Description
In it Benedict takes notes of the economic hardship and moral laxity occasioned by the recent World War, and cautions about "the advent of a universal republic, which is based on the absolute equality of men and the communion of goods, and in which there is no longer any distinction of nationality, does not recognize the authority of the father upon the children, nor the public authorities and citizens, nor of God on the men in civilian consortium. All things which, if implemented, would lead to terrible social convulsions, like that already happening now in no small part of Europe."
He proposed that instead of being drawn to socialism, "the sworn enemy of Christian principles", working men should follow Saint Joseph as their guide and special patron.
Benedict quoted his predecessor, Leo XIII:
He emphasized that the family is the "core and basis" of human society, and encouraged families to be guided by the example of the Holy Family. Benedict affirmed that strengthening the domestic society with purity, harmony and fidelity, would not only effect an improvement in private morals, but also in the life of the community.
Referencing the practices of honoring St. Joseph during the month of March, and on Wednesdays, he called on the bishops to promote veneration of Saint Joseph.
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13165500
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20P222
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HMS P222
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HMS P222 was a third-batch S-class submarine built for the Royal Navy during World War II. Commissioned in 1942, the boat had an uneventful first war patrol in the Alboran Sea. She intercepted the Vichy French merchant ship SS Mitidja in July, then provided protection for an Allied convoy to Malta in Operation Pedestal the next month. The navy intended that she was to be sighted on the surface by enemy aircraft to discourage potential attacks by surface warships. Though P222 did not encounter enemy forces, the convoy arrived at its destination on 15 August after sustaining severe losses. She then reconnoitred along the coast of Algeria in advance of Operation Torch, and was attacked by a French patrol ship, but sustained no damage.
On 30 November, P222 departed Gibraltar to patrol off Naples, Italy, but failed to return at Algiers. The claimed to have sunk a submarine with depth charges on 12 December, south-east of Capri. This remains the most probable cause of her loss, although the sinking has never been confirmed.
Design and description
The S-class submarines were intended to patrol the restricted waters of the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The third batch were slightly enlarged and improved over the preceding second batch of the S class. The submarines had a length of overall, a beam of and a draught of . They displaced on the surface and submerged. The S-class submarines had a crew of 48 officers and ratings. They had a diving depth of .
For surface running, the boats were powered by two diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a electric motor. They could reach on the surface and underwater. On the surface, the third-batch boats had a range of at and at submerged.
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13165500
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20P222
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HMS P222
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P222 departed Gibraltar on 2 August for a patrol in the Sicilian Channel, with additional orders to provide cover for Operation Pedestal, a British convoy to carry supplies to Malta. On 13 August, along with seven other Royal Navy submarines, she accompanied the convoy on the surface; the intent was that the submarines would be sighted by enemy aircraft and discourage potential attacks from enemy warships. Though the boat did not encounter enemy forces, the convoy operation was a British strategic success, and P222 returned to Gibraltar on 22 August.
After an uneventful patrol from 1 to 19 September, the boat was ordered to conduct reconnaissance along landing beaches east of Oran, in preparation for the Allied landings in North Africa. On 8 November, she was attacked by a Vichy French , which dropped several depth charges but caused no damage. P222 returned to port on 19 November 1942.
P222 left Gibraltar to patrol off Naples on 30 November. She sent a number of messages on 7 December, but after that date no further communication was received. She failed to arrive at Algiers on her due date and was reported overdue on 21 December. The claimed to have sunk a submarine with depth charges on 12 December, south-east of Capri. This remains the most probable cause of the submarine's loss, but there has been no confirmation. Her wreck was claimed to have been found off Cape Negro, Tunisia, by a Belgian amateur diver, but that has not been confirmed. This last claim can be dismissed as signals to and from the submarine clearly show she was following a route that skirted the coast of southern Sardinia and thus could not have strayed in Tunisian waters.
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13165544
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20station%20%28Amtrak%29
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Eugene station (Amtrak)
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Eugene station (alternately Eugene–Springfield station) is a train station in Eugene, Oregon, United States. It is served by Amtrak's Coast Starlight passenger train and is the southern terminus of the Amtrak Cascades corridor. The station is also served by the Cascades POINT bus service.
History
The station was built in 1908 by the Southern Pacific Railroad and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Southern Pacific Passenger Depot in 2007.
The current station is the third passenger depot built at this location. Built of masonry, it is one of five masonry depots that still exist along the original Southern Pacific West Coast line. The other depots are in Albany, Medford, Roseburg and Salem.
When Amtrak took over intercity rail operations in 1971, it cut back service to a single train through Eugene, what eventually became the Coast Starlight. A brief attempt at corridor service began in 1980 with the Willamette Valley, but ended in 1981. For the next 13 years, the only intercity service through Eugene was the Coast Starlight, which arrived northbound at lunchtime and southbound during the afternoon rush. However, in 1994, Amtrak extended the Seattle-Portland Mount Rainier to Eugene on a trial basis. This proved successful enough that the train was renamed the Cascadia in 1995. The Cascadia was merged into Amtrak Cascades along with all of Amtrak's other Pacific Northwest services in 1998, and a Portland-Eugene round trip was added in 2000.
Southern Pacific sold the building to the Jenova Land Company in 1993, and ten years later the city of Eugene bought the depot as part of a plan to develop a regional transportation center. In 2004, the city oversaw a $4.5 million restoration project. Workers restored the exterior brickwork and trim and gutted and renovated the interior. New tile floors, oak and fir trim, covered ceilings, wooden benches and expanded bathrooms were installed.
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13165548
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narberth%20Hundred
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Narberth Hundred
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The Hundred of Narberth was a hundred in Pembrokeshire, Wales. An administrative and legal division, it was formed by the Act of Union of 1536 from parts of the pre-Norman cantrefs of Penfro (the commote of Coedrath) and Cantref Gwarthaf (the commote of Efelfre).
Name
It derived its Welsh name, Arberth, from the town and district of the same name, which means "(district) by the wood" (i.e. the forest of Coedrath), and which was the headquarters of the hundred.
Region
The hundred spanned the linguistic boundary, with the parishes of Velfrey being identified by George Owen as Welsh-speaking, and the southern coastal part being English-speaking, part of Little England beyond Wales. The area in 1887 was .
Demographics
The hundred incorporated twenty two parishes. The parliamentary election polling book for 1812 is held at the National Library of Wales. The 1821 census provided detailed demographics for the hundred. The total population was 11,321, living in 2,249 properties. At the 1831 census, the hundred had a population of 11,942 in 2,343 houses. The population was quoted as 11,469 in an 1887 gazetteer.
Land tax assessments for 1857 to 1949 are held at Pembrokeshire Archives.
Discontinuation
The hundred courts declined from the 17th century, and most of their powers were extinguished with the establishment of county courts in 1867. Until 1974 Wales was divided into civil parishes, which to some extent coincided with ecclesiastical parishes, and in 1975 it was divided into communities.
The jurisdiction of hundred courts was finally curtailed by the Administration of Justice Act 1977.
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13165608
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Litovchenko
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Alexander Litovchenko
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Alexander Dmitrievich Litovchenko (; ; – ) was a Russian painter. He specialized in depicting Muscovite Russia of the 16th and 17th centuries.
Biography
Litovchenko attended the Imperial Academy of Arts and, although criticised by his peers for rather stilted compositions, was awarded a lesser gold medal for his rendering of Charon transporting the souls of the dead across the Styx. Along with several other young painters, he challenged the spirit of academism that was prevalent at the Academy and in 1863 left it to become a freelance painter, joining the Peredvizhniki movement in 1876.
In 1868, Litovchenko was recognized as an academician for his picture of a falconer serving at the court of Tsar Alexis (one of his several versions of the subject). Among his larger paintings, Ivan the Terrible Showing His Treasures to Jerome Horsey (1875) was purchased by the Tsar for the Alexander III Museum in St. Petersburg, and Tsar Alexis and Archbishop Nikon Venerating the Relics of Patriarch Philip (1886) was acquired by Pavel Tretyakov for his collection in Moscow (as were the finest of his portraits).
Litovchenko is also remembered as the author of seven murals in the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow and a set of icons for the Crimean War memorial in Sevastopol.
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13165627
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian%20Railways
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Armenian Railways
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Armenian Railways () was a rail operator in Armenia.
Main information
The , gauge network is electrified at 3 kV DC. Now the railways in Armenia are operated by South Caucasus Railway of Russian Railways.
The railway operating environment in Armenia sharply deteriorated following the collapse of the Soviet Union. According to the World Bank, Armenian Railways was in dramatic need of major investment, including the replacement of rolling stock, rehabilitation of the main line between Yerevan and the Georgian border, renewal of electrification, and bridge reconstruction. Rail transport was slow and unreliable, and traffic remained low compared to European countries with similar sized networks, amounting to only 2.6 million tons of freight and 0.85 million passengers in 2004.
At present the only preexisting rail connection between Armenia and Iran is the line which passes through the autonomous region of Nakhchivan, an exclave of Azerbaijan. However, because the border between the two countries is closed, the line from Yerevan is operational only as far as Yeraskh.
Armenian Railways Concession to Russian Railways
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13165683
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Cleghorn
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William Cleghorn
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William Cleghorn (1718 – August 1754) was a British philosopher. He was born to a successful Scottish brewer, Hugh Cleghorn, and Jean Hamilton, and died in 1754, aged 36. William Cleghorn held the Chair of Pneumatics and Moral Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh from 1745 until his death in 1754. Four volumes of notes on Cleghorn's lectures on moral philosophy from 1746 to 1747 are stored at the University of Edinburgh library.
Cleghorn: David Hume's rival
Cleghorn is primarily remembered for being a rival of the more famous philosopher David Hume. In 1744 and 1745, Hume and Cleghorn were competing candidates for the position of Chair of Pneumatics and Moral Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. Hume was arguably the better of the two candidates. However, the town council appointed Cleghorn to the position on 5 June 1745. Hume was an atheist, and it is known that many of the ministers of Edinburgh opposed his appointment to the chair's position, and petitioned the town council, describing Hume as amoral, an atheist, and a sceptic. It has been suggested that a clique of people who disliked Hume's personal beliefs arranged for Cleghorn to be given the chair's position at the university. However, some historians believe that Cleghorn was appointed to the position, not because of rivalry based on personal beliefs, but rather because of rivalry between two competing schools of thought on moral philosophy.
Cleghorn and Adam Ferguson
Cleghorn was a friend, and probably also teacher, of Adam Ferguson. It is thought that one of the characters in Ferguson's philosophical work Dialogue on a Highland Jaunt is based on Cleghorn. It has also been claimed that Cleghorn recommended, shortly before his death, that Ferguson be given the Chair of Pneumatics and Moral Philosophy once he had died. Ferguson was not given the chair at this time, although he was given it later.
| 2.21875
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13165736
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893%20Alabama%20Crimson%20White%20football%20team
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1893 Alabama Crimson White football team
|
The 1893 Alabama Crimson White football team represented the University of Alabama in the 1893 college football season. The team was led by head coach Eli Abbott and played their home games at Lakeview Park in Birmingham and The Quad in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. In what was the second season of Alabama football, the team finished with a record of zero wins and four losses (0–4).
Although they finished their inaugural year with a .500 record, head coach E. B. Beaumont was fired and replaced with Abbott prior to the start of the season. The 1893 squad opened the season with a pair of losses against the Birmingham Athletic Club, first in Tuscaloosa and then again a month later at Birmingham. The Crimson White was then shutout by Sewanee in their first game against an out-of-state opponent, and then closed the season with a 40–16 loss in the Iron Bowl against Auburn at Montgomery. The winless season was the first of only three in the history of the Alabama program.
Background
In their inaugural season, Alabama was led by head coach E. B. Beaumont to an overall record of two wins and two losses (2–2). During the season, they defeated Birmingham High School, split a pair against the Birmingham Athletic Club and lost to Auburn in their final game of the season. After the completion of the season, Beaumont was fired as head coach and replaced with former player Eli Abbott for the 1893 campaign. The team was called the "Crimson White" from 1893 to 1906, when their name changed to the currently used "Crimson Tide."
Schedule
Game summaries
Birmingham Athletic Club (October)
In the first ever game played in Tuscaloosa, the Birmingham Athletic Club (B.A.C.) defeated Alabama 4–0 at The Quad on the campus of the University of Alabama. In a game controlled by both defenses, the only points came on an Athletics touchdown in the second half. With the loss, this and later the 1895 and 1955 squads represented the only seasons Alabama failed to win a game at Tuscaloosa during a season that at least one game was played there.
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13165745
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894%20Alabama%20Crimson%20White%20football%20team
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1894 Alabama Crimson White football team
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The 1894 Alabama Crimson White football team (variously "Alabama", "UA" or "Bama") represented the University of Alabama in the 1894 college football season. The team was led by head coach Eli Abbott, in his second season, and played their home games at Lakeview Park in Birmingham, Alabama. In what was the third season of Alabama football, the team finished with a record of three wins and one loss (3–1).
After a winless season in 1893, Abbott returned as a player-coach and led the 1894 squad. Alabama opened the season with a loss against Ole Miss in what was their first game ever played outside the state of Alabama. The Crimson White then rebounded and won their final three games. After a victory over Tulane at New Orleans, Alabama returned to Birmingham where they defeated Sewanee in their only home game of the season. They then closed the year with their first all-time win over Auburn at Montgomery.
Preseason
For the 1894 season, Eli Abbott returned as head coach and the team sought to improve upon their winless record of 1893. In October 1894, the Birmingham Age-Herald noted the squad was considerably heavier and more conditioned for the season than in the previous year, and as such predicted Alabama would have a successful season. At that time, the initial schedule was also announced and included games against both Vanderbilt on November 5 and North Carolina on November 19, but neither game was ever played.
Schedule
Game summaries
Ole Miss
In what was the first ever game played outside the state of Alabama, in their first all-time game against long-time rival Ole Miss, Alabama lost 6–0 at Jackson, Mississippi. In a game dominated by both defenses, the only points of the game came on an Ole Miss touchdown run by William Cook in the first half. This game was notable for also being the first college football game played at Jackson.
Tulane
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13165748
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achkarren
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Achkarren
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Achkarren, a village situated in the southern end of the small town of Vogtsburg im Kaiserstuhl, in the German Kaiserstuhl region, bordering the town of Ihringen. The valley of Achkarren faces west and is 5 km from the Rhine river and 7 km from Breisach. The highest average temperature or hotspot in Germany is located between the center of Achkarren and the town of Ihringen.
History
The first documented reference to Achkarren appears in 1064 AD when the village was given to the cloister of Ottmarsheim (a small Town in Alsace) by King Heinrich IV. Based on archeological artifacts, the village could have been settled as early as two thousand years ago. The omnipresent wine terraces may have been established during the settlement by the Alemanni from 260 AD on. The name "Achkarren" is derived from the Old High German "haz karle" (Hate Charles), reportedly the name of an early settler from the neighboring village of Oberrotweil.
Town folk tell a tale of the origin of the village name:
During the construction of the castle Hoehingen on Schlossberg (Castle Mountain), high above the village, an accident occurred. A cart full of building material was pushed up the mountain several times. Every time the cart was close to the summit, it broke loose and rolled back down into the valley. While watching this unfortunate spectacle, the future Lord of the castle shouted "Ach Karren!" (Oh Cart!).
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13165754
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishat%20Bagh
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Nishat Bagh
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The details of the twelve terraces have been recorded as originally built:
The first terrace is a water collection chamber that is also linked to the side flow from the garden.
The second terrace is accessed through a gate. This terrace has five fountains that is supplied water from the third terrace, from where it flowed to the lowest terrace.
The third terrace has a different design. The water chute has five arched open niches in the front and similar niches on the sides. A pavilion (baradari), a two-storied structure, which existed here when it was originally built, has since been dismantled. Stairways, on either side of the channel lead to the third terrace, which has a square chamber with five fountains. Moving up the flight of steps (four steps) on either side of the channel leads to the fourth terrace.
The fourth terrace has two levels namely, a water channel and a square pool. Stairways with 7 steps lead to the fifth terrace.
The fifth terrace, where a stone bench is provided to take in the view across the channel. This also has a square chamber with five fountains.
The sixth terrace is at two levels with five fountains and distinctive paving pattern.
The seventh terrace, where the same pattern continues.
The eighth terrace is only a water channel or chute.
The ninth terrace, at the end of two stairways, there is an octagonal bench. The pool in this terrace has nine fountains.
The stairways to the tenth terrace are along the side retaining walls where only the water chute with fountains is provided.
Engraved paths lead to an impressive eleventh terrace, which has twenty-five fountains in a pool. Up from this dramatic terrace is the last one.
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13165796
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20heat%20content
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Ocean heat content
|
Ocean heat content (OHC) or ocean heat uptake (OHU) is the energy absorbed and stored by oceans. To calculate the ocean heat content, it is necessary to measure ocean temperature at many different locations and depths. Integrating the areal density of a change in enthalpic energy over an ocean basin or entire ocean gives the total ocean heat uptake. Between 1971 and 2018, the rise in ocean heat content accounted for over 90% of Earth's excess energy from global heating. The main driver of this increase was caused by humans via their rising greenhouse gas emissions. By 2020, about one third of the added energy had propagated to depths below 700 meters.
In 2023, the world's oceans were again the hottest in the historical record and exceeded the previous 2022 record maximum. The five highest ocean heat observations to a depth of 2000 meters occurred in the period 2019–2023. The North Pacific, North Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the Southern Ocean all recorded their highest heat observations for more than sixty years of global measurements. Ocean heat content and sea level rise are important indicators of climate change.
| 3.21875
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13165796
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20heat%20content
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Ocean heat content
|
Ocean water can absorb a lot of solar energy because water has far greater heat capacity than atmospheric gases. As a result, the top few meters of the ocean contain more energy than the entire Earth's atmosphere. Since before 1960, research vessels and stations have sampled sea surface temperatures and temperatures at greater depth all over the world. Since 2000, an expanding network of nearly 4000 Argo robotic floats has measured temperature anomalies, or the change in ocean heat content. With improving observation in recent decades, the heat content of the upper ocean has been analyzed to have increased at an accelerating rate. The net rate of change in the top 2000 meters from 2003 to 2018 was (or annual mean energy gain of 9.3 zettajoules). It is difficult to measure temperatures accurately over long periods while at the same time covering enough areas and depths. This explains the uncertainty in the figures.
Changes in ocean temperature greatly affect ecosystems in oceans and on land. For example, there are multiple impacts on coastal ecosystems and communities relying on their ecosystem services. Direct effects include variations in sea level and sea ice, changes to the intensity of the water cycle, and the migration of marine life.
Calculations
Definition
Ocean heat content is a term used in physical oceanography to describe a type of thermodynamic potential energy that is stored in the ocean. It is defined in coordination with the equation of state of seawater. TEOS-10 is an international standard approved in 2010 by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.
| 3.546875
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13165796
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20heat%20content
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Ocean heat content
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Measurements of temperature versus ocean depth generally show an upper mixed layer (0–200 m), a thermocline (200–1500 m), and a deep ocean layer (>1500 m). These boundary depths are only rough approximations. Sunlight penetrates to a maximum depth of about 200 m; the top 80 m of which is the habitable zone for photosynthetic marine life covering over 70% of Earth's surface. Wave action and other surface turbulence help to equalize temperatures throughout the upper layer.
Unlike surface temperatures which decrease with latitude, deep-ocean temperatures are relatively cold and uniform in most regions of the world. About 50% of all ocean volume is at depths below 3000 m (1.85 miles), with the Pacific Ocean being the largest and deepest of five oceanic divisions. The thermocline is the transition between upper and deep layers in terms of temperature, nutrient flows, abundance of life, and other properties. It is semi-permanent in the tropics, variable in temperate regions (often deepest during the summer), and shallow to nonexistent in polar regions.
Measurements
Ocean heat content measurements come with difficulties, especially before the deployment of the Argo profiling floats. Due to poor spatial coverage and poor quality of data, it has not always been easy to distinguish between long term global warming trends and climate variability. Examples of these complicating factors are the variations caused by El Niño–Southern Oscillation or changes in ocean heat content caused by major volcanic eruptions.
| 3.46875
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13165796
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20heat%20content
|
Ocean heat content
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Argo is an international program of robotic profiling floats deployed globally since the start of the 21st century. The program's initial 3000 units had expanded to nearly 4000 units by year 2020. At the start of each 10-day measurement cycle, a float descends to a depth of 1000 meters and drifts with the current there for nine days. It then descends to 2000 meters and measures temperature, salinity (conductivity), and depth (pressure) over a final day of ascent to the surface. At the surface the float transmits the depth profile and horizontal position data through satellite relays before repeating the cycle.
Starting 1992, the TOPEX/Poseidon and subsequent Jason satellite series altimeters have observed vertically integrated OHC, which is a major component of sea level rise. Since 2002, GRACE and GRACE-FO have remotely monitored ocean changes using gravimetry. The partnership between Argo and satellite measurements has thereby yielded ongoing improvements to estimates of OHC and other global ocean properties.
Causes for heat uptake
Ocean heat uptake accounts for over 90% of total planetary heat uptake, mainly as a consequence of human-caused changes to the composition of Earth's atmosphere. This high percentage is because waters at and below the ocean surface - especially the turbulent upper mixed layer - exhibit a thermal inertia much larger than the planet's exposed continental crust, ice-covered polar regions, or atmospheric components themselves. A body with large thermal inertia stores a big amount of energy because of its heat capacity, and effectively transmits energy according to its heat transfer coefficient. Most extra energy that enters the planet via the atmosphere is thereby taken up and retained by the ocean.
| 3.078125
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13165796
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20heat%20content
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Ocean heat content
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Planetary heat uptake or heat content accounts for the entire energy added to or removed from the climate system. It can be computed as an accumulation over time of the observed differences (or imbalances) between total incoming and outgoing radiation.
Changes to the imbalance have been estimated from Earth orbit by CERES and other remote instruments, and compared against in-situ surveys of heat inventory changes in oceans, land, ice and the atmosphere. Achieving complete and accurate results from either accounting method is challenging, but in different ways that are viewed by researchers as being mostly independent of each other. Increases in planetary heat content for the well-observed 2005–2019 period are thought to exceed measurement uncertainties.
From the ocean perspective, the more abundant equatorial solar irradiance is directly absorbed by Earth's tropical surface waters and drives the overall poleward propagation of heat. The surface also exchanges energy that has been absorbed by the lower troposphere through wind and wave action. Over time, a sustained imbalance in Earth's energy budget enables a net flow of heat either into or out of greater ocean depth via thermal conduction, downwelling, and upwelling. Releases of OHC to the atmosphere occur primarily via evaporation and enable the planetary water cycle. Concentrated releases in association with high sea surface temperatures help drive tropical cyclones, atmospheric rivers, atmospheric heat waves and other extreme weather events that can penetrate far inland. Altogether these processes enable the ocean to be Earth's largest thermal reservoir which functions to regulate the planet's climate; acting as both a sink and a source of energy.
| 3.125
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13165796
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20heat%20content
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Ocean heat content
|
From the perspective of land and ice covered regions, their portion of heat uptake is reduced and delayed by the dominant thermal inertia of the ocean. Although the average rise in land surface temperature has exceeded the ocean surface due to the lower inertia (smaller heat-transfer coefficient) of solid land and ice, temperatures would rise more rapidly and by a greater amount without the full ocean. Measurements of how rapidly the heat mixes into the deep ocean have also been underway to better close the ocean and planetary energy budgets.
Recent observations and changes
Numerous independent studies in recent years have found a multi-decadal rise in OHC of upper ocean regions that has begun to penetrate to deeper regions. The upper ocean (0–700 m) has warmed since 1971, while it is very likely that warming has occurred at intermediate depths (700–2000 m) and likely that deep ocean (below 2000 m) temperatures have increased. The heat uptake results from a persistent warming imbalance in Earth's energy budget that is most fundamentally caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases. There is very high confidence that increased ocean heat content in response to anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions is essentially irreversible on human time scales.
Studies based on Argo measurements indicate that ocean surface winds, especially the subtropical trade winds in the Pacific Ocean, change ocean heat vertical distribution. This results in changes among ocean currents, and an increase of the subtropical overturning, which is also related to the El Niño and La Niña phenomenon. Depending on stochastic natural variability fluctuations, during La Niña years around 30% more heat from the upper ocean layer is transported into the deeper ocean. Furthermore, studies have shown that approximately one-third of the observed warming in the ocean is taking place in the 700–2000 meter ocean layer.
| 3.0625
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13165796
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20heat%20content
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Ocean heat content
|
Model studies indicate that ocean currents transport more heat into deeper layers during La Niña years, following changes in wind circulation. Years with increased ocean heat uptake have been associated with negative phases of the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO). This is of particular interest to climate scientists who use the data to estimate the ocean heat uptake.
The upper ocean heat content in most North Atlantic regions is dominated by heat transport convergence (a location where ocean currents meet), without large changes to temperature and salinity relation. Additionally, a study from 2022 on anthropogenic warming in the ocean indicates that 62% of the warming from the years between 1850 and 2018 in the North Atlantic along 25°N is kept in the water below 700 m, where a major percentage of the ocean's surplus heat is stored.
A study in 2015 concluded that ocean heat content increases by the Pacific Ocean were compensated by an abrupt distribution of OHC into the Indian Ocean.
Although the upper 2000 m of the oceans have experienced warming on average since the 1970s, the rate of ocean warming varies regionally with the subpolar North Atlantic warming more slowly and the Southern Ocean taking up a disproportionate large amount of heat due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.
Deep-ocean warming below 2000 m has been largest in the Southern Ocean compared to other ocean basins.
Impacts
Warming oceans are one reason for coral bleaching and contribute to the migration of marine species. Marine heat waves are regions of life-threatening and persistently elevated water temperatures. Redistribution of the planet's internal energy by atmospheric circulation and ocean currents produces internal climate variability, often in the form of irregular oscillations, and helps to sustain the global thermohaline circulation.
| 3.09375
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13165796
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20heat%20content
|
Ocean heat content
|
The increase in OHC accounts for 30–40% of global sea-level rise from 1900 to 2020 because of thermal expansion.
It is also an accelerator of sea ice, iceberg, and tidewater glacier melting. The ice loss reduces polar albedo, amplifying both the regional and global energy imbalances.
The resulting ice retreat has been rapid and widespread for Arctic sea ice, and within northern fjords such as those of Greenland and Canada.
Impacts to Antarctic sea ice and the vast Antarctic ice shelves which terminate into the Southern Ocean have varied by region and are also increasing due to warming waters. Breakup of the Thwaites Ice Shelf and its West Antarctica neighbors contributed about 10% of sea-level rise in 2020.
The ocean also functions as a sink and source of carbon, with a role comparable to that of land regions in Earth's carbon cycle. In accordance with the temperature dependence of Henry's law, warming surface waters are less able to absorb atmospheric gases including oxygen and the growing emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from human activity. Nevertheless the rate in which the ocean absorbs anthropogenic carbon dioxide has approximately tripled from the early 1960s to the late 2010s; a scaling proportional to the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Warming of the deep ocean has the further potential to melt and release some of the vast store of frozen methane hydrate deposits that have naturally accumulated there.
| 3.0625
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13165865
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20Church%2C%20Austin%20Friars
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Dutch Church, Austin Friars
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The Dutch Church, Austin Friars (), is a reformed church in the Broad Street Ward, in the City of London. Located on the site of the 13th-century Augustinian friary, the original building granted to Protestant refugees for their church services in 1550 was destroyed during the London Blitz.
The present church was built between 1950 and 1954 and is a familiar landmark in the Broad Street Ward. With the founding of the church dating to 1550, it is the oldest Dutch-language Protestant church in the world, and as such is known in The Netherlands as the mother church of all Dutch reformed churches.
History
The original church was a monastic priory known as the Austin Friars, London, a contraction of "Augustinian Friars", founded circa 1253 by Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford (d. 1275). The pretender Perkin Warbeck, executed on 23 November 1499 for claiming to be Richard of Shrewsbury, the younger of the Princes in the Tower, is buried in the church. The priory was dissolved in November 1538. The City of London attempted to buy the church of the friary from the Crown in 1539 and again in 1546 but was rebuffed. In 1550, London's community of "Germans and other strangers" was granted the use of the friary church's nave; the rest of the church was used as a storehouse, with the monuments sold for £100 and the lead stripped from the roof. The choir, tower and transepts were demolished in 1600.
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13165919
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryculter%20House
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Maryculter House
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Maryculter House is a historic house in the village of Maryculter, or Kirkton of Maryculter, in the Lower Deeside area of Aberdeenshire, Scotland.
History
Lying along both banks of the River Dee, the Lands of Culter originally included the parishes of Peterculter and Maryculter. These were in the jurisdiction of the monks of Kelso. However, about the year 1187, William the Lion granted the portion of the Culter lands on the south bank of the river to the Knights Templar.
Between 1221 and 1236 Walter Byset, Lord of Aboyne, founded the Preceptory or College of the Knights Templar on the site of Maryculter House Hotel. The barrel-vaulted basement of the house is said to have formed part of the Preceptor's Lodging.
The Templars also built a chapel. This became the parish church in 1535, was abandoned in 1782 and is now a fragmentary ruin, the only architectural feature surviving being the piscina built into the south wall. The chapel and surrounding graveyard are a Scheduled monument. The chapel was replaced as the parish church by Maryculter Trinity Church.
The Templars were suppressed around 1309 but their lands and the parish church remained in the hands of the Knights Hospitaller until 1563/64.
From 1535 to 1811 Maryculter House was first rented and then owned by the Menzies family of Pitfodels, Aberdeen, though another source says it was owned by the Lindsay family until 1726.
In 1811, Maryculter was bought by General William Gordon of Fyvie, and the Gordon family owned the estate until the death of Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon in 1931 led to the sale of the property in 1935. The estate was broken up and the home-park was bought by the City of Aberdeen Boy Scouts' Association to create Templars' Park Scout Campsite. Alterations to the house took place in 1936.
The building is now a hotel, previously the Deeside Hotel and now Maryculter House Hotel. It is a Historic Environment Scotland Category B Listed building.
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13165921
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20University%20Rory%20Meyers%20College%20of%20Nursing
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New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing
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The New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing (commonly referred to as Rory Meyers) offers undergraduate and graduate programs in nursing and clinical experience.
History
Early courses in 1923 ranged from Education in Health and Education in Accident Prevention to courses in the Physical Education Department.
Vera Fry became Director of the Nursing Education Curriculum in 1944 and was the first to articulate goals and philosophy for a nascent nursing department. Under her leadership, the Department of Nursing was established in 1947.
In 1954, Martha E. Rogers became chair of the Department of Nurse Education. With Rogers's leadership, NYU became one of the first universities to treat nursing as a science with a distinct body of knowledge developed through research. Rogers's groundbreaking model for the Science of Unitary Human Beings provided a theoretical basis for nursing practice, education, and research. Rogers served NYU as a professor and head of the Division of Nursing until 1975, continuing as professor until her retirement in 1979.
Estelle Massey Osborne, assistant professor of nursing at NYU, made lasting contributions in the areas of teaching, public health, administration, publication, research, and community service. In 1931, Osborne became the first African American nurse to receive a master's degree, awarded by Teachers College, Columbia University. In recognition of her leadership, promotion of her professional colleagues, and advancement of nursing, Osborne received many honors and awards, including Nurse of the Year from the NYU Division of Nursing and an honorary membership in the American Academy of Nursing in 1978.
Erline P. McGriff became division head in 1976. During the next decade, McGriff and her successor, Patricia Winstead-Fry, directed a substantial expansion of the master's degree program — in part by enhancing research involvement for graduate students.
| 2.1875
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13165926
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ControlNet
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ControlNet
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ControlNet is an open industrial network protocol for industrial automation applications, also known as a fieldbus. ControlNet was earlier supported by ControlNet International, but in 2008 support and management of ControlNet was transferred to ODVA, which now manages all protocols in the Common Industrial Protocol family.
Features which set ControlNet apart from other fieldbuses include the built-in support for fully redundant cables and the fact that communication on ControlNet can be strictly scheduled and highly deterministic. Due to the unique physical layer, common network sniffers such as Wireshark cannot be used to sniff ControlNet packets. Rockwell Automation provides ControlNet Traffic Analyzer software to sniff and analyze ControlNet packets.
Version 1, 1.25 and 1.5
Versions 1 and 1.25 were released in quick succession when ControlNet first launched in 1997. Version 1.5 was released in 1998 and hardware produced for each version variant was typically not compatible. Most installations of ControlNet are version 1.5.
Architecture
Physical layer
ControlNet cables consist of RG-6 coaxial cable with BNC connectors, though optical fiber is sometimes used for long distances.
The network topology is a bus structure with short taps. ControlNet also supports a star topology if used with the appropriate hardware.
ControlNet can operate with a single RG-6 coaxial cable bus, or a dual RG-6 coaxial cable bus for cable redundancy. In all cases, the RG-6 should be of quad-shield variety.
Maximum cable length without repeaters is 1000m and maximum number of nodes on the bus is 99. However, there is a tradeoff between number of devices on the bus and total cable length. Repeaters can be used to further extend the cable length. The network can support up to 5 repeaters (10 when used for redundant networks). The repeaters do not utilize network node numbers and are available in copper or fiber optic choices.
The physical layer signaling uses Manchester code at 5 Mbit/s.
Link layer
| 2.09375
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13165926
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ControlNet
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ControlNet
|
ControlNet is a scheduled communication network designed for cyclic data exchange. The protocol operates in cycles, known as NUIs, where NUI stands for Network Update Interval.
Each NUI has three phases, the first phase is dedicated to scheduled traffic, where all nodes with scheduled data are guaranteed a transmission opportunity.
The second phase is dedicated to unscheduled traffic. There is no guarantee that every node will get an opportunity to transmit in every unscheduled phase.
The third phase is network maintenance or "guardband". It includes synchronization and a means of determining starting node on the next unscheduled data transfer.
Both the scheduled and unscheduled phase use an implicit token ring media access method.
The amount of time each NUI consists of is known as the NUT, where NUT stands for Network Update Time. It is configurable from 2 to 100 ms. The default NUT on an unscheduled network is 5 ms.
The maximum size of a scheduled or unscheduled ControlNet data frame is 510 Bytes.
Application layer
The ControlNet application layer protocol is based on the Common Industrial Protocol (CIP) layer which is also used in DeviceNet and EtherNet/IP.
| 2.375
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13165961
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmaley%20Fountain
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Barmaley Fountain
|
The Barmaley (Russian: Бармалей) is an informal name of a fountain in the city of Volgograd (formerly known as Stalingrad). Its official name is Children's Khorovod (Round Dance). The statue is of a circle of six children dancing the khorovod around a crocodile. While the original fountain was removed in the 1950s, two replicas were installed in 2013.
History
The original fountain is believed to have been installed in the 1930s, when the Soviet Union was being adorned with various outdoor architectural works, including similar fountains designed by sculptor Romuald Iodko, a co-author of the Girl with an Oar, an archetype of the Soviet kitsch. The Barmaley Fountain was made widely known from several August 1942 photographs by Emmanuil Evzerikhin that juxtaposed the carnage of the Battle of Stalingrad with the image of children at play.
The fountain was restored after World War II and was removed in the 1950s.
The statue featured in the films Enemy at the Gates, Stalingrad and a similar statue was seen in V for Vendetta. It is also seen in the film A Clockwork Orange, in the documentary footage shown to the main character Alex as part of the sinister aversion therapy to "cure" him of "ultra-violence".
In December 1943, Edith Segal's choreographed work, The Magic Fountain, inspired by the picture of the fountain was held at Carnegie Hall.
Name
The allegory of the monument was derived from the eponymous fairy tale poem Barmaley written in 1925 by Korney Chukovsky. Excerpt (literal translation):
While being burned in fire by Barmaley, Doctor Aybolit asked a crocodile brought in by a gorilla to swallow up Barmaley, so that he could no longer harm little children. The crocodile did so, but Barmaley was later released after promising to change. Barmaley became nicer and proclaimed he would be kinder, that he now loved little children and would become a friendly baker.
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13165978
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Eysler
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Edmund Eysler
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Edmund Samuel Eysler (12 March 1874 – 4 October 1949), was an Austrian composer.
Biography
Edmund Eysler was born in Vienna to a merchant family. He was supposed to enter the engineering profession, but his acquaintance with Leo Fall led him to study music at the Vienna Conservatory, where he studied composition under Robert Fuchs, and became educated as a piano teacher and Kapellmeister. After completing his degree with many plaudits, Eysler made ends meet by teaching piano.
In 1898, he married Poldi Allnoch, with whom he had two daughters, and in 1901, he found a position as a Kapellmeister. After that, he composed chamber music and piano pieces, as well as the opera Fest auf Solhaug (Celebration on Solhaug), and the ballet Schlaraffenland.
Through a magnanimous relative, Eysler met the librettist Ignaz Schnitzer, who was compiling the text for Zigeunerbaron (Gypsy King). Eysler was given the task of setting this text to the opera Der Hexenspiegel (The Witches' Mirror) by Schnitzer. Originally, the work was supposed to be staged at the Vienna Court Opera upon completion, but it was spurned by the director for having overly simple music. Josef Weinberger encouraged Eysler to turn the music for Hexenspiegel into an operetta. It became the operetta Bruder Straubinger, which was a big success on its premiere on 20 February 1903, with Alexander Girardi in the main role.
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13166041
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relocation%20of%20moai
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Relocation of moai
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Issues of authenticity
The issue of authenticity of moai heads may never be fully resolved. The fact is that the rocks used to carve the heads are as old as the volcano eruption that formed them, so carbon 14 testing reveals no evidence of authenticity. The age of the moai heads on the island cannot be determined, and off the island, heads can only be determined to be made from Easter Island volcanic rock or not made from Easter Island volcanic rock. Determining the age of an Easter Island moai head is therefore an art, and not a science. Field experts make judgments and express opinions about what tools they feel were used and attempt to tie an age to that opinion. Such a condition means that moai heads cannot be tested with hope of determining authenticity; they may, however, be brought under suspicion of being fakes. As with any object of antiquity, the patrimony, the history and story of the heads, is an important part in determining authenticity.
An unauthenticated moai head entitled "Henry" currently stands in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California. It was obtained in the first half of the 20th century by the founder of the park Dr. Hubert Eaton. Dr. Eaton allegedly received the moai in a legal transaction between Rapanui fishermen at Easter Island who were using the head (approx 1m height) as ballast for a boat. The Memorial Park has no plans for authenticating or testing the moai in the near future.
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13166062
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagon%20Master
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Wagon Master
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Wagon Master was produced by Argosy Pictures, which was the independent production company formed by Ford and Merian C. Cooper mostly to give Ford a control over his films that was impossible for films produced by the major film studios. Ford and Cooper were credited as co-executive producers, with Lowell J. Farrell as associate producer. Between 1946 and 1953, Ford and Cooper produced eight films through Argosy Pictures, of which Wagon Master was the fifth.
The story idea for Wagon Master emerged while Ford was directing She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949) on location in southern Utah. Patrick Ford, a screenwriter and Ford's son, learned the history of the Mormon Hole in the Rock expedition (1879–1880) from some local Mormon horsemen. Ford developed a story loosely based on the historical expedition. It was unusual for Ford to base his films on the stories he wrote, and it had been nearly 20 years since he'd last done so (Men Without Women (1930)). Ford commissioned Patrick Ford and Frank S. Nugent to write the screenplay. As was typical for Ford, he changed the screenplay significantly while directing the film; he was quoted as telling Patrick Ford and Nugent that, "I liked your script, boys. In fact, I actually shot a few pages of it."
Ford had been shooting the film She Wore a Yellow Ribbon the year before (1948) in Monument Valley, near the town of Mexican Hat, Utah, close to the locations where he had also filmed Stagecoach (1939), My Darling Clementine (1946), and Fort Apache (1948). He wanted a different look for his next film and drove to Moab, Utah. Filmed in black and white on location, mainly north-east of the town in Professor Valley (with additional shooting at Spanish Valley south-west of Moab, and a few stage shots at Monument Valley).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagon%20Master
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Wagon Master
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Ford selected Bert Glennon as the director of photography. He'd worked with Glennon on five films between 1935 and 1939, including Stagecoach, for which both Ford and Glennon were nominated for Academy Awards. Ford chose to film Wagon Master in black and white; in 2009, Glenn Kenny wrote that the film "... reveals Bert Glennon's cinematography for the miracle that it was/is. Watching the disc this evening I wondered if it was not, in fact, frame-by-frame one of the most gorgeous motion pictures ever shot."
Location filming was done in less than a month. Wagon Master was edited by Jack Murray, who had edited six of Ford's previous films, including all of the Argosy Pictures productions.
Music
The film's score was composed by Richard Hageman, a noted conductor and composer of art songs and other musical works. Commencing with Stagecoach (1939), Hageman wrote music for seven films directed by John Ford; Wagon Master was the last. Kathryn Kalinak has written that Ford "got great work out of the people he worked with, and often those he was hardest on produced the best work of their careers. One of those was Richard Hageman, the Philadelphia Orchestra notwithstanding."
Songs are important in Wagon Master. Critic Dennis Lim has written, "Practically a musical, Wagon Master is filled with frequent song and dance interludes and accompanied by a steady stream of hymns and ballads, performed by the popular country group the Sons of the Pioneers." Filmgoers learn of Travis Blue's and Sandy Owens' decision to accept the wagon master job when Travis and Sandy break into song. Stan Jones wrote four original songs that were performed by the Sons of the Pioneers for the film's soundtrack. At its conclusion, the film incorporates a "spirited" rendition of the Mormon hymn, "Come, Come, Ye Saints". John Ford had insisted that Harry Carey Jr. lead the company of the film, which included many Mormons, in singing the hymn; the version used for the film's soundtrack was apparently recorded by the Robert Mitchell Boys Choir.
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13166208
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Morrison%20Carnegie%20College
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Margaret Morrison Carnegie College
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Margaret Morrison Carnegie College (MMCC) was the women's college for Carnegie Mellon University. It was founded in 1903 and opened its doors to students in 1906 as the Margaret Morrison Carnegie School for Women. The school was closed in 1973.
Founding and early history
MMCC was founded in 1903 as one of the four colleges of the Carnegie Institute of Technology (Carnegie Tech). Andrew Carnegie, the founder of Carnegie Tech, named the college after his mother. MMCC's principal aim would be to train young women to earn their livelihood.
The curriculum in the first year included principles of science and economics, history, English, accounts, social ethics, sewing, drawing, cookery, and personal hygiene. In their second and third years, students could choose to specialize in secretarial courses, household arts and institutional management, technical dressmaking, costume design, applied design, or architectural and interior decoration.
Of the goals of the college, Eileen McConomy, steering committee chairperson of the MMCC Centennial, stated, "although some of the major disciplines available to us may seem archaic to current students, for our era they were relevant [...] our education was rigorous. Our women professors were the forerunners of the feminist movement and inspired us to take charge of our lives, to not be afraid to speak out for what we believed was right, and to demand excellence in all that we did."
Closing
Margaret Morrison Carnegie College closed in 1973 due to declining enrollment: "Entering on the coattails of the 1950s were societal and institutional changes that would ultimately seal the fate of MMCC. Homemaking was less apt to be considered a profession; women students were turning increasingly to careers based in the liberal arts and sciences. A steadily climbing enrollment in these fields led to the integration of many MMCC programs into Tech’s other schools."
Legacy
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13166208
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Morrison%20Carnegie%20College
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Margaret Morrison Carnegie College
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The end of Margaret Morrison Carnegie College also marked the beginning of the College of Humanities and Social Sciences (now known as the Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences), and several programs and departments were absorbed into the new college as well as the Mellon College of Science and College of Fine Arts. Margaret Morrison Street runs through the west end of the campus. The Margaret Morrison Apartments and the Margaret Morrison Courtyard are located along the street. Margaret Morrison Carnegie Hall serves as the headquarters of the Carnegie Mellon School of Design and a principal facility of the Carnegie Mellon College of Fine Arts. In 2006, a dining facility called the Maggie Murph Café was opened within Hunt Library, the main library at Carnegie Mellon University.
Notable alumnae
Alumnae of the college are known as Maggie Murphs. Stephanie Kwolek, the inventor of Kevlar, graduated from Margaret Morrison Carnegie College in 1946 with a B.S. in General Science (Chemistry). Newbery Medal winning-author E. L. Konigsburg is a 1952 graduate of Margaret Morrison Carnegie College.
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13166248
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative%20preaching
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Narrative preaching
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Over the last few decades in the United States, some homiletical theorists and preachers have questioned the hegemony of the traditional rhetorical approaches to preaching. Many alternative styles and approaches have been developed, many of which are called "narrative" in either style or content.
Narrative Preaching (also known as "the New Homiletic") is a branch of homiletics that developed in the 20th century. The term "Narrative" refers to the style of the sermon, not its content; many Narrative Style sermons contain no stories at all. Narrative Preaching is a deliberate break from "the Old Homiletic," the traditional style of Christian preaching derived ultimately from Augustine of Hippo's championship of using Greek forms of rhetoric derived from Aristotle's Rhetoric and Poetics. "The Old Homiletic" was based on reasoning in which a general thesis is stated which leads to particular applications and proofs. "The New Homiletic," in contrast, is based on reasoning in which particular details lead both the preacher and the congregation to new ways of thinking.
Narrative Homiletics: Common Characteristics
The New Homiletic is a reaction against propositional preaching. It requires the preacher to take an expectant, imaginative stance before the biblical text. The goal of the sermon is a transformative event, often requiring a strategic delay of meaning. In other words, the preacher does not give the congregation the thesis or point at the beginning of the sermon; they are required to follow along as the preacher explores the text and its meaning. Language is used carefully to produce the desired effect; what language does is considered more important than what it says. Poetic and metaphorical language is privileged. Stories and metaphors are points; they do not illustrate them.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative%20preaching
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Narrative preaching
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The sermon is structured in such a way that an early imbalance or disconnect leads to some sort of resolution by the end of the sermon; a story is not required. Stories function as the structure and logic of the sermon, not necessarily its content.
The Old Homiletic
The majority of Christian sermons have historically been preached using rhetorical and logical styles derived from Greek philosophy and rhetoric. The preacher would start with a thesis and prove it using a variety of techniques including Scriptural citation, story, and a series of logical deductions. This was the model used, for example, by John A. Broadus in his 1870 text on preaching, A Treatise on the Preparation and Delivery of Sermons, which was the standard homiletics manual in English-speaking non-Catholic seminaries for over seventy years and shaped generations of preachers. Proof-texting, in which small pieces of Scripture are taken out of context to "prove" the speaker's point, is a particular hazard of this style of preaching.
Preludes to a Narrative Homiletic
Development of the "new" or "narrative" homiletic came from a combination of new ways of thinking in theological, philosophical, and Biblical studies.
Theology
Neo-orthodoxy was a movement that called theologians to disengage themselves from popular/philosophical movements by letting scripture define itself. It was championed by Karl Barth and Emil Brunner. This was not a fundamentalist or literalist view of the text; it was instead a call to listen to what the text said without reducing it to rhetoric or depending on natural theology. It inspired Narrative Theology, a movement that developed at Yale Divinity School and also contributed to the development of the New Homiletic. The Biblical Theology movement, championed by H. Richard Niebuhr, emphasized narrative structure and particularity.
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13166258
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture%20in%20Libya
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Agriculture in Libya
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Although agriculture is the second-largest sector in the economy, Libya depends on imports in most foods. Climatic conditions and poor soils limit farm output, and domestic food production meets about 25% of demand. Domestic conditions limit output, while income and population growth have increased food consumption.
Because of low rainfall, agricultural projects like the Kufra Oasis rely on underground water sources. Libya's primary agricultural water source remains the Great Man-made River (GMMR), but significant resources are being invested in desalinization research to meet growing demand. Libyan agricultural projects and policies are overseen by a General Inspector; there is no Ministry of Agriculture, per se.
History of agricultural development
Historically, Libyan agriculture has had an inverse relationship to growth in the oil industry. In 1958, agriculture supplied over 26% of GDP. Although gross agricultural production was relatively constant, increasing oil revenues resulted in declines in agriculture's share of national income. Agriculture contributed 9% of GDP in 1962, 2% in 1978, 3.5% in 1984 and 5.6% by 1997. In 1977 imported food valuations were over 37 times higher than in 1958. However, while a large part of oil wealth was spent on imported food this was not necessarily disturbing. The 1950s agricultural sector masked high poverty, low productivity and limited alternatives. Petrodollars provided urban employment, resulting in higher rural migration. In 1961-63, government loans to buy land from Italian settlers, encouraged them to purchase land for recreation rather than farming, thereby inflating values and reducing production.
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13166258
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture%20in%20Libya
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Agriculture in Libya
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Land use and irrigation
The total area of Libya is estimated at 1,760,000 km2. Area suitable for cultivation approximates 22,000 km2 of which 2,390 km2 dedicated to irrigated agriculture, 15,500 km2 to rain fed farming, and 140,000 km2 of forest and range lands. Under 2% of the land is arable and about 4% is suitable for grazing livestock. Most arable land is in the Jebel Akhdar region near Benghazi, and the Jifara Plain near Tripoli. The highest parts of Jebel Akhdar receive 400-600 mm of rain annually, and the adjacent area, north to Marj Plain, receives 200–400 mm. Central and eastern Jifara Plain and Jabal Nafusa average 200 to 400 mm. The remaining coast and southern areas average 100–200 mm. Jifara Plain has an underground aquifer, enabling well-driven irrigation. Between these areas is a 50 km land strip with enough scrub vegetation to support livestock. Desert dominates the south with occasional oasis cultivation at Kufra, Sabha and Murzuk.
Studies from the 1970s indicated that at any given time, about one-third of total arable land remained fallow and up to 45% of farms were under 10 ha. Most farms in the Jifara Plain were irrigated by individual wells and electric pumps, although in 1985 only about 1% of arable land was irrigated.
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13166258
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture%20in%20Libya
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Agriculture in Libya
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Since 1969, the Gaddafi government has been very concerned with land reform. After the "al-Fatah" revolution, confiscated Italian-owned farms (about 380 km2) were redistributed. The state retained some confiscated lands for state farming ventures, but overall, the government has not sought to eliminate the private sector from agriculture. In 1971, uncultivated land was declared state property. This measure targeted tribes in the Jebel Akhdar claiming large land tracts. Another law in 1977 further restricted tribal groups, emphasizing use in determining land ownership. Since 1977 families receive enough land to satisfy their personal requirements; this policy was designed to prevent large private sector farms and end using fertile "tribal" lands for grazing. Partly as a result of these policies and Islamic inheritance law, which stipulate each son receive an equal share of land upon the father's death, in 1986 farms tended to be fragmented and too small to efficiently use water. This was especially severe in the Jifara Plain, which has been Libya's single most productive agricultural region.
Falling water tables caused by over irrigation posed a long-term ecological threat. The government recognized this in 1976, and took measures discouraging citrus and tomato cultivation, which require large water amounts. However, the steps required to save coastal water resources – i.e., irrigation regulation and land tenure reform to make it more water-efficient - conflicted with Gaddafi's concept of economic equity, which favored intensive irrigated cultivation of small plots for family use. Thus, instead of reforming harmful practices, agricultural policy since 1983 focused on pumping water to the coast from fossil reserves in the desert as part of the GMMR project.
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13166258
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture%20in%20Libya
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Agriculture in Libya
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Libyan Soils
Soils and their characteristics in Libya are affected to the great extent by nature and conditions in which these soils were formed. Generally, aridity is the main characterizes of such soils. Most of these soils are undeveloped or partially developed.
According to the United States soil classification, Aridisols and Entisols are the major soil orders in the country. Salt affected soils are spread in the coastal area as Salic Haplocambids, Typic Aquisalids, Typic Haplosalids, Typic Haplocalcids, Lithic Haplocalcids, and Typical Torriorthents.
Fishing
Although Libya has nearly 1,800 km of coastline and the second largest continental shelf in the Mediterranean, its waters are not particularly rich in plankton needed to sustain fishing waters. In 1977, Libya's fishing catch was 4,803 tons and 6,418 tons by 1981. Most fleets were located on the western coast near Tripoli. In 1979, fishing boats were estimated at 325, 13 being commercial trawlers; the rest small and medium-sized boats. There were approximately 1,000-1,200 professional fishermen by 1981. The government has encouraged fishing and attempted to stimulate demand. In 1986 a fishing port was constructed at Zuwara, and ice plants were built at several coastal sites. Agreements for joint fishing development were signed with several countries, including Tunisia and Spain.
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13166258
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture%20in%20Libya
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Agriculture in Libya
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Sponge fishing was monopolized by Greek fishers. A tiny percentage of the harvest was obtained by Libyans using small boats and skin-diving equipment from shallow waters inshore. In 1977, the government established freshwater fish farms in several inshore locations. In 1997, the low annual catch of 34,500 mt demonstrates Libya’s still underdeveloped fisheries. Low investments in fishing boats, ports, and processing facilities are major obstacles to growth. The country has one major fishing port (Zliten), one tuna plant and two sardine factories with small processing capacities (1,000 metric tons per year each). Libya is planning to build 24 fishing ports in addition to one under construction at Marsa Zuaga. With a primary and secondary productive employment base of around 12,000 persons by 2006, the national fisheries sector provides a small fraction - around 1% - of the total labor force. Its estimated contribution to Agricultural GDP is negligible, standing at around 10%.
Forestry
Libya lacks forests for commercial purposes. Although the government designated over 624 km2 as woodland or forest, this land is covered in scrub and minor vegetation. During the 1960s the government began an afforestation program. An estimated 213 million seedlings were planted by 1977, 33 million being fruit trees. Most reforestation occurred in western Libya. During reforestation, scientists experimented with a petrochemical spray that is sufficiently porous to allow rain to seep through, yet sturdy enough to prevent seedlings from being blown away during sandstorms. Planting program goals included growing enough trees to meet domestic lumber needs, soil conservation and reclamation, and windbreaks for crops and settlements.
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13166287
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor%20Vinberg
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Fyodor Vinberg
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Fyodor Viktorovich Vinberg (; – 14 February 1927) was a right-wing Russian military officer, publisher and journalist.
Early life
Born in Kiev in the family of a general with German background, Vinberg studied in high school in Kiev and in the Alexander Lyceum. From 1891 to 1892, he worked in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1893, he entered military service. Serving in the cavalry, he rose to the rank of colonel in 1911.
In the years before World War I, he became involved in extreme right-wing politics, joining the Black-Hundredist Union of Archangel Michael and writing for right-wing publications.
During the war, he commanded the Second Baltic cavalry regiment. He became personally acquainted with Tsarina Aleksandra for whom he developed a strong emotional attachment. There were even rumours of an affair. After the February Revolution, he left the army.
Revolutionary Russia
After the October Revolution, he was imprisoned by the Bolsheviks for his role in an alleged plot to overthrow the Provisional Government. He pleaded not guilty and pointed to the absurdity of such charges by the Bolsheviks, as they had overthrown the Provisional Government themselves. He was sentenced to one year's imprisonment by the revolutionary tribunal but was released in early 1918. There, he met fellow right-wingers, including Pyotr Shabelsky-Bork, who became his friend and collaborator. In prison, he kept notes, which he later published.
He made a dangerous journey to Kiev to fight with the White Army, where he was arrested and rescued by German forces and accompanied them in retreat to Germany. In 1919 he was in Berlin, where he published the short-lived right-wing newspapers/magazines Prizyv ("The Call") and Luch Sveta ("A Ray of Light"). Vinberg personally introduced the Protocols of the Elders of Zion from Russia to Germany, and via his magazines, republished and promoted the Protocols while advocating the destruction of the world's Jewry.
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13166287
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor%20Vinberg
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Fyodor Vinberg
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Later life
In the wake of the Kapp Putsch of March 1920, Vinberg moved from Berlin to Munich. In 1921 he published in Russian a book, Krestny Put (The Way of the Cross"), translated into German as Via Dolorosa. There, in 1922, as a leading member of the conspiratorial Aufbau Vereinigung (Reconstruction Organisation) he had lengthy and detailed discussions with Adolf Hitler on ideological matters. Later that year, under suspicion for his involvement in the assassination of Russian émigré Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov, he moved to France, where he died in 1927.
Beliefs
Vinberg was a loyal Russian monarchist with an aristocratic contempt for the masses. He was much influenced by the antisemitic speculations in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's A Writer's Diary. He called for "Aryan peoples" to unite against the "Jewish plan for world domination". For Russia, he advocated a return to the strong authority of the Tsar, which he hoped to restore, with German help. He also wanted Orthodoxy to unite with Catholicism and to learn from its methods in waging ideological war against the enemy, by anathematising the Freemasonry and all of Satan's servants "at Easter Week in all the churches and all the cathedrals of our homeland". Burbank comments that it would be "in other words a nationwide pogrom".
Walter Laqueur describes his ideas as "a half-way house between the old Black Hundred and National Socialism" and claims that Vinberg distinguished two kinds of antisemitism: the "higher", concerned with restrictive laws against the Jews, and the "lower", the brutal and homicidal behaviour of the lower classes, which was terrible but essential if the Jewish menace, recently responsible for communist revolution, is finally to be laid to rest.
David Redles mentions Vinberg's belief that the German and Russian peoples have to unite to defeat the Jews, which would result in world peace.
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13166318
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%20Masters%20Tournament
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1960 Masters Tournament
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The 1960 Masters Tournament was the 24th Masters Tournament, held April 7–10 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Arnold Palmer birdied the final two holes to win by one stroke over runner-up Ken Venturi.
It was the second of Palmer's four Masters victories and the second of his seven major titles. Palmer, age 30, also won the U.S. Open in 1960 and was the runner-up at the British Open.
Jack Nicklaus, age 20 and the reigning U.S. Amateur champion, played in his second Masters. He made the cut for the first time at Augusta and tied for 13th place. Defending champion Art Wall Jr. did not play, due to a knee injury. The purse was $87,050 with a winner's share of $17,500.
Third place finisher Dow Finsterwald received a two-stroke penalty after the second round for violating a local rule, practice putting on the green following the conclusion of a hole, and lost the title by two strokes. The incident had occurred in the first round, and was self-reported after the second round after he was informed by his playing partner Billy Casper that it was not allowed. Instead of leading at 139 (−5), Finsterwald was tied with Ben Hogan and two others for second place after two rounds at 141, one stroke behind leader Palmer at 140.
Palmer was the sole leader after all four rounds and was the second wire-to-wire winner at the Masters, following Craig Wood in 1941. Subsequent wire-to-wire winners were Jack Nicklaus in 1972, Raymond Floyd in 1976, and Jordan Spieth in 2015.
The 36-hole cut rule was slightly modified this year to include all golfers in the top 40 plus ties or within 10 strokes of the lead. Previously the cut rule at the Masters (instituted in 1957) was top 40 plus ties. Three golfers made the cut at 150 (+6) who would not have made the cut under the previous rule.
The par-3 contest was introduced this year, and three-time Masters champion Sam Snead won with a score of 23 (−4).
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13166330
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20furniture
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French furniture
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In Paris, the furniture trade was divided among craft guilds with jealous regard for infringements. Menuisiers were solely occupied with carved furnishings, which included beds and all seat furniture, as they were for the carved boiseries of the interiors they were destined to occupy. Carvers and gilders worked directly for them. Ébénistes, who drew their name from the ebony that they worked into cabinets that were carved in shallow relief and incorporated veneers of tortoiseshell and ivory, a specialty of Paris furniture in the mid-seventeenth century, retained their control over all carcase furniture that was intended to be veneered, often with elaborate marquetry. The bronze mounts that decorated these high-style case-pieces, from the 1660s to the abolition of guilds in the French Revolution, was furnished, and even carried to the ébéniste's workshop by separate guilds of foundrymen.
French furniture of the Ancien Régime, often characterised by dealers and collectors by reign-names, as "Louis Quinze furniture", etc., can be seen as representative, even formative, manifestations of broader European styles: French Gothic furniture, of which so little has survived; French Renaissance furniture of the sixteenth century; Early Baroque furniture associated with Louis XIII, comparable to what was produced at Antwerp; sculptural and tectonic High Baroque furniture associated with Louis XIV; Rococo furniture, associated with the Régence and the reign of Louis XV; and Neoclassical furniture, associated with Louis XVI.
French furniture of the Revolution and the First French Empire is imbued with a more severe, self-consciously archaeological phase of Neoclassicism, which began to lose its grip on styles in the 1830s, with Gothic and Rococo revivals, leading to the eclecticism of the French Second Empire. Art Nouveau provided one form of reaction to the battle of the historicist styles, and Modernism marked a more rigorous break with the past. Art Deco offered a decorative version of Modernism.
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13166348
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6hingen%20Castle
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Höhingen Castle
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Höhingen Castle () is a castle built in the Early Middle Ages on the top of the Schlossberg, a hill, above the town Achkarren, a part of the city of Vogtsburg im Kaiserstuhl in the district Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
Location
The castle is located on the top of the Schlossberg ( above sea level) in the Rhine rift in the neighbourhood of Breisach. The height difference between the town in the valley and the former castle is about 150 m (460 ft). Hoehingen was an important castle for centuries. The distance to the strategically important and hard-fought fortification Breisach was just about 7 km (4.5 mi). The reason for the strategic importance lies in the topographic situation which allows only two narrow passages for north-south routes of commerce on the right side of the Rhine. One route goes between Riegel and the Black Forest and the other one between Breisach and Achkarren. Besides this, the Burg Höhingen played a counterpart to the more important Breisach during the changing history that was punctuated by war - particularly in the times of the Thirty Years' War.
History
Only little is known about the beginnings of the first castle buildings on the top of the Schloßberg. But there are references of first castle buildings in the year 1064 AD when the town Achkarren was mentioned first time in documents on the occasion of the giving of the village to the cloister of Ottmarsheim (a small Town in Alsace) by King Henry IV. In the following centuries the buildings have been extended several times. The first documented reference of the castle dates from the year 1259 AD. After surviving for centuries, the castle was burned down in 1525 AD during the German Peasants' War with participation of the peasants of Achkarren.
| 2.40625
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13166440
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison%20Symphony%20Orchestra
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Madison Symphony Orchestra
|
The Madison Symphony Orchestra (MSO) is an orchestra headquartered in Madison, Wisconsin. Its conductor is John DeMain, who began his 30th season with the orchestra in the fall of 2023. The orchestra was founded in 1925 as a small community ensemble and is now a full-sized, professional orchestra. In addition to presenting eight triple-performance subscription concerts, the MSO also offers an array of Education and Community Engagement Programming for all ages including young people's concerts, musician residency programs, and guest artist master classes.
Overture Hall
The Madison Symphony Orchestra performs in Madison's Overture Hall, one of two theaters in Madison's Overture Center for the Arts, a gift given to Madison by longtime MSO patrons W. Jerome Frautschi and his wife, Pleasant Rowland Frautschi. The Frautschis' gift held the distinction of being one of the largest gifts ever donated to the performing arts by a single donor in American history, actually exceeding the entire budget of the National Endowment for the Arts. Their gift in turn inspired a wave of gifts to the performing arts nationwide.
Overture Hall has been described as "one of the acoustically finest halls in America" by guest artists, conductors, and visiting shows alike; and among other notable features the hall possesses the magnificent "Overture Concert Organ", custom built for the Overture Center by renowned organ builder, Johannes Klais of Bonn, Germany. At twenty tons, the Klais organ is the largest movable object in any theater in America, with a capability to move forward and back into storage on a set of railroad tracks. The organ is owned and maintained by the Madison Symphony Orchestra and provides the orchestra with superior augmentation to such works as Richard Strauss' "Also sprach Zarathustra" or Gustav Holst's "The Planets." The MSO also presents an organ performance series featuring MSO's principal organist and organ curator, Greg Zelek, and visiting organists.
| 2.046875
| 0
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13166593
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate%20schedule%20%28federal%20income%20tax%29
|
Rate schedule (federal income tax)
|
A rate schedule is a chart that helps United States taxpayers determine their federal income tax for a particular year. Another name for "rate schedule" is "rate table".
Origin
The origin of the current rate schedules is the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (IRC), which is separately published as Title 26 of the United States Code. With that law, the U.S. Congress created four types of rate tables, all of which are based on a taxpayer's filing status (e.g., "married individuals filing joint returns," "heads of households").
Each year the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS) updates rate schedules in accordance with guidelines that Congress established in the IRC. In general, the IRS bases such adjustments on inflation and cost of living increases in the previous year.
Application
The tax rate schedules give tax rates for given levels of taxable income. There is a complex relationship between taxable income and actual income, making it difficult to draw conclusions from the tables. Even the marginal tax rates are misleading because there are various laws that relate taxable income to actual income such that an increase of a dollar of actual income results in an increase of more or less than a dollar in taxable income depending on the circumstances surrounding the increase, thus making the marginal tax rate dependent on an individual taxpayer's personal situation.
These schedules apply only to regular US income tax, whereas there is a second income tax, the Alternative Minimum Tax, that uses a different schedule. A taxpayer's tax obligation is the higher of those two income taxes, which makes drawing conclusions from the table even more difficult.
Format
| 2.5
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13166593
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate%20schedule%20%28federal%20income%20tax%29
|
Rate schedule (federal income tax)
|
All rate schedules have an identical format, containing four columns and seven rows (called "brackets"). The first two columns indicate the range of taxable income that a taxpayer must have to qualify for a particular tax rate. The third column indicates the tax rate itself. The fourth column gives the range of income to which the current marginal rate applies.
Given that Congress has prescribed a system of progressive taxation, all but the lowest-earning taxpayers pay distinct rates for different parts of their income.
The following are the IRS rate schedules for 2021:
Schedule X — Single
Schedule Y-1 — Married filing jointly or qualifying widow(er)
Schedule Y-2 — Married filing separately
Schedule Z — Head of household
Caution: These tables shown above are accurate for 2021 only and do not apply for any other year.
Use of rate schedules
To use a rate schedule, a taxpayer must know their filing status and amount of taxable income. Definitions related to one's filing status can be found in IRC § A.2(a-b), and general guidelines regarding taxable income are described in IRC § A.63(a-b). Once a taxpayer has made these determinations, he (1) references the pertinent rate schedule, (2) finds the appropriate bracket (based on her taxable income), and (3) uses the formula described in the third column to determine his federal income tax.
Assume, for example, that Taxpayer A is single and has a taxable income of $175,000 in 2021. The following steps apply the procedure outlined above:
(1) Because he is single, the pertinent rate table is Schedule X.
(2) Given that his income falls between $164,296 and $209,425, he uses the fifth bracket in Schedule X.
(3) His federal income tax will be "$33,602.42 plus 32% of the amount over
$164,295." Applying this formula to Taxpayer A, one arrives at the
following result:
$33,602.42 + (0.32 * ($175,000 - $164,295)) =
$33,602.42 + (0.28 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deduction$85,650) =
$33,602.42 + $3,425.60 = $37,028.02.
| 2.40625
| 0
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13166642
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoru%20Yosano
|
Kaoru Yosano
|
(August 22, 1938 – May 23, 2017) was a Japanese politician. He was a member of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), the Sunrise Party of Japan and former member of the House of Representatives, serving his ninth term in the Lower House representing Tokyo's first electoral district until his defeat in the 2009 Japanese general election. He was Chief Cabinet Secretary to Prime Minister Shinzō Abe from August 2007 to September 2007, and Minister of Economic and Fiscal Policy in Tarō Asō's administration from February to September 2009.
Political career
Born the grandson of poets Yosano Akiko and Yosano Tekkan in Tokyo, Yosano graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1963. In 1972 he unsuccessfully ran for the House of Representatives, then served as secretary to Yasuhiro Nakasone. He ran again in 1976 and was elected. On August 27, 2007, he was appointed Chief Cabinet Secretary to Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, replacing Yasuhisa Shiozaki. He was replaced by Nobutaka Machimura on September 27 when Yasuo Fukuda succeeded Abe. He was appointed as Minister of Economic and Fiscal Policy and Minister of Regulatory Reform on August 1, 2008.
Following the resignation of Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda, Yosano announced his candidacy for the LDP presidency on September 8, 2008:
In the leadership election, held on September 22, 2008, Tarō Asō was elected with 351 of the 527 votes, while Yosano trailed in second place with 66 votes. In Aso's cabinet, appointed on 24 September 2008, Yosano retained his post as Minister of Economic and Fiscal Policy. On February 18, 2009, with the resignation of Shoichi Nakagawa on the case of the G7 conference, he took office as Minister of Finance and Minister in charge of financial services.
| 2.1875
| 0
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13166646
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961%20Masters%20Tournament
|
1961 Masters Tournament
|
The 1961 Masters Tournament was the 25th Masters Tournament, held April 6–10 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia.
Due to heavy rains and flooding of several greens, Sunday's final round was halted before 4 p.m. and the scores were erased, even though ten players had completed their rounds. Third round leader Gary Player was even par through eleven holes, and defending champion Arnold Palmer was two-under through nine. The entire round was replayed the next day.
In the final round on Monday, Player defeated Palmer and amateur Charles Coe by one stroke to become the first international champion at the Masters. Player made an up and down from the bunker on the final hole but thought he had lost the tournament, after carding a disappointing 40 (+4) on the back nine. In the final pairing with a one-shot lead, Palmer needed a par on the final hole for the win. From the fairway, his approach shot also landed in the bunker right of the green. With a poor lie, Palmer's bunker shot went past the hole and off the green and down a hillock. Using his putter from off the green, he failed to get the fourth shot close, then missed the bogey putt which would have forced a playoff.
It was the first of three green jackets for Player, age 25, and the second of his nine major titles. His other wins at Augusta came over a decade later in 1974 and 1978. Jack Nicklaus, 21, recorded the first of his 22 top-10 finishes at the Masters, his last as an amateur. He tied for seventh, but the low amateur honors went to Coe. Nicklaus regained the U.S. Amateur title in September at Pebble Beach and turned professional in November.
A field of 88 players entered the tournament and 41 of them made the cut at five-over-par (149).
Amateur Deane Beman won the Par 3 contest with a score of 22; he turned pro in 1967 and later became the second commissioner of the PGA Tour, from 1974 to 1994.
| 2.53125
| 0
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13167009
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907%20Alabama%20Crimson%20Tide%20football%20team
|
1907 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
|
The 1907 Alabama Crimson Tide football team (variously "Alabama", "UA" or "Bama") represented the University of Alabama in the 1907 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 15th overall and 12th season as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA). The team was led by head coach J. W. H. Pollard, in his second year, and played their home games at the University of Alabama Quad in Tuscaloosa, the Birmingham Fairgrounds in Birmingham, Highland Park in Montgomery and at Monroe Park in Mobile, Alabama. They finished the season with a record of five wins, one loss and two ties (5–1–2 overall, 3–1–2 in the SIAA).
Alabama played several games of note during the season. Their 54–4 loss to Sewanee is the last time Alabama allowed an opponent to score 50 points in a regulation game until a 52–49 loss to Tennessee on October 15, 2022. (In 2003 Tennessee beat Alabama 51–43 in a game that went five overtimes after being tied 20–20 at the end of regulation.) The victory over LSU at Monroe Park marked the first ever Alabama home game played in Mobile.
Schedule
Scoring note:
1907 Iron Bowl
Alabama's 6–6 tie with Auburn was both the only tie in the history of the Iron Bowl and the last meeting between the two teams for forty years. Auburn was a 3 to 1 favorite going into the game, due to their earlier victory over Georgia and the fact that they had lost to Sewanee by only 6 points while Alabama lost to Sewanee by 50. Alabama missed a chance to win when a 15-yard field goal attempt failed.
| 2.109375
| 0
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13167024
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Advertising%20Museum
|
American Advertising Museum
|
The American Advertising Museum was a museum in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1986, the museum displayed advertising from the 18th century to the present day. The museum featured both permanent and traveling exhibits on advertising campaigns, industry icons, and advertising in general. There was also a library and gift shop before it closed by the end of 2004.
History
Mick Scott with Leonard W. Lanfranco's assistance, opened the museum in 1986. Homer P. Groening, Matt Groening's father, was also one of the founding directors of the museum. It opened on June 26 of that year in the Erickson Saloon building and was initiated by the Portland Advertising Federation. At the time it was the only museum in the world devoted solely to advertising. For a time from 1995 to 1996 the museum was located on the city's Eastside.
In 1996, the museum moved to a location in Portland's Old Town Chinatown neighborhood. The PBS show Antiques Roadshow featured the museum in a 1999 episode. In 2000, the William F. Eisner Museum of Advertising & Design museum opened in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and the AAM was no longer the only museum to focus exclusively on advertising. The AAM relocated to Portland's Chinatown district in 2001. In 2003, the HMH ad agency won an ADDY award for their design for the museum's stationery.
By February 2004 the Eisner Museum had acquired the American Advertising Museum collections as an exchange for paying its debts, and the AAM was closed. However, the Eisner Museum in turn closed in 2010, when the building it was located in was sold. , the disposition of the museum's collection and archives is unknown.
| 2.296875
| 0
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13167279
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarmuid%20Lynch
|
Diarmuid Lynch
|
Jeremiah Christopher Lynch (10 January 1878 – 9 November 1950) was an Irish revolutionary from County Cork who was a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and became a Sinn Féin TD in the First Dáil. A skilled organiser, he was prominent in Irish American organisations in the United States, where he spent many years.
Early life
Lynch was born in Granig, Tracton, County Cork, to Timothy Lynch, a farmer, and Hannah Dunlea. His mother died from pneumonia in July 1878 when Lynch was an infant; his father, who had remarried, died when Diarmuid was thirteen years of age.
In his autobiography, Lynch recalls being taken to a political meeting in Cork city by his father in 1886 which was addressed by Charles Stewart Parnell. He also describes attending a monster Land League rally at Minane Bridge at which William O'Brien and Dr. Charles Tanner MP spoke. He was politically influenced by his teachers, particularly Michael McCarthy, headmaster at Knocknamana National School.
Career
Like other rural Irishmen of his generation, such as Michael Collins and J. J. Walsh, Lynch found employment in the Postal service. He began working as a sorting clerk in the Cork GPO and studied at Skerry's College for entrance to the Civil Service. In an open competitive examination he secured a place as a "Boy Clerk" at the Mount Pleasant money order office, London. Mount Pleasant would play a very significant part in the growth of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), because it was here that individuals such as Collins and Sam Maguire first became acquainted. Lynch himself would become a member of the IRB Supreme Council. While in London he played hurling with the London Gaels.
| 2.484375
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13167279
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarmuid%20Lynch
|
Diarmuid Lynch
|
Migration to USA
Lynch accepted an offer of employment from his uncle Cornelius Dunlea in New York and his skill as an organiser was soon recognised having joined the New York Philo-Celtic Society, established for the preservation of the Irish language and culture in the Irish-American nationalist community, in the summer of 1897. By December of that year, he had been elected secretary. Within a short period, membership in the organisation had almost quadrupled. Lynch "was convinced that restoration of the Irish language would increase the self respect of the Irish people". His activities in New York, and in particular his work for the Irish language, saw him elevated to the position of the State President of the Gaelic League of the State of New York. It was this role which would bring him to the attention of the Clan na Gael leadership of John Devoy and Judge Daniel F. Cohalan, two of the most important figures in Irish-American politics. Lynch's persuasive powers influenced Cohalan to accept "that the propagation of the language, instead of hindering the objective of the Clan, was essential to its achievement".
As Lynch's reputation grew so did his sphere of influence. Before he returned to Ireland in 1907, he could boast a circle of friends that included Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa, Dr Thomas Addis Emmet, Ricard O'Sullivan Burke, John J. Breslin and Tom Clarke.
Having spent almost eleven years in America, Lynch decided to return to Ireland. He had been back in 1902 for a short period, when, with the aid of Liam de Róiste, he had organised an Irish cultural feis at Minane Bridge.
Return to Ireland
On his return to Ireland, he was employed by Thomas McKenzie & Sons, Dublin, an agricultural supplies wholesaler. He later joined the IRB at the invitation of Seán T. O'Kelly. By 1911 he had been appointed to the IRB Supreme Council as the divisional representative for Munster.
| 2.5
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13167279
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarmuid%20Lynch
|
Diarmuid Lynch
|
In the 1918 general election after Eugene Crean MP stood down, Lynch was returned unopposed while in absentia in America. He became Teachta Dála (TD) in the First Dáil for Cork South East.
Tension with de Valera
The arrival of Éamon de Valera to America in 1919 was followed by the establishment of a rival organisation to the Friends of Irish Freedom. In 1920, Lynch resigned his Dáil seat in sympathy with Devoy and Colohan. He wrote a letter of resignation in July 1920, which was read out to the Dáil the following month. In it he said: "Differences have arisen since July 1919, between de Valera and the recognised leaders of the movement here as to the proper conduct of the campaign in America for the recognition of the Irish Republic and these circumstances have governed my actions in resigning."
de Valera and Lynch would again become embroiled in a bitter battle in 1929, when associates of the former tried unsuccessfully to claim the unused funds raised by the Friends of Irish Freedom in 1919 and 1920. de Valera sought to claim this money to establish the Irish Press. Lynch's eventual victory in the case was attributable to his record-keeping and organisational skills.
Civil War and later life
Lynch played no part in the Irish Civil War, but along with his IRB comrade Seán O'Hegarty made several unsuccessful attempts to stop it. In an impassioned letter, written in 1922 to the members of Friends of Irish Freedom, he wrote: "Our influence may be exercised towards securing for Ireland the greatest need of the moment – Peace."
In 1933 he returned to Ireland, living initially in Mallow but settling in Tracton, County Cork. He contributed to the work of the Bureau of Military History in collecting witness statements from those who had taken part in the War of Independence and in reviewing historical publications. He attempted to run for the Senate in 1944 but was not successful.
His marriage produced no children. Lynch died in 1950 and his funeral took place at Minane Bridge in County Cork.
| 2.234375
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13167343
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda%20blasting
|
Soda blasting
|
Soda blasting is a mild form of abrasive blasting in which sodium bicarbonate particles are blasted against a surface using compressed air. It has a much milder abrasive effect than sandblasting. An early use was in the conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty in the 1980s.
Soda blasting is a non-destructive method for many applications in cleaning, paint and varnish stripping, automotive restoration, industrial equipment maintenance, rust removal, graffiti removal, molecular steel passivation against rust, oil removal by saponification and translocation, masonry cleaning and restoration, soot remediation, boat hull cleaning and for food processing facilities and equipment and tooth cleaning at the dental laboratory.
Applications
Soda blasting can be used for cleaning timber, wood, oak beams, oak floors, doors, stairs & banisters, cars, boat hulls, masonry, and food processing equipment. Soda blasting can also be used to remove graffiti and to clean structural steel. Soda blasting is very effective for mold and fire/smoke damage cleanup as it cleans and deodorizes.
Equipment
A soda blaster is a self-contained system that includes a blast generator, high pressure compressed air, moisture decontamination system, blast hose, and a blast nozzle. The blasting material consists of formulated sodium bicarbonate (also known as baking soda). Blasting soda is an extremely friable material that undergoes micro fragmentation on impact, literally exploding away surface materials without damage to the substrate. Since sodium bicarbonate is much softer than the silicon carbide or aluminium oxide used in sandblasting, the blast nozzle used for soda blasting applications can be made of soft metals such as brass or steel. The pressures used are very low compared to those used in sandblasting, e.g., 20psi as opposed to 120psi.
| 2.28125
| 0
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13167362
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism%20in%20Ukraine
|
Buddhism in Ukraine
|
Buddhism () is the fourth largest religion in Ukraine. It has existed since the 19th and 20th century, after immigration from countries with Buddhist populations, mainly North Vietnam and Korea under Communist period. Although sources are not readily available, Buddhists are believed to constitute 0.1% of the total population in Ukraine.
History
Despite the fact that on a superficial level Buddhism was known in Ukraine long ago due to the regular contacts of the Ukrainian Cossacks with the Kalmyks, who profess Buddhism, the interest in Buddhism in its philosophical and ethical aspects among the Ukrainian cultural and scientific intelligentsia arose not earlier than in the 19th century. Closer acquaintance with Buddhism was interrupted in the Soviet period, when any interest in religious teachings different from Soviet ideology was persecuted. As a result, such interest could not be fully satisfied and, moreover, grow into certain organizations. Therefore, the first open systematic lectures on Buddhism, sermons and lessons on Buddhist studies, date back to 1989, when the political and ideological pressure of the Soviet system was considerably eased. At that time the first Buddhist teachings took place in Ukraine, and the first secular followers of Buddhism appeared, they took Buddhist refuge in the Three Jewels: Buddha, the Teaching (Dharma) and the Community (Sangha).
Ukraine’s first officially registered Buddhist community was set up in the village of Ol'hynka, Volnovakha Raion, Donetsk Oblast in 1991, and in 1993 Buddhist Center Lunh-zhonh-pa (which means "The Wardens of the Commandments" in the Tibetan language) was built there. This school conducts both lay and monastic activities.
| 2.359375
| 0
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13167398
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Aubrey-Fletcher
|
John Aubrey-Fletcher
|
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir John Henry Lancelot Aubrey-Fletcher, 7th Baronet (22 August 1912 – 19 June 1992) was a British baronet, who played first-class cricket for Oxford and was a British Army soldier.
Born in Kensington, Aubrey-Fletcher was the eldest son of Sir Henry Lancelot Aubrey-Fletcher, 6th Baronet and his wife Mary Augusta Chilton.
He was educated at Eton College and at New College, Oxford. While at Oxford in 1933 he played cricket for the university team. In 1937 he was accepted at Inner Temple entitled to practice as Barrister-at-Law. He played Minor counties cricket between 1931 and 1948 for Buckinghamshire.
In 1939 he married Diana Mary Fynvola Egerton (the great-granddaughter of the second Baron Harlech) and they had two children:
Susan Mary Fynvola Aubrey-Fletcher (1940–1976), who was married, without issue, to Hon. Richard Stanley, brother and heir presumptive of the Earl of Derby
Henry Egerton Aubrey-Fletcher, born 1945
During the Second World War he fought in the Grenadier Guards, attaining the rank of lieutenant colonel.
From 1961 to 1962 he held the office of High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire. He died in 1992 at Oxford.
| 1.90625
| 0
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13167438
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%204%20Stereo
|
Phase 4 Stereo
|
Phase 4 Stereo was a recording process created by the U.K. Decca Records label in 1961. The process was used on U.K. Decca recordings and also those of its American subsidiary London Records during the 1960s.
Phase 4 Stereo recordings were created with an innovative 10-channel, and later 20-channel, "recording console".
The 10-channel and 20-channel console outputs for Phase 4 recordings were originally made on then novel 4-track tape, but the innovation was in the special scoring used to maximize the technology. In recording techniques of the early-to-mid-60s, to get the kind of layered sound realized in Phase 4 recordings, multiple overdubs over multiple reels of tape, bouncing down and bouncing across to different recorders were used. This increased the level of tape hiss on the final master, something which Phase 4 engineers wanted to avoid. They achieved in their scoring techniques in one pass what everybody else was achieving with multiple overdubs.
Approximately two hundred albums were released with the process, including popular music, "gimmick" records engineered to make the sound travel from speaker to speaker, records featuring percussion effects, and historical sound effect records. In 1964, a light classical Phase 4 "Concert Series" was produced. The label was a major financial success for Decca.
History and development
By the end of the 1940s Decca had consolidated a prestige among music lovers in the field of high-fidelity music recording through its ffrr (full frequency range recording) series. These recordings took advantage of the technological advances developed by the firm during World War II at the request of the Royal Navy. In the hands of innovative sound engineers like Kenneth Wilkinson, the recordings of the Decca-London stood out for their wide frequency response and good resolution.
| 2.546875
| 0
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13167460
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Alabama%20Lions%20football
|
North Alabama Lions football
|
The North Alabama Lions football program represents the University of North Alabama (UNA) in college football as the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) level as a member of the United Athletic Conference (UAC). The conference, which played its first season in 2023, is a merger of the football leagues of UNA's primary home of the ASUN Conference and the Western Athletic Conference (WAC). UNA had played the 2022 season in the ASUN, and before that had played football in the Big South Conference for three seasons. UNA plays its home games at Braly Municipal Stadium in Florence, Alabama. The team's head coach is Brent Dearmon. UNA was an NCAA Division II member from 1972 to 2017.
The Lions are distinguished as the only team to win three consecutive football national championships in NCAA Division II. UNA's 27 consecutive weeks at No. 1 in the Division II polls also comprise the longest stretch of consecutive No. 1 rankings in football in NCAA history on any level. UNA was the last Division II team to beat a Division I-A (FBS) team, defeating Southwestern Louisiana (now Louisiana) on October 11, 1997. In 2016, UNA won their fourth consecutive Gulf South Conference championship — a conference record.
History
Since the rebirth of football at the University of North Alabama in 1949, UNA has been one of the most consistently successful programs in the state of Alabama and on a regional and national level.
As an NCAA Division II member, UNA was nationally ranked in the Top 25 of the final Division II poll 21 times from 1980 to 2017, with 15 Top Ten Rankings. UNA's 21 all-time playoff appearances are the second most in Division II history. In addition, UNA's 35 playoff wins are the second most in DII history and the Lions' 12 Gulf South Conference football crowns are by far the most in league history.
| 2.109375
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13167460
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Alabama%20Lions%20football
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North Alabama Lions football
|
In 2018, the Lions began a new chapter with a transition to Division I and Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) status. The Lions played as an independent in the FCS in 2018 and finished with a 7–3 record. In 2019, UNA played its first season as a member of the Big South Conference and went 4–7 overall, losing three games by a touchdown or less. The Lions were not eligible to rank in the conference standings due to the transition but would have finished fourth with a 3–4 league mark. During the season, the Lions faced four nationally ranked FCS teams, all on the road.
The University of North Alabama fielded football teams from 1912 to 1928, but with little or no success.
Following a miserable showing in 1928, football was dropped at the university. For the next 21 years there were several efforts made to return football to the Florence campus by writing letters to the administration and gathering names on petitions. Those efforts finally proved successful on March 30, 1949, when President Dr. E.B. Norton held a student assembly to announce that football would return to campus that September.
Since that September day, the university has reaped 67 years worth of benefits from a football program that has helped put UNA on the map as one of the nation's premier collegiate powers. As an example, North Alabama boasts the highest winningest percentage since 1990 of any collegiate football program from the football tradition rich state of Alabama at 72.29.
UNA's football success has come through the combined efforts of eight different head coaches, more than 80 assistant coaches and more than 1,200 student-athletes.
Since Hal Self guided the first Lion squad onto the field on Sept. 29, 1949, through UNA's playoff loss that ended the 2009 season, the North Alabama program has made a name for itself like few others in the nation.
| 2.09375
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13167460
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Alabama%20Lions%20football
|
North Alabama Lions football
|
The 2008 season, UNA's 60th since football returned to campus, was emblematic of the Lions’ current position in college football. The Lions posted a 12–2 record and came within one game of playing for the Division II National Championship on its home field. That's because UNA had served as the host for the Division II Football Championship since 1986, and is the only school to have had the chance to claim a Division II title on its home field. Following a record-setting season of his own, North Alabama quarterback A.J. Milwee was the runner-up for the Division II National Player of the Year Award. That award is the Harlon Hill Trophy, named for the former Lion standout end whose name has been on the player of the year award since its creation in 1986.
Then in 2009, another historic chapter was written when nationally renowned coach Terry Bowden came to Florence and led the Lions to an 11–2 record, a Gulf South Conference championship, a spot in the quarterfinals of the Division II playoffs and a No. 6 national ranking in the final poll. It was UNA's fifth straight season with 10 or more wins and fifth straight playoff appearance. It was UNA's 15th overall playoff appearance and the Lions' 27 NCAA playoff wins are also the second most by any current Division II institution. North Alabama's Michael Johnson was named National Defensive Player of the Year by Daktronics and D2Football.com, lineman Montrell Craft was a national finalist for the Gene Upshaw Award as Division II's top lineman and quarterback Harrison Beck was a national finalist for the Harlon Hill Trophy as Division II Player of the Year.
In 2010 the Lions made their sixth consecutive NCAA playoff appearance and finished with a 9–4 record and followed that with a seventh straight post-season appearance in 2011.
| 1.90625
| 0
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13167460
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Alabama%20Lions%20football
|
North Alabama Lions football
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Purple Swarm and #44
The Purple Swarm was the nickname for the UNA defense during the mid-1990s. In 1994 and 1995, the UNA defense was one of the best on the Division II level and was a major contributor to the three consecutive national championships. This defense also produced seven different All-Americans. In 2023, first-year head coach Brent Dearmon revived the Purple Swarm name as a way to preserve tradition through the Division I transition. He stated that, “Tradition is a big thing and I didn’t want, through all the transition, there to be a loss of that around this place.” He did so by aiming to build a “Purple Swarm” defense. He also brought back the helmet design from the mid-1990s. Another way that Dearmon aimed to honor tradition was by honoring Ronald McKinnon. During his time at UNA, McKinnon donned the #44 jersey number. Dearmon decided to start a new tradition by giving the #44 to a defensive leader each year. For the 2023 season, Phillip Ossai was given the honor to wear the #44.
Spirit Hill and the Lion Walk
Spirit Hill is the site of pregame tailgates. It is adjacent to Braly Stadium. 2 hours prior to kickoff, the Lions pass through Spirit Hill on their way into the stadium, in what is known as the Lion Walk.
UNA Field Flag
Starting in the mid-1990s, a 60' x 60' flag with the letters "UNA" was walked onto the field during pregame. Up to 60 participants would carry the flag onto the field in an honor that many campus organizations would have to sign up for during the pre-season to participate in. The tradition almost lasted 20 years and is no longer a part of pre-game ceremonies.
Victory Flame
From 1962 to 1986, a victory flame stood on campus before it was demolished for construction of a new commons building. A new Victory Flame was constructed in 1995 adjacent to its original site. The flame is lit after every UNA victory or after a significant event in the university's history. A replica of the Victory Flame stands atop the Lions’ locker room at Braly Stadium.
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13167481
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase%20McEachern
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Chase McEachern
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Chase McEachern was a boy from Barrie, Ontario, Canada, who campaigned to have it mandatory that heart defibrillators be made available at schools and hockey arenas.
Death
On Feb. 9th, 2006, McEachern collapsed at school of cardiac arrest due to an atrial flutter, before his vision could be implemented, and on February 15, 2006, during Heart Month, he died surrounded by his family in a London, Ontario hospital. After his death, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, working with Chase's parents, created the Chase McEachern Tribute Fund. As a result, there are now automated external defibrillators in schools and other locations throughout Canada.
Shortly before his death, Chase wrote to sports legend Don Cherry asking for help in highlighting the need for this lifesaving equipment. Soon after his death Don Cherry dedicated time to Chase's plight on Coach's Corner.
The Chase McEachern Act
In 2006, the Ontario government introduced the Chase McEachern Act (Heart Defibrillator Civil Liability Act, 2006). This Act protects people from liability if they assisted someone, using a defibrillator, at an emergency (under certain conditions) or (again under certain conditions) if they made defibrillators available in good faith. Rocco Rossi of the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario said of this measure, "Today's action is a fitting tribute to
Chase's vision, which will aid in our campaign with the family to introduce
1,000 defibrillators across the province and serve as a catalyst to make these
devices as common as fire extinguishers, giving Ontarians the best possible
chance of surviving cardiac arrest." The legislation has been passed.
Legacy
Through the Chase McEachern Tribute Fund, Chase's vision has resulted in defibrillators being made available in Ontario government buildings.
A hockey tournament has been named after him. Chase' father, John McEachern, has received a medal for the defibrillator campaign, although he says it should really be his son Chase who should get the medal.
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13167602
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersion%20%28coastal%20management%29
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Submersion (coastal management)
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Submersion is the sustainable cyclic portion of coastal erosion where coastal sediments move from the visible portion of a beach to the submerged nearshore region, and later return to the original visible portion of the beach. The recovery portion of the sustainable cycle of sediment behaviour is named accretion.
Submersion vs erosion
The sediment that is submerged during rough weather forms landforms including storm bars. In calmer weather waves return sediment to the visible part of the beach. Due to longshore drift some sediment can end up further along the beach from where it started. Often coastal areas have developed sustainable coastal positions where the sediment moving off beaches is sustainable submersion. On many inhabited coastlines, anthropogenic interference in coastal processes has meant that erosion is often more permanent than submersion.
Community perception
The term erosion often is associated with undesirable impacts on the environment, whereas submersion is a sustainable part of healthy foreshores. Communities making decisions about coastal management need to develop understanding of the components of beach recession and be able to separate the component that is temporary sustainable submersion from the more serious irreversible anthropogenic or climate change erosion portion.
| 3.4375
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13167649
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tathagata%20Roy
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Tathagata Roy
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Tathagata Roy (born 14 September 1945) is an Indian politician who served as the Governor of Tripura from 2015 to 2018 and the Governor of Meghalaya from August 2018 to the end of his term in August 2020. He was the 6th state president of West Bengal state unit of Bharatiya Janata Party from 2002 to 2006 and a member of the BJP National Executive from 2002 until 2015.
Roy briefly had additional charge of the office of the Governor of Arunachal Pradesh from July 2016 till August 2016, during which he handled the ouster of Chief Minister Kalikho Pul following a Supreme Court judgement, and swore in Pema Khandu as the new Chief Minister. An engineer by training, Roy is a former professor of construction engineering and the founder-head of the department at Jadavpur University.
Life and works
Tathagata Roy was born on 14 September 1945 in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day West Bengal, India) to Debesh Chandra Roy and Anila (née Dutta). He had a distinguished academic career, having been ranked 6th in the Higher secondary examination of West Bengal Board of Secondary Education as a student of St. Lawrence High School, Kolkata and a recipient of the Jagadis Bose National Science Talent Search Scholarship. He studied Civil Engineering in Bengal Engineering College Sibpur (currently Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur), when it was affiliated with the University of Calcutta. Later he joined Indian Railways Service of Engineers. He worked as General Manager, RITES and as Chief Engineer - Design of Metro Railways, Calcutta. He also holds a Law Degree of Calcutta University.
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13167693
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnel%20Abbott
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Tarnel Abbott
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Tarnel Abbott (born 1953) is a free speech advocate, activist, and librarian from Richmond, California. She is the great-granddaughter of Jack London. Abbott is also a prominent fixture in local politics and council meetings especially on conservation.
Activism
Tarnel Abbott is a social activist and the retired former reference librarian of the Richmond, California Library and has used her position to advocate for free speech. In 2006 the California Library Association awarded her the Zoia Horn Intellectual Freedom Award for her community activism, a collaborative film series with the ACLU, banned books displays. She was also applauded for lobbying for a counter PATRIOT Act resolution from the city council to prevent government snooping into library records. Abbott has also participated in delegations to Richmond's sister city of Regla, Cuba and received a display of over 100 paintings which display the history of that largely Afro-Cuban and similarly industrial and refinery-laden city. Abbott frequently protests with community groups at Chevron USA's corporate headquarters in nearby San Ramon. She is an opponent of casino developments and supports transforming the city into a green economy.
She serves as a councilmember of the Zeneca / Former Stauffer Chemical Company Community Advisory Group.
Tarnel Abbott is an accomplished artist, making various displays, paintings, and dioramas depicting everyday life in Richmond—particularly industrial pollution and the Tent Cities Movement, which have earned her praise.
Abbott has expressed opposition to the development of the former Point Molate Naval Fuel Depot.
Family
Abbott's husband is palm tree farmer Robert Fowler. She is a fan and historian of her great-grandfather, although she does not embellish. She attended the University of California, Berkeley, as did her ancestor Jack London.
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13167766
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom
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Buddhism in the United Kingdom
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Buddhism in the United Kingdom is the fifth-largest religious group in the United Kingdom. The 2021 United Kingdom census recorded just under 290,000 Buddhists, or about 0.4% of the total population, with the largest number of Buddhists residing in Greater London and South East England. According to a Buddhist organisation, the growth of Buddhism in the United Kingdom is mainly a result of conversions.
In the UK census for 2011, there were about 247,743 people who registered their religion as Buddhism, and about 174,000 who cited religions other than the other five world religions and Jainism. This latter figure is likely to include some people who follow the traditional Chinese folk religion which also includes some elements of Buddhism.
History
Relationship with the Buddhist world
Although the practice of Buddhism in the United Kingdom started in the 19th century, the UK have had relations with Buddhist countries for more than a millennia. Britain may have had relations through the rule of the Romans, though most of these were directly from Rome. The religion of Manichaeism, a former major religion which had Buddhist influences, was said to have spread throughout the empire as far as Britannia.
However, there was little contact between the Buddhist world and Britain until the early modern age. Archaeological evidence found in Sutton Hoo suggests that Britain was part of an international culture, as the garnets discovered, dated back to the Anglo-Saxon period, came from as far away as Sri Lanka, at that time a strong Buddhist civilization called 'Anuradhapura', having contact with Ancient Rome and Greece. It was also known that during the Anglo-Saxon period, Sri Lanka was the most distant land away to the Anglo-Saxons.
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13167766
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom
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Buddhism in the United Kingdom
|
During the 16th century, many English sailors and travelers reached Asia with one notable of Ralph Fitch. Ralph Fitch was known to have visited various places in Asia between 1583 and 1591, including various Buddhist countries such as present-day Myanmar, Ayutthaya (a strong Buddhist kingdom situated in the areas of Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia and Myanmar), the Himalayas and Ceylon. William Adams was the first Englishman to reach Japan in 1600, at that time the country was also Buddhist.
History of Buddhism in the UK
Buddhism in the United Kingdom goes at least as far back as the 1810s. Adam Sri Munni Ratna, a Buddhist monk from Ceylon (Sri Lanka), travelled to England with his cousin (also a Buddhist monk) while accompanying Sir Alexander Johnston in 1818. They were keen to learn Christianity as they were travelling to England. During their brief stay, the two monks were baptised and returned to Ceylon where they entered government service.
As Buddhism expanded in the United Kingdom, several umbrella organisations have formed, such as the Buddhist Society (active since 1924, with an office in London), and The Network of Buddhist Organisations, established in 1993.
Theravada
In Britain, the earliest Buddhist influences came from the Theravada traditions of Burma, Thailand, and Sri Lanka. Interest in them was primarily scholarly to begin with, and a tradition of study grew up that resulted in the foundation of the Pali Text Society in 1881 founded by Thomas William Rhys Davids, which undertook the significant task of translating the Pāli Canon of Theravada Buddhist tradition into English. The start of interest in Buddhism as a path of practice had been pioneered by the original Theosophists, the Russian Madame Blavatsky and the American Colonel Olcott, who in 1880 became the first Westerners to receive the Three refuges and Five precepts, the formal conversion ceremony by which one traditionally accepted and becomes a Buddhist.
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13167766
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom
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Buddhism in the United Kingdom
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Vidyamala Burch and her organization Breathworks have helped to popularize mindfulness-based pain management (MBPM), a mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) providing applications for people suffering from chronic pain and illness.
The British Association of Mindfulness-Based Approaches (BAMBA) is a network of 25 mindfulness teacher-training organizations that aims to support and develop good practice and integrity in the delivery of mindfulness-based approaches in the UK.
Demographics
Population
According to the 2021 United Kingdom census, Buddhists in England and Wales enumerated 272,508, or 0.5% of the population. In Northern Ireland, there were 1,542 Buddhists and the equivalent census for Scotland in 2022 recorded 15,501 Buddhists. The local authorities with the highest proportion of Buddhists were: Rushmoor (4,732: 4.74% of the population), Greenwich (5,034: 1.74%), Reading (2,887: 1.66%), Hounslow (3,932: 1.36%) and Westminster (2,603: 1.27%). In Scotland, the highest proportion was in Edinburgh at 0.54% (2,796); In Wales, the highest proportion was in Ceredigion at 0.53% (378); and in Northern Ireland, the highest concentration was in Belfast at 0.15% (517).
In the 2021 census for England and Wales, the main places of birth were the United Kingdom at 110,528 people (40.5% of the total Buddhist population), Southeast Asia at 67,152 (24.6%), South Asia at 45,076 (16.5%) and East Asia at 32,448 (11.9%). Among individual countries in Asia, the countries of Thailand; Sri Lanka; Nepal; China; and Vietnam made up the top five most common countries of birth for Buddhists residing in England and Wales. 58.3% of Buddhists identified as Asian, 31.9% as White, 4.0% were of Mixed heritage, 0.9% identified as Black and the remaining 4.9% identified with other ethnic groups.
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