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15833445
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia%20Wars
|
Galicia–Volhynia Wars
|
The Galicia–Volhynia Wars were several wars fought in the years 1340–1392 over the succession in the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, also known as Ruthenia. After Yuri II Boleslav was poisoned by local Ruthenian nobles in 1340, both the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland advanced claims over the kingdom. After a prolonged conflict, Galicia–Volhynia was partitioned between Poland (Galicia) and Lithuania (Volhynia) and Ruthenia ceased to exist as an independent state. Poland acquired a territory of approximately with 200,000 inhabitants.
Background
Brothers Andrew and Leo II died ca. 1322, leaving no male successor in Galicia–Volhynia. Instead of promoting his son Liubartas (who was married to Andrew's daughter) and causing a war with Poland, Gediminas of Lithuania compromised with Władysław I of Poland. Both parties agreed to install fourteen-year-old Yuri II Boleslav, a Masovian prince and nephew of Lev and Andrew. Yuri Boleslav, born Bolesław, was the son of Trojden I of Masovia from the Polish Piast dynasty, a cousin of Władysław I and nephew of Gediminas' son-in-law Wenceslaus of Płock. To strengthen the compromise, Bolesław was betrothed to Eufemija, daughter of Gediminas. He was poisoned in April 1340 by local nobles who resented growing Polish and Bohemian influence in the court. Yuri Boleslav did not have an heir and his death upset fragile power balance in the region.
Conflicts
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15833497
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmbridge%2C%20Worcestershire
|
Elmbridge, Worcestershire
|
Elmbridge is a small community, mainly clustered in a village and forms a civil parish in Worcestershire, England.
Geography
It occupies the top of the gentle, mainly green, vale of the Elmbridge Brook which feeds south a few miles into Droitwich Spa, there flowing into the short River Salwarpe, in navigability superseded by the parallel Droitwich Canal, both left-bank tributaries of the Severn.
The ecclesiastical parish has essentially the same boundaries. A long, north–south, strip parish, it broadens in the southwest to take in the minor neighbourhood of Broad Common which straddles the streets Kidderminster Road and The Knoll and a little of adjacent Broad Alley. Near Broad Common it takes in about half of the linear neighbourhood, Cutnall Green, along the Kidderminster Road and most of Forest Drive, all forming a 20th-century first-developed area of homes, mainly with gardens. Beside the church is a public green and in private land set behind buildings, opposite, is a pond.
Ambridge, the fictional village in the fictional county of Borsetshire, in The Midlands, may possibly have been based on Cutnall Green.
Demography
As at the census date of Sunday 27 March 2011, four weeks before Easter, ten of its 475 residents (or their parents) stated they were pupils or students living at their non-term-time address.
Amenities
Its Anglican church dedicated to Saint Mary is largely a Victorian reconstruction of a medieval building.
| 1.953125
| 0
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13159915
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Hudson%20%28American%20football%29
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Bill Hudson (American football)
|
William Alex Hudson (July 9, 1935 – December 13, 2017) was an American professional football defensive tackle and unheralded member of the original Fearsome Foursome of defensive linemen in pro football. He attended Clemson University, where he was a member of the track and football teams. He played in the Canadian Football League (CFL) with the Montreal Alouettes and in the American Football League (AFL) with the San Diego Chargers and Boston Patriots. He is a member of the South Carolina Sports Hall of Fame.
Hudson was the younger brother of Bob Hudson, who also attended Clemson and spent 10 seasons (1951–55, 1957–61) in the NFL and AFL as a linebacker and defensive back.
'Fearsome' legacy
Hudson was selected by the cash-strapped Chicago Cardinals in the 1957 NFL draft, but he signed for more money with the Alouettes of the Canadian Football League instead. He played with the Alouettes for three seasons and often both ways as an offensive and defensive tackle. Chargers assistant coach Al Davis learned that Hudson was unhappy with his situation and convinced him to jump to the new American League Football League.
Hudson was the captain of the Chargers defense in the 1961 and 1962 seasons, when he teamed with tackle Ernie Ladd and ends Earl Faison and Ron Nery on the most physically dominant line in the AFL if not all of pro football. The group soon became known as the Fearsome Foursome—they were even celebrated in “The Fearsome Foursome Stomp" musical recording—although their Los Angeles Rams counterparts in the more established NFL would gain more notoriety with the same monicker only years later.
| 1.984375
| 0
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13160061
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brogitarus
|
Brogitarus
|
Brogitarus ( , ) was king of Galatia in Asia Minor between and 50 BC, reigning concurrently with his father-in-law Deiotarus Philoromaeus, who was also tetrarch of the Tolistobogii. By Deiotarus' daughter Adobogiona, Brogitarus was the father of Amyntas, tetrarch of the Trocmi and king of Galatia.
Cicero claims that Brogitarus obtained his elevation to the kingship of Galatia alongside Deiotarus by bribing P. Clodius Pulcher, who was then tribune of the plebs at Rome. Brogitarus also became high priest of the Great Mother at Pessinus after the incumbent was removed through a law introduced by Clodius Pulcher. Cicero impugns not only this procedure but also Brogitarus' character, claiming that the priesthood "was sold for a large sum to Brogitarus, a profligate man, and unworthy of any such sacred character, especially as he had desired it not for the purpose of doing honour to the goddess, but only of profaning her temple." Deiotarus subsequently intervened to remove Brogitarus as high priest on the grounds that the latter had "polluted" its sacred ceremonies.
The name 'Brogitarus' may be understood as brogi-taros 'border-crosser' or (less likely) brogi-taruos 'border-bull'.
| 2.078125
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13160155
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20Performance%20of%20Buildings%20Directive%202024
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Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2024
|
The BUILD UP web portal aims to increase awareness and foster the market transformation towards Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings, catalysing and releasing Europe's collective intelligence for an effective implementation of energy saving measures in buildings, by connecting building professionals, including competent authorities.
The portal includes databases of publications, news, events, software tools & blog posts. Since the start of BUILD UP II in 2009 the portal introduced added value content items namely as overview articles (allowing for users to read / download them on demand) and free participation webinars, providing an effective learning resource.
The platform also incorporates the "BUILD UP Skills" webpage, an initiative launched in 2011 under the IEE programme to assist with the training and further education of craftsmen, on-site workers and systems installers of the building sector. BUILD UP hosts all BUILD UP Skills related information (EU Exchange Meetings, Technical Working Groups (TWGs), National pages and country factsheets, news, events and previous newsletters) under its separate section "Skills".
| 2.25
| 0
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13160155
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20Performance%20of%20Buildings%20Directive%202024
|
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2024
|
Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE) Programme
The EU's Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE) Programme was launched in 2003; the first IEE Programme (IEE I) closed in 2006, and was followed by the second IEE Programme (IEE II) from 2007 to 2013. Most parts of the IEE programme were run by the Executive Agency for SMEs, EASME -formerly known as the Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation (EACI)- on behalf of the European Commission. The Programme "supported projects which sought to overcome non-technical barriers to the uptake, implementation and replication of innovative sustainable energy solutions". From 2007 to 2013, the IEE II Programme allocated €72m (16% of the entire IEE II funding) to 63 building-related projects (including CA EPBD II & III), revealing the strong support for enabling EPBD implementation. The range of topics was broad, covering the fields of deep renovation, Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings, Energy Performance Certificates, renewable energy and the exemplary role of public buildings. Since the Programme's completion, the EU's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme has been funding these type of activities.
| 2.28125
| 0
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13160226
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breather%20surface
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Breather surface
|
In differential geometry, a breather surface is a one-parameter family of mathematical surfaces which correspond to breather solutions of the sine-Gordon equation, a differential equation appearing in theoretical physics. The surfaces have the remarkable property that they have constant curvature , where the curvature is well-defined. This makes them examples of generalized pseudospheres.
Mathematical background
There is a correspondence between embedded surfaces of constant curvature -1, known as pseudospheres, and solutions to the sine-Gordon equation. This correspondence can be built starting with the simplest example of a pseudosphere, the tractroid. In a special set of coordinates, known as asymptotic coordinates, the Gauss–Codazzi equations, which are consistency equations dictating when a surface of prescribed first and second fundamental form can be embedded into three-dimensional space with the flat metric, reduce to the sine-Gordon equation.
In the correspondence, the tractroid corresponds to the static 1-soliton solution of the sine-Gordon solution. Due to the Lorentz invariance of sine-Gordon, a one-parameter family of Lorentz boosts can be applied to the static solution to obtain new solutions: on the pseudosphere side, these are known as Lie transformations, which deform the tractroid to the one-parameter family of surfaces known as Dini's surfaces.
The method of Bäcklund transformation allows the construction of a large number of distinct solutions to the sine-Gordon equation, the multi-soliton solutions. For example, the 2-soliton corresponds to the Kuen surface. However, while this generates an infinite family of solutions, the breather solutions are not among them.
Breather solutions are instead derived from the inverse scattering method for the sine-Gordon equation. They are localized in space but oscillate in time.
| 2.0625
| 0
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13160284
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20in%20the%20Tuileries
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Music in the Tuileries
|
Music in the Tuileries is an 1862 oil-on-canvas painting by Édouard Manet. It is owned by the National Gallery, London and the Hugh Lane Gallery, Dublin as part of the shared Lane Bequest.
The work is an early example of Manet's painterly style, inspired by Frans Hals and Diego Velázquez, and it is a harbinger of his lifelong interest in the subject of leisure. The painting influenced Manet's contemporaries – such as Monet, Renoir and Bazille – to paint similar large groups of people.
The painting depicts the gatherings of Parisians at weekly concerts in the Tuileries gardens near the Louvre, although no musicians are depicted. While the picture was regarded as unfinished by some, the suggested atmosphere imparts a sense of what the Tuileries gardens were like at the time; one may imagine the music and conversation.
The iron chairs in the foreground had just replaced the wooden chairs in the garden in 1862. Manet has included several of his friends, artists, authors, and musicians who take part, and a self-portrait. Manet is depicted on the far left; next to him is another painter Albert de Balleroy. To their right, seated, is sculptor and critic Zacharie Astruc. Manet's brother Eugène Manet is in foreground, right of centre, with white trousers; the composer Jacques Offenbach with glasses and moustache sits against a tree to the right; critic Théophile Gautier stands against a tree in brown suit and full beard, while author Charles Baudelaire is to the left of Gautier. Henri Fantin-Latour is further left, with beard, looking at the viewer. The fair-haired child in the centre is Léon Leenhoff. It has been noted that several of those depicted were prominent French Wagnerians, and speculated that the music being played might be by Wagner himself.
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13160284
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20in%20the%20Tuileries
|
Music in the Tuileries
|
The work measures . It was first exhibited in 1863, and Manet sold the painting to opera singer and collector Jean-Baptiste Faure in January of 1883, shortly before Manet's death. It was sold on to dealer Paul Durand-Ruel in 1898, and then to collector Sir Hugh Lane in 1903. After Lane's death, when RMS Lusitania was sunk in 1915, an unwitnessed codicil to his will left the painting to the Dublin City Gallery (now known as The Hugh Lane). The codicil was found to be invalid, and in 1917 a court case decided that his previous will left the work to the National Gallery in London. After intervention from the Irish government, the two galleries reached a compromise in 1959, agreeing to share the paintings, with half of the Lane Bequest lent and shown in Dublin every five years. The agreement was varied in 1993 so that 31 of the 39 paintings would stay in Ireland, and four of the remaining eight would be lent to Dublin for six years at a time.
Painting materials
The colors in greater areas of this painting are generally subdued and executed in ochres or in mixtures of several pigments. The dark green foliage in the upper part contains a glaze of emerald green and Scheele's green mixed with yellow lake with small addition of ivory black and yellow ochre. The strong colourful accents in the bonnets and clothes of the children are painted in almost pure pigments such as cobalt blue, vermilion or chrome orange.
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13160311
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne%20Real-time%20Cueing%20Hyperspectral%20Enhanced%20Reconnaissance
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Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance
|
Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance, also known by the acronym ARCHER, is an aerial imaging system that produces ground images far more detailed than plain sight or ordinary aerial photography can.
It is the most sophisticated unclassified hyperspectral imaging system available, according to U.S. Government officials.
ARCHER can automatically scan detailed imaging for a given signature of the object being sought (such as a missing aircraft), for abnormalities in the surrounding area, or for changes from previous recorded spectral signatures.
It has direct applications for search and rescue, counterdrug, disaster relief and impact assessment, and homeland security, and has been deployed by the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) in the US on the Australian-built Gippsland GA8 Airvan fixed-wing aircraft. CAP, the civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force, is a volunteer education and public-service non-profit organization that conducts aircraft search and rescue in the US.
Overview
ARCHER is a daytime non-invasive technology, which works by analyzing an object's reflected light. It cannot detect objects at night, underwater, under dense cover, underground, under snow or inside buildings. The system uses a special camera facing down through a quartz glass portal in the belly of the aircraft, which is typically flown at a standard mission altitude of and 100 knots (50 meters/second) ground speed.
The system software was developed by Space Computer Corporation of Los Angeles and the system hardware is supplied by NovaSol Corp. of Honolulu, Hawaii specifically for CAP. The ARCHER system is based on hyperspectral technology research and testing previously undertaken by the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL).
CAP developed ARCHER in cooperation with the NRL, AFRL and the United States Coast Guard Research & Development Center in the largest interagency project CAP has undertaken in its 74-year history.
| 2.4375
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13160311
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne%20Real-time%20Cueing%20Hyperspectral%20Enhanced%20Reconnaissance
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Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance
|
Since 2003, almost US$5 million authorized under the 2002 Defense Appropriations Act has been spent on development and deployment. , CAP reported completing the initial deployment of 16 aircraft throughout the U.S. and training over 100 operators, but had only used the system on a few search and rescue missions, and had not credited it with being the first to find any wreckage.
In searches in Georgia and Maryland during 2007, ARCHER located the aircraft wreckage, but both accidents had no survivors, according to Col. Drew Alexa, director of advanced technology, and the ARCHER program manager at CAP. An ARCHER equipped aircraft from the Utah Wing of the Civil Air Patrol was used in the search for adventurer Steve Fossett in September 2007. ARCHER did not locate Mr. Fossett, but was instrumental in uncovering eight previously uncharted crash sites in the high desert area of Nevada,
some decades old.
Col. Alexa described the system to the press in 2007: "The human eye sees basically three bands of light. The ARCHER sensor sees 50. It can see things that are anomalous in the vegetation such as metal or something from an airplane wreckage." Major Cynthia Ryan of the Nevada Civil Air Patrol, while also describing the system to the press in 2007, stated, "ARCHER is essentially something used by the geosciences. It's pretty sophisticated stuff … beyond what the human eye can generally see," She elaborated further, "It might see boulders, it might see trees, it might see mountains, sagebrush, whatever, but it goes 'not that' or 'yes, that'. The amazing part of this is that it can see as little as 10 per cent of the target, and extrapolate from there."
| 2.53125
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13160311
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne%20Real-time%20Cueing%20Hyperspectral%20Enhanced%20Reconnaissance
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Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance
|
Hyperspectral imager
The passive hyperspectral imaging spectroscopy remote sensor observes a target in multi-spectral bands. The HSI camera separates the image spectra into 52 "bins" from 500 nanometers (nm) wavelength at the blue end of the visible spectrum to 1100 nm in the infrared, giving the camera a spectral resolution of 11.5 nm. Although ARCHER records data in all 52 bands, the computational algorithms only use the first 40 bands, from 500 nm to 960 nm because the bands above 960 nm are too noisy to be useful. For comparison, the normal human eye will respond to wavelengths from approximately 400 to 700 nm, and is trichromatic, meaning the eye's cone cells only sense light in three spectral bands.
As the ARCHER aircraft flies over a search area, reflected sunlight is collected by the HSI camera lens. The collected light passes through a set of lenses that focus the light to form an image of the ground. The imaging system uses a pushbroom approach to image acquisition. With the pushbroom approach, the focusing slit reduces the image height to the equivalent of one vertical pixel, creating a horizontal line image.
The horizontal line image is then projected onto a diffraction grating, which is a very finely etched reflecting surface that disperses light into its spectra. The diffraction grating is specially constructed and positioned to create a two-dimensional (2D) spectrum image from the horizontal line image. The spectra are projected vertically, i.e., perpendicular to the line image, by the design and arrangement of the diffraction grating.
| 2.40625
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13160311
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne%20Real-time%20Cueing%20Hyperspectral%20Enhanced%20Reconnaissance
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Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance
|
Processing
A monitor in the cockpit displays detailed images in real time, and the system also logs the image and Global Positioning System data at a rate of 30 gigabytes (GB) per hour for later analysis. The on-board data processing system performs numerous real-time processing functions including data acquisition and recording, raw data correction, target detection, cueing and chipping, precision image geo-registration, and display and dissemination of image products and target cue information.
ARCHER has three methods for locating targets:
signature matching where reflected light is matched to spectral signatures
anomaly detection using a statistical model of the pixels in the image to determine the probability that a pixel does not match the profile, and
change detection which executes a pixel-by-pixel comparison of the current image against ground conditions that were obtained in a previous mission over the same area.
In change detection, scene changes are identified, and new, moved or departed targets are highlighted for evaluation. In spectral signature matching, the system can be programmed with the parameters of a missing aircraft, such as paint colors, to alert the operators of possible wreckage. It can also be used to look for specific materials, such as petroleum products or other chemicals released into the environment, or even ordinary items like commonly available blue polyethylene tarpaulins. In an impact assessment role, information on the location of blue tarps used to temporarily repair buildings damaged in a storm can help direct disaster relief efforts; in a counterdrug role, a blue tarp located in a remote area could be associated with illegal activity.
| 2.15625
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13160400
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duagh
|
Duagh
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Duagh () is a village in County Kerry, Ireland, located approximately 7 km southeast of Listowel and 7 km northwest of Abbeyfeale on the R555 road. It is also a civil parish and townland.
Duagh is a dormitory village for Listowel and Abbeyfeale and a local service centre for the rural hinterland. There is one shop, three public houses, two housing estates, a hardware store and petrol station/shop which are located on the village's only street at the centre of the village. Social facilities include a church and heritage/community hall and a Gaelic Athletic Association club located at the centre of the village. The local primary school is also located in the village centre.
Population
The population of the Duagh Electoral Division increased during the intercensal period 1996–2002. In 2002 the population was recorded as 469 persons (CSO). This equates to an increase of 4.5%. Preliminary figures for the 2006 census show this increase slowing to 3%.
In 1837 the village had a population of 210. As of the 2016 census, the village had 222 inhabitants.
Education
St. Bridgid's National School opened in Duagh in 1971, to take the place of five smaller schools in the parish which were closed. The five schools closed were Duagh, Islandanny, Derrindaffe, Dromlegach and Knockalougha.
Transport
Bus Éireann route 13, which operates between Limerick and Tralee several times a day, stops at Duagh. There is also a Local Link bus service on Fridays.
| 2.125
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13160404
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20of%20Whithorn
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John of Whithorn
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John of Whithorn (died 1209) was the medieval Bishop of Galloway. His first appearance as bishop-elect is at the coronation of Richard, Cœur de Lion as King of the English at Westminster Abbey on 3 September 1189. He was consecrated at Pipewell Abbey, Northamptonshire, on Sunday 17 September 1189.
The consecration was performed by the Archbishop of Dublin, the Archbishop of Trier, and the Bishop of Annaghdown, and took place despite the fact that there was a formal vacancy in the Archbishopric of York. Geoffrey Plantagenet was Archbishop-elect of York at the time, and John in fact ordained him as a priest, despite the opposition of the Archbishop of Canterbury, who wished to use the opportunity to force York to make obedience to Canterbury as Primate.
During his ten-year episcopate John appeared often in England as a suffragan of the Archbishop of York, for instance, accompanying the archbishop to a church council held by King Richard in 1191. In Scotland, he witnessed one charter of Alan of Galloway and was appointed a judge-delegate by the papacy in a patronage-related dispute in the diocese of Glasgow. He was believed to have become a canon at Holyrood Abbey in 1206. The Chronicle of Melrose reported his death under the year 1209.
| 1.945313
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13160422
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled%20permeability%20formwork
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Controlled permeability formwork
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How cpf liners work
CPF liners are secured in place on vertical or inclined surfaces with staples or other fixing devices, having first been tensioned onto the formwork shuttering. Once attached, concreting is performed in the normal way. Release agents are not required as CPF liners easily debond from the concrete during formwork striking.
Throughout the concreting process and as a result of concrete pressures, entrapped air and excess mix water that would otherwise become trapped at the surface causing blemishes, can instead pass through the liner. A proportion of this mix water is held within the liner and under capillary action, imbibes back into the concrete to assist curing. Liners generally have a pore structure that is designed to retain the majority of cement and other small fines.
This results (for vertical and inclined surfaces) in the creation of a uniform surface relatively free from blowholes and other surface blemishes when compared to impermeable concrete. But more importantly the achievement of a cover area with significantly enhanced durability.
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13160442
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Fioretti
|
Bob Fioretti
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Education and jobs
Since taking office, Fioretti has prioritized education and job creation in his legislative agenda. Fioretti has attempted to improve the Chicago Public School system, working closely with administrators to solve issues both in and out of the classroom. In 2008, Fioretti helped to create "Operation Safe Passage," an initiative designed to protect students on the way to and from school that coordinated the resources of the Chicago Police Department, the CTA, local faith-based institutions, and families. Fioretti supported the expansion of Jones College Prep High School and oversaw Roosevelt University's expansion into Chicago's South Loop. In 2011, Fioretti won the "Defender of Public Education" Award from the Chicago Teachers Union, AFT Local 1 for his efforts at modernizing and sustaining neighborhood schools.
Fioretti has facilitated the creation and preservation of jobs in Chicago. He supported the relocation of the United Airlines headquarters, bringing approximately 2,500 jobs from Elk Grove to Chicago. Fioretti also led the effort to renovate and expand the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to keep the world's largest futures and options exchange as an anchor of Chicago's financial district.
Fioretti has also led efforts to combat the problem of "food deserts" on Chicago's West Side by working to bring low-cost food retailers into previously under-served neighborhoods. Pete's Fresh Market, Target, and Costco have agreed to open new locations within the 2nd ward, providing food retailers and jobs to West Side residents.
Parks
For his efforts to improve and expand parks in the 2nd ward, Fioretti received the 2009 "Legislator of the Year" award from Friends of the Parks, a non-profit, Chicago-based park advocacy group. During his tenure as alderman, Fioretti has budgeted city resources to open several new parks in the 2nd ward.
| 1.953125
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13160488
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclura%20cychlura%20cychlura
|
Cyclura cychlura cychlura
|
The Andros Island iguana or Andros iguana (Cyclura cychlura cychlura) is an endangered subspecies of Northern Bahamian rock iguana of the genus Cyclura that is found on Andros Island on the western edge of Grand Bahama. Its status is Endangered, with a wild population of 3,500 animals, and it can be found on the IUCN Red List.
Taxonomy
The Andros Island iguana, Cyclura cychlura cychlura, is endemic to the island of Andros. It is one of three subspecies of the Northern Bahamian rock iguana; the other two subspecies being Allen's Cay iguana (Cyclura cychlura inornata) and the Exuma Island iguana
(Cyclura cychlura figginsi).
Anatomy and morphology
The Andros Island iguana is one of the largest species of rock iguana which attains a total length of close to . Its coloration is dark-gray to black, with yellowish green or orange tinged scales on the legs, dorsal crest, and the head. When the animal matures, the yellow coloration changes to a bright reddish orange color in contrast to the animals darker striped body and black feet.
This species, like other species of Cyclura, is sexually dimorphic; males are larger than females, and have more prominent dorsal crests as well as larger femoral pores on their thighs, which are used to release pheromones.
Ecology
Andros Island iguanas are host to a reptile tick, Amblyomma dissimile.
Diet
Like all Cyclura species, the Andros Island iguana is primarily herbivorous, consuming leaves, flowers, and fruits from over 100 different plant species. This diet is very rarely supplemented with insect larvae, crabs, slugs, dead birds, rats, and fungi.
Reproduction
Mating occurs from early April to early May, with eggs deposited in nests excavated within termite mounds (Nasutitermes rippertii). This is the only species of iguana known to use termite mounds as a means of incubating its eggs. Females are known to guard their nests until hatching occurs.
| 2.703125
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13160488
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclura%20cychlura%20cychlura
|
Cyclura cychlura cychlura
|
The newly hatched iguanas disperse away from the nest site for the first two or three weeks. During the first week, the hatchlings are vulnerable to predation by snakes; less than one-third of hatchlings survive their first month.
Conservation
Endangered Status
It is estimated that the current global population is less than 3,500 members and is declining. The population has decreased by at least 50% over the last 60 years.
Causes of decline
Hunting is the main factor threatening imminent extinction for this iguana. It is the only Caribbean species of iguana which is still regularly hunted for food for human consumption. Feral pigs pose a threat to the iguanas, as they dig up eggs from iguana nests within termite mounds. Feral and domestic dogs prey upon juvenile and adult iguanas as well. Feral goats have also been known to compete with the iguanas for food.
As with other rock iguanas, their habitat is in rapid decline due to development and logging.
Recovery efforts
Like all Bahamian rock iguanas, this species is protected in the Bahamas under the Wild Animals Protection Act of 1968. However, no areas have been specifically designated for the protection of iguanas on Andros and no specific conservation programs are in place.
There are currently no captive breeding programs for this animal.
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13160591
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making%20Fiends%20%28TV%20series%29
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Making Fiends (TV series)
|
Making Fiends is an American animated television miniseries based on the web series of the same name. The series ran from October 4 to November 1, 2008, on Nicktoons Network. The series is Nickelodeon Animation Studio’s first animated series to be based on a web series, and follows the evil Vendetta and the new happy but dim-witted girl, Charlotte, at school in the gloomy town of Clamburg. Charlotte unintentionally irritates and annoys Vendetta. As a result, Vendetta attempts to kill her with fiends, but she always fails due to Charlotte's luck.
The series is created by former South Park animator Amy Winfrey and produced by Nickelodeon Animation Studio, with Cyber Chicken Animation Studio and DQ Entertainment Limited animating the show in traditional 2D animation. Winfrey voices Charlotte and her grandmother Charlene, among other characters. Character designer Aglaia Mortcheva is the voice of Vendetta.
All of the voice actors from the web cartoon reprise their roles for the TV series, with the addition of a new cast member and crew member, Dave Wasson, who previously created Time Squad for Cartoon Network.
Plot
Vendetta is a selfish green girl with the power to make fiends, "hideous things" which she has unleashed on her town to bring it under her reign of terror. The coastal town of Clamburg, once a thriving tourist destination, has become a grim, forbidding place, with stores shuttered and the populace cowed before the horror of Vendetta's watchful fiends.
Charlotte, a new girl at Vendetta's school, arrives determined to make a friend. An "impossibly cheery" optimist, Charlotte rapidly becomes the foil and tormentor of the morose and vindictive Vendetta, by insisting on befriending her.
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13160622
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoirs%20%28Mulroney%20book%29
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Memoirs (Mulroney book)
|
Memoirs: 1939–1993 is a memoir written by the former Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney. The book was released on September 10, 2007 and outlines Mulroney's version of events during his early life, political career and time as prime minister.
CTV and TVA interviews
CTV broadcast a documentary on Brian Mulroney on the eve of his book launch. The network claimed Triumph & Treachery: The Brian Mulroney Story, a 90-minute special September 9, 2007, was the most complete interview the former prime minister had ever given and his first comprehensive interview since leaving office in 1993. The Quebec French language TVA network aired a similar documentary exclusively in French later that night.
Criticism of Trudeau
Mulroney allocates a fair amount of text commenting on his antagonist, the late former Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau. Mulroney believes that Trudeau lacked the moral fibre to be Prime Minister for not serving in the Canadian Forces during World War II.
Mulroney hints that he feels the young Trudeau had anti-Semitic leanings at that time, stating: "This is a man who questioned the Allies when the Jews were being sacrificed and when the great extermination program was on, he was marching around Outremont, Quebec on the other side of the issue."
Mulroney also blames Trudeau for scuttling the Meech Lake accord, the 1990 pact aimed at securing Quebec's signature on the Constitution of Canada.
Response
Stéphane Dion responded to Mulroney critiques with a five-paragraph statement posted on the Liberal Party website, "It is regrettable that, after attending prime minister Trudeau’s state funeral and praising him as 'an exceptional individual who served his country effectively and well … a gallant political warrior who loved his country,' Mr. Mulroney would seem to be at such odds with his own views."
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13160652
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Vicente%20del%20Valle
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San Vicente del Valle
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San Vicente del Valle is a municipality and hamlet located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. The municipality is in the comarca of Sierra de la Demanda. In addition to the hamlet of San Vicente del Valle, since 1857 the municipality has included the hamlet of Espinosa del Monte.
Geography
San Vicente del Valle is located in the valley of the headwaters of the Tirón River, south of the Montes de Ayago and north of the Sierra de la Demanda.
History
The earliest archaeological remains that have been found are from the Middle Paleolithic. There is evidence in the municipality of Roman roads, both paving stones and mileposts, although most Roman structures were destroyed during the Visigoth invasion and initial occupation.
The earliest documentation for the hamlet of San Vicente del Valle is in the year 945 in records of the monastery of San Millan de la Cogolla as viam that vadit ad Vicentium. Latin for "the road that goes to Vicentium".
Demographics
The peak population for San Vicente del Valle municipality was 476 in 1876. From the 1930 to the 1960 the municipality averaged around 240 inhabitants. The population decreased during the 1970s and 1980s reaching a low of 30 inhabitants in 13 households in 1991. In the decade since 2001, the population ranged between 34 (2001) and 52 (2004), with 45 inhabitants documented in the 2007 census, but recently the municipality had only 31 inhabitants in 2014.
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13160699
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Courtright
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William Courtright
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William Courtright (February 10, 1848 – March 6, 1933) was an American film actor.
Early years
He was born Theodore Courtright in New Milford, Illinois, and was educated in the public schools of Ione, California. When he was 16, he ran away from home to join a stock theater company.
Career
Courtright's acting career began with Shakespearean plays, as he worked with Lawrence Barrett. Before entering the film industry, he appeared in minstrel shows. He made a world tour as a minstrel, with the tour's activities including performing before King Edward VII.
Sometimes billed as Billy Courtright, he appeared in 68 films between 1912 and 1930. He worked with D. W. Griffith and in his later career at the Hal Roach Studios, where he appeared in several early Laurel and Hardy comedies.
Courtright was still acting at age 80. An item in the October 28, 1928, edition of The Cincinnati Enquirer described him as "the oldest living motion-picture actor on the screen ..."
His best-known role was Oliver Hardy's wealthy Uncle Bernal in That's My Wife (1929). His last film, the Our Gang comedy Teacher's Pet, was also his first sound film. This probably makes him one of the earliest born actors to appear in a sound film.
Personal life
In 1873, Courtright married actress Jennie Lee, and they worked together in vaudeville for 12 years as Courtright and Lee. They also appeared together in Intolerance. Courtright died in Ione, California.
Partial filmography
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13160722
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Olalla%20de%20Bureba
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Santa Olalla de Bureba
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The Latin name of Eulalia is Olalla, and it was called Bureba to distinguish them from other populations that had the same name. The first written mention that makes reference to Santa Olalla de Bureba dates back to the year 1011, when Don Sancho I cites it in the founding document of the Monastery of San Salvador de Oña. The count of the Good Fueros, as he was known, made his daughter Tigridia abbess and lady of the same and gave to the monastery the half of the property that it owned in Santa Olalla de Bureba. One hundred years later there is evidence of the existence of another villa, Villasuso, in the current term of Santa Olalla, located in a payment that still maintains the same name. On the other hand, a powerful lady named Dona Estefanía donates her property to the Monastery of Oña, property including the haciendas she owned in Villasuso.
Later Santa Olalla de Bureba absorbs Villasuso with its neighbors and territory. Years later, in 1146, Emperor Alfonso VII granted the town of Cerezo de Río Tirón a charter whose articles extended to a long list of villas, including Santa Olalla de Bureba. The benefits of the law were mainly related to the administration of justice, the exemption of some taxes and the obtaining of some privileges of pasture, portazgo and pontazgo. During the medieval and modern times the population of Santa Olalla de Bureba was not high; in century XIII it appears in the relation of loans of the diocese of Burgos with 13 maravedises, which supposes that its population did not happen of a hundred inhabitants. Already in the year 1591 the population had doubled; whereas in the year 1843 it has 144 inhabitants. Their neighbors lived on the exploitation of their flax crops and a jasper quarry. Also, already in the eighteenth century, when Santa Olalla de Bureba appears in the Prádanos group, one of the seven in which the Bureba was divided, they began to take advantage of the Camino Real from Madrid to France.
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13160724
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Melville
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Sam Melville
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Samuel Joseph Melville (born Samuel Joseph Grossman, 1934 – September 13, 1971), was the principal conspirator and bomb setter in the 1969 bombings of eight government and commercial office buildings in New York City. Melville cited his opposition to the Vietnam War and U.S. imperialism as the motivation for the bombings. He pleaded guilty to conspiracy and to bombing the Federal Office Building in lower Manhattan, as well as to assaulting a marshal in a failed escape attempt. A key figure in the 1971 Attica Prison riots, he was shot by the police and killed when the uprising was put down by force.
Early life
Sam Melville (a name borrowed from author Herman Melville) was born to Dorothy and William Grossman in 1934 in New York City. Dorothy left William and moved with Sam back to her hometown of Tonawanda, New York, a suburb of Buffalo. Melville lost sight in one eye at a young age because of a flying cinder. He claimed to have had a rough childhood because of his mother's series of alcoholic and abusive boyfriends. He left home and moved to Buffalo as a teenager, making his living as a bowling alley pinsetter.
Melville later met his father, who had come to Western New York to look for him. His father convinced him to move back to New York City, finish his high school education and pursue his passion for singing. Back in New York, Melville completed high school, studied singing, found employment as a draftsman, married and started a family.
Politics
Although Melville had enjoyed his job, he quit his position in outrage when his employer assigned him to a project designing office buildings in South Africa, then still operating under apartheid, on behalf of Chase Manhattan Bank. The abrupt resignation created a rift between Melville and his wife, and he ultimately became estranged from both her and their child.
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13160724
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Melville
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Sam Melville
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Afterwards, Melville survived by working odd jobs, including for the National Guardian, a weekly left-wing newspaper published in New York City. He became involved with the opposition to the war in Vietnam, acquainting himself with left-wing political organizations, meeting radical activists, and steeping himself in radical politics. He became particularly interested in the story of George Metesky, a man who had engaged in a mass-bombing campaign across New York City between 1940 and 1956, having targeted a total of 37 terminals, theaters, libraries, and office buildings. Metesky was confined to a state mental hospital, but Melville began writing "George Metesky Was Here" on buildings around the city.
Bombings
Melville was responsible for, or connected to, multiple bombings, all of them in 1969. The majority were preceded by telephone calls warning building security personnel plus simultaneous political communiques to the press. Although most explosions were timed for late-night hours, the bombing of the Marine Midland Building resulted in 19 injuries.
Jul. 27, Grace Pier, owned by United Fruit Company
Aug. 20, Marine Midland Building
Sep. 19, Federal Office Building on Federal Plaza, offices of the Department of Commerce and the Army Inspector General
Oct. 7, Army Induction Center on Whitehall Street
Nov. 11, Standard Oil offices in the RCA Building
Nov. 11, Chase Manhattan Bank headquarters offices
Nov. 11, General Motors Building
Nov. 12, Manhattan Criminal Courthouse at 100 Centre St., where the Panther 21 trial was being held.
Accomplices
Melville had met and become romantically involved with Jane Alpert, a recent graduate of Swarthmore College, while she was enrolled in a graduate program in journalism at Columbia University. The pair were also close with Pat Swinton and Dave Hughey who assisted them with several bombings. Other members of their group were never identified. Melville and Alpert became increasingly involved with the Weather Underground and the Black Panther Party.
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13160724
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Melville
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Sam Melville
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Arrest and charges
In New York City, Melville had been working with a radical activist group known as "The Crazies". One of their members, George Demmerle, was an FBI informant who assisted in the gathering of evidence and apprehension of the group. On November 12, 1969, hours after the Criminal Courts Building bombing, police arrested Melville and Demmerle as they placed dynamite charges in National Guard trucks parked outside the 69th Regimental Armory at 26th Street and Lexington Avenue. Alpert and Hughey were arrested shortly thereafter.
Escape attempt
On March 7, 1970, Melville overpowered an unarmed marshal at the Federal Courthouse and tried to escape. During a conference with his attorney on a Saturday, when the building was almost deserted, he jumped the marshal, knocked him down and tied him up with his own belt before running out of the room and down a stairway. Melville was recaptured by an armed marshal on a landing two floors below.
Imprisonment and death at Attica
Melville plead guilty in early May 1970 to conspiracy and to one of the bombings, as well as to assault during his escape attempt.
Melville was eventually transferred to Attica Prison, in Western New York. There, he began an underground publication, Iced Pig, and began to organize the prison population to fight for better conditions. While imprisoned, he researched the economics of prisoner jobs and wrote a mini-treatise criticizing prison labor, "Anatomy of the Laundry", which was widely read by inmates.
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13160724
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Melville
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Sam Melville
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Melville was among the committee of inmates who helped organize inmates' demands and keep order during the Attica Prison Riot in September 1971. Melville, 28 other inmates, and 10 hostages were shot and killed by state police on September 13, when the uprising was put down by order of Governor Nelson Rockefeller. According to some witnesses, Melville was alive after the initial assault was over and the prison was secure but was shot to death by law enforcement while trying to surrender. The law enforcement officer who shot Melville claimed he had done so because Melville was armed with explosives, but investigators and prosecutors could find no evidence to support this claim and lawyers for surviving prisoners maintained that he was "murdered in cold blood with his hands in the air in surrender".
Legacy
A book was published consisting of the letters he wrote from prison, Letters From Attica, with a foreword by William Kunstler, and additional contributions by Jane Alpert and John Cohen.
On the basis of the text of a letter he wrote on May 16, 1970, Frederic Rzewski wrote a musical composition, . The text used is
On August 28, 2000, a federal judge awarded $8 million to the survivors of the Attica uprising. The son of Sam Melville, Josh Melville, was awarded $25,000, and said he planned to establish an educational fund with the money awarded.
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13160865
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheingau%20%28wine%20region%29
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Rheingau (wine region)
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Rheingau is one of 13 designated German wine regions (Weinbaugebiete) producing quality wines (QbA and Prädikatswein). It was named after the traditional region of Rheingau (meaning "Rhine district"), the wine region is situated in the state of Hesse, where it constitutes part of the Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis administrative district. Although, making up only 3 percent of the total German vineyard area, Rheingau has been the source of many historically important innovations in German wine making, and contains many wine producers of international reputation, such as Schloss Johannisberg. Rheingau, with of vineyards in 2016, also boasts a higher proportion of Riesling (77.7%) than any other German wine-growing region, with Spätburgunder (Pinot noir) making up most of the rest (12.2%), followed by Müller-Thurgau.
Geography and terroir
The geography of the Rheingau is very distinct. Around Wiesbaden, the river Rhine detours from its northward flow west for about 30 km before it flows north again. The greater part of the Rheingau is situated here on the river's right bank, but the region also includes the stretch along Rhine after it turns northward again, around the villages Assmannshausen and Lorch. The vineyards in Hochheim on the Main river are also included, just before it flows into Rhine. The Rheingau spans about 50 km from end to end. North of the Rheingau rises the Taunus mountain range, so most of the Rheingau's vineyards are on south-facing slope between hills and streams, which provides excellent wine-growing conditions in these northerly latitudes.
History
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13161296
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarzosa%20de%20R%C3%ADo%20Pisuerga
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Zarzosa de Río Pisuerga
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Zarzosa council had “since time immemorial” enjoyed the privilege of jurisdictional immunity: the king’s officials could not enter with authority to command or make orders of jurisdiction in Zarzosa council or within its boundaries. Several nearby councils also enjoyed the same privilege of immunity: Castrillo de Riopisuerga, Olmos de Pisuerga, Tagarrosa and Valtierra de Riopisuerga.
We do not know since when or why these council immunities were granted, but one hypothesis is that they were possibly related with the proximity of the frontier with the Cantabrians. If that were so, these immunities could be much older than they are generally thought to be. The jurisdictional immunity of Zarzosa appears confirmed enshrined in the Firm Judgement of Villazgo (1571)
Zarzosa was a “behetría de mar a mar” belonging to the Local District of Monzón de Campos.
Due to this status, Zarzosa council could choose their lord and dismiss him and change him as often as they wanted. The Judgment of Villazgo of Zarzosa contains various allusions to this status as “behetría de mar a mar”, with freedom to elect the lord, and there are various documents in which Zarzosa council commends itself to the Condestables of Castile and others in which it removes itself from that lordship, in exercising its rights as “behetría de mar a mar”.
A royal judgement of Philip II in 1571 declared Zarzosa a municipality with its “civil and criminal jurisdiction, high, low, mere or mixed political authority, with all its tributes and taxes and all the rest of the lordship and jurisdiction in that municipality through belonging to His Majesty and the crown”.
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13161338
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uiwang%20Station
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Uiwang Station
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Uiwang Station (Station P152) is a ground-level metro station on line 1 of the Seoul Subway in Uiwang, South Korea. The station's four exits offer access to the Korea National University of Transportation, the Korean Railroad Museum and the Bugok Dong area of Uiwang. Travel time from Uiwang Station to Seoul Station on Line 1 is 50 minutes.
Disambiguation
"Uiwang Station" is also the former name of what is now known as Obong Station. The two are separate entities.
History
Uiwang Station opened on May 1, 1944, under the name of Bugok Station (부곡역/富谷驛), a name taken from the "dong" in which it is located. Trains on the Seoul Subway began calling at the station on August 15, 1974. The current station building was completed on February 17, 2002. On June 25, 2004, the station changed its name to Uiwang and almost three years later, on February 20, 2007, the hanja name changed from 儀旺驛 to 義王驛.
Services
The first train of the day on weekdays (not including national holidays) is at 5.22 a.m. northbound and 5.29 a.m. southbound, while the last is at 12.01 a.m. northbound and 12.14 a.m. southbound. Northbound trains have various destinations. Some terminate at Guro, some at Dongmyo, others at Cheongnyangni, while some continue as far as Kwangwoon University or . None, however, continue beyond Kwangwoon University or , so if travel beyond is required, it is necessary to change trains. Some southbound trains terminate at Byeongjeom or , while the remainder continue to Cheonan or further south-west to .
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13161359
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa%20Bighi
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Villa Bighi
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Royal Naval Hospital Bighi (RNH Bighi) also known as Bighi Hospital, was a major naval hospital located in the small town of Kalkara on the island of Malta. It was built on the site of the gardens of Palazzo Bichi, that was periodically known as Palazzo Salvatore. RNH Bighi served the eastern Mediterranean in the 19th and 20th centuries and, in conjunction with the RN Hospital at Mtarfa, contributed to the nursing and medical care of casualties whenever hostilities occurred in the Mediterranean. The building is now known as Villa Bighi and it houses a restoration unit.
History
Palazzo Bichi
On the site of the current building is Palazzo Bichi (now Palazzo Bighi) also known as Villa Bichi, built in 1675 during the Order of St. John by Fra Giovanni Bichi on the designs of Lorenzo Gafa. Fra Giovanni Bichi was the nephew of Pope Alexander VII. The palace passed to his nephew Fra Mario Bichi, a member of the Order, even before it was finished as Fra Giovanni Bichi had died. He sold it to Bailiff Fra Giovanni Sigismondo, who was the Count of Schaesberg, in 1712. It was then known as Palazzo Salvatore and Gardens because of the hill being named Salvatore Hill.
The palace became known again as Palazzo Bichi after it was bought by another Fra Giovanni Bichi in 1712 and remained his until his death in 1740. The palace is said to have housed Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798 before his entry in Valletta but this is disputed. The building was used for quarantine for high officials during the rule of the Order of St John, such as by the Inquisitor Monsignor Paolo Passionei.
Since the arrival of the British military in Malta it started to be known (since 1799) as Villa Bighi particularly because of the references to it by Sir Alexander Ball. Most palaces in Malta built by the Order started to be referred to as Villas by the British, and particularly the word Bichi of Villa Bichi was corrupted to Villa Bighi. Even before his arrival, the site was chosen by Nelson to build a naval hospital since 1803.
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13161359
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa%20Bighi
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Villa Bighi
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Bighi Hospital contributed to the nursing and medical care of casualties whenever hostilities occurred in the Mediterranean, making Malta "the nurse of the Mediterranean".
The hospital's first director (1827–1844) was John Liddell. He was later appointed director-general of the Royal Navy's Medical Department, and during his office Bighi nursed casualties from the Crimean War.
In 1863 the hospital looked after Queen Victoria's son Prince Alfred who was ill for a month with typhoid fever whilst serving as an officer in the RN. He recovered from his illness. The Illustrated London News of 11 April 1863 included a detailed description of how the prince was quartered and the layout of the hospital.
During the First World War, RNH Bighi accommodated a very large number of casualties from the Daradanelles. During the Second World War, the Hospital was well within the target area of the heavy bombing since it was surrounded by military establishments. A number of its buildings were damaged or destroyed, including the x-ray theatre, the East and West Wings, the Villa and the Cot Lift from the Bighi Jetty to the Hospital. Among several doctors and nurses of renown to serve here were Doris Beale.
Closure and subsequent site usage
In 1967, during the second rundown of the British services and their employees in Malta, Bighi Hospital was on the brink of closing down. On 17 September 1970 Bighi was closed down indefinitely.
In 1977 parts of the building were occupied by the former Senglea Trade School while other sections accommodated a secondary school.
Since 2010 the site has housed the head office of Heritage Malta; the national agency for museums, conservation practice and cultural heritage.
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13161364
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiocyanogen
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Thiocyanogen
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Preparation
Modern syntheses typically differ little from Söderbäck's process. Thiocyanogen synthesis begins when aqueous solutions of lead(II) nitrate and sodium thiocyanate, combined, precipitate plumbous thiocyanate. Treating an anhydrous Pb(SCN)2 suspension in glacial acetic acid with bromine then affords a 0.1M solution of thiocyanogen that is stable for days. Alternatively, a solution of bromine in methylene chloride is added to a suspension of Pb(SCN)2 in methylene chloride at 0 °C.
Pb(SCN)2 + Br2 → (SCN)2 + PbBr2
In either case, the oxidation is exothermic.
An alternative technique is the thermal decomposition of cupric thiocyanate at 35–80 °C:
2Cu(SCN)2 → 2 CuSCN + (SCN)2
Reactions
In general, thiocyanogen is stored in solution, as the pure compound explodes above 20 °C to a red-orange polymer. However, the sulfur atoms disproportionate in water:
3(SCN)2 + 4H2O → H2SO4 + HCN + 5HSCN
Thiocyanogen is a weak electrophile, attacking only highly activated (phenolic or anilinic) or polycyclic arenes. It attacks carbonyls at the α position. Heteratoms are attacked more easily, and the compound thiocyanates sulfur, nitrogen, and various poor metals. Thiocyanogen solutions in nonpolar solvents react almost completely with chlorine to give chlorine thiocyanate; but the corresponding bromine thiocyanate is unstable above −50 °C, forming polymeric thiocyanogen and bromine.
The compound adds trans to alkenes to give 1,2-bis(thiocyanato) compounds; the intermediate thiiranium ion can be trapped with many nucleophiles. Radical polymerization is the most likely side-reaction, and yields improve when cold and dark. However, the addition reaction is slow, and light may be necessary to accelerate the process. Titanacyclopentadienes give (Z,Z)-1,4-bis(thiocyanato)-1,3-butadienes, which in turn can be converted to 1,2-dithiins. Thiocyanogen only adds once to alkynes; the resulting dithioacyloin dicyanate is not particularly olefinic.
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13161404
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess%20of%20Richmond%27s%20ball
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Duchess of Richmond's ball
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Cultural influences
The ball inspired a number of writers and artists in the nineteenth century. Sir Walter Scott mentioned it in passing in Paul's Letters to his Kinsfolk. It was described by William Makepeace Thackeray in Vanity Fair and by Lord Byron in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. Byron emphasises the contrast between the glamour of the ball and the horror of battle, concentrating on the emotional partings:
Thackeray's dramatic use of the ball in Vanity Fair inspired, in turn, a number of screen depictions. One notable example comes from the 1935 RKO production Becky Sharp, the first full-length Technicolor film released after perfection of the full-color three-strip method, which makes the Duchess of Richmond's Ball the first historical set-piece ever staged in a full-colour feature film. Critics of the day were not kind to the picture itself, but the sequence in which the officers hurry to leave the ball — the red of their coats suddenly and emotionally filling the frame — was widely praised as showing great promise for the dramatic use of colour on-screen.
The ball also inspired artists, including John Everett Millais, who painted The Black Brunswicker in 1860, Henry Nelson O'Neil who painted Before Waterloo in 1868 and Robert Hillingford who painted The Duchess of Richmond's Ball.
The ball was a scene in the third act of a melodrama called In the Days of the Duke written by Charles Haddon Chambers and J. Comyns Carr; it was displayed sumptuously in the 1897 production, with a backdrop by William Harford showing the hall and staircase inside the Duchess's house.
Several characters attend the ball in Georgette Heyer's novel An Infamous Army (1937), and also in The Spanish Bride (1940), her novelisation of the life of Sir Harry Smith.
The ball was used by Sergei Bondarchuk in his film Waterloo (1970) for dramatic effect. Bondarchuk contrasted an army at peace with the impending battle and in particular as a dramatic backdrop to show how completely Napoleon managed to "humbug" Wellington.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess%20of%20Richmond%27s%20ball
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Duchess of Richmond's ball
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In the novel Sharpe's Waterloo (1990), Bernard Cornwell uses the ball in a similar way to Bondarchuk, placing his character Richard Sharpe in the role of the aide who brings the catastrophic news to Wellington, but includes a sub-plot where Sharpe brawls with Lord John Rossendale, the lover of Sharpe's wife and a man who owes money to him.
A fictional account is given of the Duchess of Richmond's ball in The Campaigners, Volume 14 of The Morland Dynasty, a series of historical novels by author Cynthia Harrod-Eagles. Some of the fictional Morland family and other characters attend the ball and the events that unfold are seen and experienced through their eyes.
The ball serves as the backdrop for the first chapter of Julian Fellowes's 2016 novel Belgravia (adapted for television as Belgravia in 2020). The chapter is titled "Dancing into Battle", and portrays a potential mésalliance that is avoided the next day by a battlefield fatality at Quatre Bras. Fellowes incorporates into his book real events that occurred during the ball, and inserts his fictional characters into them.
On 15 June 1965 the British Ambassador in Brussels held a ball to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo and the Duchess of Richmond's ball. 540 guests attended the function of whom the majority were Belgians. This commemoration ball has now become an annual event with the money raised going to support several charities.
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13161449
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart%20and%20Prague
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Prague
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Daniel E. Freeman has provided the most comprehensive appraisal of the conditions that made Prague so attractive as a musical destination for Mozart in the 1780s. One of the most important reasons include a recovery in the population of the city that created a musical public much larger than had been present in the city just a few decades prior to this time. It was only just before the time of Mozart's visits that the population of Prague finally recovered from the severe depopulation caused by the departure of the Imperial Habsburg court from Prague in 1612 on the death of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and the effects of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), whose military conflicts both started and ended in the city. Prague always retained a certain prestige as the capital city of the kingdom of Bohemia, even though its king (who doubled as Holy Roman Emperor and head of the house of Habsburg) lived in Vienna. Still, it took over a century after the death of Rudolf II for the city once again to build cultural institutions worthy of a major European city, usually due to the sponsorship of leading Bohemian nobles. The recovery in civic life led to the construction of a magnificent new opera theater, opened in 1783, that was known at the time as the National Theater (of the kingdom of Bohemia) and built at the sole expense of a visionary noble, Count Franz Anton von Nostitz-Rieneck. It was later purchased by the Estates of Bohemia and is presently known as the Estates Theatre. Considering the importance of operatic productions in Mozart's musical output, the construction of this theater was virtually a pre-condition for the fertile connections he began to cultivate with Prague in the year 1786
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13161449
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart%20and%20Prague
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Prague
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The grief exhibited for Mozart in Prague after his death on 5 December 1791 far exceeded that witnessed in any other European city. Daniel E. Freeman has pointed out that whereas Mozart (one of history's greatest musicians) was laid to rest in Vienna without any special performance of music and a pathetic showing of mourners, the first memorial service given in his honor in Prague (14 December 1791) was attended by thousands and featured a lavish Requiem mass performed by over a hundred musicians who accepted no pay for their efforts. Many more commemorations were organized in subsequent years and citizens of Prague took it upon themselves to provide sustenance to Mozart's widow and orphaned children. His wife Constanze began her career of organizing musical concerts in memory of her husband in Prague, a lucrative undertaking that assisted her family's finances enormously until her second marriage to Georg Nikolaus von Nissen.
Why didn't Mozart stay?
After Don Giovanni, Mozart may have had a tentative offer to stay and write another opera for Prague, but he chose to return to Vienna. Maynard Solomon suggested that the reasons were first that Prague lacked the musical talent available in Vienna. In addition, a career like Mozart's depended on the support of the aristocracy, and Prague was only a provincial capital. There was no patron or musical institution in Prague in the late eighteenth century capable of offering satisfactory employment to a composer of Mozart's talents. Furthermore, Daniel E. Freeman has pointed out how precarious opera production was in the city throughout the eighteenth century. Indeed, productions of Italian opera in Prague ceased again already in 1789, not to re-appear again until 1791, due to the departure of the impresario Domenico Guardasoni and the death of the impresario Pasquale Bondini.
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Prague
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Daniel E. Freeman has produced the most detailed appraisal of the reasons for the success of Mozart's music in late eighteenth-century Prague The most important consideration is simply that the citizenry of Prague was likely the most musically literate of any in Europe due to a unique system of music education that grew up in the Bohemian lands after the defeat of Protestant nobles in revolt against the Habsburg regime in the year 1620. The country was forcibly re-Catholicized by the Habsburg emperors, and a part of efforts to impose the Catholic religion on the populace was the fostering of Catholic church music. Music education for both boys and girls was offered as a normal part of elementary education throughout the kingdom of Bohemia, with the result that an unusually large proportion of the population was trained to sing or play instruments. The training was never intended to foster professional careers, rather to facilitate participation in religious services, however it did lead to many professional careers and the famous emigration of Bohemian musicians to many parts of Europe due to a surplus of musical talent within the country. Contemporary observers considered the Bohemians to be as naturally musically talented as the Italians, however better trained in notation and other technical aspects of music making. The musical public of Prague, well versed in practical music making, clearly had a greater appreciation for the possibilities that Mozart explored in a style that many music lovers in other European cities (including Vienna) found too complicated and too extravagant (to use the famous phrase of the emperor Joseph II, with "too many notes"). The success of the highly sophisticated and supremely difficult music for the "Prague" Symphony and the opera Don Giovanni attests to this appreciation better than anything else.
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Prague
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Mozart also had an unusual ability to compose imaginatively for wind instruments. Bohemian wind players were famed all over Europe for their skills, thus his mastery of wind composition was much appreciated in Prague. The Prague press specifically attributed the success of the operas Die Entführung aus dem Serail and Le nozze di Figaro partially to their lavish and imaginative treatment of wind instruments. The extravagant writing for winds in the "Prague" Symphony is also notable and may have been introduced deliberately to please the musical public of Prague. The treatment of winds in the "Prague" Symphony represents a landmark in symphonic writing and was copied not only in Mozart's last symphonies, but also the symphonies of Beethoven and Schubert.
Commemorating Mozart in Prague today
Many tourists follow his tracks in Prague and visit the Mozart Museum of the reconstructed Villa Bertramka, where the composer stayed with his friends the Duscheks on visits to Prague. It is little known that Mozart's visits to the Bertramka are actually very scantily documented. No contemporary observer ever reported seeing him there, and Mozart himself never reported staying there in any surviving correspondence from Prague. The best evidence that he stayed there (and only during his second visit to Prague) comes from his son Karl Thomas Mozart in a reminiscence of 1856. Carl Thomas was not present for the incident reported, rather only heard about it from friends of Mozart he met in Prague as a boy in the 1790s.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson%20Super%20400
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Gibson Super 400
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The Gibson Super 400 is an archtop guitar. It is a highly influential guitar model that inspired many other master guitar builders (including Elmer Stromberg and John D'Angelico). It was first sold in 1934 and named for its $400 price (), like many Gibson guitars of that era.
The Super 400 features solid carved-wood construction, and at the time of its introduction was the largest guitar that the Gibson Guitar Corporation had produced. Until 1939, it had a hand-engraved tailpiece and a hand-engraved finger rest support. During the very early production stock the truss rod cover had engraved "L5 Super"; on later guitars this was changed to "Super 400".
In 1939 the guitar was changed. The upper bout was enlarged, and the hand-engraved tailpiece was replaced with the one still fitted today on current Super 400s. The f-holes were slightly enlarged and a cutaway option also became available. This was called the Super 400P (for Premiere), later changed to C for Cutaway.
During the 1950s, Gibson released the Super 400 CES (Cutaway•Electric•Spanish). This had a slightly thicker top to reduce feedback, two P-90 pickups, and individual tone and volume controls, along with a three-way toggle switch. Later, the P-90 pickups were replaced with Alnico V pickups, then in 1957, humbucking pickups.
There have been variations in the limited edition custom models. In 2000 Gibson offered the Super 400 with a Charlie Christian pickup. The Super 400 is still available today, with two humbucker pickups. The full acoustic version is no longer available.
The 1963 Gibson Super 400 CES Florentine model belonging to Scotty Moore played an important role in Elvis Presley's stage performance, the '68 Comeback Special.
Notable users
Kenny Burrell
Larry Coryell
Robben Ford
Bill Haley
Keith Richards
Brian Setzer
Merle Travis
Charles Anton Lees
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The Tom and Jerry Cartoon Kit
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The Tom and Jerry Cartoon Kit is a Tom and Jerry animated short film, produced and released on August 10, 1962. It was the ninth cartoon in a series of thirteen to be directed by Gene Deitch and produced by William L. Snyder in Czechoslovakia. It updates its copyright to the current year 1962 as opposed to the 1961 copyright of Dicky Moe.
The Tom and Jerry Cartoon Kit is a sarcastic attack on the series as a whole and its formulaic approach, which the short mocks as excessively violent and designed solely for profit. Deitch had strongly divergent views on animation compared to Tom and Jerrys creators, William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, that he openly expressed throughout his lifetime.
Plot
The cartoon begins with a demonstration for the Tom and Jerry Cartoon Kit, with which "anyone can now enter the lucrative field of animated cartoons." The items in the kit include the following:
"One mean, stupid cat" (Tom)
"One sweet, lovable mouse" (Jerry)
"Assorted deadly weapons" (a knife, a hammer, and a stick of dynamite)
Coffee and cigarettes (removed from the kit and described as being "for the cartoonists")
A slice of watermelon
The narrator says, "First, put the sweet, lovable mouse into a simple situation expressing a natural human need, such as eating a slice of watermelon contained in our kit. The result may not make sense, but it will last long enough for you to be comfortably seated before the feature begins." This statement refers to the original theatrical exhibition of the cartoon, which ran ahead of a feature film.
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NHS Highland
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NHS Highland is one of the fourteen regions of NHS Scotland. Geographically, it is the largest Health Board, covering an area of from Kintyre in the south-west to Caithness in the north-east, serving a population of 320,000 people. In 2016–17 it had an operating budget of £780 million. It provides prehospital care, primary and secondary care services.
Organisational structure
NHS Highland is composed of two Health and Social Care Partnerships (HSCPs):
The Highland Health and Social Care partnership covers the local government area of Highland. It has two main divisions:
The North and West operational unit covers Caithness, Sutherland, Lochaber and Skye, Lochalsh and Wester Ross.
The Inner Moray Firth operating unit covers Raigmore Hospital, Badenoch and Strathspey, Mid Ross, Inverness and Nairn.
The Argyll and Bute Health and Social Care Partnership covers the local government area of Argyll and Bute. This includes the Cowal peninsula, which is closer to services in the central belt, than those in Inverness.
History
On 1 October 2001 NHS Highland health board was established. NHS Highland's first board members were announced 10 days later. In 2005 Community Health Partnerships (CHPs) were introduced.
On 1 April 2006, NHS Highland took over responsibility for part of the former NHS Argyll and Clyde region (corresponding approximately to the Argyll and Bute council area), the other part of which was transferred to NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde.
On 1 April 2012 NHS Highland became the lead agency responsible for Adult Social Care services, with the council taking over issues relating to children.
It directly employs over 10,500 people and there are also around 1,000 primary care staff in the region.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20University%20of%20South%20Carolina
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History of the University of South Carolina
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The students formed a cadet company in December 1860 to aid the Southern cause, but an order by Governor Pickens prevented them from leaving Columbia. Undeterred, the students disbanded their company on April 12 and formed a new company while en route to Charleston so that the governor's previous holding orders would be invalid. Once in Charleston, General Beauregard assigned the company to guard Sullivan's Island, much to the dismay of the students who greatly desired to be a part of the Battle of Fort Sumter. After three weeks of guard duty, the student cadet company returned to Columbia to a hero's welcome.
Later in June 1861, the students reformed the company and requested to be accepted for service. Governor Pickens accepted their request provided that the faculty also approved the venture, but the faculty did not give its consent because they did not want the college to needlessly be closed. The frustrated students even went as far as negotiating service of their unit with President Jefferson Davis, who agreed, but again Governor Pickens denied their use because the faculty was not willing to let them go.
When the students returned in October, they reorganized their military unit as the "third company." The Union attack of the South Carolina coast in November at the Battle of Port Royal led Governor Pickens to agree to their request to be mustered for active duty, but President Longstreet and the faculty steadfastly maintained their opposition to the students leaving for service. However, with the support of the governor the students ignored the protests of the faculty and departed for the Lowcountry. Governor Pickens kept the student company in Charleston to serve as his bodyguard and because the Union forces at Port Royal did not press their advantage, he released the students from military service on December 10.
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History of the University of South Carolina
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Radical University
The Union army took possession of the college on May 24, 1865, and although the future for the college under military control, General John Porter Hatch sent a letter on June 19 to the remaining professors at the college that it should reopen as soon as possible. The appointment of Benjamin Franklin Perry as provisional governor of South Carolina on June 30 by President Andrew Johnson restored civilian rule to the state. Perry reinstated the trustees to their positions and the board met on September 20 to authorize the college to reopen on the first Monday of January in 1866.
In a message to the legislature in October, Perry sought to convert the college into a university because with the state in an impoverished situation, it would provide a more practical education. The model that he wished to follow was the elective system used by the University of Virginia. Perry was succeeded in November as governor by James Lawrence Orr, a graduate of the University of Virginia, who also wished to see the college adopt the curriculum of his alma mater. Little opposition developed to change the college into a university and bill to establish the University of South Carolina was passed by the General Assembly on December 19, 1865, sixty-four years after the institution's foundation.
The schools of the university remained largely the same as they were in the college, with the addition of a school of engineering and mathematics. For the students, the difference was great because they were given much more freedom than afforded in the college, and they were given the ability to choose their classes rather than having to submit to a compulsory curriculum identical for all. Perry and Orr believed that the relaxed atmosphere at the university would allow it to prosper and reach three or four hundred students in a few years.
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History of the University of South Carolina
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The reopening of the university was pushed back to January 10 due to the dilapidated condition of the buildings on the campus and to celebrate the anniversary of the original opening of South Carolina College. Fewer than fifty students attended in the first term, which alarmed Governor Orr. He recommended to the General Assembly that schools of law and medicine be added, which the legislature established in 1866. Despite this step, the university faced an ominous future as the state was beginning to undergo Reconstruction.
After Radical Republicans gained control of the state government in 1868, they sought to integrate the university; the constitution of 1868 had stated that all universities of the state should be "free and open to all the children and youths of the State, without regard to race and color." Former Governor Orr urged the legislature to preserve the university as an institution for the whites and to convert the dormant campus of The Citadel into a college for the blacks. Governor Robert Kingston Scott ignored this request and recommended that the legislature bring the university into compliance with the Morrill Act to make it qualify as a land grant college and accept federal aid; it had to remove race as an admissions criteria.
The University Act of 1869 reorganized the university and provided it with generous state financial support. An amendment was added to the act by W. J. Whipper, a black representative from Beaufort, to prevent racial discrimination from the admissions policy of the university. The legislature elected two black trustees to the governing board of the university on March 9, 1869. Franklin J. Moses, Jr., state representative and speaker of the house, also supported admission of all races to the state school. In October 1873, Henry E. Hayne, the Republican secretary of state, was admitted as the first black student; he was of mostly white ancestry with a white politician father.
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History of the University of South Carolina
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The admission of black students to the university was inevitable, and three factors contributed to this. First, the university never achieved a level of enrollment that was commensurate with its financial backing by the legislature. Enrollment never exceeded one hundred students, whereas the enrollment at Wofford College exceeded that mark in 1870. White students were believed to avoid the university from fear it would be integrated. The second reason was the failure of the state to provide an adequate public university for the education of blacks. It was trying to compensate rapidly for the state's failure to educate blacks in the antebellum years. In 1872, funds were allocated for the Agricultural and Mechanical Institute at Orangeburg, but they were badly mismanaged. Black legislators called for the opening of the university to black students. Finally, the state Republican party split for the election of 1872 between Radical and moderate factions. The Radicals won and pressed their advantage by electing four blacks to the Board of Trustees, thus constituting a majority.
The legislature established a normal school to train teachers for the lower grades on the campus of the university as well as a preparatory school, since most black students of the state had been deprived of strong academic training in years past. In addition, to encourage enrollment by blacks, tuition and other fees were abolished. On October 7, 1873, Henry E. Hayne, the Secretary of State of South Carolina, became the first black student when he registered for the fall session in the medical college of the university. As a result of his enrollment, three professors resigned, and some white students left.
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History of the University of South Carolina
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On October 8, enrollment stood at eight students, seven of whom were the sons of professors. The number increased to twenty-two students after many politicians registered with the university to show that it was open for both races, yet few of the politicians attended classes. Troubled by the low enrollment, State Treasurer of South Carolina, Francis L. Cardozo went to Washington and persuaded a handful of students at Howard University to transfer to the university. Drastic measures were required to increase the number of students and the legislature passed an act in February 1874 to provide for 124 scholarships of $200. The conservative press denounced this move because with the absence of tuition, it meant that students were effectively being paid to attend the university, but poor students were often critical to family support, and scholarships helped them cover living expenses. Many of the scholarship students could not meet the entrance requirements into the freshman class, so the faculty assembled them into a sub-freshman class. This plan was abolished in 1875 as the legislature had not authorized it.
The scholarships achieved their desired effect in increasing enrollment and by 1875, 90% of the student body was black. The University of South Carolina holds the distinction of being the only state university in the South to admit and grant degrees to black students during Reconstruction. When the Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1876, they quickly acted to end admission of blacks, closing the university on June 7, 1877, by a joint resolution of the General Assembly. They passed legislation authorizing only white students and setting up Claflin College as the state institution for black students.
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History of the University of South Carolina
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Redeemer University
It was far from certain that the university would be reopened and debate ensued in the General Assembly over the necessity of the university. Many legislators, led by Martin Witherspoon Gary, felt that the state had other obligations and it was not practical for the state to spend money on the university. In addition, these legislators were from the Upstate and had no attachment to the university. They were not part of the planter elite and had attended other schools. An act to reorganize the university was passed by the state Senate by two votes on March 2, 1878, but it did not provide for the appropriation of funds to the reopening. The act specified that the university was to consist of two branches, one styled as the South Carolina College in Columbia for the whites and Claflin College in Orangeburg for the blacks. In order to mollify agitation by the farming interests, a section of the act specified that an agricultural department was to be established with the university.
On October 5, 1880, the institution was reopened as the South Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and largely derived its funding from the Morrill Act. Despite its name as an agriculture and mechanical college, few students showed an interest in either area. Only nine students worked the college farm for the first session and just twenty-one attended the mechanical shop. Because the state could not afford a liberal arts university, it took advantage of the Morrill Act in order to acquire federal funds, and offered some agriculture program to satisfy its requirements.
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History of the University of South Carolina
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By 1881, the state's financial situation was markedly improved and Governor Johnson Hagood called for greater expenditures on higher education. With a much higher appropriation, the trustees abolished the farming and mechanical foreman positions, in 1882 restoring the institution to its antebellum status as the South Carolina College. An agriculture department remained, but little of the curriculum was agricultural, and it was essentially identical to the general science program. The department suffered from neglect because its professor, John McLaren McBryde, was also the president of the institution and in that position he focused most of his energies.
In the latter years of the 1880s, the college increasingly came under attack from religious groups and agricultural interests. The denominational colleges, struggling to rebuild from the Civil War, demanded that free tuition be ended at the college, and the General Assembly capitulated in 1887 by fixing tuition rates at $40 per year. Led by Ben Tillman [who owned 400 acres as a planter, cultivated by tenant farmers], the agrarians pushed to establish a separate agriculture college because they believed that the college was not providing an adequate education in agriculture. Despite Tillman's rhetoric, a majority of the students were sons of farmers. At that time, the most advanced agricultural research was being conducted at Cornell and the University of California, both liberal arts colleges.
To take advantage of the Hatch Act and to assuage the concerns of the farmers, the legislature passed an act in 1887 to reorganize the college as the University of South Carolina with six schools and colleges. An agricultural experiment station was set up, the college farm was expanded by , and a well-developed agriculture program was initiated. The university was so successful that Ben Tillman announced his retirement from public life.
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History of the University of South Carolina
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Reemergence as a university
The victory by Duncan Clinch Heyward in the gubernatorial election of 1902 marked the end of Tillmanism and the return of support by the governor's office for the institution. Heyward pushed the legislature to convert the college into a university in 1905 to mark the centennial by providing the state with a capstone for its educational system. The effort failed when legislators feared that The Citadel was to be absorbed into the university, but the measure was reintroduced in 1906 and passed on February 17 to charter the institution for the last time as the University of South Carolina.
For the next forty years, the institution struggled to find its identity as it cycled through periods of achieving popularity versus academic excellence. Under the vigorous leadership of President Samuel Chiles Mitchell from 1909 to 1913, enrollment at the university doubled; he brought the university to the state by setting up extension courses in 1910. Incessant criticism by Governor Coleman Livingston Blease over Mitchell's handling of university affairs led to his resignation and the trustees elected William Spenser Currell with the intention of raising the level of scholarship at the university. Entrance requirements were made more stringent and Currell's efforts were rewarded when in 1917 the university became the first state-supported college or university in South Carolina to earn accreditation by the Southern Association.
The entrance of America into World War I was enthusiastically supported by the student body, and the vast majority participated in the ROTC unit at the university. To compensate for the loss of enrollment because of conscription, the war department replaced the ROTC program with the Student Army Training Corps. After the war, the SATC was disbanded and military training was made compulsory for freshman and sophomore students in the ROTC program. The ROTC program was scrapped in 1921 due to lack of interest.
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History of the University of South Carolina
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By November 1944 it was clear that World War II would soon be coming to a close and the servicemen would return to enroll in the university in massive numbers due in large part because of the passage of the G.I. Bill. Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives and trustee of the university Solomon Blatt unveiled a proposal called the "new and greater university" plan that would move the university from its present site to a site just outside Columbia. At the time, the university was the smallest state university in the South and a larger campus would more easily allow for expansion at much less cost. The idea of a move came from that of the relocation of Louisiana State University in 1925 and it was envisioned that a new campus would provide the impetus for the University of South Carolina "to establish itself as a great American state university."
Blatt obtained support from all the key players in the politics of South Carolina to facilitate the proposal: Governor Olin D. Johnston, Governor-elect Ransome Judson Williams, Chairman of the Senate Budget Committee Edgar Allan Brown, and Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee Morris Tuten. The Board of Trustees approved the plan in December 1944 by a vote of 17–2, although complaints were issued from the dissenting voters that the decision was made with too much haste and without any input from the public. In addition, Blatt chose Navy Rear Admiral Norman Murray Smith as the president of the university in large part because he held connections in the political establishments of South Carolina and the federal government necessary to secure funds for the relocation of the university.
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History of the University of South Carolina
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However, Blatt's proposal caused an intense uproar in the state because alumni and students felt that it would needlessly sever the university from its antebellum tradition. Other complaints arose that the process itself did not allow for public input and it was detested as a product of the Barnwell Ring. Even with the outpouring of condemnation, municipalities lobbied to have the university moved to their locale such as Camden, Cheraw, Georgetown, Manning, Spartanburg, Sumter, Kershaw County and Oconee County. Blatt realized that his proposal in February 1945 would not receive the necessary support in the legislature and he modified it so that the university would expand upon its existing area. This idea was warmly received by the alumni and students, but it died in the Finance Committee after Senator Edgar Brown declined to take up the matter.
After World War II, enrollment at the university swelled from the influx of veterans. They were wholeheartedly welcomed by President Smith who actively campaigned for their attendance and he announced that every qualified veteran would be admitted to the university. The vast majority of South Carolina veterans chose to attend the university because of its hospitable atmosphere, but also for other reasons. They did not want to attend Clemson or The Citadel because "the prospect of returning home to attend a military college was distasteful for the older men leaving the military after fighting the largest war in world history." In addition, Clemson's rural location and its self-imposed restriction on the number of students made it inaccessible for a large number of veterans. The university offered several special programs to meet the needs of the veterans and it continued an accelerated calendar until 1949. It was at this point in history that the two universities switched reputations and missions. Carolina became known as the university for the common man and an institution accessible for all whereas Clemson settled into a status of elitism.
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History of the University of South Carolina
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Growth and prosperity
The ascendancy of Russell was crucial for the university at a critical moment in its history because he brought youth and dynamic leadership to the Presidency. His vision for the university was for it to be the capstone of the state's higher education system and for it to be the senior partner to the other state colleges. Russell's first step toward building a great university was the strengthening of the faculty by bringing in nationally known professors. Secondly, he improved the academics at the university through the expansion of courses, the revamping of programs and the introduction of entrance examinations. A report conducted by MIT to overhaul the engineering department became the standard used by the American Society for Engineering Education to accredit all engineering schools. In response to the ruling by the Supreme Court of Brown v. Board of Education, the university instituted entrance examinations so as to prevent the mass rush of black high school graduates to enroll at USC. The examinations were also welcomed because they would promote individual merit over wealth or connections and USC became the first college to introduce entrance examinations. Thirdly, a massive building and renovation program was initiated and it was made possible through the acquisition of the properties on the southern boundary of the campus. The renaissance enjoyed by the university became evident by the speakers for commencement addresses and special convocations. Among the distinguished who came to speak at the university were John F. Kennedy, Carl Sandburg, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., René Pleven, and John Foster Dulles.
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History of the University of South Carolina
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Sumwalt retired in 1962 and he was replaced by Thomas F. Jones as president. Immediately, Jones was confronted by the integration problem that the university faced. Clemson admitted Harvey Gantt in January 1963 and it was just a matter of time before the university would be forced to admit blacks. USC exhausted its legal options in the summer and although large sentiment was against the integration of the university, there was no extra resistance to it requiring federal troops as occurred that same summer at the University of Alabama or at the University of Mississippi the previous year; the latter of which contained violence which had a dramatic conscientious effect on many segregationists in the university community. A student leader perhaps best expressed the altered sentiments of many when he wrote that while "we do not want integration . . . neither do we want to be blamed for the loss of dignity and integrity." On September 11, African-Americans Henrie Dobbins Monteith, Robert G. Anderson, and James L. Solomon, Jr. were admitted to the university peacefully.
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History of the University of South Carolina
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The growth of the university in the 1960s and 70s also brought with it the social activism and disorder of the time. Due to the massive influx of so many students in a short time period, the administration lost control of student life. Drug and alcohol use became so rampant at the university that it became known as a party school. Black students protested the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968 by setting fire to Hamilton College and the USC Field House. On May 7, 1970, approximately 400 students seized the Russell House as a symbolic gesture towards honoring those killed in the Kent State shootings and four days later on May 11, they attempted to meet with the members of the board of trustees, but were rebuffed. Columbia police were called in to quell the student protest but were ineffective. State troopers were also unable to disperse the students. National Guard troops were ordered to the campus by Gov. Bob McNair, and soon dispersed most of the protestors with tear gas. The inability of the administration to control such student outbursts led to President Jones' resignation in 1974. But he had succeeded in turning a sleepy southern college into a full-fledged research institution.
International recognition
James B. Holderman, a flamboyant and charming executive, was elected president by the board of trustees in 1977. Right away, Holderman championed a proposal to create an honors college because it would foster an academic environment conducive to excellence necessary to keep South Carolina's best students instate. The proposal was approved and the first students were admitted into the South Carolina Honors College in 1978.
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History of the University of South Carolina
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A persistent problem for the university was the Columbia campus's relationship with the semi-autonomous regional campuses. Once a campus reached a Full-time equivalent of 1,000 students, it was entitled to become a four-year college and the campuses in Aiken, Spartanburg, and Conway took advantage of this rule. The law providing such a transformation was repealed, but it was apparent that the regional campuses were acting in their own interests and not for the university system. Furthermore, the Columbia campus had to compete against its regional campuses for funding because each campus submitted its budget to the General Assembly. To correct these problems, Holderman issued the Carolina Plan that outlined a centralized and unified approach to be taken by the university system. This meant that it would be necessary for lawmakers to fully fund the university system in order for the branch campus to receive the funds they need. The Carolina Plan worked brilliantly as the university system was fully funded in 1977 for the first time since 1967.
Following up on his success with the Carolina Plan, Holderman issued the Carolina Plan II which called for making USC an international university and a "Window to the World." To achieve his goals, Holderman used his connections and his personal charisma to attract world leaders to the USC campus. He was able to put USC on the map by bringing in such world leaders as UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim, President Ronald Reagan, Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser and many other foreign dignitaries. The highlight of the visits was that of Pope John Paul II in 1987. He exclaimed on the Horseshoe that "it is wonderful to be young and a student at the University of South Carolina." The Pope later led a non-denominational service before more than 60,000 at Williams-Brice Stadium.
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13161653
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20University%20of%20South%20Carolina
|
History of the University of South Carolina
|
The international spotlight on the university came at a price and an inquisitive journalism student led to Holderman's downfall. Paul Perkins, a journalism student upset with tuition increases, requested that the university release the salary of visiting professor Jehan Sadat. Holderman balked and refused to release the details even after Perkins and his wife Cheryl filed a Freedom of Information Act request. This denial and the secrecy on the part of the administration led the media to scrutinize other aspects of Holderman's presidency. They inspected his travel budgets and construction contracts and found overwhelming evidence of financial irregularities and extravagant spending. In face of all the negative publicity, Holderman resigned in 1990. Holderman would later be convicted of laundering drug money in 2003. The university trustees elected John M. Palms to succeed Holderman to restore the institution's credibility and respect in the state and world. After leading the university's bicentennial celebrations in 2001, Palms retired and was replaced by Andrew A. Sorensen in 2002. During his tenure from 2002 to 2008, Sorensen raised large sums for research, including a $300 million grant for colorectal cancer. In the spirit of Palms' "Cathedrals of Excellence" budgeting philosophy, the board of directors moved to transform university land on Assembly Street into an "innovation district" called Innovista that will develop four strengths: biomedicine, nanotechnology, environmental science and alternative fuels. The Board of Trustees announced the selection of Harris Pastides as the university's 28th president on July 11, 2008. After 11 years as president, Pastides was succeeded by former Superintendent of West Point Robert L. Caslen on August 1, 2019.
Previous Institution Names
Chartered as South Carolina College on December 19, 1801
Chartered as the University of South Carolina on January 10, 1866
Chartered as South Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanics on October 3, 1880
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13161688
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungshar
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Lungshar
|
Background
Lungshar came from an aristocratic family with a history of service to the 5th Dalai Lama; his father was a Major (Rupön) in the Tibetan Army and he was an Accountant of the 6th rank in the Accountant-General's Office at Lhasa during the 13th Dalai Lama leadership. In 1912 the reform-minded Dalai Lama, who considered him one of his most able and trusted officials, sent him to England and several European nations to supervise four Tibetan students at Rugby School and to act as ambassador at large for Tibet. These students studied modern technology and English to facilitate the reforms the Dalai Lama felt necessary in Tibet. During his travels in Europe Lungshar learned English, encountered Western democracy, developed an appreciation of England's system of constitutional monarchy and became convinced that Tibet needed major political reform if it were to survive in the modern world.
On his return to Tibet he became the leader of a new progressive group in the Tibetan government and making great efforts to introduce reforms he became one of the most popular and respected officials in Tibet, except with the conservative nobles and the monastics who were not happy to pay taxes to fund an army, amongst other reforms which he tried to implement. It was 1914, at a time when the Dalai Lama was strengthening state institutions including the military. Lungshar was appointed tsipön, i.e. one of the four heads of the revenue office. He increased revenue for the state, at the expense of the aristocratic and monastic landlords, making enemies amongst the elite in the process.
In 1929, he became commander in chief of the military, still retaining his post of tsipön as well. He further strengthened and modernized the military, but lost his military post in 1931, after a diplomatic incident when his men pursued a miscreant into the Nepalese embassy. He remained tsipön until the Dalai Lama's death in 1933.
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13161688
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungshar
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Lungshar
|
Lungshar was one of several parties vying for control of the government following the Dalai Lama's death. He defeated rival Kumbela by launching a campaign of suspicion that Kumbela had brought about the Dalai Lama's death. Kumbela was exiled, but Lungshar failed to gain ascendency. Lungshar was eventually outmaneuvered by the more conservative minister Trimön. Lungshar was arrested and punished by the removal of his eyeballs. This was considered the most serious punishment short of death. No one alive had ever seen this punishment done, but members of the untouchable ragyaba class, who traditionally performed mutilation punishments, had been told by their parents how it was done.
The 14th Dalai Lama later assured Thomas Laird, however, that after the death of the 13th Dalai Lama Lungshar merely gathered those who wished to continue his modernisation campaign, with the main aim of having the government led by lay officials, rather than by monastics who lacked experience in administration. But the religious and lay conservatives who opposed modernisation accused him of treason. The swift arrest, imprisonment and blinding of Lungshar at Trimon's behest ended any further discussion of reform in Lhasa.
His son, Lhalu Tsewang Dorje, was also a noted politician.
According to certain sources, during the late 1920s, Lungshar promoted the idea that another of his sons was the reborn 16th Karmapa. The Dalai Lama and most of the officials in his government are members of the Gelug sect, while the Karmapa is the leader of the Karma Kagyü sect. These sources state that the Dalai Lama initially supported this claim in opposition to the supporters of the previous Karmapa, who had already recognised Rangjung Rigpe Dorje as the new Karmapa. However, as the child fell from a roof and died, the Dalai Lama later withdrew his support of Lungshar's son and agreed to the recognition of Rangjung Rigpe Dorje.
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13161704
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Pier%2C%20Colwyn%20Bay
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Victoria Pier, Colwyn Bay
|
Designed by Mangnall & Littlewoods of Manchester, Colwyn Bay's Victoria Pier was one of the later British piers to be built. Construction by the Salford firm of William Brown & Sons began in June 1899. Many of the pier's components were pre-fabricated, and manufactured by the Widnes Iron Foundry. Its official opening was on 1 June 1900, when the architect, Mr. Littlewood, handed a golden key to the pier's owners. As first constructed, the pier was just long and wide, comprising a timber promenade deck with seating and railings along its length, and a 2,500 seat pavilion in the Moorish Revival style. The pavilion was set to the right of the deck, with a walkway allowing access to the pier-head to the left. The pavilion's main entrance was flanked on one side by a flower shop and, on the other, by a coffee lounge and cake shop. Inside, the pavilion had a large balcony which extended around three sides of the auditorium and a full orchestra pit. The pier however, has never featured a landing stage.
In 1903, the Victoria Pier Company decided to extend the neck to a length of to facilitate outdoor theatrical performances. The pier featured intricate cast iron balustrades, manufactured by the Widnes Iron Foundry, and similar balustrade designs can be found at Mumbles Pier, and formerly at Grand Pier, Weston-super-Mare and Morecambe's Central and West End Piers.
First and second pavilion buildings
A 600-seat 'Bijou' theatre was built at the pier head in 1917 for the purposes of light entertainment. The first pavilion building was completely destroyed by fire in 1922. The Victoria Pier Company suffered serious financial difficulties after the fire. As a result, Colwyn Bay Urban District Council purchased the pier and work began immediately to rebuild the pavilion. In July 1923, the second pavilion was opened, at a cost of £45,000. Unfortunately, disaster struck again on 16 May 1933, when the second pavilion was destroyed by fire, followed, on 28 July 1933, by a fire that destroyed the Bijou Theatre.
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13161704
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Pier%2C%20Colwyn%20Bay
|
Victoria Pier, Colwyn Bay
|
Third pavilion
Colwyn Bay Urban District Council set about rebuilding, and the third pavilion was opened on Tuesday 8 May 1934 at a cost of £16,000, but the Bijou Theatre was never rebuilt. The pavilion was designed by architect Stanley Davenport Adshead, and the rebuilding also involved constructing a cast iron covered walkway, extending to the pavilion, as well as a bandstand in the south-east corner of the pavilion section of the pier. Increasing usage of the pier led the council to introduce a twopenny toll (free after 6pm) in 1936, which included the price of a deckchair and listening to the band. The purpose of the toll, said the council, was to prevent 'indiscriminate lounging on the pier'. In the pavilion, Ernest Binns presented 'The Colwyn Follies', with seats at two shillings, and one shilling and sixpence.
During the 1950s and 60s, the pier began a period of gentle decline. In 1953, the pavilion's tearoom, which had been a year-round meeting place for forty years, started closing for the winter. In 1956, the line-up of entertainment in the pavilion was as follows: Monday: bingo, Tuesday: wrestling, Wednesday: amateur talent show, Thursday: old-time dancing, Friday: popular dance, Saturday: young people's dance. 1958 saw the end of the summer variety shows in the pavilion. In 1959, the variety shows were replaced by a small orchestra of six musicians; over 20,000 people paid nine pence each that year to attend the afternoon concerts, with another 10,000 attending in the evenings.
By 1961, falling audiences forced the council to reduce the orchestra to three musicians. 1962 saw the council admit defeat for live performances and install pre-recorded orchestral music. The pier saw minor refurbishment and repairs in 1964, and a small amusement arcade was built at the seaward end. Both the amusements and the bandstand were removed in the 1970s.
1970s modernisation
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13161704
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Pier%2C%20Colwyn%20Bay
|
Victoria Pier, Colwyn Bay
|
Regeneration attempts
In 2012, Conwy County Borough Council bought the Pier from the Receivers, Royce Peeling Green and intended to grant a lease to a local community group if they were successful. In late March 2012, Conwy Borough Council announced they would put in a request for lottery funding to be used to save the pier. However, the request was denied and the structure still lay in a bad state, with fencing blocking people from being able to go under the pier for health and safety reasons. In 2013, the Pier regeneration had a new lease of life, thanks to a local community group, who formed a third sector company called Colwyn Bay Shore Thing. The company, in partnership with the local authority, were successful in a Round 1 grant application to the Heritage Lottery fund. However, it was denied in Round 2 in 2015. The Lottery Fund stated that a large part of the denial was the council's refusal to support or back the Round 2 application on cost grounds. After the refusal, the council announced they were going ahead with plans to delist and demolish the pier. Following a huge public outcry, CADW Welsh Heritage refused planning permission for demolition.
Phase one of Restoration Plans
The final 45 metres of the seaward end were destroyed in a series of collapses, first on 1 February 2017, and the second on 23 February.
On 2 March 2017, a council meeting agreed to support phase 1, which includes an initial shortened pier and new pavilion put forward by the Colwyn Victoria Pier Trust. The dangerous seaward section of the pier, representing around half of its length, was removed in March 2017. An area of decking to the south of the pavilion, part of which was also in a state of collapse, was also dismantled at this time. The council then applied for planning consent to remove the remaining buildings and dismantle and store the pier, with the long-term aim in working with the Victoria Pier Trust to reinstate the listed structure in the future.
| 1.914063
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13161723
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picumnus%20%28bird%29
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Picumnus (bird)
|
Picumnus is a large genus of piculets. With a total length of 8–10 cm (3–4 in), they are among the smallest birds in the woodpecker family. All species are found in the Neotropics except the speckled piculet (Picumnus innominatus) that has a wide distribution in China, India and Southeast Asia.
Species limits in this genus are doubtful, and the rate of interbreeding is "inordinately high" (Remsen et al. 2007). As defined by Winkler and Christie (2002), it contains the 27 species listed below, all from the Neotropics except the speckled piculet, which is Asian (and sometimes placed in a monotypic genus, Vivia).
Their upperparts are brownish, greyish or olive, in some species with darker barring or white or yellowish spotting on the mantle. The underparts vary greatly among the species, ranging from all rich brown in the chestnut piculet, to whitish in the plain-breasted piculet, white with dark bars in the white-barred piculet, and pale yellowish with dark bars on the chest and dark spots and streaks on the belly in the bar-breasted piculet. They have black crowns with red, orange, or yellow marks in the male and white dots in the female, except that the male speckled piculet has brown crown marks and the female lacks white dots. Most have rather short black tails with white stripes down the edges and the center (Blume and Winkler 2003). In two species, the rufous-breasted and the chestnut piculets, the white is largely replaced by rufous.
While the individual species often are habitat specialists (as evident by a number of highly restricted species such as the rusty-necked and ochraceous piculets), members of this genus range from dry Caatinga woodland to humid Amazonian and Atlantic Forest. They are generally found in pairs or small groups. The Neotropical species fall into two broad song groups, with the first having a song consisting of a long trill, and the second a song consisting of series of two or more descending notes.
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13161723
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picumnus%20%28bird%29
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Picumnus (bird)
|
Taxonomy
The genus Picumnus was introduced in 1825 by the Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck. He listed three species in the genus but did not specify the type. In 1840 George Gray designated the type as Picumnus minutissimus Temminck, 1825. This is now preoccupied in Picumnus by Picus minutissimus Pallas, 1782. The genus name was coined by Temminck from the French piculet for a little woodpecker.
Species
The genus contains the following 25 species:
Speckled piculet, Picumnus innominatus (or Vivia innominata)
Bar-breasted piculet, Picumnus aurifrons
Lafresnaye's piculet, Picumnus lafresnayi
Orinoco piculet, Picumnus pumilus
Golden-spangled piculet, Picumnus exilis
Ecuadorian piculet, Picumnus sclateri
Scaled piculet, Picumnus squamulatus
White-bellied piculet, Picumnus spilogaster
Arrowhead piculet, Picumnus minutissimus
Spotted piculet, Picumnus pygmaeus
Speckle-chested piculet, Picumnus steindachneri
Varzea piculet, Picumnus varzeae
White-barred piculet, Picumnus cirratus
Ocellated piculet, Picumnus dorbignyanus
Ochre-collared piculet, Picumnus temminckii
White-wedged piculet, Picumnus albosquamatus
Rusty-necked piculet, Picumnus fuscus
Rufous-breasted piculet, Picumnus rufiventris
Ochraceous piculet, Picumnus limae
Mottled piculet, Picumnus nebulosus
Plain-breasted piculet, Picumnus castelnau
Fine-barred piculet, Picumnus subtilis
Olivaceous piculet, Picumnus olivaceus
Greyish piculet, Picumnus granadensis
Chestnut piculet, Picumnus cinnamomeus
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13161732
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20Porcius%20Latro
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Marcus Porcius Latro
|
Marcus Porcius Latro (died 4 BC) was a celebrated Roman rhetorician who is considered one of the founders of scholastic rhetoric.
He was born in Roman Spain, and is mentioned often in the works of his friend and contemporary Seneca the Elder, with whom he studied under Marillius.
In 17 BC, Latro declaimed before Augustus and Agrippa. His school was one of the most frequented at Rome, with the poets Ovid and Abronius Silo among its students. Latro is said to have possessed an astonishing memory, and displayed the greatest energy and vehemence, not only in declamation, but also in his studies and other pursuits. He is described as being invariably occupied in speaking, or preparing to speak, and he was considered by some to be the "manliest" of declaimers. He would study constantly and work himself to the point of exhaustion, after which he would restore himself with a holiday in Tuscany of hunting and farming, during which he never touched a book or pen.
It was a peculiarity of Latro's that he would seldom, if ever, listen to his students declaim. They were there to listen and learn, to the declamations of Latro himself, or to his ironical comments on his rivals. His students therefore received the name of auditores ("listeners"), which word came gradually into use as synonymous with discipuli ("learners").
His declaiming style was against unreality, and he avoided the fantastical displays of ingenuity which tempted most speakers on unreal themes. He always tried to find some broad simple issue which would give sufficient field for eloquence instead of trying to raise as many questions as possible.
| 2.625
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13161814
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyticeros
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Rhyticeros
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Rhyticeros is a genus of medium to large hornbills (family Bucerotidae) found in forests from Southeast Asia to the Solomons. They are sometimes included in the genus Aceros. On the other hand, most species generally placed in Aceros are sometimes moved to Rhyticeros, leaving Aceros as a monotypic genus only containing the rufous-necked hornbill.
All species generally placed in Rhyticeros have relatively low, conspicuously wreathed casques and a mainly dull whitish horn-colored bill. Both sexes have mainly black plumage, but the head and neck of the males are white or rufous. The tail is white except in the black-tailed Sumba hornbill. They have conspicuous inflatable skin on the throat, which is blue in all except the males of the plain-pouched and wreathed hornbills, where it is yellow.
Species
The following six species are placed in the genus:
An undescribed extinct hornbill species from Lifou in the Loyalty Islands, living until at least some 30,000 years ago, was initially placed in Aceros, but its biogeography places it with the species now in Rhyticeros (Steadman, 2006).
| 2.75
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13161819
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D%20Mitsunobu
|
Tōyō Mitsunobu
|
was a captain of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Mitunobu worked in the Japanese naval command in China.
Biography
He attended secondary school in Osaka and then the Japanese Imperial Navy Academy graduating in 1919. He later entered active service in the Japanese navy. In 1929 he was transferred to the command of the imperial fleet.
In 1934 he was part of the staff of Isoroku Yamamoto during the preparation of the Japanese delegation for the London naval conference in which he participated as an attendant. He was probably chosen as a participant because he was aware of the European mentality with which he had become familiar as early as the 1930s when he was a naval attache at the Japanese Embassy in Paris. Following this, he participated as a ship's officer in the Second Japanese-Chinese War.
During the later stages of World War II Mitunobu was posted to Italy as a naval attaché to the Japanese embassy. There he contributed to an Italian propaganda magazine, Yamato, which was started in 1941 to improve the political alliance of Italy and Japan. According to some sources, he is also pursued secret service duties and held the role of deputy secret service chief for the Mediterranean of the Japanese Foreign Ministry.
On 8 June 1944 Mitunobu was travelling to Merano for a naval conference of the Axis governments, together with his assistant head Yamanaka. In Pianosinatico (close to Abetone pass) along the Gothic Line, his car was stopped by Italian partisans, commanded by Manrico "Pippo" Ducceschi, and was killed as he tried to escape. Important documents concerning the War in the Pacific were found, which helped to enable the United States and the Allies in their later manoeuvers. He was buried in Königstein. His remain was brought back to Japan in 1994.
His son Oyo Mitsunobu (1934–2003) was a chemist and discovered the Mitsunobu reaction.
| 2.5
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13161965
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaan%20Laaman
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Jaan Laaman
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Jaan Karl Laaman (born March 21, 1948) is an Estonia-born American political activist, most known for his conviction and imprisonment related to various charges including a 1982 attempted murder of a police officer. He was a member of the United Freedom Front.
Laaman grew up in Roxbury, Massachusetts and Buffalo, New York. His family emigrated to the United States from Estonia when he was a child. He had a son who died in 2011.
Laaman served a major portion of a 53-year prison sentence for his role in the bombings of United States government buildings while a member of the United Freedom Front, an American leftist group in the 1980s.
In the 1960s, Laaman worked in Students for a Democratic Society and community organizations and advocated against the Vietnam War and racism. As a student at the University of New Hampshire, he was a leader in the SDS. He was also a leader in the student strike in May 1970 in reaction to the bombing of Cambodia and the killing of six students during protests at Kent State University and Jackson State College.
He facilitated youth development in the Black Panther Party and the Puerto Rican Young Lords street gang. In 1972, he was arrested and charged with bombing a Richard Nixon re-election headquarters building and a police station in New Hampshire and was sentenced to 20 years. However, he was released in 1978. In 1979, he and Kazi Toure helped to organize the Amandla Festival of Unity to support an end to apartheid in Southern Africa, which featured musician Bob Marley.
He was eventually caught with several other members of the United Freedom Front, referred to as the Ohio 7, including leader Tom Manning, in 1984. While originally charged with seditious conspiracy, Laaman was found guilty of five bombings, one attempted bombing, and criminal conspiracy, and sentenced to 53 years in prison.
| 1.953125
| 0
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13161970
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Barco%20de%20%C3%81vila
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El Barco de Ávila
|
El Barco de Ávila is a municipality located in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain. It forms part of the region of El Barco de Ávila - Piedrahíta, and is located in the valley of Tormes River, and is the headboard of the natural region of Alto Tormes. In 2017 it had a population of 2436.
Place names and symbols
El Barco may take its name from a boat used to cross the river or, as different authors think, from different words of different languages: bar (in Hebrew house), from the Basque or meeting between villages, from the Celtic house.
Location
El Barco de Ávila is located at the southwest of the province of Avila, near the frontier of the provinces of Salamanca and Caceres, being the headboard of the region between the valley of the Tormes river and Aravalles river, better known as Alto Tormes. This municipality is located on an altitude of 1004 msnm. It has an area of 12,68 km2. It borders La Carrera, El Losar del Barco, San Lorenzo del Tormes and Navatejares.
Climate
El Barco de Ávila has a warm climate with a dry and warm summer according to the climatic classification of Köppen.
Main sights
Castle (12th century, rebuilt in the 14th century)
Casa del Reloj
Romanesque bridge
Hermitage of Santísimo Cristo del Caño
Hermitage of San Pedro de El Barco
12th century walls
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13162059
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Michael%20Lennon
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J. Michael Lennon
|
J. Michael Lennon is an American academic and writer who is the Emeritus Professor of English at Wilkes University and the late Norman Mailer’s archivist and authorized biographer. He published Mailer's official biography Norman Mailer: A Double Life in 2013. He edited Mailer's selected letters in 2014 and the Library of America's two-volume set Norman Mailer: The Sixties in 2018.
Early life
Lennon, a native of Cape Cod, grew up in Somerset, Massachusetts.
He graduated from Stonehill College, a Catholic school south of Boston, in 1963 and became a U.S. Navy officer during the Vietnam War. After sea duty on the USS Uvalde for 30 months, he taught military law and history at Naval O.C.S. Newport in the late 1960s. He served five years on active duty (1964-1968).
He first encountered the work on Norman Mailer when he read The Naked and the Dead as a fifteen-year-old: "The language was uninhibited, the sexual descriptions, the descriptions of war. ... It's really an odyssey of suffering."
He earned his M.A. (1969) and Ph.D. (1975) in English at the University of Rhode Island, where he began his scholarly work on Mailer in the classes of Dr. Nancy Potter, who directed his dissertation on Mailer's Armies of the Night.
Lennon and Mailer
While working on his dissertation in 1971, Lennon watched Gore Vidal and Mailer's altercation on The Dick Cavett Show. Lennon wrote a letter of support to Mailer who then invited Lennon to hear him speak. Afterward, they met at a bar and began their long friendship and collaboration. Mailer enjoyed the Irish "bravura" and sense of humor, so he took an immediate liking to Lennon.
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13162059
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Michael%20Lennon
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J. Michael Lennon
|
Norman Mailer: A Double Life was published on October 15, 2013, seven years after Lennon took the mantle from Lucid.
Lennon based his 320,000-word biography primarily on Mailer's prodigious epistolary output and a series of over-200 interviews with family, friends, and collaborators of Mailer's.
Early on, Mailer granted a score of interviews with Lennon and encouraged him to "put everything in," warts and all, censoring nothing.
Lennon chose the title Double Life because he saw that Mailer had two minds about most anything of consequence, reflecting his belief that everyone's psyche has two separate personalities.
"Every identity that he had—and he had dozens of identities, occupations and avatars, whether he was playing author, playwright, politician or raconteur—always had another half to it", Lennon states. "I think part of it was because he was always interested in 'The Other,' the minority of good in evil people and the minority of evil in good people. He was always looking for that minority that would help define and give personality to other people".
An aspect of Mailer's double life also includes his being born between two generations: one as part of the post-World War II writers like James Jones and the other as participant of the sixties' New Journalism.
Lennon's challenge included adding as much information about Mailer's private life as he did about Mailer's well-known public exploits.
"Mailer knew me as an archivist and a bibliographer and a fact fetishist who collected the bits of his life and work", Lennon says; "I really tried to bring in material that no one had ever seen before, and God knows I had plenty of it".
| 1.921875
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13162074
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Townsend%20%28soldier%29
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Richard Townsend (soldier)
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Richard Townesend (as he spelt his name) was a soldier and politician in England. He was born in 1618 or 1619. Much research has been undertaken by various members of the Townsend family to trace Richard's origins but nothing is known about him before 1643 when he was appointed to command a company, as a captain, in Colonel Ceely's Regiment, which had been raised to garrison Lyme Regis. Richard was engaged in several skirmishes, most notably on 3 March 1643 when he surprised and routed 150 Royalist cavalry at Bridport. Later, he was present during the defence of Lyme Regis 20 April – 13 June 1644 where he distinguished himself and was promoted to Major ("he was shot in the head but still lives"). In 1645 he assumed command of Colonel Ceely's Regt when Colonel Ceely was returned to Parliament as Member of Parliament (MP) for Bridport.
Richard took part in the siege of Pendennis Castle in August 1646 and afterwards wrote to Colonel Ceely to report on the siege and "to receive directions how to dispose of the regiment, and positively what employment and future maintenance we may expect". This letter is preserved in the Tanner MS in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Following the siege, Richard was made Colonel of a regiment of 1000 men, raised for service in Ireland, with Robert Phayre as his Lieutenant Colonel and they remained camped near Bath until 19 June 1647 when Parliament ordered that "Colonel Townesend and his regiment ... be transported to Ireland" to join the Parliamentary Army in Ireland under the command of Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin.
| 2.03125
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13162100
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20poor%20laws
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Scottish poor laws
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After the Act of Union, Scotland retained its distinct legal system and the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 was not applied to Scotland. As in England, it was necessary to reform the poor laws. A commission of inquiry was established in 1843 to determine system reform. This resulted in the Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845 being passed. This act established parochial boards in parishes and towns and a central Board of Supervision in Edinburgh.
In Scotland the able-bodied poor had no automatic right to poor relief as in England. The Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845 created a central Board of Supervision which had the ability to raise local taxes to cover poor relief costs. Unlike in England, the Scottish pauper had a legal right to appeal if they were denied poor relief. Outdoor relief was common; however, mismanagement of the system meant that a more restricted system after 1868 which relied more on the poorhouse.
The Archives and Special Collections at the Mitchell Library in Glasgow hold more than 1,000,000 applications for poor relief made by residents of Glasgow and the west of Scotland. These records can prove extremely useful for the family historian, and contain detailed notes and information about the applicants, their families and life.
| 2.8125
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13162108
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavenbaby
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Shavenbaby
|
The shavenbaby (svb) or ovo gene encodes a transcription factor in Drosophila responsible for inducing cells to become hair-like projections called trichomes or microtrichia. Many of the major developmental signaling pathways converge at the shavenbaby locus, which then regulates over 150 downstream target genes. The "hourglass" shape of this gene regulatory network makes shavenbaby the master regulator of trichome formation. The unique setup of the gene regulatory network made trichomes an excellent readout to identify important developmental genes during the forward genetics Heidelberg Screen. Additionally, shavenbaby is considered to be an "evolutionary hotspot", and experiments have shown that changes in this gene cause the loss of dorsal cuticular hairs in Drosophila sechellia larvae.
Trichomes likely serve a variety of purposes. In larvae, trichomes likely help with larval locomotion. By alternating between bands of trichomes and naked cuticle, larvae can tread across different surfaces. Additionally, trichomes may contribute to hydrophobicity and even stabilize adult flight.
Transcriptional inputs for svb
The shavenbaby locus is regulated by multiple signaling pathways, including the HOX factors, Wingless, EGF-R, Hedgehog, and Notch signaling. Additionally, the transcription factors SoxNeuro, Pointed, and Dichaete regulate shavenbaby expression.
Engrailed and Hedgehog activate EGFR
During stage 12 of embryonic development, Engrailed is expressed in a subset of cells, which activates the hedgehog signaling pathway. The Hedgehog signal is received by cells expressing Patched, which induces expression of rhomboid (rho) with Serrate-Notch signaling, which activates the EGFR signaling pathway. The drosophila EGF receptor (DER) is responsible for activating shavenbaby both directly and by driving expression of the factors SoxNeuro and Dichaete. Other transcription factors such as Ultrabithorax and its cofactor Homothorax also interact with the different shavenbaby enhancers to activate expression.
| 2.609375
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13162206
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor%20Jenks
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Tudor Jenks
|
Tudor Storrs Jenks (May 7, 1857 – February 11, 1922) was an American writer, poet, artist and editor, as well as a journalist and lawyer. He is chiefly remembered for the popular works of fiction and nonfiction he wrote for children and general readers.
Life and family
Jenks was born on May 7, 1857, in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Grenville Tudor Jenks and Persis Sophia (Smith) Jenks. His older brother was Almet F. Jenks, presiding justice of the appellate division of the New York Supreme Court. His younger brother Paul E. Jenks served as American vice consul in Yokohama, Japan. He was a grand-nephew of Wendell Phillips. He married, October 5, 1882, Mary Donnison Ford. They had three daughters, Dorothy, Pauline, and Amabel, the last of whom Jenks collaborated with on a play. He lived in Bronxville, New York, where he died at his home, of apoplexy, on February 11, 1922. He was survived by his wife and daughters.
Education
Jenks graduated from Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute in 1874, Yale University in 1878, and Columbia Law School in 1880. He studied art in Paris in the winter of 1880–1881. Among his classmates at Yale were William Howard Taft, afterwards president of the United States, and Arthur Twining Hadley, later president of the university. During his attendance there he became a member of Skull and Bones and Delta Kappa Epsilon.
| 2.296875
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13162307
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20Cavalry%20HAC
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Light Cavalry HAC
|
The Light Cavalry HAC is a Ceremonial sub-unit of the Honourable Artillery Company (HAC). Established in 1861 as an active military unit, the Light Cavalry was reestablished in 1979 as a uniformed civilian ceremonial unit for special events. The Light Cavalry are primarily based at Armoury House in London with horses stabled in Windsor Great Park.
History
The Light Cavalry were originally formed in 1861 to act as mounted reconnaissance for the gun batteries. Apart from its military duties, the Light Cavalry formed the official mounted escort for the Lord Mayor of the City of London. The Light Cavalry paraded for Princess Alexandra's visit to the city in 1861, the state visit of Tsar Alexander II in 1874 and was reviewed by Queen Victoria at Buckingham Palace and in Windsor Castle in the 1880s.
In 1890 the Light Cavalry Troop were converted into a unit of Horse Artillery by order of the War Office and was renamed A Battery HAC, taking precedence over the HAC's existing field Battery.
Current incarnation
In 1979 a new ceremonial Light Cavalry unit was formed within the HAC. Its chief proponent was Major Gerald Flint-Shipman, an officer in the Territorial Army Royal Green Jackets and non-regimental member of the HAC, who became its first commander. The Light Cavalry was awarded the Royal Warrant from Queen Elizabeth II in 2004. In 2020 the Light Cavalry comprises a headquarters and two Troops, each of three sections.
The Light Cavalry wear full dress in the patten of a 19th century Hussar uniform with silver facings. A busby, traditional hussar headdress, is worn with ceremonial mounted and dismounted review order. In addition, members may also be seen in frock order, mess kit and barrack dress on drill nights.
Duties
| 2.375
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13162307
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20Cavalry%20HAC
|
Light Cavalry HAC
|
A Royal Warrant granted by Elizabeth II in 2004 tasks the Light Cavalry with providing a ceremonial bodyguard for the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress of the City of London. The Light Cavalry escorts the Lady Mayoress’s Coach during the annual Lord Mayor's Show. Other duties include providing mounted and dismounted guards of honour for members of the royal family, civic dignitaries including the lord mayor and lady mayoress, City of London Livery Companies, as well as other institutions, equestrian events, balls, dinners, and film premieres.
Military equestrian skills are taught and practiced by the Light Cavalry, preserving military drills of a Victorian cavalry unit. Members regularly participate in skill-at-arms and military equestrian events. Full instruction is given in the use of traditional cavalry weapons of the era, the sword and lance.
Membership
Membership of the Light Cavalry is open to all ranks of any Service. Members are unpaid but give freely of their own time for drill practice and rehearsals as well as for official duties.
Supporting Riders Club
The Light Cavalry also has a Supporting Riders Club based at their stables in Windsor Great Park. Here lessons and hacks are available to members of the club which is open to both members and non-members civilians as well as military. Supporting Riders also assist the Light Cavalry on parades such as the Lord Mayor’s Show.
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13162310
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaparte%27s%20parakeet
|
Bonaparte's parakeet
|
Bonaparte's parakeet (Pyrrhura lucianii), also known as Deville's parakeet, or in aviculture as Deville's conure, is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is restricted to the Brazilian state of Amazonas south of the Solimões river.
Description
Total length c. . As other members of the Pyrrhura picta complex, it is a long-tailed mainly green parakeet with a dark red belly, rump and tail-tip (tail all dark red from below), pale grey scaling to the chest, a whitish or dull buff patch on the auriculars and bluish remiges. The cheeks and crown are dark dusky-maroon (often appears almost blackish). Unlike other members of the P. picta complex, it lacks any bright red or blue to the head (but see Taxonomy). The legs are dark greyish.
Habitat and behavior
It occurs in tropical humid lowland forest and adjacent habitats. It is social and typically seen in pairs or groups. It feeds on fruits, seeds and flowers. The nest is placed in a tree cavity. It is likely to be fairly common within its range, but generally very poorly known, as the remote region where it occurs rarely is visited by ornithologists.
| 2.578125
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13162310
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaparte%27s%20parakeet
|
Bonaparte's parakeet
|
Taxonomy
It has typically been considered a subspecies of Pyrrhura picta. As with most other taxa in the P. picta complex, Joseph (2002) recommended that lucianii should be recognized as a monotypic species, P. lucianii. Ribas et al. (2006) did not include lucianii in their study, but did find that P. picta (sensu stricto) was closer to some members of the P. leucotis complex than to the various taxa found mainly south of the Amazon River and traditionally considered as subspecies of it. Consequently, Ribas et al. recommended that the west Amazonian taxa (roseifrons and peruviana) and the east Amazonian taxa (amazonum and snethlageae) should be considered two separate species. Based on biogeography, it therefore becomes unlikely that P. lucianii is a subspecies of P. picta, but the possibility that it is better regarded as conspecific with either P. amazonum or P. roseifrons cannot be discounted on basis of current knowledge. P. lucianii was described before both P. amazonum and P. roseifrons, meaning that they, if one of these scenarios was found to be correct, would become subspecies of P. lucianii (i.e. P. lucianii amazonum or P. lucianii roseifrons). SACC voted to recognize P. lucianii as a species.
| 2.203125
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13162644
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear%20Creek%20High%20School%20%28Colorado%29
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Bear Creek High School (Colorado)
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Bear Creek High School is located in the southwest corner of Lakewood, Colorado, a suburb of the greater Denver metro area. It is one of 18 high schools in Jefferson County.
The school colors are forest green, gold, and white. The mascot is a bear. The principal is Shannon Vigil. There are 1,634 students as of October 2018, along with 87 full-time teachers. It is a Class 4A Athletic Program and has over 34 clubs and activities.
History
Bear Creek High School was established in 1894 as the Montana School. The school was a single room that served elementary grades one through eight. It was not until 1920 that the neighboring community decided to consolidate, thus giving the region its first high school. Before the school was built, all students planning to continue their education either had to live in or commute to schools in Denver.
The Bear Creek Consolidated school combined five elementary school districts. The four other schools were Montana School, Lakeview, Midway and Mount Carbon.
The first class in 1923 consisted of five graduates. From this point on, the school was known as the Bear Creek Consolidated School.
By 1950, all of the schools in Jefferson County had been consolidated and became the Jefferson County School District R-1.
The class of 1952 became the first to graduate in the newly named Bear Creek High School.
Although a fire in 1959 destroyed the original structure, classes were still held in the gymnasium. The new building was built just east of where the current school stands. This building stood for nearly 57 years until a new building, completed in 2009, was built where the original Consolidated School once stood.
| 2.4375
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13162679
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B6bbelin%2C%20Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
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Wöbbelin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
|
Wöbbelin is a municipality in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The municipality has a seat in the office of Ludwigslust from where it is administered. Wöbbelin consists of three areas: Dreenkrögen, the "Funkamtsiedlung", a housing development and buildings supporting a former radio broadcasting station, and the main town, Wöbbelin.
History
Wöbbelin was first mentioned in 1333 as "Wopelyn". In 1813, Theodor Körner, "Dichter der Freiheitskriege", the "poet of the wars of liberation", who died in Gadebusch on 1813-08-26, was buried in Wöbbelin. The monument to Theodor Körner on his grave was designed by the architect, Gottlob Friedrich Thormeyer, and solemnly opened on 1814-09-23. The grove with the graves of Körner and some family relatives (his sister, Emma) became a patriotic memorial place shortly after Körner's death.
In 1938, a year before the beginning of World War II, the "Theodor-Körner-Gedenkstätte", the Theodor Körner memorial place, became a "nationalsozialistischen Weihestätte", a Nazi 'holy' place. On 1945-02-12, a concentration camp, which was a sub-camp of the Neuengamme concentration camp, Hamburg, was set up in the proximity of the district town of Ludwigslust. As it was located on the road to Wöbbelin, it was named the Wöbbelin concentration camp. The camp was taken by American troops on 1945-05-02 and many victims were buried in the cemetery where the Theodor Körner memorial place is located. In the middle of the cemetery, the former "nationalsozialistischen Weihestätte" serves today as a remembrance and memorial place for Wöbbelin and as the headquarters of a museum. The remembrance and memorial place remembers both the "Dichter der Freiheitskriege", Theodor Körner, and the Wöbbelin concentration camp.
| 2.15625
| 0
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13162679
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B6bbelin%2C%20Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
|
Wöbbelin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
|
In 1952, Wöbbelin became the location for a broadcasting installation used for transmitting medium wave band broadcasts. Two steel, half-timbered masts, 120 metres high, were used in the antenna system. These were developed from a transmitting mast, which had been located at Königs Wusterhausen and dismantled. During the 1950s, the "Funkamtsiedlung" grew around the broadcasting station. The two transmitting masts were replaced in 1990 by two masts of the same height. The Geneva wave plan of 1975, assigned the frequencies 576 kHz and 999 kHz to Wöbbelin. The latter was emitted over a three corner body antenna and last used by talk radio before being dismantled. The former frequency was used by Megaradio, a privately operated pop music broadcasting station until 2003-04-04. The use of this frequency caused strong disturbances to the reception of SWR, "South West Broadcasting", in Wöbbelin, as SWR operated on the same frequency from Mühlacker. The remaining transmitting masts were demolished November 2005.
Geography and transport
The municipality lies on the federal highway 106 between the cities of Ludwigslust (7 km) and Schwerin (23 km). To the north, Dreenkrögen lies near the junction of the federal motorway 24 for Ludwigslust and a lorry and truck terminal. In Dreenkroegen is a large, 5.95 hectare bathing lake, which resulted from gravel quarrying.
| 2.21875
| 0
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13162692
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20College%20of%20Osteopathic%20Internists
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American College of Osteopathic Internists
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The American College of Osteopathic Internists (ACOI) is a medical association in the United States representing osteopathic physicians who specialize in internal medicine. The ACOI is one of two professional organizations representing internal medicine physicians in the United States, the other organization is the American College of Physicians. ACOI is accredited by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) and the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME).
History
ACOI was founded in 1923 as the American Society of Osteopathic Internists. In 1941, the organization adopted its current name, American College of Osteopathic Internists.
Membership
Membership levels are student, resident/fellow, active, retired, emeritus, and associate. Active members are physicians (DO and MD degrees) who have completed internal medicine training and hold a valid license to practice. Associate members are physicians trained in any other specialty than internal medicine (e.g., emergency medicine, family medicine, obgyn, etc.) or healthcare professionals.
Notable members include Karen J. Nichols, DO, MACOI, the first female president of ACOI and former medical school dean; Humayun J. Chaudhry, DO, MACOI, MS, president and chief executive officer of the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) of the United States; and Robert A. Cain, DO, MACOI, president and CEO of the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine (AACOM).
Fellows
The honor of fellow is bestowed upon members who exhibit dedication to the profession. The recipient receives becomes a Fellow of the American College of Osteopathic Internists, which is abbreviated FACOI. Honorary versions of this award are also given. On November 14, 1979, Linus Pauling received an Honorary Fellow of the American College of Osteopathic Internists by the ACOI for delivering a presentation at the ACOI Convocation.
| 2.078125
| 0
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13162757
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric%20Moncassin
|
Frédéric Moncassin
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Frédéric Moncassin (born 26 September 1968) is a French former road racing cyclist. He turned professional in 1990 and retired in 1999. He competed in the men's individual road race at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Moncassin was a strong roadman-sprinter known for his tussles with other riders in the last metres of a race. He clashed with Tom Steels and Mario Cipollini among others. He won 30 races and led the Tour de France for a day in 1996. He also came close to winning the Tour of Flanders and Paris–Roubaix. Procycling said when he retired: "It was the 1998 Tour that, in hindsight, probably spelt the end for Fred. Under intense pressure to come up with a stage win, he struggled through the first week, only to see the race collapse around him as the Festina Scandal took hold. His unfashionable criticism of Richard Virenque - "he's an asshole and you can quote me," he told the French paper 'La Dépêche' at the time - allied to his own poor form, and his increasingly public concern that all cyclists were now tarred with the same brush, left him as a fringe character."
His name was on the list of doping tests published by the French Senate on 24 July 2013 that were collected during the 1998 Tour de France and found suspicious for EPO when retested in 2004.
Retirement
Moncassin was selector for the French national road team from 2004 to 2008, when he was succeeded by Laurent Jalabert.
Major results
| 1.914063
| 0
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13163054
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Block
|
West Block
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Construction on all three blocks commenced by the end of 1859. By the time the West Block was completed in 1865, the building was three years behind schedule. The first tenants were the offices of the postmaster general, the Ministry of Public Works, and the Crown lands departments. As the number of parliamentary and administrative staff increased with the expansion of the country's area, more space was added to the West Block: the Mackenzie Wing and Tower in 1878 and, in 1906, the Laurier Tower and link.
In the early 2000s, the masonry of the West Block was found to be in a state of severe disrepair. Scaffolding and protective sheeting were erected in order to prevent falling blocks from striking pedestrians and cars below and a restoration project was immediately implemented. The two largest towers were also stabilised with temporary steel structures for fear of stones falling off them.
An $863 million project to completely renovate the West Block began in 2011, and the renovated building opened on 28 January 2019. In preparation for a planned, decade-long renovation of the Centre Block to begin in 2019, the central courtyard of the West Block was transformed into a temporary chamber for the House of Commons. The new chamber is surrounded by formerly exterior stone walls and covered by a glass roof. Multiple underground levels as well as planned tunnel connections to other Parliament Hill buildings were constructed out of dug-out bedrock under the West Block during the extensive renovations. When the renovation of Centre Block is complete and the House returns to its traditional chamber, the interim House chamber will be used as committee rooms.
| 2.3125
| 0
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13163091
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinel%C3%A2ndia
|
Cinelândia
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Cinelândia is the popular name of a major public square in the centre of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Its official name is Praça Floriano Peixoto, in honour of the second president of Brazil, Floriano Peixoto.
History
In colonial times, the main structure in the Cinelândia area was the Ajuda Convent, built for women around 1750. Today's square started to gain its current shape in the early 20th century, when the Brazilian government considered that Rio de Janeiro, then the capital of the Republic, needed to be completely overhauled.
Beginning in 1904, the centre of the city was remodeled following the latest trends in hygiene and urbanism under the direction of mayor Francisco Pereira Passos. The centrepiece of the reform was a large boulevard – the Avenida Central, now Avenida Rio Branco - which was built crossing the old city centre, passing by the Ajuda Convent. Most of the old colonial houses in central Rio were demolished. The area in front of the Ajuda Convent was turned into a public square.
During the early decades of the 20th century a series of monumental public buildings were built facing the square. These were the Municipal Theatre (Theatro Municipal), the Brazilian National Library (Biblioteca Nacional), the Rio de Janeiro Municipality (Palácio Pedro Ernesto) and the Higher Court (Tribunal Superior). Located nearby were the National Senate (Palácio Monroe, demolished in the 1970s) and the National School of Fine Arts, today Museu Nacional de Belas Artes. The square concentrated a great part of the political and cultural life of Brazil. The buildings surrounding the square, mostly following the French Beaux-Arts architectural style, were a symbol of the modernisation of the city.
| 2.84375
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13163135
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grab%C5%A1tejn
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Grabštejn
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Grabštejn () is a castle in Chotyně in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. Originally a Gothic castle, it was rebuilt in the Renaissance style and later modified in the late Baroque and late Neoclassical styles. It belongs among the most important monuments of the Liberec Region.
History
The original Gothic castle of Grafenstein was founded in the 13th century. In 1562, it was bought by Crown Chancellor Georg Mehl von Strelitz. Between 1566 and 1586, he had rebuilt the castle in the Renaissance style and thus turned it into a representative castle.
Georg Mehl also had a steward's house built below the castle, which was around the year 1830 rebuilt in the Neoclassical style. Shortly before that – around 1818 – Christian of Clam-Gallas had built the New Castle near the Old Castle. The new building was surrounded by a large garden with a number of valuable plants. The Old Castle has preserved its original Renaissance appearance despite a fire which damaged its upper floors in 1843.
The House of Clam-Gallas owned Grabštejn from 1704 until it was confiscated in 1945. After World War II, the castle was open to the public, but in 1953, the whole castle complex was taken over by the Ministry of Defence. The Old Castle's condition significantly deteriorated after the army left in the late 1980s.
Today the castle is owned by the state and offers guided tours. Repairs and restorations began in 1989. Nowadays, Grabštejn is one of the best restored monuments of great importance in the Czech Republic. The castle was opened to the public again in 1993. The tower offers a marvellous view of the three-border-triangle, the castle's northern wing, and the vault. The most touristically attractive part of the castle interior is the St. Barbara chapel decorated with Renaissance fresco paintings from the 16th century. All parts of the ceiling and walls are ornamented in with interlaced figural, animal, and heraldic motifs.
| 2.046875
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13163184
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan%20Leturgez
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Bryan Leturgez
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Bryan Robert Leturgez (born August 3, 1962) is an American football player, track and field athlete and bobsledder who competed from 1988 to 1998.
Biography
A native of Indiana, he was born in Terre Haute. His mother and father were in the education field and moved a number of times as opportunities opened up. He graduated from Kankakee Valley High School in 1981, where he had competed in five different sports under eleven coaches. After graduating, he attended Purdue University on a full-ride football scholarship where he stayed for two years before transferring to Indiana State University on a track & field scholarship. He set the school records in the high jump 7' 1" and the 400IM hurdles. He also qualified and competed in the 1986 NCAA Track & Field Championships as well as the 1988 Olympic Track & Field Trials in the 400 IM hurdles. Leturgez's skills in both football and track led him to try out for bobsled in the fall of 1988 when he made the World Cup team and competed for the next ten years.
During those 10 years in bobsled, he earned numerous gold medals throughout his career. His best year came during the 1992–93 season when his 4 man team won 3 gold medals, one silver medal, and one bronze medal in World Cups events and won the bronze in the World Championships in Igls, Austria that team also went on to win the 4 man overall World Cup Championship that season. Leturgez competed in three Winter Olympic Games: 1992 - Albertville, France where he was named team Captain for the 1992 Olympic Bobsled Team in which he earned his best finish of 11th in the four-man event. He also competed in the 1994 - Lillehammer, Norway, and 1998 - Nagano, Japan games... Leturgez also won 6 World Push Championships Gold medals in Monaco, Monte Carlo hosted by Prince Albert Grimaldi setting world records in the 1994 World Push Championships in both the two-man and four-man events.
| 1.96875
| 0
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13163187
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20J.%20Goulding
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Alfred J. Goulding
|
Alfred John "Alf" Goulding (January 26, 1885 – April 25, 1972) was an Australian-born vaudevillian, who became an American film director and screenwriter. He directed more than 180 films between 1917 and 1959 and is credited with having Harold Lloyd wear his trademark glasses.
Biography
He was born on January 26, 1885, in Melbourne, Australia to Francis Thomas Goulding (1860–1940) and Margaret Davies Walsh. He was the youngest brother of the opera singer Elsa Goulding.
As children, he and his brother and sister performed with Pollard’s Lilliputian Opera Company, a popular Australian juvenile opera company that travelled Australasia, the Orient and North America extensively. By 1900 he was regularly singled out in reviews as one of the company’s most entertaining performers: "Master Alf. Goulding came in for a lion's share of applause, and he certainly won it fairly in his comic pieces." By 1907, Goulding was stage managing for the company. He arrived with the Pollard troupe in the US in 1908. According to Brent Walker, Goulding then travelled to Britain where he worked on stage with Stan Laurel, for several years, after which he returned to the US. By 1911 he was performing on stage in North America and directing his own stage shows, sometimes in collaboration with former Pollard performers Daphne Pollard and Harry "Snub" Pollard.
In 1912, he broke into movies, acting and then after 1916, directing two reel comedies for Fox. He then joined Hal Roach, directing many Harold Lloyd shorts. Throughout the 1920s and early 1930s his work output was significant, and he directed the likes of Harry Langdon, Norma Shearer and Fatty Arbuckle, in addition to films starring former Pollard players Daphne Pollard and Snub Pollard Between 1935 and 1938 he worked in Britain again. In 1939 he re-entered the United States illegally and was jailed as an alien.
| 2.390625
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13163275
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapchi%20Prison
|
Drapchi Prison
|
Drapchi Prison, or Lhasa Prison No. 1 (, lit. "four corners"; ), is the largest prison in Tibet, China, located in Lhasa. Drapchi is named after its location and was originally a military garrison until it was converted into a prison after the 1959 Tibetan Uprising. It is roughly one mile from the city centre and is the main prison for judicially sentenced prisoners in Tibet. It was the primary place for the detention of political prisoners before 2005 when the newer and modernised Chushur (Chinese: Qushui) Prison was built. Drapchi also goes by the name Delapuxie prison, which has sometimes been listed as a separate prison online.
According to Central Tibetan Administration, the prison has gained a notorious reputation and is feared by the Tibetans due to its strong management. Reports of brutality have been alleged by Tibetan exile groups.
In November 1994, 13 nuns were sent to Drapchi to serve a 5-year sentence for endangering state security by protests against the Chinese rule in Lhasa. In April 1996, all the inmates of Unit 3 of Drapchi prison, consisting of nearly 100 female political prisoners, went on a hunger strike in protest of their treatment. The week-long strike caused the prison officers some concern that it might damage the reputation of the prison further if the inmates died as a result and promised an end to the brutality.
Drapchi Prison used to be the only official prison in Tibet but, following the 1994 law change, former laogais were rebranded, and locations such as Powo Tramo were also referred to as prisons.
China claims that "The Tibet Autonomous Region Prison aims to create a "modern and civilised prison". According to the same source, between 1997 and 2004, it had invested "more than 60 million yuan in the construction of software and hardware facilities, which has improved the overall appearance of the prison".
| 2.5
| 0
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13163358
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole%20number%20rule
|
Whole number rule
|
In chemistry, the whole number rule states that the masses of the isotopes are whole number multiples of the mass of the hydrogen atom. The rule is a modified version of Prout's hypothesis proposed in 1815, to the effect that atomic weights are multiples of the weight of the hydrogen atom. It is also known as the Aston whole number rule after Francis W. Aston who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1922 "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule."
Law of definite proportions
The law of definite proportions was formulated by Joseph Proust around 1800 and states that all samples of a chemical compound will have the same elemental composition by mass. The atomic theory of John Dalton expanded this concept and explained matter as consisting of discrete atoms with one kind of atom for each element combined in fixed proportions to form compounds.
Prout's hypothesis
In 1815, William Prout reported on his observation that the atomic weights of the elements were whole multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen. He then hypothesized that the hydrogen atom was the fundamental object and that the other elements were a combination of different numbers of hydrogen atoms.
Aston's discovery of isotopes
In 1920, Francis W. Aston demonstrated through the use of a mass spectrometer that apparent deviations from Prout's hypothesis are predominantly due to the existence of isotopes. For example, Aston discovered that neon has two isotopes with masses very close to 20 and 22 as per the whole number rule, and proposed that the non-integer value 20.2 for the atomic weight of neon is due to the fact that natural neon is a mixture of about 90% neon-20 and 10% neon-22). A secondary cause of deviations is the binding energy or mass defect of the individual isotopes.
Discovery of the neutron
| 3.015625
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13163442
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why%20Girls%20Say%20No
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Why Girls Say No
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Why Girls Say No is a 1927 American silent comedy film directed by Leo McCarey, starring Marjorie Daw and Max Davidson, and featuring Oliver Hardy in a supporting role.
Plot
Every boy on the street is in love with Becky. But her father, Papa Whisselberg, insists that any suitors be Jewish. While getting her hair cut, Becky encounters an Irish-looking boy who cannot take his eyes off of her. He tries to follow her home but is temporarily sidelined by a policeman who winds up falling into a pit of water. He finally meets up with her, and she falls for him. Becky warns him against entering, saying her father would be brokenhearted if she married a non-Jewish boy. That night, the boy climbs the fire escape to meet Becky in her room. At the same time, a thief enters the house, the policeman in pursuit. Confusion ensues: the thief tries to disguise himself as a woman in a nightgown but his pants give him away. As he escorts the captured thief, the policeman again falls into the pit of water; the scene fades as he throws down his badge.
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13163467
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony
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Anthony
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Anthony, also spelled Antony, is a masculine given name derived from the Antonii, a gens (Roman family name) to which Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius) belonged. According to Plutarch, the Antonii gens were Heracleidae, being descendants of Anton, a son of Heracles. Anthony is an English name that is in use in many countries. It has been among the top 100 most popular male baby names in the United States since the late 19th century and has been among the top 100 male baby names between 1998 and 2018 in many countries including Canada, Australia, England, Ireland and Scotland.
Equivalents include Antonio in Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Maltese; Αντώνιος in Greek; António or Antônio in Portuguese; Antoni in Catalan, Polish, and Slovene; Anton in Dutch, Galician, German, Icelandic, Romanian, Russian, and Scandinavian languages; Antoine in French; Antal in Hungarian; and Antun or Ante in Croatian. The usual abbreviated form is Tony or Toni (sometimes Tone, Ant, Anth or Anton). Its use as a Christian name was due to the veneration of Saint Anthony the Great, the founder of Christian monasticism, particularly in Egypt. Also significant, in Roman Catholicism, has been the later cult of Saint Anthony of Padua.
In the United States, it was the 43rd most popular male name in 2021, according to the Social Security Administration. When the background is Italian, Nino or Toni, shortened from Antonino, are used. Its popularity in the United Kingdom peaked during the 1940s; in 1944 it was the sixth most popular male name and was still as high as 14th in 1964.
Spelling and pronunciation
The name was historically spelled Antony, as in William Shakespeare's play Antony and Cleopatra. In the 17th century, the letter "h" was inserted into the spelling on the belief that the name derived from the Greek word ἄνθος (anthos), meaning "flower". In Britain, the historical pronunciation predominates for both spellings, while in the United States the spelling pronunciation is more common when the "Anthony" spelling is used.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Warren%20Brown%20School%20of%20Social%20Work
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George Warren Brown School of Social Work
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As Bruno planned his retirement, he drafted an ordinance to graduate the social work program from an academic department to a degree-granting school. Then University Chancellor, George Throop, resisted this proposal for several years. When Throop resigned in 1944, the Department appealed to the Board of Directors, establishing the George Warren Brown School of Social Work in the following year.
Bruno was instrumental in boosting the public welfare administrator Benjamin E. Youngdahl to the deanship of the new school, although his candidacy had been challenged due to his perceived lack of academic training. Knowing this, Bruno continued to interview candidates from an interim leadership position until he could appeal to the interim Chancellor, Harry Brookings Wallace. Bruno succeeded, and Youngdahl became the inaugural Dean of the Brown School in 1945.
Early Years: 1945-1962
A ten-year development plan was presented by Youngdahl to Chancellor Arthur H. Compton in January 1947. The Brown School began recruiting faculty for a program in "economic well-being and the deeper source of happiness that is self-realization". This included focuses on social work with groups and psychiatric social work (clinical social work), the latter of which garnered significant grant funding from the American Association of Schools of Social Work thanks to the efforts of early faculty member Margaret Williams.
From 1946-1947, Youngdahl, Stuart Queen, and the faculty vigorously petitioned Compton to admit Black students to the Brown School. They succeeded, and a cohort of eight Black women matriculated as graduate students in 1948. By 1952, the School had awarded 520 graduate degrees in its first seven years.
By the end of Youngdahl's deanship in 1962, the Brown School conferred 757 Master of Social Work degrees and 12 Doctor of Social Work degrees.
Curriculum Reform: 1962-1972
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13163517
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Warren%20Brown%20School%20of%20Social%20Work
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George Warren Brown School of Social Work
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Shanti Khinduka, the Assistant Dean of Social Work at Saint Louis University accepted the deanship in 1974. During his tenure, Khinduka convened faculty and students to instate a competency-based curriculum, building off of Nancy Carroll's critique of the School's decades of individualized, elective-heavy design. After an accreditation review that prompted an extensive community outreach effort in 1977, the CSWE approved the Brown School.
Despite federal disinvestment from social programs under the Reagan Administration, the 1980s saw the Brown School financially stabilize, and by 1995, it had increased more than sevenfold from $5 million to $36 million. Khinduka also made efforts to attract new interest from international students and promote faculty producing research. This resulted in the Brown School becoming recognized in 1991 as the most published faculty body in the country between 1977-1987, as well as the origin of "evidence-based practice" as a central theme in national social work discourse.
School Expansion: 1993-2015
The 1990s saw the opening of several research centers at the Brown School. This included the Center for Mental Health Services Research, the Center for Social Development, and the Kathryn M. Buder Center for American Indian Studies, the first academic research center dedicated to American Indian health in the United States.
In 1998, the Brown School and Washington University dedicated Alvin Goldfarb Hall, a four-story building that doubled the capacity of the school. Following multiple years of financial and faculty growth, Khinduka retired in 2004 after 30 years as dean.
The University acquired Edward F. Lawlor, the dean of the University of Chicago's Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice in 2004. During his deanship, Lawlor oversaw the creation of Hillman Hall, which again doubled the Brown School's space on the Washington University campus. The School also established partnerships with Fudan University in Shanghai.
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13163517
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Warren%20Brown%20School%20of%20Social%20Work
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George Warren Brown School of Social Work
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Facilities
The Brown School is located on Washington University's Danforth Campus, a 169-acre area shared with the School of Law, School of Arts & Sciences, Olin Business School, McKelvey School of Engineering, and Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts. Research also occurs at the Washington University School of Medicine through partnerships with the Institute for Public Health and other medical research centers.
Built in 1937, Brown Hall was the first academic building in the United States dedicated to social work education. From 1937-1945, Brown Hall included the offices of historians, political scientists, anthropologists, and sociologists. In 1945, the building became the official location of the newly endowed George Warren Brown School.
Decades later, in 1998, Washington University dedicated Goldfarb Hall. This doubled the school's capacity. The building was named after Alvin Goldfarb, a St. Louis area philanthropist who was the former president of Worth Stores and chairman the Jewish Federation of St. Louis.
Hillman Hall, a third facility, was dedicated in 2015. The 105,000 square-foot building was designed by Moore Ruble Yudell. It is named for Jennifer Hillman, owner of the Images and Ideas design agency, and Thomas Hillman, founder of the investment firm FTL Capital Partners. It is notable for its Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Platinum certification. It is estimated to be 41% more energy efficient than buildings of comparable size.
Rankings and reputation
As of 2024, it is ranked 2nd out of 319 school for social work in the United States by U.S. News & World Report.
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13163733
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenotherm
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Stenotherm
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A stenotherm (from Greek στενός stenos "narrow" and θέρμη therme "heat") is a species or living organism capable of surviving only within a narrow temperature range. This specialization is often found in organisms that inhabit environments with relatively stable environments, such as deep sea environments or polar regions.
The opposite of a stenotherm is a eurytherm, an organism that can function across a wide range of body temperatures. Eurythermic organisms are typically found in environments with significant temperature variations, such as temperate or tropical regions.
The size, shape, and composition of an organism's body can influence its temperature regulation, with larger organisms generally maintaining a more stable internal temperature than smaller ones.
Examples
Chionoecetes opilio is a stenothermic organism, and temperature significantly affects its biology throughout its life history, from embryo to adult. Small changes in temperature (< 2 °C) can increase the duration of egg incubation for C. opilio by a full year.
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13163921
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlos%20Kirby
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Karlos Kirby
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Karlos Kirby (born October 2, 1967) is an American bobsledder who competed during the 1990s.
A native of West Des Moines, Iowa, and a graduate of Valley High School. In 1992 Kirby became the first person from the state of Iowa to compete in a Winter Olympic Games. A bobsledder, Kirby earned a bronze medal in the four-man event at the 1993 FIBT World Championships in Igls, Austria. This accomplishment marked Kirby as one of the first United States Bobsled athletes to medal in a World Championships in 28 years.
Kirby picked up five U.S. National Push Championships on his way to competing in two Winter Olympics – Albertville in 1992 and Lillehammer in 1994.
Once retired from competing Kirby became an advocate for other U.S. Olympic athletes as a member of the United States Olympic Committee's Athletes Advisory Committee, the United States Olympic Committee's Board of Directors and an Executive Committee member of the Salt Lake City Olympic Organizing Committee's Board of Directors. Some of Kirby's leading initiatives included: getting women's bobsled recognized as an official Olympic sport in 2002, establishing educational opportunities for Olympic and Paralympic level athlete, and financial support of top ten World Championship/Olympic finishes.
Kirby earned his Bachelor's and Master's degrees at the University of New Mexico and an Educational Specialist degree from Drake University. Kirby was also accepted and studied at Oxford University.
Following stints working in television and insurance, Kirby later became an adjunct professor at William Penn University. He also taught extension courses at Drake University.
In his spare time, Kirby is a community activist volunteering for Special Olympics Iowa, the American Red Cross, and the local food pantry.
In 2004, Kirby accepted a commission in the United States Navy Reserve as an ensign, serving as a public affairs officer for the Navy.
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13163964
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelargonium%20drummondii
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Pelargonium drummondii
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Pelargonium drummondii is a species of Pelargonium found around the southern coasts of Western Australia.
Description
A perennial herb found as an erect or semiprostrate shrub, Pelargonium drummondii may be 100 to 400 mm in height. The flowers are light pink, but a darker colour at the center, splotchy and veined in appearance. The oblate cordate leaves are generally large and succulent. P. drummondii is distinguished from a similar widespread Australian species P. australe by the presence of a prominent branching perennial stem, which is generally absent in P. australe. However, young plants are likely to be indistinguishable by morphology alone.
The species was first described by Turczaninow in Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. The type specimen was collected by James Drummond, whose name is given in the specific epithet.
It is described as native, not endemic., one of several Pelargonium occurring in Western Australia. The similar, but usually scented, South African species P. capitatum is also found throughout many Southwest Australian regions, although these were known to have been introduced after colonisation by Britain.
Distribution
The plant is found along granitic coastal regions and inland granitic inselbergs of Southwest Australia, east of the Esperance Plains to the westernmost point at Cape Naturaliste.
Taxonomy
The species has been placed as Pelargonium drummondii, but the species has also been described as a subspecies ('nomenclatural synonym' of P. Drumondii).
Pelargonium australe subsp. drummondii (Turcz.) Hellbrugge ms
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