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9180009
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%20Route%2041%20in%20Illinois
|
U.S. Route 41 in Illinois
|
U.S. Route 41 (US 41) in the U.S. state of Illinois runs north from the Indiana border beneath the Chicago Skyway on Indianapolis Boulevard to the Wisconsin border north of the northern terminus of the Tri-State Tollway with Interstate 94. It is the only north–south U.S. Route to travel through a significant portion of the city of Chicago, carrying Lake Shore Drive through the central portion of the city along the lakefront. US 41 in Illinois is in length.
Route description
US 41 enters Illinois running concurrently with US 12 and US 20 on the far southeast side of Chicago. They run together until the junction of 95th Street and Ewing Avenue. US 41, then continues down Ewing Avenue for before heading northwest–southeast along the extension of Lake Shore Drive. Lake Shore Drive continues until US 41 meets South Shore Drive and 79th Street. This is the western terminus of the Lake Shore Drive extension and US 41 continues through the South Shore neighborhood's section of South Shore Drive before reaching the southern terminus of Lake Shore Drive.
The Lake Shore Drive section of US 41 is a six- to eight-lane highway along the shores of Lake Michigan through Chicago's lakefront park system. It is a limited-access highway except for five signalized intersections near downtown Chicago.
Just short of the northern terminus of Lake Shore Drive, US 41 exits at Foster Avenue. It follows Foster Avenue west for over and then heads northwest on Lincoln Avenue into neighboring Lincolnwood. Between Lake Shore Drive and Lincolnwood, US 41 intersects US 14 twice; once at its terminus at Foster Avenue and Broadway, and once again at the intersection of Peterson Avenue and Lincoln Avenue.
| 2.046875
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9180009
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%20Route%2041%20in%20Illinois
|
U.S. Route 41 in Illinois
|
US 41 is named Skokie Boulevard through Skokie, then its name changes to Skokie Valley Road north of Skokie. Traveling north, it joins I-94 (Edens Expressway) westbound just north of the Old Orchard Shopping Center; they split a few miles north when US 41 becomes the Skokie Highway. The highway serves as a major north–south arterial expressway for much of its routing through Chicago's northern suburbs, as well as an oft-used alternate for truckers avoiding the cost of tolls on the Tri-State Tollway. Before reaching the Wisconsin border, US 41 rejoins I-94 at the northern terminus of the Tri-State Tollway; these two roads continue, toll-free, north to the Wisconsin border.
History
Initially, US 41 followed what used to be Illinois Route 42. In 1931, it was rerouted away from Zion and Winthrop Harbor while IL 42 north of Chicago remained untouched. In 1935, an entire section of US 41 between Chicago and Waukegan was realigned to a new alignment. The new alignment closely matched the current routing of US 41. By 1939, Skokie Highway (part of US 41) was fully completed. With the completion of the Edens Expressway in 1951, US 41 was moved onto the expressway north of Touhy Avenue. Eventually, in 1959, Interstate 94 appeared on the Edens Expressway as well as the Edens Spur and part of the Tri-State Tollway. In 1966, US 41 was rerouted back onto Skokie Boulevard. In 1987, the S-curve was straightened out. By 1997, the northbound lanes were moved west to the southbound lanes; eliminating the split at Museum Campus. Around that same year, the overpass north of I-55 became fully pedestrianized in favor of expanding McCormick Place.
| 2.25
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9180013
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysical%20Fluid%20Dynamics%20Laboratory%20Coupled%20Model
|
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Coupled Model
|
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Coupled Model (GFDL CM2.5) is a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) developed at the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in the United States. It is one of the leading climate models used in the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, along with models developed at the Max Planck Institute for Climate Research, the Hadley Centre and the National Center for Atmospheric Research.
Composition
Atmosphere
The atmospheric component of the CM2.X models employs a 24-level atmosphere with horizontal resolution of 2° in east–west and 2.5° in north–south directions. This resolution is sufficient to resolve the large mid-latitude cyclones responsible for weather variability. It is too coarse, however, to resolve processes such as hurricanes or intense thunderstorm outbreaks. The atmosphere includes a representation of radiative fluxes, mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer, representations of the impacts of stratus and cumulus clouds, a scheme for representing drag on upper level winds caused by gravity waves, changes in the spatial distribution of ozone and the ability to represent the impact of multiple greenhouse gases.
Ocean
| 2.25
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9180020
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They%20Shoot%20Horses%2C%20Don%27t%20They%3F%20%28novel%29
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They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (novel)
|
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? is a novel written by Horace McCoy and first published in 1935. The story mainly concerns a dance marathon during the Great Depression. It was adapted into Sydney Pollack's 1969 film of the same name.
Plot
The story follows the narrator, Robert Syverten, a naive young man in Hollywood who dreams of being a film director.
The story begins with Robert's sentencing for murder. He confesses that he "killed her", and that he does not "have a leg to stand on." He is advised to beg for mercy from the court. The story of his relationship with the girl he killed, Gloria Beatty, is thereafter intercut after every few chapters with short excerpts from the judge's sentencing. The excerpts of the judge's words are written in larger and larger type until the last page of the book concludes with the words, written in small print: "And may God have mercy on your soul."
Robert meets Gloria on a morning when they have both failed to get parts as extras. She talks him into participating in a dance marathon contest. Like Robert, she is struggling to find work in Hollywood and believes the contest may be a way to get noticed by studio producers or movie stars. Gloria and Robert enter the contest, which is held at a large amusement pier on the beach in Santa Monica.
The contests are long and grueling affairs, taking place over several weeks. Contestants dance for an hour and fifty minutes, then receive a ten-minute break. One hundred and forty-four couples start the contest. Robert and Gloria, like most of the contestants, are young, jobless, and drawn as much by the free food as by the $1,000 prize money.
| 2.328125
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9180071
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%20Poteet
|
Jerry Poteet
|
Jerry Poteet (November 29, 1936 – January 15, 2012) was an American martial arts instructor, recognized for his teachings in the art of Jeet Kune Do as an original Bruce Lee student.
Biography
Poteet began his martial arts career in Kenpo, and became a brown belt under the Kenpo instructor Ed Parker. Poteet also trained the Dallas Cowboys football team and bodyguards in Jeet Kune Do, and choreograph the fight scenes of several films.
Poteet was chosen as the person best able to train Jason Scott Lee, for the latter's role in Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story.
In addition to choreographing Jason Scott Lee's key fight scenes in Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story, Jerry worked with him on Soldier and Timecop 2: The Berlin Decision. Other Poteet’s notable students were Glenn Danzig, Michael Worth and Kevin Sorbo.
Poteet credited his teacher, Bruce Lee, with giving him the tools to survive, "the fight of my life", when he was compelled to undergo a liver transplant in 1995. Until his death, Poteet taught Jeet Kune Do to the next generation of students and instructors. He taught martial arts for over 40 years.
The last years of Poteet's life were dedicated to preserving and refining the legacy he received from his instructor, Bruce Lee.
He died on January 15, 2012. Today, Poteet's legacy is being kept alive by protege Sifu Fran Poteet Joseph through the Jerry Poteet Jeet Kune Do Association.
Bibliography
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9180146
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20McMillan%20%28fur%20trader%29
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James McMillan (fur trader)
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James McMillan (August 1783–26 January 1858) was a fur trader and explorer for the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company. He led some of the earliest surveys of the lower Fraser River and founded Fort Langley for the HBC in 1827, and was its first Chief Trader.
Early life and first Fraser River expedition
Born in August, 1782, McMillan was the fourth son of Allan McMillan, Tacksman of Glenpean, Argyllshire and his wife, Margaret Cameron from Rannoch, Perthshire. With his parents and siblings, he emigrated from Scotland to British North America in 1802, and settled with them initially in what became Glengarry County, Ontario. Not long after arriving, the young James began work as a clerk for the North West Company in what is now Saskatchewan. Notably, he joined David Thompson's 1808 North West Company expedition west across the Rocky Mountains. During 1812 he led operations at Spokane House, competing against the nearby Pacific Fur Company station Fort Spokane. Later, he assisted in purchasing the PFC assets, which besides Fort Spokane included its headquarters of Fort Astoria and Fort Okanogan. These latter two stations would be utilised by the NWC, with Fort Astoria being renamed Fort George in honor of George III of the United Kingdom.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20McMillan%20%28fur%20trader%29
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James McMillan (fur trader)
|
On June 27, 1827, McMillan was again dispatched north from the Columbia River by Simpson, this time to establish a Hudson's Bay Company presence on the lower Fraser River. After leaving Fort Vancouver, McMillan, his 25-man party and two small boats arrived at Port Orchard on Puget Sound on July 4. There they camped, awaiting the newly acquired HBC sailing vessel the Cadboro, loaded with horses and supplies, which had departed Fort Vancouver on June 24 to rendezvous with McMillan's party via the open Pacific Ocean. After waiting six days, the Cadboro finally arrived at Port Orchard on July 10.
When the ship approached the mouth of the Fraser River, McMillan set out looking for suitable locations for the establishment of the Fort. He found none in the immediate vicinity of the river's mouth and the Cadboro was unable to gain navigable access to the Fraser River for several days until a channel was discovered. Meanwhile, in the smaller boats, and proceeding further up river, McMillan surveyed several potential locations for the new fort on July 27–28. It was around this time that McMillan Island was named for him. Other islands named during this survey of the river were Barnston Island (for clerk George Barnston) and Annacis Island (for Clerk Francois Noel Annance). Unfortunately, the Cadboro was unable to weigh anchor close enough to shore to safely unload cargo at the site McMillan had preferred to establish the Fort. The next day it sailed downriver to another spot on the south side of the Fraser, which McMillan had remarked upon earlier. This location was just west of the Salmon River's confluence with the Fraser in an area later to be known as Derby. On Monday July 30, McMillan's party unloaded horses at the site and the laborious clearance of the forest commenced. The first post of the Fort was cut on August 1, 1827. On August 13, the first bastion of the fort—deemed to be the priority as a consequence of rumours of a pending massacre by Indians—was completed.
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9180174
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20gay%20icons
|
List of gay icons
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Diana, Princess of Wales
Highly regarded by the LGBT community due to her work with gay men suffering from AIDS, Diana, Princess of Wales, is considered to be a gay icon. The hardships she faced during her life within the British royal family and her struggles with bulimia have been cited as factors to which members of the LGBT community can mostly connect. Writing for Them, David Levesley described Diana as "a symbol of the familial oppression many queer people know all too well," and added that "[queer people] admire her for how long she lasted in the face of a shitty situation. Is there anything more queer than a fabulous woman trapped in a bleak household?" James Greig from Vice also held a similar viewpoint, stating that "her status as a tragic diva aside, it's undeniable that Diana made real, material changes to the lives of LGBT people – particularly through the work she did around AIDS." In an article for Newsweek, Desmond O'Connor wrote that Diana's work with dying HIV+ gay men was crucial for reminding "the people of Great Britain that their 'untouchable' sons deserved to be loved."
In 2009, a panel including Sir Ian McKellen and Alan Hollinghurst chose Diana's portrait to be shown in the Gay Icons exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery, London. In October 2017, the Attitude magazine honoured Diana with its Legacy Award for her HIV/AIDS work. Prince Harry accepted the award on behalf of his mother.
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9180174
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20gay%20icons
|
List of gay icons
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Elton John
Sir Elton Hercules John, famously known as Elton John, is perhaps one of the most famous, publicly queer musicians of all time. During 1976, he announced publicly that he was bisexual and remained open about his sexuality to present day, happily married to his husband David Furnish since 2014. Aside from his musical career, he is also the founder of the Elton John AIDS Foundation which was created to give support and aide to those in need as well as to "prevent infections, fight stigma and provide treatment with love, compassion and dignity for the most vulnerable groups affected by HIV around the world".
Lea Salonga
In 2011, The Advocate called Lea Salonga a "major gay icon" for being "very vocal in her support for LGBT equality, both here [the U.S.] and in her native Philippines."
The song "Reflection," which she sang in Disney's Mulan (1998), has become viewed as an anthem for queer audiences. On October 12, 2009, during a benefit concert for victims of Typhoon Ondoy, Salonga referenced the National Equality March in Washington, D.C., and firmly stated, "I believe that every single human being has the fundamental right to marry whoever they want." In February 2016, Salonga publicly criticized Filipino politician and former professional boxer Manny Pacquiao for his views on homosexuality and same-sex marriage. Over the course of decades, Salonga has spoken and performed at several fundraising events for HIV/AIDS.
Fictional characters
Wonder Woman
Wolverine
Although Wolverine has primarily been depicted as straight in mainstream Marvel continuity, his relationships with male characters like Cyclops and Nightcrawler have been highlighted for homoerotic elements. An alternate version of Wolverine featured in X-Treme X-Men (2012 – 2013) was depicted as gay and in a relationship with Hercules, two characters sharing an on-panel kiss in issue #10. The character has proven popular with queer fans, and has been described as a gay icon.
He-Man
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9180200
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20H.%20Haring
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Clarence H. Haring
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Clarence Henry Haring (February 9, 1885, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – September 4, 1960, in Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an American historian of Latin America and a pioneer in initiating the study of Latin American colonial institutions among scholars in the United States.
Early life and education
The son of a businessman, Henry Getman Haring, and Amelia Stoneback, Clarence Haring received his bachelor of arts degree in modern languages from Harvard University in 1907. Selected for a Rhodes Scholarship in 1907, he studied under Professor Sir Charles Harding Firth at Oxford University from 1907 to 1910, where he was a member of New College. Under Firth's guidance, Haring produced his first book on The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the XVII Century. This research laid the groundwork for Haring's lifelong work on the history of the Spanish Empire and in Latin America. While at Oxford, Haring also studied briefly at the Humboldt University of Berlin in 1909.
Academic career
In 1910, Haring returned to Harvard University as an instructor in history, teaching a course in Latin American history, and began work on his doctoral dissertation on Trade and Navigation between Spain and the Indies in the Time of the Habsburgs under the direction of Professor Roger B. Merriman. In 1912, while he was still working on his dissertation, Bryn Mawr College appointed him head of its history department and in 1913, he married Helen Louise Garnsey, with whom he later had two sons, Philip and Peter.
In 1915, Haring went to Clark University for a year and, in 1916, was appointed to the history faculty at Yale University, where he remained until 1923. In 1918, after completing extensive research in the archives at Seville, Haring published his doctoral dissertation, which had been awarded the David A. Wells Prize at Harvard for the best dissertation in economics.
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9180200
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20H.%20Haring
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Clarence H. Haring
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In 1923, Harvard University appointed him the Robert Woods Bliss Professor of Latin American History, named after a U.S. ambassador to Argentina prior to World War I; Haring held the post until he retired from Harvard thirty years later in 1953. While at Harvard, he played a key role in the newly emerging field of Latin American history by training a whole generation of Latin American historians, including Lewis Hanke, Howard F. Cline, Arthur P. Whitaker, and Miron Burgin. Haring published on a variety of topics during his long career, though he was best known for his two major institutional studies. A point of pride was his post as Master of Dunster House, which had a tradition of "individualism and of a strong interest in historical studies." While at Harvard, he served as chairman of the Committee on Latin America for the American Council of Learned Societies from 1932 to 1942 and worked on a joint committee on Latin America of the Social Science Research Council. In 1935, he organized the Bureau of Economic Research at Harvard and, in the same year, served as a delegate to the Second General Assembly of the Pan American Institute for Geography and History. An enduring legacy was his involvement in the Handbook of Latin American Studies (HLAS), a major bibliographic tool for scholars, published annually with the aid of staff in the Hispanic Foundation (later Hispanic Division) at the Library of Congress, begun when Haring's former graduate student Lewis Hanke was director. Such a tool was particularly important in the pre-digital age before the development of electronic library catalogs, with area contributing editors selecting publications for inclusion, along with short summaries
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9180206
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Mackenzie%20%28ophthalmologist%29
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William Mackenzie (ophthalmologist)
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William Mackenzie (25th April 1791 – 30th July 1868) was a Scottish ophthalmologist. He wrote Practical Treatise of the Diseases of the Eye, one of the first British textbooks of ophthalmology.
Life
Mackenzie was born in Queen Street, Glasgow, and studied medicine at the University of Glasgow and the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. From 1840 to 1848 he studied in London and in Europe. He obtained his medical doctorate under Georg Joseph Beer at the University of Vienna, and returned to Britain in 1848. In 1849, Mackenzie settled in Glasgow and began practice as a physician.
In 1849, Mackenzie also assumed the anatomy chair at Anderson's College Medical School. With George Monteath, the chief oculist of Glasgow, he founded the Glasgow Eye Infirmary in 1850. Mackenzie was appointed Waltonian lecturer and lecturer on diseases of the eye at the University of Glasgow in 1852, and wrote Practical Treatise of the Diseases of the Eye, which became a standard text after its first edition was published in 1853. This text may include the first discussion of the increase of pressure in the eye during glaucoma. Mackenzie also served as editor of the Glasgow Medical Journal for two years. He was appointed surgeon-oculist to Queen Victoria in Scotland in 1838. Glasgow in 1852.
MacKenzie died at Glasgow of angina pectoris on 30 July 1868, leaving a widow and one son.
MacKenzie was the mentor of Thomas Wharton Jones, leading to a significant scientific genealogy including physicists such as Paul Dirac and Stephen Hawking.
The University of Auckland awards a MacKenzie Medal.
| 2.109375
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9180223
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Phantom%20Public
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The Phantom Public
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The Phantom Public is a book published in 1925 by journalist Walter Lippmann in which he expresses his lack of faith in the democratic system by arguing that the public exists merely as an illusion, myth, and inevitably a phantom. As Carl Bybee wrote, "For Lippmann the public was a theoretical fiction and government was primarily an administrative problem to be solved as efficiently as possible, so that people could get on with their own individualistic pursuits".
Context
The Phantom Public was published in 1925 following Lippmann's experiences observing the manipulation of public opinion during World War I and the rise of fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy. It followed his better-known work Public Opinion (1922) and moves further toward disillusionment with democratic politics. The book provoked a response from philosopher John Dewey, who argued in The Public and its Problems (1927) that the public was not a phantom but merely "in eclipse" and that robust democratic politics are possible. Today, the exchange between Lippmann and Dewey continues to be important for the critique of contemporary journalism, and press critics such as New York University's Jay Rosen invoke it to support moves toward civic journalism.
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9180223
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Phantom%20Public
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The Phantom Public
|
Against the idealizations and obfuscations, Lippmann posits that society is made up of two types of people: agents and bystanders (also referred to as insiders and outsiders). The agent is someone who can act "executively" on the basis of his own opinions to address the substance of an issue, and the bystander is the public, merely a spectator of action. Only those familiar enough with the substance of a problem are able to then analyze it and propose solutions, to take "executive action." No one is of executive capacity at all times, the myth of the omnicompetent sovereign democratic citizen. Instead, individuals move in and out of these capacities: "The actors in one affair are the spectators of another, and men are continually passing back and forth between the field where they are executives and the field where they are members of a public. The distinction between agents and bystanders... is not an absolute one" (110). Most of the time, however, the public is just a "deaf spectator in the back row"(13) because, for the most part, individuals are more interested in their private affairs and their individual relations than in those matters that govern society, the public questions about which they know very little.
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9180223
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Phantom%20Public
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The Phantom Public
|
According to Lippmann, however, the public has one specific role and one particular capacity, to intervene during a moment of social disturbance or "a crisis of maladjustment.... It is the function of public opinion to check the use of force" (74) by using its own force. Public opinion responds to failures in the administration of government by deciding, through voting, whether to throw one party out in favor or another. The public, however, moves to such action not by its own volition but by being led there by the insiders who can identify and assess the situation for them. The public is incapable of deciding rationally about whether there is a crisis: "Public opinion is not a rational force.... It does not reason, investigate, invent, persuade, bargain or settle" (69). It can exert force upon those capable of direct action only by making a judgment as to which group is better able to address the problem at hand: "When men take a position in respect to the purposes of others they are acting as a public" (198). That check on arbitrary force is the most that can be expected of the public. It is the highly circumscribed but "special purpose" of public opinion.
Quotes
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9180267
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegepterus
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Gegepterus
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Gegepterus is a genus of ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous period of what is now the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China. Only one species is known, G. changi.
History and etymology
The genus was named in 2007 by Wang Xiaolin, Alexander Kellner, Zhou Zhonge and Diogenes de Almeida Campos. The type species is Gegepterus changi. The generic name is derived from Manchu ge ge, the title of a princess, in reference to the dainty gracility of the specimen, and a Latinized Greek pteron, "wing". The specific name honors female paleontologist Chang Meemann, who over the years established a cordial relationship between the Chinese and Brazilian authors. In 2008 Wang emended the epithet to changae, but such changes are no longer allowed by the ICZN.
It is known from two specimens. The first is holotype IVPP V 11981, which was in 2001 found in grey shales from the lower part of the formation (estimated at 125 million years old), near the city of Beipiao. It consists of a crushed and damaged partial skeleton of a subadult including skull, lower jaws, cervical and sacral vertebrae, ribs, gastralia ("belly ribs"), shoulder girdle and hindlimb remains, along with dark soft tissue remains near the skull and gastralia and in the orbit; unfortunately, the soft tissue remains show no structure except for some small, unbranched fibers at the back of the head. The jaws are very elongated; the snout is flat and concave on top, with a low and thin crest. The forehead slightly projects to the front. The cervicals are elongated.
In 2011, a second, smaller specimen was described, IVPP V 11972, which increased the known skeletal elements and showed a more extensive covering of hair-like structures.
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9180313
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamated%20Housing%20Cooperative
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Amalgamated Housing Cooperative
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The Amalgamated Housing Cooperative is a limited-equity cooperative in New York City. Organized by the Amalgamated Clothing Workers (ACW), a Manhattan-based socialist labor union, the co-op's original cluster of Tudor-style buildings was erected at the southern edge of Van Cortlandt Park in 1927. Additional buildings were added in the post-World War II period, and in the 1970s.
The Amalgamated's delivery of attractive, affordable housing for working-class New Yorkers; its remarkable survival through the Great Depression; and its continued success and growth earned it praise from Franklin D. Roosevelt, among others. While it first served as a proof-of-concept for a self-help model of urban affordable housing, it later became a model for the much larger, state-sponsored limited-equity housing co-ops built in New York City during the post-World War II period. These included its sister co-op, Park Reservoir (the state's first Mitchell-Lama co-op, with buildings on Sedgwick and Orloff Avenues); as well as Penn South in Manhattan, Rochdale Village in Queens, Co-op City in the Bronx, and others. Amid the decline and abandonment that plagued much of the West Bronx in the 1970s and 1980s, the Amalgamated remained an anchor of stability.
As of 2024, the Amalgamated comprised 11 residential buildings, with 1,468 units, ranging from studio to five-bedroom apartments. It forms the core of the Van Cortlandt Village section of the Bronx, situated between Van Cortlandt Park, to the north, and the Jerome Park Reservoir, to the south and east.
History
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9180313
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamated%20Housing%20Cooperative
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Amalgamated Housing Cooperative
|
In the 1920s, Abraham Kazan served as president of the ACW's cooperative credit union. The son of Jewish immigrants from Russia, Kazan had grown up on the Lower East Side. An ambitious labor activist, he sought to apply a version of the Rochdale principles to the urgent need for affordable housing in New York City. Along with other labor leaders, Kazan lobbied the New York State legislature to enact a framework that would facilitate construction of affordable new apartments, which came to fruition in 1926 with the Limited Dividend Housing Act, providing 20-year tax abatements to new buildings aimed at low-income tenants, with profits limited to six percent. ACW leaders established the Amalgamated Housing Corporation to take advantage of the new law, to develop housing for qualifying union members.
Although the Lower East Side was the center of the union's membership, its overcrowded blocks of aging tenements presented few opportunities for new development. Instead, Kazan and ACW president Sidney Hillman chose a canvas in the northwest Bronx, on the suburban outskirts of Van Cortlandt Park. Financed with a combination of union funds and a $1.2 million loan from Metropolitan Life Insurance, the first units were completed and occupied in 1927.
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9180313
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamated%20Housing%20Cooperative
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Amalgamated Housing Cooperative
|
The Amalgamated Co-op was the first housing complex in the United States founded under limited equity rules—a model that would ultimately be used to develop more than 40,000 units of affordable, owner-occupied and self-governing apartment co-ops in Greater New York. The original buildings were designed by an architectural team that included Herman Jessor, who would go on to design the bulk of the New York City's housing cooperatives in the post-war era, in partnership with Abraham Kazan and (at times) with strong support from the controversial New York urban planning power broker, Robert Moses. It has been suggested that the scale of these later developments, and their state sponsorship, may have diluted the communitarian and self-governing characteristics that had contributed to the early success of the Amalgamated.
The Amalgamated, itself, grew from an original 300 units in its initial phase to a complex of 1,468 units, across 11 buildings, in 2022. The newest building, the second of two 20-story towers, was occupied in 1971. The Amalgamated's sister co-op, Park Reservoir, located across several buildings in the blocks west of Jerome Park Reservoir, was New York's first Mitchell-Lama cooperative. As of 2024, it comprises an additional 273 units.
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9180406
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity%20View%2C%20Saskatoon
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Varsity View, Saskatoon
|
Varsity View is a mostly residential neighbourhood located near central Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. It is immediately south of the University of Saskatchewan campus. It is an older suburban subdivision, comprising a mixture of low-density, single detached dwellings, detached duplexes and apartment-style units. As of 2007, the area is home to 3,611 residents. The neighbourhood is considered a middle-income area, with an average family income of $50,587, an average dwelling value of $284,710 and a home ownership rate of 38.7%. Its proximity to the university gives this area its relatively high student population, almost 25% in 2005.
History
Development was spurred by the establishment of the University of Saskatchewan in 1907. The land for the Varsity View neighbourhood was annexed by the city in 1911; it was among the first parcels of land annexed after Saskatoon's incorporation five years earlier. The first homeowner was Richard Bottomley, an English real estate developer who was said to have invested $1.5 million in the real estate boom of 1912. His house, now referred to as Bottomley House, is a large, Queen Anne Revival style home. It was designated a municipal heritage property on April 24, 2006.
In 1911, the school board purchased the block in which the Albert School would be constructed; it opened in 1912 at 610 Clarence Avenue South. It was designed in the Collegiate Gothic style by Scottish architect David Webster, who also designed several similar-looking schools (King George, King Edward, Buena Vista, Westmount, Caswell and Alexandra). Besides serving as an educational centre, Albert School played a big role in city sports, especially lacrosse and hockey. It was also used for other purposes, such as English classes for large numbers of Ukrainians in 1916.
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9180525
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daud%20Beureueh
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Daud Beureueh
|
Teungku Mohammad Daud Beureueh (17 September 1899 – 10 June 1987) was an Indonesian military Governor of Aceh (1945–1953) and leader of the Darul Islam rebellion in the province (1953–1963).
Born in the Keumangan chiefdom of Pidie regency, he began in 1930 to champion a more modern form of Islamic school and became a popular reformist preacher. In 1939 he established and led the Persatuan Ulama Seluruh Aceh (PUSA), or All Aceh Islamic Scholars Association. PUSA was not initially anti-Dutch but emerged as the principal critic of the Dutch-supported hierarchy of ulèëbalang (aristocrat-officials). Its members contacted the Japanese before their 1942 invasion, in the hope of overturning ulèëbalang rule as a reward for their support. As the Japanese saw a greater need for popular support in 1944, they transferred many judicial functions from the ulèëbalang to religious courts headed by Daud. After the Japanese surrender, this conflict between religious and secular elites became violent, leading to the eclipse of the ulèëbalang and the killing of many in the Cumbok affair of December 1945/January 1946. Daud was thereafter the most influential figure in Aceh, and his support for the Indonesian Republic's struggle against the returning Dutch helped make Aceh a bastion of the Republican cause. He was recognised as Military Governor in 1947, and Governor once independence was won in 1950.
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9180525
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daud%20Beureueh
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Daud Beureueh
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His consistency towards the enforcement of Islamic law started from the da'wah in his youth, until the beginning of the revolution. On one occasion with Teuku Nyak Arief, he gave the view that Indonesia should be based on Islam. However, Teuku Nyak Arief refused, explaining the diversity that existed in the forerunner of Indonesia. That determination did not subside until President Sukarno met with Tengku Daud Beureueh in his goodwill in June 1948. He advised that after the war of independence Aceh was given the freedom to practice Islamic law, and Sukarno agreed, although his reference to Islamic law was that Aceh was allowed to enact "Islamic family law" and not criminal ones. However, in 1953, Sukarno changed his mind and opposed Aceh's plan to enact Islamic law, stating that "Indonesia is a nation state with the ideology of Pancasila, not a theocratic country with a certain religious orientation" and emphasized that Aceh's plan to enact Islamic laws contradict the secular Indonesian legislature.
He and his supporters were alienated from Jakarta thereafter. Daud was sidelined in favour of Western-educated leaders in 1951 when Aceh was merged into a larger Province of North Sumatra with a substantial Christian (Batak) minority. Supported by former PUSA members and much of the military, he led a rebellion against Jakarta in September 1953, declaring that Aceh would join the insurgent Negara Islam Indonesia (Indonesian Islamic State) formed earlier in Java by Kartosuwiryo. Jakarta quickly retook the cities, but resistance was widespread until 1959 when many supporters demanded Aceh be a "Special Region" with the right to enact Islamic laws. Daud himself did not return from his guerrilla base until 1962, however, when he was given an amnesty but remained very critical.
After the appearance of the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) in 1978, Beureueh was arrested and held under house arrest in Jakarta until he died in 1987.
| 2.203125
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9180566
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand%20boil
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Sand boil
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Sand boils, sand volcanoes, or sand blows occur when water under pressure wells up through a bed of sand. The water looks like it is boiling up from the bed of sand, hence the name.
Sand volcano
A sand volcano or sand blow is a cone of sand formed by the ejection of sand onto a surface from a central point. The sand builds up as a cone with slopes at the sand's angle of repose. A crater is commonly seen at the summit. The cone looks like a small volcanic cone and can range in size from millimetres to metres in diameter.
The process is often associated with soil liquefaction and the ejection of fluidized sand that can occur in water-saturated sediments during an earthquake. The New Madrid seismic zone exhibited many such features during the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes. Adjacent sand blows aligned in a row along a linear fracture within fine-grained surface sediments are just as common, and can still be seen in the New Madrid area.
These earthquakes also caused the largest known sand boil in the world, which can still be found near Hayti, Missouri and is locally called "The Beach". It is 2.3 kilometers long and covers 55 hectares.
In the past few years, much effort has gone into the mapping of liquefaction features to study ancient earthquakes. The basic idea is to map zones that are susceptible to the process and then go in for a closer look. The presence or absence of soil liquefaction features, such as clastic dikes, is strong evidence of past earthquake activity, or lack thereof.
These are to be contrasted with mud volcanoes, which occur in areas of geyser or subsurface gas venting.
| 3.078125
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9180566
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand%20boil
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Sand boil
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Flood protection structures
Sand boils can be a mechanism contributing to liquefaction and levee failure during floods. Boil refers to the visible "boiling" movement of coarse sand grains retained in the hole even as finer particles (silts and fine sands) are carried out and deposited on the apron around the boil hole. Sand boils are caused by hydraulic head in levee or dike pushing the water to seep out the other side, most likely during a flood. Sand boils start as simple seeps of laminar flow. With increasing head from rising flood waters, turbulent flow will initiate where the laminar flow leaves the soil to flow freely. Turbulent flow produces soil piping, whereby backward erosion results in a pipe-shaped cavity reaching back into the embankment, initiating at the seep and working through the embankment back to the water source. Once initiated, an unmitigated soil pipe can proceed quickly to embankment failure.
The flow in a sand boil can be slowed, but it is impractical to stop completely. The most effective response to an active sand boil is to stand water over the boil deep enough to reduce the hydraulic gradient and slow the water flow to eliminate turbulence and backward erosion at the head of the pipe. Slower, nonturbulent flow will not be able to move soil particles. The suppressing depth of water is created with sandbags forming a stacked ring around the boil.
During the flood of spring 2011, the United States Army Corps of Engineers had to work to contain the largest active sand boil ever discovered. The sand boil measured nine by 12 meters (30 by 40 feet) and was located in the city of Cairo, Illinois, at the confluence of the Mississippi River and the Ohio River.
| 3.109375
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9180739
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia%20afra
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Artemisia afra
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Artemisia afra, the African wormwood, is a common species of the genus Artemisia in Africa, with a wide distribution from South Africa, to areas reaching to the North and East, as far north as Ethiopia.
Description
Artemisia afra grows in clumps, with ridged, woody stems, reaching from 0.5 meters to 2 meters in height. The leaves are dark green, of soft texture, and similar in shape to fern leaves. The undersides of the leaves are a lighter green, and are covered with white bristles. Smaller side branches shoot up from the main stem. Artemisia afra blossoms in late summer, producing abundant bracts of butter-colored flowers, each approximately 3 to 5 millimeters in diameter. Artemisia afra exudes a pungent, sweet smell when any part of the plant is bruised.
Distribution and habitat
Artemisia afra grows across a wide geographic area, including Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe and Namibia. It grows primarily in areas that are damp, such as by the side of streams, and also in transitional areas between ecosystems. It grows at the elevations of between 20 and 2440. It can be found on slopes, stream-sides, and forest margins. It is most commonly found in the months of March, April and May. 88.4% of the time it was found it was preserved. 48.0% of the time it was found, it was found in South Africa, 14.4% it was found in Tanzania, and 9.6% of the time it was found in Kenya.
It is considered an invasive species, encroaching and spreading pretty fast in the nature park the study took place in. It was found in around 15% of the reserve. 71% of the plants were adults and 29% were juveniles.
Uses
| 2.578125
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9180881
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Nancy
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Battle of Nancy
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The Battle of Nancy was the final and decisive battle of the Burgundian Wars, fought outside the walls of Nancy on 5 January 1477 by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, against René II, Duke of Lorraine, and the Swiss Confederacy.
René's forces won the battle, and Charles' mutilated body was found two days later.
Background
Charles was besieging the city of Nancy, capital of Lorraine, since 22 October 1476 following its recapture by the forces of René II earlier in the year. Despite the harsh winter conditions, Charles was determined to bring the siege to an end quickly as he was well aware that soon René would arrive with a relieving army when the weather improved. The exact number of the Burgundian forces vary, but contemporary observers put the numbers between 2,000 and 8,000.
By late December René had gathered some 10,000–12,000 men from Lorraine and the Lower Union (of the Rhine), in addition to a Swiss army of 8,000–10,000. René began his advance on Nancy early in January 1477, reaching Nancy early on the morning of 5 January. Informed of the approach of René's army, Charles drew up the bulk of his army in a defensive position south of Nancy on a heavily wooded slope behind a stream, at the narrowest part of the valley down which the Swiss would have to advance.
The Burgundian infantry companies and dismounted gendarme formed up in a large square formation with some 30 field guns in front at the top of the slope, while on either flank were mounted knights and coutilliers.
The Allied scouts soon recognized that a frontal assault on the Burgundian position would be disastrous. The largely Swiss vanguard of 7,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry were instructed to attack from the right flank, while the principal thrust would come from the 8,000 infantry and 1,300 cavalry of the center, which was dispatched on a difficult circuitous march round the left flank, over thickly wooded snow-covered slopes out of view of the waiting Burgundians. The small rearguard of 800 handgunners acted as reserve.
Battle
| 2.4375
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9180881
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Nancy
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Battle of Nancy
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After a march lasting some two hours, the center force emerged from the wooded slopes slightly to the rear of the Burgundian position and formed up in a wedge formation. The early notes of the Swiss horns sounded three times, and the Swiss charged downhill into the Burgundian positions. The artillery attempted to retrain on the center force but could not elevate enough to be effective; the single volley discharged killed but two men. Although the right-wing Burgundian cavalry held off the Swiss rivals, most of the Swiss infantry pushed on to engage the outnumbered Burgundian infantry square in a one-sided fight. The vanguard threw back the Burgundian left wing and put the artillery to flight. As Charles attempted vainly to stem the center force's advance by transferring troops from his left flank, the weight of numbers arrayed against him became overwhelming, and the Burgundy forces started to break apart and retreat.
It is thought that during the fight Charles said: "I struggle against a spider who is everywhere at once," signifying the large amount of Swiss infantry.
Charles and his staff unsuccessfully attempted to rally the Burgundian army. His small band was carried with the fleeing army until eventually surrounded by the pursuing Swiss army. A halberdier swung at the Duke's head and landed a deadly blow directly on his helmet. He was seen to fall but the battle continued, and his death went unnoticed by the opposing army. It was two days later that the Duke's body was found, already stripped by pillagers, and carried into Nancy.
Most of Charles' army was killed during the battle and their retreat. Only the few who retreated over to Metz survived. Contemporary chronicles record that the killing of retreating soldiers continued for three days after the battle and that for 5–6 leagues () the road was covered with the dead. Some of the soldiers who reached Metz were reportedly still so afraid of the pursuing army that they threw themselves into the moat in the hope that they could swim to the city.
| 2.46875
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9180881
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Nancy
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Battle of Nancy
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Commemoration
René II built the church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours on the site of the battle, and the Church of Saint-François-des-Cordeliers in Nancy itself. He furthermore built the basilica of Saint-Nicolas-de-Port to recognize the help of St. Nicholas in the battle. The city adopted the motto of non inultus premor ("I cannot be touched with impunity") and the heraldic device of a thistle as its coat of arms to commemorate the defeat of Charles the Bold.
René II also erected a cross to mark the spot where the body of Charles was found. The nearby étang Saint-Jean was drained in the 19th century, freeing the area of what is now Place de la Croix-de-Bourgogne in Nancy. The original cross was moved to the Lorraine museum. The current monument is a design by Victor Prouvé (1928).
Pierre de Blarru, canon of Saint-Dié, composed a vast poem called la Nancéide, in 5,044 Latin verses, on the war between Burgundy and Lorraine, culminating in the battle of Nancy (first printed in 1518).
Sir Walter Scott wrote a novel, Anne of Geierstein, which reaches its climax in the battle of Nancy (published in 1829).
Eugène Delacroix painted The Battle of Nancy in 1831.
In La Malgrange (Jarville), a tower was erected in 1877 to commemorate the attack of René II.
| 2.921875
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9180885
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska%20Press%20Ass%27n%20v.%20Stuart
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Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart
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The attorney for the defendant, in addition to the prosecutor handling the case, requested the state court system in Nebraska reduce the intensity of the reporting on the incident due to a concern over neutral jury selection. Simants had given law enforcement a confession during the course of the case. After the requests by the attorneys for the defense and present danger that pre-trial publicity could infringe upon the defendant's right to a fair trial". Nebraska state trial judge Hugh Stuart entered an order restraining members of the press from publishing or broadcasting accounts of confessions made by the accused to the police. The judge felt that this measure was necessary to guarantee a fair trial to the accused.
Several media organizations sued, with the Supreme Court of Nebraska upholding the judges' order. The U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari and oral arguments were held April 19, 1976.
Decision
Chief Justice of the United States Warren E. Burger wrote the opinion of the court. Burger wrote, "prior restraints on speech and publication are the most serious and least tolerable infringement on First Amendment Rights". The court ruled this was particularly at issue when dealing with "communication of news and commentary on current events". According to the ruling, it was inappropriate to bar media reporting on a criminal case prior to the trial itself, except in matters where a "clear and present danger" existed that would impede the process of a fair trial. The court characterized the press as "the handmaiden of effective judicial administration, especially in the criminal" process.
| 1.914063
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9181014
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV%20Saar%2005%20Saarbr%C3%BCcken
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SV Saar 05 Saarbrücken
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After World War II occupying Allied authorities ordered the dissolution of all organizations in Germany, including sports and football associations. In late 1945 the club was re-established as SV Saarbrücken, becoming SV Saar Saarbrücken in 1949, and SV Saar 05 Saarbrücken in 1951. In post-war football the club played in the tier one Oberliga Südwest in 1947–48 and from 1952 to 1963, when the Bundesliga was established. Sara's best result in this era was a fourth place in 1953–54, a place above local rival 1. FC Saarbrücken. The club did not qualify for the new Bundesliga but instead was grouped in the second division Regionalliga Südwest, where it played until 1971. Again a fourth place was the club's best performance at this level, achieved in 1964–65. With relegation from this league to the Amateurliga Saarland in 1971 the club disappeared from the highest levels of the German league system for good. After some good results at this level the club gradually declined and was unable to qualify for the new tier three Oberliga Südwest in 1978 and played in the Verbandsliga Saarland instead. Saar 05 played as a lower table side in this league, too until the late 1980s when fortunes improved for the club. A league championship took it up to the Oberliga for two seasons but it was relegated again in 1992.
After another nine Verbandsliga seasons the club won the league in 2001, thereby gaining promotion to the Oberliga Südwest. Saar 05 lasted for only one more season in the Oberliga and, after that, went into decline, dropping from the tier four Oberliga to the tier ten Kreisliga B within eight seasons. In August 2007, the youth department formed a new club, the SV Saar 05 Jugendfußball, due to internal strife in the club.
| 2.265625
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9181168
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20Ogden%20Harrison
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Edith Ogden Harrison
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Edith Ogden Harrison (16 November 1862 – 22 May 1955) was a writer of children's books and fairy tales in the early decades of the 20th century. She was the wife of Carter Harrison, Jr., five-term mayor of Chicago.
Biography
Edith Ogden was born to Judge Robert N. Ogden, Jr. and Sarah L Beattie, and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana; she was a "belle of cultured, aristocratic habits who acquitted herself well in the parlors of the Potter Palmers and Marshall Fields" and other Chicago notables. Her grandfather was Judge Ogden Sr., nephew of Senator Aaron Ogden, later Governor of New Jersey, and her granduncle was Justice Abner Nash Ogden.
She married Carter Harrison on December 14, 1887. Their first child died in infancy in 1889; they had two surviving children, Carter Henry Harrison V, born June 28, 1891, and Edith Ogden Harrison II, born January 21, 1896. (Their son was the fifth of that name because his father was, formally, Carter Henry Harrison IV. He was known in his political career as "Junior" because his father, Carter Henry Harrison III, had preceded him in office and had been one of Chicago's most famous mayors. Confusion arises when "Junior" is erroneously referred to as "Carter Harrison II.") The couple celebrated the fiftieth wedding anniversary in 1937.
In the first phase of her literary career, Edith O. Harrison concentrated on children's literature; later she wrote travel books and autobiographical works. Her early book Prince Silverwings was adapted by family acquaintance L. Frank Baum for a dramatization that never made it to the stage. (All Chicago theaters were closed after the Iroquois Theater fire on 30 December 1903 caused 570 fatalities.) In the process, influences from Harrison's book appear to have found their way into Baum's works.
She did not abandon her theatrical ambitions: over a number of years Harrison and Baum tried to establish a children's theater in Chicago. They were still working on the project as late as 1915, but without success.
| 2.359375
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9181171
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Mellor%20%28designer%29
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David Mellor (designer)
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David Rogerson Mellor (5 October 1930 – 7 May 2009) was an English designer, manufacturer, craftsman and retailer.
Regarded as one of the best-known designers in Britain, Mellor specialised in metalwork and especially cutlery. He also produced many other designs, including for bus shelters and the traffic light system in use across the United Kingdom, British Crown Dependencies, and British overseas territories.
Early life and training
Mellor was born in Ecclesall, Sheffield, where his father was a toolmaker for the Sheffield Twist Drill Company. From the age of eleven, Mellor attended the Junior Art Department of Sheffield College of Art, receiving an intensive training in craft skills. He made his first piece of metalwork – a sweet dish – at this early age.
He studied at the Royal College of Art in London from 1950. Mellor's first cutlery, "Pride", designed while he was still a student, is still in production. Mellor also studied at the British School at Rome.
Silversmithing
Returning to Sheffield, Mellor set up a silversmithing workshop-studio making one-off pieces of specially commissioned silverware. His work included a collection of modern silver tableware commissioned by the government for British embassies in a drive to give Britain a more forward-looking image.
Industrial design
Alongside silversmithing, Mellor was stimulated by the relatively new design potential of stainless steel. His "Symbol" cutlery, manufactured from 1963 at Walker & Hall's purpose-built modern factory at Bolsover in Derbyshire, was the first high-quality stainless steel cutlery to be produced in quantity in the UK. Mellor was subsequently commissioned by the government to redesign standard issue cutlery for canteens, hospitals, prisons and the railways, reducing the traditional 11-piece place set to five pieces and thereby reducing costs.
| 2.03125
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9181194
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20Kilduff
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Malcolm Kilduff
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Malcolm MacGregor "Mac" Kilduff Jr. (September 26, 1927 – March 3, 2003) was an American journalist, best known for making the public announcement of the death of U.S. President John F. Kennedy.
Mac Kilduff was Kennedy's assistant White House Press Secretary, and the ranking press secretary on Kennedy's November 1963 trip to Dallas, Texas where Kennedy was assassinated.
Biography
Kilduff was born in Staten Island, New York City. He grew up in Arlington, Virginia, and went to Washington-Lee High School. He served in the United States Navy from 1945 to 1947. He went to George Washington University and Harvard University. Kilduff also went to the Arlington Institute of Law.
November 22, 1963
President John F. Kennedy made a trip to Texas in November 1963, accompanied by his wife Jacqueline Kennedy, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Johnson's wife Lady Bird Johnson, and others. Kilduff was acting press secretary for the trip because the main White House press secretary, Pierre Salinger, was traveling to Japan with six members of the Cabinet, including Secretary of State Dean Rusk, for a joint meeting with the Japanese Cabinet.
President Kennedy was shot at about 12:30 p.m. CST on November 22, 1963, while riding in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza. He was rushed to Dallas's Parkland Memorial Hospital. The doctors at Parkland pronounced the president dead at about 1 pm CST.
Announcing death of JFK
It fell to Kilduff to bring the news from Kennedy's trauma room to Vice President Johnson waiting in another room in the hospital. Kilduff simply walked up to Johnson and addressed him as "Mr. President." Lady Bird Johnson let out a short scream as the news hit.
Kilduff asked for Johnson's approval to announce Kennedy's death to the public. Johnson ordered that the announcement of the president's death be made only after he left the hospital. Johnson told him:
| 1.992188
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9181207
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos%20manzanita
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Arctostaphylos manzanita
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One of many species of manzanita, Arctostaphylos manzanita has the common names common manzanita and whiteleaf manzanita.
Arctostaphylos manzanita is endemic to California, where it can be found in the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills. It is common on chaparral slopes and low-elevation coniferous forest ecosystems.
Description
The Arctostaphylos manzanita leaves are bright shiny green, wedge-shaped and pointed. The small white flowers, only a quarter inch long, are cup-shaped and hang upside down. The fruits are berries which are white when new and turn red-brown as the summer wears on. The bark on the long, crooked branches is reddish, making the shrub easily identifiable as a manzanita. It grows into a twisted tree about 15 feet tall.
Like other manzanitas, this species has a hard, attractive wood that has proved useful for making tools and as firewood. The fruit is edible and has a pleasant tartness, but the seeds cause gastrointestinal upset if eaten in large quantities. It has historically been brewed into a cider, including by Native Americans. They are also consumed by bears and chipmunks.
Subspecies
There are several subspecies:
A. m. elegans - Konocti manzanita
A. m. glaucescens - Whiteleaf manzanita
A. m. laevigata - Contra Costa manzanita
A. m. manzanita - Whiteleaf manzanita
A. m. roofii - Roof's manzanita
A. m. wieslanderi - Wieslander's manzanita
| 2.75
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9181326
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent%20Death
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Silent Death
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Silent Death is a miniatures space battle game by Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE), based on the Star Strike sourcebook to the Spacemaster role-playing game, but with vastly simplified mechanics. In particular, combat is fast and lethal, and so chances of crewman death or ship destruction are frighteningly high in a single battle. This makes Silent Death much more suitable as a standalone game than as a space-combat addition to a role-playing game.
Basic rules
The base rules revolve around ships with just a few key attributes: drive indicates the speed of the craft, damage reduction its armor, and defensive value its difficulty to hit, based on size, speed, and energy shielding. Most attacks are made with a single roll of three dice. The size of two of the dice is determined by the type of weapons. For example, the more accurate laser and ion weapons receive d8s, whereas clumsier (but potentially deadlier) blaster and plasma weapons receive d6s. The third die is determined by a crewman's gunnery skill, and can vary between a d4 and a d10. If the sum of the dice, after a few modifications, is greater than or equal to the defender's defensive value, the shot is a hit, with the damage also being shown on the same dice. A Splattergun, for instance, does "medium" damage, and so the middle of the three dice values would be the amount of damage delivered, after subtracting the defender's damage reduction. Different damage mechanics apply for ships equipped with (slow-moving) torpedoes or (fast-moving) missiles. The damage taken is marked off on a ship's damage track, which will show special damage taken at certain levels, including losing weapons, armor, and drive, or taking a special critical hit. These simple attack rules make for much more fast-paced combat than most of ICE's games.
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9181362
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Guelph
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University of Guelph
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The University of Guelph (abbreviated U of G) is a comprehensive public research university in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. It was established in 1964 after the amalgamation of Ontario Agricultural College (1874), the MacDonald Institute (1903), and the Ontario Veterinary College (1922), and has since grown to an institution of almost 30,000 students (including those at the Humber campus, Ridgetown campus, off-campus degree enrolments, diploma enrolments and part-time students) and employs 830 full-time faculty (academic staff) as of fall 2019. It offers 94 undergraduate degrees, 48 graduate programs, and 6 associate degrees in many different disciplines.
The university conducts a significant degree of research and offers a wide range of undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees. According to the Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, the university's Hospitality and Tourism Management program has Canada's highest research index.
The faculty at the University of Guelph hold 23 Canada Research Chair positions in the research areas of natural sciences, engineering, health sciences and social sciences. Academic achievements include the first scientific validation of water on Mars, Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) on board the Curiosity rover, and the Barcode of Life project for species identification.
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9181362
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Guelph
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University of Guelph
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The Science Complex opened for the 2007/2008 academic year. It is the largest integrated science teaching and research facility in North America. This facility houses 150 faculty and 4500 students, and centralizes physical, biological and computational sciences. A new and improved building consisted of Pathobiology and Animal Health Laboratory was opened in 2010. Its goal is to strengthen Canada's ability to prevent diseases and solve health issues at the human/animal interface. Supporting the growing role of veterinarians in research and educational initiatives related to public health, this four-storey building includes a lecture theatre, seminar rooms, a teaching lab, and research and laboratory facilities.
Originally built in the 1940s and expanded in the 1950s, the W.F. Mitchell Athletic Centre was upgraded and expanded to keep up with university and community's needs in the fall of 2016. After a student referendum in 2010, students choose to contribute $45 million to the innovation of the W.F Mitchell Athletic Centre. One of the major focuses on the new building was being able to accommodate the growth in Guelph's population since the 1950s. The new 170,000-square-foot Athletic Centre serves as an all purpose building, supporting students, athletes, and the public in a variety of new spaces such as a 22,000-square-foot fitness room, multiple gymnasiums, and a rock-climbing wall.
On June 25, 1988, No. 4 Wireless School Association erected a bronze plaque as a war memorial the Royal Canadian Air Force No. 4 Wireless School, which was located on the campus (1941-1945); the plaque honours the memory of their comrades who died in the armed service of Canada during World War II.
Student residences
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9181362
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Guelph
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University of Guelph
|
In the Canadian University Report by The Globe and Mail, Guelph was ranked in the top 3 in 15 of 19 categories among medium-sized universities. This included the top spot in course registration, academic counselling, student residences, information technology, campus atmosphere, environmental commitment and work-play balance.
According to a study in 2012 by The Impact Group, the University of Guelph was at that time Canada's most inventive university in terms of invention disclosures per full-time faculty member, and the number of inventions per million dollars of research funding.
Forbes ranked this university as number 61 on its list of Canada's Best Employers 2019. The magazine stated, "Guelph is considered one of Canada’s top universities for its rigorous academic offerings combined with experiential learning and research training".
Additionally, the University of Guelph's Sustainability MBA program was ranked as the best sustainability MBA in Canada and ninth in the world during the 16th annual Better World MBA Rankings in 2018 by the Toronto-based Corporate Knights.
Ties with industry
Canadian Space Agency
The CSA supports current research and innovation for instruments used in space, primarily the APXS found on the Mars rovers and Mars Science laboratory. Other initiatives include development of air filters for crewed spacecraft and research on changes in skin sensitivity and balance experienced by astronauts in space.
RIM
The university holds a partnership with Research In Motion (RIM). Ground is being broken through the Center for Mobile Education and Research, the chair for Women in Science and Engineering and the financial and educational support RIM extends to the University of Guelph.
Huawei
The university receives research funding from Huawei but has not disclosed the details of the funding.
| 2.25
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9181362
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Guelph
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University of Guelph
|
Athletics
The university is represented in the Ontario University Athletics and the Canadian Interuniversity Sport by the Guelph Gryphons. The school colors are red, black and yellow or gold. UofG's mascot is a Gryphon named Gryph. The university offers 15 varsity sports for men and 15 for women. OUA only sports include baseball (men), figure skating (men & women), golf, Nordic skiing, rowing, and rugby union (men). Currently 7 out of every 10 Guelph students participate in athletics, recreation or fitness programming.
Nationally, the OUA is one of the CIS conferences, along with Atlantic University Sport, Canada West Universities Athletic Association, and the Quebec Student Sports Federation. CIS sports which UG participates in include basketball, cross country running, field hockey (women), Canadian football (men), ice hockey, rugby union (women), soccer, swimming, track & field, volleyball and wrestling.
The Gryphon's men's football team won its only national championship in 1984. In 2008 the Gryphon's men's lacrosse team won the Baggataway Cup at the Canadian national field lacrosse champions with a 14–9 win over McGill University at Ron Joyce Stadium in Hamilton. The Gryphons are particularly well known for their exploits in athletics, having won the men's and women's cross-country titles consecutively six (2006–present) and seven (2007–present) times respectively. The Gryphons won the men's track & field title in 2010, and both the men's and women's titles in 2008. The field hockey team won the national title in 2011.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Guelph
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University of Guelph
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Painting Old Jeremiah
Old Jeremiah is the name of an antique British naval gun that rests along Winegard Walk in Branion Plaza, at the heart of the University of Guelph campus. Rumoured to have seen battle during the War of 1812, Old Jeremiah was last fired in April 1913. After World War I, the gun's barrel was plugged and it was brought to campus by students as a sign of remembrance for those lost in battle. It is often referred to simply and affectionately as The Cannon. During the 1970s, Old Jeremiah was briefly relocated to Johnston Green and renamed the Big Johnston.
As a result of jovial rivalry between Engineering and Agricultural Science students ("Aggies"), the cannon has enjoyed plenty of movement around the Guelph campus in the past as a result of practical jokes between the two majors. Although it is nearly impossible to determine the cannon's previous locations, it is rumoured to have traveled all over campus, at one point even perching on top of MacNaughton (a prominent university building containing the bookstore), and at another even disappearing altogether and showing up a day later on the University of Western Ontario campus. Eventually, fed up with the movement of Old Jeremiah, university officials cemented the cannon in place where it sits today. However, as a final stab at humour, a group of students shifted the still-mobile direction of the cannon's face, and aimed it at the fourth floor of the University Center, home of the institution's senior administration. Old Jeremiah rests in this position today. Due it appearing at University of Western Ontario ("Western") this started a long rivalry between the 2 universities
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9181362
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Guelph
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University of Guelph
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A University of Guelph dance move, Winding Your Toy, is almost always incorporated into each boogie, usually to a bass-heavy dance track. A winding motion is made with the rear hand–as if winding a wind-up toy–while the knees are bent in rhythm. The origins of "winding the toy" are not well known, yet it retains notoriety among students and friends of students at the university.
The Rally is the kick-off to the remainder of orientation activities. The University of Guelph must apply for a special noise permit for the event as the activity can often be heard for miles.
In 2004, "Student Power" was introduced as a low-key alternative event to the Pep Rally for anyone who may not be as inclined to participate in the highly energetic and boisterous Pep Rally.
During the renovation the location the Pep Rally is held (The School's football field) in 2012, an event named "Rally for Change" was held in place; in which hundreds of University of Guelph students went out into the local community and did street performances to raise money for Cancer research. The Pep Rally was held on a later date. This event has since also become a tradition with plans for it to also be incorporated in the orientation program in 2013.
College Royal
An annual feature of the university is its open house, known as College Royal. For a weekend each March, every part of the campus and its programs is exhibited to the public, from the barns of the Agricultural College to the sugar bush in the arboretum. It is highly popular with visitors of all ages, especially families with children who take advantage of the March break (the usual Ontario school break) to have an outing.
The 2006 College Royal was visited by Rick Mercer, taping a segment for his show, the Rick Mercer Report.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fry%20Art%20Gallery
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Fry Art Gallery
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The Fry Art Gallery is an art gallery in Saffron Walden, Essex. Recognised as an Accredited Museum by Arts Council England, it displays work by artists of national significance who lived or worked in North West Essex during the twentieth century and after. The gallery is known for its comprehensive collection of work by the Great Bardfield Artists, including Edward Bawden and Eric Ravilious.
The collection and exhibitions
The Fry Art Gallery is home to the North West Essex Collection, a set of more than 3,000 works by diverse, nationally important artists who have lived or worked in the area. The collection includes paintings, prints, books, artists' scrapbooks, ceramics, wallpapers and decorative designs. There is an emphasis on artists who worked in and around Great Bardfield in the middle of the twentieth century, including Edward Bawden, Eric Ravilious, Tirzah Garwood, John Aldridge, Sheila Robinson, Bernard Cheese, Chloe Cheese, Walter Hoyle, Michael Rothenstein, Kenneth Rowntree, George Chapman and Marianne Straub. Artists in the collection with a connection to the wider area include Michael Ayrton, John Bellany, Robert Colquhoun, Robert MacBryde, Grayson Perry and Keith Vaughan.
The gallery displays a revolving selection of works from the collection in themed exhibitions. In 2016/17 the exhibitions held were: Exploring – Inspirational Places for North West Essex Artists, and three sequential temporary exhibitions: George Chapman – From Bardfield to the Rhondda; Michael Rothenstein – Sustained Invention; and Connections.
Items from the collection have been lent to exhibitions elsewhere, including Eric Ravilious at the Dulwich Picture Gallery in 2015 and Ravilious and Co at the Towner Gallery in 2017. New acquisitions to the collection have been supported by the Art Fund and the V&A Purchase Fund.
Work of the Great Bardfield Artists
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9181515
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fry%20Art%20Gallery
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Fry Art Gallery
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Edward Bawden, who with his friend Eric Ravilious discovered Great Bardfield and became a key figure in the local artists' scene, is well represented in the Fry Art Gallery collection through linocuts, watercolours, posters, ceramics, books, scrapbooks and other printed material. The gallery holds watercolours by Ravilious, plus lithographs, books, fabric, ceramics and a collection of woodblocks, as well as two of his scrapbooks.
In 2015 V&A Publishing, in association with the Fry Art Gallery, published Bawden, Ravilious and the Artists of Great Bardfield, illustrating a number of the pieces by Bawden, Ravilious, Rothenstein and other Bardfield artists in the collection.
History and operation
The Fry Art Gallery building was designed to house the art collection of Francis Gibson, a local Quaker businessman who died in 1859 and was inherited by his daughter, Elizabeth, who had married the Bristol MP Lewis Fry. The gallery passed through the Fry family, who maintained a tradition of public access and who displayed a mixture of the family collection of historic masters and paintings by family members, including Roger Fry, until its closure in the early 1970s.
The Fry Art Gallery Society was formed as a charity in 1985 and the gallery re-opened in its present form 1987. Prior to its closure it had been named the "Gibson Gallery". In 2002 the North West Essex Collection Trust, a separate charity, was formed, to be responsible for the safekeeping of the collection. In 2015 the Society purchased the freehold for the gallery building.
Total visitor numbers for 2016 were approximately 11,000.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic%20sol-fa
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Tonic sol-fa
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Tonic sol-fa (or tonic sol-fah) is a pedagogical technique for teaching sight-singing, invented by Sarah Anna Glover (1786–1867) of Norwich, England and popularised by John Curwen, who adapted it from a number of earlier musical systems. It uses a system of musical notation based on movable do solfège, whereby every note is given a name according to its relationship with other notes in the key: the usual staff notation is replaced with anglicized solfège syllables (e.g. the syllable la for the submediant) or their abbreviations (l for la). "Do" is chosen to be the tonic of whatever key is being used (thus the terminology moveable Do in contrast to the fixed Do system used by John Pyke Hullah). The original solfège sequence started with "Ut", the first syllable of the hymn Ut queant laxis, which later became "Do".
Overview
Glover developed her method in Norwich from 1812, resulting in the "Norwich Sol-fa Ladder" which she used to teach children to sing. She published her work in the Manual of the Norwich Sol-fa System (1845) and Tetrachordal System (1850).
Curwen was commissioned by a conference of Sunday school teachers in 1841 to find and promote a
way of teaching music for Sunday school singing. He took elements of the Norwich Sol-fa and other techniques later adding hand signals. It was intended that his method could teach singing initially from the Sol-fa and then a transition to staff notation.
Curwen brought out his Grammar of Vocal Music in 1843, and in 1853 started the Tonic Sol-Fa Association. The Standard Course of Lessons on the Tonic Sol-fa Method of Teaching to Sing was published in 1858.
In 1872, Curwen changed his former course of using the Sol-fa system as an aid to sight reading, when that edition of his Standard Course of Lessons excluded the staff and relied solely on Tonic Sol-fa.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic%20sol-fa
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Tonic sol-fa
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B. C. Unseld and Theodore F. Seward, with Biglow and Main publishers, imported Curwen's tonic sol-fa to the United States, though the method was never widely received. Before this, the 9th edition of the Bay Psalm Book (Boston, USA) had appeared with the initials of four-note syllables (fa, sol, la, me) underneath the staff. Reverend John Tufts, in his An Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes in a Plaine & Easy Method, moved the initials of the four-note syllables onto the staff in place of "regular notes", and indicated rhythm by punctuation marks to the right of the letters. These may be considered American forerunners of Curwen's system, though he may not have been aware of them. Tufts' Introduction was popular, going through several editions. Nevertheless, his work probably did more to pave the way for shape notes. When Unseld and Steward introduced tonic sol-fa in the late 1800s, it was considered "something new".
In 1972 Roberto Goitre printed one of the most important modern versions of the method in Cantar Leggendo with the moveable Do.
Solmization that represents the functions of pitches (such as tonic sol-fa) is called "functional" solmization. All musicians that use functional solmization use "do" to represent the tonic (also known as the "keynote") in the major mode. However, approaches to the minor mode fall into two camps. Some musicians use "do" to represent the tonic in minor (a parallel approach), whereas others prefer to label the tonic in minor as "la" (a relative approach) Both systems have their advantages: The former system more directly represents the scale-degree functions of the pitches in a key; the latter more directly represents the intervals between pitches in any given key signature.
Notation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum%20screen
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Drum screen
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A drum screen, sometimes referred to as a drum shield or acoustic shield, is a tool used by audio engineers to avoid the sound control problems caused when louder instruments overwhelm quieter instruments and vocals on stage. It is a transparent acoustic panel or system of panels that are used around drums, percussion instruments and possibly other loud musical instruments to acoustically separate unusually loud instruments from other musical instruments and vocalists who may be close by.
Composition
Drum screens are usually made out of a 0.22-inch (5.6mm) thick clear acrylic sheet material. A more expensive scratch-resistant or AR (abrasion-resistant) acrylic is also sometimes used for rugged use and touring applications.
While plastic drum screens perform fairly well as sound barriers, they reflect most sound that strikes them and so very little sound is actually absorbed. Therefore, it is usually recommended that some type of acoustic absorption product, such as acoustic foam, heavy curtains, acoustic panels, or absorption baffles be used on a significant percentage of the screen surface and opposite the screen in order to soak up and dissipate as much of the direct and reflected sound energy as possible.
Variations
In some applications where the performance area has high ceilings that reflect a large percentage of the sound, acrylic sheet is sometimes used to almost completely surround the loud instrument on all sides and above to create what is commonly known as an isolation booth. While this technique will aid in isolating the loud sound source, the interior acoustics of any booth with such a large percentage of highly reflective surfaces will be difficult or impossible to control. It is therefore recommended that at least 60% or more of the reflective surfaces inside this type of isolation booth be treated with acoustic absorption products. It is also wise to use additional carpet padding and carpet under the entire setup to reduce reflections off the floor and absorb additional sound energy.
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9181697
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrash%20Eser%20Galiyyot
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Midrash Eser Galiyyot
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Midrash Eser Galiyyot (Hebrew: מדרש עשר גליות) is one of the smaller midrashim and treats of the ten exiles which have befallen the Jews, counting four exiles under Sennacherib, four under Nebuchadnezzar, one under Vespasian, and one under Hadrian. It contains also many parallels to the Seder 'Olam, ch. xxii. et seq.
A citation of the commentator R. Hillel on Sifre justifies the inference that the Midrash 'Eser Galiyyot originally stood at the end of Seder 'Olam; and it is also possible that Abraham ibn David likewise drew material from it, for an older edition of his Sefer ha-Kabbalah includes this midrash.
The aggadah at the beginning of the midrash, to the effect that the Jews had suffered ten exiles, was cited, with the formula "Our teachers have taught," by R. Ẓemaḥ Gaon in his letter addressed to the community of Kairwan in the latter part of the 9th century. The midrash has been edited by A. Jellinek and, with valuable notes, by Grünhut. A later recension which "cares little about haggadic chronology, but much about haggadic embellishment," was printed in B. H. v. 113–116.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Sullivan%20%28American%20football%29
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Dan Sullivan (American football)
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Daniel Joseph Sullivan (born September 1, 1939) is a former American football offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL), playing from 1962 through 1972 for the Baltimore Colts.
Early life
Sullivan was born in Boston, Massachusetts and grew up in Dorchester. He played football at Boston Technical High School. He earned a scholarship to Boston College, and played college football there as a starting offensive tackle. In 1976, he was inducted into the Boston College Athletic Hall of Fame.
Professional football career
In 1962, the Colts selected Sullivan in the third round of the NFL Draft. The American Football League's Los Angeles Chargers also drafted him in the AFL draft. He chose the Colts, signing for $9,500 and then played backup offensive lineman for his first two years. He played for the team from 1962 to 1972 and missed only two games with injuries. His highest annual salary was $47,000. He was mentored by Colts Pro Football Hall of Fame player Art Donovan, who had also gone to Boston College, and treated Sullivan like an adopted son. During his Colts career, Sullivan played every offensive line position, and the team's record was 104-45-5.
Sullivan appeared in Super Bowl III as the starting right guard and Super Bowl V as the starting right tackle for the Baltimore Colts.
Post-football life
Sullivan worked for the Mrs. Filbert's food company in Baltimore from 1966 to 1978, before and after his playing days, rising to national sales manager. Sullivan also worked for Eastern Sales and Marketing, run by his college linemate John Buckley, where he became a senior vice president in charge of corporate sales and marketing. After retiring, he remained close friends with Colts legendary hall of fame quarterback Johnny Unitas. One of Sullivan's keepsakes is a photo of Unitas and Sullivan's daughter Julie, who has Down syndrome, laughing arm-in-arm.
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9181755
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucan%20Biddulph
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Lucan Biddulph
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Settlement
Despite being more than to the north , in 1829 the area became a refuge for a group of free African Americans from Cincinnati, Ohio, who had been threatened by riots and job discrimination by white people in their city. A group of roughly 200 Black Americans were granted refuge and land by the Canada Company and duly set up a colony named Wilberforce. This was one of the earliest, if not the earliest, settlements connected with the American Colonization Society (which was established in 1816 to settle free African Americans in an African colony) in Upper Canada and/or West Africa and was established before emancipation. The flight of Black refugees, escaped slaves from the South, northward into Canada beginning around this time was as part of the Underground Railroad.
Most of the Black Cincinnatians came from city life and did not adapt well to the harsh farming environment. They cleared large lots of land by logging and worked hard to sustain the colony, but much of the population declined through the 1840s as many of the original colonists moved on to larger, growing urban centres such as Detroit, Cleveland or Toronto to obtain wage-based employment. A few remained to work the land through subsequent generations.
The area was further logged and settled by white people in the 1840s and later, many from Ireland, some of whom purchased farmsteads from the departing Black settlers or new lots sold to them cheaply by the Canada Company. Nowadays fewer than 40 descendants of the ancestral Black inhabitants remain.
By 1850, the majority of the township's landholders were Irish Catholics, many of whom had immigrated from farming lands in County Tipperary, Ireland.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucan%20Biddulph
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Lucan Biddulph
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Early history
An important railway route belonging to the Grand Trunk Railway opened in 1856, passing through the village. The village and surrounding township prospered as a result of quicker access to larger marketplaces, such as Toronto farther to the east, and new immigrants settling the area. Its post office was established the following year in 1857.
Donnelly Massacre
Biddulph Township is known as the site of the brutal massacre on February 4, 1880, of five of the Black Donnellys, an immigrant Irish family caught up in a long-standing local feud. These events have been written about many times and are etched into the criminal history of rural Ontario; it is well known in Canada and nearby areas of the United States. Five members of the family were killed in two separate locations northwest of London, Ontario. Nobody has been convicted of the murders despite the subsequent trials which led to publicity. This crime is noted to be one of the most horrific crimes in Canadian history. Tours are available at the Donnelly's home which is just south of Lucan. As of today, there are no relatives of the Donnellys living in the area.
Lucan Snowstorm
A record snowfall (aka "Snowmageddon") occurred between Dec. 4–8, 2010, affecting Huron and Middlesex counties. A total of 177 cm (68") of snow fell during a 102-hour period (it snowed on 98 of those hours).
Operations
In 2017, Lucan selected CH2M to provide operations and maintenance services for Lucan's water system for five years, providing water to more than 4,500 residents in the township and Granton urban centers and rural properties. Also in 2017, Lucan received a grant from the Canada Ontario Early Learning and Child Care fund, to build a 9,000 square foot licensed day care facility.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lucan Biddulph had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
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9181833
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary%20Nelson
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Cary Nelson
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Cary Nelson (born 1946), is an American professor emeritus of English and Jubilee Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He was president of the American Association of University Professors between 2006 and 2012.
Education
In 1967, Nelson graduated from Antioch College. In 1970, he received a Ph.D. in English from the University of Rochester. His scholarship of the 1970s and 1980s worked to expand the canon of modern American poetry.
Career
Since the 1990s he has increasingly focused on issues in higher education. In the words of Alan Wald, "With the appearance of Manifesto of a Tenured Radical in 1997. Nelson became an example of the committed scholar who conceived of the advance of his own career in the context of the amelioration of the rank-and-file of the academic community; more specifically, graduate students, part-time employees, and campus workers."
From 2000 to 2006 Nelson was the second vice president of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP). He was elected to a two-year term as president and was re-elected until 2012. In April 2006, Nelson was arrested, along with over 50 others, including Jane Buck, the outgoing president of the AAUP, as part of a unionization effort by New York University's graduate teaching assistants.
In 2014, Nelson supported the University of Illinois' decision to withdrawn a job offer to Steven Salaita, an "American studies scholar active in the Israel boycott movement."
Published works
He has published or edited twenty five books, including Manifesto of a Tenured Radical and Revolutionary Memory: Recovering the Poetry of the American Left. His academic focus is on modern American poetry. He has also published books criticizing boycotts of Israel, including the BDS movement.
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9181844
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curchorem
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Curchorem
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Curchorem (Kudchade) is a City and municipal council in the South Goa district of Goa, India. Curchorem is a part of the Quepem taluka and is a twin town with Sanvordem, both located on either side of the Zuari River. The town is self-sufficient and has a number of hospitals (including a Government Primary Health Centre), schools, a police station, banks, ATMs, a railway station, good road links, a market, places of worship, restaurants, a play ground, an electricity station and a theatre.
Geography
Curchorem is located at and has an average elevation of .
The confluence of Uguem and Guleli rivers at Sanguem or Sangam is known as Zuari river. It runs north west up to sanvordem. Further it runs up to the west till Kushawati River and joins at Xelvona. Then again it changes its direction to the north till it reaches Panchwadi and further flows up to Rachol. again flows up to north to Borim and further north-west up to Racaim, Durbhat and finally to the Arabian Sea where it joins to Mormugao. It covers 67 kilometers in the goa district.
Climate
Curchorem features a tropical monsoon climate. The climate in Curchorem is hot in summer and equable in winter. During summers (from March to May) the temperature reaches up to 32 °C and in winters (from December to February) it is usually between 25.8 °C and 20 °C.
The monsoon period is from June to September with heavy rainfall and gusty winds. The annual average rainfall is 2699 mm (106.24 inches).
Demographics
As of the 2011 Census of India, Curchorem Cacora had a population of 22,730. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Curchorem Cacora had an average literacy rate of 88.85%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy was 92.57% and female literacy 84.97%. 10.54% of the population was under 6 years of age.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn%20Ressler
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Glenn Ressler
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Glenn Emanuel "Zeke" Ressler (born May 21, 1943) is an American former football offensive lineman who played in the National Football League (NFL) from 1965 through 1974 for the Baltimore Colts.
Ressler was regarded as one of the top college football linemen in the country during his junior and senior years of 1963 and 1964, winning the Maxwell Award as America's best all-around player in the latter year. He played both offense and defense in the college ranks, gaining his highest accolades as a middle guard lining up over center on the defense. As a pro, Resseler was used primarily as an offensive lineman, starting at all three line positions. Beginning in his third season, he was a consistent starter at left guard for the Colts.
Ressler was an NFL champion in 1968 and a Superbowl champion in 1970 as a member of the Colts. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2001.
Biography
Early years
Glenn Ressler was born May 21, 1943, to Maurice and Edna Ressler of Leck Kill, Pennsylvania, a tiny rural hamlet near Dornsife, part of Little Mahanoy Township. He grew up on a farm, forking hay and shocking wheat, and did not play football until high school. He attended Mahanoy Joint High School in Herndon, Pennsylvania — a town in central Pennsylvania with fewer than 1,000 residents.
Ressler was a star center on the Mahanoy Joint team, playing both offense and defense in the era of the single platoon system. Already 6'2" tall and weighing 205 pounds during his high school years, he was recognized both as a sound blocker and tackler.
At the end of his senior year in 1960, Ressler was recognized by being one of three centers named to the Pennsylvania Big 33 list of star football players from Pennsylvania selected by the Harrisburg Patriot News. Joining Ressler on the select list was future Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Namath from Beaver Falls.
In 2012, the high school football field in Dornsife was dedicated and renamed in Ressler's honor, and his name is on the scoreboard.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn%20Ressler
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Glenn Ressler
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The enthusiastic coach told another reporter of his senior two-way line star, "Ressler is big, strong, quick, a fine tackler, and what else do you need? On offense he excels at blocking the man over center and clearing the way for our inside attack. He snaps the ball well for punts and on hand-ups. Defensively he's a rugged tackler and difficult to block. Most important of all, he has the temperament to be great."
The Nittany Lions started 1964 poorly, giving up more than 20 points in each of four losses in their first five games. The team came together defensively in the second half of the season, however. A total of just 24 points were given up in the final five games, helping Penn State win out and finish the year with a winning record.
Particularly notable for the Nittany Lions in 1964 would be a 27–0 upset shutout of #2 ranked Ohio State at Columbus before a crowd of over 84,000 people. Ressler had 15 tackles in the game.
Ressler — called "Zeke" by his Penn State teammates — was chosen as winner of the Maxwell Award as college football's best all-around player of 1964. He was a "consensus All-American," although named in a variety of positions — as an offensive center to the 22-man two platoon team of the Newspaper Enterprise Association, as a guard to the 11-man single platoon first team picked by the American Football Coaches Association, and so forth. The versatile Ressler was named to various All-American teams as an offensive center and guard, and a defensive guard, tackle, and linebacker.
Ressler was also named as college football Lineman of the Year for 1964 by the Philadelphia Sportswriters' Association.
As a national star and a graduating senior, Ressler had multiple offers to appear in post-season college all-star games. He elected to play for the East in the East–West Shrine Game held in San Francisco on January 2, 1965, and in the 1965 Hula Bowl held in Honolulu one week later.
Ressler majored in Agricultural Education at Penn State, receiving his Bachelor of Science degree in 1966.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Spider-Man%20%281994%20TV%20series%29%20characters
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List of Spider-Man (1994 TV series) characters
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This is a list of characters from the 1994 television series Spider-Man.
Heroes and allies
Spider-Man
Peter Benjamin Parker (voiced by Christopher Daniel Barnes and briefly as an old man by Peter Mark Richman) is the main protagonist of the series. A one-time high school "science geek", Peter was the subject of much ridicule, especially at the hands of Flash Thompson. After his parents died in a plane crash, Peter lived with his Uncle Ben and Aunt May, who doted and worried endlessly about the reclusive boy suddenly placed in their midst. During a class field trip to see a demonstration of Neogenic radiation, carried on by Professor Farley Stillwell, a spider crawled into Stillwell's machine and became irradiated, biting Peter in the hand and granting him the proportionate abilities of a spider, including superhuman strength, durability, stamina, speed, agility, senses and a "Spider-Sense" that warned him of imminent danger.
Peter initially became Spider-Man for personal reasons, seeking the popularity that he never had at school. Constructing mechanical web-shooters in his bedroom, Parker set out to make a name for himself in show-business, making television appearances and starting a brief career as a professional wrestler.
It was after one such wrestling engagement that Peter's life changed for the worse; fame went to the idealistic Parker's head, and he refused to stop an escaping criminal, considering it "none of his business". A short time later, Parker returned home to find that his uncle Ben had been shot dead by a home invader, who had then escaped to an abandoned waterfront warehouse. Following the murderer, Parker was shocked and ashamed to discover that his uncle's death had been his fault; his uncle's killer was the same man that Parker had let escape earlier in the day.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Spider-Man%20%281994%20TV%20series%29%20characters
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List of Spider-Man (1994 TV series) characters
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When Spider-Man was bitten by the radioactive spider that gave him his powers, it also had a terrible side effects of giving him a disease that was part of his evolutionary cycle. The cycle would eventually lead Spider-Man into becoming the sadistic beast known as the Man-Spider (vocal effects provided by Jim Cummings). When Man-Spider was terrorizing citizens in New York, the crime-killing vigilante known as the Punisher and one of Spider-Man's past enemies who was also one of his friends, Sergei Kravinoff, teamed up and temporarily cured Spider-Man of his disease. Spider-Man permanently got rid of the disease when he was fighting the villain known as the Vulture in the two-part second-season finale. One of the Vulture's powers was absorbing youth from people younger than he was and when Vulture absorbed Spider-Man's youth, he also absorbed his powers but consequently, he even absorbed his disease. Vulture demanded from Dr. Curt Connors, who was treating Spider-Man's disease at the time, to help cure him while at the same time teaming up with the Scorpion to defeat Spider-Man after draining the disease back into Spider-Man. However, Connors betrayed Vulture and only gave Spider-Man back his youth and powers, but left his disease back in the Vulture. Man-Spider was never seen again, with the exception of the two-part series finale of the show where one of the alternate dimensional Spider-Men was mutated with only six arms, as that was part of Spider-Man's evolutionary cycle, but he became the Man-Spider. Fortunately, that Man-Spider was transported by the mystical figure known as the Beyonder into a different reality with him.
Man-Spider is similar to Man-Bat from Batman by the character's opposite names like the regular Batman and Spider-Man's names, but Spider-Man and Batman are human and Man-Spider and Man-Bat are mutated forms.
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9181906
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Spider-Man%20%281994%20TV%20series%29%20characters
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List of Spider-Man (1994 TV series) characters
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Richard and Mary Parker (voiced by uncredited actors) are Peter Parker's parents who both died when he was very young. They are only rarely mentioned in the series and only once appear, to Peter in a vision caused by Baron Mordo in "Doctor Strange". In the fifth-season episode "Six Forgotten Warriors", it is revealed that they were spies investigating a machine called Doomsday Device created by Red Skull in Russia. After learning from Nick Fury that his parents were branded as traitors, Peter traveled to Russia and cleared their names. Although their ultimate fates were not explicitly described, it is possible that they were killed by Red Skull, similar to the comic version where the Red Skull (Albert Malik) indirectly killed them when Peter's parents, as a spies, were investigating his criminal operations in Algeria.
Prowler
Hobie Brown (voiced by Tim Russ) appeared in his self-titled episode. He first appeared working for a crime lord called Iceberg and was feeling he was not earning his fair cut for the work he was doing. When Iceberg found out, he had his boys attempt to kill Hobie. After narrowly escaping that fate, he knew he needed to get out of town. He stole a passer-by's purse to fund his new trip. It turned out to be Mary Jane's purse when she and Peter Parker are in the process of apartment hunting but was stopped by Spider-Man and Hobie was sent to jail for violating his parole. While in prison, he saves Richard Fisk from an attempt on his life. As payment, the Kingpin arranges for a hot shot lawyer to enable Hobie's release and gives him a special suit. He used the costume to get back at his old boss Iceberg.
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9181949
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Vogel
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Bob Vogel
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College career
Vogel played at Ohio State for longtime head coach Woody Hayes. Vogel was named a starter for Ohio State as a sophomore, where he was moved from end to offensive tackle prior to the start of the season. Vogel protected Buckeye quarterback, and future Colts teammate, Tom Matte, who threw for 737 yards and eight touchdowns and ran for 682 yards and two touchdowns during the 1960 season. Ohio State went 7-2 that year and finished at #8 in the AP poll.
In 1961, Matte graduated and was replaced by quarterback Joe Sparma, who had played at Washington High School in Massillon with Vogel. Vogel again started at tackle, and the Buckeyes went undefeated with an 8–0–1 record. Ohio State won the Big Ten Conference title and was voted as the national champion by the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA).
Coming into his 1962 senior season, Vogel earned pre-season All-America honors and was named as a captain of the Buckeyes football team. Although Ohio State was expected to repeat as national champions, the team faltered and finished the season at 6-3. Vogel earned Third-team Big Ten Conference and Second-Team All-America honors.
Vogel was enshrined in The Ohio State University Athletics Hall of Fame in 2014.
Professional career
Vogel was selected by the Baltimore Colts in the first round, 5th overall selection, of the 1963 NFL draft. Vogel was also selected by the Boston Patriots in the third round of the 1963 AFL Draft. Vogel chose to play with the Colts, where he spent his entire 10-year NFL career.
Vogel was reunited with Ohio State teammate Tom Matte, now playing halfback for the Colts. He and fellow Colts rookies John Mackey and Jerry Logan became immediate starters for the Colts under new head coach Don Shula. Vogel was placed into a veteran starting offensive line that featured future Pro Football Hall of Fame member Jim Parker, who was moved to guard, Dick Szymanski, Alex Sandusky, and George Preas.
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9181979
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren%20M2B
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McLaren M2B
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Legacy
Despite the M2B's lack of success Herd said of the team, "Everyone was ten times more determined to do better the following year." On the design of the car he reflected that, "our emphasis tended to be more on the elegance of the chassis structure rather than on the design of a really quick racing car" and that, "we ... tended to go towards technical ingenuity and bullshit rather than racewinning engineering". Team member and later manager of the organisation Teddy Mayer said, "Our main problems were with the choice of the Ford engine." Bruce McLaren's personal secretary and author Eoin Young concurs. The winners of the 1966 Drivers' and Constructors' championships, Jack Brabham and his eponymous team, used a Repco-modified and badged Oldsmobile engine. It produced approximately 290 bhp – less than the Ford – but its light weight and reliability rendered it effective. Despite having used the Oldsmobile in sports racing cars, the McLaren team discounted it. Afterwards, Mayer said, "We considered it, but the kind of modifications which Repco did were well beyond our resources, and I doubt very much if we could have done any more with it than we did with the Indy Ford."
McLaren's later cars abandoned Mallite in favour of conventional aluminium construction; the Ford and Serenissima engine also saw no further action. For 1967 BRM engines powered the M4B and M5A but it was not until the Cosworth DFV became available in 1968 that McLaren scored their first Formula One wins with the M7A. Herd stayed on designing all of these cars until he left for Cosworth in 1967. McLaren have since become one of the most successful teams in Formula One.
The M2A was sold on to be used by various private racers in the United Kingdom before being destroyed by fire in 1969. Sources suggest that three M2B chassis were similarly sold on; one is awaiting restoration in the United States and another is currently on display at the Donington Grand Prix Exhibition.
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9181988
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20New%20York%20Yankees%20season
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2007 New York Yankees season
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August
The beginning of August saw the Yankees, along with all of Major League Baseball, eagerly awaiting home run number 500 from Alex Rodriguez. During the home run milestone chase George Steinbrenner's health once again came into question when the New York Post and the New York Daily News each reported that Steinbrenner, during a recent interview, appeared to be suffering from dementia.
On August 4, 2007, during the first inning Alex Rodriguez hit his 500th career home run. Rodriguez became the youngest player ever to do so at 32 years, 8 days. On August 6, 2007, the Yankees cut relief pitcher Mike Myers and brought up Jim Brower. They had just completed a season sweep of the Cleveland Indians, winning all 6 games they played against them in 2007. This was a good start to the Yankees' upcoming tough schedule, where they played 17 games out of a 20-game span against playoff contenders. This included 8 games against the Detroit Tigers (4 at home, 4 at Detroit), 3 games against the Cleveland Indians, 3 games against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and 3 games against the Boston Red Sox.
August also saw rookie Phil Hughes rejoin the starting rotation, as well as the much anticipated debut of Joba Chamberlain, a future starter who gave the Yankees' bullpen some much needed help during the pennant race (an 0.38 ERA in 23.2 innings).
Hall of Fame Yankee shortstop Phil Rizzuto, who was also the long-time voice of the Yankees on television and radio, died on August 13. The Yankees wore his number 10 on their left sleeves for the remainder of the season.
The Yankees swept Boston at Yankee Stadium after dropping to eight games back in AL East standings. Coupled with losses by the Seattle Mariners, the Yankees' wins put them on top of the AL Wild Card race.
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9182045
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonicon
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Bubonicon
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Bubonicon is an annual multigenre convention in Albuquerque, New Mexico, typically held during the last weekend of August.
History
Bubonicon was first held in 1969 as a literary science fiction gathering in Albuquerque called NewMexiCon. Authors Roy Tackett and Robert E. Vardeman were two of the key figures in establishing and promoting Bubonicon in its early days. It grew from a gathering of 20 in 1969, to 50 people attending in 1971, to over 100 people attending Bubonicon 5 in 1973. 1973 also introduced Bubonicon's mascot, Perry Rhodent. The name Bubonicon, not officially adopted until 1971, is a nod to Albuquerque's long history of bubonic plague outbreaks, with Perry Rhodent a continuation of this theme. In 1976, one of Bubonicon's longest running traditions, the Green Slime Awards, was started in order to honor the worst in Science Fiction from the previous year.
The convention began to include science lecturers, often from nearby Sandia National Laboratories and the University of New Mexico. Lectures included topics from physics to microbiology and encompassed fiction and fantasy of all media.
In the 1990s, Bubonicon averaged three hundred people in attendance. 2003's gathering marked the first time when over four hundred people attended.
Bubonicon 42, held in 2010 at the Albuquerque Grand Airport Hotel, featured a theme based on Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Honored guests included authors Peter David and Mario Acevedo.
In 2012, Bubonicon attendance was 700, at the new larger venue, Marriott Hotel, at Louisiana Blvd and I40. The theme was based on the Mayan Apocalypse idea of the "End of the World as We Know It." In 2013, attendance reached its peak at 980 with the theme of "Wonder Women".
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9182102
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Pruitt
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Greg Pruitt
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Gregory Donald Pruitt (born August 18, 1951) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL) from 1973 through 1984. He played college football for the Oklahoma Sooners. Pruitt was selected to five Pro Bowls, four as a member of the Cleveland Browns and one as a member of the Los Angeles Raiders, the last one as a kick returner. He was also part of the Raiders' Super Bowl XVIII winning team, beating the Washington Redskins.
College career
University of Oklahoma offensive line coach Bill Michael liked to recruit players from B.C. Elmore High School, where he recruited Pruitt. Pruitt was an All-American at the University of Oklahoma in 1971 and 1972, and was also named All-Big 8 in 1971 and 1972. He ranks third among Sooners in career all-purpose yards.
Pruitt gained 3,122 rushing yards, 491 receiving yards, 139 yards on punt returns and 679 yards returning kickoffs. In total, he scored 41 career touchdowns as a Sooner. He came in second in Heisman Trophy voting in 1972, and third in 1971.
An African-American, Pruitt was one of the first Black Sooners players to achieve All-American status.
He established himself as Oklahoma's best player during a time when other Southern Universities had not fully desegregated their Football teams. However, the Big Eight conference (which Oklahoma was a part of) established itself as the best collegiate football conference in the country by the start of the 1970s: each team was fully integrated, and much of their success owed largely to their Black players. Pruitt's performance against Southeastern Conference schools Alabama and Auburn in the 1970 Astro-Bluebonnett Bowl and 1972 Sugar Bowls, respectively, helped accelerate each team's integration expanding their recruitment of Black players.
NFL career
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9182102
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Pruitt
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Greg Pruitt
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Despite his stellar college career, concerns about his lack of size (he entered the draft at just 177 pounds) led to him not being drafted until Cleveland selected him with the 30th pick of the second round. Pruitt played his first nine seasons in the NFL for the Cleveland Browns, leading the team in rushing five times and recording three 1,000 yard seasons. Shortly before the 1982 season, Pruitt was traded to the Los Angeles Raiders for an 11th round draft pick. He played his final three NFL seasons with the Raiders, used mainly as a return specialist. In 1983, he led the league in punt returns (58), punt return yards (666, an NFL record), punt return touchdowns (1), and longest punt return (97 yards) as the team went on to win an NFL championship in Super Bowl XVIII. Pruitt finished his career with 5,672 rushing yards, 3,069 receiving yards, 47 total touchdowns, and 13,262 all-purpose yards.
In 1979, Pruitt won ABC's Superstars, an all-around sports competition that pits elite athletes from different sports against one another in a series of athletic events resembling a decathlon.
In 1991, Pruitt competed in the sports-entertainment TV game show, American Gladiators. 9
Legacy
In 1999, he was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame.
The "Greg Pruitt rule" established tear-away jerseys as illegal.
NFL career statistics
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9182105
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrash%20Maaseh%20Torah
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Midrash Maaseh Torah
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Midrash Maaseh Torah (Hebrew: מדרש מעשי תורה) is one of the smaller midrashim, and contains compilations of doctrines, regulations of conduct, and empirical rules, arranged in groups of three to ten each and taken from various works. It is frequently found in manuscript, and has been edited at Constantinople (1519), Venice (1544), Amsterdam (1697), and elsewhere, while it has appeared more recently in A. Jellinek's B. H. (ii. 92–101) and is contained also in the Kol Bo (§ 118), where it frequently deviates from the Amsterdam edition even in the arrangement of its sentences.
Authorship and Versions
The fact that this midrash is ascribed to the patriarch R. Judah ha-Nasi (Rabbenu haKadosh) receives its explanation from the fact that the Ma'aseh Torah is merely another recension of the similar midrash found in the edition of Schönblum and in Grünhut's Sefer ha-Liḳḳuṭim. This latter midrash begins in both editions with the teachings which Rabbenu haKadosh taught his son, and the work is accordingly called "Pirkei de-Rabbenu haKadosh" or "Pirkei Rabbenu haKadosh" in the two editions and in the manuscripts on which they are based.
The editions in question comprise two different recensions. In the text of Schönblum the number of numerical groups is 24; and at the beginning stands the strange order 6, 5, 4, 3, followed by the numbers 7–24. On the other hand, in Grünhut's text, which is based on a defective manuscript, the order of the "peraḳim" proceeds naturally from 3 to 12 (or 13), but the rest are lacking; and, quite apart from this divergence in the method of grouping, even within the numerical groups the two editions differ strikingly in the number and occasionally also in the wording of individual passages. In an Oxford codex of the Mahzor Vitry, a passage occurring in both editions is cited as being in Pesikta; and it is also stated that it treats of a series of from 3 to 10 objects.
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9182105
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrash%20Maaseh%20Torah
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Midrash Maaseh Torah
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A similar collection, probably more ancient in origin, was edited by Horowitz in the Kebod Huppah, the work being based on a codex of De Rossi of the year 1290. This compilation is named the "Huppat Eliyahu" or the "Sheva Huppot," on account of its opening words, "Seven canopies will God set up for the righteous in the world to come". This aggadah agrees for the most part with the Ma'aseh Torah and the Pirkei Rabbenu ha-Kadosh, and presents the numerical groupings up to the number 24, arranged without much order; on the whole, it harmonizes more closely with Pirkei. According to Horowitz, the "Huppat Eliyahu" was revised and expanded into the "Huppat Eliyahu Rabbah."
The "Huppat Eliyahu" was edited as far as No. 16 by R. Israel Alnaqua at the end of his Menorat ha-Ma'or; and this portion of the compilation, together with other extracts from this work, was appended by Elijah de Vidas to his Reshit Chochmah. Alnaqua mentions also among the sources which he used "Huppat Eliyahu Zutta ve-Rabbah," which were evidently merely parts of the same work. From them were probably derived the two extracts in paragraphs 201 and 247 of the Menorat ha-Ma'or of Isaac Aboab, which are cited as occurring in the "Huppat Eliyahu Rabbah" and the "Huppat Eliyahu Zutta." Alnaqua was, furthermore, the compiler of many maxims beginning with the words לעולם, גדול and גדולה, and forming the "Or 'Olam" at the end of his "Menorat ha-Ma'or." This collection was likewise incorporated by De Vidas in his work, and has been reprinted by Jellinek as the "Midrash le-'Olam" and "Midrash Gadol u-Gedolah."
The Ma'aseh Torah formed the model for the rich collection of the Vilna Gaon which bears the same name, and which appeared at Warsaw in 1804 with the additions of his son Abraham.
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9182199
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians%20in%20Poland
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Armenians in Poland
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Armenians enjoyed better living and earning conditions in Poland, local Armenian self-government, religious tolerance and the opportunity to preserve their own customs. Initially, Armenians settled in royal cities along important trade routes, but later also in private towns, attracted by Polish magnates. Armenians lived mostly in south-eastern Poland, with the largest Armenian communes in the major royal cities of Lwów and Kamieniec Podolski, where they inhabited defined Armenian quarters, and which with several churches served as the main religious centers of Armenians in Poland. Other local Armenian communes were in Brody, Brzeżany, Horodenka, Jazłowiec, Józefgród, Łysiec, Mohylów Podolski, Obertyn, Podhajce, Raszków, Stanisławów, Studzienica, Śniatyn, Tyśmienica, Złoczów and Żwaniec. In addition, there were Armenian churches in Bełz, Buczacz, Jarosław, Kijów, Kubaczówka, Kuty, Lublin, Łuck, Waręż, Włodzimierz, Zamość, Żółkiew, and an Armenian chapel in Warsaw. Armenians were also noted in other towns of south-eastern Poland, such as Przemyśl, Bar, Sokal, Halicz, Dubno. Since the 16th century, Armenian churches in Poland were erected not in the Armenian style, but rather in line with the prevailing Polish trends, such as Renaissance (e.g. in Jazłowiec) and Baroque (e.g. in Brzeżany and Stanisławów). Some Armenians moved to other parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, e.g. Kraków, Warsaw, Gdańsk, Płock, Piotrków and Vilnius. In 1655–1675, the Armenian community in Poland further grew due to immigration from Van, Constantinople and Isfahan.
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9182199
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians%20in%20Poland
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Armenians in Poland
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In 1660, the Armenians of Kijów were expelled by the Russian occupiers. In 1674, Armenians of Kamieniec Podolski were expelled by the Ottoman occupiers, and after around three years of exile in the Balkans, they returned to Poland and mostly settled in Lwów, Stanisławów, Brody, Łysiec, Tyśmienica and Złoczów, but some settled in western and central Poland. The Armenian community of Warsaw gained importance and grew since 1672, when many Armenians fled there from Ottoman-occupied Podolia. After Poland regained control of Podolia, Armenians once again settled in various towns in the region, including Józefgród, Mohylów Podolski, Obertyn, Raszków and Satanów. A group of Polish Armenians took part in the Syunik rebellion against Ottoman rule in Armenia in the 1720s.
The Armenians grew wealthy from trade, specializing in importing a wide variety of goods from eastern markets, i.e. Moldavia, Wallachia, Turkey, Egypt, Persia, India and Muscovy to Polish trade centers, such as Kraków, Gdańsk, Lublin, Poznań, Jarosław, Toruń and Vilnius. Armenians were also often translators, secretaries and diplomats of Poland to more eastern countries, sometimes even Polish intelligence agents in Turkic and Tatar countries, and counterintelligence agents in Poland. The first known Armenian to serve in Polish diplomacy was an interpreter of the first Polish mission to the Ottoman Empire in 1415. Sefer Muratowicz, Polish diplomat of Armenian descent, contributed to the establishment of Iran–Poland relations. Armenians also mediated ransoms or ransomed Polish captives from Turkish and Tatar slavery themselves. Some Armenians from Poland even served in the diplomacy of other countries, i.e. Sweden, Wallachia and Austria.
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9182199
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians%20in%20Poland
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Armenians in Poland
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After suffering heavy losses along with the rest of Poland's population in the war, the Polish Armenian community suffered a second loss. The regions of Poland where Armenians were concentrated such as Eastern Galicia were annexed into the Soviet Union as part of the agreements reached at the Yalta conference. As a result, the Polish Armenian community became dispersed all over Poland. Many of them were resettled in cities in northern and western Poland such as Kraków, Gliwice, Opole, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk, and Warsaw.
To combat this dispersion they began to form Armenian Cultural Associations. Additionally, the Catholic Church opened two Armenian Catholic parishes with one in Gdańsk and the other in Gliwice, while Roman Catholic churches in other cities such as St. Giles in Kraków would from time to time also hold Armenian Rite services for the local Armenian community.
Some Polish Armenians as part of the Anders Army ended up as emigrants in Western Europe and later in Australia, the United States and Canada, where they co-founded the Armenian Catholic parish in Montreal in 1983.
A number of cultural and artifacts of Armenian culture can still be found within Poland's present-day borders, particularly in the vicinity of Zamość and Rzeszów.
Armenians today
Most Armenians living in Poland today have origins from the post-Soviet emigration rather than the older Armenian community. After the Soviet Union's collapse, thousands of Armenians came to Poland to look for the opportunity to better their life. It is estimated that between 40,000 and 80,000 Armenians came to Poland in the 1990s, (many of them returned to Armenia or went further West, but up to 10,000 stayed in Poland), with only about 3,000–8,000 from the so-called 'old emigration'.
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9182199
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians%20in%20Poland
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Armenians in Poland
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The Foundation of Culture and Heritage of Polish Armenians was established by the Ordinary of the Armenian-Catholic rite in Poland, Cardinal Józef Glemp, the Primate of Poland, on April 7, 2006 to care for the books, paintings, religious remnants which were saved from perishing when carried away from Armenian churches situated in the Eastern former parts of Poland captured by the Soviets during World War II.
The Armenian Rite Catholic Church which had been historically centered in Galicia as well as in the pre-1939 Polish borderlands in the east, now has three parishes; one in Gdańsk, one in Warsaw and the other in Gliwice. In 2023, a former hospital chapel in Zabrze was granted to the Armenian Apostolic Church to host its only parish in Poland.
There are also now schools in Poland that have recently opened or added on courses that teach Armenian language and culture either on a regular or supplementary basis in Warsaw and Kraków.
There are some 20 khachkars in Poland, with various, typically multiple, dedications, including in Kraków, Elbląg, Gdańsk, Gliwice, Klebark Wielki, Wrocław, Warsaw, Łódź, Lublin, Zamość, Kurów, Szczecinek, Kielce, Święty Krzyż, Białystok, Kartuzy, Łomna, and Zabrze. The khachkars commemorate both tragic and positive events. The tragic ones include the Turkish-perpetrated Armenian genocide, massacres of Poles and Armenians by Ukrainian nationalists in World War II, Soviet deportations and murders of Armenian Catholic preachers, and the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War. The positive are the Polish-Armenian friendship, centuries-old Armenian presence in Poland, and the anniversaries of the creation of the Armenian alphabet, of the foundation of Armenian Diocese of Lwów, of the restoration of Armenian and Polish independence, and of the visit of Pope John Paul II to Armenia.
The Skwer Ormiański (Armenian Square) in Warsaw and Zaułek Ormiański (Armenian Alley) in Gdańsk are named after the Armenians.
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9182220
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20Divide%20Data
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Digital Divide Data
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DDD is a social enterprise that delivers digital content, data and research services to clients worldwide. Customers receive high-quality competitively priced digital content services. At the same time, DDD's innovative social model enables talented youth from low-income families to access professional opportunities and earn lasting higher income. This model, established by DDD in 2001, is now called "impact sourcing” and has been implemented by dozens of firms around the world. Featured in Thomas L. Friedman's The World Is Flat as an example of socially responsible outsourcing, DDD's clients include Reader's Digest, Harvard Business School, New York Daily News, Ancestry.com, and Stanford University.
History
In February 2001, Jeremy Hockenstein (co-founder and CEO of DDD) travelled to Angkor Wat and was struck by the mix of poverty and progress in Cambodia. Though there were computer schools offering training to young people, there were still no jobs for the students once they graduated. Recognizing the opportunity to make a difference, Jeremy assembled a group of friends, who all saw an opportunity for growth: applying India's outsourcing model to Southeast Asia could provide jobs and contribute to the region's development. The group returned to Cambodia during the summer and founded Digital Divide Data, (now known as DDD) with a plan to start a data entry operation in Phnom Penh.
DDD opened for business in July 2001. The enterprise began as a single small office in Phnom Penh, digitizing the Harvard Crimson. In 2003, Digital Divide Data opened an office in Vientiane, Laos, which in early 2004 was followed by a third office in Battambang, Cambodia. The Battambang operation was merged into the Phnom Penh office in 2012. A fourth operations center was opened in Nairobi, Kenya in April 2011.
DDD currently operates three offices with over 1000 staff. It is currently the largest technology employer in Cambodia and Laos.
| 1.953125
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9182280
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza%20Sibbald%20Alderson
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Eliza Sibbald Alderson
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Eliza Sibbald Alderson (16 August 1818 – 18 March 1889) was an English poet and hymn writer.
Eliza Sibbald Dykes, sister of the hymnwriter the Rev. J. B. Dykes, was born at Kingston upon Hull in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Eliza and her brother began composing as children while attending their grandfather's church in Hull. They sometimes collaborated, with Eliza asking John to compose a tune to accompany words she had written. She composed many hymns, a few of which were published under the title “Twelve Hymns”. Two of her most famous begin “And now, beloved Lord, thy soul residing” and “Lord of Glory who has bought us”. She also wrote poetry and painted, contributing paintings, for instance, at a grand bazaar in the corn exchange in October 1870 alongside those of the better known local artist Louisa Fennell.
On 12 September 1850 she married William Thompson Alderson, who was chaplain of the West Riding House of Correction (from 1833 to 1876) and 12 years her senior, at Wakefield Parish Church; the ceremony was performed by her ordained brothers, Thomas, curate of Holy Trinity in Hull, and John Bacchus, precentor of Durham Cathedral. She then went to live with him in his quarters at the prison. This accommodation must have been spacious and commodious inasmuch as ten years later the couple had their six children aged between 8 months and 8 years living with them, plus two of William's sisters, a visitor, and four servants. In 1871, they were still living at the prison with their three sons, one of whom, Charles Sibbald Alderson, had become a banker's clerk. A younger son, Edward, would follow suit by the time he was 20 in 1881. In that same year, at census time, Eliza was staying with her brother Edward and two of her sisters at his bank in Parliament Street, Hull.
| 2.078125
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9182309
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Bird%20and%20Bat%20Banding%20Scheme
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Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme
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The Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme (ABBBS), a combination of the former Australian bird banding and bat banding schemes, is managed by the Department of the Environment, Australia.
History
The earliest banding of wild birds for scientific research in Australia began in 1912 with the banding of short-tailed shearwaters and white-faced storm-petrels by the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union and the Bird Observers Club. Following the Second World War some state-based programs of banding short-tailed shearwaters and waterfowl began.
From about 1949 the CSIRO began banding short-tailed shearwaters (muttonbirds) in Bass Strait. This work, together with earlier banding of shearwaters, established that the birds migrate “in a long and regular cycle, spending the majority of their time in the northern Pacific and returning each year”, often to the same nesting burrow.
The organised banding of birds on a national basis started in 1953 through the CSIRO Division of Wildlife Research, with the bat banding scheme beginning in 1960. In 1984 the national coordination of banding was taken over by the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, a responsibility which has now been inherited by the Department of the Environment.
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9182385
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol%20Bo
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Kol Bo
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Kol Bo (, 'all is in it') is a collection of Jewish ritual and civil laws. Its author has not yet been ascertained. The work in content resembles other codes, as, for instance, the Orḥot Ḥayyim, though in its form it is very different.
Its contents and peculiarities
The Kol Bo does not pretend to any order; the laws that were later arranged in Orach Hayyim are found together with those that were later arranged in Yoreh De'ah and Even haEzer. Likewise, many laws are entirely missing in the Kol Bo. It is peculiar also in that some of the laws are briefly stated, while others are stated at great length, without division into paragraphs.
After the regular code, terminating with the laws of mourning (No. 115), there comes a miscellaneous collection, containing the "takkanot" of R. Gershom and of Rabbeinu Tam, the Ma'aseh Torah of Judah haNasi, the legend of Solomon's throne, the legend of Joshua b. Levi, a kabbalistic dissertation on brit milah, a dissertation on gematria and noṭariḳon, 61 decisions of Eliezer ben Nathan; 44 decisions of Tashbetz, decisions of Isaac of Corbeil, and responsa of Peretz ha-Kohen, decisions of Isaac Orbil, of the geonim Naṭronai, Hai Gaon, Amram Gaon, Nahshon Gaon, laws of the mikveh taken from Perez's Sefer ha-Mitzvot, responsa, and finally the law of excommunication of Nahmanides.
Due to its varied contents, the book was later quoted under the title of "Sefer ha-Likkutim".
Author
As to the author of the Kol Bo, there are different opinions.
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9182414
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell%20WerBell%20III
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Mitchell WerBell III
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Mitchell Livingston WerBell III (March 18, 1918 – December 17, 1983) was a U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) operative, mercenary, paramilitary trainer, firearms engineer, and arms dealer.
Early life and OSS service
WerBell was born in Philadelphia, the son of a Tsarist cavalry officer in the Imperial Army of Russia. Journalist Penny Lernoux described WerBell in her 1984 book In Banks We Trust as "a mysterious White Russian." In 1942 WerBell joined the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and served in China, Burma, and French Indochina. As a guerrilla operative during World War II, he carried out a secret mission for the OSS under the command of Paul Helliwell in China with E. Howard Hunt, Lucien Conein, John K. Singlaub and Ray Cline. Following World War II, WerBell briefly worked as the director of advertising and public relations for Rich's, a department store in Atlanta, Georgia; he left after a year to open his own PR firm.
SIONICS
After WerBell closed his PR firm to design suppressors for firearms, he incorporated SIONICS to design suppressors for the M16 rifle. The name was an acronym for "Studies In the Operational Negation of Insurgents and Counter-Subversion". Through SIONICS he developed a low cost, efficient suppressor for machine guns.
In 1967, he partnered with Gordon B. Ingram, inventor of the MAC-10 submachine gun. They added WerBell's suppressor to Ingram's machinegun and attempted to market it to the U.S. military as "Whispering Death" for use in the Vietnam War. WerBell is credited with over 25 different suppressor designs and the "WerBell Relief Valve", a mechanism designed for machinegun suppressors. WerBell's modular designs and use of exotic materials such as titanium in sound suppressors influence their design to the present day.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell%20WerBell%20III
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Mitchell WerBell III
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SIONICS was absorbed by Military Armament Corporation (MAC), later called Cobray, where WerBell developed a training center for counterterrorism in the 1970s. The courses lasted 11 weeks and students included members of the military, high-risk executives, CIA agents, and private individuals. WerBell concurrently ran Defense Systems International, an arms brokerage firm.
Mercenary activities
In the 1950s, WerBell served as a security advisor to Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo and to the Batista regime in Cuba.
In 1965 Werbell allegedly played a large part in planning the US intervention in the Dominican Civil War, codenamed 'Operation Power Pack'. The intervention was largely successful in restoring order on the island.
WerBell helped plan an invasion of Haiti by Cuban and Haitian exiles against "Papa Doc" François Duvalier in 1966 called Project Nassau (but internally referred to as Operation Istanbul). The mission, which, according to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the Special Subcommittee on Investigations of the House Commerce Committee, was financially subsidized, and to be filmed by CBS News, was aborted when the participants were arrested by the FBI. WerBell was released without being charged.
In 1972, WerBell was approached by the Abaco Independence Movement (AIM) from the Abaco Islands, a region of the Bahamas, who were worried about the direction the Bahamas were taking and were considering other options, such as independence or remaining a separate Commonwealth nation under the Crown in case of the Bahamas gaining independence (which they did in 1973). AIM was funded by the Phoenix Foundation, a group that helps to build micronations. The AIM collapsed into internal bickering before a coup by Werbell could be carried out.
In 1973, WerBell was asked to assist with a coup d'état against Omar Torrijos of Panama, according to CIA documents released in 1993. WerBell sought clearance from the CIA which denied getting involved in coups. The plan was not implemented.
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9182455
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgotten%20NY
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Forgotten NY
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Forgotten New York is a website created by Kevin Walsh (born 1958) in 1999, chronicling the unnoticed and unchronicled aspects of New York City such as painted building ads, decades-old castiron lampposts, 18th-century houses, abandoned subway stations, trolley track remnants, out-of-the-way neighborhoods, and flashes of nature hidden in the midst of the big city. In 2003, HarperCollins approached Walsh with the idea of turning the website into a book; Forgotten New York was published in September 2006.
Walsh released Forgotten Queens, a collaboration with the Greater Astoria Historical Society, in December 2013 on Arcadia Books, and is currently composing a book proposal for a second Forgotten New York book. He has hosted more than 150 live tours and is working on mounting ongoing online tours.
Walsh has contributed to the book "New York Calling," edited by Brian Berger (2007) and has written articles for the New York Times, New York Daily News and other publications. He has appeared on the Brian Lehrer Show (WNYC) the Frank Morano Show (WABC) and online radio hosted by Mike Edison.
On March 2, 2015, the Guides Association of New York City awarded Forgotten New York its first Outstanding New York Website award.
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9182696
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Burnand
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Geoffrey Burnand
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Geoffrey Burnand (1 January 1912 – 17 August 1997) was an English painter, theatrical designer and mural artist.
Biography
Early life
Geoffrey Burnand was born in Hastings, Sussex to an English father, a Colonel in the British Army, and an Irish mother. His first noted ambition was at the age of six, when he wished to be a composer. His father was not keen on such an idea, as alluded to in Geoffrey's later recollection of his father's reaction when his ambitions turned towards painting: "My father agreed I could become a painter because he felt there was more chance of making a career in that field." His love of classical music would remain and serve as the basis for a series of later expressionist paintings, particularly after 1980.
Education
Geoffrey attended the Imperial Service College, Windsor until the age of 14½ when an agreement with his father enabled him to leave for Farnham School of Art, Farnham, Surrey. "We struck a bargain and I think it was a fair one. I could train to be a painter as long as I didn't let my hair grow long or let any of my funny friends from the Royal Academy walk across his barrack square." He studied at Farnham under the Principal Otway McCannell, A.R.A. R.B.A. from 1929 through to 1931.
He went on to study at the Royal Academy Schools under the tutelage of Sir Walter Thomas Monnington from 1931 to 1932.
Winning the prestigious British Prix de Rome award (Painting Category) in 1932, at the age of 20, provided Geoffrey with a scholarship to the British School at Rome. He studied the history and techniques of the Old Masters at the BSR from 1933 to 1935.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Burnand
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Geoffrey Burnand
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Regard for Burnand's work in the medium was sufficiently high for him to be hired to work at a number of famous opera houses, including the Royal Opera House in the London district of Covent Garden, Glyndebourne opera house near Lewes in East Sussex, and the Teatro di San Carlo opera house in Naples, Italy, on a production of Boris Godunov. He also worked on various panto productions and variety shows at the London Palladium and painted the original sets for a production of My Fair Lady in New York City, from designs by Cecil Beaton.
Film and television
Geoffrey painted audience stills for the BBC, which were used in early television programmes, and was one of the first painters hired by the fledgling ITV in 1955. He worked for over a decade at Wembley Studios in Wembley, London for ITV's London contractor Associated-Rediffusion (later renamed Rediffusion London).
In time he worked on a number of feature films. Examples of his work can be seen in Diamonds For Breakfast (1968) (including four large portraits of star Marcello Mastroianni) and The Pied Piper (1972) (including many of the mediaeval monsters in the dungeons).
Draftsman and portrait painter
Burnand was an accomplished draftsman and often-painted large multi figured compositions in the style of Max Beckmann. He was also an accomplished portrait painter. The artist painted almost exclusively on canvas and signed his work with his initials. He lived at Bordon, Hampshire after the war and later moved to Little Baddow, Essex.
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9182699
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumugwe
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Kumugwe
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Kumugwe (also Komokwa or Goomokwey) (pronounced "koo-moo-gwee") is a figure in the mythology of Pacific Northwest peoples. Known as "Copper-Maker", he is the god of the undersea world revered by the Kwakwaka'wakw and Nuxalk indigenous nations. He has a house under the sea filled with riches and his name means "wealthy one". He is sometimes identified as one and the same as Qaniqilak, the spirit of the summer fishing season, and is then regarded as the adversary of Tseiqami otherwise known as Thunderbird, the guiding spirit of the Winter Hamatsa Dance season.
Kumugwe is master of the seals. The posts and beams of his house are living sea lions. Sometimes he appears on the surface of the sea, but his head is so big that it looks like an island. He is responsible for the rising and ebbing of the tides as well as the riches these tides deposit on beaches and those claimed by the vagaries of sea weather, both material and human lives. One story recounts how he eats human eyes as if they were crab apples. Kumugwe has the power to see into the future, heal the sick and injured, and bestow powers on those whom he favors.
Many heroes went on quests to reach his undersea abode; those who made it were rewarded with riches and spirit magic. His world is guarded by the octopus. Sometimes Kumugwe himself is conceived of in octopus form. Kumugwe would teach the hero who entered his abode the ways of the sea and give him gifts of blankets, coppers, songs, masks, and regalia. These items of mystical regalia are called Tlugwe (or Tlokwe) in Kwak'wala.
One of Kumugwe's epithets is "Copper Maker." He has a wife named Tlakwakilayokwa, which means "Born to Be Copper Maker's Woman." She is also sometimes named Kominaga.
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9182709
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstone%20Strait
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Johnstone Strait
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Johnstone Strait () is a channel along the north east coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. Opposite the Vancouver Island coast, running north to south, are Hanson Island, West Cracroft Island, the mainland British Columbia Coast, Hardwicke Island, West Thurlow Island and East Thurlow Island. At that point, the strait meets Discovery Passage which connects to Georgia Strait.
Name origin
The Strait was named by Vancouver for James Johnstone, master of the armed tender Chatham. In 1792, his survey party established that Vancouver Island was an island.
Geography
The strait is between and wide. It is a major navigation channel on the west coast of North America. It is the preferred channel for vessels from the Strait of Georgia leaving to the north of Vancouver Island through the Queen Charlotte Strait bound for Prince Rupert, Haida Gwaii, Alaska, and the North Pacific Ocean, and for southbound vessels from those areas bound for the ports of Vancouver, Seattle and Tacoma.
There are no cities or towns along the length of the strait. Telegraph Cove and Robson Bight on Vancouver Island are along the strait near its north end and the village of Sayward on Kelsey Bay is near its midpoint.
Ecology
During the summer months, the Strait is home to approximately 150 orcas, which are often seen by kayakers and boaters packed with tourists.
Scientists including Michael Bigg and Paul Spong have been researching the orcas in the Strait since 1970. Spong established the OrcaLab, based on studying the Orcas in their natural habitat without interfering with their lives or their habitat. The strait includes the Robson Bight (Michael Bigg) Ecological Reserve.
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9182742
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbara%20Fellowships
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Hasbara Fellowships
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Hasbara Fellowships is an organization that brings students to Israel and trains them to be effective pro-Israel activists on college campuses. Based in New York, it was started in 2001 by Aish HaTorah in conjunction with the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The organization claims to have trained nearly 2,000 students on over 220 North American campuses.
Activities
Activists trained by Hasbara Fellowships have been involved in several campus rallies. In 2002, Hasbara Fellowships organized a rally at the National Student Palestinian Conference at the University of Michigan. In 2007, Hasbara Fellowships members at Brandeis University protested against former US President Jimmy Carter's book, Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid.
In May 2007, Hasbara Fellowships (co-sponsored by the Israeli Foreign Ministry) called for volunteers to counter a "dangerous trend" of Wikipedia entries portraying Israel in a "negative light". Interested readers were encouraged to consider "joining a team of Wikipedians to make sure Israel is presented fairly and accurately".
In 2008, Hasbara Fellowships helped to organize "Islamic State Apartheid Week" at York University to counter the rival "Israeli Apartheid Week".
In 2010, Hasbara Fellows created Israel Peace Week as a response to Israel Apartheid Week. In its first year, the program reached 28 campuses in the US and three in Australia.
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9182754
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Friedrich%20Meckel
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Johann Friedrich Meckel
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Johann Friedrich Meckel (17 October 1781 – 31 October 1833), often referred to as Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Younger, was a German anatomist born in Halle. He worked as a professor of anatomy, pathology and zoology at the University of Halle, Germany.
Life and research
In 1802, he received his medical doctorate from the University of Halle, defending his doctoral thesis De cordis conditionibus abnormibus on 8 April 1802. At Halle he had as instructors, Kurt Sprengel (1766-1833) and Johann Christian Reil (1759-1813). After graduation, Meckel continued his education in Würzburg, Vienna and Paris. In Paris, he assisted zoologist Georges Cuvier (1769–1832) with systematic analysis of anatomical and zootomical specimens. In 1810 he finished translating Cuvier's five-volume Leçons d’anatomie Comparée from French into German.
In 1808, he became a full professor of normal and pathological anatomy, surgery and obstetrics at the University of Halle, replacing Justus Christian Loder (1753-1832). From 1826 to 1833, he was editor of the Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie. In 1829, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Meckel adopted naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's (1744–1829) evolutionary beliefs. He was a pioneer in the science of teratology, in particular the study of birth defects and abnormalities that occur during embryonic development. He believed that abnormal development adhered to the same natural laws as did normal development. With French embryologist Étienne Serres (1786–1868), the "Meckel-Serres Law" is named, defined as a theory of parallelism between the stages of ontogeny and the stages of a unifying pattern in the organic world ("scala naturae").
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9182754
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Friedrich%20Meckel
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Johann Friedrich Meckel
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Associated terms
The following eponymous terms are named after him:
Meckel's diverticulum – an out-pouching of the ileum, part of the small intestine, and found in approximately 2% of the population.
Meckel's cartilage – A cartilaginous bar from which the mandible is formed. Described in 1820.
A syndrome – Meckel syndrome – is also named after him. This condition was described in 1822.
A protein – mecklin – the gene for which is found on chromosome 8 (8q21.3-q22.1) is named after him.
The supposed Meckel-Serres Law of recapitulation in embryology.
Family
His grandfather was also named "Johann Friedrich Meckel". In order to avoid confusion, he is often referred to as Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Elder. The elder Meckel was also a professor of anatomy, and he too has anatomical structures named after him.
His father, Philipp Friedrich Theodor Meckel (1755–1803), was also an anatomist.
His brother, August Albrecht Meckel (1789–1829), practiced legal medicine and investigated avian anatomy but died prematurely from tuberculosis.
August's son – Johann Heinrich Meckel (1821–1856) – was the professor of pathologic anatomy at the University of Berlin that his great-grandfather had held at the Charité. After his death also from pulmonary disease, his position was filled by Rudolf Virchow.
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9182855
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Jos%C3%A9%20de%20Gracia%2C%20Michoac%C3%A1n
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San José de Gracia, Michoacán
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San José de Gracia is a town in the Mexican state of Michoacán de Ocampo, located in the extreme northeast of the state. It is the municipal seat of the municipality of Marcos Castellanos. The area of San José de Gracia is approximately 231 square kilometers. It is located at the intersection of the 20th parallel and the 103rd meridian. It is sometimes referred to as Ornelas Michoacan. It is a producer of dairy products, including cheeses, cream, and milk.
History
In approximately 1886, inhabitants of the cattle ranch of Llano de la Cruz began to plan the founding of a formal town under the leadership of Deacon Esteban Zepeda. On March 19, 1888, José Maria Cázares y Martínez, the Bishop of Zamora, provided official authorization and the town was given the name San José for the day that it was founded. In 1909, the town became part of the municipality of Sahuayo and came to form part of Jiquilpan under a policy of tenancy. It was officially named Ornelas, though this designation never caught on.
On June 11, 1927, approximately 500 men took up arms in San José de Gracia as part of the Cristero War, a response to the federal army previously setting fire to the town.
On January 30, 1967, the town was made the municipal seat of the Municipality of Marcos Catellanos.
In 1972, Mexican author Luis González y González published a microhistory of the town. The book was translated to English in 1974 as San José de Gracia: Mexican Village in Transition.
In 1981, the Congress of Michoacán issued a decree that restored the name San José de Gracia as the town's official title.
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9182868
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Raichur
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Battle of Raichur
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The Battle of Raichur was fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Sultanate of Bijapur in 1520 in the town of Raichur, India. It resulted in a decisive victory for Vijayanagara forces, and the Bijapur ruler was defeated and pushed across the river Krishna.
Background
The fort of Raichur was built by Kakatiya king Prataparudra in 1294, and passed on to the Vijayanagara Kingdom after the decline of Kakatiyas. Ever since, the fort had been under dispute for nearly two centuries. The fort, along with other areas of the northern Deccan, was captured by Muhammad Bin Tughluq in 1323. The Bahmani Sultanate captured the fort in 1347. Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya attempted to recapture the city of Raichur from the Bahmanis, but failed. The immediate prelude to the Battle of Raichur began in the year 1520. In that year, Krishnadevaraya sent Seyed Maraikar, a Muslim in his service, to Goa with a large sum of money to buy horses. Maraikar betrayed Krishnadevaraya's cause and went to Adil Khan with the money and offered his services. Krishnadevaraya's demand that Maraikar be returned along with the money was duly refused. During the period of peace Krishnadevaraya made extensive preparations for a grand attack on Raichur Doab.
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9182868
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Raichur
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Battle of Raichur
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The battle was fought in Raichur between the armies of Krishnadevaraya and the Sultanate of Bijapur. The main commander of the Vijayanagara army was Saluva Timmarusu also known as Saluva Timma. The Vijayanagara Empire had a force consisting of 32,600 cavalry and 551 elephants according to contemporary sources. The Bijapur Sultanate had a force consisting of 7,000 cavalry and 250 elephants. Modern and contemporary writers disagree on the number of infantry personnel that each side had. The contemporary sources say that Krishnadevaraya had an infantry force consisting of a bit over 700,000 soldiers. Adil Shah, with a 120,000 foot, 18,000 horses and 150 elephants strong army, moved to relieve Raichur. Despite being outnumbered, his artillery advantage was significant. Upon reaching the Krishna River, he found it blocked by Vijayanagar troops. He then crossed the river and advanced towards Krishna's camp. Both armies prepared for battle and spent a night armed and ready. The next morning, Krishnadeva ordered an attack on the Musalmans, initially making progress but facing heavy artillery fire from the Bijapuris. The Hindu forces retreated in disorder, and Krishnadevaraya rallied his troops to counter-attack, ultimately leading to the enemy's panic and retreat. Krishnadeva, the Vijayanagar leader, encouraged his remaining troops, vowing to die as soldiers instead of fleeing. He called for loyal officers, and together, they charged the enemy. This unexpected counter-attack caused the Bijapuris to retreat, leading to chaos and many casualties on both sides. The Vijayanagar army suffered over 16,000 dead, while the Bijapuris lost many, including Mirza Jehangir, and five important captains including Salabut Khan taken prisoners. Upon seeing the enemy retreat, Krishna's generals sought permission to continue the battle. However, prioritizing peace, he ordered his troops to withdraw. After capturing the Bijapuris' camp, Krishna counted the spoils: 100 elephants, 400 cannons, tents, horses, oxen, and other animals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Raichur
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Battle of Raichur
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Infuriated by the ambassador's deceit, Krishndevaraya invaded Bijapur, causing destruction and capturing some cities. At Sagar, he faced a large army and won a decisive battle with heavy casualties on both sides. Krishnaraya also won battles at Shorapur and Kemba in Kalaburagi district. He took prisoner three sons of a former king of the Bahmani dynasty, who had been held captive by the Adil Shah and he proclaimed the eldest as king of the Deccan. This attempt to subvert the rule of the five Sultans who had established themselves on the ruins of the single Deccan sovereignty only resulted in stiffening their hostility towards their common foe. Krishnadevaraya began to make preparations for an attack on Belgaum, which was in Adil Shah's possession. Soon after, he fell seriously ill to carry out his project and died at the age of forty-five years, in the year 1530. He was succeeded by Achyuta Deva Raya.
Political consequences
Orientalist and nationalist historians claimed the battle as part of a clash of civilizations between Hindus and Muslims. Contemporary scholars reject such characterizations as flawed.The battle of Raichur had far-reaching effects. The Vijayanagara victory weakened the power and prestige of the Adil Shah. He turned his attention to making alliances with the other Muslim neighbours. The victory also caused other Sultans in Deccan to form an alliance to defeat the Vijayanagara Empire. The war also affected the fortunes of the Portuguese on the west coast. Goa rose and fell simultaneously with the rise and fall of the Vijayanagara dynasty because their entire trade depended on Hindu support.
Richard Eaton argues that Vijayanagara's victory at Raichur ultimately led to its downfall. Because Krishna Raya was able to overcome an army with technologically superior weapons, he underestimated the value of investment in military technology. The Sultans of the Deccan, on the other hand, continued to improve their arms and learned the tactics necessary to deploy them well.
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9182948
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Al-Safra
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Battle of Al-Safra
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The Battle of Al-Safra took place in late 1811, when Tusun Pasha's forces engaged with Saudi forces led by Saud bin Abdulaziz. It was a resounding Saudi victory against the Ottoman forces.
Prelude
In 1811, the Ottoman forces led by Tusun Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali Pasha, captured Yanbu from the Saudis. The Saudi garrison had only 300 men; their leader escaped, and the garrison was either killed or captured. The Ottoman forces then proceeded to Badr where they fought the Saudis in a battle for two hours until they succeeded in capturing Badr. The Saudis retreated to Wadi Al-Safra near Medina, the Ottomans had an army of 8,000 or 14000 men. When Saud bin Abdulaziz heard of the invading Ottomans, he recruited his forces from Najd, Hejaz, and Tihamah with an army of 18,000 men and 800 cavalry and marched to Wadi Al-Safra (also known as Al-Kheif) with his son Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud.
Battle
When they arrived at Al-Kheif, Abdullah ordered Mas'ud Bin Madhian to march to a hill next to Al-Kheif in order not to get outflanked. Abdullah then sent a small force to engage with the Ottomans, but they were defeated and 32 were killed. Abdullah then gave command of the cavalry to his brother Faisal bin Mas'ud and Habab bin Qahisan. The fighting started, and both sides suffered losses. The Bedouins were defeated, but the rest held their places. The fighting continued for three days. Abdullah ordered Mas'ud Bin Madhian and other Bedouins to charge against the Ottomans, which broke them and killed many of them, causing panic in Ottoman ranks.
The Ottomans retreated unorganized from the battlefield, leaving 600 dead on the field; however, they were chased by the Saudis, who dealt great casualties to them, and the final Ottoman casualties were 4,000 or 5,000 killed; the Saudis lost only 600, and they captured 7 Ottoman cannons alongside much weaponry.
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9182973
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Harrisville
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Roy Harrisville
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Roy Alvin Harrisville II (April 22, 1922 – July 25, 2023) was an American Lutheran theologian who wrote extensively on the interpretation of the New Testament.
Harrisville was educated at Concordia College (Moorhead, Minnesota), Luther Theological Seminary (in Saint Paul, Minnesota), Princeton Seminary, Princeton, New Jersey, and the University of Tübingen in Germany. He served as a pastor in Mason City, Iowa, before joining the faculty of Luther Theological Seminary as professor of New Testament (1958-1992). During his tenure at Luther Seminary, Roy received the Lutheran World Federation Scholarship, the Association of Theological Schools Fellowship, and the Fredrik A. Schoitz Fellowship. He co-founded Dialog, A Journal of Theology and member of the Society of Biblical Literature, the Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas, the American Association of University Professors, and honorary member of the Teologiske Menighetsfakultet. He is listed in the "Bultmann Handbuch" (Mohr-Siebeck, 2017).
Harrisville's view on the nature of scripture and the interaction between human writers and the Holy Spirit helped shape the preaching and theology of Lutherans in North America for over 40 years. His works include The Bible in Modern Culture: Baruch Spinoza to Brevard Childs with Walter Sundberg and Fracture: The Cross as Irreconcilable in the Language and Thought of the Biblical Writers. Harrisville believed the historical critical method could be used in service of the Gospel. His long friendship with German theologian Ernst Käsemann led to several translations and reviews of Käsemann's work. Their correspondence can be found in the University of Tübingen Library and in the Luther Seminary Archives.
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9183086
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped%20bark%20scorpion
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Striped bark scorpion
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Reports have also found C. vittatus in locations inconsistent with the aforementioned natural geographic distribution. Populations seem to be found only in particular cities outside its natural distribution, so it is thought likely that human activity has introduced C. vittatus to these areas. They include locations in Iowa (Harrison County), Kentucky (Marshall and Calloway Counties), Louisiana (East Baton Rouge Parish and Orleans Parish), Mississippi (Lamar, Pike, and Rankin Counties), Missouri (Clark County), North Carolina (Dare, Nash, and Wake Counties), and Tennessee (Rutherford and Shelby Counties). Additional sightings have occurred in Arizona (Maricopa County), California (Contra Costa County), and Colorado (Boulder County).
A wide geographic distribution allows C. vittatus to occupy desert, deciduous and coniferous forest, and temperate grassland [biomes], where they can be found in crevices under rock and surface debris, vegetation, old rural structures like sheds and barns, and houses during the day. At night, this species emerges from its daytime home and can be found on the open ground or in vegetation, like microphyllous desertic brushwood or other classifications.
Centruroides implies this species is a semi-arboreal one, the striped bark scorpion spends a substantial amount of its time on the ground; and can be found under rock and surface debris, within vegetation, and in weathered rural structures such as old sheds and barns during the day. The terrestrial preferences of this species carry into the night hours, when the scorpion emerges from its temporary shelter at or after sunset to forage for potential prey. Juveniles, however, spend a substantial amount of time in vegetation, likely to avoid predation to which they are more vulnerable. C. vittatus has a very dynamic diet which includes insects, smaller arachnids, and juveniles of the same species. It is preyed on by birds, reptiles, some mammals, and larger arachnids.
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9183086
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped%20bark%20scorpion
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Striped bark scorpion
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Unlike most species of scorpion, C. vittatus is social, presenting it with more opportunities to mate and compete for mates. Consequently, the process of reproduction is both intricate and extensive. Males begin by engaging behavior to establish dominance to mate. They engage in a showdown that highlights tail-waving and shifting until one male backs down. Once one male has established he is the one to mate, he engages the female in the first “step” of courtship, called the promenade a deux (PAD). During this step, the smaller male maneuvers the female to a spot where he can deposit the spermatophore, a small capsule containing the male's sperm, for reception. This step determines whether the female will assume the male's spermatophore, as the male must hold the female long enough to coax her over the spermatophore. Larger males tend to have more success at maneuvering the female than smaller ones. If the male has successfully maneuvered her, the male and female move onto join together and rub chelicera in the “kiss” stage, where the female takes up the spermatophore. The female then allows about 8 months for gestation, whereupon she has live offspring which spend the time for at least one molt on the protection of her back.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped%20bark%20scorpion
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Striped bark scorpion
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Human significance
Thousands of people are stung yearly by C. vittatus while barefoot or accidentally making contact with the scorpion in houses and other man-made structures. While a sting from C. vittatus is very rarely deadly, it is painful and causes localized swelling. Neurotoxins in the venom can also cause paresthesia and muscle spasms, while more severe cases have resulted in a more intense hypersensitive reaction, characterized by symptoms such as angioedema, abdominal cramping, chest tightness, flushing, lightheadedness, a large localized reaction, nausea and vomiting, syncope, shortness of breath, urticaria, wheezing, and in the most severe cases, anaphylactic shock. C. vittatus venom contains the toxin CvlV4, which has been shown to target and decrease the inactivation of NA+ channels located in the Dorsal root ganglia of Nociceptors (sensory neurons that detect pain), resulting in a prolonged activation of action potentials. C. vittatus venom is composed of multiple proteins that serve as allergens to the human body. SDS-PAGE and IgE immunoblots reveal that nine of these proteins elicit an IgE-mediated immune response, which is known to be consistent with a hypersensitive reaction. In addition, Api-Zym and radial diffusion assays show that C. vittatus venom contains the enzymes alkaline phosphatase, esterase, esterase lipase, acid phosphatase, and phospholipase A.
While a C. vittatus sting is not typically deadly, and signs such as swelling can be treated using an ice pack, several other species from the genus Centruroides can have a deadly sting and medical attention should be sought immediately.
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9183127
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Antonio%20de%20Padua
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San Antonio de Padua
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San Antonio de Padua, or plainly Padua, is a city in the Greater Buenos Aires, in Argentina. It is located in Merlo Partido. The city has an area of and a population of around 38,000.
The name commemorates the village founded by Francisco de Merlo, Villa San Antonio del Camino in 1755, named for the Portuguese saint Anthony of Padua.
The city is on one of the major rail and road arteries and is well connected to the most important cities of the western Greater Buenos Aires.
Padua is bordered by the partido of Ituzaingó (north and east), other localidades of Merlo (west and southwest) and Libertad (south).
Padua is basically a flat, low-rise city, with few buildings over two stories, so the skyline is still dominated by the spire of the Church of San Antonio de Padua. The building emerges in the center of a peaceful middle-class neighborhood of white-painted and red-barrel-tiles-roofed houses. The church was inaugurated in 1931 and few years later a Franciscan monastery and a catholic school were erected at its side. The church was built in a Romanesque style and is one of the Padua's landmark buildings.
The commercial center is around the main avenue, Avenida Noguera, stretching six blocks from the railroad station, Estación San Antonio de Padua to the east.
The city status was conferred on September 11, 1974 by the Buenos Aires (Province) Legislature.
History
The present-day territory of Padua was pasture until the 1920s.
This area —between the towns of Ituzaingó and Merlo— was filled with many farms when members of the British community founded the Ituzaingó Golf Club in 1919.
The golf club took its name from the nearby town of Ituzaingó and almost all of its first members were white-collar workers of the British-owned railway company Buenos Aires Western Railway Co. that operated the Once-Moreno railway line from 1890 to 1946.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20George%27s%20Cathedral%2C%20Lviv
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St. George's Cathedral, Lviv
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St. George's Cathedral (, translit. Sobor sviatoho Yura) is a baroque-rococo cathedral located in the city of Lviv, the historic capital of western Ukraine. It was constructed between 1744-1760 on a hill overlooking the city. This is the third manifestation of a church to inhabit the site since the 13th century, and its prominence has repeatedly made it a target for invaders and vandals. The cathedral also holds a predominant position in Ukrainian religious and cultural terms. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the cathedral served as the mother church of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.
History
A church has stood on St. George Hill (, translit. sviatoyurs'ka hora) since around 1280, dating back to a time when the area was still part of the Principality of Halych-Volhynia. After the original wooden church and the fortress it was situated in were destroyed by King Casimir III of Poland in 1340, a four-column Byzantine basilica was constructed for the local Eastern Orthodox Church. In July 1700, the Act of Unification of the Lviv archeparchy with the Holy See (the Bishop of Rome – the Pope) was proclaimed in this older version of St. George's when Bishop Joseph Shumlanskyi openly embraced the Union of Brest (1596).
Construction of the present Cathedral was started in 1746 by Metropolitan Athanasius Szeptycki and finished in 1762 by Leo Szeptycki. Following the necessity of transferring the seat of the metropolitan of the Church to Lviv in the 1800s, St. George's Cathedral became the mother church of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20George%27s%20Cathedral%2C%20Lviv
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St. George's Cathedral, Lviv
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After the Second World War, Soviet authorities began persecuting the UGCC, imprisoning the newly ordained Archbishop of Lviv, Josyf Slipyj, in 1945, as well as the rest of the church hierarchy. In March 1946, the cathedral hosted the Synod of Lviv, which nullified the Union of Brest. A young Volodymyr Sterniuk (future archbishop and leader of the UGCC), concealed in the church loft, witnessed the decision to join the Metropolinate of Halychyna with the Russian Orthodox Church, along with the rest the catholic parishes across Soviet Ukraine. The Cathedral was reconsecrated as Saint Yury's, and became the mother church of the Lvіv-Ternopіl diocese.
The UGCC reemerged in 1989, when it was recognized by the Soviet authorities in the midst of Perestroika, and began to reclaim parishes which they had ceded 45 years earlier. On August 12, 1990, members of the People's Movement of Ukraine party occupied and commandeered the cathedral. Two days later, the governing council of the Lviv Oblast recognized UGCC's claim to the cathedral, and it has remained a centre for the UGCC throughout the early years of Ukraine's independence.
Restoration of the cathedral took place in 1996 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the Union of Brest. However, restoration of the cathedral's grounds is ongoing.
In August 2005, the seat of the Major Archbishop of the UGCC was moved to Kyiv, the nation's capital, changing from The Major Archbishop of Lviv to The Major Archbishop of Kyiv-Halych. However, the cathedral remains one of the most important churches in Ukraine, and functions as the central church of the Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv.
Architectural features
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20George%27s%20Cathedral%2C%20Lviv
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St. George's Cathedral, Lviv
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Designed by architect Bernard Meretyn and sculptor Johann Georg Pinsel, St. George's Cathedral reflects both Western influences and the traditions of Ukrainian church construction. An expressive statue of St. George the Dragon-slayer, by Pinsel, stands in the church attic. Pinsel's hands also created the stone images of Pope St. Leo and St. Athanasius who stand on guard over the church portal "warning with their stern look about their readiness to fight against anyone not showing enough venerability." In contrast, the architecture of the courtyard has a more soothing effect on visitors.
An icon for the Church parish by Luka Dolynskyi depicts the banishment of merchants from the Temple. Another icon, Apostles, conveys a very strong expression of pain and desperate begging of the human being to the Almighty to bestow eternity on "a feeble soul stiff with the fear of death."
The most precious relic of the church is the Wonder-working Icon of the Virgin Mary (17th century). It was brought to Lviv from Terebovlia in 1674 by bishop Joseph Shumlianskyi.
In the Cathedral's tombs are buried distinguished figures of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Among them are Cardinal Sylvester Sembratovych, Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky, Major Metropolitan Josyf Slipyj, Metropolitan Volodymyr Sterniuk, and Cardinal Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky.
The architectural ensemble of St. George's Cathedral also includes a belfry, the Baroque Metropolitan Palace and chapter house, as well as a garden enclosed behind two gates.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai%20Nayak%20dynasty
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Madurai Nayak dynasty
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The Madurai Nayaks were a Telugu dynasty who ruled most of modern-day Tamil Nadu, India, with Madurai as their capital. The Madurai Nayaks had their origins in Balija warrior clans of present-day Andhra Pradesh. The Nayak reign which lasted for over two centuries from around 1529 to 1736 was noted for its achievements in arts, cultural and administrative reforms, revitalization of temples previously ransacked by the Delhi Sultans, and the inauguration of a unique architectural style.
The dynasty consisted of 13 rulers, of whom nine were kings, two were queens, and two were joint-kings. The most notable among them were king Tirumala Nayaka and queen Rani Mangammal. Foreign trade was conducted mainly with the Dutch and the Portuguese, as the British and the French had not yet made inroads into the region.
History
Origins
The Dalavay Agraharam Plates of Venkata I, mention that Virappa Nayaka, the grandson of Viswanatha Nayak of the Madurai line mentions him with the title of lord of Ayyavalipura ('Lords of the town of Ayyavole'). The lords of Ayyavolu were called Vira- Balanjas. The term Vira-balija in Telugu, Vira-Banajiga in Kannada and Vira-Valanjiyar in Tamil, all of them mean valiant merchants. These merchants styled themselves as protectors of Vira Balanja Dharma and their capital was at Ayyavole or Aihole in Bijapur district of Karnataka. Description of the Nayakas of Madurai was compiled by an official of the Dutch East India Company in 1677, it mentions that the founder of the dynasty, Viswanatha Nayak, as belonging to the Wellen Chetti merchant community.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai%20Nayak%20dynasty
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Madurai Nayak dynasty
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Viswanatha also rebuilt fortifications at Madurai and made travel safer. He cleared the jungle around the banks of the Kaveri near Tiruchirappalli and destroyed hideouts of robbers there. He also expanded the borders of the kingdom so it included most of modern southern and western Tamil Nadu at his death. However, many of the local chieftains were still chafing under his rule, and so to appease them, Viswanatha's chief minister, Ariyanatha Mudaliar, assisted him in using the palayam or poligar system. The system was a quasi-fedual organisation of the country, which was divided into multiple palayams or small provinces; and each palayam was ruled by a palayakkarar or a petty chief. Ariyanatha organized the Pandyan kingdom into 72 palayams and ruled over the 72 dry-zone poligar chiefs. Of these 72, Kurvikulam and Ilayarasanendal, which were ruled by Kamma Nayakas of the Pemmasani, Komatineni and Ravella clans, were considered royal palayams. In the last year of his life he abdicated the throne and was alive for his son's investiture with ruling power in 1564, and died thereafter. Viswanatha's son, Krishnappa, was crowned in 1564. He immediately faced threats from nobles disgruntled with the new palayam system brought in by his father. These nobles, led by Tumbichchi Nayaka instigated a revolt among some of the polygars, which was crushed by Krishnappa. In the same year, he sent a contingent to the Battle of Talikota but it could not arrive in time. The defeat of Rama Raya made the Nayakas virtually independent. When the king of Kandy, a friend of Tumbichchi Nayaka, stopped sending tribute, Krishnappa then led an invasion of Kandy. In this invasion he killed the king of Kandy, sent the late king's wife and children to Anuradhapura and placed his own brother-in-law Vijaya Gopala Naidu as his viceroy there to ensure tribute.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai%20Nayak%20dynasty
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Madurai Nayak dynasty
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After his death in 1572, power in the kingdom went to his son Virappa Nayaka. Some documents claim the two sons of Krishnappa Nayaka were co-rulers, while other historians claim some member of the royal family was associated with rule, but not actually a ruler, like a yuva raja system in many of the princely states. During this time he crushed another revolt of polygars who were illegitimate descendants of the Pandyas. Virappa reigned over a period of relative stability. His relations with his nominal Vijayanagara overlords varied by their strength, but were generally cordial. After his death in 1595, power passed to his eldest son Krishnappa Nayaka II. During this time he led an occupation of Travancore and recognized Venkatapati Raya as emperor of VIjayanagar. During his reign, Ariyanatha Mudaliar died, and he himself died in 1601.
Height of power
After his death a succession crisis arose and Krishnappa Nayaka II's youngest brother, Kasturi Rangappa, seized the throne but was assassinated a week later. Muttu Krishnappa Nayaka, the son of Krishnappa Nayaka II's second brother, became ruler. His rule was mainly focused on the organization of the southern coast, mainly inhabited by the Paravars. The community was excellent at fishing and pearl diving, which made them a valuable revenue source, but the region had generally been neglected by previous Nayakas. The region gradually became lawless and fell under Portuguese control. However, when the Portuguese asserted the coast was now theirs and began to collect taxes, Muttu Krishnappa started sending officers called Sethupathis to modern Ramanathapuram, where their duties were to protect pilgrims going to Rameswaram and to compel the Portuguese to respect Nayaka authority in the region. Muttu Krishnappa Nayak is credited with the founding of Sethupathi dynasty in Ramnad.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai%20Nayak%20dynasty
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Madurai Nayak dynasty
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Muttu Virappa III's son Vijayaranga Chokkanatha reached maturity in 1704. However, he was more interested in scholarship and learning than ruling, and so real power fell to his chief counselor and commander of the army, who were known to abuse their power prodigiously. After his death in 1732, his wife, Queen Meenakshi, decided to adopt the son of Bangaru Tirumalai Nayaka, a member of the royal house. However there was severe strife between Bangaru Tirumalai and Meenakshi, and he led an uprising against her. In 1734, the Nawab of Arcot sent an expedition south to demand tribute and fealty from the kingdoms there, and in desperation, Meenakshi gave tribute to the Nawab's son-in-law, Chanda Sahib, to form an alliance. Bangaru Tirumalai retreated to the far south, in Madurai, and organized a large force of disgruntled polygars in 1736. Although they took Dindigul, Meenakshi and Chanda Sahib organized an army to attack Tirumalai. At the battle of Ammayanayakkanur near Dindigul, Bangaru Tirumalai's forces were defeated and he fled to Sivaganga. Once he was admitted into the Tiruchirappalli fort, however, Chanda Sahib declared himself king and imprisoned Meenakshi in her palace, ending the Madurai Nayakas for good. Tradition states she poisoned herself in 1739.
Descendants
Some of the family members of Bangaru Thirumalai established the Nayak dynasty in Sri Lanka known as the Kandy Nayaks. They ruled till 1815 with Kandy as their capital and were also the last ruling dynasty of Sri Lanka. The Kings of Kandy had from an early time sought marriages with Madurai and many of the queens were from Madurai. The Kandy Nayaks received military support from the Nayaks of Madurai in fighting off the Portuguese. And in the 17th and 18th centuries, marital alliances between the Kandyan kings and Nayak princesses had become a matter of policy.
Administration
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