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9183371	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai%20Nayak%20dynasty	Madurai Nayak dynasty	The Madurai Nayakas followed a decentralized governance style. The king was supreme ruler, but his main advisor was the dalavai, who controlled both civil and military matters. The three most effective dalavais were Ariyanatha Mudaliar, Ramappayya and Narasappayya. The next most important figure was the pradhani or finance minister, and then the rayasam, chief of the bureaucracy. The kingdom was divided into provinces and local areas, each with its own governor and bureaucracy. The most basic unit was the village. Revenue would be earned through taxes on land. The Nayakas also had a parallel system of administration. They divided their territory into 72 palayams, each of which was ruled by a palaiyakkarar, better known as polygar. These warrior-chiefs had a significant amount of autonomy from the centre and held powers of law enforcement and judicial administration. In return, they would give one-third of the palaiyam's revenue to the Nayaka and another third for the upkeep of an army. Often, however, the polygars were completely outside central control and would raid and pillage nearby territory. Culture Language The main languages of Nayaka rule were Telugu and Tamil. Tamil was mainly used by the common people, although there were some Telugu cultivators in the region. The Madurai Nayakas, on the other hand, had Telugu as mother tongue but could also speak Tamil. Literature The Nayakas were great patrons of literature in Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit. Although most kings patronized mainly poetry (considered "divine"), under Nayaka patronage Telugu prose flourished. The earliest Muslim work in Tamil that survives complete is a translation by Vaṇṇapparimaḷappulavar of the Persian Book of One Thousand Questions that was presented at the Madurai court in 1572. Art and architecture	3.140625
9183371	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai%20Nayak%20dynasty	Madurai Nayak dynasty	The Nayakas were some of the most prolific architects in South India. Much of their work was expansions and additions to existing Vijayanagara or pre-Vijayanagara structures. By far their greatest work was the Meenakshi-Sundaraswarar complex in Madurai, which is known for its four towering gopurams up to 50 metres in height. The original structure that stood there during Pandyan times was neglected during the Madurai Sultanate and fell into ruin, and the Vijayanagara rulers had begun to rebuild it. However the Nayakas made the most extensive contributions to the temple complex. Each of the additions to the temple was done by different rulers in different stages, and almost all rulers of the dynasty, or their wives and ministers, made generous donations to the temple and its construction so that it grew to a size of 254 by 238 metres. The Nayakas mainly followed the Dravidian style of architecture, with much emphasis on towering structures and elaborate carving. Much of the work centered around the addition of various mandapas, or columnated halls, filled with a variety of carved pillars such as the pudu mandapa directly adjoining the complex. Other important works included the Azhagar kovil and Tiruparankundram Murugan Kovil in the outskirts of Madurai, as well as the expansion of the Ranganathaswamy temple complex in Srirangam. In the case of the Ranganathaswamy temple, the Nayakas expanded the original shrine to be seven concentric enclosures, each topped with towering gopurams. However this project was incomplete when the Nayak dynasty fell and has since been continued into the modern-day.	2.59375
9183371	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai%20Nayak%20dynasty	Madurai Nayak dynasty	Although temple architecture was the main pursuit of the Nayakas, they constructed other buildings as well. Thirumala Nayaka is famous for his huge Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal, which George Mitchell speculated must have been the largest of all royal residences in the 17th century, develops earlier palace architecture from the Vijayanagara period. This architecture includes both completely indigenous elements such as square and rectangular bases with u-shaped ascending floors with numerous courts and verandahs, as well as double-curved eaves, gopuram-like towers and plastered sculptures as well as elements borrowed from the Bahmanis such as significant presence of arches, cusps, and geometric designs. This style was blended with indigenous Tamil architecture, for instance, the use of cylindrical columns like Tamil wooden architecture, to create new architectural styles for grand buildings such as the Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal. Only two sections of this palace still stand, the dance hall and audience hall. The Nayakas also did many public works projects such as irrigation canals and fortresses. Nayaka coins Some early Madurai Nayaka coins portray the figure of the king. The bull also is seen frequently on the Madurai Nayak coins. Chokkanatha Nayak, one of the last rulers of the dynasty, issued coins displaying various animals, such as the bear, elephant and lion. He also issued coins featuring Hanuman and Garuda. The inscriptions on the Nayak coins are in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Nagari scripts. Unlike the coins of many of the earlier dynasties, the Nayak coins are easily available for coin-collectors.	2.625
9183405	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juha%20K.%20Tapio	Juha K. Tapio	The "monster" then tells the two writers his own story after having fled his father's castle; here the narrative mirrors the tale-within-tale structure of Shelley's original, inserting the monster's narrative into the main frame of the plot as a series of diary excerpts, whereas Shelley's novel uses a letter-novel format. The "monster," who is perhaps immortal, perhaps not (as practically everything else in the novel, this fact is clouded in uncertainty), relates his adventures through Europe in the 19th century, commenting on his way on the continent's political, economical and intellectual turmoil in that troubled century, as well as his own moral progress. The main theme of the book is the complex relation and interchange between fact and fiction, original and copy, normality and abnormality (or even monstrosity). Another important theme is the nature of human identity. Moreover, the whole concept of originality in art and literature is questioned, as basically everything in human culture, including art, is tradition-based and thus indebted to various traditions, a kind of joint effort - whereas Western media and the press have always tended to emphasize the sovereignty of the individual artist/writer as a master of his/her own creation. Indeed, it would perhaps be more appropriate to think of the writer as a kind of receptacle, catalyst and organizer of a common meme-pool. As with Frankenstein's monster, who was put together piecemeal from dead body parts and then re-called to life, a work of art is also put together of hitherto unrelated "dead" elements, which together may form something new, vital, and unique. In the novel, the point of view of the visual artist is dealt with using the character of Pablo Picasso and his more or less "monstrous" paintings. Tapio has also published a handful of short stories in the Finnish science fiction and fantasy magazine Portti.	1.953125
9183439	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking%20%282004%20film%29	Hawking (2004 film)	With his mind fired up, Stephen begins to work away at the implications of Penrose's discovery and starts to home in on the idea of a singularity. With remarkable insight – a real Eureka moment – he asks himself: what would happen if you ran Penrose's maths backwards? Instead of something collapsing into nothingness, what if nothingness exploded into something? And what if you applied this not to a star but to the whole universe? Answer: the universe really could have originated in a big bang. At last, Stephen enters a period of feverish academic work. He applies Penrose's theorems for collapsing stars to the universe itself. Justifying Sciama's faith in him, he produces a PhD of real brilliance and profound implications. In theory, at least, the big bang could have happened. Two years after his initial diagnosis, Stephen is not only still very much alive, but has played a part in a great scientific breakthrough which revolutionises the way people think about the universe. Today, the scientific consensus is that the universe started with a big bang: billions of years ago, a cosmic explosion brought space and time into existence. A secondary, interwoven storyline follows a different but connected scientific quest. Unbeknownst to Hawking, just as he was being diagnosed in 1963, two American scientists were embarking on their own scientific mission. Their research was to produce hard evidence to support Hawking's theoretical work. Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson are encountered in a hotel room in Stockholm in 1978. They are being interviewed about their discovery on the eve of receiving the Nobel Prize for Physics. They describe how, in the hills above New Jersey, they scanned the skies with a radio-telescope, and began to pick up a strange radio signal from space. In time, the two scientists came to realise that they had detected the left-over heat of the first, ancient explosion that had created the universe. They had found the physical proof of the big bang. Cast	2.390625
9183536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edathanattukara	Edathanattukara	Edathanattukara or Kottappalla is a town in Palakkad District, Kerala, India. Geography Edathanattukara is situated in Alanallur panchayat, Mannarkkad Taluk. The total area of the village is about . The river Velliyar flows through the southeastern boundary of Edathanattukara. Etymology There are differences of opinion about the origin of the village's name. The Edathanattukara is derived from the word . Going back to antiquity, some say it got the name because it is situated in between the northern mountains and river Velliyar. It is also said that there were gooseberrys in the place, so it also has an old name Nellikkurssi. History Edathanattukara was a strong Hindu-oriented society, Kshathriya families ruled entire Edathanattukara peacefully within the Chathurvarnya system. Later some families shifted because of the Malabar rebellion in AD 1921, to Ottappalam on the other bank of Bharathappuzha, using the name Nellikkurissi for their new village. C. N. Ahmad Moulavi lived in Edathanattukara and contributed many ideas to spread Islamist development of Edathanattukara to today's culture. The name of Edathanattukara reveals that a long history existed here, that is "Kottamala" and "Kottappalla" are pointed to fort (Kotta). During a recent excavation for a house foundation, a hall was discovered large enough to house 25 persons at a time. Edathanattukara was a Valluvanadan Taluk of Malabar District, which was under the Malabar presidency. Before British rule, villages were known as "Amsams". Before 1896 this place was under "Arakkaparambu" Amsam. The major portion of western Edathanattukara was under the "Aazhirazhi" (Aayiram Nazhi) kovilakam of Melattur. The Zamindars of this area had given "Karam" to Elamkulam mana. Rice was decided as "karam". Economy Edathanattukara is known as an agricultural village.	2.25
9183618	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d%20Interstadial	Bølling–Allerød Interstadial	The Bølling–Allerød Interstadial (), also called the Late Glacial Interstadial (LGI), was an interstadial period which occurred from 14,690 to c. 12,890 years Before Present, during the final stages of the Last Glacial Period. It was defined by abrupt warming in the Northern Hemisphere, and a corresponding cooling in the Southern Hemisphere, as well as a period of major ice sheet collapse and corresponding sea level rise known as Meltwater pulse 1A. This period was named after two sites in Denmark where paleoclimate evidence for it was first found, in the form of vegetation fossils that could have only survived during a comparatively warm period in Northern Europe. It is also referred to as Interstadial 1 or Dansgaard–Oeschger event 1. This interstadial followed the Oldest Dryas period, which lasted from ~18,000 to 14,700 BP. While Oldest Dryas was still significantly colder than the current epoch, the Holocene, globally it was a period of warming from the very cold Last Glacial Maximum, caused by a gradual increase in concentrations. A warming of around had occurred during this period, nearly half of which had taken place during its last couple of centuries. In contrast, the entire Bølling–Allerød Interstadial experienced very little change in global temperature. Instead, the rapid warming was limited to the Northern Hemisphere, while the Southern Hemipshere had experienced equivalent cooling. This "polar seesaw" pattern had occurred due to the strengthening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (and the corresponding weakening of the Southern Ocean overturning circulation). These changes in thermohaline circulation had caused far more heat to be transferred from the Southern Hemisphere to the North.	3.15625
9183618	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d%20Interstadial	Bølling–Allerød Interstadial	For human populations of the Northern Hemisphere, Bølling–Allerød Interstadial had represented the first pronounced warming since the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The cold had previously forced them into refuge areas, but the warming of the interstadial enabled them to begin repopulating the Eurasian landmass. The abrupt Northern cooling of the subsequent Younger Dryas may have triggered the Neolithic Revolution, with the adoption of agriculture in the Levant. Discovery In 1901, Danish geologists Nikolaj Hartz (1867–1937) and Vilhelm Milthers (1865–1962) found deposits of birch trees in a clay pit near Allerød Municipality on Zealand island and later in the drained peat deposits at Bølling Lake in Jutland peninsula (both parts of Denmark). This provided proxy evidence for consistent warming at these sites during the last glacial period, because the temperatures were warm enough to support these trees. In contrast, the rest of the glacial period was so cold that the dominant plant in the area was a small, cold-adapted flower called Dryas octopetala. Thus, the cold period which preceded this interstadial is known as the Oldest Dryas, and the two subsequent cold periods as the Older and Younger Dryas. Additional evidence for this period involves the gathering of oxygen isotope stages (OIS) from stratified deep-sea sediment cores. Samples are gathered and measured for change in isotope levels to determine temperature fluctuation for given periods of time. Timing This interstadial is commonly divided into three stages. The initial Bølling stage had the largest hemispheric temperature change, and it is also the stage when Meltwater Pulse 1A had occurred. The beginning of the Bølling is also end of the Oldest Dryas at approximately 14,600 years BP. The Oxygen isotope record from Greenland ice indicates that the Bølling stage lasted approximately 600 years.	3.28125
9183618	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d%20Interstadial	Bølling–Allerød Interstadial	It was then interrupted by the older Older Dryas (after Dryas octopetala, an Arctic plant widespread during such cold periods in the Northern Hemisphere). The Older Dryas lasted approximately one century. before northern hemisphere warming returned during the Allerød stage. The Allerød stage was a warm and moist global interstadial that occurred c.13,900 to 12,900 BP. It raised temperatures in the northern Atlantic region to almost present-day levels, before they declined again in the Younger Dryas, which was followed by the present warm Holocene. The interstadial stage started abruptly with a decline in temperatures within a decade and the onset of the glacial Younger Dryas. Global temperatures declined only slightly during YD, and they had steadily climbed alongside the concentrations once that period had transitioned to Holocene. There may have also been another brief cold stage during Allerød. In regions where the Older Dryas is not detected in climatological evidence, the Bølling–Allerød is considered a single interstadial period. Causes The strengthening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is considered to be the primary cause for the Bølling–Allerød warming of the Northern Hemisphere, while its weakening is considered responsible for the inverse pattern during the Older and Younger Dryas. While increase had also occurred during this interstadial, it was at a rate of 20–35 ppmv within 200 years, or less than half of the increase of the recent 50 years, and role in global warming was dwarfed by the opposing hemispheric changes caused by thermohaline circulation.	3.109375
9183618	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d%20Interstadial	Bølling–Allerød Interstadial	Some research shows that a warming of had occurred at intermediate depths in the North Atlantic over the preceding several millennia during Heinrich stadial 1 (HS1). The authors postulated that this warm salty water (WSW) layer, situated beneath the colder surface freshwater in the North Atlantic, generated ocean convective available potential energy (OCAPE) over decades at the end of HS1. According to fluid modelling, at one point the accumulation of OCAPE was released abruptly (c. 1 month) into kinetic energy of thermobaric cabbeling convection (TCC), resulting in the warmer salty waters getting to the surface and subsequently warming the sea surface by approximately . Geophysical effects Records obtained from the Gulf of Alaska show abrupt sea-surface warming of about 3 °C (in less than 90 years), matching ice-core records that register this transition as occurring within decades. Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) cooled slightly during this interstadial. The Meltwater pulse 1A event coincides with or closely follows the abrupt onset of the Bølling–Allerød (BA), when global sea level rose about 16 m during this event at rates of 26–53 mm/yr. In the Great Barrier Reef, the Bølling–Allerød period is associated with a substantial accumulation of calcium carbonate, which is consistent with the modelled cooling of the region.	2.265625
9183618	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d%20Interstadial	Bølling–Allerød Interstadial	A 2017 study attributed the second Weichselian Icelandic ice sheet collapse, onshore (est. net wastage 221 gigatons of ice per year over 750 years) and similar to today's Greenland rates of mass loss, to atmospheric Bølling–Allerød warming. The melting of the glaciers of Hardangerfjord began during this interstadial. Boknafjord had already begun to deglaciate before the onset of the Bølling–Allerød interstadial. Some research suggests that isostatic rebound in response to glacier retreat (unloading) and an increase in local salinity (i.e., δ18Osw) was associated with increased volcanic activity at the onset of Bølling–Allerød. Notably, volcanic ash fallout on glacier surfaces could have had enhanced their melting through ice-albedo feedback. The deep oceans were depleted in radiocarbon during the deglaciation following the LGM, which has been hypothesised to be the result of sluggish meridional overturning circulation or due to a release of volcanic carbon or methane clathrates into abyssal waters. The Eastern Tropical Pacific Oxygen Minimum Zone (ETP-OMZ) witnessed high oxygen depletion during the early stages of the deglaciation following the LGM, most likely as a result of a weakened Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and an increased influx of nutrient-rich waters due to intensified upwelling. In the Southern Hemisphere, the weakened Southern Ocean overturning circulation caused the expansion of Antarctic Intermediate Water, which sequesters less effectively than the Antarctic bottom water, and this was likely the main reason for the increase in concentrations during the interstadial. The Bølling–Allerød was almost completely synchronous across the Northern Hemisphere. Effects on humans Western Europe and the North European Plain	2.640625
9183618	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d%20Interstadial	Bølling–Allerød Interstadial	The climate began to improve rapidly throughout Western Europe and the North European Plain c. 16,000-15,000 years ago. The environmental landscape became increasingly boreal, except in the far north, where conditions remained arctic. Sites of human occupation reappeared in northern France, Belgium, northwest Germany, and southern Britain between 15,500 and 14,000 years ago. Many of these sites are classified as Magdalenian. In Britain, the Creswellian culture developed as an offshoot of the Magdalenian. As the Fennoscandian ice sheet continued to shrink, plants and people began to repopulate the freshly deglaciated areas of southern Scandinavia. Prey favored by European hunters included reindeer, wild boar, European fallow deer, red deer, and European wild ass. East European Plain Periglacial loess-steppe environments prevailed across the East European Plain, but climates improved slightly during several brief interstadials and began to warm significantly after the beginning of the Late Glacial Maximum. Pollen profiles for this time indicate a pine-birch woodland interspersed with the steppe in the deglaciated northern plain, birch-pine forest with some broadleaf trees in the central region, and steppe in the south. The pattern reflects the reemergence of a marked zonation of biomes with the decline of glacial conditions. Human site occupation density was most prevalent in the Crimea region and increased as early as around 16,000 years ago. Reoccupation of northern territories of the East European Plain did not occur until 13,000 years ago.	3.015625
9183618	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d%20Interstadial	Bølling–Allerød Interstadial	Generally, lithic technology is dominated by blade production and typical Upper Paleolithic tool forms such as burins and backed blades (the most persistent). Kostenki archaeological sites of multiple occupation layers persist from the Last Glacial Maximum on the eastern edge of the Central Russian Upland, along the Don River. Epigravettian archaeological sites, similar to Eastern Gravettian sites, are common in the southwest, central, and southern regions of the East European Plain about 17,000 to 10,000 years BP and are also present in the Crimea and Northern Caucasus. The time of the Epigravettian also reveals evidence for tailored clothing production, a tradition persisting from preceding Upper Paleolithic archaeological horizons. Fur-bearing small mammal remains abound such as Arctic fox and paw bones of hares, reflecting pelt removal. Large and diverse inventories of bone, antler, and ivory implements are common, and ornamentation and art are associated with all major industries. Insights into the technology of the time can also be seen in features such as structures, pits, and hearths mapped on open-air occupation areas scattered across the East European Plain. Mammoths were typically hunted for fur, bone shelter, and bone fuel. In the southwest region around the middle Dnestr Valley, sites are dominated by reindeer and horse, accounting for 80 to 90% of the identifiable large mammal remains. Mammoth is less common, typically 15% or less, as the availability of wood eliminated the need for heavy consumption of bone fuel and collection of large bones for construction. Mammoth remains may have been collected for other raw material, namely ivory. Other large mammals in modest numbers include steppe bison and red deer. Plant foods more likely played an increasing role in the southwest region than in the central and southern plains since southwest sites consistently yield grinding stones widely thought to have been used for preparation of seeds, roots, and other plant parts.	2.75
9183618	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d%20Interstadial	Bølling–Allerød Interstadial	In the Middle East, the pre-agricultural Natufian settled around the Eastern Mediterranean coast to exploit wild cereals, such as emmer and two-row barley. By the time of the Allerød, the Natufians may have started to domesticate grain, bake bread, and ferment alcohol. North America Over the land between the Lena Basin and northwest Canada, increased aridity occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum. Sea level fell to about 120 m below its present position, exposing a dry plain between Chukotka and western Alaska. Clear skies reduced precipitation, and loess deposition promoted well-drained, nutrient-rich soils that supported diverse steppic plant communities and herds of large grazing mammals. The wet tundra soils and spruce bogs that exist today were absent. Cold temperatures and massive ice sheets covered most of Canada and the northwest coast, thus preventing human colonization of North America prior to 16,000 years ago. An "ice-free corridor" through western Canada to the northern plains is thought to have opened up no earlier than 13,500 years ago. However, deglaciation in the Pacific Northwest may have taken place more rapidly and a coastal route could have been available by 17,000 years ago. Rising temperatures and increased moisture accelerated environmental change after 14,000 years ago, as shrub tundra replaced dry steppe in many parts of Beringia. Camp settlement sites are found along Tanana River in central Alaska by 14,000 years ago. Earliest occupation levels at the Tanana Valley sites contain artifacts similar to the Siberian Dyuktai culture. At Swan Point, these comprise microblades, burins, and flakes struck from bifacial tools. Artifacts at the nearby site of Broken Mammoth are few, but include several rods of mammoth ivory. The diet was of large mammals and birds, as indicated by faunal remains.	3.171875
9183618	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d%20Interstadial	Bølling–Allerød Interstadial	Earliest site occupation at Ushki sites of central Kamchatka (about 13,000 years ago) display evidence of small oval houses and bifacial points. Stone pendants, beads, and a burial pit are present. In central Alaska up the northern foothills at the Dry Creek site c. 13,500-13,000 years ago near Nenana Valley, small bifacial points were found. People were thought to have moved into this area to hunt elk and sheep on a seasonal basis. Microblade sites typologically similar to Dyuktai appear about 13,000 years ago in central Kamchatka and throughout many parts of Alaska. Genetics The European distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup I and various associated subclades has also been explained as resulting from male postglacial recolonization of Europe from refugia in the Balkans, Iberia, and the Ukraine/Central Russian Plain. Males possessing haplogroup Q are postulated as representing a significant portion of the population who crossed Beringia and populated North America for the first time. The distribution of mtDNA haplogroup H has been postulated as representing the major female repopulating of Europe from the Franco-Cantabrian region after the Last Glacial Maximum. mtDNA haplogroups A, B, C, D and X are interpreted according to some as supporting a single pre-Clovis populating of the Americas via a coastal route.	2.53125
9183658	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumangwe%20Falls	Lumangwe Falls	Lumangwe Falls on the Kalungwishi River in northern Zambia is the largest waterfall wholly within the country, with a height of 30-40 m and a width of 100-160 m. It is a block-type waterfall located between the Luapula and Northern Provinces. The main bedrock is interbedded quartzite with layers of red siltstone. The falls are 80 km from Mporokoso on the Kawambwa road. It has a similar depth of water falling over the edge to the Victoria Falls (Mosi-oa-Tunya) on the Zambezi for which it is frequently mistaken in photographs. Lumangwe Falls forms part of the Lumangwe Falls / Kabwelume Falls / Chimpepe Falls Complex, a national monument in Zambia. At the river's height at the end of the rainy season in April / May, spray from the waterfall may be carried 100 m into the air and the roaring sound in the gorge below seems to shake the ground. Lumangwe Falls are reached via a 10 km earth road which turns west from the Kawambwa-Mporokoso gravel road, 2.5 km north-east of the Kalungwishi bridge at Chipempe, which replaced the pontoon (Kalungwishi Ferry) in 2004. The falls can be viewed from the bank of the river at the top and from a cliff almost opposite the drop. Paths lead to the foot of the falls and also down the gorge to Kabwelume Falls 6 km downstream. The falls have not seen the same level of tourism as the more well-known Victoria Falls. A council planning officer reported to the Zambia Daily Mail that this was because the area was previously sacred to chiefs in the district who would pay homage to their ancestors, and the area was avoided by the common people. Attempts to open the Lumangwe Falls area began in 1975, but were unsuccessful until 1996. This was attributed to the chiefs agreeing to move the ancestral spirits to a different location. The name of the falls comes from a snake spirit, Lumangwe, which is said to have stretched itself between the Lumangwe falls and the Kabwelume Falls, a distance of roughly 5 km.	2.515625
9183672	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan%20covenant	Loan covenant	A loan covenant is a condition in a commercial loan or bond issue that requires the borrower to fulfill certain conditions or which forbids the borrower from undertaking certain actions, or which possibly restricts certain activities to circumstances when other conditions are met. Typically, violation of a covenant may result in a default on the loan being declared, penalties being applied, or the loan being called. The legal provision in the loan agreement providing for the loan to be "called" is the "acceleration clause": once the buyer defaults, all future payments due under the loan are "accelerated" and deemed to be due and payable immediately. Covenants may also be waived, either temporarily or permanently, usually at the sole discretion of the lender. Function Covenants are undertakings given by a borrower as part of a term loan agreement. Their purpose is to help the lender ensure that the risk attached to the loan does not unexpectedly deteriorate prior to maturity. From the borrower's point of view covenants often appear to be an obstacle at the time of negotiating a loan and burdensome restriction during its term. Proponents of the use of covenants, emphasizing the early warning function of covenants, take the case further by arguing that well-designed covenants provide not only timely performance indicators but also open up lines of communication between borrower and lender. Typical covenants for real estate related loans are the Loan to Value Ratio (LTV), the debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) and Interest Service Coverage Ratio (ISCR).	2.1875
9183724	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas%20Timberlands	Arkansas Timberlands	The Arkansas Timberlands (sometimes also called Southern Arkansas or Southwest Arkansas) is a region of the U.S. state of Arkansas generally encompassing the area south of the Ouachita Mountains, south of Central Arkansas and west of the Arkansas Delta. With several different definitions in use by various state agencies, the Arkansas Timberlands is essentially a region known for dense pine and cypress forests covering hilly terrain and lining numerous rivers. Modern settlement created a significant logging industry and subsequent clearance agriculture which provided the basis of the local economy until the discovery of petroleum. Local tourism is largely based on the popularity of deer hunting and bass fishing. Attractions there include Marks' Mills Battleground Historical Monument, Jenkins' Ferry Battleground Historical Monument, Overflow National Wildlife Refuge, Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge, South Arkansas Arboretum, Arkansas Museum of Natural Resources, White Oak Lake State Park, Poison Springs Battleground State Park, Millwood State Park, and Pond Creek National Wildlife Refuge. The Arkansas Timberlands is the birthplace of former President of the United States Bill Clinton. Definition The region can be roughly defined by Sevier County in the northwest, a portion of Jefferson County in the northeast, Ashley County in the southeast, and Miller County in the southwest. Some notable towns there include Star City, Monticello (home of the University of Arkansas at Monticello School of Forest Resources, the state's only Forestry school), Crossett, El Dorado, Bearden, Camden, Magnolia, Smackover, Hope, and Texarkana. The region can also be defined as the Arkansas segment of the Piney Woods. Counties within the Arkansas Timberlands region:	2.25
9183764	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20imaging	Functional imaging	Functional imaging (or physiological imaging) is a medical imaging technique of detecting or measuring changes in metabolism, blood flow, regional chemical composition, and absorption. As opposed to structural imaging, functional imaging centers on revealing physiological activities within a certain tissue or organ by employing medical image modalities that very often use tracers or probes to reflect spatial distribution of them within the body. These tracers are often analogous to some chemical compounds, like glucose, within the body. To achieve this, isotopes are used because they have similar chemical and biological characteristics. By appropriate proportionality, the nuclear medicine physicians can determine the real intensity of certain substances within the body to evaluate the risk or danger of developing some diseases. Modalities Positron emission tomography (PET) Fludeoxyglucose for Glucose metabolism O-15 as a flow tracer Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) Computed tomography (CT) perfusion imaging Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) BOLD Diffusion MRI Perfusion (blood flow) Arterial spin labeling MRI Blood volume Hyperpolarized carbon-13 MRI Functional photoacoustic microscopy (fPAM) Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) Optical imaging Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)	2.859375
9183779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Wales%20Railway	South Wales Railway	The South Wales Railway () was a main line railway which opened in stages from 1850, connecting the Great Western Railway from Gloucester to South Wales. It was constructed on the broad gauge. An original aspiration was to reach Fishguard to engender an Irish ferry transit and transatlantic trade, but the latter did not materialise for many years, and never became an important sector of the business. Neyland was the western terminus of the line until 1906. The company amalgamated with the Great Western Railway in 1863 and the track was converted to narrow (standard) gauge in 1873. In 1922–1923, most of the independent Welsh railways were constituents of the new enlarged Great Western Railway, enabling rationalisation and benefits of scale. Nearly all of the original main line of the South Wales Railway remains in use at present (2020). Proposals The prospectus of the South Wales Railway was issued in the summer of 1844. It proposed a railway with capital of £2,500,000 to run from Standish, on the Cheltenham branch of the Great Western Railway where the Bristol and Gloucester line joins it. Over the River Severn at Hock Cliffe between Fretherne and Awre and then follow the coast to Chepstow, Newport, Cardiff, Bridgend, Aberavon, Neath, Swansea, Carmarthen and Fishguard, with a branch line from near Whitland to Pembroke Dock. The prospectus was published widely as a newspaper advertisement: Surveys have been made of the line of country best adapted for accommodating the extensive traffic of the great mineral basin of South Wales, and the important agricultural interests of that country, as well as the intercourse between the ports of Cork, Waterford, Wicklow, Limerick and Wexford, the inland and manufacturing districts of England and the metropolis. The line was to pass "within an easy distance of Monmouth" and west of Carmarthen, it was proposed	2.53125
9183779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Wales%20Railway	South Wales Railway	At Bullo Pill there was an old but active tramway known first as the Bullo Pill Railway, from 1826 as the Forest of Dean Railway, and after lengthy negotiations the SWR was able to purchase it in September 1850. A connection was made soon after the opening of the main line, and work started on converting it to a broad gauge railway. The small network, which became known as the Forest of Dean branch, was ready for mineral traffic on 24 July 1854. At Lydney the Severn and Wye Railway, a 3 ft 6in gauge horse-operated line dating from about 1813, crossed the path of the SWR on the level. The SWR agreed to pay the S&WR £15,000 to be spent on upgrading their line for broad gauge vehicles. The S&WR dragged their feet, but in 1857 they put the work in hand. Their line continued to be worked by horses alone. At Newport a short junction branch to exchange sidings with the narrow gauge Monmouthshire Railway western valley was installed. The Taff Vale Railway had been opened between Cardiff and Merthyr in 1840 and 1841, and the company went on to expand its network considerably. It extended south from its Cardiff terminus to the Bute West Dock in Cardiff in 1848, so that the South Wales Railway needed to cross it. Although engineered by Brunel, the Taff Vale Railway was a narrow (standard) gauge line. In 1851 the South Wales Railway applied for powers to make a junction with the Taff Vale Railway at Bute Street, Cardiff, hoping that the Taff Vale would install broad gauge, to avoid the transshipment of minerals at the break of gauge. This the Taff Vale declined to do, and instead the SWR itself laid narrow gauge track into its own Cardiff station; this was ready in January 1854 and sanctioned for passenger train use in February 1854. The horse-worked Llynvi Valley Railway brought minerals to a transfer station at Stormy, just east of Pyle.	2.4375
9183779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Wales%20Railway	South Wales Railway	The Neyland terminal was at a remote location, and the nearby settlement named Milford was significant, and local interests promoted a railway as a branch of the SWR, from Johnston. The Milford Railway was incorporated on 5 June 1856, and the independent company constructed the line. The Great Western Railway, which was working the South Wales Railway, worked the Milford branch from its opening on 7 September 1863 (actually after amalgamation of the SWR and the GWR). The Milford terminus became better known as Milford Haven, and continues at the present day. Relations with the Great Western Railway The working arrangement with the Great Western Railway continued to be a source of friction, and at the half yearly meeting of the SWR in February 1860, a letter from the auditors to the directors was read to the meeting: A motion was put to the meeting, that the "lease is injurious to both companies, and that it is desirable to put an end to it". The directors had no immediate means of putting an end to it, and in the following months further sources of conflict arose. Eventually the board submitted a bill in Parliament for the 1861 session to create more capital to purchase rolling stock, and to work the line itself. This was received favourably in Parliament, but it was evident that there was not time to get the bill passed in that session, and it was withdrawn. The GWR, sensing Parliament's view of the lease proposed instead an amalgamation of the two companies. This negotiation too was difficult, but agreement was reached on 15 November 1861, so that from 1 January 1862 the GWR would take a lease of the SWR until the amalgamation of the GWR and the West Midland Railway, then in process, was finalised. After amalgamation the SWR was to receive 10.7% rising to 10.9% of the combined receipts of the GWR, WMR and SWR. The amalgamation was sanctioned by an act of Parliament, the (26 & 27 Vict. c. cxcviii) of 21 July 1863, and it took effect on 1 August 1863.	2.59375
9183779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Wales%20Railway	South Wales Railway	Part of the Great Western Railway From 1 August 1863 the South Wales Railway network was formally part of the Great Western Railway. The continuous route from Paddington (London) to Neyland was 285 miles of which 164 had been built by the South Wales Railway. The Gloucester to Grange Court section had always been worked with the SWR and now ceased to have a separate existence. Although successful, the line had not fulfilled its potential: the hoped-for heavy mineral traffic from South Wales was in fact largely conveyed by coastal shipping, and the transatlantic passenger business had not materialised at all. The opening up of deep coal seams in the central part of the South Wales Coalfield from about 1850 had encouraged deep-sea (that is, overseas) export rather than domestic trade. Bristol and South Wales Union Railway From the outset, it was obvious that the considerable intercourse between Bristol and South Wales needed better facilities, and any railway journey via Gloucester hardly answered the need. Ferry crossings of the Severn were already commonplace, and a railway from Bristol to New Passage Pier was promoted. This became the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway, opened on 8 September 1863. It was worked by the GWR; a short branch on the western shore to Portskewett Pier was opened at the same time. Gauge conversion When conceived as a prime trunk line, the broad gauge had seemed a superior technical solution, but as time passed, the practical difficulty of the break of gauge with neighbouring lines assumed an ever-greater significance.	2.671875
9183779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Wales%20Railway	South Wales Railway	Moreover, the supremacy of the former SWR line in West Wales was beginning to be eroded; the Pembroke and Tenby Railway, a narrow gauge line, had aligned itself with other such lines at Carmarthen and had obtained an act of Parliament for an independent line from Whitland to Carmarthen; the GWR saw that this could lead to a hostile railway, probably the London and North Western Railway, establishing control of these lines and the GWR agreed to lay standard gauge track on its own route between Whitland and Carmarthen to accommodate the P&TR trains. It did so by altering one line of the broad gauge double line to narrow (standard) gauge. This was ready on 1 June 1868. The conversion was the first instance of GWR broad gauge track being altered to narrow gauge. Finally in 1871 the GWR took the decision to convert the gauge of all its broad gauge track from Swindon through Gloucester to west Wales, including all branches; some mixed gauge sections were converted to narrow-only in addition. The work was executed in April 1872 in a massive operation. On the night of Tuesday 30 April the up line from New Milford and Grange Court was closed, and single-line working of a reduced train service instituted on the down line. Considerable technical preparation had been made including oiling and freeing of the bolts; much of the track was the GWR pattern longitudinal timber track, but some Barlow rail sections had been replaced with rails on cross sleepers, and because of the use of fang bolts this was much more laborious to convert.	2.453125
9183779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Wales%20Railway	South Wales Railway	The up line was ready for standard gauge traffic on 12 May and all broad gauge rolling stock was cleared from the Welsh lines; this included the Carmarthen and Cardigan Railway, and an inspector was sent to verify that this had been done. The reduced train service was operated over the single up line, and sidings at certain station had been previously narrowed to allow passenger trains to be shunted to pass opposing trains, as there was no ordinary crossing loop for a few days. During this time goods trains were not run on the line under conversion, but as far as possible goods traffic was worked by alternative routes where they were available east of Swansea Conversion of the down line was complete on 22 May and the following day a skeleton service was run at reduced speed. Private owners' broad gauge wagons were returned to their home station; in many cases there was not enough siding accommodation for them, and they were turned off the line as close to their home station as possible. From 1873 to 1923 Mineral and other traffic development The gauge conversion immediately rendered the neighbouring independent railways more accessible as the break of gauge had been done away with. The development of industry in South Wales provided a considerable spur to the mineral traffic on the SWR route. The development was by no means confined to the collieries in the South Wales Valleys. Iron, and later steel, industries became important, at first largely concentrated on extractive processes but soon followed by intermediate and finishing industries; tinplate came to have especial importance. Copper smelting developed a massive importance, centred on Swansea. General commercial social development fed a demand for ordinary passenger and goods traffic, and some coastal towns became important as holiday resorts in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Nonetheless, many independent railway companies saw the GWR as a difficult partner, and the use of coastal shipping for mineral transport remained high.	2.640625
9183786	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester%20and%20Dean%20Forest%20Railway	Gloucester and Dean Forest Railway	The Gloucester and Dean Forest Railway was a 19th-century British railway company that constructed a 7¼ mile section of railway line from Gloucester west to Grange Court in Gloucestershire in England. It now forms part of the Gloucester–Newport line. Origins The railway was originally promoted in 1845 as a link from Gloucester to Brunel's proposed Monmouth and Hereford Railway. The Monmouth and Hereford Railway was planned to run from Hereford and Ross-on-Wye via a proposed crossing of the River Severn between Westbury on Severn and Arlingham, to meet the Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway near Standish, establishing a direct route from the Great Western Railway system to Wales. The South Wales Railway would connect the same river crossing to Cardiff, Swansea, and ships to Ireland. However in 1845 Parliament refused to approve the crossing, and granted the South Wales Railway approval only west of Chepstow. The already approved Gloucester and Dean Forest link now became critical for the South Wales Railway to reach England. Plans were revised, and Parliament in 1846 gave assent for the Gloucester and Dean Forest Railway to be extended to Hagloe Farm, two miles south of Awre, there to be met by the South Wales Railway. Construction Construction was undertaken by the Great Western Railway, which was a majority shareholder in the G&DFR. It was agreed that the South Wales Railway would be responsible for the whole of the southward extension from Grange Court, which then became the northern limit of the SWR. Building of the G&DFR was generally straightforward, with only an opening bridge over the Severn at Gloucester and the junction arrangements with the GWR at Gloucester station presenting material challenges.	2.359375
9183798	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Mackenzie%20Ross	Frank Mackenzie Ross	Frank Mackenzie Ross (April 19, 1891 in Glasgow, Scotland – December 11, 1971 in Vancouver) was the 19th Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia. Ross was the son of Grace Archibald (McCrone) and David Ross. Ross’ first job was as a bank clerk in Montreal in 1910. He joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force at the outbreak of World War I, serving with the 8th Battalion. During the war, Ross received the Military Cross and was a captain by the war's end. After the war, Ross joined a shipbuilding company in Saint John, New Brunswick. From this start, Ross went on to careers in industry and finance. On 3 July 1923 Ross married Gertrude Edith Tomalin, a well-known reciter and entertainer, at the Savoy Chapel. She died in hospital at Saint John, New Brunswick on 22 January 1940, aged 58. During World War II, Ross assisted in Ottawa procuring supplies for the British Admiralty. His wartime service earned Ross the C.M.G. In 1945 Ross married Phyllis Turner, whose son John Turner later became Prime Minister of Canada. Ross was appointed as Lieutenant Governor on October 3, 1955. During Ross’ term, a fire destroyed Government House. A new Government House was completed in May 1959, the year before Ross retired from the office of Lieutenant Governor. With all of the furnishings destroyed, Frank Ross and his wife, Phyllis, went to the United Kingdom in search of suitable pieces. The Rosses purchased 114 pieces of furniture, which they donated to the new Government House.	2.03125
9183821	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process%20migration	Process migration	In computing, process migration is a specialized form of process management whereby processes are moved from one computing environment to another. This originated in distributed computing, but is now used more widely. On multicore machines (multiple cores on one processor or multiple processors) process migration happens as a standard part of process scheduling, and it is quite easy to migrate a process within a given machine, since most resources (memory, files, sockets) do not need to be changed, only the execution context (primarily program counter and registers). The traditional form of process migration is in computer clusters where processes are moved from machine to machine, which is significantly more difficult, as it requires serializing the process image and migrating or reacquiring resources at the new machine. The first implementation of process migration was in the DEMOS/MP operating project at the University of California, Berkeley and was described in a 1983 paper by Barton Miller and Michael Powell. Process migration is implemented in, among others, OpenMosix and the Sprite OS from the University of California, Berkeley. Varieties Process migration in computing comes in two flavors: Non-preemptive process migration Process migration that takes place before execution of the process starts (i.e. migration whereby a process need not be preempted). This type of process migration is relatively cheap, since relatively little administrative overhead is involved. Preemptive process migration Process migration whereby a process is preempted, migrated and continues processing in a different execution environment. This type of process migration is relatively expensive, since it involves recording, migration and recreation of the process state as well as the reconstructing of any inter-process communication channels to which the migrating process is connected. Problems Several problems occur when a running process moves to another machine. Some of these problems are:	2.5
9183849	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gocza%C5%82kowice-Zdr%C3%B3j	Goczałkowice-Zdrój	Goczałkowice-Zdrój is a village in Pszczyna County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Goczałkowice-Zdrój. It lies approximately south of Pszczyna and south of the regional capital Katowice. The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 the population of the village and gmina is 6,263. Goczałkowice-Zdrój is situated on the Goczałkowice Reservoir and 1 km away from the Vistula river. Goczałkowice-Zdrój is a spa, with about 10,000 bathers each year. History In the Middle Ages, the area was part of the territory of the Vistulans tribe, one of the Polish tribes. It became part of the emerging Polish state in the 10th century. As a result of the fragmentation of Poland, it was part of the Seniorate Province from 1138, and the Duchy of Racibórz from 1178. The village was probably founded in the 13th century, and was first mentioned in 1326. According to legend, the name of the village is derived from local Polish knight Goczał, whose descendants took the surname Goczałkowicz, and their seat was called Goczałkowice.	2.09375
9183931	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Armitage	Norman Armitage	Norman Armitage (January 1, 1907, as Norman Cudworth Cohn – March 14, 1972) was an American patent lawyer, and chemical engineer who became an accomplished textile executive. He was an exceptional saber fencer who competed in six Olympics from 1928 to 1956 and won a bronze Team medal in Sabre in the 1948 London Olympics. Considered one of the greatest sabremen ever produced in America because of his long reign in the sport, after 1930 he was the American Sabre Champion ten times indoors and seven times outdoors, taking an unprecedented seventeen titles in sixteen years. Early life Armitage, who was Jewish, was born on January 1, 1907, as Norman Cudworth Cohen in Albany, New York. He changed his name to Armitage after 1928. He later was affiliated with the Episcopal Church of the Advent in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Fencing career College Remarkably, Armitage had never fenced before he became a member of the Columbia Lions fencing team while a student at Columbia University. Showing noteworthy talent at twenty-one, he won the 1928 Intercollegiate Fencing Association sabre championship. In the Class of 1927, he completed an A.B. a B.S., and later a Doctorate in Chemistry from Columbia. He later attended New York University Law School, where in 1937 he earned a law degree, and in 1939 earned a Doctor of Jurisprudence (JD) degree in patent law.	2.4375
9183970	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%AD%2C%20Spain	Rubí, Spain	Rubí () is a municipality in Catalonia (Spain), in the comarca of Vallès Occidental and the province of Barcelona, 15 kilometers from Barcelona. It is bordered on the north by Terrassa and Ullastrell, on the south by Sant Cugat del Vallès, on the west by Castellbisbal and on the east by Sant Quirze del Vallès. History The city is believed to be of Roman origin, in view of the number of amphoras and writings that have been found, although the city was reportedly founded 986 with the name of Rivo Rubeo. At the death of Wilfred the Hairy, the border between Al-Andalus and Catalan counties was delimited by the river Llobregat, with Catalans to the north and Muslims to the south; Rubí was therefore very close to the border. In 1233, Berenguer de Rubí asked the king Jaume I to build a new castle, which is now the Ecomuseu Castell de Rubí, a museum about the town. With the Industrial Revolution, the town's population grew dramatically, with the decline of agriculture and the growth of textile industries near the . Some of the early mills still exist. In 1919 Rubí was connected to Barcelona and Terrassa by railway and the new, rich bourgeoisie built modernista-style buildings such as the Escoles Ribas and Torre Bassas. The Celler Cooperatiu was built during the period of the Commonwealth of Catalonia and the dominance of the cooperativism in agriculture. Industry developed very quickly and now many different kinds of industries are located in Rubí, ranging from textile manufacturing to electronics and chemical products. Some of these factories have been closed in recent years to move to China or eastern countries. Rubí lost most of its agriculture in 1962, when disastrous flooding destroyed the lowest part of the town and affected the cities near the Riera de Rubí. Those floods are considered to have been the worst such catastrophe to have occurred in Spain. Since the 1990s, Rubí has been receiving a new wave of immigration from South America and North Africa.	2.375
9184000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias%20and%20Companions	Elias and Companions	Elias and four companions, Daniel, Isaiah, Jeremiah (also known as Jeremy and Jeremias), and Samuel were Egyptian martyrs. Their feast day is February 16. During Maximinus' persecution, a number of Christians were condemned for life to slavery in the copper mines of Roman Cilicia. Elias and his companions visited them to provide comfort. Upon their return to Egypt in 309, they were stopped at the gates of Caesarea, Palestine, and questioned. Upon confessing the reason for their journey, they were arrested. The following day they, along with Pamphilus who had also been caught up in the persecutions, were brought before the provincial governor Firmilian. Accused of being Christians, they were racked and interrogated. Elias and his friends identified themselves by their baptismal names and their country as "Jerusalem", a reference to the Christians' heavenly Jerusalem. The city of Jerusalem had been sacked by Titus and later rebuilt as Aelia Capitolina. Firmilian had them further tortured to discover the location of their true country, and at last, tired with tormenting them, condemned them to be beheaded. When Porphyry, a servant of Pamphilus, demanded that the bodies be buried, he was tortured and then burned to death when it was found that he was a Christian. St. Seleucus witnessed his death and was overheard applauding Porphyry's constancy in the face of this terrible death; whereupon he was arrested by the soldiers involved in the execution, brought before the governor, and beheaded at Firmilian's order. The historian Eusebius was in Caesarea, and gave a vivid account of their martyrdom by torture and beheading.	3
9184100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webber%20International%20University	Webber International University	Webber International University (Webber or WIU) is a private university in Babson Park, Florida. History Webber International was founded as Webber College by Roger Babson, an entrepreneur and business theorist in the first half of the 20th century. Established in 1927, it was the first private college chartered under Florida's then new charitable and educational laws, and one of the nation's first business schools for women. Webber International University now hosts men and women from some 48 different nations. In February 2011, Webber announced a merger with St. Andrews College in Laurinburg, North Carolina. In January 2014, Webber announced the acquisition of Virginia Intermont College in Bristol, Virginia, but these efforts were abandoned later the same year. Academics The university is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award degrees at the associate, bachelor's, and master's levels. Athletics The Webber International athletic teams are called the Warriors. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Sun Conference (formerly known as the Florida Sun Conference (FSC) until after the 2007–08 school year) for most of its sports since the 1990–91 academic year. Its football team formerly competed in the Mid-South Conference (MSC) until after the 2021 fall season. They are also a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing as an independent in the South Region of the Division I level.	2
9184216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%20River%20%28Georgian%20Bay%29	Severn River (Georgian Bay)	The Severn River is a river in central Ontario, Canada. Its headwaters are located at the north end of Lake Couchiching. It drains Lake Couchiching and Lake Simcoe. The river flows generally northwest into Georgian Bay, a large bay of Lake Huron. The Severn forms part of the inland canal system known as the Trent–Severn Waterway, which links Port Severn on Georgian Bay with Trenton on Lake Ontario via the Trent Canal. From the middle of the 19th century up until the completion of the canal in 1920, the Severn was used to transport logs to sawmills down river. There are two hydroelectric stations at falls located on its course. The central Ontario Severn River is only long. The river services seasonal cottagers, as many of the properties are accessible only by boat. Some year-round residents live on the Severn. The river sees many yachts/cruisers travelling from Lake Couchiching to Georgian Bay, or vice versa. Located on the Severn River, Big Chute Marine Railway is a rare operating marine-railway. The Elbląg Canal in Poland is similar. The Big Chute is a major tourist attraction, and provides access to and from Gloucester Pool, below the Severn. The River sees many overnight campers, although overnight camping is forbidden on many sections of the Severn, including Lost Channel (location of the old fire tower) and Pretty Channel. This law is enforced by police supervision. According to "Governor Simcoe's Visit in 1793," which can be found in the 1891 volume of the Transactions of the Canadian Institute, the river at that time was known as the River Matchetache.	2.625
9184242	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%20River%20%28Hudson%20Bay%29	Severn River (Hudson Bay)	The Severn River is a river in northern Ontario. The northern Ontario river has its headwaters near the western border of the province. From the head of the Black Birch River, the Severn River is long, Its drainage basin area is , a small portion of which is in Manitoba. Its source is Deer Lake and flows northeasterly into Severn Lake, then by a second section to Hudson Bay where it ends at Fort Severn. The First Nation communities of Sandy Lake, Bearskin Lake, and Fort Severn are located along the river. These were formed at the sites of former trading posts built when the Severn River was a prominent river during the fur trade era. The mouth of the river was located by the English in 1631 during expeditions by captains Thomas James and Luke Foxe. Later, Fort Severn was established there as a trading post in 1689 by the Hudson's Bay Company. It was captured by Pierre le Moyne, sieur d'Iberville in 1690. The post, rebuilt in 1759, has been in continuous operation to this day making this community one of the oldest European settlements in Ontario. At its source on Deer Lake is the small community of Deer Lake, Ontario. Tributaries Tributaries of the northern Severn River include: McInness River Cobham River (source in Manitoba) Windigo River Makoop River Blackbear River Sachigo River Wapaseese River Beaver Stone River Fawn River Beaver River	2.765625
9184474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Choral%20Society	Royal Choral Society	The Royal Choral Society (RCS) is an amateur choir, based in London. History Formed soon after the opening of the Royal Albert Hall in 1871, the choir gave its first performance as the Royal Albert Hall Choral Society on 8 May 1872 – the choir's first conductor Charles Gounod included the Hallelujah Chorus from Messiah in the inaugural concert. On 9 July 1891, the Royal Choral Society performed in a 'Grand Concert for the Visit of Their Imperial Majesties, The German Emperor and Empress', also attended by the Prince of Wales and the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh. From the beginning, performing premieres of new choral works has been a feature of the choir's repertoire. Both Giuseppe Verdi and Antonín Dvořák conducted the choir in premières of their own works, as have Edward Roxborough, Ariel Ramírez, Raymond Premru and Geoffrey Burgon in more recent years. The choir continued to be conducted by the most eminent musicians of the day, most notably Sir Malcolm Sargent, whose association with the choir spanned forty years. Towards the end of his life Sargent appointed Charles Proctor as chorusmaster, and Proctor often deputised for him when he was too ill. The present Music Director, Richard Cooke, took over the baton in 1995. Today, the choir enjoys maintaining a balance between its heritage and the opportunities on offer performing for today's music lovers. In addition to its traditional repertoire, singers have had a chance to take part in new and unusual events, from open-air concerts in Hampton Court and Glastonbury, to singing at the launch of the Queen Mary 2, participating in the 25th anniversary ceremony for the Falklands, to performing at performances for the reopening of the Royal Festival Hall.	2.484375
9184475	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo%20Ghinucci	Girolamo Ghinucci	Girolamo Ghinucci (additionally referred to historically as: Jerome de Ghinucci, Geronimo de Ghinucci, Hieronymus Ghinucci, and Girolamo Ginucci; 1480 in Siena – 3 July 1541) was an Italian papal administrator, diplomat and cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church. Life Ghinucci was from a Sienese banking family and became a canon of the cathedral chapter there. He then became secretary to Pope Julius II. He was bishop of Ascoli Piceno from 1512 to 1518. He was an active participant in the Fifth Lateran Council. Pope Leo X named Ghinucci papal nuncio to England, where Henry VIII retained him for a period as advisor. Ghinucci advised on Henry's moves to divorce Catherine of Aragon. Ghinucci's nephew, Augustine de Augustinis, served as personal physician to Cardinal Wolsey. Augustinis also performed some diplomatic and espionage services for the Cardinal. He later became physician-in-ordinary to Henry VIII. In 1522, he succeeded Giulio de' Medici, the Cardinal protector of England as Bishop of Worcester (the last of the Italian absentees to hold the see). In September 1525, Bishop Ghinucci was appointed one of Henry's ambassadors in residence in Rome. In November 1526, he was sent on an embassy from Henry to the Holy Roman Emperor in Spain. In October 1529, he was re-accredited to Rome. He held the bishopric until 1535 when he was deprived of the position by King Henry VIII; also deprived was the Bishop of Salisbury, Lorenzo Campeggio. In the same year, Ghinucci was made a Cardinal by Pope Paul III, and served on commissions to reform the Church. He also served as Bishop Administrator of the Diocese of Malta from 1523 to 1538. He was Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals from January 7, 1538, to January 10, 1539. He was involved, with Silvester Prierias, in the papal reaction to Martin Luther after 1518. He maintained English contacts through Richard Croke.	2.296875
9184568	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%20FA%20Cup%20final	1977 FA Cup final	The 1977 FA Cup final was the final match of the 1976–77 FA Cup, the 96th season of England's premier cup football competition. The match was played on 21 May 1977 at Wembley Stadium, London, and it was contested by Manchester United and Liverpool. United won the game 2–1. All three goals came in a five-minute period early in the second half. Stuart Pearson opened the scoring when he latched onto a long ball forward and drove a hard shot past Ray Clemence. Liverpool equalised through Jimmy Case soon after, as he turned and hooked a right foot half-volley into the top corner, giving Stepney no chance. However, just three minutes later, United regained the lead when Lou Macari's shot deflected off teammate Jimmy Greenhoff's chest and looped into the net past Clemence and Phil Neal on the line. Jimmy Greenhoff's brother Brian was also in the United line-up, making them the first pair of brothers to play in a winning FA Cup final team since George and Ted Robledo played for Newcastle United in 1952. Liverpool had already won the league title, which meant Manchester United qualified for the 1977–78 European Cup Winners' Cup regardless of the result. Liverpool then won the European Cup four days later, so United's victory prevented them from becoming the first club to win the continental treble of League, FA Cup, and European Cup titles – United would instead become the first English club to achieve this feat 22 years later. For Tommy Docherty, this was his first FA Cup final win in four attempts: he had lost as a player with Preston in 1954, as a manager with Chelsea in 1967 and with Manchester United in 1976. Match details	2.046875
9184570	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20mass%20density	Particle mass density	The particle mass density or particle density of a material (such as particulate solid or powder) is the mass density of the particles that make up the powder. Particle density is in contrast to the bulk density, which measures the average density of a large volume of the powder in a specific medium (usually air). The particle density is a relatively well-defined quantity, as it is not dependent on the degree of compaction of the solid, whereas the bulk density has different values depending on whether it is measured in the freely settled or compacted state (tap density). However, a variety of definitions of particle density are available, which differ in terms of whether pores are included in the particle volume, and whether voids are included. Measurement The measurement of particle density can be done in a number of ways: Archimedes' principle The powder is placed inside a pycnometer of known volume, and weighed. The pycnometer is then filled with a fluid of known density, in which the powder is not soluble. The volume of the powder is determined by the difference between the volume as shown by the pycnometer, and the volume of liquid added (i.e. the volume of air displaced). A similar method, which does not include pore volume, is to suspend a known mass of particles in molten wax of known density, allow any bubbles to escape, allow the wax to solidify, and then measure the volume and mass of the wax/particulate brick. A slurry of the powder in a liquid of known density can also be used with a hydrometer to measure particle density by buoyancy. Another method based on buoyancy is to measure the weight of the sample in air, and also in a liquid of known density.	2.4375
9184570	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20mass%20density	Particle mass density	A column of liquid with a density gradient can also be prepared: The column should contain a liquid of continuously varying composition, so that the maximum density (at the bottom) is higher than that of the solid, and the minimum density is lower. If a small sample of powder is allowed to settle in this column, it will come to rest at the point where the liquid density is equal to the particle density. Volumetric measurement A gas pycnometer can be used to measure the volume of a powder sample. A sample of known mass is loaded into a chamber of known volume that is connected by a closed valve to a gas reservoir, also of known volume, at a higher pressure than the chamber. After the valve is opened, the final pressure in the system allows the total gas volume to be determined by application of Boyle's law. A mercury porosimeter is an instrument that allows the total volume of a powder to be determined, as well as the volume of pores of different sizes: A known mass of powder is submerged in mercury. At ambient pressure, the mercury does not invade the interparticle spaces or the pores of the sample. At increasing pressure, the mercury invades smaller and smaller pores, with the relationship between pore diameter and pressure being known. A continuous trace of pressure versus volume can then be generated, which allows for a complete characterization of the sample's porosity.	2.171875
9184586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%20FA%20Cup%20final	1979 FA Cup final	The 1979 FA Cup final was a football match played on 12 May 1979 at Wembley Stadium. The match was contested by Arsenal and Manchester United. It is regarded as one of the greatest-ever finishes in an FA Cup final. For over 85 minutes the game had been unremarkable, with Arsenal taking a 2–0 half time lead through goals from Brian Talbot and Frank Stapleton. In the 86th minute, however, Gordon McQueen scored following a set-piece, and two minutes later Sammy McIlroy dribbled past two Arsenal players to score a dramatic equaliser. With the game poised for extra time, United's celebrations proved short-lived, as Alan Sunderland scored a last-minute winner, making the final result Arsenal 3–2 Manchester United. This match is often referred to as the "Five-minute Final". The 1979 FA Cup was the only major trophy that Arsenal won during the seven-year management of Terry Neill, who was appointed in 1976 after Bertie Mee's retirement. He was dismissed in 1983. It was also the only cup final that Manchester United reached under the management of Dave Sexton, who had been appointed as manager in 1977 and remained there until 1981 when he was sacked having failed to bring a major trophy to the club. Match details	1.90625
9184748	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20Aviation%20Logistics%20Squadron%2041	Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron 41	During the Vietnam War, H&MS-41 served in direct support of the flying squadrons, VMF-111 and VMF-112. By August 1963, they made the transition into supersonic flight with the F-8 Crusader. VMF-111 and her sister squadron VMF-112, were the first Marine Reserve squadrons to acquire the F-8A, due in large measure to their proximity to the Vought plant in Grand Prairie, Texas, where the Crusader was manufactured. In 1976, H&MS-41 assisted in the VMF(AW)-112 squadron upgrade to the McDonnell Douglas F-4N Phantom II, which re-designated them as Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 112 (VMFA-112). In January 1989, H&MS-41 was redesignated as Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron 41. The squadron's mission was to provide maintenance and logistical support for VMFA-112. From August 1990 to October 1991, MALS-41 participated in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm, in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait in Southwest Asia. MALS-41 Marines deployed as augments in support of combat operations in the theater of operations. In October 1996, MALS-41 moved to Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth, Texas, and has successfully integrated with the United States Navy by working side by side with Aircraft Intermediate Maintenance Department (AIMD) Fort Worth. Global War on Terror Following the events of 11 September 2001, MALS-41 began participating in worldwide operations in support of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA). Many of the reserve Marines volunteered for activation in order to deploy or to augment the active duty in garrison for on-site support.	2.046875
9184777	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rats%20of%20Tobruk	The Rats of Tobruk	The Rats of Tobruk were soldiers of the Australian-led Allied garrison, as well as the Polish Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade that held the Libyan port of Tobruk against the Afrika Corps, during the Siege of Tobruk in World War II. The siege started on 11 April 1941 and was relieved on 10 December. The port continued to be held by the Allies until its surrender on 21 June 1942. Between April and August 1941, some 35,000 allies, including around 14,000 Australian soldiers, were besieged in Tobruk by a German–Italian army commanded by General Erwin Rommel. The garrison, commanded by Lieutenant General Leslie Morshead, included the 9th Australian Division (20th, 24th, and 26th Brigades), the 18th Brigade of the 7th Australian Division, four regiments of British artillery, and the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade. Between August and October, most of the original garrison was replaced by British, Polish and Czechoslovak troops. The last official ROT member, an Australian ex-soldier, died in August 2024, at the age of 102. Origins of the name The defenders had adopted Tobruk's excellent network of below-ground defensive positions which had been built pre-war by the Italian Army. The propagandist for Germany, William Joyce, better known as "Lord Haw-Haw", began describing the besieged men as living like rats in underground dug-outs and caves. In radio broadcasts, he derisively referred to and addressed the garrison as the "rats of Tobruk". Likewise, the ageing warships that supplied and evacuated Tobruk were denigrated by German propaganda as "scrap iron". The ships became known affectionately to the garrison as the "Scrap Iron Flotilla" and the "Tobruk ferry service".	2.65625
9184777	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rats%20of%20Tobruk	The Rats of Tobruk	Royal Artillery The Royal Artillery units at Tobruk were spearheaded by the anti-tank 25-pounders of the 1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery. The 4th Anti-Aircraft Brigade also played an important role in the defence of the garrison, which was under incessant air attack, particularly by Stuka dive-bombers. Some of its units were relieved as the siege wore on, but 153rd (London) and 235th (Kent) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Batteries (of 51st (London) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, and 89th HAA Regiment, RA, respectively), regimental HQ and 40 and 57 Light AA Batteries of 13th Light AA Regiment, RA, and 39 LAA Battery of 13th Light AA Regiment saw the whole siege through. The Siege of Tobruk was finally relieved on 10 December 1941 in the later stages of Operation Crusader. Modern commemoration The Rats of Tobruk hold an identifiable place within the ranks of returned servicemen, particularly in Australia, where there is the Rats of Tobruk Memorial in Canberra. On 22 March 1944, the original members of the Rats of Tobruk formed the North Bondi Sub-Branch of the Returned and Services League of Australia and it is still known in modern times as Tobruk House or The Rathouse. In 2003, The New York Times ran an article on The Rathouse calling it "an ideal beachside hang out." Their overarching international association, The Rats of Tobruk Association, is partly responsible for the erection of numerous monuments in Australia and the UK and involvement with official memorial services. The association also organised with the Royal Mint of Australia the striking of a 50-year anniversary medallion in 1991. The association's insignia shows the elements of a large uppercase letter 'T', for Tobruk, a long-tailed desert rat, and a crown. The crown depicted is variously the Tudor Crown or St Edward's Crown (since 1953), representing allegiance to the Australian Sovereign, or a crown mimicking Tobruk's official pre-war city flag which was liberated from the city's hall during the siege.	2.484375
9184777	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rats%20of%20Tobruk	The Rats of Tobruk	In April 2007, the Victorian contingent of the Rats of Tobruk Association concluded that it could no longer afford the upkeep of Tobruk House, the inner-city Melbourne meeting hall that had been purchased by the Association in the 1950s. Back then, the Victorian Association had 1,800 members. By 2007, there were just 80 left, all aged in their 80s and 90s, who decided to sell the hall. From the sale, they hoped to raise up to A$1.5 million to be used for research at Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, where a neuroscience ward, the Rats of Tobruk Ward, had already been named after them. Bill Gibbons, who made his wealth out of trucking, went well beyond the expected price to outbid a Sydney developer for A$1.73 million. As reported by The Age, "in an act that stunned the old diggers, Mr Gibbons... then told the veterans they could keep the hall as long as they wanted." The first memorial was built in the Tobruk War Cemetery, Tobruk, Libya, built circa January 1942, subsequently replaced, but later destroyed.	2.203125
9184786	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20FA%20Cup%20final	1998 FA Cup final	The 1998 FA Cup final was a football match between Arsenal and Newcastle United on 16 May 1998 at the old Wembley Stadium, London. It was the final match of the 1997–98 FA Cup, the 117th season of the world's oldest football knockout competition, the FA Cup. Six-time winners Arsenal were appearing in their thirteenth final, whereas Newcastle United, having also won the competition six times, appeared in their eleventh final. It was the third time both teams faced each other in a FA Cup final; Newcastle won the previous two encounters in 1932 and 1952. Each team had progressed through five rounds to reach the final. Arsenal's victories were close affairs and the team required three replays, two of which ended in penalty shootouts. Newcastle's progress was more comfortable by comparison and needed only one replay in the fourth round, against Stevenage Borough. Arsenal entered the match as favourites; a fortnight prior the club won the Premier League and aimed to complete the club's second league and cup double. Watched by a stadium crowd of 79,183 and a British television audience of more than seven million, Arsenal took a first half lead through Marc Overmars. Newcastle's performance improved in the second half, and striker Alan Shearer almost equalised when his shot hit the inside of David Seaman's post. Moments later the league champions extended their lead when Nicolas Anelka was put through to score. Arsenal's victory was heralded by the English press, and the club capped off its memorable season with an open-top bus parade. It was Arsène Wenger's first FA Cup triumph as a coach; he went on to win six more finals in a 22-year spell at the club to become the competition's most successful manager. Route to the final	2
9184786	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20FA%20Cup%20final	1998 FA Cup final	The FA Cup is English football's primary cup competition. Clubs in the Premier League enter the FA Cup in the third round and are drawn randomly out of a hat with the remaining clubs. If a match is drawn, a replay comes into force, ordinarily at the ground of the team who were away for the first game. As with league fixtures, FA Cup matches are subject to change in the event of games being selected for television coverage and this often can be influenced by clashes with other competitions. Arsenal Arsenal entered the competition in the third round, and their opening match was against First Division club Port Vale at Highbury. It ended a goalless draw and the match was replayed at Vale Park. Neither side managed to find a winning goal after normal and extra time, meaning the tie headed into a penalty shoot-out. Arsenal won out 4–3; Allen Tankard missed the decisive penalty kick for Port Vale. In the fourth round, Arsenal played Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium. The visitors began strongly as Marc Overmars scored the opener inside 68 seconds, and his teammate Ray Parlour added a second to give Arsenal a commanding lead going into the interval. Although Paul Merson scored in the second half for Middlesbrough and they pushed for an equaliser, Arsenal held out for a 2–1 win. In the fifth round Arsenal faced Crystal Palace at home, but once again had to settle for a replay as the team were held to a draw. Arsenal fielded a makeshift side at Selhurst Park, but goals from Nicolas Anelka and Dennis Bergkamp ensured progress into the next round. Against West Ham United in the quarter-finals, Arsenal went a goal behind as Frank Lampard's corner kick was converted into the goal net by Ian Pearce. Although Bergkamp equalised from the penalty spot, West Ham defended well enough to force a replay.	1.921875
9184805	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country%20quota	Country quota	The country quota was a part of the New Zealand electoral system from 1881 until 1945, when it was abolished by the First Labour Government. Its effect was to make an urban electoral districts (electorates) more populous than an rural constituency, thus allowing a rural district not to be large enough to take in the same number of votes as an urban district. This allowed a rural member to be elected with fewer votes and made rural votes worth more in general elections. Background The quota was established to prevent, or at least slow, the marginalisation of rural interests as the New Zealand population became increasingly urbanised. There was a strong rural focus in New Zealand culture at the time. The device was also justified for ostensible practical reasons, such as to compensate for the fact that it was more difficult to cast a vote in isolated rural areas, which made it easier for city people to exercise political influence. The quota was also a way to counteract the influence of recently enfranchised working men; until 1879 only (male) property owners could vote, which meant that a disproportionate number of electors lived in the countryside. The quota (allowable difference) was originally 33%, meaning that urban electorates could be 33% larger than rural electorates and, essentially, each rural voter wase worth 33% more (although due to the use of single-winner first past the post, many votes were not used to elect anyone, whether cast in rural or urban settings). In 1887 the quota was reduced to 18%, but then increased two years later to 28%.	2.609375
9184805	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country%20quota	Country quota	Opposition The country quota was always unpopular with the Labour Party, which took most of its support from the cities, and generally felt the system to be an undemocratic violation of the 'one man one vote' principle. Its policy of abolishing the quota was abandoned in the 1930s in order to win rural support, and the extra seats remained for the first three terms of the First Labour Government. By the 1940s Labour had lost most of its rural support and felt that the quota could cost it the 1946 election. Consequently, the quota was abolished in 1945 after Labour had put the abolition bill (Clause 3 of the Electoral Amendment Act, 1945) up in a surprise move, and Labour won the election by four seats. Labour Party President and Member of the Legislative Council Tom Paul had stated his disapproval of the electoral process in an address during the 1914 election: The theory on which our electoral law is based is that each man and each woman shall have equal voice in the councils of our nation on polling day. It matters not whether one represents property worth a hundred thousand pounds or the other typifies poverty of the most extreme degree, the voice of each is equal. But the theory is not perfectly applied. For instance, the vote of the rural voter is worth 28 per cent more than that of a city voter—an anomaly which ought not to exist in a democracy.	2.5
9184841	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turret%20clock	Turret clock	A turret clock or tower clock is a clock designed to be mounted high in the wall of a building, usually in a clock tower, in public buildings such as churches, university buildings, and town halls. As a public amenity to enable the community to tell the time, it has a large face visible from far away, and often a striking mechanism which rings bells upon the hours. The turret clock is one of the earliest types of clock. Beginning in 12th century Europe, towns and monasteries built clocks in high towers to strike bells to call the community to prayer. Public clocks played an important timekeeping role in daily life until the 20th century, when accurate watches became cheap enough for ordinary people to afford. Today the time-disseminating functions of turret clocks are not much needed, and they are mainly built and preserved for traditional, decorative, and artistic reasons. To turn the large hands and run the striking train, the mechanism of turret clocks must be more powerful than that of ordinary clocks. Traditional turret clocks are large pendulum clocks run by hanging weights, but modern ones are often run by electricity. History	2.59375
9184841	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turret%20clock	Turret clock	The verge and foliot timekeeping mechanism in these early mechanical clocks was very inaccurate, as the primitive foliot balance wheel did not have a balance spring to provide a restoring force, so the balance wheel was not a harmonic oscillator with an inherent resonant frequency or "beat"; its rate varied with variations in the force of the wheel train. The error in the first mechanical clocks may have been several hours per day. Therefore, the clock had to be frequently reset by the passage of the sun or stars overhead. Pendulum clocks The pendulum clock was invented and patented in 1657 by Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens, inspired by the superior timekeeping properties of the pendulum discovered beginning in 1602 by Italian scientist Galileo Galilei. Pendulum clocks were much more accurate than the previous foliot clocks, improving timekeeping accuracy of the best precision clocks from 15 minutes per day to perhaps 10 seconds a day. Within a few decades most tower clocks throughout Europe were rebuilt to convert the previous verge and foliot escapement to pendulums. Almost no examples of the original verge and foliot mechanisms of these early clocks have survived to the present day. The accuracy of the pendulum clock was increased by the invention of the anchor escapement in 1657 by Robert Hooke, which quickly replaced the primitive verge escapement in pendulum clocks. The first tower clock with the new escapement was the Wadham College Clock, built at Wadham College, Oxford, UK, in 1670, probably by clockmaker Joseph Knibb. The anchor escapement reduced the pendulum's width of swing from 80 to 100° in the verge clock to 3-6°. This greatly reduced the energy consumed by the pendulum, and allowed longer pendulums to be used. While domestic pendulum clocks usually use a seconds pendulum long, tower clocks often use a 1.5 second pendulum, long, or a two-second pendulum, long.	2.71875
9184866	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbroath%20Victoria%20F.C.	Arbroath Victoria F.C.	Arbroath Victoria Football Club are a Scottish Junior football club based in Arbroath. The club competes in the and play their games at Ogilvy Park. They are nicknamed "the Vics". History The original Arbroath Victoria (The Vics) were formed in 1882. In April of that year, they defeated a team called Sunrise 3–0 on the common. This club disbanded in 1895. Vics were re-formed in 1904 as 2nd Class Juniors, essentially a Juvenile club, before becoming full Juniors in 1910 and joining the Arbroath & District Junior League. On 1 November 1890 the Vics met Burnside Athletic, another local side, on the common. According to the local newspaper of the time, it was a miserable one-sided game, with the Vics winning 15–0. To our knowledge this is the club's biggest ever win. That year the Vics won the Forfar and District Junior Cup. In 1951, after years playing on local public playing fields and at Gayfield Park during the Second World War, the Vics moved to Ogilvy Park. The Vics were unbeaten at home from 25 October 1952 to 4 June 1955. They were the Angus League Champions four times in the seasons from 1952 to 1956. In 1971 the Vics reached the quarter-finals of the Scottish Junior Cup, but were beaten by Cambuslang Rangers. To date this is their best achievement in this event. Many players have joined the senior ranks over the years; and in the 1980s three players, Brian Goodall, Eric Martin and Gus Malone, were selected to play for the Scottish Junior team. The Vics celebrated their centenary on 8 August 1982 when George Best, the former Manchester United, Northern Ireland international and European Footballer of the Year, turned out as a guest for them, scoring twice in a 4–3 win against Arbroath F.C	2.03125
9184876	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Terill	Anthony Terill	Anthony Terill (born 1623, Canford, Dorset, England – died 11 October 1676, Liège (present-day Belgium) was an English Roman Catholic Jesuit theologian. Born in 1623 as Anthony Bonville to a Catholic mother and a Protestant father, in his 15th year, he was received into the Roman Catholic Church and left England, taking the surname Terill. He studied for about three years at the English College of St. Omer, and then began his studies for the priesthood at the English College, Rome, where he was ordained on 16 March 1687. Two months later he entered the Jesuit novitiate at St Andrea. After his noviceship, he was successively penitentiary at Loreto, professor of philosophy at Florence, professor of philosophy and scholastic theology at Parma, director of theological studies and professor of theology and mathematics at the English College, Liège, and for three years rector of the same college where he died with a reputation for "extraordinary piety, talent, learning, and prudence". Works Terill wrote Conclusiones philosophicæ (Parma, 1657), Problema mathematico-philosophicum de termino magnitudinis se virium in animalibus (Parma, 1660), Fundamentum totius theologiæ moralis, seu tractatus de conscientia probabili (Liège, 1668), and Regula morum, which was published shortly after his death (Liège, 1677). His reputation as a moral theologian was established by these last two works. In the Fundamentum he ably defended the doctrine of probabilism and in the Regula morum refuted the objections brought against his first work by the Dominican Concina, the Jesuit Miguel de Elizalde (1617-1678) and other exponents of the Rigorist School. Amort speaks of him as "eruditissimum et probabilistarum antsignanum".	2
9184900	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Reinhard%20von%20Neipperg	Wilhelm Reinhard von Neipperg	During the Austro-Turkish War (1737–1739), Neipperg returned to the army, and was with Fieldmarshal Wallis at the Battle of Grocka (21–22 July, 1739) against the Turks. Already on 31 July, imperial government in Vienna decided to relieve Wallis of his previously granted powers to negotiate with the Ottomans. Those powers were transferred to Neipperg. On 10 August, the government composed new instructions, that were sent by the Emperor to Neipperg on 11 August. Arriving in Belgrade with imperial instructions on 16 August, Neipperg proceeded to the camp of the Grand Vizier on 18 August. There he found himself increasingly isolated, and dependent on the French mediator Louis Sauveur, Marquis de Villeneuve. On 1 September, Neipperg agreed to signe a preliminary peace agreement with the Ottomans, and dispatched the news to the Emperor on the next day. Neipperg's report arrived to Vienna on 7 September, provoking outrage, since it became obvious that he signed the agreement not knowing that already on 31 August, the Emperor sent him new instructions, an action that was followed by the governments decision to revoke his negotiating powers (3 September). On 5 September, the Emperor sent another letter to Neipperg, informing him of the end of his diplomatic mission, while still not knowing that the preliminary treaty was already signed. Only upon return to Belgrade from the Grand Vizier's camp, Neipperg became aware of those new instructions and consequent decisions, realizing that he acted without valid negotiating powers, but it was to late for reversal. On 18 September, the final peace Treaty of Belgrade was signed. Soon after that, both Neipperg and Wallis were arrested and accused for the unfavorable outcome of negotiations. Only after the Emperor's death in 1740 they were pardoned. Two years later, during the War of Austrian Succession, he commanded the Austrian army which was defeated at the Battle of Mollwitz by Frederick II of Prussia. Nonetheless he became an Imperial field marshal later that year.	2.203125
9185027	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond%20tetra	Diamond tetra	The diamond tetra (Moenkhausia pittieri) is a small freshwater fish of the characin family (family Characidae) of order Characiformes. It is found in and around Lake Valencia in Venezuela, South America. Description This species exhibits clear sexual dimorphism, with males having much longer dorsal fins than the females. Males also tend to be more brightly coloured, but both sexes are attractive fish and have become popular with aquarists. The dorsal and anal fins are purple and the body is silver. The eye is marked with red above the pupil, and there is a dark band running along the midline of the body. Their common name comes from the bright, iridescent scales along the flanks. This species very much resemble Metynnis and Myleus species. Although the patronym was not identified, it is probably in honor of Swiss-born geographer-botanist Henri François Pittier (1857–1950), who lived in Venezuela and collected some specimens for Eigenmann. Habitat Diamond tetras are endemic to the northern area of Venezuela. They hail originally from the waters of Lake Valencia, located between the states Carabobo and Aragua, and its tributaries. They inhabit slow moving streams with abundant vegetation and leaf litter. These fish are threatened by urban growth, which destroys and pollutes their habitat. The species has seemingly disappeared completely from Lake Valencia, where they were collected initially. In 2009 the Venezuelan underwater photographer Ivan Mikolji was able to find and photograph a population of this fish in a stream nearby Lake Valencia. In the aquarium Nutrition The diamond tetra is an omnivore. In the wild they eat whatever they can forage, with a preference for small animal food items, especially mosquito larvae. In a home aquarium they eat most standard fish foods, such as flakes and pellets. They benefit from a variety of food such as live daphnia or frozen bloodworms.	2.671875
9185028	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandgate%20District%20State%20High%20School	Sandgate District State High School	Sandgate District State High School (SDSHS) is a secondary school located in Deagon, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It educates grade levels seven to twelve. It was opened in January 1959 but the first classes – five, A1, A2, B1, C1 and C2 were conducted in the Sandgate Town Hall, on the floor and on the stage, because the first school building (F block) was not yet ready for occupation. Foundation students designed the school badge. Every part of the design has meaning. The motto Industria Floremus translates to "hard work brings success", or more literally "through industry we flourish". Latin was taught as a language in the early years of the school. The shield and the boomerang (on which the motto is printed) indicate the association of early Sandgate with the Aboriginal Australian people who roamed the area and featured in its early development. The ibis, a common local bird, has also been associated with Sandgate since its early development. Early in the 21st century, local business people created from the letters of its name the rubric "I believe in Sandgate", a phrase often used in references to the school. Notable alumni Courtney Act (also known as Shane Jenek) – Australian Idol contestant and entertainer Jayson Bukuya – NRL player for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks and Fiji Susan Kiefel – former Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia	2.328125
9185037	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinkle%20%28comics%29	Twinkle (comics)	Twinkle, "the picture paper specially for little girls," was a popular British comics magazine, published by D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd from 27 January 1968 to 1999 (1,612 issues). It was aimed at young girls and came out weekly, supplemented each year with a Summer Special and a hardcover Annual (the first annual was dated 1970). The comics were introduced by Twinkle herself and featured comic strips, dress-up dolls, a Twinkle Club letters page, and, often, puzzles. Among the most popular comic strips were Nurse Nancy (illustrated by Sabine Price), Jenny Wren, Witch Winkle, Polly's Magic Paintbox, Goldilocks and Her Three Bears, My Baby Brother, The Three Pennys, Patsy Panda, Patty Pickle, Sally Sweet, Molly and her Dollies, and Dandy Lion. Twinkle was given a makeover in the late 1970s and again in the late 1980s, but essentially the character of Twinkle, the comic strips and the essence of the comic remained the same throughout its life. On 19 March 2012, the Royal Mail launched a special stamp collection to celebrate Britain's rich comic book history. The collection featured The Beano, The Dandy, Eagle, The Topper, Roy of the Rovers, Bunty, Buster, Valiant, Twinkle and 2000 AD.	1.945313
9185049	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Reinhard%20in%20Krak%C3%B3w	Operation Reinhard in Kraków	Operation Reinhard in Kraków, often referred to by its original codename in German as Aktion Krakau, was a major 1942 German Nazi operation against the Jews of Kraków, Poland. It was headed by SS and Police Leader Julian Scherner from the Waffen-SS. The roundup was part of the countrywide Aktion Reinhard (Operation Reinhard), the mass murder of Polish Jews in the so-called General Government under the command of SS und Polizeiführer Odilo Globočnik. History Beginning in 1941, all Jewish inhabitants of Kraków were ordered to relocate into Kraków Ghetto, the newly established ghetto situated in the Podgórze district, away from the predominantly Jewish district of Kazimierz. A German Labour Office (Arbeitsamt) was set up for those employed outside the Ghetto. At the beginning of 1942, the entire Jewish population of Greater Kraków (including 29 surrounding villages) was forced to move into the same Ghetto with each person granted of space. On 1 June 1942 the ghetto was surrounded by German police and SS. To conceal the purpose of the "Aktion" and calm the Jewish population, the SD and SiPo officers – among them SS-Obersturmbannführer Willi Haase, SS-Obersturmführer Becher, and SS-Hauptscharführer Heinrich – told the Jews of a "resettlement" program. Jews who worked in German factories were permitted to remain, while the first transport of 7,000 Jews was assembled on Zgody Square and escorted to the railway station in Prokocim. On 5 June 1942, an additional 4,000 Jews were deported to Bełżec extermination camp in a similar way.	2.25
9185059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal%20%28contract%20law%29	Seal (contract law)	In the law, a seal affixed to a contract or other legal instrument has had special legal significance at various times in the jurisdictions that recognise it. In the courts of common law jurisdictions, a contract which was sealed ("made under seal") was treated differently from other written contracts (which were "made under hand"), although this practice gradually fell out of favour in most of these jurisdictions in the 19th and early 20th century. The legal term seal arises from the wax seal used throughout history for authentication (among other purposes). Originally, only a wax seal was accepted as a seal by the courts, but by the 19th century many jurisdictions had relaxed the definition to include an impression in the paper on which the instrument was printed, an embossed paper wafer affixed to an instrument, a scroll made with a pen, or the printed words "Seal" or "L.S." (standing for the Latin term locus sigilli meaning "place of the seal"). Notwithstanding their reduced significance, seals are still used on contracts, usually in the impression on paper form. Legal significance in contract law	2.671875
9185059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal%20%28contract%20law%29	Seal (contract law)	Until modern statutory reforms in contract law, a seal was widely recognised by courts in common law jurisdictions as removing the need for consideration (value) in a contract. This reflects classical contract theory, in which consideration was viewed as a formal aspect of a contract, so that a seal could be considered an alternative form. A seal was not per se a type of consideration, but rather raised a presumption of consideration (courts have varied in their opinions of whether this presumption was rebuttable). See, e.g., Marine Contractors Co. Inc. v. Hurley, 365 Mass. 280, 285-86 (1974). The rationale for this special treatment of sealed contracts can be understood in terms of the legal formalities that are associated with sealing a document with a wax seal. Firstly, the following of the legal formality of affixing a seal to a document was evidence of the existence of a contract. Secondly, the need to use a seal – widely known to have legal significance – served to impress upon the parties the significance of the agreement being made. This element of deliberation is important in the context of many legal theories for why donative promises are not generally enforceable in the same way as contracts: there is a concern that donative promises are sometimes made under pressure (for example, from family members) without adequate deliberation, which explains why a requirement for the legal formality of the seal might substitute for consideration to give enforceability to donative promises. Thirdly, the following of the legal formalities through the use of a seal demonstrated beyond doubt that a legal transaction was intended by the parties. In addition to these three abstract reasons, there may also have been a more practical reason, namely that the object used to imprint the wax, usually an engraved signet ring, identified its owner, thereby providing evidence that the owner of the seal was party to the contract.	2.390625
9185059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal%20%28contract%20law%29	Seal (contract law)	In England and Wales, the common law courts originally recognised only wax seals, but this requirement was gradually relaxed. By the 20th century a small circle of red adhesive paper affixed to the document in question was sufficient when an individual had to use a seal (most commonly on a contract for the sale of land), although the courts also held that a circle containing the letters "L.S." was adequate. The common law rule which required that a deed made by a private individual had to be sealed to be validly executed was finally abolished in 1989 by the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989. The Act implemented recommendations made by the Law Commission of England and Wales in their 1987 report Deeds and Escrows and replaced seals with the requirements that the document had to explicitly state that it was being executed as a deed, and had to be witnessed. With regard to companies and other corporate bodies, the common law originally required that all contracts made by such a body had to be made under seal, whether they were deeds or not. This rule was gradually eroded away, for example being abolished in respect of companies by the Companies Acts in the first half of the twentieth century, but until 1960 remained in force for other corporations. It was abolished by the Corporate Bodies' Contracts Act 1960. Normal contracts (i.e. not deeds) can now be made by a corporation in the same way as they can be made by an individual. The Companies Act 1989 removed the requirement for a company to have a common seal at all, and made provision for those documents which had previously needed to be executed under seal, such as deeds, to instead be executed by officers of the company. However companies can still have and continue to use seals to execute deeds if they wish, in which case the seal has to be engraved (i.e., a seal which leaves an impression on the page, not printed or a wafer facsimile) and to bear the name of the company.	2.546875
9185059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal%20%28contract%20law%29	Seal (contract law)	United States In the United States, wax seals were never expressly required. The Restatement of Contracts (Second) notes that Impressions directly on the paper were recognized early and are still common for notarial and corporate seals, and gummed paper wafers have been widely used. In the absence of statute, decisions have divided on the effectiveness of the written or printed word 'seal', the printed initials 'L.S.' ..., a scrawl made with a pen (often called a 'scroll') and a recital of sealing. The relaxation of the definition of a seal was generally contemporaneous with reduced distinctions given to sealed contracts. This trend can be seen as a parallel of the courts' modern relaxation of their interpretation of the Statute of Frauds, and reflects the evolution of modern contract theory from classical contract theory. It has been noted that "about two-thirds of the [US] states have now adopted statutory provisions depriving the seal of its binding effect," although several important jurisdictions, such as New Jersey and Wisconsin, have retained the concept. Schnell v. Nell (1861), which is widely cited as an example of nominal consideration, involved a sealed contract. Although the distinction of seal had already been abolished by Indiana statute, it is likely the parties viewed the seal as making the contract enforceable, much as the nominal consideration of $1 would have under classical contract theory.	1.953125
9185065	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westend%20%28Berlin%29	Westend (Berlin)	Westend () is a locality of the Berlin borough Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf in Germany. It emerged in the course of Berlin's 2001 administrative reform on the grounds of the former Charlottenburg borough. Originally a mansion colony, it is today a quite densely settled, still affluent territory adjacent to Berlin's inner city in the east. Geography Westend is situated west of Berlin's inner city on Spandauer Berg, the northern peak of the sandy Teltow plateau between the river valleys of Spree and Havel. It is centered on Theodor-Heuss-Platz, a large square, from where the Heerstraße arterial road, part of the Bundesstraße 2 and Bundesstraße 5 highways, runs west towards the Berlin city limits. In the west and north, Westend borders on the Berlin Spandau borough. The locality also includes the neighbourhoods of Neu-Westend and Ruhleben, a suburban housing area of the 1920s. The site of the former Ruhleben internment camp, a World War I detention camp for civilians, today is part of the adjacent Spandau district. Furthermore, the areas of Pichelsberg, Heerstraße and Eichkamp at the northern rim of the Grunewald forest belong to Westend. It is also home of the Messe Berlin exhibition grounds (where the International Green Week and the Internationale Funkausstellung are held) and of the Olympiastadion built for the 1936 Summer Olympics. History When upon the 1806 Battle of Jena–Auerstedt victorious Napoleon moved into Berlin, he had a military camp set up on Spandauer Berg, though he himself chose nearby Charlottenburg Palace for accommodation. In May 1808 General Claude Victor-Perrin, French governor of Berlin, pitched the large Camp Napoleonbourg here, however, he folded up his tents already in November and wasteland was left behind. On the road from Charlottenburg to Spandau, the Spandauer Bock brewery was established in 1840, together with a popular pub catering though of doubtful reputation.	2.21875
9185066	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%20African%20Film%20Festival	Pan African Film Festival	Pan African Film Festival (PAFF) is a non-profit corporation in Los Angeles, California, United States, that states its goal is to promote "cultural understanding among peoples of African descent" through exhibiting art and film. It hosts a film festival and an arts festival in Los Angeles in February of each year. The Los Angeles Times in 2013 called the film festival "the largest black film festival" in the United States. Background In its early years, it was held in West Africa, specifically in Burkina Faso (in February 1985, it was held in Ouagadougou and hosted by Thomas Sankara). The first official festival was organized in 1992 by actors Danny Glover and Ja'net Dubois and executive director Ayuko Babu. Glover and actress Whoopi Goldberg co-hosted the festival. It featured over by Black directors from four continents. The Los Angeles Times said the films had universal themes as well as African themes: "the overthrow of colonial governments, the clash between modern values and traditional values, and tales of gifted artists". Films at the first festival included Sarraounia, Heritage Africa, and Lord of the Street. In 2013, the film festival attracted approximately , and the arts festival attracted around 75,000. In 2014, the film festival featured from . The films included feature-length documentaries, short documentaries, narrative feature films, narrative short films, and web series.	2.609375
9185069	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian%20Air%20Force	Estonian Air Force	The Estonian Air Force (, ) is the aviation branch of the Estonian Defence Forces. The air force traces its history to 1918, and was re-established in its current form in 1991. As of 2016, the Estonian Air Force has a strength of 1,568 personnel. It operates unarmed aircraft and several radar systems. Its main tasks are to provide surveillance of Estonian air space and support the country's ground forces. In addition, the air force hosts units from other NATO countries at its single operational air base. History 1918–1940 The roots of the current organization go back to the Russian revolution of February 1917, after which the Estonian state obtained a degree of autonomy within Russia, which included the establishment of national armed forces. Thus many Estonians in the Russian Army returned home to take up arms for their homeland. The Estonian Declaration of Independence in early 1918 was not recognized by Germany, which invaded and occupied the country during 1918. The Estonian armed forces were disbanded. After the armistice on 11 November 1918, the Estonian Provisional Government immediately set about establishing a military aviation unit. On 21 November 1918 Voldemar Victor Riiberg, the Commander of the Engineering Battalion, assigned August Roos to organize a flight unit. The Aviation Company of the Engineer Battalion began to establish air bases near Tallinn for seaplanes and land planes, but it was not until January 1919 that the first operational aircraft was acquired – a captured Soviet Farman HF.30.	2.484375
9185069	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian%20Air%20Force	Estonian Air Force	In the meantime, on 22 November 1918, the Soviet Red Army had attacked Estonia and soon occupied most of the country. The fledgling Estonian Army, with foreign assistance, managed to counter-attack in early January 1919 and went on to liberate the country by late February. It subsequently moved on to liberate Latvia. Aviation Company aircraft flew a limited number of missions in support of the army. Following the February 1920 peace treaty with the Soviet Russia, the Estonian Army was demobilized, but the Aviation Company was retained. With the delivery of more aircraft, it was reorganized as an Aviation Regiment (), comprising a landplane squadron, seaplane squadron, flying school and workshops. More bases and seaplane stations were built. Some Aviation Regiment pilots were involved in a pro-Soviet coup attempt on 1 December 1924, but this was crushed within hours. From 1925 the First World War era aircraft were gradually replaced by more modern types. During 1928 the Aviation Regiment came under the control of an Air Defence () organization which included the Anti-Aircraft Artillery. In 1939 the Estonian Air force consisted of about 80 active airplanes: Bristol Bulldog, Hawker Hart and Potez 25 biplanes from the 1920s, but also the more modern Avro Anson multipurpose aircraft, in three groups stationed at Rakvere, Tartu, and Tallinn. The Navy also maintained two multipurpose aircraft wings.	2.5
9185069	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian%20Air%20Force	Estonian Air Force	Plans to acquire Spitfires and Lysanders from Britain were thwarted when the outbreak of World War II in 1939 forced Britain to cancel all export orders. After the defeat of Poland, Estonia was forced to accept a Mutual Assistance Pact with the Soviet Union, signed on 28 September 1939. This allowed the Soviets to establish military bases in Estonia, which were later used in the Winter War against Finland. On 17 June 1940 the three Baltic States were invaded by Soviet forces. During the June 1940 invasion the Air Defence took no action and subsequently aircraft remained locked in their hangars. The air force became the Aircraft Squadron of the 22nd Territorial Rifle Corps of the Red Army in the summer of 1940. 1991–present The Estonian Air Force was re-established on 16 December 1991 after the restoration of independence of the Republic of Estonia in 1991. The Air Force was slow to reform because the Soviets had damaged or destroyed most of their infrastructure before leaving. The Air Force Command and Control Headquarters was formed in Tallinn on 13 April 1994. In February 1993 the German government donated two Let L-410UVPs transport aircraft. In October 1994 three Mi-2 helicopters were delivered, followed by four Mi-8s in November 1995. Initially tasked with ground-based, air surveillance and air defence using only old Soviet radars and AAA equipment, on 15 May 1997 the Air Force moved into the former Soviet Su-24 base at Ämari, south of Tallinn. In 1997–98 two of the Mi-8s were upgraded. The Estonian Air Force has been rebuilding the military infrastructure left by the Soviet military. Most of the funds have been directed to the Ämari military airfield which was completed in 2011. The objective of developing Ämari Air Base is to cooperate with NATO and partner nations' air forces, and being able to supply standardized airfield and aircraft services necessary for Host Nation Support. Due to the lack of modern and developed military aviation infrastructure, the Air Force's development has been very slow.	2.421875
9185100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva%20Victrix	Deva Victrix	Deva Victrix, or simply Deva, was a legionary fortress and town in the Roman province of Britannia on the site of the modern city of Chester. The fortress was built by the Legio II Adiutrix in the 70s AD as the Roman army advanced north against the Brigantes, and rebuilt completely over the next few decades by the Legio XX Valeria Victrix. In the early 3rd century the fortress was again rebuilt. The legion probably remained at the fortress until the late 4th or early 5th century, upon which it fell into disuse. A civilian settlement, or canaba, grew around the fortress. Chester's Roman Amphitheatre, south-east of the fortress, is the largest-known military amphitheatre in Britain. The civilian settlement remained after the Romans departed, eventually becoming the present-day city of Chester. There were peripheral settlements around Roman Deva, including Boughton, the source of the garrison's water supply, and Handbridge, the site of a sandstone quarry and Minerva's Shrine. The shrine is the only in situ, rock-cut Roman shrine in Great Britain. The fortress contained barracks, granaries, headquarters, military baths, and an unusual elliptical building which had it been finished may have been intended to act as the governor of Britain's headquarters. History Etymology The name Deva Victrix derives from "goddess", and the Roman fortress was named after the goddess of the River Dee; the Latin for "goddess" is dea or diva. There is an alternative source for the naming of the settlement which suggests that the Roman name for the fortress was adopted directly from the British name of the river. It is thought that the title "victrix" in the name of the fortress was taken from the title of the Legio XX Valeria Victrix who were based at Deva; victrix is Latin for victorious. The name for the city of Chester derives from the Latin word castrum (plural: castra), meaning "fort" or "army camp"; "-chester" and "-caster" are common suffixes in the names of other English cities that began as Roman camps. Foundation	2.453125
9185100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva%20Victrix	Deva Victrix	Following attacks against barbarians in the early 3rd century under Septimius Severus, the fortress at Deva was again rebuilt, this time using an estimated of stone. During the 4th century the size of the legion, and therefore of the garrison, may have diminished in line with the rest of the empire's forces. Decline and abandonment Most of the fortress's major buildings were still being maintained in the second half of the 4th century and the barracks were still inhabited. Before 383 AD, soldiers at Chester were being paid by coins from the imperial mints; after this the soldiers may have been removed by Magnus Maximus when he invaded Gaul in 383. The Notitia Dignitatum, written in around 395, does not record any military units garrisoned at Deva, indicating the fortress was no longer used by the military at this stage. If it was still used by the military, this would have ended by 410 when the Romans retreated from Britannia and the Western Roman Emperor Honorius told the cities of Britain to look to their own defences against invaders. The civilians probably continued to use the fortress and its defences as protection from raiders from the Irish Sea. Inhabitation of Chester continued on a lesser scale once the legions had left. Buildings would have fallen into disrepair, although some of the larger structures are known to have survived for some time. The town nevertheless probably remained the military and administrative centre of the region. After the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons, the settlement became known as Legacaestir, meaning "City of the Legions" in Old English. Medieval chroniclers believed the church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul—later the site of Chester Cathedral—to be of Roman origin, although no evidence has been discovered to support this. When Chester became an Anglo-Saxon burh in 907, the walls of the fortress were repaired and incorporated into the defences. Much of the Roman masonry was reused in later periods.	3.125
9185100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva%20Victrix	Deva Victrix	Later history and investigation In the 14th century, Ranulf Higden, a monk in Chester, described some of the Roman remains, including the sewers and tombstones. Antiquarians began to take interest in the remains in the 17th century and interest continued to grow in the 18th century, fed by accounts of Roman Chester and discoveries such as an altar to Jupiter Tanarus. Jupiter Tanarus—also Taranis—was the Romanised version of the god Taranis who was the equivalent of Jupiter the god of thunder. In 1725, William Stukeley recorded the Roman arches of the east gate; they were demolished in 1768. Over the next century, accidental discoveries continued, such as parts of the Roman bath complex outside the fortress which were destroyed by a late-18th-century housing development. The Chester Archaeological Society, founded in 1849, acquired artefacts discovered in Chester and undertook excavations where possible; the Grosvenor Museum was opened in 1886 to allow the public to view the society's collection. The society continued to work in Chester, recording information on the fortress and its surrounding settlement, often as building works destroyed the sites. Between 1962 and 1999, about 50 excavations were carried out in and around the fortress, revealing new information about Deva Victrix. Between 2007 and 2009, excavations were carried out at the amphitheatre on behalf of Chester City Council and in association with English Heritage. Civilian settlement	2.703125
9185100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva%20Victrix	Deva Victrix	A civilian settlement (canabae legionis) was gradually established outside the walls of the fortress; it probably began as a collection of traders who became prosperous from dealing with the fortress. The settlement was administered by an elected council rather than by the legion. As legionaries retired many settled in the canabae legionis, effectively making it a veteran colony. Cemeteries were located alongside the roads leading to the settlement, beyond built-up areas. The Grosvenor Museum has over 150 tombstones, the largest collection of Roman tombstones from a single site in Britain. Most of them were used to repair the north wall in the 4th century. Settlement extended around the fortress to the east, south, and west; shops fronted the roadside for about beyond the fortress walls. To the east was the legion's parade ground, civilian baths were built to the west, and to the south was a mansio, a large coaching house for travelling government officials. The buildings of the canabae legionis were originally timber, but during the early 2nd century began to be rebuilt in stone. The settlement expanded throughout the 2nd and 3rd centuries as the population increased. Once the legion had left, the civilian settlement continued, eventually becoming part of the town of Chester. Indeed, scholars such as Christopher Snyder believe that during the 5th and 6th centuries—approximately from 410 AD when Roman legions withdrew, to 597 AD when St. Augustine of Canterbury arrived—southern Britain preserved a sub-Roman society that was able to survive the attacks from the Anglo-Saxons and even use a vernacular Latin (called British Latin) for an active culture. There is even the possibility that this vernacular Latin lasted to the late seventh century in the area of Chester, where amphorae and archaeological remnants of a local Romano-British culture at Deva Victrix have been found. Legionary quarry	2.984375
9185100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva%20Victrix	Deva Victrix	The Roman fortress of Deva was constructed from local sandstone, which was quarried across the river to the south of the fortress. Traces of the quarry are visible in Handbridge. In the 2nd century, a shrine to the Roman goddess Minerva was carved in the quarry for protection, perhaps by the quarry workers. Despite heavy weathering, the figure can be seen holding a spear and a shield with an owl above the left shoulder to symbolise wisdom. There is also a carving of an altar where offerings were left. The only rock-cut Roman shrine still in situ in Britain, the Minerva shrine is a Grade I listed building. Legionary baths Deva Victrix had a large legionary bath complex (thermae) for the soldiers to maintain good hygiene and to use for leisure time. The baths were sited near the south gate and measured by . They were completed towards the end of Vespasian's reign. The complex was constructed from concrete and faced with stone. The walls were thick and the barrel-vaulted buildings rose as high as . The bath complex featured an entrance room (vestibulum), an exercise hall (basilica thermarum), a sweating room (sudatorium), a cold room with a cold pool (frigidarium), a warm room (tepidarium), and a hot room with a hot plunge bath (caldarium). An unsheltered exercise yard (palaestra) also formed part of the complex. The baths had mosaic floors and were heated by a hypocaust under-floor system connected to three furnaces. Such furnaces required several metric tons of wood each day. The baths would have been in operation 24 hours a day, using an estimated of water each day. The water was supplied from the springs in Boughton through underground lead pipes linked to the main aqueduct near the east gate. The water was then held in large tanks with concrete foundations, before being fed through the complex.	2.59375
9185100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva%20Victrix	Deva Victrix	A large area of the baths was destroyed by building works in 1863 and during the construction of the Grosvenor Shopping Mall in 1963. Sandstone columns from the exercise hall of the baths, measuring in diameter, are present in the "Roman Gardens" off Pepper Street; the columns would originally have stood high. A section of hypocaust remains in situ and is on display in the cellar of 39 Bridge Street. Market Hall inscription This is a fragment of a much larger inscription, finely carved onto Welsh slate, which was discovered close to the fort's principia. Archaeologist David J.P. Mason has said that: Examples of important inscriptions of this nature include treaties with local tribes and declarations of rights. The text of this inscription cannot be reconstructed from this small fragment, but it appears to talk about the "fortress", an "amicable conclusion", and someone being "against the regime". Amphitheatre The amphitheatre was discovered in 1929, and the Chester Archaeological Society—with support from then Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald—protected it from the construction of a road over the site. Excavations have revealed traces of late Iron Age cultivation, and they show that Deva's amphitheatre was built in two phases. The first amphitheatre was constructed from timber soon after the fortress and measured . There is no evidence of repairs to the timber structure, and its foundations were only deep, so it may have been a temporary structure. In the Flavian period the amphitheatre was rebuilt in stone. This second phase was larger than the first and measured . Only the seating that was extended, not the arena itself. The latest excavations indicate that it was a two-tiered structure, capable of accommodating between 8,000 and 10,000 spectators. Its size has been used as an indicator of Deva's large civilian population, and of the presence of wealthy citizens. The second phase of building is the largest-known military amphitheatre in Britain. It is a protected as a Scheduled Ancient Monument.	2.46875
9185100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva%20Victrix	Deva Victrix	In 1939, some paving and the walls of two unusual elliptical buildings were discovered, one atop the other. These "elliptical" buildings were partially uncovered behind Chester's market hall, and no similar buildings have been found in other legionary fortresses. The buildings were located near the centre of the fortress and they had their own bath buildings and a range of store rooms around the outside. The presence of a second bath building is unusual because legionary fortresses generally had just one set of internal baths. Construction on the site began around 77 AD and this was confirmed by a length of lead piping, which served a central water feature or fountain, which was stamped with the name of Emperor Vespasian. The first building was a prestigious edifice made with concrete foundations and finely dressed stonework, and was probably the finest building in the entire fortress. Technically speaking it was not elliptical, but arcuate, with the central hall being formed from two intersecting arcs, and this makes it unique in the Roman Empire. Its function is unknown. There was no seating within the arcs, which precludes a theatre, and the best guess of the archaeologists was that the twelve alcoves may have contained images of the gods, with the temple being dedicated to the twelve primary gods of the Roman pantheon. Or, alternatively, the oval shape may have represented the shape of the known Roman world, but there is no supporting evidence for this. The completed building measured by , and had an oval courtyard with a water feature at its centre, by , surrounded by 12 "wedge-shaped" rooms. Traces of the concrete foundation for the water feature and its lead pipe work have been excavated. The 12 rooms surrounding the courtyard had large arched entrances, wide and at least high. It is not certain if the first building was ever completed, but it had certainly been destroyed by the 90s AD and the site was subsequently used as the fortress rubbish dump for many decades.	2.828125
9185100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva%20Victrix	Deva Victrix	The second elliptical building was built on top foundations of the first, and although the architect must have been aware of the exact layout of the previous building, the design of the second was slightly modified. Although the it looks very similar to the first, it used different diameters of arc to achieve a slightly "fatter" design. The second "elliptical" building was not constructed until about 220 AD, and this was confirmed by a coin of Emperor Elagabalus under one of the pavement slabs. It is thought that the second building may have survived until the end of Roman rule and influence in Britain. Possible capital of Britannia The elliptical building is one of several differences between the fortress at Chester and other Roman fortresses in the province. Deva was 20% larger, , than the fortresses of Eboracum (York)—later capital of Britannia Inferior—and Isca Augusta (Caerleon). Also, the stone curtain wall at Chester was constructed without mortar, using large sandstone blocks; this required greater skill and effort than the methods used to build the walls of Eboracum and Isca Augusta, and was usually reserved for the most important structures such as temples or city walls rather than town walls. The presence of unusual buildings at the heart of the fortress—accounting for the by which Deva was larger than other fortresses—has been taken as evidence that their construction was specifically ordered by the provincial governor. The governor (Legatus Augusti pro praetore) when construction first started was Gnaeus Julius Agricola. Lead piping found in the elliptical building bears his name, the only evidence in Britain of a building under his direct control. These differences suggest that Deva may have been Agricola's administrative headquarters—in effect the capital of Britannia. This was speculated on in a Timewatch investigation.	2.578125
9185119	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berca	Berca	Berca is a commune located in the hillside of Buzău County, Muntenia, Romania, in the valley of the river Buzău. It is an oil and natural gas extraction location. The commune is composed of thirteen villages: Băceni, Berca, Cojanu, Joseni, Mânăstirea Rătești, Pâclele, Pleșcoi, Pleșești, Rătești, Sătuc, Tâțârligu, Valea Nucului, and Viforâta. Landmarks The Mud Volcanoes The Berca Muddy Volcanoes geological and botanical reservation lies in the hills that surround the commune, near the Pâclele village. Mud volcanos, a rare geological phenomenon, occurs there when mud and gas are expelled from a depth of through structures resembling real miniature volcanoes. Rătești monastery Rătești Monastery is a medieval monastery, attested by documents from the 17th century. It is an Eastern orthodox monastery of nuns, and hosts a museum exhibiting religious books and items. Demographics The Romanian census of 2002 reported a population of 9,602 for the Berca commune, making it one of the largest communes in the county; 99% of the inhabitants were ethnic Romanians. At the 2021 census, Berca had a population of 7,741, of which 88.88% were Romanians. Natives George Macovescu (1913–2002), writer and communist politician Pleșcoi Pleșcoi village is famous for its meat processing tradition. The Pleșcoi sausages are smoked mutton sausages with chili peppers and garlic. The name Pleșcoi sausages is a protected designation of origin in the European Union.	2.015625
9185143	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina%20Lee	Georgina Lee	Georgina Anne Lee (born 14 August 1981) is a female English former competitive swimmer. Swimming career Lee represented Great Britain in the Olympics and European championships, and competed for England in the Commonwealth Games. Lee won gold, silver, and bronze medals at the 2002 Commonwealth Games. She was also a bronze medallist at the European SC Championships in 2001. Lee represented Great Britain at both the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney and the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. In Sydney she reached the semifinal in the 200-metre butterfly, breaking the British Record and finishing in 10th place. In Athens she reached the semifinal in the 200-metre butterfly, again finishing in 10th place, and she reached the final in both the 4×100-metre medley relay and the 4×200-metre freestyle relay. She also competed in the 100-metre butterfly but did not progress beyond the heats. Lee set 14 British records between 2000 and 2004, and at the ASA National British Championships she won the 100 metres butterfly title in 2001, 2002 and 2004 and the 200 metres butterfly title in 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2004. Attending Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, between 2001 and 2004, Lee won two titles at the U.S. National Championships in 2003. She was also champion and runner-up at the NCAA national collegiate championships, and she was awarded an NCAA postgraduate scholarship upon graduation. Personal life Lee was born the youngest of 6 children and was educated at King Edward VI High School For Girls in Birmingham. In 1999 her father, Malcolm Lee, died from a heart attack. In 2003 her brother, Adrian Lee, died in a suspected suicide from an overdose of prescribed pills for depression. Lee did not talk publicly about her brother's death until a year later, when she gave an interview in April 2004 to Craig Lord of The Times.	2.0625
9185219	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%20Duk-su	Han Duk-su	Han Duk-su (; February 18, 1907 – February 21, 2001) was a North Korean activist who founded the General Association of Korean Residents in Japan (Chongryon) in 1955. His activism started when he moved to Atami in 1933 and advocated for the rights of Zainichi Koreans who were forced to work on the Tanna Tunnel in Japan. However, he was arrested for this a year later, being sentenced to two years in prison. Early life Han Duk-su was born on February 18, 1907 in the Korean Empire as the eldest son of Han Gi Man and Jang Nae Gok. After attending Keisung High School for four years, Han left Korea to study in Japan in 1927, wishing to become a vocalist, but was unable to pass the entrance exam for a music school. Two years later, he instead entered the Department of Social Sciences at Nihon University in Tokyo and worked as a newspaper deliveryman before dropping out. Afterwards, he turned his attention to the labor movement, and in 1931, he joined the Tokyo branch of the general trade union under the National Trade Union Council. Activism Imprisonments In August 1933, Han moved to Atami and became a standing member of the Higashizu Labor Union. In September 1934, he was arrested and sentenced to two years in prison with a three-year stay of execution on the charge of having organized a labor dispute among his fellow Korean laborers, who had been under forced labor at the construction site of the Tanna Tunnel. Despite repeated arrests and imprisonments, Han still advocated for Korean rights before the country gained independence from the empire of Japan on August 15, 1945.	2.125
9185219	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%20Duk-su	Han Duk-su	Formation of Chongryon After September 1945, he served as a representative of a Kantō district association of Koreans and a member of the preparatory committee for Chongryon, which was founded in October 1945 and formed on May 25, 1955. After the end of the Pacific War, he led the formation of the Korean Association in the Kantō region and oversaw the formation of the League of Koreans in Japan (Chōren) in October 1945, serving as chairman of the Kanakawa Prefecture headquarters and central headquarters, and later serving as Director General. He was elected director of the general affairs bureau, and later director of the cultural and educational affairs bureau, of Chongryon, as well as the co-chairman of Chongryon in 1947. Further activism In December 1949, after Chōren was ordered to be disbanded by the Japanese government, Han was appointed as the head of the National Countermeasures Department of the Japanese Communist Party, and in 1951, he opened the Nine Wolseobang (九月書房) to sell publications donated by the propaganda department of North Korea's Workers' Party of Korea and use the proceeds to develop the Korean Zainichi movement. Additionally, Han served the Fatherland Front Central Committee as its member since 1949, and as a member of its chairmen's group from 1957 until his death in February 2001. He strived to reorganize the Korean compatriots' movement in Japan following Kim Il Sung's Juche-oriented line after 1952, including re-publishment of the magazine Choson Sinbo and resumption of the work of the Korean News Agency based in Tokyo.	2.140625
9185219	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%20Duk-su	Han Duk-su	In 1952, Han established the Korean Studies Research Institute, using it to promote ideological and cultural struggle by publishing the periodical Joseon Problems Research. In May 1958, at the 4th General Convention of Chongryon, along with the exclusion of the non-mainstream faction, the chairmanship was disbanded and the single chairman/vice chairman system was introduced, and he was elected as chairman. Under this system, a large organizational system was built covering national education, culture, the arts, publishing, reporting, finance, and the economy. Additionally, he was appointed dean of Korea University in 1968, and although there was an uproar around 1970 when Vice-Chairman Kim Pyong-sik openly rebelled against him, he managed to resolve it and held the position of chairman of Chongryon until his death in 2001. He was elected as a central committee member at the founding convention of the Democratic Front for Fatherland Unification held in Pyongyang in June 1949 and has consistently maintained a pro-North Korean stance ever since. At the second congress in December 1957, he was elected as a member of the standing committee and as one of the seven members of the chairmanship. In 1967, he was elected as a delegate to the 4th Supreme People's Assembly, and in 1972, he succeeded Paek Nam-un as chairman and served until 1986. Later life By the early 1990s, Chongryon employees were paid very modest salaries, barely getting by with their rental payments. Meanwhile, Han and his family were living a life of luxury, occupying a massive mansion in a neighborhood in Tokyo that was staffed with domestic workers, bodyguards, personal assistants, academic tutors for the children, chefs, and chauffeurs. His younger daughters had a limousine transport them between the residence and their school. Death On February 21, 2001, Han Duk-su died in Tokyo, Japan from pneumonia. Afterwards, a funeral committee was appointed with So Man-sul as its chairman and Ho Jong-man as vice chairman.	2.171875
10672928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington%20Passage%2C%20Nova%20Scotia	Barrington Passage, Nova Scotia	Barrington Passage is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Barrington of Shelburne County. It is named after William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington. History The Mi'kmaq called the area, "Ministiguish" or "Ministegkek", meaning "he has gone for it." The Acadians called the area, "La Passage". Eighty families from Cape Cod and Nantucket, Massachusetts settled in the area in 1760. While Barrington has grown substantially over the past decade, it has experienced tough economic times because of a shortage of lobster (the primary industry). A causeway to Cape Sable Island, just south of the community, was opened in 1949 to replace the ferry service, which had had to run through heavy currents. A bridge had been considered but was rejected. Since then, sand has been collecting on the east side of the causeway, making a beach on Cape Sable Island that has nearly connected to the mainland. It is called North East Point Beach. Sports Barrington Passage has an indoor hockey arena- The Sandy Wickens Memorial Arena, as well a curling club just down the road at the Barrington Passage Recreational Complex.	2.203125
10672987	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee%20School%20of%20Education	University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee School of Education	The University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee School of Education is an academic division of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. It offers five undergraduate major, five master's, and 12 doctoral programs. It also offers the only four-year interpreter training degree in Wisconsin. The school was ranked 86th nationally by U.S. News & World Report in 2011. History The School of Education’s history is intertwined with the history of UWM. The school’s predecessor, Milwaukee Normal School, opened in 1885 to train teachers in downtown Milwaukee at 18th Street and Wells Avenue. In 1909, the Normal School moved to its new location, the Milwaukee Normal School Building (today’s Mitchell Hall on the UWM campus). The Normal School became Milwaukee State Teachers College, offering four-year degrees. In 1951, Milwaukee State Teachers College became Wisconsin State College (WSC), Milwaukee, with liberal arts degrees. WSC merged with UW Milwaukee Extension to form UWM. Departments Administrative Leadership Curriculum and Instruction Education Outreach Educational Policy and Community Studies Educational Psychology Exceptional Education Urban Education Doctoral Program Academic Centers Center for Mathematics and Science Education Research Center for New and Professional Educators Early Childhood Research Center (ECRC) Institute for Intercultural Research Notable people Martin Haberman, educator, university professor Golda Meir, fourth Prime Minister of Israel, one of the founders of the State of Israel Bruce Weber, men's basketball head coach at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign	1.953125
10673017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loiner	Loiner	Loiner is a demonym, describing the citizens of Leeds. The Rugby league club Leeds Rhinos were previously nicknamed the Loiners. History While there are several theories, the actual origin of the term remains uncertain. The three competing theories are: Loiner could derive from the name Loidis (in use by the eighth century for the district around modern-day Leeds). Another explanation says that in the 19th century there were many yards and closes around Briggate whose back entrances were known as Low Ins or Loins, hence Loiner. A third theory is that, in the area of Briggate, locals referred to numerous nearby streets as 'loins’, as a Leeds cognate for the Standard English word 'lanes'. People who gathered in these loins to gossip were therefore termed Loiners. Dialect The term Leeds Loiner was included by Joseph Wright, a native of nearby Windhill and Wrose, in the English Dialect Dictionary. The definition was "An inhabitant of Leeds". The entry suggests that the origin is linked to Marsh Lane in Leeds.	2.171875
10673063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Adventurers%20%281970%20film%29	The Adventurers (1970 film)	The Adventurers is a 1970 American epic adventure drama film directed, produced, and co-written by Lewis Gilbert. It is based on the 1966 novel of the same name by Harold Robbins. The film stars Bekim Fehmiu, Candice Bergen, Charles Aznavour, Olivia de Havilland, Fernando Rey, Ernest Borgnine, Alan Badel, and Leigh Taylor-Young. The film was the American film debut of Yugoslavian actor Fehmiu and was shot in Europe and parts of South America. It is loosely based on the life of Dominican diplomat and playboy Porfirio Rubirosa. Lewis Gilbert did the movie under a lucrative contract he had signed with Paramount following the success of Alfie. He called The Adventurers "the worst thing I ever did" and that the book was "impossible". Plot Dax Xenos, a ten-year-old boy in the South American country of Corteguay, witnesses the rape and murder of his mother by government soldiers and runs to his father, Jaime, who is with a band of revolutionaries. Jaime's men capture the government soldiers, give Dax the privilege of personally executing his mother's murderers, and then take the boy to their hideout in the mountains, where he meets Amparo, the daughter of the revolutionary leader Rojo. After the rebels oust the dictator and establish Rojo as president, Dax accompanies his father to Rome, where Jaime is to serve as an ambassador. Years later, Jaime returns to Corteguay to find that Rojo has established himself as a dictator. He contacts El Condor, the new revolutionary leader, but is killed by Colonel Gutierrez, Rojo's security chief. Dax, now a young man, returns to Corteguay for his father's funeral. Rojo persuades Dax, who does not know the cause of his father's death, to convince El Condor to surrender. However, when El Condor surrenders, he is killed by Gutierrez.	2.03125
10673182	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitacre%20College%20of%20Engineering	Whitacre College of Engineering	The Edward E. Whitacre Jr. College of Engineering is the college of engineering at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas. The engineering program has existed at Texas Tech University since 1925. Additionally, the Whitacre College of Engineering administers graduate engineering degree programs at the university's campus in Amarillo, Texas. Many of the college's degree programs are accredited by ABET. The Whitacre College of Engineering is the first and, presently, only school in the world to offer a doctor of philosophy degree in wind science and engineering. In August 2008, the Whitacre College of Engineering announced that it would rename its petroleum engineering department the Bob L. Herd Department of Petroleum Engineering. Herd, a Texas Tech petroleum engineering alumnus and Tyler, Texas oil man, donated $15 million to the college. The department was ranked tenth in the nation in the April 2008 edition of U.S. News & World Report. History The Texas Technological College, present day Texas Tech University, School of Engineering was created in the fall of 1925. At that time the school consisted of 313 students and two faculty members, and was housed in the textile engineering building, now the mechanical engineering building. In 1928, the School of Engineering expanded and opened the west engineering building, now the electrical and computer engineering building. The school's civil, electrical, industrial, mechanical, and textile engineering programs were accredited by the Engineering Council for Professional Development in 1933. The chemical engineering and petroleum engineering programs were accredited in 1959 and 1960 respectively. The chemical engineering building opened for classes in 1960. In the early 1970s the Pulsed Power Research Center was created for the purpose of plasma research.	2.1875
10673182	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitacre%20College%20of%20Engineering	Whitacre College of Engineering	Center for Advanced Intelligent Systems The Center for Advanced Intelligent Systems is an interdisciplinary laboratory in the computer science department. Currently the center conducts research in the fields of data understanding, human-centered computing, computational mechanics and materials, declarative languages and software engineering. The center's research on data understanding is focused on data and knowledge representation, finding causal links, and mining of large databases containing macro and micro data. The center also researches seamless interaction of dry and wet intelligent agents in the field of human-centered computing. Its declarative languages research aims to develop intuitive abstractions for the construction of symbolic and numerical computations. In the field of software engineering, the center is also conducting research on the impact of software architecture, classifications of software, and technology transfer considerations on the process of software development. Center for Engineering Outreach The principal goal of the Center of Engineering Outreach is to promote integration of engineering education in K-14 education at the regional and state level. The center aims to accomplish this by developing curricula, teacher training, and other academic resources designed to help K-14 educators and institutions engage students in the fields of engineering. To work towards this goal, the center provides experiences that reinforce interest and learning about engineering at the K-14 level through competitions, mentoring, campus visits and early admission.	2.375
10673182	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitacre%20College%20of%20Engineering	Whitacre College of Engineering	Center for Multidisciplinary Research in Transportation The Center for Multidisciplinary Research in Transportation (TechMRT) was established in 1997 to serve as a focal point between Texas Tech and the various transportation research funding organizations and programs. In the area of pavement engineering and construction, the center has conducted research on constructability and material selection for surface treatments, asphalt binder quality assurance and best practices for pavement edge maintenance and repair. TechMRT's research in environmental and right-of-way issues has included projects on developing an integrated roadside management system for TxDOT and addressing fire ant dispersal along Texas highways. In the field of geotechnical engineering, the center also conducts research in the area of expansive solids, pavements and foundations, as well as in the areas of design, construction, and performance of geotechnical systems including earth retention systems, bridge foundations and bridge approaches. TechMRT also conducts research in the area of transportation structures including projects in innovative design and construction methods for off-system bridges, controlling vibration in cable-stayed bridges, rapid bridge replacement and live load testing of a sandwich plate system. The traffic engineering branch of TechMRT was created in 2004 and has conducted research in ways to make highways and intersections safer from aggressive drivers, as well as methods to make roadways safer during weather events.	2.578125
10673182	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitacre%20College%20of%20Engineering	Whitacre College of Engineering	P3E's power electronics research is focused on the usage of very large power insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) for intermittent and steady state operation, the use of ultra high power silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR) for pulsed power applications, research into advanced electrical and thermal packaging, robust controls to supply nonlinear loads such as plasma arcs, and high bandwidth monitoring and control of electric machines. The program is also working collaboratively with the University of Minnesota to develop a power electronics curriculum at the national level. Nano Tech Center In the fall of 1999, the Texas Tech Nano Tech Center was formed to capitalize on the growing interest in microsensors and microanalysis systems. Currently the center is focused on the fundamental science and growth of advanced semiconductor materials for optoelectronic and CMOS applications, and the design, fabrication, characterization and implementation of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Murdough Center for Engineering Professionalism (National Institute for Engineering Ethics) The Murdough Center for Engineering Professionalism/National Institute for Engineering Ethics provides engineering ethics and professionalism education, research, and communications to students, faculty, staff, and engineers in industry, government and private practice, other professionals, and citizens in the community, state, and nation. The goal of the center is to increase the awareness of the professional and ethical obligations and responsibilities entrusted to individuals who practice engineering, and encourage cooperation among individuals, universities, professional and technical societies and business organizations with regard to engineering ethics and professionalism issues.	2.09375
10673182	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitacre%20College%20of%20Engineering	Whitacre College of Engineering	Water Resources Center The Water Resources Center (WRC) was established by the Texas Tech Board of Regents in 1965. Since its inception, the WRC has encouraged, conducted, and coordinated water resources research and related activities. To accomplish this purpose, WRC has adopted a multiphase approach, encompassing research, education, and public service. The WRC also provides public services, both locally and statewide, through its publications, seminars, workshops, and as a resources contact with access to water-related experts throughout the campus. National Wind Institute The National Wind Institute Research Center at Texas Tech is an interdisciplinary research center focused on education and information outreach. Its goals are to exploit the useful qualities of wind and to mitigate its detrimental effects. The Center offers an education in wind science and engineering to develop professionals who are experts in design for windstorms and wind-induced effects. Currently the NWI is composed of approximately 25 faculty associates from seven academic departments, four research associates, eight professional staff and 40 graduate students. It is also the home to the only wind science and engineering doctorate program.	2.453125
10673314	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Meige	Henry Meige	Henri Meige (11 February 1866 – 29 September 1940) was a French neurologist born in Moulins-sur-Allier. He characterized Meige's syndrome in 1910. He studied medicine in Paris under Jean Charcot (1825–1893), earning his doctorate in 1893. Afterwards he worked at the Salpêtrière and the École des Beaux-Arts, where in the 1920s he was appointed professor. With Édouard Brissaud (1852–1909) he researched skeletal changes in acromegaly, concluding that gigantism in adolescents is fundamentally the same disease as acromegaly in adults. During World War I he conducted studies of neuropathy with Pierre Marie (1853–1940). Meige is best known for his work with extrapyramidal lesions. In 1902, with Eugene Feindel, he published an important work on motor disturbances, blepharospasms and tics. In contrast to Charcot, Meige asserted that disturbances of the extrapyramidal system were manifestations of pathological changes outside the pyramidal system. He was editor of the journals Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière and Schriftleiter of the Revue Neurologique. Publications Etude sur certains névropathes Voyageurs. Paris, 1893. Leçons cliniques sur les maladies mentales et nerveuses : (Salpétriére, 1887-1894), 1895; (by Jules Séglas, collected and published by Henry Meige). Les tics Traitement et leur. Paris, 1902; (with Eugene Feindel) Tics. Paris, 1905.	2.640625
10673491	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex%20Wailes	Rex Wailes	Reginald "Rex" Wailes OBE, FSA, F I Mech E (6 March 1901 – 7 January 1986) was an English engineer and historian who published widely on aspects of engineering history and industrial archaeology, particularly on windmills and watermills. Wailes was born at Hadley Wood on 6 March 1901, the son of Reginald and Florence Wailes; his father was a mechanical engineer. He was educated at Oundle School before becoming an engineering apprentice at Robey's of Lincoln. In 1924 following his apprenticeship he joined the family firm of George Wailes & Company. In 1923, while serving his apprenticeship with Robey, an engineering firm in Lincoln, he was asked by the then president of the Newcomen Society to record windmills in Lincolnshire. At the time English windmills were rapidly falling into disuse and being demolished, and it was felt that some attempt should be made to record this vanishing aspect of the English countryside. In 1929 he was appointed technical adviser to the newly formed Windmill Section (now the Mills Section) of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. In this post he visited numerous mills in England and developed a reputation as the leading British authority on them, presenting more than thirty papers to the Newcomen Society on mill-related subjects. He was also invited to report on mills overseas, notably in the United States, presenting a paper on the windmills of Long Island for the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities in 1935. He was also the consultant for the construction of Robertson's post mill at Colonial Williamsburg in the 1950s. Books followed, the most notable of which were Windmills in England (1948) and The English Windmill (1954), the latter in particular being considered the classic work on the subject.	2.3125
10673574	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Axe	Golden Axe	Characters Ax Battler is a barbarian hero. He uses a claymore while wearing a speedo and blue boots as well as iron bracers and a gorget. He calls upon volcanic magic, deploying lava and powerful eruptive blasts. Ax's mother is murdered by Death Adder's forces, providing his motive in the original Golden Axe. Ax was given a solo game for the Sega Game Gear title Ax Battler: A Legend of Golden Axe, in which he is charged with saving another kingdom. Battler is the most balanced character, having a better striking range and less spell-power than Tyris, and more powerful magic but not the extended physical reach of Gilius. Tyris Flare is an amazon who wields a cinquedea-type sword while wearing a chainmail bikini, bracers and red boots. Both her parents are murdered by Death Adder's forces, leading her to seek revenge in the first Golden Axe game. Her magic attacks are all fire-based, including the summoning of a giant, flame-spewing dragon. Tyris has the shortest range of the heroes, but possesses the most powerful spells. Gilius Thunderhead is a bearded dwarf who (at least in the arcade version) actually commands the Golden Axe. He wears a green tunic, leather boots and a horned helmet. He seeks revenge in Golden Axe after his brother is murdered by Death Adder's forces, returning again to defeat Dark Guld in Golden Axe II. In Golden Axe III, Gilius is the only character from the previous games to appear, though he is not playable, he starts each of the characters off on their quest at the game's beginning. When Death Adder returns from the dead in Golden Axe: The Revenge of Death Adder, Gilius rides on the back of playable character Goah throughout the game, and sacrifices his life at game's end to vanquish Death Adder once and for all. Gilius is granted the least powerful spells in the game, but has the best striking range in battle. Gillius is a recurring playable character in the Sega SuperStars series.	1.945313
10673579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker%20Siddeley%20Trident	Hawker Siddeley Trident	Background and original specification In 1953, as British European Airways (BEA) introduced the world's first turboprop-powered civil airliner – the Vickers Viscount – into passenger service, the operator was already considering what would be required of a potential successor. Following the entry into service of jet airliners in 1952, many airline managers and economists remained sceptical, and advocated turboprop airliners as replacements of piston-engined airliners. In 1953, while several manufacturers across the world were investing in pure jet-powered aircraft, BEA chose to favour turboprops on the basis of their superior economics and produced a specification that called for an aircraft capable of seating 100 passengers and attaining a maximum speed of . As a result of the BEA specification, Vickers developed an enlarged derivative of the Viscount for BEA, the Vickers Vanguard, which was ordered by the airline on 20 July 1956. By this point, however, the French-built Sud Aviation Caravelle had conducted its maiden flight during the previous year, and BEA was beginning to recognise that jet aircraft could soon be providing stiff competition.	2.53125
10673579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker%20Siddeley%20Trident	Hawker Siddeley Trident	The DH.121 was to be the world's first trijet airliner. Its designers felt this configuration offered a trade-off between cruising economy and take-off safety in case of an engine failure; moreover, the BEA specification had called for "more than two engines". Each of the three engines would drive its own hydraulic system, offering triple redundancy in case of any of the other systems failing. The engines were to be 13,790 lbf (61.34 kN) Medway engines. The DH.121 was to have a gross weight of or optionally, up to , a range of , and seating for 111 in a two-class layout (or for over 140 in a high-density, single-class layout as typical from the 1960s onwards on inclusive-tour charter flights). The design initially included a cruciform tail layout similar to that of the Caravelle. The engines were clustered at the rear, with the centre engine situated in the extreme rear of the fuselage fed by air ducted through a large oval intake at the front of the fin, a configuration similar to the later Boeing 727; the design eventually settled on a variable-incidence T-tail. From the outset, the DH.121 was planned to employ avionics that were very advanced for the period. Among other capabilities, they would offer automatic approach and landing within a few years of service entry. The avionics were also to have triplicated components for reliability and to allow "majority 2:1 voting" for aircraft guidance during automatic approach and landing. The physical dimensions of most avionics of the period required them to be housed in a large compartment beneath the Trident's flight deck; the compartment's size was among the factors dictating a distinctive nose undercarriage design, with the nose landing gear offset by to the port side and retracting sideways to stow across the DH.121's longitudinal axis.	2.234375
10673579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker%20Siddeley%20Trident	Hawker Siddeley Trident	In April 1958, de Havilland firmed the general configuration of the DH.121 and established a development timetable, including a projected date for the type's maiden flight to be conducted during mid-1961. The company's market research department was forecasting that as many as 550 airliners in its category would be sold by 1965. Noting that a greater preference for the seating dimensions of what would become economy class was emerging amongst airlines, design alterations were made to adopt a slightly larger diameter fuselage to accommodate six-abreast seating, providing for a maximum configuration of 111 seats. According to Woods, this enlarged version of the DH.121 was "on the verge of building the right aeroplane for the market and the success of the Viscount looked like being repeated". Revised specification In March 1959, BEA, which had become concerned by a recent decline in passenger growth, concluded that the DH.121's payload-range capacity could be too great for their needs and petitioned de Havilland to reduce the scale of the design to suit their revised projections. Fearing that the proposed scale of the Trident was too large, the airline had elected to effectively tear up the programme for its redesigning for their immediate situation. In 1959, BEA had a large fleet in operation and on order, and the issue of overcapacity was a critical concern. The airline's concerns reflected three factors - a short-lived airline recession in the late 1950s; the imminent arrival into service of a large fleet of turboprop Vickers Vanguards, which duplicated the DH.121's general payload-range area; and the growing trend to higher-density seating.	2.03125
10673579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker%20Siddeley%20Trident	Hawker Siddeley Trident	Overview The Trident was a jet airliner of all-metal construction with a T-tail and a low-mounted wing with a quarter-chord sweepback of 35 degrees. It had three rear-mounted engines: two in side-fuselage pods, and the third in the fuselage tailcone, with an S-shaped intake duct. One version, the 3B, had a fourth "boost" engine with a separate intake duct above the main S-duct. All versions were powered by versions of the Rolls-Royce Spey, while the boost engine was a Rolls-Royce RB162, originally intended as a lift engine for VTOL applications. The Trident was one of the fastest subsonic commercial airliners, cruising at over . At introduction into service its cruise Mach Number was 0.88/ 380 kn IAS. Designed for high speed, with a critical Mach number of 0.93, the wing produced relatively limited lift at lower speeds. This, and the aircraft's low thrust-to-weight ratio, called for prolonged takeoff runs. Nevertheless, the Trident fulfilled BEA's field length criterion and its relatively staid airfield performance was deemed adequate before the arrival into service of the Boeing 727 and later jet airliners built to field length criteria. The aerodynamics and wing was developed by a team led by Richard Clarkson, who would later use the Trident wing design as the basis for the wing of the Airbus A300; for the Trident he won the Mullard Award in 1969.	2.421875
10673579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker%20Siddeley%20Trident	Hawker Siddeley Trident	The Trident normal descent rate was up to 4500 ft/min (23 m/s). In emergency descents of up to 10,000 ft/min, it was permissible to use reverse thrust. Below 280 kn IAS, it was also possible to extend the main landing gear for use as an airbrake. The Trident's first version, Trident 1C, had the unusual capability of using reverse thrust prior to touchdown. The throttles could be closed in the flare and reverse idle set to open the reverser buckets. At pilot discretion, up to full reverse thrust could then be used prior to touchdown. This was helpful to reduce hydroplaning and give very short landing runs on wet or slippery runways while preserving wheel brake efficiency and keeping wheel brake temperatures low. Brakes were fitted with the Dunlop Maxaret anti-skid system. Avionics The Trident had a complex, sophisticated and comprehensive avionics fit which was successful in service. This comprised a completely automatic blind landing system developed by Hawker Siddeley and Smiths Aircraft Instruments. It was capable of guiding the aircraft automatically during airfield approach, flare, touchdown and even roll-out from the landing runway. The system was intended to offer autoland by 1970. In the event, it enabled the Trident to perform the first automatic landing by a civil airliner in scheduled passenger service on 10 June 1965 and the first genuinely "blind" landing in scheduled passenger service on 4 November 1966.	2.34375
10673579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker%20Siddeley%20Trident	Hawker Siddeley Trident	The ability to land in fog solved a major problem at London Heathrow and other British airports. Delays were commonplace when Category 1 (Cat 1 = decision height and 600 metre runway visual range RVR) instrument landing system (ILS) was in use. The Trident's autoland system pioneered the use of lower landing minima, initially with Category 2 (100 ft decision height and 400 metres RVR) and soon after "zero-zero" (Category 3C) conditions. Since Tridents could operate safely to airfields equipped with suitable ILS installations, they could operate schedules regardless of weather, while other aircraft were forced to divert. The Trident's advanced avionics displayed the aircraft's current position relative to the ground on a moving map display on the centre instrument panel. This electro-mechanical device also recorded the aircraft's track using a stylus plotting on a motor-driven paper map. Positional information was given by a Doppler navigation system which read groundspeed and drift data which, alongside heading data, drove the stylus. The Trident was the first airliner fitted with a quick access flight data recorder. This sampled 64 variables, converted them into a digital format, and stored them on magnetic tape for ground analysis. Later the system included a voice recorder. Operational history Introduction The first Trident entered service on 1 April 1964. By 1965, 15 Tridents were in BEA's fleet, and by March 1966, the fleet had increased to 21.	2.625
10673610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20March%20on%20Washington%20for%20Lesbian%20and%20Gay%20Rights	National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights	The first National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights was a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C., on October 14, 1979. The first such march on Washington, it drew between 75,000 and 125,000 gay men, lesbians, bisexual people, transgender people, and straight allies to demand equal civil rights and urge the passage of protective civil rights legislation. History and planning The first major attempt at organizing a national gay and lesbian march on Washington occurred on Thanksgiving weekend in 1973 in Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. The National Gay Mobilizing Committee for a March on Washington (NGMC), led by Jeff Graubart, tried to bring together a coalition of local and national LGBT organizations to plan a march in the nation's capital for the following spring. These efforts were met with resistance from the gay and lesbian groups approached, however. A conference to revive the idea of a march was scheduled for November 17–19, 1978, in Minneapolis. A steering committee was created, which identified a primary goal of the march—transforming the gay movement from local to national—before being dissolved in October, due to internal dissent. Committee member Harvey Milk moved forward with organizing the march, and managed to secure support from some local groups in D.C. which had previously been in opposition. On November 27, Milk was killed by Dan White. The assassination served as a catalyst and touchstone for the subsequent organizers. They planned a conference in Philadelphia from February 23–25, 1979, and invited one male and one female delegate from various LGBT organizations.	2.59375
10673649	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Cornog	Robert Cornog	Robert Alden Cornog (July 7, 1912 – July 17, 1998) was an American physicist and engineer who helped develop the atomic bomb and missile systems, and made significant discoveries regarding isotopes of hydrogen and helium. A native of Portland, Oregon, who grew up in Iowa City, Cornog earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering at the University of Iowa. After working for the United States Bureau of Reclamation on the Boulder Dam design, he studied at UC Berkeley for his doctorate in physics. His graduate student research led to the co-discovery, with Luis Alvarez, that hydrogen of atomic mass 3 (tritium) was radioactive, and that helium of mass 3 (helium-3) occurs in nature. He also assisted Emilio Segrè in the discovery of element 85, astatine. During World War II, Cornog designed magnetic equipment for ships and went to work on the Manhattan Project, successively at UC Berkeley, Princeton University and in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Cornog became chief engineer of the ordnance division of the atomic bomb development team and was involved in the development of the bomb's trigger mechanism. Following World War II, he focused on aerodynamics, nuclear energy, and rocket engineering. He worked on missile systems for several Southern California companies, including Northrop, Space Technology Laboratories and Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation, which became TRW. Also an expert on vacuum technology, Cornog headed Vacuum Enterprises from 1967 to 1974 and managed product development for Torr Vacuum Products until 1984. He held several patents and served as a technical advisor on the film Fat Man and Little Boy, about the atomic bomb. Envisioning peaceful uses for nuclear and space technology, Cornog in 1959 foresaw a world in 40 to 50 years with worldwide color television broadcasts, satellites assembled in space and accurate weather prediction.	2.625

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