id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
381
| title
stringlengths 1
211
| text
stringlengths 1.02k
2.05k
| edu_quality
float64 1.91
4.03
| naive_quality
int64 0
0
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9174535
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture%20of%20tilapia
|
Aquaculture of tilapia
|
India
The FAO has not recorded any production of farmed tilapia by India. Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA), the R&D arm of Marine Products Export Development Authority, has established a facility in Vijayawada to produce mono-sex tilapia in two strains. This project involves the establishment of a satellite nucleus for the GIFT strain of tilapia in India, the design and conduct of a genetic improvement program for this strain, the development of dissemination strategies, and the enhancement of local capacity in the areas of selective breeding and genetics. The development and dissemination of a high yielding tilapia strain possessing desirable production characteristics is expected to bring about notable economic benefits for the country. Farming of Tilapia is not permitted in the country on commercial basis. The Rajiv Gandhi Center for Aquaculture (RGCA) has expressed interest in obtaining the Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT strain) for aquaculture development in the country. The GIFT tilapia strain, selectively bred in Malaysia and the Philippines, has achieved an improvement of more than 10 per cent per generation in growth rate and has been widely distributed to several Asian countries and to Latin America (Brazil). However, rather than passively importing the improved genetic stock, the Center is interested in running a formal breeding program (fully pedigreed population) similar to the one that has been carried out for the GIFT strain in Malaysia.
The aim is to produce fast-growing high yielding tilapia strains adapted to a wide range of local farming environments that can be grown at as low a cost as possible.
| 2.34375
| 0
|
9174567
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette%20of%20Bourbon
|
Antoinette of Bourbon
|
Antoinette of Bourbon, Duchess of Guise (25 December 1494 – 22 January 1583), was a French noblewoman of the House of Bourbon. She was the wife of Claude of Lorraine, Duke of Guise.
Life
Antoinette of Bourbon was born on 25 December 1494 at the Chateau de Ham, in the Somme department, Picardy, France. She was the child of Francis, Count of Vendôme and Marie I, Countess of Saint-Pol. Her paternal grandparents were John VIII, Count of Vendôme and Isabelle de Beauvau, and her maternal grandparents were Peter II, Count of Saint-Pol, and Margaret of Savoy.
Antoinette was described as having been a remarkable woman, combining a strong sense of family pride with a wry sense of humour. She exhibited considerable administrative talent at domestic economy as well as in the running of the vast Guise dominions surrounding their chateau of Joinville.
Antoinette exerted a powerful influence on the childhood of her granddaughter Mary, Queen of Scots, during the latter's thirteen-year sojourn in France, and was one of her principal advisors. Antoinette acted as proxy for her daughter, Mary of Guise, during the betrothal ceremony of the Queen of Scots and the Dauphin Francis on 19 April 1558.
Antoinette and her family have been described as "ultra-Catholic"; in 1533 Antoinette oversaw the burning of a Protestant man caught preaching in the town of Wassy. Her son Francis, Duke of Guise was held to be responsible for the anti-Protestant Massacre of Wassy on 1 March 1562 which was one of the early atrocities in the French Wars of Religion.
Antoinette of Bourbon died on 22 January 1583 at the Chateau de Joinville. She was eighty-eight years of age, having outlived all of her children except her daughter Renée, Abbess of St. Pierre.
Issue
Antoinette married Claude of Lorraine on 9 June 1513; they had:
| 2.3125
| 0
|
9174652
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia%20as%20exotic%20species
|
Tilapia as exotic species
|
Ten years later, feral populations of tilapia were documented throughout Queensland and Western Australia as the geographical range of tilapia continued to increase. By 1991, waters surrounding the Queensland cities of Brisbane, Townsville, and the Gascoyne River in Western Australia were filled with Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus).
Noxious Pest
The ecological impacts of tilapia on Australian rivers, creeks and ponds have been significant. Dramatic decreases in native fish populations were, in part, due to the aggressive predation and competition for food by tilapia. Impacts on riparian habitat were further fostered by tilapia digging (increasing river turbidity) and the establishment of nests. Native fishes, invertebrates, and other organisms have experienced a reduction in stream access and cover as a result of tilapia activities.
Tilapia are listed as a noxious pest in Queensland, Australia, and are spreading rapidly into previously untouched and relatively pristine river systems such as the Endeavour River near Cooktown and the Eureka Creek. In 2017, spotted tilapia were found extending their range northward into warmer waters, in a tributary of the Mitchell River, with the potential to affect important barramundi and prawn fisheries in the Gulf of Carpentaria. There are concerns that Mozambique tilapia will invade the rivers of the Murray-Darling Basin.
As tilapia can thrive in fresh, brackish and salt water habitats, it is thought that tilapia can quickly infest neighbouring rivers. Tilapia, like eels or bull sharks, can enter new river systems via the sea.
| 2.96875
| 0
|
9174652
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia%20as%20exotic%20species
|
Tilapia as exotic species
|
History of fish and fish introductions to the Salton Sea
Historically, the Colorado River has often flooded the Salton Sea basin. During the Pleistocene era, an ancient body of water named Lake Cahuilla was the last in a series of ancient lakes within the region. Today, ancient remnants of fish species that once lived in Lake Cahuilla can still be unearthed in the Salton Sea basin. Fossil evidence of fish species include machete (Elops affinis), bonytail (Gila robusta), and stripped mullet (Mugil Cephalus).
Several decades after the formation of the Salton Sea, The California Department of Fish and Wildlife introduced several species of oceanic fishes into the Salton Sea. These species originated from the Gulf of California and included some of the following, orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus), bairdiella (Bairdiella icistia), sargo (Anisotremus davidsoni), and threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense). The tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) was most likely introduced to the Salton Sea sometime during the 1960s. The exact time and location of tilapia introduction remains largely unknown, although speculation points to farmed tilapia escaping into the Salton Sea.
Tilapia diet
Adult members of the tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus prey upon a variety of organisms within the Salton Sea. The polychaete worm Neanthes succinea is an important part of tilapia diet. In addition to polychaete worms, adult tilapia regularly feed upon phytoplankton, copepods, smaller fishes and barnacles. Limited to smaller prey items, juvenile tilapia are dependent upon phytoplankton and small Salton Sea invertebrates. Oreochromis mossambicus is an adaptable species of tilapia. During periods of food scarcity, Oreochromis mossambicus feeds on fish waste and other detritus.
| 3.234375
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes (October 14, 1857 – April 13, 1925) was an American inventor, metallurgist, automotive pioneer, entrepreneur and industrialist. He invented the metal alloy stellite and independently co-discovered martensitic stainless steel along with Englishman Harry Brearley in 1912 and designed one of the earliest automobiles made in the United States. He is recognized for having created the earliest American design that was feasible for mass production and, with the Apperson brothers, he formed the first company in the United States to produce automobiles profitably. He made many advances in the automotive industry.
Early in his career, while serving as a field superintendent at gas and oil companies during Indiana's gas boom, Haynes invented several devices important to the advance of the natural gas industry. When working for the Indiana Natural Gas and Oil Company, he oversaw the construction of the first long-distance natural gas pipeline in the United States, connecting Chicago with the Trenton Gas Field away. He began to formulate plans for a motorized vehicle in the early 1890s; he successfully road tested his first car, the Pioneer, on July 4, 1894—eight years after the first automobile was patented in Germany. He formed a partnership with Elmer and Edgar Apperson in 1896 to start Haynes-Apperson for the commercial production of automobiles. He renamed it Haynes Automobile Company in 1905, following the loss of his partners.
Working in his laboratory to develop new corrosion-resistant metals for auto parts, Haynes discovered that mixing tungsten with chromium, steel and iron resulted in the formation of strong and lightweight alloys that were impervious to corrosion, and could endure high temperatures.
| 2.5625
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
In 1912, he formed Haynes Stellite Company to produce one of the new alloys, and received lucrative contracts during World War I, making Haynes a millionaire in 1916. He sold his patent for stainless steel to the American Stainless Steel Company in exchange for enough stock to gain a seat at the company's board of directors, a position he held for 12 years. He merged the Haynes Stellite company with Union Carbide in 1920. After passing through different owners, the company was renamed and is now called Haynes International. Haynes returned his focus to his automotive company, but in the economic recession of the 1920s the business went bankrupt and was liquidated.
An outspoken advocate of prohibition, he made substantial donations to the Prohibition Party and Indiana's prohibitionist leader Frank Hanly. Haynes ran an unsuccessful campaign in Indiana for the U.S. Senate in 1916 as a prohibition candidate and remained active in the party until prohibition became law. Later, he became a philanthropist and served two terms as president of the YMCA, five years on the Indiana Board of Education, and was an active member of the Presbyterian church. After his death from complications arising from influenza, his Kokomo mansion was converted into the Elwood Haynes Museum and is open to the public where many of his original inventions and automobiles are on display.
Early life
Family and background
| 2.234375
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
Haynes was born on October 14, 1857, in Portland, Indiana, the fifth of ten children of Jacob M. Haynes and Hilinda S. Haines Haynes. His family was of English descent; he was a ninth-generation descendant of Walter Haynes who immigrated from Wiltshire, England to Sudbury, Massachusetts in 1638. His father was Jay County's school commissioner, a lawyer, Whig politician, and a judge of the Jay and Randolph County common pleas court. Both of Haynes' parents were dedicated Presbyterians and outspoken prohibitionists and educated their children from a young age to avoid liquor. His mother was the founder of a local Women's Temperance Movement Union. His paternal grandfather Henry Haynes was a gunsmith and mechanic, and tutored Haynes about metallurgy. In 1866, the family moved from their two-room house in Portland into the countryside outside of town where they purchased a larger home to better accommodate their growing number of children.
At age 12, Haynes built his first vehicle from scrap railroad car parts and operated it on the county's railroad tracks. The local railroad foreman did not approve and later seized the vehicle and destroyed it. As a child, Haynes had an interest in chemistry and metallurgy and when he was 15 he built a smelting furnace and began working with copper, bronze, and iron. Haynes was also interested in nature and spent considerable time in the forest cataloging and observing plants, insects, and animals. Because he spent so much time there, his family nicknamed him "Wood", a nickname they used for most of his life. As he grew older, he became an avid reader of books, including Principles of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry by William Wells. His early experiments and studies interested him in the fundamental properties of matter, and he was intrigued by how mixing compounds could create completely different alloys.
Education
| 2.296875
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
Haynes attended public schools through eighth grade and received a basic education. He had not determined a career path for himself and his parents often criticized him for lacking ambition; they insisted that he seek employment. He began by working as a custodian at a local church and later for the railroad, hauling ballast to construction sites. At the church, he joined the choir where he met and began to court Bertha Lanterman. When Portland's first public high school was opened in 1876, Haynes returned to school at age 19 and completed two more years. Bertha and her family moved to Alabama during the spring of 1877, and Haynes began a regular correspondence with her. During the summer of that year, a series of revival meetings were held in Indiana by Francis Murphy, a leader of a national temperance organization known as the Murphy Movement. Haynes attended the meetings, probably at his parents' urging, and became interested in temperance. He took two of Murphy's pledge cards and carried one for most of his life; the other he mailed to Bertha.
| 2.453125
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
Haynes' father attended the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in 1876 where he learned of a school that would fit his son's interests. Using the money he had saved, Haynes decided to attend the college and enrolled in the Worcester Technical Institute in Worcester, Massachusetts, in September 1878. The school was revolutionary for its time, combining technical training with a classical liberal arts education. Although he easily passed the difficult entrance exam, he found that he was ill-prepared for some of his college courses, and he struggled with mathematics. To earn an income while away from home, he worked as a custodian and night guard at the local public library. He cleaned the building overnight and used his spare time to read books and study. During his final year at the school, boarding rates were increased beyond what Haynes could afford so with no other option, he lived in the library for several months. He could not afford to return home during his stay at the institute, so during the holidays he spent time with his family and friends in New England.
During his first term, he was required to receive a grade of 60 to remain in the school. Although he only achieved a 59.2 after completing his final exams, he was permitted to remain because of his "recent progress." Older than the other students in his class, he often spoke out against their use of alcohol. In his final year he took courses in metallurgy, ore analysis and assaying, and participated in a research project developing razors. His graduation thesis was entitled "The effects of Tungsten on Iron and Steel". It laid out the basic principles of what would later become his two greatest advances in metallurgy. Haynes spent many hours in the institute's laboratory working with tungsten and other metals before graduating in 1881; he was fourteenth out of twenty-one graduates—twenty did not pass.
| 2.328125
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
Natural gas was first found in Indiana in 1876 but it was not until 1886 that the magnitude of the discovery was known; the Trenton Gas Field was the largest deposit of natural gas discovered in the 19th century and the first giant oil reserve found in the United States. As a professor at a university in the Trenton Field, Haynes offered his services to the drillers and worked to analyze soil samples, determine well pressure, and give estimates on the amount of energy that could be created by the gas. He delivered several lectures to large crowds about the importance of the gas discovery and the many possible applications of this new source of fuel. He began a petition to have the local citizens create a corporation to pump the fuel from the ground and pipe it to area homes and businesses. His promotion was successful and Portland Natural Gas and Oil Company was formed; Haynes' father was named to the new company's board of directors.
In the fall of 1886, the board hired Haynes as superintendent to manage the company and oversee the creation of wells and piping. The company was one of the first in the Trenton Field, and many of the others which soon followed modeled themselves on the Portland company. As a fuel and industry, natural gas was in its earliest stages. Haynes invented several devices that became important to the success of the industry. One of his first inventions was a device capable of measuring the amount of gas being pumped from wells. Haynes' reputation as an industry leader grew out of his operations at Portland and the Kokomo Democrat referred to him as "the only infallible authority on natural gas in eastern Indiana" in an 1889 article.
| 2.515625
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
Haynes married Bertha Lanterman in October 1887 after a ten-year relationship. The ceremony was held at her parents' Portland home and the couple honeymooned in Cincinnati. Their first child, Marie, was born on January 28, 1889, but she soon succumbed to illness and died when six months old. Their second child, a son born in 1890, also died in infancy. The deaths saddened the family and caused them to turn more to their religion. Haynes became increasingly active in the Presbyterian church and became an elder. In December 1892, the Haynes' third child, Bernice, was born. A second son, March, was born 1896. The two children were well educated and grew up to assist their father in his enterprises.
A primary pipeline was laid between Portland and a neighboring town during 1889. Haynes oversaw construction of the ten-mile (16 km) long pipeline and the creation of the wells for pumping the gas. During his numerous buggy rides between the two towns, he first began to conceive of a novel form of motorized transportation. His thoughts on the topic were spurred by his need to regularly change horses because of their inability to endure the long distances and sandy roads he frequently traveled. He theorized that a motorized vehicle would be more economical than horse-and-buggy transportation, and could potentially move at a faster speed.
| 2.328125
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
Haynes was offered a higher ranking position within Indiana Gas at the Chicago headquarters, but by then he had become aware of the business's connection to the corrupt and disgraced monopolist Charles T. Yerkes. A deeply religious man who feared involvement in any corruption, Haynes entertained the offer only briefly; Bertha's advice to refuse the position persuaded him and he declined the offer and instead sought a position more removed from the company's Chicago leadership. After the pipeline became fully operational in 1892, Haynes moved to Kokomo where he was made a supervisor of the Indiana Gas's local operations. The Indiana General Assembly began attempts to regulate the gas industry and accused the field operations of various companies of gross waste; Indiana Gas became the primary target of scathing reports. Haynes helped the company compile reports and offered opinions on the validity of their claims. He was disturbed to find that many of the claims proved true, and advocated that the gas be used more conservatively. He specifically recommended that the flambeaus (the flames fed by natural gas to show that the gas was flowing) be extinguished, as they were found to be the largest source of waste. He calculated that the company daily wasted $10,000 ($ in 2009 chained dollars) worth of gas by burning flambeaus, a figure that shocked the company's leaders. Despite his support of the governmental anti-waste regulations, he was steadfastly against other rules that regulated pressure and hindered productivity. He personally filed lawsuits against the regulations a month after their passage, claiming that the government had no right to regulate artificial increases in well pressure. The court case continued until 1896, when the Indiana Supreme Court ruled that the regulations were unconstitutional. The entire set of regulations was repealed, including the anti-waste measures
| 2.421875
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
Enterprises
1894 First Haynes car
According to Haynes, he began laying out "plans for the construction of a mechanically propelled vehicle for use on highways" in 1891. His first idea was for a steam-powered vehicle, but after careful consideration he decided the use of a furnace on the device would be too dangerous. His second plan was to use electrical power, but after research he found that no practical means existed to store the electricity required for operation. He continued to develop his plans until the summer of 1893 when he attended the Chicago World's Fair, where he first witnessed a gasoline engine. The demonstration of the newly invented engine inspired him to decide that an internal combustion engine would be the most practical method to propel his vehicle. A gasoline-powered European automobile built by German inventor Karl Benz (who patented the first automobile in 1886) also was on display during the fair, although it is unknown if Haynes witnessed this vehicle during his visit.
Haynes ordered a one-horsepower marine upright, two-cycle engine from Sintz Gas Engine Company in Grand Rapids, Michigan for $225. Although the engine was intended for use on a small boat, Haynes believed it could be adapted for his purposes. The engine arrived in the fall of 1893. Haynes soon had the device attached to a carriage he built in his kitchen. He found when he started the engine that its vibrations were too severe for the harness it was in, and before he could stop the engine it had done considerable damage to the carriage and the floor of his kitchen, and filled the room with smoke.
| 2.6875
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
Haynes decided he needed a different facility to continue the experiment after his wife told him she would not abide his destruction of the family kitchen. He contacted Elmer Apperson, the operator of the Riverside Machine Works, and arranged to use a space in his shop for the continued development. He agreed to work on his vehicle only after-hours, pay 40 cents per hour for the help of Elmer and his brother Edgar, and to not hold them responsible should his project fail. He started building a new carriage, this time with a heavier steel harness. He described the appearance of the vehicle as a "small truck". The wheel axles were also made of steel and the entire front axle was constructed to swivel. A central column was built of steel and laid across the axles in such a way as to allow it move in all directions within a small radius to accommodate any sudden movements by the motor or vehicle.
Because the traction of rubber tires was unknown, Haynes completed a series of tests with a bicycle on paved roads. He used a wagon built to the weight of his automobile and a horse to pull a device that would cause the wheels to turn, thereby providing traction. With this, he was able to determine the ratio of weight to gear sizes needed to enable the tires to provide sufficient traction for propulsion. Once completed, his vehicle weighed about .
| 2.671875
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
He named his car the Pioneer and first test drove the vehicle on July 4, 1894. The Apperson brothers had notified the Kokomo townspeople of the test drive and a crowd gathered to witness the event. Haynes was concerned that his vehicle could injure someone in the crowd, so he had the vehicle towed by a horse and buggy to Pumpkinvine Pike, away from the crowd. The car started with Haynes driving and Elmer Apperson riding as a passenger, and traveled at 7 mph (11 km/h). He traveled for and then stopped the vehicle to manually turn it around with Elmer's help. He proceeded to drive it several more miles back into town without stopping. His trip convinced him that the vehicle was worthwhile and could become a valuable enterprise, although he was disappointed in the vehicle's handling and decided he needed to improve the steering system and find a way to divert the motor's exhaust smoke away from the carriage.
Haynes' car is believed to be the second gasoline-engine powered vehicle successfully road tested in the United States, according to its exhibit information at the Smithsonian Institution. It was built two years before Henry Ford's Quadricycle, and preceded only by Charles Duryea's Motorized Wagon less than a year earlier. Unlike Duryea's car, which was an adapted buckboard wagon that was designed to run under its own power but still able to be pulled by horse, Haynes' car was designed only to run on its own. Some automotive historians use this difference to determine that Haynes' car was the first true American automobile. The Sintz company continued to be intrigued by Haynes' use of their motor and sent representatives to photo his vehicle and published the images as an advertisement for one of their engine's possible uses. The publicity spurred the creation of numerous other automobiles across the American midwest.
| 2.5625
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
Haynes continued to perfect his auto design, and in late 1895 he began his work to create a new hard alloy for use as a crankcase and other auto parts. His intent was to make a metal that would be resistant to rusting. He experimented with the use of aluminum and found that when used, it significantly deadened the noise produced by the engine parts. As his designs progressed, he decided to form a partnership for the manufacture of his vehicles. At the end of 1894, Haynes joined with Elmer and Edgar Apperson to create an automobile company and began producing cars that year. Their company is recognized as being the first viable automotive company in the United States, and the second company to produce autos commercially. The Duryea Motor Wagon Company had formed a year earlier, but went out of business after producing only thirteen vehicles. Haynes became involved in a dispute with the Duryea company over the advertisements Haynes-Apperson ran, claiming to have created the first automobile. The Haynes-Apperson advertisement was clearly false, but after Duryea's company went bankrupt in 1898, there was no one to continue to dispute the claim. "America's First Car" remained the company's motto for the rest of its existence.
| 2.375
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
By 1896, the company produced one new car every two to three weeks and built vehicles on order for $2,000. As the orders increased, the company formally incorporated as Haynes-Apperson on May 5, 1898, with $25,000 in capital from stock issued to Portland and Kokomo businessmen. At the end of that year the company relocated to a large factory it had built in Kokomo. Two new models were designed and the workforce expanded as production increased. Haynes-Apperson ran advertisements in area newspapers and demonstrated cars at county fairs and other exhibitions. Demand for the vehicles grew rapidly from five cars produced in 1898 to thirty in 1899, 192 in 1900, and 240 in 1901. The work kept the factory open 24 hours a day, and two shifts totaling more than 350 workers were needed to keep the factory running at capacity by 1902. Sales totaled over $400,000 that year.
Haynes-Apperson automobiles were known for their long-distance running capability. The company's cars regularly competed and won prizes in endurance races that demonstrated the distance and terrain over which the cars could travel. Haynes had soon designed superior methods of achieving traction and his car could climb hills easier than his competitors in the early races. The last model designed under the Haynes-Apperson name had three speeds and was capable of 24 mph on pneumatic tires. In 1901, a Haynes car was entered in the first Long Island Non-Stop endurance race. The Haynes car took first place in the race, adding to the company's publicity and helping to feed a large jump in sales.
| 2.28125
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
Another event to gain the company significant publicity was the sale of a car to Dr. Ashley A. Webber in New York City. Webber refused to buy any car unless the seller could prove the car's endurance by driving it to his home. Haynes and Edgar Apperson readily agreed to the demand and drove the car from Kokomo to Webber's New York home, the first time an automobile traveled over . The trip took over a month; after driving several days in the rain, the two decided to install a roof on future models.
Haynes began to have disagreements with the Apperson brothers for reasons that were never made public but were probably over money and design plans. Haynes wanted to produce luxury cars because much of the company's early clientele was wealthy, while the Appersons wanted to produce utilitarian vehicles that could be marketed to businesses. The disagreement led the two brothers to split from Haynes and start a company of their own in 1902. The loss of his partners necessitated that Haynes leave his position at Indiana Gas to devote more time to his growing business. Haynes was most interested in working on development, and turned over daily management to Victor Minich in 1903. Haynes spent most of his research efforts developing metals in an attempt to discover lighter and stronger alloys for automobile parts. He also investigated other areas and published a 1906 paper on the impurities in gasoline and recommended that the sulfur content in the fuel be lowered to increase engine performance.
Haynes Automobile Company
| 2.1875
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
In 1905, three years after the Apperson brothers split from Haynes, Haynes-Apperson was renamed the Haynes Automobile Company and Haynes launched a series of publicity campaigns. A parade of 2,000 cars was organized in New York City during 1908 and Haynes, whom many recognized as the inventor of the American automobile, led the parade down Broadway riding in the Pioneer. He was followed by ten Haynes cars, a model from each year to display the advancement in technology. On his way to the parade, Haynes was unaware of the city's newly established speeding laws and was arrested for driving too fast—in a car with a top speed of —and taken to jail. He was soon able to see a magistrate who released him after learning that he was Elwood Haynes and had come to lead the parade. The celebration was intended to be a ten-year commemoration of the invention of the automobile, although earlier self-vehicles dated back nearly twenty years in Europe. Haynes donated the Pioneer to the United States Government in 1910 to be placed in the Smithsonian Institution where it is still on display in the National Museum of American History as the second oldest motorized vehicle in the United States.
Haynes' Model L was his most popular vehicle. First designed in 1905, the three-speed car could travel at and carry four passengers; the company sold over 4,300. Haynes expanded the company significantly in 1908 to accommodate ever-increasing sales. More stock was issued and more capital raised to build a new and larger factory. By 1909 the company was producing 650 cars annually with models priced between $2,500 and $5,500. In 1910, Haynes Auto became the first company to build a car with a roof, windshield, headlights, and a speedometer as standard on each vehicle to continue their goal of producing the best luxury vehicles.
| 2.59375
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
More than 1,000 autos were built by Haynes Automobile Company in 1910 and the company continued to experience growth, until a devastating fire swept the company factory in 1911 and killed one employee. Recovery from the blaze was slow, and it was not until 1913 that the company was able to resume its growth. To continue the promotion of his cars, Haynes organized a trip in which he crossed the country by automobile in 1914. The trip gained considerable attention from the press and gave his company publicity and a much needed sales boost in the wake of the fire. Almost every town he visited printed newspaper stories on his invention and many hailed him as the "Father of the Automobile".
Haynes Stellite Company
Haynes continued his research into ways to produce corrosion resistant metals. While working on alloys for use in spark plugs, he created a metal he named stellite. Realizing the value of his discovery, he patented his first version in 1907. The metal was very resistant to corrosion and had immediate application in tool making and numerous other implementations. He continued to experiment with it until 1910 when he published his findings in a paper to the International Congress of Applied Chemistry and the American Institute of Metals, where he held memberships. His final version was completed in 1912 and his patent issued on June 20.
| 2.375
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
He applied for another patent on an alloy he called stainless steel, now known as martensitic stainless steel. The Patent Office rejected his application saying that it was not a new alloy. Haynes conceded their point, but submitted a second application and supplied a sample showing the stainlessness of his alloy when created using his exact proportions of metals, and it was granted. At the urging of his wife, he created the first set of stainless steel silverware for her personal use. The first piece of stainless steel was forged by Homer Dan Farmer in Haynes laboratory. It was a large meat knife and was donated to the Haynes Museum by the family of Dan Heflin, grandson of Homer Dan Farmer. In later years he claimed to have created stainless steel because she did not enjoy polishing their silver tableware. British metallurgist Harry Brearley independently produced an identical alloy around the same time and applied for an American patent and found that one already existed. Brearley had also created other innovations for the metal, but they were of little value without the stainless steel patent. He sought out Haynes and the two decided to pool their findings in a single company to produce the alloy. Haynes sold his stainless steel patent in 1918 to the American Stainless Steel Company, a company Brearley had created with the assistance of investors in Pennsylvania. In exchange he and his estate received royalties on its production until the patent expired in 1930. The stock he received as payment allowed him to gain a seat among the company's board of directors and he installed his son, March, to represent him. The income from the transaction led Haynes to begin the accumulation of a large fortune.
| 2.59375
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
Seeing stellite as a far more valuable metal, he decided to keep its patent for himself and founded the Haynes Stellite Company in Kokomo to produce the metal in September 1912. Many of his initial requests for the metal were from medical tool manufacturers who saw the alloy as the best for surgical tools. Because his company could not produce enough of the metal to satisfy demand, Haynes issued licenses to several companies in the United States, Canada, and Europe to produce the alloy and pay him royalties. Haynes strictly controlled production, and did not permit the other licensees to sell stellite in its raw form, but to only sell it as specific finished products. In that way, he remained the only vendor who could sell sheets of the metal. As World War I broke out, his company received large government contracts for use of the material. Stellite was found to have excellent applications in airplanes, and because it was non-corrosive and could protect its contents indefinitely, it proved to be the best metal available for ammunition casing. In 1916 alone, the company registered $1.3 million in sales. The rapid growth of the business made Haynes increasingly wealthy and he became a millionaire that year. Despite his large income, he refused to provide his employees a year-end bonus, causing a significant stir in the factory. When a foreman demanded to know the reason that their wages were not raised, he told him, "It doesn't pay to give the working man too much money—it makes him too independent." His statement was widely repeated and, although he claimed to have made it in jest, it alienated a large part of his workforce and began a period of labor problems.
| 2.109375
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
After the war, Haynes Stellite moved to producing tableware, jewelry, and pocket knives. The employees of the company unionized and began to demand wage increases beyond what Haynes believed was fair. The threat of labor strikes and Haynes' desire to avoid the problem led him to sell the company to Union Carbide on April 10, 1920, in exchange for 25,000 shares of Union Carbide stock valued at $2 million. He later made an additional half million from dividends. Other details of the deal were never made public, and Haynes may have made as much $4 million on the sale. After a series of owners, the company is now called Haynes International and is again independent.
Later life
Prohibition
Haynes was an avid supporter of prohibition and spoke several times on behalf of prohibitionist leader Frank Hanly, lending him both personal and financial support. Hanly advocated the passage of a local option law that allowed most of Indiana to ban liquor sales in 1909. He continued in his support of the Prohibition Party and donated it thousands of dollars and an automobile nicknamed the "Prohibition Flyer". He became increasingly involved in the organization and in 1916 he ran for the United States Senate on the prohibition ticket, making many speeches and stumping across the state. He was overwhelmingly defeated, receiving only 15,598 votes out of nearly one million cast. Harry Stewart New, the Republican candidate narrowly won the election by plurality, and Haynes was accused of costing Incumbent Democratic Senator John W. Kern's re-election. Despite his personal electoral failure, liquor sales were completely banned in Indiana by a 1918 law that went into effect in 1919. With his goals achieved, Haynes switched to join the Republican Party, but was significantly less active in politics thereafter.
| 2.0625
| 0
|
9174707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20Haynes
|
Elwood Haynes
|
Although Haynes was a prohibitionist, he was a critic of the Indiana Branch of the Ku Klux Klan, which was in the height of its power during the 1910s and 1920s. In letters to friends and fellow prohibitionists, he ridiculed the organization for using violent and illegal tactics to achieve prohibition, and accused them of hypocrisy for supporting many anti-prohibition Democratic politicians. Kokomo politics was dominated by the Klan during that period and it is unknown if Haynes spoke publicly against the organization.
Philanthropy
Haynes purchased a new home on Webster Street in Kokomo in 1915. The home, known as the Haynes Mansion, was large enough to house a personal laboratory for Haynes to work in. As he grew older and became less involved in his businesses, Haynes became increasingly philanthropic. He made regular large donations to the Presbyterian church and became a patron of the Worcester Institute he had attended, providing scholarships and donating funds for expansion.
He funded the formation of a Young Men's Christian Association in Kokomo where he and his son became active. Haynes taught swimming classes and regularly took underprivileged young boys to movies and bought them dinners. After several years of active membership at the local level, he was elected president of the national YMCA in 1919 and served two one-year terms. His primary focus during his tenure was the launching of several successful membership drives. In 1920, he was appointed to the Indiana State Board of Education by Governor James P. Goodrich where he advocated increased state funding for vocational education.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
9174711
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington%20Weir
|
Wellington Weir
|
Wellington Weir was a weir proposed for the River Murray several kilometres south of the town of Wellington, South Australia, immediately upstream from where the river enters Lake Alexandrina.
The Wellington Weir project was announced in 2006 by the state government of South Australia, led by Premier Mike Rann, who secured the agreement of Prime Minister of Australia John Howard at the Melbourne Cup. The proposed weir was suggested as an attempt to secure drinking water supplies for the city of Adelaide. The weir would perform two roles: first, it would maintain a pool of water up-river, sufficiently deep enough to allow continued use of the pumping station at Mannum during prolonged drought conditions; and second, the weir would reduce the flow of fresh water into Lake Alexandrina and Lake Albert which evaporates over of water a year.
Much of the river is already controlled by a system of locks and weirs, including the Goolwa Barrages near the Murray Mouth, and Lock 1 at Blanchetown, 274 km from the Murray Mouth. The lowering of water levels in the lake system would severely impact on all who rely on the lakes and river for their livelihood. This would include irrigators, such as those in the Langhorne Creek wine region, farmers on the Narrung Peninsula and Point Sturt, and fisherpeople at Meningie and Clayton.
Opponents of the weir contended that the planned weir would severely damage the environment of the lakes and Coorong, and that already endangered species in the lakes and Coorong could become extinct. Sim and Muller trace the complex history of the area. Lloyd argues the weir diverts attention from the real issue: the sustainability of the Murray-Darling system. There was no environmental impact assessment conducted for the proposed weir. The area that would have been impacted is subject to a Ramsar Agreement, as part of an international convention that aims to halt the loss of wetlands and conserve those that remain through wise use and management.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
9174711
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington%20Weir
|
Wellington Weir
|
Questions of over-allocation of water were significant in the debate regarding the cost of a weir. For instance, why not spend money on buying water licences from irrigators that use water from the Murray River system to grow cotton in Queensland, rather than build this weir?
Local action groups, including the River, Lakes and Coorong Action Group, formed to oppose the weir. In addition to the many concerns above they also pointed out that the water held back by the proposed weir would be stagnant because "winds from the northwest to the south circulate oxygenated waters from the lakes up the river for many kilometres and winds from the north and northeast bring back freshened water benefiting both areas and precisely fitting in with our anti-clockwise wind rotation". Additionally there were widespread concerns about the release of toxic metals and acidity through the drying out of the acid sulphate soils that are widespread around the lakes.
The Wellington Weir was officially dropped by the South Australian Rann government in 2009, primarily due to community pressure about the environmental damage it would result in, and the construction of the Port Stanvac desalination plant. Drought-ending floods in the upper Darling River in late 2009 and the upper Murray River in April and May 2010 ended the matter. Significantly the local Aboriginal group, the Ngarrindjeri, performed the Murrundi Ruwe Pangari Ringbalin (River Country Spirit Ceremony), in April 2010. They also visited the upper Darling (Brewarrina and Bourke) to make plans for it in December 2009, one week before the first of the drought ending floods.
| 2.4375
| 0
|
9174736
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker%20Memorial%20Hall
|
Walker Memorial Hall
|
Walker Memorial Hall is a historic community meeting hall on Highland Road in Bridgton, Maine. Built in 1892 to a design by Frederick A. Tompson, it is a well-preserved local example of eclectic Queen Anne architecture, and continues to be a significant community meeting center, hosting social events and meetings of local organizations. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
Description and history
Walker Memorial Hall is set in a rural-suburban residential area north of the Bridgton's town center, on the east side of Highland Road north of the golf course. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a hip roof and an exterior of clapboard and wooden shingles. The street-facing side of the roof is pierced by wall dormers with false half-timbering, and a three-story tower rises at the southwest corner, topped by an open belfry and pyramidal roof with mini-gables decorated with Stick style woodwork. The main entrance is in the base of the tower, with a small hip-roofed portico projecting to the west.
The hall was built in 1892 with funds bequested to the community by Joseph Walker, a wealthy summer resident of the town. The hall has been used for church services, private parties, dances, and theatrical productions. It was designed by Portland architect Frederick A. Tompson, one of the area's leading architects of the late 19th century.
| 2.078125
| 0
|
9174778
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor%20development%20board
|
Microprocessor development board
|
A microprocessor development board is a printed circuit board containing a microprocessor and the minimal support logic needed for an electronic engineer or any person who wants to become acquainted with the microprocessor on the board and to learn to program it. It also served users of the microprocessor as a method to prototype applications in products.
Unlike a general-purpose system such as a home computer, usually a development board contains little or no hardware dedicated to a user interface. It will have some provision to accept and run a user-supplied program, such as downloading a program through a serial port to flash memory, or some form of programmable memory in a socket in earlier systems.
History
The reason for the existence of a development board was solely to provide a system for learning to use a new microprocessor, not for entertainment, so everything superfluous was left out to keep costs down. Even an enclosure was not supplied, nor a power supply. This is because the board would only be used in a "laboratory" environment so it did not need an enclosure, and the board could be powered by a typical bench power supply already available to an electronic engineer.
Microprocessor training development kits were not always produced by microprocessor manufacturers. Many systems that can be classified as microprocessor development kits were produced by third parties, one example is the Sinclair MK14, which was inspired by the official SC/MP development board from National Semiconductor, the "NS introkit".
| 2.5
| 0
|
9174778
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor%20development%20board
|
Microprocessor development board
|
Although these development boards were not designed for hobbyists, they were often bought by them because they were the earliest cheap microcomputer devices available. They often added all kinds of expansions, such as more memory, a video interface etc. It was very popular to use (or write) an implementation of Tiny Basic. The most popular microprocessor board, the KIM-1, received the most attention from the hobby community, because it was much cheaper than most other development boards, and more software was available for it (Tiny Basic, games, assemblers), and cheap expansion cards to add more memory or other functionality. More articles were published in magazines like "Kilobaud Microcomputing" that described home-brew software and hardware for the KIM-1 than for other development boards.
Today some chip producers still release "test boards" to demonstrate their chips, and to use them as a "reference design". Their significance these days is much smaller than it was in the days that such boards, (the KIM-1 being the canonical example) were the only low cost way to get "hands-on" acquainted with microprocessors..
Features
The most important feature of the microprocessor development board was the ROM-based built-in machine language monitor, or "debugger" as it was also sometimes called. Often the name of the board was related to the name of this monitor program, for example the name of the monitor program of the KIM-1 was "Keyboard Input Monitor", because the ROM-based software allowed entry of programs without the rows of cumbersome toggle switches that older systems used. The popular Motorola 6800-based systems often used a monitor with a name with the word "bug" for "debugger" in it, for example the popular "MIKBUG".
| 2.453125
| 0
|
9174881
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotozakura%20Masakatsu%20I
|
Kotozakura Masakatsu I
|
After retirement
Kotozakura had been expecting to open up his own training stable, but when his stablemaster died suddenly just days after Kotozakura's retirement, he took over Sadogatake stable instead. He produced many top division wrestlers over the years, such as ōzeki Kotokaze, Kotoōshū, Kotomitsuki and Kotoshōgiku and sekiwake Kotogaume, Kotofuji, Kotonishiki, and Kotonowaka. When yokozuna Asashōryū was criticized for his behaviour in 2003, Kotozakura defended the Mongolian by pointing out the lack of emotional strength in young Japanese sumo wrestlers at the time. After 31 years as head coach, he passed on ownership of the stable upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of sixty five in November 2005 to Kotonowaka, who had become his son-in-law. Shortly after attending the ōzeki promotion ceremony of Kotomitsuki, Kotozakura died on August 14, 2007. He had battled diabetes for several years and had also suffered the trauma of a leg amputation.
Fighting style
Kotozakura was known for his bull-like rushing style of sumo, earning him the nickname . His favoured techniques were the two most common kimarite in sumo – yorikiri (force out) and oshidashi (push out). When grabbing his opponent's mawashi he preferred a migi-yotsu, or left hand outside, right hand inside grip.
Career record
| 2.125
| 0
|
9174899
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Milnes
|
Alfred Milnes
|
Alfred Milnes (May 28, 1844 – January 15, 1916) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan.
Early life
Milnes was born in Bradford, Yorkshire, England. His parents, Henry and Mary Ann (née Amyss) Milnes joined the LDS Church and left England with their family in 1854. After a sixty-day voyage from Liverpool, they arrived in New Orleans, from which they proceeded by boat to St. Louis and then to Kansas City. There, Henry bought a wagon and proceeded overland to Salt Lake City, via Fort Kearny, Fort Laramie, and Fort Bridger. After sixteen weeks, they reached their destination on September 25, 1854. Two years later, Mary Ann died and Henry moved with the family to Springville, Utah, and remained there until May 1859. Henry had become disenchanted with the Mormons and sold his property at a great loss in order to leave. They stayed in Newton, Iowa, for the winter of 1859–1860, and in 1861 arrived in Coldwater, Michigan, after traveling the entire distance by oxen-drawn wagon. He opened a small store and became a successful merchant.
Alfred Milnes was age seventeen upon arriving in Coldwater. He had attended the common schools in Salt Lake City and Newton. In Coldwater, he worked as he was able to during the summer and attended school in the winter.
| 2.0625
| 0
|
9174899
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Milnes
|
Alfred Milnes
|
With the outbreak of the Civil War, Milnes enlisted as a private in Company C, Seventeenth Regiment, Michigan Volunteer Infantry, June 30, 1862. The forces mustered at Detroit, and left the state on August 27, 1862, going straight to Washington, D.C. On September 14, he saw action in the Battle of South Mountain in Maryland. Three days later, the regiment was in the Battle of Antietam, where they lost half their men. Their next engagement was the Battle of Fredericksburg, after which they were joined with the 9th Army Corps under the overall command of General Ambrose Burnside, and engaged in the pursuit of Confederate General John Hunt Morgan to put an end to Morgan's Raid. After this, his regiment was positioned to serve as rearguard against attack by Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston at the Siege of Vicksburg. The regiment then proceeded to Jackson, Mississippi. The regiment then went to Kentucky and into east Tennessee, where it saw action in the Battle of Campbell's Station and the Siege of Knoxville. They then moved to Annapolis, Maryland, where they were attached to the Army of the Potomac. The 17th regiment saw heavy losses in the Battle of the Wilderness, with only 35 of the original 225 remaining. The regiment was discontinued as a military unit and the survivors were taken to the headquarters of General Orlando B. Willcox, where they served guard duty until the end of the war.
After the war, Milnes was 21 years old when he returned to Coldwater. He worked as a clerk in his father's business until 1871, when he formed a mercantile partnership called "Mines & Vanderhoof". The partnership prospered for ten years, after which Milnes sold hist interest and started his own business. On January 6, 1868, Milnes married Lucina E. Hull, the younger child of Cyrus and Eunice (Allen) Hull, who were owned a farm in Quincy. Alfred and Lucina had three children: Alfred Cyrus, Maude L., and Mabel F.
| 2.375
| 0
|
9174907
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Viavattine
|
John Viavattine
|
John Viavattine (born March 21, 1955) is an American professional woodwind performer who worked as instrumental music teacher at East Rochester Junior-Senior High School and Spencerport High School in Rochester, New York.
Career
Music performer
Viavattine has performed with a variety of popular musicians. He played on tour with the Glenn Miller Orchestra, including a memorable performance in Washington, D.C. at President Ronald Reagan's 1980 Inaugural Ball. He has also performed with Ray Charles, Patti Page, The Temptations, Chuck and Gap Mangione, Randy Brecker, Jeff Tyzik and the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra, Connie Francis, Vic Damone, Aretha Franklin and Lou Rawls.
He is a member of Mambo Kings, started by another local musician and composer, Richard Delaney. He is also a member of one of Rochester's premier party bands, Unlimited, founded and directed by his brother Bob Viavattine.
Viavattine began playing when he was young, learning early on from his teacher, Joe Romano, to pay strict attention to time, keeping with the rhythm section, and complimenting them.
On June 12, 2007, Viavattine and the Mambo Kings opened for the rock group Los Lonely Boys at the Rochester International Jazz Festival.
Music teacher
After earning his bachelor's degree in music from Nazareth College, he moved to Los Angeles, California to teach for a short time before returning to Upstate New York to teach at East Rochester Junior-Senior High School in East Rochester, NY and Spencerport High School in Spencerport, New York. He was the director of the Spencerport Wind Ensemble, and in conjunction with his colleague, Ben Osborne, the Spencerport Symphonic Band. In 2007, Viavattine received the RPO educator of the year award. Students said that it is his passion for music which encourages them. He acted as a role model by being active in the musical scene around Rochester outside of school.
| 2.25
| 0
|
9174925
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Birley
|
Anthony Birley
|
Anthony Richard Birley (8 October 1937 – 19 December 2020) was a British ancient historian, archaeologist and academic. He was the son of Margaret Isabel (Goodlet) and historian and archaeologist Eric Birley.
Early life and education
Anthony Birley was the son of the archaeologists Eric Birley and Margaret "Peggy" Birley. Eric bought the house next to the archeological site Vindolanda where Anthony and his brother, Robin, began to excavate the site. The brothers took part in many of the excavations there. From 1950 to 1955, Anthony studied at Clifton College, a private school in Bristol, England. He studied classics at Magdalen College, Oxford, graduating with a first-class Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1960. He remained at the University of Oxford, and completed his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1966: his doctoral thesis was titled "The Roman high command from the death of Hadrian to the death of Caracalla, with particular attention to the Danubian wars of M. Aurelius and Commodus".
Career
Birley remained at the University of Oxford with a Craven Fellowship from 1960 to 1962, and was then a research fellow at the University of Birmingham. He moved to the University of Leeds as a lecturer, and was later promoted to Reader. He was the Professor of Ancient History at the University of Manchester (1974–1990) and additionally at the University of Düsseldorf (1990–2002). He was an Honorary Professor in the Department of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Durham.
He was elected as Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA) in 1969, and was a corresponding Member of the German Archaeological Institute (1981) and a member of Nordrhein-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften from 1994 to 2002.
Birley was a founder trustee of the Vindolanda Trust since 1970 and remained in this role until 2016, having also served as the Chair of Trustees from 1996 to 2016.
| 1.960938
| 0
|
9175030
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Kirby%20%28author%29
|
William Kirby (author)
|
William Kirby, (13 October 1817 – 23 June 1906) was a Canadian author, best known for his classic historical novel, The Golden Dog.
Life
Born in Yorkshire, England, Kirby immigrated with his parents to the United States in 1832, and then to Canada in 1839. After visiting Toronto, Montreal, and Quebec City, he settled in Niagara, Ontario, where his house still stands.
Kirby practised as a tanner until his marriage with Eliza Madeline Whitmore, with whom he had three children (one of whom died in infancy.) For more than twenty years, Kirby was the editor of the Niagara Mail (1850–1871) which he purchased from the founder in 1850. From 1871 to 1895, he was a collector of customs at Niagara, and in 1883, he became a charter member of the Royal Society of Canada. He died at Niagara on 23 June 1906.
Kirby's first full-length work was a long narrative, The U.E.: a tale of Upper Canada. Written in 1846 the poem spoke to his political views of the time. He was unsuccessful in his attempts to have it published until 1859, when he published it himself in the Niagara Mail.
The Golden Dog
Kirby's importance as a Canadian writer rests largely on his novel The Golden Dog. Taking fifteen years to write, the historical romance was set in New France in 1748. Kirby finished writing the novel in 1873.
Although the first edition of the book was filled with errors, it was still very well received by the public and, to Kirby's delight, it was rumoured to have been read by Queen Victoria. The book was described as having both good characterisation and description used to describe rural and urban locations. It was heavily influenced by the collection Maple Leaves, by James LeMoine (7 vol. 1863–1906). This provided Kirby with the history, legends, and oral traditions needed to write his book.
| 2.578125
| 0
|
9175031
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Darby
|
George Darby
|
Darby was appointed to the Board of Admiralty as First Naval Lord in the North ministry in September 1780. In April 1781 he relieved Gibraltar from its siege by the Spanish, for the second time during that war. This event is recorded in a full-length portrait by George Romney, painted 1783–6, which hangs in the National Maritime Museum. On the change of ministry in April 1782 he resigned his command and did not again serve at sea; he also resigned his seat on the Admiralty Board. He was Member of Parliament for Plymouth, from 1780 to 1784. He lived at Newtown House at Newtown in Hampshire and died in 1790.
Personal life
When in England he lived at Newtown House, Newtown, Hampshire and had five children. Darby was married to Mary, daughter of Sir William St Quintin, 4th Baronet and then to Ann Bridges, a widow whose brother was colonial agent and MP, Richard Jackson.
Darby's male issue achieved high military rank and held significant wealth:
William Thomas St Quentin (1769-1805) lived at Darby House, Sunbury on Thames and later at Scampston Hall, Malton, Yorkshire
Colonel Matthew Chitty Downes St. Quintin (his son)
Major-General Matthew Chitty Darby-Griffith (1772–1823) lived at Padworth House, Berkshire
| 1.960938
| 0
|
9175084
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinhaus%20theorem
|
Steinhaus theorem
|
In the mathematical field of real analysis, the Steinhaus theorem states that the difference set of a set of positive measure contains an open neighbourhood of zero. It was first proved by Hugo Steinhaus.
Statement
Let A be a Lebesgue-measurable set on the real line such that the Lebesgue measure of A is not zero. Then the difference set
contains an open neighbourhood of the origin.
The general version of the theorem, first proved by André Weil, states that if G is a locally compact group, and A ⊂ G a subset of positive (left) Haar measure, then
contains an open neighbourhood of unity.
The theorem can also be extended to nonmeagre sets with the Baire property. The proof of these extensions, sometimes also called Steinhaus theorem, is almost identical to the one below.
Proof
The following simple proof can be found in a collection of problems by late professor H.M. Martirosian from the Yerevan State University, Armenia (Russian).
For any , there exists an open set , so that and . Since is a union of open intervals, for a given , we can find an interval such that , where .
Let . Suppose for contradiction that there exists such that . Then, , and thus
But, we also have
,
so , which contradicts .
Hence, for all , and it follows immediately that , as desired.
Corollary
A corollary of this theorem is that any measurable proper subgroup of is of measure zero.
| 2.3125
| 0
|
9175091
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neda%20Ulaby
|
Neda Ulaby
|
Neda Ulaby (, born 1970) is an American reporter for National Public Radio, covering arts, cultural trends and digital media. She lives in Washington, D.C.
Early life and education
Born during Black September in Amman, Jordan, Ulaby spent her childhood in Lawrence, Kansas, and Ann Arbor, Michigan. The father who raised her, Fawwaz Ulaby, is a professor of electrical engineering from Damascus, Syria. In her late 20s, Neda learned that Fawwaz Ulaby was not her biological father and that the latter was a Jewish man.
After graduating from the alternative Community High School in Ann Arbor, she attended Bryn Mawr College, graduating in 1993. She also studied at Oxford University, England, and in 1995 graduated with an MA in English from the University of Chicago. She is a former doctoral student in English literature.
Career
Ulaby began her career as an intern for the features desk of the Topeka Capital-Journal from 1993 to 1994 and later freelanced for the Chicago Reader and the Washington City Paper. Ulaby became managing editor of Chicago's Windy City Times in 1999, holding the post for one year, and later became co-host of the radio program What's Coming Out at the Movies.
She has taught classes in the humanities at the University of Chicago, Northeastern Illinois University, and at high schools serving at-risk students. She has also edited fiction for The Chicago Review and served on the editing staff of the prominent academic journal Critical Inquiry. Ulaby joined NPR in 2000 as part of their Next Generation Radio Initiative, and worked as an editorial assistant and producer before becoming a reporter in 2003.
Notable work
Neda Ulaby was one of the first to report on the 2005 Sony BMG CD copy protection scandal. She has also reported investigative pieces critical of Body Worlds and BODIES...the exhibition. She is included in the anthology Bodies Out of Bounds: Fatness and Transgression.
| 2.140625
| 0
|
9175182
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochfirst%20Ski%20Jump
|
Hochfirst Ski Jump
|
The Hochfirst Ski Jump (German: Hochfirstschanze) is a ski jumping hill located in Titisee-Neustadt in the state of Baden-Württemberg in Germany. The ski jump is named after the mountain Hochfirst (1197 m) in the Black Forest. It is the biggest natural ski jumping hill. This means that in contrast to many other ski jumping facilities, rather than an artificial tower, the natural gradient of the mountain slope was used for construction.
History
In 1911, the first ski jumping hill at Neustadt in the Black Forest was built at the Mühlrain. From 1930 to 1932, the first Hochfirstschanze in Schmiedsbachtal was constructed as a 60-meter hill. It was inaugurated on December 31, 1933, in front of an attendance of 3,000 spectators. 10,000 spectators came to the hill during the Wehrmacht Championships in February 1938.
After World War II, the Ski Club Neustadt developed the idea to build a new large hill together with the ski jumpers Toni Brutscher, Sepp Weiler and Heini Klopfer from Oberstdorf. The natural K80 hill was planned by Heini Klopfer and constructed next to the old hill from August to December 1949. The Hochfirstschanze could be inaugurated on 1950-01-15, where 15,000 spectators could watch jumps of up to 95 meters.
The take-off area of the large hill was modified in 1971 and the hill was extended with a k-spot of 90 m, later 101 m. Furthermore, a bend in the inrun was straightened in 1971. In 1976, German Nationals were again held in Titisee-Neustadt and since 1978 competitions of Schwarzwälder Springertournee were held there, which later became part of Europe Cup and Continental Cup. A profound conversion of the landing hill and modifications to the take-off were carried out in 1987–88, enlarging the critical point to 113 m.
Next to the former 60-meter-hill, the Fritz-Heitzmann-K40 junior hill was reconstructed and covered with plastic mattings in 1993.
| 1.953125
| 0
|
9175184
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Braun
|
Albert Braun
|
Father Albert William Braun OFM (September 5, 1889 – March 6, 1983) was a Roman Catholic priest and teacher in the Southwest and the Pacific United States.
Braun served as a US Army chaplain in both World War I and World War II. During World War II he became a prisoner of war after the fall of Corregidor in the Philippines . He was a recipient of the Purple Heart, two Silver Stars and the Legion of Merit.
Early life
He was born John William Braun to German immigrants in Los Angeles, California. Braun was ordained in 1915 and his first assignment was to the Mescalero Apache Reservation in 1916.
World War I
In June 1918, he was permitted by his superiors to enlist as a US Army chaplain at Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas. He soon saw action with the 6th Infantry Division in one of the bloodiest World War I battles fought by American troops, the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Instead of staying in safety at the rear, the unarmed chaplain went "over the top" with the first assault and suffered shrapnel wounds to his jaw. Despite his injuries he remained on the battlefield to minister to the wounded and to give last rites to the dying. For these actions, Braun received the Purple Heart.
Following the war, Braun helped to construct St. Joseph Apache Mission Church, finished in 1939.
| 2.265625
| 0
|
9175184
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Braun
|
Albert Braun
|
World War II
Braun received orders to report for duty on November 1, 1940, at Fort Sam Houston. He insisted on an overseas posting and was assigned as a chaplain with the 92nd Coast Artillery Regiment in the Philippines. In April 1941, he left for his assignment on the island of Corregidor in Manila Bay. Braun was on hand as Douglas MacArthur was evacuated from Corregidor. He gave the invocation for the inauguration of Philippine President Manuel Quezon on January 1, 1942, in Corregidor, and was present when General Jonathan M. Wainwright surrendered to the Japanese on May 7, 1942. It was Braun who, despite the threat of personal harm, gained permission from the Japanese officers to bury and cremate the dead and who supervised the work of removing the badly decayed bodies from the caves of Corregidor for proper disposal.
He suffered beatings, hunger, disease and the accompanying humiliations as a POW. He insisted on saying mass for the prisoners despite prohibitions against such service and eventually won concession for such activity.
Braun was liberated, after 40 months as a POW, at Camp Omori in Tokyo Bay on August 29, 1945. The emaciated priest who stood over six feet tall, had wasted from 195 pounds to 115 pounds and had had diphtheria, dysentery, pelagra and several bouts of malaria.
Post-war life
Due to injuries sustained as a POW, he could no longer serve as a missionary to the Mescalero Apaches. To aid in his recovery, he was sent by the Army to the Marshall Islands where he participated in Operation Sandstone. He then spent two years stationed in Hawaii.
| 2.40625
| 0
|
9175184
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Braun
|
Albert Braun
|
After the war, Fr. Albert came back to the Fruitvale Neighborhood of Oakland, where he requested from the Provincial to go back with the Mescalero. The Provincial requested he go to Phoenix. Fr. Al requested that he "be out with the people" and asked Fr. Victor, Pastor of St. Mary's, if there were any Spanish speaking parishes in the area. Fr. Victor responded that there were a group of 64 people down on 16th Street south of the railroad tracks, but told Fr. Al that they could go to the Basilica, a nearly two mile walk. After insistence, Fr. Al began serving the people near 16th Street, what was known at the time as the Golden Gate Barrio, and wrote the Provincial asking if he could live in the barrio for one year, after Fr. Victor denied the initial request. The Provincial granted Fr. Al to live in Golden Gate, where he spent every Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday visiting the families, noting that there were 8,000 Catholics in the barrio, not 64 Catholics as Fr. Victor had predicted. Around 1950, Victor Stinger donated a small lot at 17th and Sherman Streets in Phoenix, AZ to be used for Catholic mass for the residents of the Golden Gate Barrio and its surrounding barrios. The original structure was a ramada with a dirt floor and a palm thatch roof. Around 1952, Father Al began working within the community and requested that he remain in the barrios and not be moved around like "all the others" until he "completed his work". Father Al held his first mass under the ramada on August 10, 1952 and held mass there for two and one half years.
| 2.21875
| 0
|
9175184
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Braun
|
Albert Braun
|
Father Al began acquiring land through political activism and brick through a local fundraising campaign within the Golden Gate Barrio whereas every single resident, including children, would each buy at least one red brick after the supply of adobe bricks was destroyed in a rain storm. With an $8,000 loan from the Bishop of Tucson, the rectory was completed on March 15, 1954. Two chapels were constructed on the southern and eastern sections of the parish: Saint Isabel (later named Saint John's) on 18th St. and Magnolia and Saint Mary Magdalene on 11th St. and Hilton with first mass dates being on March 18, 1954 and May 17, 1954, respectively. Only after these chapels were built did the construction of the main church begin, being blessed by Bishop Gercke on October 14, 1956. Construction of Santa Rita Hall began on November 20, 1956 to serve the residents of El Campito, and was completed in 1957. The altar, made of Italian marble, the roof, bell tower, and copper dome were added shortly after, completing construction. Understanding the importance of community cohesion, Father Al and his parishioners continued to address non-religious needs such as lighting, pavements, and sewage systems. A local juvenile court worker stated that after Father Al's arrival, "the number of juvenile cases dropped sharply as those persons under his influence began working together as family units and as a community". Father Al left the parish in 1962, but remain involved in the church at various capacities until his death in 1983. He is interred at the St. Joseph Mescalero Apache Mission in New Mexico at his request.
In 1965, he received the Arizona Medal of Honor and in 1979 the Arizona Veterans Hall of Fame award.
Legacy
A memorial to Father Braun is located at Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza in Phoenix, Arizona. He is often referred to as "The Hero Priest of Corregidor" by those that served with him.
| 2.453125
| 0
|
9175223
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perryville%20Battlefield%20State%20Historic%20Site
|
Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site
|
Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site is a park near Perryville, Kentucky. The park continues to expand with purchases of parcels by the Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves' Kentucky Heritage Land Conservation Fund and the American Battlefield Trust. An interpretive museum is located near the site where many Confederate soldiers killed in the Battle of Perryville were buried. Monuments, interpretive signage, and cannons also mark notable events during the battle. The site became part of the Kentucky State Park System in 1936.
Battle
The battle was fought on October 8, 1862, between the U.S. Army of the Ohio, commanded by U.S. Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell, and the Confederate Army of Mississippi, commanded by Gen. Braxton Bragg. The battle was a tactical victory for the Confederates but a strategic victory for the United States because Bragg withdrew his army from Kentucky, which remained in U.S. hands for the remainder of the war.
Perryville's homes and farms were left in shambles by the battle. Henry P. "Squire" Bottom, a Unionist enslaver on whose farm a significant portion of the battle was fought, suffered losses of pork, corn, hay, and wood to U.S. Army soldiers who remained in the area for weeks after the fighting. Bottom's farm was significantly damaged during the battle, including the loss of a substantial barn filled with hay that burned completely due to artillery fire from a Confederate battery. Other accounts note that nearly all area residents suffered some losses and had their homes and outbuildings used as field hospitals.
| 2.328125
| 0
|
9175223
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perryville%20Battlefield%20State%20Historic%20Site
|
Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site
|
For a century following the war, the memory of the Battle of Perryville (and many others fought in the Western Theater) was minimized by what has been called the "Lee tradition," which emphasized the deeds of the armies and generals who fought in the Eastern Theater, particularly Virginia. However, numerous scholars worked to establish the importance of Western campaigns around the time of the American Civil War Centennial. In recent years, appreciation for what happened at Perryville and other battlefields in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi has grown.
About at Perryville were recognized as a National Historic Landmark in 1960, and the site averages around 7,000 visitors per year. The acquisition of 149 acres (0.6 km2) of farmland from a descendant of Henry Bottom more than doubled the size of the park and allowed visitors to complete a tour of the entire battlefield. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners, including the Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves Kentucky Heritage Land Conservation Fund, have acquired and preserved 1,202 acres at the Perryville battlefield through mid-2023. Numerous acres of this saved land have been incorporated in the state park.
In popular culture
Paranormal Investigators, Ghost Adventures visited the site where they found shadowy figures from the American Civil War walking through the fields. They revisited the site in 2013 and again in 2017.
| 2.609375
| 0
|
9175282
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Hall%20State%20Historic%20Site
|
White Hall State Historic Site
|
White Hall State Historic Site is a park in Richmond, Kentucky, southeast of Lexington. White Hall was home to two legendary Kentucky statesmen: General Green Clay and his son General Cassius Marcellus Clay, as well as suffragists Mary Barr Clay and Laura Clay. On April 12, 2011, White Hall was designated as a national historic site in journalism by the Society of Professional Journalists, because of Clay's career as a publisher.
White Hall/Clermont
The site's major feature is White Hall, the home of Kentucky legislator Cassius Marcellus Clay and Mary Jane Warfield Clay. He was an anti-slavery newspaper publisher, politician, soldier and Minister to Russia through the Lincoln, Johnson and Grant administrations. He published True American for nearly 25 years.
This restored 44-room Italianate house began as a 8-room structure built in 1798–1799 in the Georgian style by General Green Clay which he called Clermont. Mary Jane Warfield Clay, oversaw the enlarging of Clermont into the structure that is now White Hall. Thomas Lewinski was the architect. The Georgian style of Clermont was replaced with the Italianate style of White Hall. The renovation is said to have cost $40,000. Clermont originally faced south, but the entrance of White Hall was moved to face East.
Apart from its architecture, White Hall was also notable for its use of indoor plumbing. Rainwater was collected in a tub from the roof and was fed down to a toilet and copper bathtub.
The White Hall property has two outbuildings. The kitchen was originally built in 1790 when Green Clay owned the property. It originally served Clermont as the main kitchen, and the food was walked over to the warming kitchen of the main house. The Kitchen contains what is believed to be the largest existing fireplace surviving from the 19th century. The larger of the two buildings was used as living quarters for the enslaved peoples living on the White Hall estate.
| 2.125
| 0
|
9175282
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Hall%20State%20Historic%20Site
|
White Hall State Historic Site
|
Notable residents
White Hall was first home to General Green Clay who built the original structure, Claremont. Clay was an early Kentucky settler and land surveyor. Green Clay made his fortune surveying land, keeping a portion of the land he surveyed as payment. Green Clay became one of the largest land and slave holders in Kentucky by the time of his death.
Cassius M. Clay was a Kentucky politician and emancipationist. Despite his father being one of the largest landholders and slaveholders in Kentucky, Clay supported the gradual freeing of enslaved peoples, which was unusual for men of his class at this time. Clay fought many duels over the subject during his life. Clay saw service in the Mexican War and was lauded as a hero upon his return home. Clay published an anti-slavery newspaper called The True American in Lexington, KY and was later forced to move production to Cincinnati, OH. Clay was an early founder of the republican party. Clay served as Lincoln's Ambassador to Russia during the American Civil War. It was during Clay's time in Russia that his wife, Mary Jane Warfield Clay, converted Clermont into what is now White Hall.
Cassius M. Clay's daughters Mary Barr Clay, Sally Clay, and Laura Clay also lived at White Hall. Mary Barr Clay was noted for her early support for women's suffrage. She was of great influence on her younger sisters, especially Laura, who would go on to be leaders in the women's suffrage movement. Laura Clay was the first woman to be placed in nomination for a major party's presidential ticket.
| 2.5
| 0
|
9175282
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Hall%20State%20Historic%20Site
|
White Hall State Historic Site
|
Acquisition and restoration
The Madison County Garden Club members were among those who spearheaded the effort to preserve the historic home. The club consulted with several prominent Kentucky historical preservationists and preservation societies. Governor Edward Breathitt agreed to purchase White Hall from the current owners. The heirs of Cassius M. Clay, Warfield C. Bennett Jr., Ann C. Bennett, and Ester S. Bennett sold the property surrounding White Hall to the state of Kentucky in 1968. The land surrounding White Hall was purchased for $18,000 and the home was donated. The site became part of the state park system in 1968.
The house's restoration was completed and open to the public in 1971 under the leadership of Kentucky's First Lady Beula C. Nunn, with assistance of the Kentucky Mansions Preservation Foundation.
The Eastern Kentucky University Board of Regents voted to accept the transfer of White Hall State Historic Site from the State of Kentucky at their regularly scheduled meeting in February 2019. The State will pay EKU $50,000 for two years to help with any unforeseen costs of acquiring the property. EKU hopes to use the building as a real-world teaching opportunity for the Department of Recreation and Park Administration.
Donated family items
Upon the death of Cassius M. Clay an estate sale was held at White Hall. It took place on October 8, 1903. The names of those who bought pieces of furniture from the auction were listed on the inventory and sale book of the State Bank & Trust Company and the Madison County Clerk's office. This list was used to track down these items to be reacquired by White Hall.
Cassius M. Clay's original appointment as US Ambassador to Russia was donated to the State of Kentucky by Bruce Ferguson. The document bears the signature of then President Abraham Lincoln. The document is on display at White Hall State Historic Site.
| 2.484375
| 0
|
9175282
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Hall%20State%20Historic%20Site
|
White Hall State Historic Site
|
Two tapestry rugs and a Louis XV table that once belonged to Green Clay and Cassius M. Clay were donated by Annabell Olsen of Somerset, KY. The tapestry rugs are from the Ming Dynasty prior to 1300. The colors, blues, reds, and gold have faded some. Olson found the rugs in a stove pipe in the White Hall kitchen. They were likely placed there to keep soot out when the wind blew. The Louis XV table was a gift to General Green Clay from General Lafayette. Green Clay became familiar with Lafayette when he visited Europe on behalf of the Continental Congress. Green Clay's son, Cassius M. Clay, held the table in such high regard that he would not allow anyone to touch the table. When a leg of the table was broken Clay was so concerned that he performed the repair work himself. The table is 36 inches in diameter and about the height of a modern-day coffee table. It is painted olive green, washed brick red and gold. The wood underneath the paint is unknown.
Pieces of a China set that once belonged to Cassius M. Clay were also donated by Mrs. William C. Benton of Denver, CO. The China is a portion of the original 104-piece setting that was used by Clay when he was the US Ambassador to Russia. The plates have a gold medallion in the center and the outer rim is decorated in bands of gold and magenta. Other pieces of this set were already on display at White Hall.
A bed that once belonged to Brutus Junius Clay II was donated by Cecil Salter. Salter's father, Samuel, bought the bed at auction from an apartment in the old Benault Inn. Brutus Junius Clay II was the son of noted emancipationist and US Ambassador to Russia Cassius M. Clay. Junius gained his own notoriety serving as a commissioner to the Paris Exposition in 1900 and then as US Ambassador to Switzerland from 1905 to 1912. Junius also donated property on Glyndon Ave. Richmond, KY in memory of his wife, Pattie A. Clay, to form the first hospital in Madison County, KY (Pattie A. Clay Hospital).
| 2.140625
| 0
|
9175343
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Washington%20Bethune
|
George Washington Bethune
|
George Washington Bethune (March 18, 1805 – April 28, 1862) was a preacher-pastor in the Dutch Reformed Church.
Life and career
Of Huguenot descent, his father was Divie Bethune, a highly successful merchant in New York. Originally a student at Columbia College of Columbia University, Bethune graduated in 1822 from Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania and went on to study theology at Princeton University. He married Mary Williams in November, 1825.
In 1827, he was appointed Pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church, Rhinebeck, New York. In 1830, he moved to Utica, New York; in 1834 to Philadelphia; and in 1850 to Brooklyn Heights, NY. He was offered the chaplaincy of the U.S. Military Academy, the Chancellorship of New York University and the Provostship of University of Pennsylvania, all of which he declined.
In 1839, Bethune was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.
He was an outspoken Democrat in politics, opposed to slavery but unsympathetic to abolitionism.
Due to his Calvinist ideas about the unsuitability of such a hobby for a clergyman, Bethune, an avid fisherman, worked anonymously on five of the US editions of Izaak Walton's The Compleat Angler under the pseudonym The American Editor.
He also wrote many hymns, some of which are still used today. One popular hymn he wrote is "There is no Name so Sweet on Earth." The hymn "When Time Seems Short and Death is Near" was found in his portfolio and was written on April 27, 1862, the day before his death.
While visiting Florence, Italy for his health, he fell ill after preaching and died of a stroke on April 27, 1862. His Life and Letters were edited by A. R. Van Nest, 1867.
Published works
The Fruits of the Spirit (1839)
Sermons (1847)
Lays of Love and Faith (1847)
The Complete Angler (Isaac Walton), first American edition (1847)
The British Female Poets (1848)
Orations and Discourses (1850)
Expository Lectures on the Heidelberg Catechism (1864) 2 vols.
| 2.421875
| 0
|
9175348
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation%20NMS
|
Regulation NMS
|
Regulation National Market System (or Reg NMS) is a 2005 US financial regulation promulgated and described by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as "a series of initiatives designed to modernize and strengthen the National Market System for equity securities". The Reg NMS is intended to assure that investors receive the best (NBBO) price executions for their orders by encouraging competition in the marketplace. Some contend that the rule has contributed to the rise of high-frequency trading, which is sometimes regarded as controversial.
History
Established in 2005, its aim was to foster both "competition among individual markets and competition among individual orders" in order to promote efficient and fair price formation across securities markets.
In 1972, before the SEC began its pursuit of a national market system, the market for securities was quite fragmented. The same stock sometimes traded at different prices at different trading venues, and the NYSE ticker tape did not report transactions of NYSE-listed stocks that took place on regional exchanges or on other over-the-counter securities markets. This fragmentation made it difficult for traders to comparison shop. In 1975, Congress passed the Securities Acts Amendments of 1975, authorizing the SEC to facilitate a national market system.
Consolidation of rules
In 2005, the rules promoting the national market system were consolidated into REG NMS. Some of the more notable rules include:
Access Rule – addresses access to market data such as quotations (Rule 610)
Order Protection (or Trade Through) Rule – provides intermarket price priority for quotations that are immediately and automatically accessible (Rule 611)
Sub-Penny Rule – establishes minimum pricing increments (Rule 612)
Market Data Rules:
a) Allocation amendment – institutes a new Market Data Revenue Allocation Formula,
b) Governance amendment – creates advisory committees,
c) Distribution and Display Rules – governing market data (Rule 600, 601 & 603).
| 2.078125
| 0
|
9175365
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erling%20Vidkunsson
|
Erling Vidkunsson
|
Erling Vidkunsson (1293–1355) was the Norwegian nobleman and regent of Norway. He received the position of High Justiciar (drottsete) of the country. He was Lord of Bjarkoy and Giske and was probably the most important and wealthy Norwegian noble of his era.
Erling Vidkunsson was born into a noble family of Bjarkøy which held lands principally in northern Norway. The ancestral seat was in Hålogaland, in the region of Harstad. Erling Vidkunsson became the largest holder of noble estate in Norway. From his father, Vidkun Erlingsson (ca. 1260–1302), Erling inherited Bjarkøy and from his mother Gyrid Andresdottir, a descendant of the son of King Inge Stenkilsson of Sweden, he inherited land at Sudreim (Old Norse Suđrheimr) located at Sørum in Romerike. He inherited Giske from his uncle Bjarne Erlingsson (1250–1313) upon the death of that man's childless daughter Kristin who died young.
In 1319, Magnus IV of Sweden, a child three years old, succeeded to the Norwegian throne. A regency was set up for the young king, with Erling's regency extending from 1323-32. The regency-like system continued also because Magnus primarily resided not in Norway, but in neighboring Sweden. Magnus was acclaimed as hereditary king of Norway at the Haugating in Tønsberg in August 1319 under the regency of his mother, Ingeborg Håkonsdotter. In February 1323, the Norwegian regency council rebelled against Ingeborg. During the years 1323-31, Erling Vidkunsson led the Norwegian State Board of Royal Authority (norske riksstyret med kongelig myndighet) and held the title of drottsete until Magnus was declared to have come of age at 15.
By 1343, Norway desired to be more independent of Sweden. King Magnus agreed that his younger son, the future Haakon VI of Norway would be king of Norway. Although the young prince was nominally under regency of his father, Norway received a level of independence and the administration continued under Vidkunsson. Later when the young king was sent to Norway, Vidkunsson was to lead his education.
| 1.984375
| 0
|
9175501
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s%20suffrage%20in%20New%20Zealand
|
Women's suffrage in New Zealand
|
Women's suffrage was an important political issue in the late-nineteenth-century New Zealand. In early colonial New Zealand, as in European societies, women were excluded from any involvement in politics. Public opinion began to change in the latter half of the nineteenth century and after years of effort by women's suffrage campaigners, led by Kate Sheppard, New Zealand became the first nation in the world in which all women had the right to vote in parliamentary elections.
The Electoral Bill granting women the franchise was given Royal Assent by Governor Lord Glasgow on 19 September 1893. Women voted for the first time in the election held on 28 November 1893 (elections for the Māori electorates were held on 20 December). Also in 1893, Elizabeth Yates became Mayor of Onehunga, the first time such a post had been held by a woman anywhere in the British Empire.
In the 21st century, there are more eligible female voters than male, and women also vote at a higher rate than men. However, a higher percentage of female than male non-voters perceive a barrier that prevents them from voting.
Early campaign
In both Polynesian society and European aristocracy, women could achieve significant formal political rank through ancestry. However, Polynesian and by extension Māori society differed in letting charismatic women have significant direct influence. This was limited by the inability of women to speak at some meetings on marae (community houses). As a result, some historians see colonialism as a temporary step back for women's rights in New Zealand.
| 3.28125
| 0
|
9175501
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s%20suffrage%20in%20New%20Zealand
|
Women's suffrage in New Zealand
|
The New Zealand suffrage movement began in the late 19th century, inspired by similar groups in the British Empire and United States. The right to vote was largely sought as a way to improve social morality and, by extension, improve women's safety and quality of life. Therefore, the suffrage campaigns were intertwined with the prohibition of alcohol movement. This was the focus of some resistance, with the movement being often portrayed as puritanical and draconian in the local press. This also led to politicians who supported the alcohol industry opposing women's suffrage, like the MP for South Dunedin Henry Fish.
In 1869, under a pseudonym, Mary Müller wrote An appeal to the men of New Zealand, the first pamphlet on the issue of women's suffrage to be published in New Zealand. In the 1870s, Mary Ann Colclough (Polly Plum) was an active advocate for women's rights in general and women's suffrage. John Larkins Cheese Richardson was a keen proponent of women's equality, he was responsible for allowing women to enroll at the University of Otago in 1871, and helped to remove other barriers to their entry. Some politicians, including John Hall, Robert Stout, Julius Vogel, William Fox and John Ballance, also supported women's suffrage and in 1878, 1879 and 1887 bills extending the vote to women were narrowly defeated in Parliament.
| 2.8125
| 0
|
9175501
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s%20suffrage%20in%20New%20Zealand
|
Women's suffrage in New Zealand
|
Successful campaign
Women's suffrage was granted after about two decades of campaigning throughout New Zealand by women. The New Zealand branch of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) led by Anne Ward (1886–1887), Emma Packe (1887–1889), Catherine Fulton (1889–1892), and Annie Jane Schnackenberg (1892–1900) was particularly instrumental in the campaign. Influenced by the American Frances Willard of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and the philosophy of thinkers like Harriet Taylor Mill and John Stuart Mill, the movement argued that women could bring morality into democratic politics. Kate Sheppard, a WCTU NZ activist, was a leading advocate for political action for women's rights. Opponents argued instead that politics was outside women's 'natural sphere' of the home and family. Suffrage advocates countered that allowing women to vote would encourage policies which protected and nurtured families.
Suffragists in WCTU, Political Franchise Leagues and trade unions organised a series of petitions to Parliament: over 9,000 signatures were delivered in 1891, followed by a petition of almost 20,000 signatures in 1892, and finally in 1893 nearly 32,000 signatures were presented – almost a quarter of the adult European female population of New Zealand.
From 1887, several attempts were made to pass bills enabling female suffrage, the first of which was authored by Julius Vogel, the 8th Premier of New Zealand. Each bill came close to passing. Various electoral bills that would have given adult women the right to vote were presented to the House of Representatives but were either defeated or withdrawn.
| 3.109375
| 0
|
9175501
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s%20suffrage%20in%20New%20Zealand
|
Women's suffrage in New Zealand
|
Seddon needed one more vote to defeat the measure in the Upper House. A new Liberal Party councillor, Thomas Kelly, had decided to vote in favour of the measure, but Seddon obtained his consent by wire to change his vote. Seddon's manipulation incensed two other councillors William Reynolds and Edward Cephas John Stevens, so they changed sides and voted for the bill, allowing it to pass by 20 votes to 18 on 8 September 1893. The two opposition councillors had been opposed to women's suffrage without the 'electoral rights' safeguard of postal voting, seen as necessary to allow all women in isolated rural areas to vote, although seen by the Liberals as rendering the vote open to manipulation by husbands or employers.
Eighteen legislative councillors petitioned the new governor, Lord Glasgow, to withhold his consent in enacting the law, but on 19 September 1893 the governor consented and the Electoral Act 1893 gave all women in New Zealand the right to vote.
Both the Liberal government and the opposition subsequently claimed credit for the enfranchisement of women and sought women's newly acquired votes on these grounds.
In 1896, three years after the introduction of women's suffrage, Kate Sheppard, became the founding president of the National Council of Women of New Zealand, which advocated for further political action for women's rights.
Further advances in women's rights
In 1893, Elizabeth Yates became the first woman in the British Empire to become mayor, though she held the post in Onehunga, a city now part of Auckland, for only about a year. In 1926, Margaret Magill, an openly lesbian teacher and school administrator was elected to serve on the executive board of the New Zealand Educational Institute (NZEI). She became president of the organisation in 1933, and her election to that post marked the first time it had been held by a woman.
| 2.703125
| 0
|
9175502
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football%20in%20Vietnam
|
Football in Vietnam
|
South Vietnam
By the late 1950s, South Vietnam national football team had become one of the four strongest teams in Asia, as they advanced into the final round of the 1960 AFC Asian Cup together with South Korea, Israel and the Republic of China. The team also won the 10th Merdeka Cup in Malaysia, 1966. It was one of strongest teams in Southeast Asia.
Clubs AJS, Cảnh sát (Police), Tổng Tham Mưu (ARVN General Staff) and Quan Thuế (Customs) dominated the South's football until 1975. The national league was called the South Vietnam V-League.
Since 1976
Vietnam was reunited on 2 July 1976 and returned to international football in 1991, when they participated in the 1991 Southeast Asian Games. They drew 2–2 against the Philippines (the hosting nation), in the first ever match played by a united Vietnam. During the 1990s-2000s, Vietnam had limited international success, mostly due to a lack of investments. Vietnamese football also suffered several corruption scandals.
Despite this, Vietnam made some notable performances, at the 2007 AFC Asian Cup when Vietnam shocked international football by advancing to the quarter-finals. Their 2–0 victory against the UAEmwas especially remarkable. The following year, Vietnam won the 2008 AFF Championship, marking a successful period for Vietnamese football, the “first golden generation” and renaissance of Vietnamese football.
Vietnamese football suffered heavy decline in 2009-2016, where they would fail to qualify for 3 Asian cups, and lose the next 4 AFF Suzuki Cups. They also could not qualify for the FIFA World Cup. Meanwhile, the Olympic team did not do well in the next few Asian Games and Southeast Asian Games.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
9175502
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football%20in%20Vietnam
|
Football in Vietnam
|
Following the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup, Vietnam would start to have tremendous success, after hiring Park Hang-Seo as coach. In 2018, the Vietnam national under-23 football team recorded another remarkable achievement during the 2018 AFC U-23 Championship, winning the silver medal after losing to Uzbekistan in the final, thus becoming the first Southeast Asian team to qualify for the final of an AFC tournament since 1998 when the Thailand U17 won the 1998 AFC U-17 Championship. Later that year, the Olympic team, consisting largely of players who had competed at the U-23 Championship in January, won the fourth place of the 2018 Asian Games, losing 1-3 to South Korea in the semi-final and the UAE on penalty shoot-out in the bronze medal match.
With most of these young players, Vietnam created a fever in 2019 AFC Asian Cup, in which the national team made it to the quarter-finals where they were defeated by eventual runners-up Japan with the score 0–1. Then, in the 2019 Southeast Asian Games, Vietnam won its first gold medal in men's football since 1959.
On 6 February 2022, the Vietnam women's national football team qualified for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup for the first time.
In the 2021 Southeast Asian Games, as hosts, both the men's and women's football team successfully defended their gold medal title in front of home fans.
Football culture in Vietnam
| 2.109375
| 0
|
9175502
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football%20in%20Vietnam
|
Football in Vietnam
|
National identity
Football is an important part of the national identity in Vietnam. Although having a long history, modern Vietnamese football was developed very late than the rest, which only established at 1990s after the end of Sino-Vietnamese War and international isolation. Since 1990s, football has become extremely important for the society in Vietnam, regardless the rich or the poor. Despite ups and downs, football still plays a role on the rise of Vietnamese national identity, and often ties with its successes. Vietnam has some of the most passionate supporters in the world, often attend in large number anytime Vietnam plays in a major tournament. This has been witnessed in 2019 AFC Asian Cup, which its fans cooked traditional Vietnamese foods and even smuggled foods to the hotel to support its players.
Linking with nationalist sentiment
Vietnamese take pride on football heavily and in Vietnam, football is a God sport for the Vietnamese population in majority. When the national team won big matches, the streets are often overwhelmed by large Vietnamese crowds, demonstrating nationalist chants, singing Vietnamese nationalist songs.
According to the Bleacher Report, after the 2018 AFC U-23 Championship, they were totally astonished and shocked with the massive celebration of Vietnamese people.
Women's football
| 2.375
| 0
|
9175502
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football%20in%20Vietnam
|
Football in Vietnam
|
The emergence of women's football in Vietnam was marked by the establishment of the Cai-Von Women's Football Team (Equipe Feminine de Cai-Von) in 1932, the first women's football team in Vietnam and Asia. Phan Khắc Sửu, an agricultural engineer, with the approval of the South Vietnam government and the Football General Bureau, came up with the idea of forming a women's team and gathered 30 young women to join the team, most of whom came from farming. At that time, it was extremely difficult to mobilize women to participate in football due to the constraints of feudal morality. The outstanding names of the Cai-Von team include Mười Kén, Út Thôi, Hai Tỉnh, Ba Triệu, Út Lẹo..., of which the most outstanding is the French striker Marguerite, who was later elected captain.
In the early days, the Cai-Von Women's Football Team often played against men's teams due to the lack of female opponents. The team's debut match against a men's team in Mỹ Thuận village attracted thousands of spectators; the football field (a rice field) was packed to capacity. After the match, the district chief of Trà Ôn came down to the field to present the team with 24 sets of jerseys and 2,000 Indochinese piasters to help the team develop further. Since then, the team has been invited to play in almost all the provinces in the Mekong Delta and sometimes up to Saigon, where men's football teams challenge; The number of supporters for the team has also increased over time.
| 2.6875
| 0
|
9175580
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugenia%20Burns%20Hope
|
Lugenia Burns Hope
|
Lugenia Burns Hope (February 19, 1871 – August 14, 1947), was a social reformer whose Neighborhood Union and other community service organizations improved the quality of life for African Americans in Atlanta, Georgia, and served as a model for the future Civil Rights Movement.
Biography
Education and social outreach
Lugenia Burns was born in St. Louis, Missouri, February 19, 1871. Her parents were Louisa M. Bertha and Ferdinand Burns; her father was a carpenter. She was the youngest of seven children. When her father died suddenly, her mother to move the family to Chicago.
Throughout her youth, Lugenia Burns worked for various charitable organizations, inspiring a lifelong interest in social outreach work. Between 1890 and 1893, she studied at the Chicago Art Institute, the Chicago School of Design (now also part of the Art Institute of Chicago), and the Chicago Business College. Lugenia Burns married John Hope in 1897 and moved with him to Atlanta when he joined the faculty of the Atlanta Baptist College (now Morehouse College); he was later appointed the institution's president in 1906. With the help of Morehouse students, she surveyed local area residents about their needs for community development projects, which eventually led to the college providing day care, kindergarten, and recreational programs. Her community involvement led her in 1908 to create the Neighborhood Union, the first woman-run social welfare agency for African Americans in Atlanta, which provided medical, recreational, employment, and educational services and became known for its community building and race and gender activism. Hope served as head of its Board of Managers until 1936.
| 2.65625
| 0
|
9175580
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugenia%20Burns%20Hope
|
Lugenia Burns Hope
|
Activism
Because the United Service Organization limited its entertainment program in World War II, the Neighborhood Union ran YWCA War Work Councils to provide similar services to the African-American community. Their success led to Lugenia Hope coordinating a US-wide network of Hostess Houses that provided services ranging from recreational programs to relocation counseling to African American and Jewish soldiers and their families.
A founding member of the Atlanta branch of the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, Hope became involved in reform activities nationwide, such as her 1920 effort to end segregation and white-domination within the national YWCA. Her statement to white women who opposed full equality in the YWCA for African-American women was: "Ignorance is ignorance wherever found, yet the most ignorant white woman may enjoy every privilege that America offers. Now ...the ignorant Negro woman should also enjoy them."
An innovative thinker on racial politics, Hope criticized the common belief that African American needed to prove their worthiness as citizens, and as vice president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People of Atlanta organized six-week courses on voting, democracy, and the U.S. Constitution. This work was later copied across the country, and these classes became part of the early stages of the Civil Rights Movement.
Death
Hope became ill in 1936, the same year her husband died. She spent the rest of her life in New York City, Chicago, and Nashville. She died August 14, 1947, in Nashville, Tennessee, and her ashes were spread from the tower at Morehouse. She was posthumously inducted into the Georgia Women of Achievement in 1996.
| 3.046875
| 0
|
9175611
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hunting%20of%20the%20Snark%20%28musical%29
|
The Hunting of the Snark (musical)
|
The Hunting of the Snark is a musical based on Lewis Carroll's 1876 poem The Hunting of the Snark, written by composer Mike Batt.
History
The musical began life in 1984 as a costumed concert with the London Symphony Orchestra at the Barbican, conducted by Mike Batt and starring Paul Jones as the Baker and Christopher Cazenove as the narrator.
It was created as a concept album in 1986 but withheld from sale after a dispute with the record label CBS (now Sony Music). The recording featured Roger Daltrey, Art Garfunkel, John Gielgud, Stéphane Grappelli, George Harrison, John Hurt, Julian Lennon, Cliff Richard, Captain Sensible, Deniece Williams, and the London Symphony Orchestra. Later that year it was performed as a concert at the Barbican. "Midnight Smoke" was released as a single on 17 November 1986.
A further (costumed) production took place at the Royal Albert Hall on April Fool's Day 1987, with Justin Hayward taking Art Garfunkel's role of the Butcher from the original recording, Billy Connolly replacing Cliff Richard as the Bellman and Midge Ure performing George Harrison's guitar parts. Other performers recreated their roles from the concept recording. This concert was filmed and screened as a television special in some countries.
In October 1990, after Batt had completed the full-length theatrical score and book, it was successfully presented again by Batt and Jackson-Mayo Productions as a dramatised concert in Australia at Sydney's State Theatre and the Hills Centre with the Elizabethan Sinfonietta, with Philip Quast starring as The Bellman, Cameron Daddo as The Butcher, Jackie Love as The Beaver, Doug Parkinson as The Barrister, Daryl Somers as The Billiard Marker, John Waters as Lewis Carroll and David Whitney as The Baker. This production also included additional songs that did not appear on the original 1986 recording.
| 2.046875
| 0
|
9175642
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Reyunos%20Dam
|
Los Reyunos Dam
|
The Los Reyunos Dam is an embankment dam on the Diamante River, in central Mendoza Province, Argentina, some twenty-two miles (thirty-five kilometers) from the city of San Rafael. The dam, built of stone and compacted clay to minimize execution and cost, is high and contains a reservoir covering an area of .
The dam is used to generate hydroelectricity. This is done with a pumped-storage power station located below the level of the reservoir. About one mile (two kilometer) downstream is a smaller, compensation dam, which forms the lower reservoir, called El Tigre. During the hours of decreased power demand, water is pumped from the reservoir of El Tigre back into Los Reyunos to stabilize the water level.
The reservoir is employed in raising Salmonidae and silverside, allowing for sport fishing. Los Reyunos Fishing and Nautical Club, along with private summer residences and a hotel, lies on the western shore of the reservoir and serves as a base for activities in the lake (such as windsurf, canoeing) and in the surrounding mountains (such as hiking).
| 2.4375
| 0
|
9175674
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme%20Ruxton
|
Graeme Ruxton
|
Graeme Ruxton is a zoologist known for his research into behavioural ecology and evolutionary ecology.
Life and work
Ruxton received his PhD in Statistics and Modelling Science in 1992 from the University of Strathclyde. His studies focus on the evolutionary pressures on aggregation by animals, and predator-prey aspects of sensory ecology. He researched visual communication in animals at the University of Glasgow, where he was professor of theoretical ecology. In 2013 he became professor at the University of St Andrews, Scotland.
Publications
Ruxton has published numerous papers on antipredator adaptations, along with contributions to textbooks. His book Living in Groups has been cited over 2300 times. His textbook Avoiding Attack. The Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis, Warning Signals and Mimicry has been cited over 1150 times. His paper "Collective memory and spatial sorting in animal groups" has been cited over 1300 times, while his paper on the use of statistics in behavioural ecology, "The unequal variance t-test is an underused alternative to Student's t-test and the Mann–Whitney U test", has been cited over 850 times.
Honours and awards
In 2012 Ruxton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
| 2.21875
| 0
|
9175711
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20wild%20ass
|
Indian wild ass
|
The Indian wild ass (Equus hemionus khur), also called the Indian wild donkey, Indian onager or, in the local Gujarati language, Ghudkhur and Khur, is a subspecies of the onager native to South Asia.
It is currently listed as Near Threatened by IUCN. The species in wild is found only in the Indian state of Gujarat, where it is protected under the Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary. In 2024, there were 7,672 wild ass up from 720 in 1976.
Physical description
The Indian wild ass, as with most other Asian wild ass subspecies, is quite different from the African wild ass species. The coat is usually sandy, but varies from reddish grey, fawn, to pale chestnut. The animal possesses an erect, dark mane which runs from the back of the head and along the neck. The mane is then followed by a dark brown stripe running along the back, to the root of the tail.
Range and habitat
The Indian wild ass's range once extended from western India, southern Pakistan, i.e. provinces of Sindh and Baluchistan, Afghanistan, and south-eastern Iran. Today, its last refuge lies in the Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little Rann of Kutch and its surrounding areas of the Great Rann of Kutch in the Gujarat state of India. The animal, however, is also seen in the districts of Surendranagar, Banaskantha, Mehsana, and other Kutch districts. Saline deserts (rann), arid grasslands and shrublands are its preferred environments.
| 2.578125
| 0
|
9175711
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20wild%20ass
|
Indian wild ass
|
Range extension in recent years
The Indian wild ass population has been increasing in numbers and extending its range from Little Rann of Kutch, where the world's last population of this subspecies had got confined to in recent years, and has gradually started moving out and colonizing the Greater Rann of Kutch, also extending into the neighboring Indian State of Rajasthan in the bordering villages in Jalore district bordering the Rann of Kutch of Gujarat and Khejariali and its neighbourhood where a 60 km2 area was transferred to the Rajasthan Forest Department by the revenue authorities in 2007. At this place Rebaris (camel and sheep breeders) live in the Prosopis juliflora jungles in the company of chinkaras, striped hyenas, red foxes, desert cats and Indian wolves.
Biology and behaviour
Indian wild asses graze between dawn and dusk. The animal feeds on grass, leaves and fruits of plant, crop, Prosopis pods, and saline vegetation.
It is one of the fastest of Indian animals, with speeds clocked at about 70 – 80 km. per hour and can easily outrun a jeep.
Stallions live either solitarily, or in small groups of twos and threes while family herds remain large. Mating season is in rainy season. When a mare comes into heat, she separates from the herd with a stallion who battles against rivals for her possession. After few days, the pair returns to the herd. The mare gives birth to one foal. The male foal weans away by 1–2 years of age, while the female continues to stay with the family herd.
| 2.859375
| 0
|
9175711
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20wild%20ass
|
Indian wild ass
|
Threats
It is unknown how the Indian wild ass disappeared from its former haunts in parts of western India and Pakistan, since the animal was never a hunting target of Indian Maharajas and colonial British officials of the British Raj. However, India's Mughal Emperors and noblemen from the time took great pleasure in hunting it with Emperor Jahangir in his book Tuzk-e-Jahangiri. In an illustrated copy that has survived of Akbarnama, the book of Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great there is an illustration of Akbar on an Indian wild ass shoot with several of them having been shot by him.
From 1958-1960, the wild ass became a victim of a disease known as surra, caused by Trypanosoma evansi and transmitted by flies, which caused a dramatic decline of its population in India. In November and December 1961, the wild ass population was reduced to just 870 after the outbreak of South African Horse Sickness.
Besides disease, the ass's other threats include habitat degradation due to salt activities, the invasion of the Prosopis juliflora shrub, and encroachment and grazing by the Maldhari. Conservation efforts since 1969 have helped boost the animal's population to more than 4000 individuals.
Conservation
In the last century, the Indian wild ass lived all over the dry regions of northwestern India and western Pakistan including Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Sind and Baluchistan. Today, it survives only in the Little Rann, and a few stray towards the Great Rann of Kutch with some reaching bordering villages in the Jalore district of the Indian State of Rajasthan.
| 2.703125
| 0
|
9175711
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20wild%20ass
|
Indian wild ass
|
First census of the wild ass was done in 1940, when there were an estimated 3,500 wild asses. But, by the year 1960, this figure fell to just 362, it was then classified as a highly endangered species. In the years 1973 & 1976, Rann of Kutch and adjoining districts were taken up as the area for conservation for this sub-species also known as Khur. From 1976, the forest department began conducting the wild ass census. Water holes were increased in the area, the forest department has also started a project for having fodder plots though the forest department is yet to get desired success. In 1976, only 720 Indian Wild ass were there, but due to the efforts it has been increasing steadily to 1,989 in 1983, 2,072 in 1990, 2,839 in 1999, 4,451 in 2014, 6,082 in 2020, and 7,672 in 2024.
Of late, it has been spotted right outside Ahmedabad near Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary. It seems it is no more confined to the 4,953.71 km2 area of the Rann, but it is now being found right up to the Kala Dungar near Banni grasslands in Kutch and Nal Sarovar. Within the State of Gujarat it is now also found in districts of Surendranagar, Rajkot, Patan, Banaskantha and Kutch. This population of wild asses is the only gene pool of Indian wild asses in the entire world and one of the six geographical varieties or sub-species surviving on the planet.
Reintroduction plans
The population has been growing since 1976 but the wild ass experts warn, long-term trends show intense fluctuations. This area in Kutch, Gujarat is drought-prone due to erratic monsoons, the wild ass population could decline suddenly as a result of a massive die-off. It is only if there are no severe droughts, the species is likely to grow and disperse in the Great Rann and adjoining Rajasthan, habitats that the wild ass occupied in the recent past.
| 2.59375
| 0
|
9175721
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Four%20Ice%20Caves
|
Big Four Ice Caves
|
Big Four Mountain is a mountain in the Cascade Range of Washington, located east of Granite Falls. The mountain is about high. At the bottom of its steep, high north face, debris piles form from avalanches and are able to remain there year round because of the continuous shade provided by the mountain. At an elevation between and , this ice forms the lowest-elevation glacier in the lower 49 states. During the summer, snow-melt streams flow beneath the debris piles and cause caves to be formed in the ice.
The Big Four Ice Caves Trail, a designated National Recreation Trail, (#723) is one of the most popular hikes in the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest attracting over 50,000 visitors per year. Frequently exceeding several hundred hikers per day, the trailhead's two separate parking areas are often filled beyond capacity occasionally forcing hikers to park along neighboring Mountain Loop Road.
A severe autumn storm in November 2006 caused flooding of the South Fork Stillaguamish River destroying a major footbridge to the Big Four Ice Caves. Estimated repair costs to replace the damaged span were approximately $425,000, and repairs were completed in June 2009. While the trail is open to the public, the snowfield itself was closed temporarily due to cave-ins and slides which have killed four hikers in incidents in 1998, 2010, and in 2015. Because of the danger, hikers are advised to stay out of the caves and are monitored by forest rangers.
The footbridge's supports were damaged by erosion, resulting in its closure in 2019 for long-term repairs. It reopened in November 2022.
| 2.578125
| 0
|
9175925
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Elmhirst
|
Thomas Elmhirst
|
First World War
In April 1912, Elmhirst joined his first ship, . He was commissioned as a midshipman in the Royal Navy in 1913 and was posted to in the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron under David Beatty. When war came he served on HMS Indomitable as the ship took part in the initial bombardment of the Turkish Dardanelles forts and the Battle of Dogger Bank, where he commanded 'X Gun Turret', the last one to fire at the German ship before it sank. In 1915 he was selected to be in the first draft of the Royal Naval Air Service where he served until the end of the First World War. He celebrated the armistice by flying an airship (SSZ73) under the Menai Bridge with his friend Gordon Campbell as his passenger. By 1917, he was promoted to flight lieutenant and by March 1918 to major, commanding the Naval Airship Patrol Station on Anglesey in Wales. He then became part of the newly formed Royal Air Force in 1919.
Between the wars Elmhirst trialled the first gyroscopic compass for aircraft in the RAF and became Air Attaché to Turkey in the run up to the Second World War. In January 1940 returned to the Air Ministry as Deputy Director of Intelligence.
Second World War
During the Second World War Elmhirst ran the operations room at RAF Uxbridge during the Battle of Britain. He then commanded the Egypt Command Group under Air Marshal Tedder before becoming second-in-command of the Desert Air Force. He continued in this role through the battle of Alamein until after the Allied invasion of Sicily. He was then second-in-command of British Air Forces in North West Europe until the end of the war, serving in D-Day, Normandy, the Ardennes and the advance across the France and Germany. Finally he became Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Intelligence) in August 1945.
Post war
After the war Elmhirst was appointed as the Commander of the RAF in India. As independence approached, Pandit Nehru asked him to be the first Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Indian Air Force in the new Union of India.
| 2.578125
| 0
|
9175925
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Elmhirst
|
Thomas Elmhirst
|
In 1953, Elmhirst ran Operation Totem, the first British nuclear bomb land tests in Emu Field, Australia. Later in 1953 he became the Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey, welcoming Queen Elizabeth II on her inaugural tour of the island as the new monarch. He held the post for five years, retiring in 1958.
Personal life
Elmhirst married firstly Katherine Gordon Black, daughter of William Black, on 16 December 1930, and had two children before Katherine's death in 1965:
Roger Elmhirst (1935–1999)
Caroline Jane Elmhirst (b. 1932), who married Michael Frazer Mackie
On 30 October 1968, he married Marian Ferguson (née Montagu Douglas Scott), widow of Colonel Andrew Henry Ferguson. Marian was the daughter of Lord Herbert Montagu Douglas Scott and Marie Josephine Edwards, and the granddaughter of The 6th Duke of Buccleuch and Lady Louisa Hamilton. From Marian's first marriage, she was the paternal grandmother of Sarah, Duchess of York, and maternal great-grandmother of Princess Beatrice of York and Princess Eugenie of York. Together they lived at Dummer Down House, at Dummer in Basingstoke, Hants, her dower estate from her first marriage.
Thomas Elmhirst died at Dummer, Hampshire, on 6 November 1982, in his 87th year. He was survived by his second wife, and his children and grandchildren from his first marriage.
| 1.914063
| 0
|
9176011
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite%20of%20Menophantos
|
Aphrodite of Menophantos
|
Shame vs Sexuality
Recent scholars such as Christine Mitchell Havelock have argued that statues with the Pudica posture illustrated a feminine sexuality rooted in passivity, vulnerability, and shame. The hand covering her pudenda may be regarded as an act of external control in ancient Greek mythology and philosophy. For example, Aristotle writes of the concept of sophrosyne or the "soundness of mind" in his Rhetoric. "This quality was said to come from within a man, but had to be externally exerted from outside in a woman." In the Aphrodite of Menophantons, the hand may represent this external control.
Autonomy vs Dependence
However, some scholars argue that the drapery Aphrodite holds indicates her dependence of human form, as occurs in the east pediment of the Parthenon. According to Carpenter in the Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, "the most brilliant features of the Parthenon sculptures is in the depiction of drapery ... Drapery became a means of both setting off and articulating the human form." Without drapery, the human body is unintelligible. In Aphrodite of Manophantos, the goddess' genitals are indeed covered, but its precise location and vitality are indicated by the converging drapery folds. Menophantos might be trying to demonstrate how the human form is overpowered, hidden and obscured under expressive lines or bulky drapery.
Bath
Bernoulli argues that the hands and the drapery suggest that Aphrodite may be about to take a bath or has just finished bathing. In Aphrodite of Knidos, the drapery in her hand (plus the water jar at her feet) suggests that the goddess is about to step into a ritual bath. Therefore, the drapery in the Aphrodite of Manophantos may also suggest bathing. Since washing hands or immersion of the whole body had a widespread religious significance in classical antiquity and water was regarded as clean, fresh, and rejuvenating, the interpretation of bathing explains and justifies Aphrodite's nudity.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
9176056
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen%20Bell
|
Gwen Bell
|
Gwen Bell (born July 20, 1934) was the first president of The Computer Museum in Boston, which she co-founded with her then-husband Gordon Bell.
Life
Bell earned her Bachelor's degree from the University of Wisconsin in 1957, and a Master of City and Regional Planning from Harvard University in 1959. In 1967 she earned her PhD in geography from Clark University.
From 1966 to 1972, she was an associate professor of urban affairs at the University of Pittsburgh's Graduate School of Public and International Affairs. In 1972, she was a visiting associate professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. During this time period she was also the editor of the monthly periodical Ekistics: The Problems and Science of Human Settlements of Ekistics in Athens, Greece (1966–1977) and a consultant to the United Nations for Indonesia, the Philippines, and Brazil (1970–1977).
After a short stint in 1978 as a social science editor for Pergamon Press (1978), Bell co-founded and became the first President of The Computer Museum (1979–1997). Bell also served as President of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) from 1992 to 1994.
| 2.09375
| 0
|
9176082
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Wallis
|
Helen Wallis
|
Helen Margaret Wallis (17 August 1924 – 7 February 1995) was the Map Curator at the British Museum (afterwards the British Library) from 1967 to 1987.
Biography
Born at Dunkery, Park Road, Barnet on 17 August 1924, Wallis was the daughter of Leonard Francis Wallis (1880–1965), headmaster, and Mary McCulloch Jones (1884–1957), teacher. She attended St Paul's Girls' School (1934–43) and studied geography at St Hugh's College, Oxford (1945–1954), where she completed her D.Phil. degree in 1954 with a thesis 'The exploration of the South Sea, 1519 to 1644'.
In 1951, she was appointed assistant to R.A. Skelton, superintendent of the Map Room at the British Museum, succeeding him in 1967. She was the first woman to hold the post. In 1968 she was responsible for the acquisition of the map collection of the Royal United Services Institution. She also discovered the earliest version of England's first globe, by Emery Molyneux and thought to date from 1592, at Petworth House.
She was the chairman of the standing commission on the history of cartography of the International Cartographic Association. In 1986, she became president of the International Map Collectors' Society and she was a founder of The Geography and Map Section of the International Federation of Library Associations. She served as President of The Society for Nautical Research, 1972–1988, and President of the British Cartographic Society. She was appointed OBE in the 1986 Birthday Honours.
Key publications include Carteret's voyage round the world, 1766–1769, Cartographical innovations, and the Historians' guide to early British maps.
She retired from the British Library in 1986, then died of cancer on 7 February 1995 at the Hospital of St John and St Elizabeth in St John's Wood, London. An obituary written by W.R. Mead appeared in The Independent, 14 February 1995. Another obituary was published in the IFLA Journal.
Honours and awards
| 2.078125
| 0
|
9176163
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poslingford
|
Poslingford
|
Poslingford Hall Manor
The Golding family were for several hundred years one of the principal families of the parish. As early as 1573 George and Henry Golding had been called upon to show by what title they held the Rectory of the church, and probably the manor was already in the family at that date. In 1635 Thomas Golding held the manor and the advowson. The family appear to have mostly resided in New House, which,
despite its name, is a very old property – referred to in 1572 as "a messuage newly built called the Newhowse". Even then, it was not totally new because it was built on the site of the manor of Bustalmynes, named after John Burstemyn who was living in 1327. The property was further enhanced in the early 18th century by the Golding family, who constructed a garden canal and avenues within their small park there. The Goldings presented virtually every new Vicar to Poslingford church from 1563 to 1804. Several of this family are buried within the church. In the nave, on the West Wall is a monument to them. Mary (d.1699), daughter of Thomas Golding of New House, was married to Sir George Villiers, 2nd Bt., (1620 - 1682) a renowned Cavalier and nephew of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, the favorite of King Charles I. Her tomb is in the floor of the church chancel.
Today
The village was once self-sufficient, having a school, post office, small shop, a blacksmith and a public house, The Shepherd and Dog. These have all long closed and today most of the 200 or so residents travel to nearby towns for their requirements.
| 1.96875
| 0
|
9176313
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Cuthbert%27s%20Swallet
|
St Cuthbert's Swallet
|
St Cuthbert's Swallet is the second longest, and most complex, cave on the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England. It forms a major part of the Priddy Caves system and water entering this swallet re-emerges at Wookey Hole.
St Cuthbert's Swallet is part of, and lies underneath, the Priddy Pools Site of Special Scientific Interest.
It is named because of its location in the St Cuthbert Out parish of Wells, and was originally called St Cuthbert's Pot.
History
Interest in the possible existence of a cave at this location existed before 1927, and increased when St Cuthbert's Pool suddenly drained away in that year. Attempts to discover an entrance took place between 1944 and 1953, when entry was finally gained. Exploration continued to push the known limits of the cave throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Sump 1 was passed in 1969. Sump 2 has not yet been passed.
Access
Due to a still enforceable court injunction dating from 1863, which required that the stream now known to run through the cave to Wookey Hole was not polluted, the cave is locked and access is controlled by the Bristol Exploration Club on behalf of the landowners. No novices are allowed to enter.
Description
St Cuthbert's Swallet is a classic example of a deep phreatic cave system developed at a depth of not less than beneath the water table. It contains inclined bedding plane mazes at many levels, fault-guided rifts and some significant chambers. Nine successive phases of sediment deposition, stalagmite deposition and stream erosion have been recognised at the site, providing an exceptional record of environmental change through the warm and cold phases of the Ice Age.
| 2.296875
| 0
|
9176384
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode%20bias
|
Cathode bias
|
In electronics, cathode bias (also known as self-bias, or automatic bias) is a technique used with vacuum tubes to make the direct current (dc) cathode voltage positive in relation to the negative side of the plate voltage supply by an amount equal to the magnitude of the desired grid bias voltage.
Operation
The most common cathode bias implementation passes the cathode current through a resistor connected between the cathode and the negative side of the plate voltage supply. The cathode current through this resistor causes the desired voltage drop across the resistor and places the cathode at a positive dc voltage equal in magnitude to the negative grid bias voltage required. The grid circuit puts the grid at zero volts dc relative to negative side of the plate voltage supply, causing the grid voltage to be negative with respect to the cathode by the required amount. Directly heated cathode circuits connect the cathode bias resistor to the center tap of the filament transformer secondary or to the center tap of a low resistance connected across the filament.
Design
To find the correct resistor value, first the tube operating point is determined. The plate current, the grid voltage relative to the cathode and the screen current (if applicable) are noted for the operating point. The cathode bias resistor value is found by dividing the absolute value of the operating point grid voltage by the operating point cathode current (plate current plus screen current). The power dissipated by the cathode bias resistor is the product of the square of the cathode current and the resistance in ohms.
| 2.546875
| 0
|
9176384
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode%20bias
|
Cathode bias
|
Any signal frequency effect of the cathode resistor may be minimized by providing a suitable bypass capacitor in parallel with the resistor. In general, the capacitor value is selected such that the time constant of the capacitor and bias resistor is an order of magnitude greater than the period of the lowest frequency to be amplified. The capacitor makes the gain of the stage, at the signal frequencies, essentially the same as if the cathode was connected directly to the circuit return.
In some designs, the degenerative (negative) feedback caused by the cathode resistor may be desirable. In this case, all or a portion of the cathode resistance is not bypassed by a capacitor.
In class A push-pull circuits a pair of tubes driven by identical signals 180 degrees out of phase may share a common unbypassed cathode resistor. Degeneration will not occur because, if the grid voltage versus plate current characteristics of the two tubes are matched, the current through the cathode resistor will not vary during the 360 degrees of the signal cycle.
Application considerations
The voltage gain of the stage is reduced by the cathode resistor. The cathode resistor appears in series with the plate load impedance in the voltage gain equation.
Local negative feedback (cathode degeneration) is caused by the cathode resistor.
The "B" or plate supply voltage available to the tube is, in effect, reduced by the magnitude of the bias voltage.
| 2.3125
| 0
|
9176406
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Khachigian
|
Ken Khachigian
|
Kenneth L. Khachigian (born September 14, 1944, in Visalia, California) is an American political consultant, speechwriter, and attorney. He is best known for being a longtime aide to President Richard Nixon and chief speechwriter to President Ronald Reagan.
He served as chief speechwriter on Reagan's successful 1980 presidential campaign. He continued as chief speechwriter in the Reagan administration, writing Reagan's first inaugural address, his three main economic speeches, and the welcome home speech to the Iranian hostages. Although he resigned after several months to return to the private sector in California, he continued to write many of the major political and policy speeches as chief speechwriter on Reagan's successful 1984 re-election campaign and throughout the second term, including the 1984 nomination acceptance speech, the 1985 remarks at the former Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany, and the 1988 Republican National Convention farewell address.
He is a veteran of nine presidential campaigns. Most recently, he served as a senior advisor to the presidential campaigns of Bob Dole (1996), John McCain (2000), and Fred Thompson (2008).
Early life and education
Khachigian was born September 14, 1944, in Visalia, California. He was raised with his three brothers on a , cotton, walnut, and grape farm founded by his paternal grandfather, who had escaped from Armenia ahead of the Armenian genocide and immigrated to the United States in 1912.
He attended Mt. Whitney High School in Visalia, where he was elected sophomore, junior, and senior class president, and graduated in 1962.
He received his Bachelor of Arts in political science, with honors, from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1966 and his Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School in 1969.
Career
| 2.140625
| 0
|
9176406
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Khachigian
|
Ken Khachigian
|
1984 presidential campaign
During the 1984 presidential campaign, Khachigian served as chief campaign speechwriter, senior advisor, and director of issues and research. He wrote the 1984 nomination acceptance speech and was one of only two campaign aides who accompanied President Reagan aboard Air Force One throughout his landslide re-election. Khachigian also, along with Stuart Spencer, James A. Baker III, Richard Darman, David Stockman, and Michael Deaver, helped prepare Reagan for his presidential debates with Democrat Walter Mondale.
Reagan administration, second term (1985–88)
In May 1985, Reagan delivered a Khachigian-crafted speech at the former Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany. In the previous month, the Administration had announced that Reagan would visit the Kolmeshohe Cemetery near Bitburg, at the suggestion of Chancellor Helmut Kohl of West Germany, to pay respects to the soldiers interred there. The visit was intended to be symbolic of the goodwill between the two countries, but unbeknownst to the Reagan Administration, 49 of the graves contained the remains of men who had served in the Waffen-SS. In an effort to placate the protesters, Reagan added a visit to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp to his itinerary. Reagan famously said, "... we can and must pledge: Never again." TIME magazine praised the address as a "skillful exercise in both the art of eulogy and political damage control". Reagan biographer Edmund Morris regards this as the best speech of Reagan's career.
In August 1988, Khachigian drafted Reagan's farewell address to the Republican National Convention in New Orleans and then joined the Bush presidential campaign as an aide to vice presidential nominee Dan Quayle. He traveled with Quayle for 10 weeks through election day, preparing him for debates and writing campaign speeches.
| 2.171875
| 0
|
9176412
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangential%20quadrilateral
|
Tangential quadrilateral
|
In Euclidean geometry, a tangential quadrilateral (sometimes just tangent quadrilateral) or circumscribed quadrilateral is a convex quadrilateral whose sides all can be tangent to a single circle within the quadrilateral. This circle is called the incircle of the quadrilateral or its inscribed circle, its center is the incenter and its radius is called the inradius. Since these quadrilaterals can be drawn surrounding or circumscribing their incircles, they have also been called circumscribable quadrilaterals, circumscribing quadrilaterals, and circumscriptible quadrilaterals. Tangential quadrilaterals are a special case of tangential polygons.
Other less frequently used names for this class of quadrilaterals are inscriptable quadrilateral, inscriptible quadrilateral, inscribable quadrilateral, circumcyclic quadrilateral, and co-cyclic quadrilateral. Due to the risk of confusion with a quadrilateral that has a circumcircle, which is called a cyclic quadrilateral or inscribed quadrilateral, it is preferable not to use any of the last five names.
All triangles can have an incircle, but not all quadrilaterals do. An example of a quadrilateral that cannot be tangential is a non-square rectangle. The section characterizations below states what necessary and sufficient conditions a quadrilateral must satisfy to be able to have an incircle.
Special cases
Examples of tangential quadrilaterals are the kites, which include the rhombi, which in turn include the squares. The kites are exactly the tangential quadrilaterals that are also orthodiagonal. A right kite is a kite with a circumcircle. If a quadrilateral is both tangential and cyclic, it is called a bicentric quadrilateral, and if it is both tangential and a trapezoid, it is called a tangential trapezoid.
Characterizations
In a tangential quadrilateral, the four angle bisectors meet at the center of the incircle. Conversely, a convex quadrilateral in which the four angle bisectors meet at a point must be tangential and the common point is the incenter.
| 2.75
| 0
|
9176412
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangential%20quadrilateral
|
Tangential quadrilateral
|
According to the Pitot theorem, the two pairs of opposite sides in a tangential quadrilateral add up to the same total length, which equals the semiperimeter s of the quadrilateral:
Conversely a convex quadrilateral in which a + c = b + d must be tangential.
If opposite sides in a convex quadrilateral ABCD (that is not a trapezoid) intersect at E and F, then it is tangential if and only if either of
or
Another necessary and sufficient condition is that a convex quadrilateral ABCD is tangential if and only if the incircles in the two triangles ABC and ADC are tangent to each other.
A characterization regarding the angles formed by diagonal BD and the four sides of a quadrilateral ABCD is due to Iosifescu. He proved in 1954 that a convex quadrilateral has an incircle if and only if
Further, a convex quadrilateral with successive sides a, b, c, d is tangential if and only if
where Ra, Rb, Rc, Rd are the radii in the circles externally tangent to the sides a, b, c, d respectively and the extensions of the adjacent two sides for each side.
Several more characterizations are known in the four subtriangles formed by the diagonals.
Contact points and tangent lengths
The incircle is tangent to each side at one point of contact. These four points define a new quadrilateral inside of the initial quadrilateral: the contact quadrilateral, which is cyclic as it is inscribed in the initial quadrilateral's incircle.
The eight tangent lengths (e, f, g, h in the figure to the right) of a tangential quadrilateral are the line segments from a vertex to the points of contact. From each vertex, there are two congruent tangent lengths.
The two tangency chords (k and l in the figure) of a tangential quadrilateral are the line segments that connect contact points on opposite sides. These are also the diagonals of the contact quadrilateral.
Area
Non-trigonometric formulas
The area K of a tangential quadrilateral is given by
where s is the semiperimeter and r is the inradius. Another formula is
| 2.671875
| 0
|
9176412
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangential%20quadrilateral
|
Tangential quadrilateral
|
which gives the area in terms of the diagonals p, q and the sides a, b, c, d of the tangential quadrilateral.
The area can also be expressed in terms of just the four tangent lengths. If these are e, f, g, h, then the tangential quadrilateral has the area
Furthermore, the area of a tangential quadrilateral can be expressed in terms of the sides a, b, c, d and the successive tangent lengths e, f, g, h as
Since eg = fh if and only if the tangential quadrilateral is also cyclic and hence bicentric, this shows that the maximal area occurs if and only if the tangential quadrilateral is bicentric.
Trigonometric formulas
A trigonometric formula for the area in terms of the sides a, b, c, d and two opposite angles is
For given side lengths, the area is maximum when the quadrilateral is also cyclic and hence a bicentric quadrilateral. Then since opposite angles are supplementary angles. This can be proved in another way using calculus.
Another formula for the area of a tangential quadrilateral ABCD that involves two opposite angles is
where I is the incenter.
In fact, the area can be expressed in terms of just two adjacent sides and two opposite angles as
Still another area formula is
where θ is either of the angles between the diagonals. This formula cannot be used when the tangential quadrilateral is a kite, since then θ is 90° and the tangent function is not defined.
Inequalities
As indirectly noted above, the area of a tangential quadrilateral with sides a, b, c, d satisfies
with equality if and only if it is a bicentric quadrilateral.
According to T. A. Ivanova (in 1976), the semiperimeter s of a tangential quadrilateral satisfies
where r is the inradius. There is equality if and only if the quadrilateral is a square. This means that for the area K = rs, there is the inequality
with equality if and only if the tangential quadrilateral is a square.
Partition properties
| 2.34375
| 0
|
9176412
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangential%20quadrilateral
|
Tangential quadrilateral
|
If R1, R2, R3, and R4 denote the radii in the circumcircles of triangles APB, BPC, CPD, and DPA respectively, then the quadrilateral ABCD is tangential if and only if
In 1996, Vaynshtejn was probably the first to prove another beautiful characterization of tangential quadrilaterals, that has later appeared in several magazines and websites. It states that when a convex quadrilateral is divided into four nonoverlapping triangles by its two diagonals, then the incenters of the four triangles are concyclic if and only if the quadrilateral is tangential. In fact, the incenters form an orthodiagonal cyclic quadrilateral. A related result is that the incircles can be exchanged for the excircles to the same triangles (tangent to the sides of the quadrilateral and the extensions of its diagonals). Thus a convex quadrilateral is tangential if and only if the excenters in these four excircles are the vertices of a cyclic quadrilateral.
A convex quadrilateral ABCD, with diagonals intersecting at P, is tangential if and only if the four excenters in triangles APB, BPC, CPD, and DPA opposite the vertices B and D are concyclic. If Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd are the exradii in the triangles APB, BPC, CPD, and DPA respectively opposite the vertices B and D, then another condition is that the quadrilateral is tangential if and only if
Further, a convex quadrilateral ABCD with diagonals intersecting at P is tangential if and only if
where ∆(APB) is the area of triangle APB.
Denote the segments that the diagonal intersection P divides diagonal AC into as AP = p1 and PC = p2, and similarly P divides diagonal BD into segments BP = q1 and PD = q2. Then the quadrilateral is tangential if and only if any one of the following equalities are true:
or
or
Conditions for a tangential quadrilateral to be another type of quadrilateral
Rhombus
A tangential quadrilateral is a rhombus if and only if its opposite angles are equal.
| 2.046875
| 0
|
9176439
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose%20Township%2C%20Adams%20County%2C%20Illinois
|
Melrose Township, Adams County, Illinois
|
Melrose Township is one of twenty-two townships in Adams County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 5,748 and it contained 2,375 housing units. The northwestern part of the township has been separated into Quincy Township.
Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which (or 95.75%) is land and (or 4.25%) is water.
Unincorporated towns
Sheridan Estates
Cemeteries
The township contains four cemeteries: Ehe, Melrose Chapel, Mount Carmel and Saint Anthonys.
Major highways
Interstate 172 (spur of Interstate 72)
US Route 24
Illinois State Route 57
Illinois State Route 104
Illinois State Route 336
Airports and landing strips
Seigfried Halfpap Airport
Rivers
Mississippi River
Lakes
Big Lake
Snyder Lake
Turtle Lake
Landmarks
Indian Mounds Park (east edge)
Lock and Dam No. 21
Demographics
As of the 2020 census there were 5,748 people, 2,358 households, and 1,668 families residing in the township. The population density was . There were 2,375 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the township was 93.34% White, 1.22% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.71% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.61% from other races, and 4.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.44% of the population.
There were 2,358 households, out of which 23.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.73% were married couples living together, 8.23% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 29.26% were non-families. 20.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.75.
| 2.09375
| 0
|
9176452
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramolecular%20polymer
|
Supramolecular polymer
|
Formation mechanisms
Monomers undergoing supramolecular polymerization are considered to be in equilibrium with the growing polymers, and thermodynamic factors therefore dominate the system. However, when the constituent monomers are connected via strong and multivalent interactions, a "metastable" kinetic state can dominate the polymerization. An externally supplied energy, in the form of heat in most cases, can transform the "metastable" state into a thermodynamically stable polymer. A clear understanding of multiple pathways exist in supramolecular polymerization is still under debate, however, the concept of "pathway complexity", introduced by E.W. "Bert" Meijer, shed a light on the kinetic behavior of supramolecular polymerization. Thereafter, many dedicated scientists are expanding the scope of "pathway complexity" because it can produce a variety of interesting assembled structures from the same monomeric units. Along this line of kinetically controlled processes, supramolecular polymers having "stimuli-responsive" and "thermally bisignate" characteristics is also possible.
In conventional covalent polymerization, two models based on step-growth and chain-growth mechanisms are operative. Nowadays, a similar subdivision is acceptable for supramolecular polymerization; isodesmic also known as equal-K model (step-growth mechanism) and cooperative or nucleation-elongation model (chain-growth mechanism). A third category is seeded supramolecular polymerization, which can be considered as a special case of chain-growth mechanism.
Step-growth polymerization
| 1.929688
| 0
|
9176452
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramolecular%20polymer
|
Supramolecular polymer
|
Chain-growth polymerization
Conventional chain-growth polymerization involves at least two phases; initiation and propagation, while and in some cases termination and chain transfer phases also occur. Chain-growth supramolecular polymerization in a broad sense involves two distinct phases; a less favored nucleation and a favored propagation. In this mechanism, after the formation of a nucleus of a certain size, the association constant is increased, and further monomer addition becomes more favored, at which point the polymer growth is initiated. Long polymer chains will form only above a minimum concentration of monomer and below a certain temperature. However, to realize a covalent analogue of chain-growth supramolecular polymerization, a challenging prerequisite is the design of appropriate monomers that can polymerize only by the action of initiators. Recently one example of chain-growth supramolecular polymerization with "living" characteristics is demonstrated. In this case, a bowl-shaped monomer with amide-appended side chains form a kinetically favored intramolecular hydrogen bonding network and does not spontaneously undergo supramolecular polymerization at ambient temperatures. However, an N-methylated version of the monomer serves as an initiator by opening the intramolecular hydrogen bonding network for the supramolecular polymerization, just like ring-opening covalent polymerization. The chain end in this case remains active for further extension of supramolecular polymer and hence chain-growth mechanism allows for the precise control of supramolecular polymer materials.
| 2.28125
| 0
|
9176452
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramolecular%20polymer
|
Supramolecular polymer
|
Chirality
Stereochemical information of a chiral monomer can be expressed in a supramolecular polymer. Helical supramolecular polymer with P-and M-conformation are widely seen, especially those composed of disc-shaped monomers. When the monomers are achiral, both P-and M-helices are formed in equal amounts. When the monomers are chiral, typically due to the presence of one or more stereocenters in the side chains, the diastereomeric relationship between P- and M-helices leads to the preference of one conformation over the other. Typical example is a C3-symmetric disk-shaped chiral monomer that forms helical supramolecular polymers via the "majority rule". A slight excess of one enantiomer of the chiral monomer resulted in a strong bias to either the right-handed or left-handed helical geometry at the supramolecular polymer level. In this case, a characteristic nonlinear dependence of the anisotropic factor, g, on the enantiomeric excess of a chiral monomer can be generally observed. Like in small molecule based chiral system, chirality of a supramolecular polymer also affected by chiral solvents. Some application such as a catalyst for asymmetric synthesis and circular polarized luminescence are observed in chiral supramolecular polymers too.
Copolymers
A copolymer is formed from more than one monomeric species. Advanced polymerization techniques have been established for the preparation of covalent copolymers, however supramolecular copolymers are still in its infancy and is slowly progressing. In recent years, all plausible category of supramolecular copolymers such as random, alternating, block, blocky, or periodic has been demonstrated in a broad sense.
Properties
Supramolecular polymers are the subject of research in academia and industry.
| 1.945313
| 0
|
9176470
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Malm%20%28businessman%29
|
Otto Malm (businessman)
|
Otto August Malm (25 July 1838 – 25 November 1898) was one of the most famous shipping magnates in Finland in the 19th century, and at the time of his death, the richest man in Finland.
Life
Malm inherited a large fortune after his father Peter Malm, and further expanded it through many successful entrepreneurial activities. Despite being the younger of two brothers, Malm took over the management of the family business when his father died in 1868, as the older brother was deaf and deemed not fit to manage the family trading and shipping business.
Malm studied commerce at the commercial school in Rostock (Mecklenburg) between 1854–1855. After having worked abroad in England and France, he returned home to work with his father. As of 1863, Malm started to again expand the fleet of sailing ships which had been severely reduced as a consequence of the Crimean War, and at its peak in 1874, it consisted of 8 ships. In the same year, the last large sailing ship was built in Jakobstad, the frigate Vanadis. However, Malm had the foresight to divest into other business ventures such as the tobacco and forestry industry, before the increased competition from steam ships started to diminish the commercial viability of cargo sailing ships.
| 2.1875
| 0
|
9176470
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Malm%20%28businessman%29
|
Otto Malm (businessman)
|
Malm was a dominating figure in the political life of his hometown, and also a major philanthropist. Having been married for barely a year, his pregnant wife drowned when the ship Österbotten sank after a fire on 20 August 1874. He chose never to marry again, and being without heirs, he donated large parts of his fortune to his native town Jakobstad. Among other things, these donations went to the building of a school and the main hospital in Jakobstad (Malmska Sjukhuset). In order to secure an extension of the railroad network to Jakobstad, Malm financed half of the costs for this railroad extension, while the Finnish state paid for the other half. Malm was also responsible for the first telephone installation in Jakobstad in 1882. One telephone was installed in his residence (Malmska gården), while the other was installed in the office building at his sawmill on Stockholmen.
After his death in 1898, the era of commercial sailing ships come to an end in Jakobstad, when the last sailing ships Vanadis and Europa were sold in 1899. When Malm died, he was considered to have the largest fortune in Finland, valued at 11 million Finnish mark. Although difficult to estimate, this would likely be the equivalent of several hundred million euro today.
| 1.992188
| 0
|
9176508
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osu%20Castle
|
Osu Castle
|
Osu Castle (also known as Fort Christiansborg or the Castle) is a castle located in Osu, Ghana, on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea in Africa.
A substantial fort was built by Denmark-Norway in the 1660s; thereafter, the fort changed ownership between Denmark-Norway, Portugal, the Akwamu, Britain, and finally post-Independence Ghana. Under Denmark–Norway control it was the capital of the Danish Gold Coast, and held and dispatched enslaved people overseas.
In 1902, Osu Castle became the seat of government in Ghana but this has now moved to Golden Jubilee House.
Because of its testimony to European colonial influence in West Africa and the Atlantic slave trade, the castle was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979 along with several other castles and forts in Ghana.
History
The area was first occupied in 1550 by the Portuguese, though in the 17th century Portuguese influence diminished. The area came under the control of Sweden in the late 1640s, led by the German trader Heinrich Carloff. In 1652, he was given permission to build a small fortified lodge by the King of Accra, with whom he had previously done business. In 1660, control passed to the Netherlands but it was soon lost to Denmark-Norway. In 1657, Carloff had again traveled to Africa, this time representing Denmark-Norway. He aimed to conquer the forts he had previously established, which he found easy at Osu. In its early life, the castle was primarily used in the gold and ivory trade, but under Dano-Norwegian control it increasingly dealt with slaves.
| 2.890625
| 0
|
9176508
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osu%20Castle
|
Osu Castle
|
Osu Castle was located close to two other forts. Fort Crèvecœur was controlled by the Dutch and Fort James by the British. The settlement at Osu was too small to store sufficient goods to compete with the others. Consequently, Denmark-Norway purchased adjoining land and expanded the building, naming it Fort Christiansborg after the reigning Danish King Christian V. This is not to be confused with the slightly later royal palace in Copenhagen. Denmark-Norway would occupy the fort for most of the next 200 years, with some interruptions, and for much of that time it served as the capital of the Gold Coast of Denmark-Norway.
In 1679 or 1680, the fort's Greek assistant commander incited a mutiny to murder the commander. Shortly after that, a Portuguese ship commanded by Julião de Campos Barreto visited the fort and agreed to purchase it. The fort was named Fort São Francisco Xavier after the Catholic missionary Francis Xavier. The Portuguese built a chapel and raised the bastions by three feet. The fort was abandoned on 29 August 1682 after the garrison mutinied and it became clear that Portuguese traders could not compete with the other Gold Coast powers. Danish forces returned in February 1683 after purchasing the fort back from the Portuguese. In 1685, Fort Christiansborg became the capital of the Gold Coast of Denmark-Norway, taking over from Fort Frederiksborg.
| 2.890625
| 0
|
9176650
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseax%20Cone
|
Tseax Cone
|
Location
Tseax Cone is located about north of Terrace near the Nisga'a villages of Gitwinksihlkw and Gitlaxt'aamiks. It lies within a steep-sided, , east–west valley penetrating the Nass Ranges of the Hazelton Mountains. Tseax Cone is situated at the outlet of Melita Lake, an expansion of Crater Creek which flows west into the Tseax River. Crater Creek gets its name from being in association with Tseax Cone which is located on the eastern side of the creek. The main cadastral survey subdivision at Tseax Cone is Cassiar Land District which lies north of 55th parallel north.
Tseax Cone is within the Nass Mountains Ecosection, a biogeographic unit of the Nass Ranges Ecoregion characterized by mountains with jagged peaks, rounded summits and ridges. It is bounded on the west by the Kitimat Ranges and on the east by the Cranberry Upland and Nass Basin. Several streams flow through the Nass Mountains Ecosection, including the Wedeene River which is a tributary of the Kitimat River, the Zymoetz, Kitwanga and Kitsumkalum rivers which are tributaries of the Skeena River, and the Kiteen and Tseax rivers which are tributaries of the Nass River. Lakelse Lake, Kitsumkalum Lake and Lava Lake are among some of the lakes in this ecosection.
The area has a climate that is somewhat transitional between those of coastal and continental regimes. It is wetter than other areas in the Nass Ranges Ecoregion due to air entering from the Pacific Ocean. Much of this Pacific air enters via the Skeena River valley or flows over the Kitimat Ranges, resulting in cloud cover and heavy rain. Short periods of extreme cold temperatures and deep snow occasionally occur as a result of cold Arctic air invading from the north. Coastal Western Hemlock and subalpine Mountain Hemlock form rainforests in the area. Areal wildlife includes marmots, goats, bears and moose.
Lava flow terrain
| 2.515625
| 0
|
9176650
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseax%20Cone
|
Tseax Cone
|
Lichens and mosses cover large portions of a lava flow sequence originating from Tseax Cone. They range in colour from green to yellow and reach thicknesses of a few centimetres. In the Tseax River valley, the lava flows have been almost completely covered by dense rainforest. They have also been partially obscured by streams and small lakes, including Vetter Creek, Ross Lake and the Tseax River, all of which are in the Tseax River valley. Melita Lake and Lava Lake have ponded behind the lava flow sequence, although Lava Lake had already existed before the lava was issued; it merely increased in depth.
Despite being covered by lichens, mosses, rainforests and bodies of water, the lava flow sequence is easily recognizable from aerial and satellite imagery, as well as field observations. However, this may change by the end of the 21st century as lodgepole pine and cottonwood forests continue to develop on the lava flows in an increasingly wetter and milder climate. The growth of these forests is bolstered by the deposition of silt on the lava flows by local streams, providing soil for vegetation.
Geology and geomorphology
Background
Tseax Cone is one of the southernmost volcanoes in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. This is a broad area of shield volcanoes, lava domes, cinder cones and stratovolcanoes extending from northwestern British Columbia northwards through Yukon into easternmost Alaska. The dominant rocks comprising these volcanoes are alkali basalts and hawaiites, but nephelinite, basanite and peralkaline phonolite, trachyte and comendite are locally abundant. These rocks were deposited by volcanic eruptions from 20 million years ago to as recently as a few hundred years ago. The cause of volcanic activity in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is thought to be due to rifting of the North American Cordillera driven by changes in relative plate motion between the North American and Pacific plates.
Structure
| 3.015625
| 0
|
9176650
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseax%20Cone
|
Tseax Cone
|
Tseax Cone has an elevation of and consists of two nested structures: a smaller inner cone and a larger external spatter rampart. The inner cone is high and in diameter, consisting mainly of black ejecta such as scoria, ballistics and lapilli. It contains an approximately volcanic crater with a diameter of . This cone was the source of an elongated tephra layer that extends to the northeast, suggesting a northeasterly wind at the time of eruption. The external spatter rampart, which has also been described as a cone, is about high and in diameter. It consists of spatter and scoria that ranges in colour from reddish to brownish and black to grey. The western and southern bases of the spatter rampart are buried by ejecta from the younger inner cone.
About north of Tseax Cone and north of Melita Lake is a much smaller, unnamed asymmetrical satellite cone. It is about high, in diameter and heavily oxidized, containing a and summit crater. Extending southwest of the satellite cone is an eruptive fissure consisting of three or four tephra mounds. These mounds are a few metres high and are completely covered by black tephra. Red oxidized tephra beneath the black tephra was deposited by lava fountaining at the larger satellite cone.
Tseax Cone and its eruptive products are basanitic and trachybasaltic in composition. They cover about , have a total volume of around and rest unconformably on glacial debris and sedimentary rocks of the Bowser Lake Group. The Bowser Lake Group rocks are of Jurassic and Cretaceous age, consisting of grey sandstones and dark grey and black conglomerates, siltstones and mudstones. Some Eocene granites and granodiorites of the Coast Plutonic Complex are present adjacent to Tseax Cone.
| 2.421875
| 0
|
9176650
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseax%20Cone
|
Tseax Cone
|
All of the lava flows from Tseax Cone contain intact and collapsed lava tubes. At least four of these tubes are situated adjacent to and extend under Tseax Cone. They lie at an elevation of and were the subject of a glaciological study in 1975. At the time of study, two of the four lava tubes were found to be ice-free most of the year. One of these tubes contained a small braided stream while the other tube was dry and did not contain any stream sediments. The lack of stream sediments in the latter lava tube indicated that it remained dry and did not contain permanent ice deposits. Floors of ice were blocking the other two slightly higher tubes. As much as of water was covering the ice in summer, indicating that unlike the other two lava tubes, they did not have exit points for water runoff at their lowermost levels. There was no evidence that the ice was dissipating as in many other ice caves despite an approximate mean annual temperature of . The petrographic characteristics of the ice deposits were found to be similar to those in alpine caves such as Eisriesenwelt Cave in Austria and Coulthard Cave in the Canadian Rockies.
| 2.75
| 0
|
9176650
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseax%20Cone
|
Tseax Cone
|
Age controversy
The exact timing of volcanism at Tseax Cone has been a subject of controversy due to there being no direct written accounts. Reports of the rich oral history of the local Nisga'a people by missionaries as early as the 1910s suggest that Tseax Cone was erupting around 1770. However, the credibility of these reports has been disputed due to possible poor translation from Nisga'a to English. G. Hanson wrote in a 1923 Canada Department of Mines report that 170-year-old trees were found growing on lava from Tseax Cone; this would indicate an eruption prior to 1753. In 1935, Marius Barbeau concluded in the Canadian Geographical Journal that the latest eruption at Tseax Cone occurred in the late 18th century. In 1977, G.P.V. Akrigg and H.B. Akrigg speculated in British Columbia Chronicle, 1847–1871: Gold & Colonists that the Tseax Cone eruption was witnessed by naval officer Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra on August 24, 1775. However, this is extremely unlikely because Bodega y Quadra's schooner, the Sonora, was anchored more than west of Tseax Cone across mountainous terrain. Michael D. Higgins proposed in a 2008 Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research article that the 1700 Cascadia earthquake may have caused the latest Tseax Cone eruption by destabilizing a subterranean magmatic system.
| 2.296875
| 0
|
9176650
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseax%20Cone
|
Tseax Cone
|
It has been generally agreed by researchers that the Tseax Cone lava flows were emplaced during a single eruption. However, whether the volcano itself is the product of one or more distinct eruptive episodes has been a point of conjecture. In 1923, G. Hanson suggested that Tseax Cone formed during a single eruption. The single eruption hypothesis was also suggested by Sutherland Brown in 1969 but postulated that the volcano was destroyed by explosions and then reformed. In 1978, Vilho Wuorinen provided evidence for Tseax Cone having formed by two distinct eruptive episodes. This included a difference in surface erosion between the external spatter rampart and the inner tephra cone, as well as a difference in vegetation cover between the two structures. A charred tree trunk found standing in the vertical wall of the spatter rampart also yielded a radiocarbon date of 625 ± 70 years. Based on this evidence, Wuorinen proposed that the spatter rampart was formed by an initial period of activity around 1325. This eruptive period was followed by 375 years of dormancy, during which the spatter rampart was smoothed by erosion. A second eruptive episode around 1700 produced the inner tephra cone, the lava flows and the several smaller satellite cones in the area. In 2020, Williams-Jones et al. reported new paleomagnetic and geochemical data supporting the hypothesis that the inner tephra cone, external spatter rampart, satellite cones, lava flows and tephra deposits were all formed during a single period of activity.
Hazards
The question of whether Tseax Cone formed during one or more distinct eruptive episodes has important implications for future activity and hazard mitigation efforts. Renewed activity from Tseax Cone is unlikely if the volcano is monogenetic. This is because monogenetic volcanoes are typically considered to erupt only once and to be short-lived. If Tseax Cone is polygenetic, future activity could produce lava flows and potentially block local streams as happened previously.
| 2.78125
| 0
|
9176650
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseax%20Cone
|
Tseax Cone
|
Damming of the Nass River by lava flows could negatively affect the salmon fisheries on this river. Carbon dioxide emissions from Tseax Cone could pose a threat to local inhabitants due to the gas's ability to replace oxygen in low-lying areas and poorly ventilated structures. Another potential hazard relating to future activity from Tseax Cone is the ignition of wildfires by eruptions as the area contains vegetation.
Human history
Indigenous peoples
Tseax Cone is a prominent figure in Nisga'a history and culture due to its association with a natural disaster. According to Nisga'a legends, the Tseax Cone eruption caused the deaths of 2,000 people and the destruction of at least three villages on the banks of the Nass River. This would make it the deadliest geological disaster in Canada and the second-worst natural disaster in Canadian history by death toll, succeeded only by the 1775 Newfoundland hurricane which caused at least 4,100 fatalities. The three Nisga'a villages destroyed by the eruption have been named Lax Ksiluux, Lax Ksiwihlgest and Wii Lax K'abit. Early 19th century Nisga'a accounts of the Tseax Cone eruption were reported by anthropologist Marius Barbeau in 1935 as follows:
The "poisonous smoke" mentioned in Barbeau's report may have been odourless carbon dioxide. The Nisga'a also recall the disruption of the Tseax River, stating that "before the volcanic eruption, when our people lived here at Wii Lax K'ap, there was a stream close by where salmon spawned. The stream bed had white sand and they could easily spot the salmon going up stream. This stream was thus named Ksi Gimwits'ax. Years later [after the volcanic eruption] when this stream resurfaced, and though the Nisga'a knew it was the same tributary, it was renamed Ksi Sii Aks." A salamander species that once inhabited the bay area of Gitwinksihlkw on the Nass River is said to have disappeared or became extinct following the eruption.
| 2.953125
| 0
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.