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14326035
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Deaths
|
Three Deaths
|
Chapter 4
A marble monuments marks the noblewoman's grave, but Uncle Hyedor's remains without a headstone. The cook tells the young post-driver Serega that it would be a shame to not make good on his promise. Serega responds that he will buy the headstone when he is in town, but meanwhile settles on erecting a wooden cross to mark the grave. The next morning, Serega takes his axe and cuts down a tree. After the tree crashes down, its neighbors look more beautiful in the new free space; their branches rustle sublimely over the fallen body.
Interpretation
The story affirms the ideal of man leading a simple, authentic life alongside nature through its portrayal of attitudes toward death.
The author himself gave a thorough interpretation of his work in a letter to A.A. Tolstoy:
"My thought was: three creatures died -- a noblewoman, a muzhik, and a tree. The noblewoman is pathetic and disgusting, because she lied her entire life and continues to lie before death. Christianity, as she understands it, does not resolve for her the question of life and death. Why die, when you want to live? She believes with her imagination and intellect in Christianity's promise of the future, but her entire being rears up, and there is no other comfort (except a false Christian one), -- and the place is taken. She is disgusting and pathetic. The muzhik dies calmly, exactly because he isn't a Christian. His religion is different, although by custom he performed the Christian rites; his religion is nature, with whom he lived. He himself cut down the trees, sowed rye and mowed it, killed rams, and had rams born, and children were born, and old men died, and he knew this law well; this law, from which he never turned away, like the noblewoman did, he directly and simply looked it in the face... The tree dies quietly, honestly, and beautifully. Beautifully, because it does not lie or break; it is not scared or sorry."
| 2.03125
| 0
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14326078
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin%2C%20cytoplasmic%202
|
Actin, cytoplasmic 2
|
Actin, cytoplasmic 2, or gamma-actin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTG1 gene. Gamma-actin is widely expressed in cellular cytoskeletons of many tissues; in adult striated muscle cells, gamma-actin is localized to Z-discs and costamere structures, which are responsible for force transduction and transmission in muscle cells. Mutations in ACTG1 have been associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss and Baraitser-Winter syndrome, as well as susceptibility of adolescent patients to vincristine toxicity.
Structure
Human gamma-actin is 41.8 kDa in molecular weight and 375 amino acids in length. Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility, and maintenance of the cytoskeleton. In vertebrates, three main groups of actin paralogs, alpha, beta, and gamma, have been identified.
The alpha actins are found in muscle tissues and are a major constituent of the sarcomere contractile apparatus. The beta and gamma actins co-exist in most cell types as components of the cytoskeleton, and as mediators of internal cell motility. Actin, gamma 1, encoded by this gene, is found in non-muscle cells in the cytoplasm, and in muscle cells at costamere structures, or transverse points of cell-cell adhesion that run perpendicular to the long axis of myocytes.
Function
In myocytes, sarcomeres adhere to the sarcolemma via costameres, which align at Z-discs and M-lines. The two primary cytoskeletal components of costameres are desmin intermediate filaments and gamma-actin microfilaments. It has been shown that gamma-actin interacting with another costameric protein dystrophin is critical for costameres forming mechanically strong links between the cytoskeleton and the sarcolemmal membrane. Additional studies have shown that gamma-actin colocalizes with alpha-actinin and GFP-labeled gamma actin localized to Z-discs, whereas GFP-alpha-actin localized to pointed ends of thin filaments, indicating that gamma actin specifically localizes to Z-discs in striated muscle cells.
| 2.515625
| 0
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14326079
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language%20expectancy%20theory
|
Language expectancy theory
|
Language expectancy theory (LET) is a theory of persuasion. The theory assumes language is a rules-based system, in which people develop expected norms as to appropriate language usage in given situations. Furthermore, unexpected linguistic usage can affect the receiver's behavior resulting from attitudes towards a persuasive message.
Background
Created by Michael Burgoon, a retired professor of medicine from the University of Arizona, and Gerald R. Miller, the inspiration for LET was sparked by Brooks' work on expectations of language in 1970. Burgoon, Jones and Stewart furthered the discussion with the idea of linguistic strategies and message intensity in an essay published in 1975. The essay linked linguistic strategies, or how a message is framed, to effective persuasive outcomes. The original work for the language expectation theory was published in 1978. Titled "An empirical test of a model of resistance to persuasion", it outlined the theory through 17s.
Expectations
The theory views language expectancies as enduring patterns of anticipated communication behavior which are grounded in a society's psychological and cultural norms. Such societal forces influence language and enable the identification of non-normative use; violations of linguistic, syntactic and semantic expectations will either facilitate or inhibit an audience's receptivity to persuasion. Burgoon claims applications for his theory in management, media, politics and medicine, and declares that his empirical research has shown a greater effect than expectancy violations theory, the domain of which does not extend to the spoken word.
LET argues that typical language behaviors fall within a normative "bandwidth" of expectations determined by a source's perceived credibility, the individual listener's normative expectations and a group's normative social climate, and generally supports a gender-stereotypical reaction to the use of profanity, for example.
| 2.171875
| 0
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14326079
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language%20expectancy%20theory
|
Language expectancy theory
|
Communication expectancies are said to derive from three factors:
The communicator – individual features, such as ethos or source credibility, personality, appearance, social status and gender.
The relationship between a receiver and a communicator, including factors such as attraction, similarity and status equality.
Context; i.e., privacy and formality constraints on interaction.
Violations
Violating social norms can have a positive or negative effect on persuasion. Usually people use language to conform to social norms; but a person's intentional or accidental deviation from expected behavior can have either a positive or negative reaction. Language Expectancy Theory assumes that language is a rule-governed system and people develop expectations concerning the language or message strategies employed by others in persuasive attempts (Burgoon, 1995). Expectations are a function of cultural and sociological norms and preferences arising from cultural values and societal standards or ideals for competent communication.
When observed, behavior is preferred over what was expected or when a listener's initial negative evaluation causes a speaker to conform more closely to the expected behavior. The deviation can be seen as positive, but when language choice or behavior is perceived as unacceptable or inappropriate behavior, the violation is negatively received and can inhibit the receptivity to a persuasive appeal.
Positive violations occur (b) when negatively evaluated sources conform more closely than expected to cultural values or situational norms. This can result in overly positive evaluation of the source and change promoted by the actor (Burgoon, 1995).
Negative violations, resulting from language choices that lie outside socially acceptable behavior in a negative direction, produce no attitude or behavior change in receivers.
| 2.578125
| 0
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14326079
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language%20expectancy%20theory
|
Language expectancy theory
|
Summary of propositions
Language expectancy theory is based on 17 propositions. Those propositions can be summarized as listed below:
1, 2 and 3: People create expectations for language. Those expectations determine whether messages will be accepted or rejected by an individual. Breaking expectations positively results in a behavior change in favor of the persuasive message while a breaking expectations negatively results in no change or an opposite behavior change.
4, 5 and 6: Individuals with perceived credibility (those who hold power in a society) have the freedom in persuasion to select varied language strategies (wide bandwidth). Those with low credibility and those unsure of their perceived credibility are restricted to low aggression or compliance-gaining messages to be persuasive.
7, 8 and 9: Irrelevant fear and anxiety tactics are better received using low-intensity and verbally unaggressive compliance-gaining. Intense and aggressive language use result in lower levels of persuasion.
10, 11 and 12: For the persuader, an individual who is experiencing cognitive stress will use lower intensity messages. If a communicator violates his/her norms of communication, they will experience cognitive stress.
13 and 14: Pretreatments forewarn receivers of the persuasive attacks (supportive, refutational or a combination). When Persuasive messages do not violate expectations created by the pretreatments, resistance to persuasion is conferred. When pretreatment expectations of persuasive messages are violated, receivers are less resistant to persuasion.
| 2.546875
| 0
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14326079
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language%20expectancy%20theory
|
Language expectancy theory
|
The role of intensity
These propositions give rise to the impact of language intensity—defined by John Waite Bowers as a quality of language that "indicates the degree to which the speaker's attitude toward a concept deviates from neutrality"—on persuasive messages. Theorists have concentrated on two key areas: (1) intensity of language when it comes to gender roles and (2) credibility.
The perceived credibility of a source can greatly affect a message's persuasiveness. Researchers found that credible sources can enhance their appeal by using intense language; however, less credible speakers are more persuasive with low-intensity appeals. Similarly, females are less persuasive than males when they use intense language because it violates the expected behavior, but are more persuasive when they use low-intensity language. Males, however, are seen as weak when they argue in a less intense manner. Theorists argue further that females and speakers perceived as having low credibility have less freedom in selecting message strategies and that the use of aggressive language negatively violates expectations.
Example
To better explain the theory we look at the expectations and societal norms for a man and a woman on their first date. If the man pushed for further physical intimacy after dinner, the societal expectation of a first date would be violated. The example below with Margret and Steve depicts such a scene.
Margret: "I had a really good time tonight, Steve. We should do it again."
Steve: "Let's cut the crap. Do you want to have sex?"
Margret: "Uhhh..."
| 2.703125
| 0
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14326100
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Ascutney
|
USS Ascutney
|
USS Ascutney was a large steamer with powerful guns acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy as a gunboat in support of the Union Navy blockade of Confederate waterways. Post-war, she performed some steamship service for the Navy.
Service history
Ascutney—a wooden-hulled, side-wheel gunboat ordered by the Navy in the autumn of 1862—was launched on 4 April 1863 by George W. Jackman Jr. at Newburyport, Massachusetts, on 4 April 1863. Delivered to the New York Navy Yard in June 1863, she was commissioned on 28 July 1864, Lt. Comdr. William Mitchell in command.
On 1 August 1864, Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles ordered Mitchell to ". . . visit the fishing grounds on the eastern coast [of the] French Islands, in the Bay [Gulf] of St. Lawrence ..." to seek the steamer Electric Spark, a prize of CSS Florida, thought to have been sent there. However, some now-unknown problem prevented Ascutney from undertaking this mission; and, three days later, Welles instructed Mitchell to bring his ship to Washington, D.C., en route to duty with the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. The steamer arrived at Beaufort, North Carolina, on 21 August and, two days later, sailed for waters off Wilmington, North Carolina.
| 2.5
| 0
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14326100
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Ascutney
|
USS Ascutney
|
Assigned to the outer cordon of blockaders attempting to seal off that vital Confederate port, Ascutney was the first Union warship to encounter CSS Tallahassee when—at 4:30 a.m. on the morning of 25 August—a lookout sighted that Confederate raider, which Comdr. John Taylor Wood, CSN, was bringing back to Wilmington, North Carolina, at the end of a highly destructive 19-day cruise. Mitchell immediately gave chase, but the Southern ship's speed—17 knots—enabled her to slip away with ease. To make matters worse, Ascutney's engine broke down, taking the gunboat out of the race.
Following a survey, the gunboat was towed to the Washington Navy Yard where she was decommissioned on 22 September 1864. Extensive repairs kept her in order through the end of the Civil War. Finally recommissioned on 19 October 1865, Ascutney was stationed at the Washington Navy Yard and carried cargo and passengers in the Chesapeake Bay area and along the Atlantic Ocean coast between New York City and the Virginia Capes. Decommissioned at Washington, D.C., on 1 August 1868, she was sold on 28 October 1868 to John Roach. Since the ship's name did not appear on subsequent lists of merchant vessels, and since Roach was then embarking upon an extensive shipbuilding program, it is reasonable to conclude that she was scrapped for her materials.
| 2.296875
| 0
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14326201
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariakani
|
Mariakani
|
Mariakani is a town in Kenya lying on the boundary of Kaloleni and Kinango subcounties (formerly Kilifi and Kwale respectively) in the former Coast Province of Kenya, 36 kilometres northwest of the port city of Mombasa.
Administration during colonial period
The administrative areas which make up Mariakani today were shared by the Durumas, Chonyi, Giriamas and Kambas. The British colonists considered it more prudent to administer the dominant ethnic groups separately. The Kilifi county side had a Giriama and Kamba Chief to take care of the interest of the two ethnic groups, whereas on the Kwale County side, i.e. the Mwavumbo area, was another pair of chiefs to represent the Duruma and Kamba people. The last of these chiefs were the late Chief Johnson Mwero Mwaiga from Matumbi and Ex-Senior Chief Nzana wa Mumo from Gwasheni. From the 1960s onwards and especially after Kenya achieved independence, the practice was discontinued to give way to one chief for the entire area. The first chief of the area in Mwavumbo was Mkalla Mwero from Matumbi.
| 2.109375
| 0
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14326201
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariakani
|
Mariakani
|
Today
The boundary between the two Counties has changed since the colonial times but nowadays there is the Railway line from Mazeras Town to Maji ya Chumvi. The origin of the centre is set in the 15th Century during the long-distance trade. The traders from Ukambani threw away their weaponry at this spot as a peace sign when approaching Mombasa as the Sultan of that time did not allow traders to enter the island with any kind of weaponry. "Riaka" (Mariaka in plural is Durumas word for quiver; Mariakani translates as the place of quivers in Duruma language. The Giriama word for quiver is similar to the Kamba: Thyaka though it may be spelled slightly different. The Kamba call Quiver "Thyaka" (singular) hence the town is also called "Mathyakani" when speaking in Kigiriama or Kikamba. Most of the business activities are done on the Kaloleni side owing to the shift of transport preference to Mombasa-Nairobi Highway rather than the rail line and station. However, earlier business and development endeavours were done jointly by both side of the boundary. These include the Mariakani High school, the Kwale-Kilifi Milk Scheme Cooperative of the 1960s, slaughter houses among others.
The Kwale County side is part of Mwavumbo area and is not widely known. Its population is dominantly Durumas and Coastal Kambas, the descendants of the explorers' scouts and long-distance traders.
Mariakani (Kilifi county side) hosts a town council with a population of 67,984, of whom 10,987 are classified urban (1999 census ). The town council consists of five wards: Kaliangombe, Kawala, Mariakani, Mugumo-wa-Patsa, Tsangatsini. All of them are located within Kaloleni Constituency. Central Mariakani is located in Mariakani location of Kaloleni division of Kilifi district.
From at least 2019, 21 Kenya Rifles (Kenya Army Infantry) has been located at Mariakani Barracks, reporting to 6 Brigade at Garissa.
Transport
Mariakani has a station on the Kenyan Railway system.
| 2.296875
| 0
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14326291
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunken%20Village%20Archeological%20Site
|
Sunken Village Archeological Site
|
The Sunken Village Archeological Site, designated by the Smithsonian trinomial 35MU4, is an archaeological site on Sauvie Island in Multnomah County, Oregon, United States. The site consists of a remarkably well-preserved Chinookan village, dating back more than 700 years. It is a major example of a wet archaeological site, in which cultural materials were preserved in an anaerobic freshwater environment. Finds at the site include well-preserved basketry. The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989.
One of the site's unusual features is a series of pits that were apparently used for leaching tannin from acorns. These pits, as well as associated features, including basketry weave patterns, bear resemblance to finds at other sites on the Pacific coast of North America, and in Japan, representing a rare direct connection between North American and Asian cultures.
The site has been a site of interest to amateur collectors since at least the early 20th century, and came under further threat in the late 20th century by seepage from a nearby levee. It was also threatened in 2008 by potential engineering work that may damage the site, in order to support an earthen dam.
| 2.6875
| 0
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14326462
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Chief%20Joseph%20Gravesite
|
Old Chief Joseph Gravesite
|
The Old Chief Joseph Gravesite, also known as Nez Perce Traditional Site, Wallowa Lake, Chief Joseph Cemetery and Joseph National Indian Cemetery is a Native American cemetery near Joseph, Oregon. The area was also a traditional campsite of the Nez Perce and may be archaeologically significant. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985, listed as Wallowa Lake Site. It is a component of the Nez Perce National Historical Park.
Setting
The Old Chief Joseph Gravesite is located at the northern end of Wallowa Lake, on a site with commanding views of the lake and surrounding mountains. It is just south of Oregon Highway 351, from which an unpaved drive enters the property through a gateway in a stone wall. The main feature is a circular earthen platform, lined with a low stone retaining wall. At its center is the memorial marker to Old Chief Joseph, a mortared stone pillar, with a bronze relief of the chief's head on one side. Other features of the property include a flagpole, and the grave of an early white settler of the area.
History
Old Chief Joseph was the mid-19th century leader of the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce tribe, one of several that had refused to sign treaties in the 1850s and 1860s that would have forced them onto reservation land in Idaho. The Wallowa Lake area was part of the homeland of this band, and both Old Chief Joseph and his successor Chief Joseph, were steadfast in their refusal to abandon the land. When Old Joseph died in 1871, he had a traditional burial at the forks of the Lostine and Wallowa rivers. The Wallowa band were famously forced off the land in the Nez Perce War in 1877.
| 2.15625
| 0
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14326481
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparanase
|
Heparanase
|
Heparanase, also known as HPSE, is an enzyme that acts both at the cell-surface and within the extracellular matrix to degrade polymeric heparan sulfate molecules into shorter chain length oligosaccharides.
Synthesis and structure
The protein is originally synthesised in an inactive 65 kDa proheparanase form in the golgi apparatus and transferred to late endosomes/lysosomes for transport to the cell-surface. In the lysosome it is proteolytically processed into its active form. Proteolytic processing results in the production of three products,
a linker peptide
an 8 kDa proheparanase fragment and
a 50 kDa proheparanase fragment
The 8 kDa and 50 kDa fragments form a heterodimer and it is this heterodimer that constitutes the active heparanase molecule. The linker protein is so called because prior to its excision it physically links the 8 kDa and 50 kDa proheparanase fragments. Complete excision of the linker peptide appears to be a prerequisite to the complete activation of the heparanase enzyme.
Crystal structures of both proheparanase and mature heparanase are available, showing that the linker peptide forms a large helical domain which blocks heparan sulfate molecules from interacting with heparanase. Removal of the linker reveals an extended cleft on the enzyme surface, which contains the heparanase active site.
Function
| 1.976563
| 0
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14326598
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Xavier%20Castellanos
|
Francisco Xavier Castellanos
|
F. Xavier Castellanos (born November 16, 1953) is a Bolivian neuroscientist who is the director of research at the NYU Child Study Center. His work aims at elucidating the neuroscience of ADHD through structural and functional brain imaging studies, collaborating on molecular genetic studies, and coordinating an interdisciplinary network of translational investigators (the ADHD Neuroscience Network). Dr. Castellanos chaired the NIH ‘Initial Review Group’ (Study Section) on Developmental Psychopathology and Developmental Disabilities from 2005–2007 and is chairing the revision of the diagnostic criteria for externalizing disorders for the forthcoming edition of DSM-V, projected for 2012. He continues to make significant contributions to research into the neurobiological substrates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Biography
Francisco Xavier Castellanos was born in Madrid, Spain, on November 16, 1953, to Bolivian parents. When he was four, he, his mother and his two siblings returned to Bolivia, where they lived until he was nine, when the family moved to Washington, D.C. and a year later, to New Orleans, Louisiana. An avid reader, especially intrigued with science and math, he attended Catholic schools in New Orleans and later received a scholarship to Vassar College, where he became fascinated with the work of Noam Chomsky. At Vassar, he established an independent major in linguistics and graduated with honors in 1975.
| 2.421875
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14326598
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Xavier%20Castellanos
|
Francisco Xavier Castellanos
|
After graduation, working as a professional translator in New Orleans, during which time he translated Jean Piaget's Epistemology and Psychology of Functions: Studies in Genetic Epistemology from French to English, Dr. Castellanos began work on a master's degree in experimental psychology at The University of New Orleans, where he became fascinated by the discovery of endorphins. Following this interest, he applied to and was accepted at The Louisiana State University Medical College at Shreveport. After winning several awards, including the prestigious Chancellor's Award for Overall Excellence and induction into AOA, the national medical honor society, he graduated in 1986 and continued his medical training at The University of Kentucky, where he was one of the first graduates of the "Triple Board" program in psychiatry, pediatrics and child psychiatry. During his residency, he won the Abraham Wikler, M.D. Award for Outstanding Psychiatry Resident and was awarded a mini-fellowship in the American Psychiatric Association's Program for Minority Research Training in Psychiatry.
In 1991, Dr. Castellanos became a Research Fellow in the Child Psychiatry Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health, where he worked under the supervision of Dr. Judith L. Rapoport. As a senior staff fellow, he was the head of the ADHD Research Unit and received an award for Excellence in Clinical Care and Research from the National Institute of Mental Health. During this time he also became a fellow in the American Academy of Pediatrics.
In 2001, he left the NIMH to assume the position of Director of Research Training at the New York University Child Study Center.
| 2.1875
| 0
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14326659
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLWH%20Pegasus
|
SLWH Pegasus
|
The Singapore Light Weight Howitzer (SLWH) Pegasus is a helicopter-transportable, towed artillery piece. Developed jointly by the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), Defence Science and Technology Agency and ST Kinetics, it was commissioned on 28 October 2005. The Pegasus has replaced the GIAT LG1 105 mm howitzer previously in service with the Singapore Artillery.
Design
The 155 mm, 39-caliber Pegasus is typically towed, but it is also equipped with an independent Lombardini 9LD625-2 engine unit to provide short-range self-propelled capability of up to 12 km/h (7 mph). It can be lifted by the Republic of Singapore Air Force's CH-47SD "Chinook" helicopter thus making it the first heli-portable self-propelled 155 mm howitzer. In addition, the Pegasus can also be transported by the C-130 Hercules tactical airlifter.
The Pegasus has a burst rate of fire of three rounds in 24 seconds and a maximum rate of fire of four rounds per minute. It can deliver conventional munitions up to 19 km. Extended range munitions can be fired up to 30 km away. A semi-automatic loading system is provided to increase the rate of fire and reduce crew fatigue.
The design of the Pegasus also incorporates several innovative elements. It is built with titanium alloy and aluminium alloy materials that are lightweight and yet able to withstand the recoil force of the 155 mm artillery system. Special recoil management design is also employed to reduce the recoil force to a third lower than conventional 155 mm howitzers.
Deployment
The Singapore Army conducted its first live firing of the SLWH Pegasus at the artillery range of Waiouru Army Camp in New Zealand as part of Exercise Thunder Warrior in January 2006.
Users
: Singapore Army
Failed contracts
: The SLWH Pegasus was the preferred candidate for the 145 ultra light howitzer program of the Indian Army. However, ST Kinetics was associated in a case of corruption against the Director General of Indian Ordnance Factory, and blacklisted from participating in the programme.
| 2.234375
| 0
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14326662
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wismer%20Commons
|
Wismer Commons
|
Wismer Commons is a residential area of Markham, Ontario, Canada, north of 16th Avenue, west of Markham Road and east of McCowan Road. Wismer Commons is named after the Wismer Family, one of the founding pioneer families of Markham, Ontario. The family of David Wismer, originally from Germany and subsequently Pennsylvania, arrived in Markham Township in 1806.
After the deaths of David and Lydia Wismer in 1856, the Wismer family continued to donate property to community organizations, including the land for the area's first school. This original one-room schoolhouse, near the south west corner of 16th Avenue and Markham Road was replaced around 1864 with a new school to the north near the present Markham Museum.
The name Wismer Commons can be found on stone plaques on both sides of the road at main arterial road entrances of developed regions of the community, such as the intersection of Bur Oak Avenue and McCowan Road.
San Lorenzo Ruiz Catholic Elementary School
San Lorenzo Ruiz Catholic Elementary School opened on September 4, 2007, and is operated by the York Catholic District School Board (YCDSB). It is one of the feeder schools of Brother André Catholic High School.
Future developments
Future developments will include construction of more: community schools, churches, plazas, public facility buildings (i.e. Emergency Services Stations), recreational facilities (i.e. Community Centres).
According to the Markham city planner, at Markham Road and Bur Oak Avenue, on the east edge of Wismer Commons, an area is reserved and proposed for a new shopping mall or plaza.
| 2.09375
| 0
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14326716
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20T.%20Gregory
|
Joseph T. Gregory
|
Dr. Joseph Tracy Gregory (July 28, 1914 – November 18, 2007) was an American paleontologist and professor.
Joseph Tracy Gregory was born in Eureka, California, the only child of Frank Gregory, a civil engineer, and Edith Tracy, a high school teacher. He grew up in Berkeley, California and continued with his college education there, graduating from the University of California with an A.B. in 1935, and receiving his doctorate in 1938. During World War II, he served as a lieutenant in the Army Air Forces in the weather service.
Paleontology
After the war, he became Assistant Professor of Geology at Yale University, as well as Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology at the Peabody Museum of Natural History. In 1960, he moved to the University of California at Berkeley, where he was Professor of Vertebrate Paleontology, eventually retiring in 1979 as Emeritus Professor.
He was especially active in researching the paleontological record of the Western United States. In his later career, he gained notice as the primary editor of the annual "Bibliography of Vertebrate Paleontology."
The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology's Joseph T. Gregory Award is given annually since 1992 for “contributions to the welfare of Vertebrate Paleontology.”
Family
He married Jane Everest in 1949. They had two children, Carl Douglas Gregory (1950- ) and Sarah Jane Gregory (1953-2006).
| 2.5
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14326771
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross%20%28surname%29
|
Gross (surname)
|
Gross or Groß in German is the correct spelling of the surname under German orthographic rules. In Switzerland, the name is spelled Gross. Some Germans and Austrians also use the spelling with "ss" instead of "ß".
It is a surname of German, Prussian, and Yiddish (Ashkenazi Jewish) origin. The word means "big", "tall" or "great", and was likely adopted in Europe over the 15th to 19th centuries during the times of the House of Habsburg when monarchs of the royal families (Emperor or Empress) were called "the Great" (der Große). Descendants of this House may have adopted the name Gross from their ancestors.
German-speaking Christian hymns use references to Jesus as "Mein Herr ist Groß" (My Lord is Great) or "So Groß ist der Herr" (So Great is the Lord). Composer Franz Schubert (1797–1828) wrote several songs referring to Jesus or God as groß, such as D 757, a quartet called "Gott in der Natur" (Groß ist der Herr!) in 1822 and D 852, "Die Allmacht" (Groß ist Jehova, der Herr) in 1825.
People with this surname
| 2.1875
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14326806
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatham%2C%20West%20Sussex
|
Greatham, West Sussex
|
Greatham ( ) is a small village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Parham, in the Horsham district of West Sussex, England. It lies on the Coldwaltham to Storrington road about south of Pulborough. In 1931 the parish had a population of 55.
History
The Domesday Book of 1086 records the place village as Gretham. The toponym is recorded as Gretheam in 1121 and Gruteham later in the 12th century. The first element in the name means "gravel"; the second is uncertain, and could mean either "village, estate, manor, homestead", "meadow, especially a flat, low-lying meadow on a stream", or "an enclosed plot, a close". A 10th century gold and enamel ring was discovered near Greatham in 2021.
Greatham Bridge was built for Sir Henry Tregoz in the early 14th century. The iron section was built after floods had damaged the bridge in 1838. A skirmish took place near the bridge during the English Civil War.
Early in the First World War Greatham inspired John Drinkwater's poem Of Greatham (to those who live there), which was published in his anthology Swords and Plough-shares.
On 1 April 1933 the parish was abolished and merged with Parham.
Parish church
The undedicated small rectangular Church of England parish church is similar to Wiggonholt parish church, with which it often shared a priest in the Middle Ages. The rectangular single-room church has rubble ironstone walls which have mostly lancet windows and are probably 12th century. There is a slate-hung bell turret at the western end. Inside are an unusual double decker pulpit and a 17th-century altar rail.
Notable people
Wilfrid Meynell (1852–1948), publisher and editor, dead in Greatham
Robert Rydon (born 1964), cricketer
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14326819
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Miller%20%28philologist%29
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Walter Miller (philologist)
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Samuel Walter Miller (May 5, 1864 – July 28, 1949) was an American linguist, classics scholar and archaeologist responsible for the first American excavation in Greece and a founder of the Stanford University Classics department.
Early life
He was born in Ashland County, Ohio to agrarian parents. After receiving an M.A. from the University of Michigan in 1884, he requested further funding from his father to pursue studies in Germany. His father noted that he couldn't possibly see how anyone could ever need any more education but Miller moved to the University of Leipzig for doctoral studies from 1884 to 1885. The next year he joined the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, Greece, where Professor Frederic de Forest Allen charged Miller with the first American excavation in Greece, seeking the stage of the Theater of Thorikos. 25-30 workmen were paid 1 drachma per day and total project budget was $300. While Miller did not consider it a success, later scholars found it significant in solving problems connected to the Greek stage.
At the conclusion of the academic year, Miller set off on a walking tour he hoped would take him all the way to Istanbul, visiting archaeological sites along the way. He did not get beyond the further slope of one of the mountain ranges which encircle Athens. On only his second day out, he was robbed, beaten unconscious, and left for dead by two local villagers. The bloodied Miller managed to return to Athens to lodge a complaint with the local authorities. The authorities thereupon commissioned Miller as a captain in the Greek army, and sent him out with a posse to apprehend the criminals. A few days later the brigands were in jail. To his credit, Miller altered his testimony at their trial so the two would not be sentenced to death. They were, however, sentenced to ten years in a prison on the island of Aegina.
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14326819
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Miller%20%28philologist%29
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Walter Miller (philologist)
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Start of career
Miller returned to the United States as an instructor of Greek at the University of Michigan during the 1886–87 school year and of Latin and Sanskrit in the 1887–88 year, beginning a fifty-year career as a college professor – without ever returning to finish his doctoral degree. Walter Miller married Jennie Emerson, niece of Ralph Waldo Emerson, on September 13, 1888, in Racine, Wisconsin. Jennie Emerson Miller (August 7, 1860 – March 1, 1946) had studied Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, French, German and science and was an invaluable assistant to her husband. By 1889 Walter Miller was an acting assistant professor at Michigan, but the family returned to Leipzig for the next two years and daughters Edith and Marjorie were born in Germany. He worked as the senior at the Royal Archaeological Seminary at the University of Leipzig from 1890 to 1891.
The family returned to Columbia, Missouri, when he accepted a position as an associate professor of Greek at the University of Missouri for the 1891–92 school year. In the fall of 1891, Miller received both a letter and a telegram from Stanford University President David Starr Jordan offering him a position with the newly formed Classics Department. A quick discussion with the executive committee of the Missouri Board of Curators resulted in a promotion in both rank and salary, with the promise of a full professorship of archaeology the next academic year. Nonetheless, in 1892 he was appointed professor of Latin and archaeology at Stanford University.
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14326819
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Miller%20%28philologist%29
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Walter Miller (philologist)
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In 1911 he returned to the University of Missouri as professor of Latin and in 1929 became professor of classical languages and archaeology. From 1914 to 1930 he was the dean of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri and during World War I served in the YMCA in France and was a regional director of the YMCA in Italy. In his 1919 commencement address he called for the creation of a Memorial Student Union building to honor the fallen of World War I. In September 1932, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters by his alma mater the University of Michigan, and he retired to his home at 1516 Wilson Avenue in Columbia, Missouri, in 1936. After his retirement, he taught at Southwestern in Memphis and also Washington University in St. Louis.
Later years
In 1944 in his capacity as a professor emeritus at Missouri and at age 80, he completed the translation of Homer's Iliad in the English equivalent of the Greek poet's original dactylic hexameter. It was the first such work ever published. Begun by Tulane colleague William Benjamin Smith this work was hailed as a "triumph of ingenuity." Five years later Miller died in Columbia, Missouri, one of the last of his generation of U.S. classicists.
The Walter Miller Library in the Department of Classical Studies and the Walter Miller Fellowship endure to this day. Jennie was a charter member of the Beta chapter of the Gamma Phi Beta social sorority at the University of Michigan in 1882, and in 1921 a founder of the Alpha Delta chapter at the University of Missouri. Alpha Delta presents the Jennie Emerson Miller award each year.
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14326913
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation%20Services%20Administration
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Rehabilitation Services Administration
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The Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) is a federal agency under the United States Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, and is headquartered within the Department of Education in Washington, D.C. It was established to administer portions of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Its mission is to provide leadership and resources to assist state and other agencies in providing vocational rehabilitation (VR) and other services to individuals with disabilities to maximize their employment, independence and integration into the community and the competitive labor market.
RSA is charged with:
administering formula and discretionary grant programs authorized by Congress;
evaluating, monitoring, and reporting on the implementation of Federal policy and programs and the effectiveness of vocational rehabilitation, supported employment, and other related programs for individuals with disabilities;
coordinating with other Federal agencies, State agencies, and the private sector including professional organizations, service providers, and organizations of persons with disabilities for the review of program planning, implementation, and monitoring issues.
RSA provides national leadership for, and administration of:
basic state and formula grant programs—including grants to state vocational rehabilitation agencies --,
rehabilitation training discretionary grant programs, Randolph–Sheppard Act vending facilities, and Helen Keller National Center (CITE) programs.
The grant programs under the RSA's purview are in various areas such as technical assistance centers, demonstration projects, training, client advocacy, and underserved populations.
The largest program the RSA manages is the State Vocational Rehabilitation Services Program, which mainly assists in engage in gainful employment. If a state is unable to serve all disabled individuals, priority is given to individuals with the most significant disabilities.
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14326913
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation%20Services%20Administration
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Rehabilitation Services Administration
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History
Prior to the establishment of the RSA, the passage of legislation played a key role in laying the groundwork for the federal and state partnership. The Smith-Hughes Act in 1917 helped to establish the Federal Board for Vocational Education, which would later regulate the veteran and civilian vocational rehabilitation programs. Coinciding with World War I, The Federal Board for Vocational Education oversaw a vocational rehabilitation program for disabled veterans under the Soldier's Rehabilitation Act of 1918. In 1920, the Smith-Fess Act (the Civilian Vocational Rehabilitation Act) expanded the purview of the Federal Board for Vocational Rehabilitation to oversee a civilian vocational rehabilitation program to be funded on a 50-50 matching basis with the states. Congress would need to periodically vote to extend funding because it was not permanent at this time.
The Randolph–Sheppard Act in 1936 and the Wagner-O'Day Act in 1938 helped to prioritize employment of visually impaired individuals to operate vending stands in federal buildings, and required federal agencies to buy certain products from nonprofit organizations that employed people who are blind, respectively. These acts gave way to the establishment of the National Industries for the Blind. The National Industries for the Blind employed blind Americans who made and sold products under the business name Skilcraft.
Vocational Rehabilitation Act Amendments
In 1954, Public Law 565 increased the 50-50 matched funding from the federal government to 3 federal dollars for every 2 state dollars, and expanded services to those with intellectual disabilities. The Act authorized grants for research and educational training for rehabilitation counselors-to-be in universities. As the Director of the U.S. Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, Mary Switzer released funds for more than 100 university-based rehabilitation-related programs and was a strong advocate for improving quality of life for people with disabilities.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation%20Services%20Administration
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Rehabilitation Services Administration
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In 1965, Public Law 89-333 expanded federal funding to a 75-25 ratio. It also removed economic need as a requirement for services.
In 1972 the first versions of the Rehabilitation Act were passed by Congress, but vetoed by President Richard Nixon - once in October 1972 and then again in March 1973. President Nixon eventually signed the bill, called the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and sponsored by Representative John Brademas, into law on September 26, 1973. One of the key pieces in the law is Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act that says “no otherwise qualified handicapped individual in the United States shall solely on the basis of his handicap, be excluded from the participation, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.” This means that any organization or program that receives federal funding cannot discriminate against disabled individuals. One of the main purposes of the Act is to provide a statutory basis for the Rehabilitation Services Administration, who helps to develop and maintain federal regulations for individuals with disabilities and their families to help them find jobs and live independently. The RSA is the main agency responsible for carrying out Titles I (Vocational Rehabilitation Services), III (Professional Development and Special Projects and Demonstrations ), VI (Employment Opportunities for Individuals with Disabilities) and VII (Independent Living Services and Centers for Independent Living), as well as specified portions of Title V (Rights and Advocacy) of the Rehabilitation Act.
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14326913
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation%20Services%20Administration
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Rehabilitation Services Administration
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The Rehabilitation Act continued to evolve; in 1986, Public Law 99-506 helped it to refine and focus services offered to those with the most severe disabilities. Supported employment was also defined as a “legitimate rehabilitation outcome”. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 helped to influence additional legislation like the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. In 1998, the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) impacted programs like the RSA, and according to RSA's website, was intended to strengthen and improve the nation's public workforce development system and help Americans with significant barriers to employment, including individuals with disabilities, into high quality jobs and careers and help employers hire and retain skilled workers. In 2014, the Workforce Innovation & Opportunity Act (WIOA) was signed into law and amended the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Additionally, WIOA also introduced Pre-Employment Transition Services for high school youth, aged 14–21, to teach 5 cores services. These services are: Job Exploration Counseling, Counseling on Post Secondary Educational Opportunities, Self Advocacy, Workplace Readiness and Work based Learning Experiences. Title IV of WIOA amended title I of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Under the WIOA, the Governor of each State or Territory must submit a Unified or Combined State Plan to the U.S. Department of Labor that outlines a four-year strategy for the State's workforce development system. Each state's four-year plan is available on the RSA's website and requires many governmental agencies to work together to review and approve the states’ plans.
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14326985
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila%20Fitzpatrick
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Sheila Fitzpatrick
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Sheila Mary Fitzpatrick (born June 4, 1941) is an Australian historian, whose main subjects are history of the Soviet Union and history of modern Russia, especially the Stalin era and the Great Purges, of which she proposes a "history from below", and is part of the "revisionist school" of Communist historiography. She has also critically reviewed the concept of totalitarianism and highlighted the differences between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in debates about comparison of Nazism and Stalinism.
Fitzpatrick is professor at the Australian Catholic University (Melbourne), honorary professor at the University of Sydney, and Distinguished Service Professor Emerita at the University of Chicago. Prior to this, she taught Soviet history at the University of Texas at Austin and was the Bernadotte Everly Schmitt Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago. She is considered a founder of the field of Soviet social history.
Family
Sheila Fitzpatrick was born in Melbourne in 1941, the daughter of Australian author Brian Fitzpatrick and his second wife Dorothy Mary Davies. Her younger brother was the historian David P. B. Fitzpatrick.
Fitzpatrick's first marriage to Alex Bruce, a fellow University of Melbourne student, soon ended. Her second marriage to the political scientist Jerry F. Hough, from 1975 to 1983, ended in divorce. While living in the United States, Fitzpatrick married the theoretical physicist Michael Danos (1922-1999).
Biography
Fitzpatrick attended the University of Melbourne (BA, 1961) and received her doctorate from St Antony's College, Oxford (1969), with a thesis entitled The Commissariat of Education under Lunacharsky (1917–1921). She was a Research Fellow at the London School of Slavonic and East European Studies from 1969 to 1972.
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14326985
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila%20Fitzpatrick
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Sheila Fitzpatrick
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Her research focuses on the social and cultural history of the Stalinist period, particularly on aspects of social identity and daily life, and the social and cultural changes in Soviet Russia of the 1950s and 1960s. In her early works, she focused on the theme of social mobility, suggesting that the opportunity for the working class to rise socially and as a new elite had been instrumental in legitimizing the regime during the Stalinist period. Despite its brutality, Stalinism as a political culture would have achieved the goals of a democratic revolution. The center of attention was always focused on the victims of the purges rather than its beneficiaries, as thousands of workers and communists who had access to the technical colleges during the first five-year plan received promotions to positions in industry, government, and the leadership of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) as a consequence of the Great Purge. For Fitzpatrick, the "cultural revolution" of the late 1920s and the purges which shook the scientific, literary, artistic, and the industrial communities is explained in part by a class struggle against executives and intellectual bourgeois. The men who rose in the 1930s played an active role to get rid of former leaders who blocked their own promotion, and the Great Turn found its origins in initiatives from the bottom rather than the decisions of the summit. In this vision, Stalinist policy was based on social forces and offered a response to popular radicalism, which allowed the existence of a partial consensus between the regime and society in the 1930s.
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14326985
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila%20Fitzpatrick
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Sheila Fitzpatrick
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Historiographical debates
Academic Sovietology after World War II and during the Cold War was dominated by the "totalitarian model" of the Soviet Union, stressing the absolute nature of Joseph Stalin's power. The "revisionist school" beginning in the 1960s focused on relatively autonomous institutions which might influence policy at the higher level. Matt Lenoe described the "revisionist school" as representing those who "insisted that the old image of the Soviet Union as a totalitarian state bent on world domination was oversimplified or just plain wrong. They tended to be interested in social history and to argue that the Communist Party leadership had had to adjust to social forces." Fitzpatrick was one of a number of "revisionist school" historians who challenged the traditional approach to Soviet history, as outlined by political scientist Carl Joachim Friedrich, which stated that the Soviet Union was a totalitarian system, with the personality cult, and almost unlimited powers of the "great leader" such as Stalin.
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14327028
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland%20Night%20Express
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Cleveland Night Express
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The Cleveland Night Express was an American named train of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) on its route between Baltimore, Maryland, and Cleveland, Ohio, with major station stops in Washington, D.C., and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The B&O inaugurated the Cleveland Night Express in 1915. Its discontinuation in 1962 marked the end of B&O passenger service to Cleveland.
History
The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was chartered in 1827 and grew to be one of the largest passenger railways in the United States, often by acquiring other, smaller railroads. In Cleveland the B&O purchased two local companies, the Cleveland Lorain & Wheeling Railroad and the Cleveland, Terminal & Valley Railway in 1915.
From 1915 until 1962 the B&O provided overnight sleeping car service between Baltimore and Cleveland on the Cleveland Night Express. After June 1934, the Cleveland Night Express used Cleveland's Union Terminal as its passenger station. At times in this period, the train was called the Baltimore-Washington-Cleveland Express westbound and Cleveland-Washington-Baltimore Express.
On February 7, 1956, the train had four passenger cars overturn in a sudden rockslide near McKeesport, Pennsylvania, no deaths occurred with only one injured.
Decline and end of the train
In 1962, as railroad passenger traffic was declining nationwide, the B&O discontinued the Cleveland Night Express on December 7, 1962, which ended all B&O passenger service to Ohio's largest city, Cleveland.
Stations
Schedule and equipment
In 1961, the westbound Cleveland Night Express departed Union Station (Washington, D.C.) at 9:20 p.m. daily as train No. 17, arriving in Cleveland the following morning at 8:45 a.m., equipped with a Pullman sleeping car, coaches, and a lounge car having a snack bar serving what B&O described in its timetable as a "light breakfast" prior to arrival.
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14327058
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAC3
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RAC3
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Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 (Rac3) is a G protein that in humans is encoded by the RAC3 gene. It is an important component of intracellular signalling pathways. Rac3 is a member of the Rac subfamily of the Rho family of small G proteins. Members of this superfamily appear to regulate a diverse array of cellular events, including the control of cell growth, cytoskeletal reorganization, and the activation of protein kinases.
Interactions
RAC3 has been shown to interact with CIB1 and HNF1A. RAC3 also interacts with Nrf2 proteins. ETAR, ILK, and β-arr1 interact with RAC3 as well.
Location
RAC3 gene is located in the third sub-band of the fifth band in the second region of the q arm on chromosome 17. There's many tumor suppressor genes that are located around the RAC3 gene.
Therapeutic Use
Since the RAC3 gene is over-expressed in carcinoma cells, it can function as a therapeutic target for the treatment of different cancer such as lung adenocarcinoma. To become invasive, epithelial cells have to transform into mesenchymal cells and the transformation is regulated by the RAC3 gene. As a result, if the RAC3 gene is silenced, lung adenocarcinoma cells cannot metastasize. In addition, drugs designed to silence the RAC3 gene lead to the apoptosis of tumor cells, thus preventing the cells from colonizing.
Pathological mutations
Mutations of the RAC3 gene may result in neurodevelopmental disorder with structural brain anomalies and dysmorphic facies, first described in 2018 by White et al.
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14327096
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%932007%20Bolivian%20Constituent%20Assembly
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2006–2007 Bolivian Constituent Assembly
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The Bolivian Constituent Assembly (), convened on August 6, 2006, in Sucre, with the purpose of drafting a new national constitution by December 14, 2007; extended from the original deadline of August 6, 2007. The Assembly approved the new Political Constitution of the State on 9 December 2007. It was put to a national referendum held on 25 January 2009, and went into force on 7 February 2009.
Disputes over the content of this text and procedures of its approval aggravated political conflict in Bolivia, including violent conflicts in Sucre and Cochabamba. Opposition and conservative sectors including the "media luna" denounced the text claiming the procedure of its passage was illegal, passed with a third of constituent delegates absent (from minority conservative parties). Despite inclusive wording of the text, opponents have claimed the new document only represents indigenous peoples, discriminating against mixed (mestizo), white (European) populations.
Prior Constituent Assemblies, or other bodies empowered with rewriting Bolivia's Constitution have taken place on at least 17 occasions since 1826.
Process and structure of deliberations
The Constituent Assembly was authorized by Law 3091, promulgated by President Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé on 6 July 2005, and by the Convocation Law of the Constituent Assembly (Law 3364), approved by Bolivia's National Congress on 6 March 2006. The latter law designated uninominal elections by the 70 districts used by the Chamber of Deputies, and plurinominal elections of five constituents from each department.
Conflicts and controversies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%932007%20Bolivian%20Constituent%20Assembly
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2006–2007 Bolivian Constituent Assembly
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Two-thirds vote
The Convocation Law required a two-thirds vote of the Assembly to approve the new Constitution. Debates over the specific interpretation of this provision occupied the Assembly from November 2006 to 14 February 2007. In drafting the regulations for the Assembly, the MAS proposed a simple majority vote should be required for most matters, with two-thirds required for sensitive matters. An initial regulation was passed on 17 November 2006 requiring a two-thirds majority votes only for the final text of the Constitution, and allowing reconsideration of up to three articles in which at least one-third of the Assembly proposed an alternative text. In mid-December, cabildos held in the media luna departments of Santa Cruz, Tarija, Beni and Pando threatened to refuse to abide by a constitution that was not approved by a two-thirds vote. Cochabamba prefect Manfred Reyes Villa also backed the two-thirds majority position in a pro-autonomy cabildo held on 15 December 2006, further sharpening the divisions that led to the January 2007 violence.
On 24 January 2007 the Bolivian Senate broke a deadlock and elected Jose Villavicencio (the lone Senator of the National Unity Party) as its president by a 15–12 vote, unseating a close ally of Morales. With the loss of control of the Senate, Morales has backed down from his position that a simple majority of assembly members should determine the wording of individual articles in the new Constitution. As a compromise measure, Morales called for any issue that can not be resolved with a two-thirds vote in the Constituent Assembly should be put before the people in a referendum, saying "Let the people decide with their vote, without fear." The head of Podemos, former President Jorge Quiroga, praised Morales' suggestion, saying "It's an important advance. It's a sign of flexibility."
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14327164
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%20Queensland%20storms
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1992 Queensland storms
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A series of destructive severe thunderstorms struck southeastern Queensland, Australia, on 29 November 1992. The storms produced strong winds, flash flooding and large hailstones in the region, including the capital city of Brisbane. The storms also spawned two of the most powerful tornadoes recorded in Australia, including the only Australian tornado to be given an official 'F4' classification on the Fujita scale and the last violent tornado in Australia until 21 March 2013.
The meteorological instability in the region resulted in the formation of at least five supercell thunderstorms in the space of around three hours. The storms, which spawned progressively further up the coast from Brisbane to Gladstone as the afternoon progressed, left a trail of damage resulting from hail, rain and wind. The event has been described as "one of the most widespread outbreaks of severe thunderstorms recorded" by veteran meteorologist Richard Whitaker.
Climatology and conditions
November is traditionally the start of the thunderstorm season along the eastern seaboard of Australia, with a rise in average humidity and warmer ground temperatures combining with more frequent occurrences of cool air in the upper atmosphere. These conditions are conducive for producing severe thunderstorms, particularly those which feature hail.
The conditions on Sunday, 29 November were extremely unsettled. There were a series of thunderstorm cells that formed early in the morning – despite it being more common for thunderstorms to form in the late afternoon in the south-east Queensland region. These storms, which had periodic bursts of severe lightning, cleared quickly.
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14327164
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%20Queensland%20storms
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1992 Queensland storms
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Thunderstorms began to form again just before midday, as the hot and humid conditions became more acute in the middle part of the day. The Bureau of Meteorology radar picked up a series of cells to the north-west of Brisbane, the capital of Queensland, and the data suggested that there was a possibility of large hail. The Bureau immediately issued a Severe Thunderstorm Warning for the coastal region between Brisbane and the Sunshine Coast, 100 km to the north.
The main cell in the thunderstorm system appeared from Bureau of Meteorology radar analysis to split into two separate and distinct cells. This development resulted in one part of the major storm to head north, to Maroochydore, while the other part headed south towards Brisbane. The southern cell struck Brisbane just after 1:00pm, with intense lightning activity and hailstones the size of marbles falling. The storm caused a lengthy delay during the First Test of the series between Australia and the West Indies, when hail forced play to be stopped at the Brisbane Cricket Ground around 1:15pm.
The northern cell continued to intensify throughout the afternoon. The Bureau of Meteorology then recognised it as a supercell, which often bring erratic developments and often last for long periods of time. The storm dropped hailstones which were between eight and ten centimeters around Maroochydore, on the Sunshine Coast, damaging the roofs of around 80 houses in the area. The hail also damaged aircraft at a local airport and dented cars, as well as inflicting injuries to a handful of swimmers at beaches near Maroochydore.
Tornadoes
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14327348
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker%20F-32
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Fokker F-32
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The Fokker F-32 was a passenger aircraft built by the Fokker Aircraft Corporation of America in 1929 in their Teterboro, New Jersey factory.
It was the first four-engined aircraft designed and built in the United States. Ten examples were built, but they only entered limited commercial service; their high cost and problems with the cooling of the aft engines proved prohibitive. The United States Army Air Corps evaluated the F-32 as the YC-20, but did not purchase it.
Crash
The first F-32 crashed on November 27, 1929, during a demonstration of a three-engined takeoff from Roosevelt Field on Long Island, New York. One of the two port engines was stopped, but the other failed shortly after takeoff, causing a loss of control. The aircraft came down on a house in nearby Carle Place, and was totally destroyed in the crash and subsequent fire. Nobody was killed, although the pilot and a passenger were injured.
This crash was witnessed by famous American poet Ogden Nash, who wrote of it to his then-fiancée Frances (later his wife). Nash's account is found in Loving Letters from Ogden Nash: A Family Album, edited by Linell Nash Smith (Nash's daughter).
Power issues
The crash displayed the F-32's most notable problem; it was underpowered, which was made worse by the aircraft's back-to-back engine configuration, with an engine on each end of the underwing nacelles. The front engine powered a two-bladed propeller and the rear engine a three-bladed one. The aft propellers, working in the disturbed air from the front, were inefficient, and their engines suffered from cooling problems. The underpowering problem was partially solved by replacing the prototype's Pratt & Whitney Wasp engines with more powerful Pratt & Whitney R-1860 Hornet Bs on later planes, but the other issues remained with the planes throughout their short service lives.
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14327407
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotospovirus
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Orthotospovirus
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Orthotospovirus is a genus of negative-strand RNA viruses, in the family Tospoviridae of the order Bunyavirales, which infects plants. Tospoviruses take their name from the species Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) which was discovered in Australia in 1919. TSWV remained the only known member of the family until the early 1990s when genetic characterisation of plant viruses became more common. There are now at least twenty species in the genus with more being discovered on a regular basis. Member viruses infect over eight hundred plant species from 82 different families.
Genome
Tospoviruses have a negative-sense, single-strand RNA genome. The genome resembles that of the genus Phlebovirus. It is linear and is 17.2 kb in size. It is divided into three segments termed S (2.9kb), M (5.4kb), and L (8.9kb). The M and S RNA segments encode for proteins in an ambisense direction.
Transmission
Tospoviruses are arboviruses usually vectored by thrips. At least ten species of thrips belonging to family Thripidae have been confirmed as vectors for the transmission of thirteen or more tospoviruses. The thrips vectors are not closely related, implying an independent origin of infection for each thrips, possibly transmitted horizontally through shared hosts. There may be other species of thrips competent to transmit similar viruses, but they have not been documented on crops of economic significance.
Recent research concludes that thrips can only be infected by tospovirus during the larval phases of development, as pupation and metamorphosis separate the connection between the salivary glands and the infected muscle tissue of the mid-gut. Adults transmit the virus from infected salivary glands, and uninfected adults will not transmit the virus. Obviously, controlling the infection by limiting transmission from infected plants to larval thrips or by preventing adult dispersal from infected plants are key strategies in preventing an epidemic of the disease.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotospovirus
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Orthotospovirus
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Agricultural importance
Infection with these viruses results in spotting and wilting of the plant, reduced vegetative output, and eventually death. No antiviral cures have been developed for plants infected with a Tospovirus, and infected plants should be removed from a field and destroyed in order to prevent the spread of the disease.
A large number of plant families are known to be affected by viruses of the Tospovirus genus. These include both food crops (such as peanuts, watermelons, capsicums, tomatoes, zucchinis, et al.) as well as ornamental species which are important to flower farms (calla lily, impatiens, chrysanthemums, iris, et al.). For a more complete list of hosts examine the Tospovirus host list at Kansas State University.
Diagnosis
Early symptoms of infection are difficult to diagnose. In young infected plants the characteristic symptoms consist of inward cupping of leaves and leaves that develop a bronze cast followed by dark spots. As the infection progresses additional symptoms develop which include dark streaks on the main stem and wilting of the top portion of the plant. Fruit may be deformed, show uneven ripening and often have raised bumps on the surface. Once a plant becomes infected the disease cannot be controlled.
Serological and molecular tests are commercially available to diagnose TSWV as well as a second common tospovirus found in ornamentals, Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV). Cytological studies of TSWV and INSV have shown that these viruses produce granular inclusions in the cytoplasm of infected plants. These inclusions can be seen in the light microscope with proper staining techniques. These inclusions can be diagnostic.
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14327407
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotospovirus
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Orthotospovirus
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Epidemiology
Tospoviruses are prevalent in warm climates in regions with a high population of thrips. For instance TSWV is an agricultural pest in Asia, America, Europe and Africa. Over the past 15 years outbreaks of Tomato spotted wilt disease have become more prevalent in these regions. Therefore, TSWV is described as an emerging viral disease of plants. The increased prevalence is largely because of the successful survival of the thrips vector Frankliniella occidentalis. Another thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis, has also been implicated in the transmission of at least three tospoviruses, but there remains some controversy over its efficiency as a vector. Immunological testing and vector-competence studies suggest that S. dorsalis may represents a non-transmitting carrier for some strains of virus.
The success of this virus has also been attributed to the acquisition of a gene in the M segment of the genome which encodes a movement protein. This protein allows the virus to infect a wide range of hosts. The gene encoding this protein was likely acquired by recombination from either a plant host or from another plant virus.
Management
Control of these diseases is difficult. One of the reasons for this is that the wide host range allows the viruses to successfully overseason from one crop to the next. To prevent spread of the virus infected plants should be immediately removed away from neighbouring plants. Control of insects, especially thrips, is important to reduce spread of the virus by vectors.
Taxonomy
The following species are recognized:
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14327578
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jura
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Al-Jura
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Al-Jura () was a Palestinian village that was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, located immediately adjacent to the towns of Ashkelon and the ruins of ancient Ascalon. In 1945, the village had a population of approximately 2,420 mostly Muslim inhabitants. Though defended by the Egyptian Army, al-Jura was nevertheless captured by Israel's Givati Brigade in a November 4, 1948, offensive as part of Operation Yoav.
Its residents had their origins in Egypt, Hebron, and Bedouin communities.
The Shrine of Husayn's Head was located outside the town, until it was destroyed by the Israeli army in 1950.
The founder and spiritual leader of the Hamas militant organization Ahmed Yassin was born in al-Jura.
History
Al-Jura (El-Jurah) stood northeast of and immediately adjacent to the mound of ancient and medieval Ascalon.
Byzantine ceramics have been found here, together with coins dating to the seventh century CE.
Ottoman era
In the first Ottoman tax register of 1526/7 the village was unpopulated. By 1596 CE, however, the village had been refounded as part of the nahiya of Gaza and named Jawrat al-Hajja. It had 46 Muslim households, an estimated population of 253; who paid a total of 3,400 akçe in taxes.
Marom and Taxel have shown that during the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries, nomadic economic and security pressures led to settlement abandonment around Majdal ‘Asqalān, and the southern coastal plain in general. The population of abandoned villages moved to surviving settlements, while the lands of abandoned settlements continued to be cultivated by neighboring villages. Thus, al-Jura absorbed the lands of al-Rasm and al-Bira, the last one separated from the village by the lands of al-Majdal.
The Syrian Sufi teacher and traveller Mustafa al-Bakri al-Siddiqi (1688–1748/9) visited Al-Jura in the first half of the eighteenth century, before leaving for Hamama.
In 1838, Edward Robinson noted el-Jurah as a Muslim village, located in the Gaza district.
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14327615
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick%20de%20Clerck
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Hendrick de Clerck
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Hendrick de Clerck (c. 1560 – 27 August 1630) was a Flemish painter active in Brussels during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Stylistically he belongs to the late Mannerist generation of artists preceding Peter Paul Rubens and the Flemish Baroque, and his paintings are very similar to his contemporary Marten de Vos. His exact date of birth is unknown, but in 1594 he is employed as court painter to Archduke Ernest, a position he continued to hold in the service of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella following Ernest's death in 1596.
Altarpieces
Like Marten de Vos in Antwerp De Clerck was responsible for painting new altarpieces for churches in Brussels following the iconoclastic outbreaks of 1566, for which he used the clear visual language common in post-Tridentine Counter-Reformation art. Despite continuing to work through the early decades of the seventeenth-century, when the Baroque language was in full bloom, late works such as the Deposition for St. Peter's in Anderlecht (1628) are still decidedly Mannerist. His somewhat outmoded tendencies are also reflected in his frequent use of the triptych format that had been popular with late Medieval and northern Renaissance artists.
Cabinet paintings
De Clerck also specialized in small cabinet paintings depicting biblical, allegorical and mythological subjects, which were collected by Brussels' aristocratic patrons. Frequently he painted the figures, while collaborating with other artists, such as Jan Brueghel the Elder and Denijs van Alsloot, for the landscapes and other features.
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14327627
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrovice
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Dobrovice
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Dobrovice is a town in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,600 inhabitants. It is known for one of the oldest sugar factories in the world.
Administrative division
Dobrovice consists of eight municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
Dobrovice (1,962)
Bojetice (247)
Chloumek (129)
Holé Vrchy (168)
Libichov (193)
Sýčina (267)
Týnec (181)
Úherce (347)
Chloumek, Libichov and Sýčina form an exclave of the municipal territory.
Geography
Dobrovice is located about south of Mladá Boleslav and northeast of Prague. It lies on the border between the Jizera Table and Jičín Uplands. The highest point is the hill U doubku at above sea level.
History
The first written mention of Dobrovice is from 1249. In 1541, lords of Chlum built a fortress in Dobrovice. In 1558, Dobrovice gained town rights and the fortress became a castle.
Demographics
Economy
There is a sugar factory in the town since 1831. It is the biggest and the oldest sugar factory in the Czech Republic, one of the oldest sugar factories in the world and the oldest one still working in its original premises. Since 2004 the sugar factory holds the name of its owner, French conglomerate Tereos.
Transport
Dobrovice is located near the D10 motorway from Prague to Turnov, which briefly runs along the northwestern municipal border.
Sights
The late Renaissance town hall was built in 1610 and reconstructed in 1674, after it was damaged by fire. Its tower is a landmark of the town square and today serves as a lookout tower for public.
The Church of Saint Bartholomew was built in the Renaissance-Gothic style in 1559–1571. It is a valuable sacral area with a number of quality sculptures. The Baroque rectory dates from 1709.
The sugar factory opened museums of sugar production, ethanol production and sugar beet processing in May 2010.
Notable people
Bedřich Feuerstein (1892–1936), architect, painter and essayist
Jiří Adamíra (1926–1993), actor
Marie Tomášová (born 1929), actress
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14327714
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattie%20Ruffner%20Jacobs
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Pattie Ruffner Jacobs
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Pattie Ruffner Jacobs (sometimes spelled Patti or Patty; October 2, 1875 – December 22, 1935) was an American suffragist from Birmingham, Alabama. She was inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1978.
Life
Pattie Ruffner was born October 2, 1875, in West Virginia; she died December 22, 1935. She was educated at Ward's Seminary in Nashville, Tennessee, but was unable to continue her studies during the economic crisis of the 1890s. Her parents' marriage dissolved during that period and Pattie moved with her mother to Birmingham to stay with an older sister's family.
Ruffner married Birmingham businessman Solon Jacobs and took advantage of his means to travel and to enroll in voice classes in New York City. Over time, she became more politically active in the swirl of Progressivism which was reshaping Birmingham as a New South city of industry. Jacobs joined the fight against child labor, convict leasing, and prostitution which were all endemic in the Birmingham District. She was an active member of the Salvation Army and the Jefferson County Anti-Tuberculosis Association. Her increasing national standing led to her participation in the campaign for the sale of Liberty Bonds during World War I.
It was after several failed efforts toward improving public schools that Jacobs concluded that women's suffrage was necessary to achieve social reforms through the political process. She founded the Birmingham Equal Suffrage Association in 1910, followed by the Alabama Equal Suffrage Association a year later. In 1913, Jacobs spoke on behalf of Southern women's suffragists at the Annual Convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in Washington D. C.
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14327714
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattie%20Ruffner%20Jacobs
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Pattie Ruffner Jacobs
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When speaking before the United States House of Representatives in 1915, Jacobs invoked the legacy of white women who had proved their "worthiness and trustworthiness" through their loyalty to the South "50 years ago"—alluding to white women's continued allegiance to the Confederacy in 1865, the year of the end of the Civil War and the abolition of slavery. Metaphorically standing on the shoulders of these women, Jacobs argued to her fellow Democrats in the audience that "in my own State of Alabama there are 142,000 more white women than negro women so that if the wish of the southern people is to maintain white supremacy, according to Chief Justice Walter Clark of North Carolina, the white women of these States must at least be elevated to the same political plane as the negro men."
Jacobs and her colleagues nearly succeeded in putting a statewide suffrage referendum on the ballot in 1915, but opponents played up fears that giving women the vote would increase the political power of African Americans. The AESA then turned its efforts toward promoting a national suffrage amendment.
Jacobs was elected as an officer in the National Equal Suffrage Association in 1915. After the passage of the 19th Amendment, Jacobs led the transition of her local organizations into Leagues of Women Voters. She also became national secretary for the National League of Women Voters.
Jacobs led efforts toward other socially-progressive laws as well, such as a failed attempt to establish an 8-hour work day. Presidents Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt recognized her leadership with appointments to various commissions, such as the Consumer Advisory Board of the National Recovery Administration and as a spokeswoman for the Tennessee Valley Authority. In 1933 she was the first woman appointed to the Democratic National Committee from Alabama, a position she held until her death two years later.
Jacobs is buried in Birmingham's Elmwood Cemetery.
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14327725
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper%20High%20School%20%28Indiana%29
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Jasper High School (Indiana)
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Jasper High School (JHS) is a public high school located in Jasper, Indiana, that serves grades 9 through 12 and is one of five in the Greater Jasper Consolidated Schools' district. The principal is Geoff Mauck. The Vice Principal is Dr. Cassidy Nalley. JHS has an enrollment of approximately 1,050 students. The school's colors are black and gold. The school song is set to the tune "Indiana, Our Indiana", and the mascot is the wildcat.
History
Jasper High School was built in 1978 and subsequent remodeling was carried out in 2002. The facilities include 206,000 square feet, built on 50 acres of land. In 2014, the school was once again recognized as an Indiana "four star school". Jasper draws students from the Bainbridge, Madison and Boone townships in Dubois County.
Gym collapse
On May 2, 2011, the main gym collapsed due to a buildup of rainwater on the roof, causing the school to be temporarily closed. The school used the Cabby O'Neill Gymnasium, located near the courthouse on 6th street, Jasper, as a temporary replacement while a new gymnasium was built. This was the first time the Cabby O’Neill had hosted Jasper High School athletic events since 1977. The school rebuilt the gymnasium and an open house and dedication ceremony was held on September 20, 2013. The new gymnasium has a seating capacity of 4,800.
Demographics
The demographic breakdown of the 1,095 students enrolled in 2013-2014 was:
Male - 51.0%
Female - 49.0%
Native American/Alaskan - 0.2%
Asian/Pacific islanders - 0.8%
Black - 0.4%
Hispanic - 7.9%
White - 90.3%
Multiracial - 0.4%
21.0% of the students were eligible for free or reduced lunch.
Athletics
Eight Jasper High School athletic teams have won Indiana High School Athletic Association state championships with the most recent being in 2006. Boys basketball captured the school's first title in 1949, winning the state's iconic single class postseason tournament. The Wildcats nipped Madison, 62-61, at Butler Fieldhouse in Indianapolis.
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14327816
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petru%20Giovacchini
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Petru Giovacchini
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Petru Giovacchini (, ; 1 February 1910 – 29 September 1955) was a Corsican activist, born in Canale-di-Verde to an old family of the Corsican nobility with deep-rooted pro-Italian feelings. Giovacchini was the most renowned of the Corsican Italians, who actively promoted the unification of Corsica to the Kingdom of Italy during the Fascist years.
Life
Since young he collaborated with writings to the literary newspaper A Muvra. In 1927, he was expelled from the "Liceo National" of Bastia and founded the pro-Italian magazine "Primavera", where he published the poems "Musa canalinca" and "Rime notturne". Giovacchini was disappointed with the moderate positions of the Movimento Autonomista Corso and decided to move to Italy in 1930 to study medicine at the Pisa University.
In Italy Giovacchini entered in contact with the Italian irredentism movement and because of this was harshly attacked by the French authorities when he returned to Corsica. One of the main accusations he received was that he considered Pasquale Paoli (the hero of Corsica) as the precursor of the Corsican irredentism in favor of the unification of the island to Italy.
He escaped to Italy and in November 1933, founded in Pavia the famous "Gruppi di Cultura Corsa", with Corsican university students in Italy. In 1936, Giovacchini got his degree and, as a member of the Fascist Party, he quickly volunteered to fight in Ethiopia and successively in Spain, where he was wounded and got the "bronze" medal of honor.
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14327816
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petru%20Giovacchini
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Petru Giovacchini
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In June 1940, Giovacchini organized hundreds of manifestations in many cities of Italy in order to request the Corsica unification to Italy. Because of this he was elected to represent Corsica in the Italian Fascist Parliament in 1942. When Italy occupied Corsica in November 1942, Giovacchini was named as the possible Governor of Corsica if the Kingdom of Italy were to annex the island of Corsica. He worked with colonel Petru Simone Cristofini to make the Corsican population accept the Italian occupation of Corsica (and later a possible union to Italy).
After the Italian armistice in September 1943, Giovacchini was forced to hide until 1945. Prosecuted by a French tribunal in Corsica, he received a death sentence in 1945 and so went in exile to Canterano (near Rome).
In September 1955, Giovacchini died, as a consequence of former combat wounds, and since his death, is considered one of the most famous Corsican Italians of the Italian Irredentism era.
Works
The literary works of Petru Giovacchini were:
Musa Canalinca (1929)
Rime notturne (1930)
Aurore, poesie corse (1936)
Corsica Nostra (1942)
Archiatri pontifici corsi (1951)
The Corsican Italians who promoted the ideal of Corsican irredentism published mainly in Italy, because of the persecutions from the French regime in the island. This was the case of Petru Giovacchini, who (after his initial poems Musa canalinca and Rime notturne, done when young) wrote his main literary works in Italy.
Indeed, he wrote Aurore, poesie corse in 1936 in Livorno, followed by Corsica nostra and the Archiatri pontifici corsi in 1942 and 1951 in Rome (the last, just a few years before his premature death).
| 2.359375
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14327873
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round%20Mountain%20%28Northern%20Tablelands%29
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Round Mountain (Northern Tablelands)
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Round Mountain, a mountain of the Snowy Range, a spur of the Great Dividing Range, is located on the Northern Tablelands in the New England region in New South Wales, Australia.
With an elevation of above sea level, Round Mountain is the highest peak of the Snowy Range which forms part of the eastern escarpment of the Northern Tablelands. The mountain is located in Cathedral Rock National Park, about east of and west of , and northwest of the better known Point Lookout, in New England National Park. It is located a few kilometres west of the small settlement of . The nearest sealed road is the Waterfall Way, approximately from the mountain peak.
Description
The northern slopes of Round Mountain are drained by the Guy Fawkes River which flows over the Ebor Falls and eventually goes into the Clarence River. The south slopes of Round Mountain are drained by the Styx River which flows to the Macleay River and the Oaky River which drains into the Chandler River.
A radar air navigation station, for the control and guidance of aircraft, is located on the summit of Round Mountain.
| 2.171875
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14327878
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20pout
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Ocean pout
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The ocean pout (Zoarces americanus) is an eelpout in the family Zoarcidae. It is found in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of New England and eastern Canada. The fish has antifreeze proteins in its blood, giving it the ability to survive in near-freezing waters.
Taxonomy
The ocean pout was first formally described in 1801 by the German naturalists Marcus Elieser Bloch and Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider with its type locality given as "American seas". It is one of six species in the genus Zoarces, the only genus in the subfamily Zoarcinae which is one of four subfamilies in the eelpout family Zoarcidae.
Description
The ocean pout has an elongated, tapering body with a wide mouth with fleshy lips, the upper lip protruding further than the lower. This species varies in color from yellow through to reddish brown and to grayish-green and is marked with a series of cross like markings running the length of the eel-like body. There is a dark brown line on each side of the head running from the upper rear margin of the eye to the edge of the operculum. The long, continuous dorsal fin does not connect with the caudal fin, however, the anal fin does. The teeth are robust, blunt and conical in shape. The ocean pout is the largest species of eelpout and has reached a maximum published total length of .
Distribution and habitat
The ocean pout is found in the western Atlantic Ocean where it occurs from Labrador in Canada south to Delaware. They are bottom living species typically found on soft substrates of sand and mud but which can be found in rocky areas too, they occur at depths between .
| 2.953125
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14327878
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20pout
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Ocean pout
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Biology
The ocean pout is a predatory species which feeds on invertebrates such as bivalves, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, and crabs, worms, and some fish. They are at least partially migratory with the fishes in the Gulf of Maine moving offshore during the summer and returning to shallower coastal waters in the Spring while the fish from Georges Bank and New Jersey they move to cooler rocky areas in summer and return to the softer substrates in the Fall. In September and October the adults gather in rocky areas to breed. The females lay a gelatinous mass of eggs which they guard until they hatch, typically 2–3 months.
Use in genetic modification
Scientists have succeeded in taking genes from ocean pout and implanting those into the Atlantic salmon. The promoter for the antifreeze protein gene is used in conjunction with a growth hormone gene from Chinook salmon, which leads to a higher concentration of the growth hormone in the blood, causing the genetically modified salmon to grow much more rapidly. These transgenic salmon reach a harvest weight in two-thirds of the time that it takes their unmodified counterparts. Controversy has arisen, as some view genetically altered salmon as a potential threat to wild salmon stocks should it escape into the wild. AquaBounty Technologies has attempted to address these concerns by stating that all of the transgenic salmon to be intended for sale will be sterile females. As of late 2017, several tons have been sold in Canada, and final approvals and decisions on labeling are pending in the United States. Some restaurant and grocery store chains in the United States have announced they will not sell the new fish, citing concerns over its safety for human consumption, despite no scientific evidence showing a risk.
| 3.125
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14327910
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%20Wouters
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Frans Wouters
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Frans Wouters (1612–1659) was a Flemish Baroque painter who translated the monumental Baroque style of Peter Paul Rubens into the small context of cabinet paintings. He was a court painter to the Roman Emperor and the Prince of Wales and was active as an ambassador and art dealer.
Life
Frans Wouters was born in Lier, present-day Belgium. He was first apprenticed to Pieter van Avont in Antwerp in 1629 but broke his contract to move to the workshop of Rubens in 1634. He became a master in the Guild of St. Luke the following year. He participated, under the direction of Rubens, in the decoration of the city of Antwerp on the occasion of the Joyous Entry of the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria in 1635.
He spent the 1630s as court painter to Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II. He was sent as an ambassador of Ferdinand II to England in 1637. The following year, he became the painter of the Prince of Wales, the future Charles II of England. In England, Wouters would certainly have had the opportunity to meet his compatriot Anthony van Dyck, who was at that time the court painter of Charles I of England. Even after his return to Antwerp in 1641 he remained in contact with Charles II during the period of the English Civil War and the Commonwealth. He was described in 1658 as Charles's 'ayuda de cámera' (chamberlain).
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14327910
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%20Wouters
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Frans Wouters
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Wouters' style and subject matter reflect the taste of his international aristocratic clients who preferred small paintings, decorative landscapes and mythological stories. Other themes appreciated by these patrons were scenes dealing with alchemy, the four elements, Allegories of the Five Senses as well as iconographical themes that allowed for different levels of interpretation based on a number of references and allusions, or devices such as the 'picture within a picture'. An example is the Allegory of sight (Auctioned at Dorotheum on 19 April 2016 in Vienna, lot 29) where the sense of sight is represented primarily by the woman regarding herself in the mirror. This act also alludes to another theme, that of vanity, which is further evoked by the still life painting on the right. The room with its variety of precious objects, scientific instruments, paintings and sculptures has taken the semblance of a 'cabinet of curiosities. The multitude of objects refers to the various forms of visual perception and man's desire to take possession of the things he sees by understanding them. The world map in the foreground further alludes to man's ability to observe and understand distant worlds. In contrast, the monkey in the foreground of the painting is only capable of achieving the lowest, most superficial level of seeing, the staring at things without genuine understanding. Even the use of two pairs of spectacles does not help the poor animal.
His style bore initially a resemblance to the late Mannerism of Joos de Momper and was later influenced by Rubens and in particular Rubens' landscape paintings. After entering the service of Archduke Leopold William, Wouters' work demonstrated the increased influence of Anthony van Dyck and the human figures in his paintings became elongated and emotionally expressive. He painted biblical scenes and mythological landscapes in this style.
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14327944
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20Salim
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Ahmad Salim
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Ahmad Salim or Muhammad Salim Khawaja (26 January 1945 – 11 December 2023) was a Pakistani writer, archivist and co-founder of the South Asian Resource and Research Centre, a private archive established in 2001.
Early life
Muhammad Salim Khawaja was born in the village of Miana Gondal in Gujrat District of Punjab. He was the fourth among seven brothers and sisters.
Salim's early education was in Miana Gondal, before going to Peshawar for matriculation. While studying in Peshawar, Salim made acquaintance with writers and poets; notably Farigh Bukhari, Mohsin Ahsan, Raza Hamdani, and Jauhar Meer.
After matriculating from Peshawar, Salim moved to Karachi for his intermediate education. He got admission to Urdu College. Around that time Salim participated in a competition arranged by Afkar, a literary magazine. Participants were asked to write their thoughts on Faiz Ahmad Faiz's poetry. Ahmad Salim's poem on Faiz got first prize in the competition. At that time Faiz was the principal of Abdullah Haroon College. On Faiz's invitation, Ahmad Salim joined Abdullah Haroon College. A close association grew between Faiz and Ahmad Salim and continued till Faiz's death in 1984.
Career
After completing high school (Intermediate) Ahmad Salim joined the National Bank in 1968. Later he was transferred to Rawalpindi where he continued working for that bank through 1969. Ahmad Salim then moved to Lahore and started teaching at Shah Hussain College. During 1969–1971 he was associated with National Awami Party (NAP), and was briefly put in jail in 1971 for his criticism of the Pakistan Army's operation in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
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14327944
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20Salim
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Ahmad Salim
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In 1972 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto appointed Faiz as the Chairman of the National Council of Arts. On Faiz's invitation, Ahmad Salim joined the council. During his association with the National Council of Arts from 1972 through 1975, Ahmad Salim operated the Folklore Research Centre and published material on Punjabi and Sindhi folklore. Ahmad Salim left the Council shortly after Faiz left that institution in 1974.
From 1976 to 1977, Ahmad Salim taught at Sindh University, Jamshoro. He taught a course on Pakistani languages—the course material was developed by him. At that time Shaikh Ayaz was the Vice-Chancellor of Sindh University. Ahmad Salim enjoyed good relations with Shaikh Ayaz, as he had translated Ayaz's poetry into Punjabi. Ahmad Salim's principal work at the Sindh University was to translate Shah Hussain's poetry into Sindhi, and Bhitai's work into Punjabi, though he could not complete the latter. During his stay at the Sindh University, Ahmad Salim also completed his Bachelor of Arts degree.
After Bhutto imposed martial law, Ahmad Salim moved to Karachi in late 1977. There he wrote reviews of TV programs for Daily Aman (Editor: Afzal Siddiqui). For supplemental income, Ahmad Salim did a lot of translation work too, and came to popularly known as Ahmad Salim Muttarajjim (translator). In 1979 he got admission in MA Philosophy at Karachi University. He completed his MA with a gold medal. It was around that time that Ahmad Salim got married. Starting from 1981 he edited JafaKash, a labour magazine. In 1985–1988, Ahmad Salim taught a course on Pakistani languages at Karachi University — the same course that he had taught at Sindh University. After separating from his wife in 1988 Ahmad Salim moved to Lahore. He had one daughter from that marriage.
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14327944
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20Salim
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Ahmad Salim
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When Pakistan's National and Provincial assemblies were dissolved by President Ghulam Ishaque Khan in 1990, the Jang group asked Ahmad Salim to write a book on Pakistan's history related to the dissolution of assemblies. Ahmad Salim quickly learned about the scarcity of research material and the difficulty in obtaining information from government institutes. He started collecting and archiving material of historical importance. Thus became his career in archiving.
From 1996 to June 2007, Ahmad Salim worked as the Director of Urdu Publications for Sustainable Development Policy Institute, an NGO. He still did part-time research work for that organisation. In 2010 he received the Islamic Republic of Pakistan's Pride of Performance Award in recognition of his contribution in the field of literature.
South Asian Research and Resource Centre
In 2001, Salim and his Christian friends, Leonard D'souza and Nosheen D'souza, formed the South Asian Research and Resource Center (SARRC). SARRC is a private, non-profit archive, focusing on development and peace with special emphasis on the rights of religious minorities and indigenous people. It has pioneered resource and documentation services in the Pakistani non-profit sector.
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14328056
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%20Morning%20%28song%29
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July Morning (song)
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"July Morning" is a song by the English rock band Uriah Heep. It is the third track on their 1971 album Look at Yourself.
The song was written in July 1970 by the band's keyboardist Ken Hensley and lead singer, David Byron, in the key of C minor.
The song has four verses and four choruses, featuring an organ introduction and a guitar solo. There is a guitar bridge between the first and second parts of the song.
AllMusic contributor Dave Thompson described the song as the best produced by Uriah Heep, with a "magnificent arrangement and performance", and in 1995, Radiomafia added "July Morning" to their list of "Top 500 Songs".
"July Morning" was first released on the Look at Yourself album and as a single in Japan and Venezuela. The Venezuelan single split the song across both sides of the 7", while the Japanese single featured an edited version of the song, which was later released on the band's greatest hits album Your Turn to Remember in 2016.
The live version from Uriah Heep Live was released as a single in the US. In 2009 the band released a new version of the song on the album Celebration.
Uriah Heep's manager Gerry Bron thought Manfred Mann not only played an important part in the original studio recording, but also played a crucial role in its development.
Other performances
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14328128
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Han%20Righteous%20Army
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Grand Han Righteous Army
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The Grand Han Righteous Army (大漢義軍) was a collaborationist Chinese army cooperating with the Empire of Japan in campaigns in northern China and Inner Mongolia immediately prior to the official start of hostilities of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
History
The Grand Han Righteous Army was formed by minor warlord and commander of the Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army Wang Ying after his defeat by the Imperial Japanese Army in what now part of Inner Mongolia in 1936.
Wang defected to the Kwantung Army and persuaded the Japanese to permit him to recruit unemployed Chinese soldiers in Chahar Province to form a mercenary army with Japanese advisors. He managed to recruit approximately 6,000 men, who were trained by the Japanese and organized into four infantry brigades in Japanese-occupied northern Chahar. The troops were armed with weapons seized from Northeastern Army armories and warehouses in northern China. That force was attached another Japanese proxy army, the Inner Mongolian Army, under the overall command of Mongol prince Demchugdongrub.
During the Suiyuan campaign, the Inner Mongolian Army attacked Hongort on 15 November 1936. After several days of fighting, the attackers failed to capture the town. On 17 November, a Chinese counterattack surprised the invaders and led to a disorganized retreat. Taking advantage of the disorder among the Mongolian forces, Chinese general Fu Zuoyi made a flanking movement to the west of the Mongolian headquarters at Bailingmiao, attacked and captured it, and routed the defenders. The Japanese transported Wang and his Grand Han Righteous Army by trucks into a location near Pai-ling-miao and launched a counterattack, which failed dismally on 19 December. With the bulk of its men captured or killed, the Grand Han Righteous Army ceased to exist as an effective combat force, and the Japanese disbanded the remnants.
Sources
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14328143
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy%20de%20Paravicini
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Percy de Paravicini
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Percy John de Paravicini (15 July 1862 – 11 October 1921) was an English amateur cricketer and international footballer in the late nineteenth century.
Early life and education
He was born in Kensington, London, the son of Baron James Prior de Paravicini, of Riverside, Datchet, Windsor. He was educated at Aldin House, Slough and Eton College, where he was a member of the cricket eleven from 1878 to 1881, being captain in 1880 and 1881.
Cricket career
De Paravicini was one of an elite few to have played for the Eton College cricket XI for four consecutive years, and arguably he was one of the best players the school has had. He was captain in 1880 and 1881 (i.e. Keeper of the Field). He played against his brother, Harry, in the annual Eton v Harrow cricket match held at Lord's Cricket Ground.
He made his first-class debut for Middlesex on 15 August 1881 at Old Trafford, Manchester in the County Tournament against Lancashire. He continued to appear for Middlesex throughout August, playing in four county matches, scoring only 33 runs and taking one wicket. He was a right-handed middle-order batsman, a slow round-arm bowler and an outstanding fielder.
In the autumn of 1881 he went up to Trinity College, Cambridge where he won a cricket blue in each of his four years (1882 to 1885). He played his first cricket match for the University on 25 May 1882 against the "Gentlemen of England". In 1882 he appeared six times for Cambridge University.
1883 was his best season, making 17 appearances (7 for the university, 8 for Middlesex and 2 for representative teams) scoring 595 runs at an average of 24.79 and taking 16 wickets at an average of 20.75. In the match at The Oval for the university against Surrey in June he made his best score to date with 61 in the first innings and taking 4 wickets for 26 runs. In this match Charles Studd made his best ever score with 175 n.o. as the university won the match by 200 runs.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table%20Rock%20Indian%20Reservation
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Table Rock Indian Reservation
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Table Rock Reservation was a short-lived Indian reservation north of the Rogue River in Oregon, United States. It was established by treaty with the Rogue River Indians in 1853. Following the conclusion of the Rogue River Wars in 1856, the Native American inhabitants were moved to other reservations. The reservation was in Southern Oregon, between Upper Table Rock and Evans Creek.
History
Conflicts between miners and Rogue River Indians began in the early 1850s, when gold was discovered in what is now Oregon. This conflict turned into open warfare and several treaties were signed in an attempt to end the hostilities resulting in the Native Americans ceding their land. They were moved to Table Rock Reservation before being moved to the Grand Ronde Reservation and the Coast Reservation (a small fraction of which is now the Siletz Reservation).
Native Americans lost most of the Bear Creek Valley in exchange for the Table Rock Reservation. In October 1855, a lack of food, a cold winter, and disease devastated the families on the reservation, so a group of Takelma Indians returned to their old village at the mouth of Little Butte Creek on the upper Rogue River. A volunteer militia then attacked them, killing 23 including women and children. A small group responded to this dire situation by fleeing to the Rogue River Canyon, attacking miners and settlers from Evans Creek to Galice Creek on the way. The militia and regular army troops caught up with them in the Grave Creek Hills, and the Indians inflicted heavy casualties on the poorly trained troops. What became known as the Battle of Hungry Hill was a major victory for the Indians. In November, the militia and army again attacked, and again were defeated. The attack was meant to be a surprise, but the Native Americans heard them chopping trees to build rafts and were prepared.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Thomas%20van%20Ieperen
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Jan Thomas van Ieperen
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Jan Thomas or Jan Thomas van Ieperen (5 February 1617 – 6 September 1673) was a Flemish Baroque painter, draughtsman and printmaker. He was first active in Antwerp where he worked in the workshop of Rubens. He later became court painter at the Habsburg court in Vienna. He is known for his portraits of the rulers of Austria as well as for his pastoral, mythological and religious scenes.
Life
Jan Thomas was born in Ypres, Flanders. Ypres is called Ieper and Ieperen in Flemish. The addition 'van Ieperen', which means 'from Ypres' was added to his name to indicate this.
Little is known about the artist's training. The 17th century Flemish biographer Cornelis de Bie wrote in his Het Gulden Cabinet that Jan Thomas was a pupil of Peter Paul Rubens. There is evidence that he spent time in Rubens' workshop at the end of Rubens' life or shortly thereafter. There are stylistic grounds to consider Thomas as a pupil of Rubens as he was familiar with Rubens' late works and translated some of them to smaller scale paintings. Modern scholarship tends to regard Jan Thomas as one of the many collaborators in Rubens' workshop who assisted with large commissions such as the decorations for the Torre de la Parada, the hunting lodge of the Spanish king (1636–1638). It is possible that upon Rubens' death Thomas was the 'primer official' of Rubens' workshop, i.e. the chief assistant in charge of executing paintings after the designs of the master.
Jan Thomas became a master in the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke in 1639/1640. Two years later he acquired Antwerp citizenship. In 1641/1642 he took Andris Lamberechts on as an apprentice. The next year Andries de Coninck and Jacob Sons joined his workshop as pupils. In 1642 he married Maria Cnobbaert, daughter of the Antwerp book dealer Joannes Cnobbaert. In 1652 Jan Thomas' third child was baptized in the St. James' Church in Antwerp, which is evidence that he was then still living in that city.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Thomas%20van%20Ieperen
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Jan Thomas van Ieperen
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It is believed that Jan Thomas left Antwerp in 1654 to work as a painter for the bishop of Mainz Johann Philipp von Schönborn one of the important courts at that time. Jan Baptist de Ruel was his pupil during his stay in this city. Around 1658 he was in Frankfurt at the time of the coronation of Leopold I as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and painted a (now lost) portrait of the emperor. In that period he also received commissions from the Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria. From the latter part of the 1650s Jan Thomas certainly lived with his family in Vienna. He is documented in Vienna when a child of his was baptized there on 8 December 1663. He is recorded living in the Kärtnerstrasse in 1667. In Vienna he received commissions from the imperial court and painted the portraits of Leopold I and his wife Margaret Theresa in theater costume. These portraits were made at the occasion of the celebrations surrounding the marriage of the imperial couple in 1666.
Jan Thomas also received commissions from the higher clergy and the aristocracy, such as the House of Zrinski or Zrínyi. He painted a portrait of the general and poet Miklós Zrínyi a few years before Zrínyi's death in 1664.
He died from a stroke in Vienna on 6 September 1673.
Work
In addition to large religious history paintings, Jan Thomas painted landscapes with mythological or pastoral figures and portraits. He made a large number of portraits of Leopold William and Emperor Leopold I and other members of the royal and aristocratic families in the Habsburg territories.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Thomas%20van%20Ieperen
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Jan Thomas van Ieperen
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His style shows a close relationship to that of Rubens, in particular that of Rubens' later work which was sent directly to Spain. This is evidence that he likely worked in Rubens' workshop at the end of the master's life and/or just after his death. Like his contemporary Frans Wouters, many of his works translate the monumental Baroque style of Peter Paul Rubens into the small context of cabinet paintings. This is particularly obvious in his biblical paintings in which he regularly cites from Rubens' works. In his small-scale mythological scenes his style is more reminiscent of the late Mannerist style of Frans Francken the Younger.
His life-size portraits, which he already made during his stay in Vienna, are consistent with the elegant and, at the same time, decorative portrait style created by Flemish artists working in Vienna in the second half of the 17th century. An example is the ''Leopold I as Acis in the play 'La Galatea''' (1668, Kunsthistorisches Museum).
Around 1658 Jan Thomas began to work in the new medium of the mezzotint. One of these works in mezzotint is a portrait of Titian from 1661, which was dedicated to Empress Eleonora, widow of the father of Leopold I, Emperor Ferdinand III. Besides engravings in mezzotint Jan Thomas also worked as an etcher and engraver. He made engravings of his own compositions as well as of the works of other artists such as Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Gerard Dou and Giovanni Ambrogio Figino. In his graphic work he also made genre and allegorical works as in the Woman with the portrait of a man in her hand (Rijksmuseum), which was published by Frans van den Wyngaerde. It shows a sitting woman with an older woman behind her in a confined area. The younger woman holds the portrait of a man in her one hand and an arrow in her other. On the dressing table in front of her are placed a ring, a comb and scissors. This may be a pure genre scene or a vanitas allegory reminding the viewer of the temporary nature of all humanly endeavors.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico%20Marracci
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Ludovico Marracci
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Ludovico Marracci (6 October 1612 – 5 February 1700), also known by Luigi Marracci, was an Italian Oriental scholar and professor of Arabic in the College of Wisdom at Rome.
He is chiefly known as the publisher and editor of Quran of Muhammad in Arabic. He is also well known for translating Quran in Latin, editing an Arabic Bible translation, and numerous other works.
Biography
He was born at Lucca in 1612. He had become a member of the Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca and learnt with reputed success in the study of non-European languages, especially Arabic. He was the Confessor of Pope Innocent XI. Pope appointed him as the professor of Arabic in the College of Wisdom - Sapienza University of Rome (in Italian, sapienza means wisdom), for his proficiency in that language. In 1665 he was part of the team that debunked the lead tablets of Granada.
He later declined the promotion of being appointed to the rank of Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He died at an age of 88 in 1700.
He authored The Life of Father Leonardi, the founder of the Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca, and many more.
In 2012, a collection of his manuscripts were discovered at the Order of Clerics Regular of the Mother of God in Rome. The collection consists of almost 10,000 pages. The manuscripts include his work material, notes and significant information on his approach to translating the Qurʻan, as well as different versions of his translation. Based on the study of these manuscripts, a new examination of his life, influence, and methods has been published.
Arabic Bible
He has considerable share in editing the Roman edition of the Arabic Bible, published in 1671 in three volumes. For this, the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples appointed Abraham Ecchellensis and Ludovico Marracci to undertake the revision of the edition to make it exactly correspond with the Vulgate. Marracci wrote a new preface and made a list of errors of the former copy in 1668.
Vatican Quran
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel%20Dorsky
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Nathaniel Dorsky
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Dorsky's next film was Triste, assembled from footage shot over the course of many years and released in 1996. It established his practice of polyvalent montage, marking what he called "the level of cinema language that I have been working towards." He continued to develop this style of editing in his later works. In 2003 Dorsky published the short book Devotional Cinema, in which he discusses the experience of watching film and explores the link between art and health. He began to shift away from polyvalent montage in the 2010s. Dorsky shot a series of seven films at the San Francisco Botanical Garden in 2017. These comprise the Arboretum Cycle, which captures the natural light propagating through plants at the arboretum over the course of a year.
Dorsky was a visiting instructor at Princeton University in 2008 and he has been the recipient of many awards including a Guggenheim Fellowship 1997 and grants from the National Endowment of the Arts, two from the Rockefeller Foundation, and one from the LEF Foundation, the Foundation for Contemporary Arts, and the California Arts Council. He has presented films at the Museum of Modern Art, the Centre Pompidou, the Tate Modern, the Filmoteca Española, Madrid, the Prague Film Archive, the Vienna Film Museum, the Pacific Film Archive, the Harvard Film Archive, Princeton University, Yale University, and frequently exhibits new work at the New York Film Festival's Views from the Avant-Garde and the Wavelengths program of the Toronto International Film Festival. In spring 2012 Dorsky took actively part in the three-month exposition of Whitney Biennial. The 2015 New York Film Festival honored his work with a thirty four film complete retrospective at Lincoln Center. Manohla Dargis of the New York Times listed this retrospective in second place in her list of the top ten films of 2015.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel%20Dorsky
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Nathaniel Dorsky
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Dorsky's films are available only as 16 mm film prints and are distributed by Canyon Cinema in San Francisco and Light Cone in Paris. Prints of stills from his films are available at the Gallery Paule Anglim, San Francisco, and the Peter Blum Gallery, New York City.
Style
Most of Dorsky's films are silent works roughly 20 minutes long. They are projected at 18 frames per second, much lower than the 24 frames per second used for sound films. The reduced frame rate introduces a slight flickering effect that makes the images more abstract. He works with a 16 mm spring-wound Bolex camera, which limits the length of his shots to no more than thirty seconds.
Dorsky is known for working in a form of montage described as "polyvalent" or "open-form". Critic P. Adams Sitney characterizes this form as a series of static shots that act as individual, monadic units, arranged together in a basic shot-cut-shot construction. Unlike in narrative cinema, recurring images are atypical, and the procession of images does not quickly converge on a fixed subject or theme. Instead, new monadic images are continually introduced, suppressing anticipation of the future and remaining in the present moment. Dorsky establishes subtle connections between images based on elements like colors, patterns, or iconography. These interconnections may link a shot back to earlier shots in the montage, beyond the cuts that connect them. In this way, he establishes motifs gradually over the course of a film, in a montage that "opens up yet accumulates."MacDonald 2006, pp. 79–95.
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14328394
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%20Australian%20GT%20Championship
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1982 Australian GT Championship
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The 1982 Australian GT Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title open to Group D GT cars and Group B Sports Sedans. It was the fifth Australian GT Championship, the first to be awarded since 1963 and the first to be contested over a series of races rather than a single race. The GT championship replaced the Australian Sports Sedan Championship which had been awarded annually from 1976 to 1981. The 1982 title, which was contested over a nine-round series from 16 May to 10 October, was won by Alan Jones driving a Porsche 935/80 entered by Porsche Cars Australia.
The championship was dominated by Formula One World Drivers' Champion Alan Jones who went through the season undefeated. His closest on-track rival was multiple Bathurst winner and former Australian Touring Car Champion Peter Brock, driving a Bob Jane owned 6.0L V8 Chevrolet Monza. Brock placed fifth in the championship, having contested four of the nine rounds. Brock and the Monza were often faster in qualifying than the turbocharged Porsche. However, he was rarely able to maintain his tyres for the entire race duration and subsequently always finished second best. Although Alan Jones won every round, his battles with Peter Brock are regarded by those who witnessed it as some of the closest and best racing seen to that point in Australian motor racing history.
Rusty French placed second in the championship driving a Porsche 935/77A, 45 points behind Jones. Jones' Porsche Cars Australia teammate Colin Bond placed third driving a turbocharged Porsche 944 (the car Jones was to originally drive in the series before it was decided he would have a better chance in the 935), with the 1981 Australian Sports Sedan Champion Tony Edmondson placed fourth in the championship winning Alfa Romeo Alfetta GTV-Chevrolet (running a 5.0L Formula 5000 engine) owned by Don Elliot.
Schedule
The championship was contested over a nine-round series.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Puyet
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José Puyet
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José Puyet (April 22, 1922 – August 28, 2004), full name José Puyet Padilla, was a Spanish, modern impressionist painter, whose popularity spread throughout Spain and the United States.
Early life
Puyet was born in Málaga, Spain. He was grandson of teacher José Padilla, a Spanish artist who began painting in the nineteenth century. As a child, Puyet learned to paint by watching his grandfather, whose company he preferred to that of children his own age. By age eight, he had started working in pencils and oils. At age 20, Puyet entered the Spanish military, due to World War II, and was sent to the exclave of Melilla. The experience deepened his observations of new personages and atmospheres. His superiors learned of his talent and would often relieve him of guard duty to allow him to create paintings of the families of the High Commanders.
Career
Upon his return to Málaga, Puyet ventured out on his own as an inspired artist. He moved to Madrid where he found life difficult. He often shared rooms with truck drivers and whoever else would allow him. He purchased art supplies with the little money he had and painted various scenes of people at work. He also found work painting pictures to decorate crypts and mausoleums, and packaging of perfumes and creams.
Puyet's art eventually earned him a favorable reputation. He gave his first exhibition at Carrera de San Jerónimo de Madrid. The exhibition was a success that led to 42 more exhibitions until Carrera de San Jerónimo de Madrid finally closed. Puyet also exhibited in Barcelona, Valencia, Málaga, San Francisco, New York City, Montreal, Miami, Monterrey, San Mateo, California, Houston, Boston, Hamburg, Berlin, Munich, and Milán.
In 1984, Puyet was listed in the publication Who's Who in Art. In 1988, he was inducted as a member of the Real Academy of Fine Art of San Telmo, in Málaga.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20Douglass
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Sandy Douglass
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Gordon K. "Sandy" Douglass (October 22, 1904 – February 12, 1992) was an American racer, designer, and builder of sailing dinghies. Two of his designs, the Thistle and the Flying Scot, are among the most popular one design racing classes in the United States. The Flying Scot was inducted into the American Sailboat Hall of Fame. As a small boat racer, Douglass was five times the North American champion in the 10 Square Meter International Sailing Canoe, five times the United States national champion in the Thistle, and seven times the Flying Scot North American champion.
Personal life
Douglass was born in 1904, in Newark, New Jersey. His father, George P. Douglass, was a real estate manager who became manager of The Dakota, an apartment building in New York City, moving the family there in 1920. His father was a champion sailing canoe racer, and Douglass' sailing experience started in his youth. His family vacationed in the Thousand Islands region of the Saint Lawrence River, eventually buying a small island there.
Douglass went to prep school at Collegiate School in New York City, then to Dartmouth College, graduating in 1926. His athletic pursuits included college gymnastics, canoe paddling, ice boating, and sailing canoe racing. He qualified for the Canadian national canoe paddling team, but was not allowed to go to the 1936 Olympics because he was American. Douglass befriended English boat designer and racer, Uffa Fox, whom he met through sailing canoe racing.
Career
After false starts at selling Buicks and painting portraits, Douglass took up boat building in 1938. At several shops in Ohio, he built sailing canoes, International 14's, Interlakes, and Stars.
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14328796
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyosan%20station
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Soyosan station
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Soyosan Station is a ground-level metro station on Line 1 of the Seoul Subway in Sangbongam Dong, Dongducheon, South Korea. It is named after the nearby Soyosan (587 m), a mountain beside the U.S. Army base Camp Casey. It is on this mountain, at the Jajae'am Hermitage, that the Buddhist Saint Wonhyo is said to have reached enlightenment.
The ground level station was closed on December 15, 2023 at the last train, and the new elevated station opened the next day, as part of the Yeoncheon extension. This eliminated the tedious grade crossing that surrounded the rail entrance to the station.
History
The station opened for business on January 11, 1976, and the station building was completed on September 21, 1982. This building was closed twenty-four years later, on May 7, 2006, and a temporary building erected in its place. Meanwhile, Line 1 of the Seoul Subway was being extended north through the city of Dongducheon, and Soyosan became its northern terminus, with a new station building completed, on December 15, 2006.
Platform
Passenger Statistics
Exit
Photos
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14328867
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Obleser
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Friedrich Obleser
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World War II
World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. In January 1943, Obleser arrived with 8. Staffel under command of Hauptmann Günther Rall at the Gigant airfield which was located in the vicinity of Salsk. At the time, the Red Army had launched Operation Koltso, the final phase of the Battle of Stalingrad. Rall made Obleser his wingman and also appointed him as technical officer of the Staffel, a position which was responsible for the overall readiness of the equipment and aircraft. Obleser flew his first combat mission on 12 January 1943 on the Eastern Front. There, he claimed his first aerial victory on 28 March over a Bell P-39 Airacobra. On 28 May 1943, Obleser was wounded when his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-4 (Werknummer 19284—factory number) was hit by anti-aircraft artillery resulting in a forced landing at Varenikovskaya. Following his convalescence, he was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 8. Staffel of JG 52 on 6 July 1943, succeeding Rall who took command of III. Gruppe. Obleser received the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe () on 8 November 1943 and the German Cross in Gold () six days later.
Obleser was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 23 March 1944 following his 80th aerial victory. At one point he questioned the aerial victory claims made by Erich Hartmann. Hartmann asked Rall to have Obleser transferred to be Hartmann's wingman for a while. Obleser became a witness on some of Hartmann's claims and no longer questioned Hartmann's claims. On 21 July 1944, Obleser was credited with his 100th aerial victory. He was the 87th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumut%20River
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Tumut River
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The Tumut River (), a perennial stream that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains and South West Slopes districts of New South Wales, Australia.
Location and features
The Tumut River rises on the northern face of Mount Jagungal in the Snowy Mountains at and flows generally north by west, joined by twelve tributaries including the Doubtful Creek, Happy Jacks Creek and Goobarragandra River before meeting its confluence with the Murrumbidgee River, at Darbalara near the town of Gundagai; descending over its course.
Between Cabramurra and Tumut, the natural course of the Tumut River has been altered as a result of the construction of the Snowy Mountains Scheme. A series of sixteen major dams and seven hydro-electric power stations were constructed between 1949 and 1974 to harness the flow of the Tumut and Snowy rivers. The Tumut River is impounded by six dams, located at Happy Jacks Dam, Tumut Pond Dam, Tumut Two Dam, Talbingo Dam, Jounama Dam, and Blowering Dam. Four hydro-power stations are located adjacent to the river flow. Although a relatively short river, the natural flow of the Tumut River is quite high, as it drains the snowmelt and other runoff from a large proportion of the northern Snowy Mountains. The natural flow of the river is amplified by water transferred from the Tooma River and Lake Eucumbene by the Snowy Mountains Scheme.
The river is crossed by the heritage-listed Junction Bridge at Tumut.
Etymology
The word Tumut is derived from the Wiradjuri word or , meaning camping by the river.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumut%20River
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Tumut River
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Environmental concerns
The Tumut River has been subject to considerable debate and lobbying on environmental grounds. The Tumut River has been widely documented as suffering from the effects of the un-natural flow regime resulting from the creation of the Snowy Mountain Scheme and the irrigation demand downstream of the Tumut River. Environmental damage attributed to the management of the Tumut River by the Government of New South Wales includes;
Erosion of river banks – quoted as approximating of lost land per of river frontage.
Waterlogging (souring) of low-lying land along the river.
Isolation of historical anabranches of the river (e.g. Holt's anabranch which is now regularly cut off at low flows.) The historic village of Brungle has been the subject of considerable media coverage on both Prime and WIN TV regarding river flows and water quality.
Thermal pollution (low water temperatures) resulting from the "bottom of the dam" outlet of Blowering Dam.
Loss of flora and fauna (e.g. platypuses) from the extreme changes in water level from high irrigation flows to winter flows of less than per day.
Rock facing of river banks to attempt to control erosion caused by high irrigation flows.
Sporting and leisure activities
The Tumut River has been a popular destination for a variety of sport and leisure activities including;
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14329012
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20People
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Discovery People
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Discovery People was an American cable television network.
The channel was launched on March 31, 1997 by CBS as CBS Eye on People, and featured news and human interest stories from CBS News.
The channel suffered significant losses, in part because few cable providers were willing to carry it. By the end of its first year on the air, it was only available in 11 million homes, less than half of what most cable channels need to turn a profit. In mid-1998, it was announced that Discovery Communications would buy 50 percent of the channel and take operational control. It dropped "CBS" from its title to become simply Eye on People.
On January 11, 1999, Discovery bought the network from CBS Corporation and renamed it Discovery People. Discovery continued to license programming from CBS, combining it with some of its own programming.
Discovery Communications began gradually phasing out Discovery People's operations, using Discovery People's distribution for other networks. For DirecTV customers, the channel was replaced by Discovery Health on December 1, 1999. In February 2000, Discovery announced that they intended to pull the plug on the channel.
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14329014
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg%20Campbell
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Meg Campbell
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Aline Margaret Campbell (, 19 November 1937 – 17 November 2007) was a New Zealand poet. She began writing in 1969, and became known as a poet after publishing several well-received collections in the 1980s. Many of her poems deal with issues of mental illness and domestic life, and with her life on the Kāpiti Coast.
Personal life
Campbell was born and raised in Palmerston North. She had a difficult childhood and was sent to boarding school at age eight; she was later expelled from Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington. She studied acting at Victoria University for a period and obtained a speech and drama qualification from Trinity College. She gave up her promising acting career shortly after marrying fellow poet Alistair Te Ariki Campbell in 1958, having met him the previous year at a book party. They had three children together, and in the early 1960s moved to the Kāpiti Coast region.
After her first child was born, Campbell suffered from a combination of postpartum depression and bipolar disorder, and had a nervous breakdown. In 1969 she began writing poetry at Porirua Psychiatric Hospital, wanting to regain her identity. The topic of her long-term experience with depression and mental institutions is expressed through a variety of her poetry.
Work
Campbell's first published poem was "Solitary Confinement" in 1978 in the New Zealand Listener. At this time she was beginning to recover from her depression. Her first collection of poetry The Way Back (1981) won the PEN Best First Book Award for poetry. She published four further collections during her lifetime, and was featured in the collection How Things Are (1996) along with three other New Zealand poets.
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14329052
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanoise%20massif
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Vanoise massif
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The Vanoise massif (, ) is a mountain range of the Graian Alps, located in the Western Alps. After the Mont Blanc Massif and the Écrins Massif it is the third-highest massif in France, reaching a height of 3,885 m at the summit of Grande Casse. It lies between Tarentaise Valley to the north and the Maurienne Valley in the south. The range is the site of France's first national park, established in 1963, Vanoise National Park. The ski resorts of Tignes and Val-d'Isère and the 2,770-metre-high Col de l'Iseran are located in the eastern part of the range.
Principal summits
The principal summits of the Vanoise massif are:
Grande Casse, 3,855 m
Mont Pourri, 3,779 m
Dent Parrachée, 3,697 m
Grande Motte, 3,653 m
Pointe de la Fournache, 3,642 m
Dôme de la Sache, 3,601 m
Dôme de l'Arpont, 3,601 m
Dôme de Chasseforêt, 3,586 m
Grand Roc Noir, 3,582 m
Dôme des Nants, 3,570 m
Aiguille de Péclet 3,561 m
Mont Turia, 3,550 m
Aiguille de Polset, 3,534 m
Mont de Gébroulaz, 3,511 m
Pointes du Châtelard 3,479 m
Dôme des Platières, 3,473 m
Roc des Saints Pères, 3,470 m
Pointe de la Sana, 3,436 m
Pointe de l'Échelle, 3,422 m
Pointe du Bouchet, 3,420 m
Bellecôte, 3,417 m
Grand Bec, 3,398 m
Pointe du Vallonnet, 3,372 m
Pointe Rénod, 3,368 m
Dôme des Sonnailles, 3,361 m
Pointe de Claret, 3,355 m
Pointe de Méan Martin, 3,330 m
Dôme de Polset, 3,326 m
Dôme des Pichères, 3,319 m
Grand Roc, 3,316 m
Roche Chevrière, 3,281 m
Pointe de Thorens, 3,266 m
Mont Pelve, 3,261 m
Épaule du Bouchet, 3,250 m
Pointe des Buffettes, 3,233 m
Aiguille Rouge, 3,227 m
Pointe de la Réchasse, 3,212 m
Pointe du Dard, 3,206 m
Mont du Borgne, 3,153 m
Mont Brequin, 3,130 m
Pointe de la Masse, 2,804 m
Aiguille de la Vanoise, 2,796 m
Sommet de la Saulire, 2,738 m
Croix des Têtes, 2,492 m
Principal glaciers
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14329055
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumut%20Pond%20Dam
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Tumut Pond Dam
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Tumut Pond Dam () is a major gated concrete arch dam across the upper reaches of the Tumut River in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales, Australia. The dam's main purpose is for the generation of hydro-power and is one of the sixteen major dams that comprise the Snowy Mountains Scheme, a vast hydroelectricity and irrigation complex constructed in south-east Australia between 1949 and 1974 and now run by Snowy Hydro.
The impounded reservoir is called the Tumut Pond Reservoir, or less formally, the Tumut Pondage.
Location and features
Completed in 1959, Tumut Pond Dam is a major dam, located approximately south-east of Cabramurra. The dam was constructed by a consortium comprising Kaiser-Walsh-Perini-Raymond based on engineering plans developed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation under contract from the Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Authority.
The dam wall comprising of concrete is high and long. At 100% capacity the dam wall holds back of water. The surface area of Tumut Pond Reservoir is and the catchment area is . The gated spillway is capable of discharging through two 14.3 m (47 ft) wide by 9.1 m (30 ft) high radial gates.
The crest of the dam wall forms part of the road between Cabramurra and Khancoban. The road is closed to through traffic in winter as it is not routinely cleared of snow and ice.
Power generation
Downstream of the dam wall and located underground is Tumut 1, a conventional hydroelectric power station, that has four turbine generators, with a generating capacity of of electricity; and a net generation of per annum. The power station has rated hydraulic head. The underground powerhouse is located below ground level.
Tumut Pond Reservoir
Tumut Pond Reservoir or Tumut Pond Pondage (sometimes also Tumut 1 Reservoir/Tumut 1 Pondage) is formed by the Tumut Pond Dam. Snowmelt and other runoff enter the reservoir from the upper Tumut River and the dam impounds the river's natural flow below the Tumut Two Dam wall.
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14329056
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Bawa
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Geoffrey Bawa
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Deshamanya Geoffrey Manning Bawa, (23 July 191927 May 2003) was a Sri Lankan architect. Often referred to as the leader of the Tropical Modernist movement, he was among the most influential Asian architects of his generation.
Early life
Geoffrey Bawa was born in Colombo on 23 July 1919, the youngest of two sons to Major Benjamin Bawa, a Sri Lankan lawyer who was partly of European parentage, and Bertha Marianne née Schrader, a Burgher of mixed Sinhalese, German and Scottish descent. His older brother, Bevis, became a landscape architect.
Education
Bawa was educated at Royal College, Colombo after which he studied English and Law in 1938 at St Catharine's College, Cambridge, gaining a BA (English Literature Tripos) and went on to study law at Middle Temple, London, becoming a barrister in 1944.
Returning to Ceylon after World War II, he worked for a Colombo law firm. After the death of his mother, he left the profession and soon left in 1946 to travel for two years, going to the Far East, across the United States, and finally to Europe and almost settling in Italy. By the time he was 28 years old, he had spent a third of his life away from Sri Lanka. During his time in Italy, he planned to buy a villa and settle down, but that did not happen, and by 1948 he had returned to Sri Lanka.
Bawa bought an abandoned rubber estate on the south-west coast of the island between Colombo and Galle at Lunuganga, planning to create an Italian garden from a tropical wilderness. However, he soon found that his ideas were compromised by his lack of technical knowledge. In 1951, he was apprenticed to H. H. Reid, the sole surviving partner of the Colombo architectural practice Edwards, Reid and Begg.
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14329056
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Bawa
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Geoffrey Bawa
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In 1952 Reid died, but Bawa still aspired to a career in architecture, so he returned to England. After spending a year at Cambridge, he enrolled as a student at the Architectural Association in London, where he earned a Diploma in Architecture by 1956 and in the following year he became an Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects. In 1957, at the age of 38 he returned to Sri Lanka as a qualified architect to take over what was left of Reid's practice.
Career in architecture
Returning to Ceylon, he became a partner of Messrs. Edwards, Reid and Begg, Colombo in 1958. In 1959, Danish architect Ulrik Plesner joined the firm, and the two designed many buildings together.
Bawa was influenced by colonial and traditional Ceylonese architecture, and the role of water in it, but rejected both the idea of regionalism and the imposition of preconceived forms onto a site.
Plesner left the island in 1967. Bawa became an Associate of the Sri Lanka Institute of Architects in 1960. An ensuing close association with a coterie of like-minded artists and designers, including Ena de Silva, Barbara Sansoni and Laki Senanayake, produced a new awareness of indigenous materials and crafts, leading to a post-colonial renaissance of culture.
In 1979, President J. R. Jayewardene invited Bawa to design Sri Lanka's new Parliament building at Kotte. The project was completed in 1982 with the help of a firm of Japanese contractors, Mitsui.
Later life and death
In 1982, Bawa established the Geoffrey Bawa Trust with the aim of furthering the fields of architecture, fine arts and environmental studies. In the early 1990s, Bawa suffered a series of strokes that left him ill.
Bawa died on 27 May 2003 at the age of 83.
Influence
Geoffrey Bawa influenced a generation of architects in Sri Lanka after him, but his legacy was also embraced in Asia and around the world.
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14329057
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait%C4%81kere%20College
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Waitākere College
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Waitākere College is a state coeducational secondary school located in Henderson, Auckland, New Zealand, established in 1975. A total of students from Years 9 to 13 (ages 13 to 18) attend Waitākere College as of
Students entering the college are allocated into one of three "Houses". The house names use Māori words: Aroha (Love), Manawanui (Perseverance), and Matauranga (Knowledge). Their respective mascots are; a Dragon, a Lion and a Dolphin. These three houses represent the school's three core values. During the course of the year students can earn points for their house with good behaviour in class and good marks. These points are added up every week in a house assembly to determine the winner for that particular week. This also happens at the end of terms and a final one at the end of the year shows which house has won that year with the most points.
Waitākere College offers an extra 'Performing Arts' subject run by Stephen Nightingale. Entry is based on an audition process and the course runs for years 9 and 10. It covers drama, dance, music, singing, theatre, film/television, editing, theatre lighting, make-up and costume.
Waitākere College is often used as a filming location for the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street, as the location of Ferndale High School.
Notable alumni
Shayne Elliott (born 1963/64), New Zealand banker, CEO of ANZ Bank.
Sione Lauaki (1981–2017), All Black
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14329063
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gis%20Fran%C3%A7ois%20Gignoux
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Régis François Gignoux
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Gignoux is best known for his meticulous renderings of Northeast American landscapes, and was the only member of the Hudson River School to specialize in snow scenes. The Brooklyn Museum, the Corcoran Gallery of Art (Washington, DC), the Georgia Museum of Art (University of Georgia, Athens), the High Museum of Art (Atlanta, Georgia), the Honolulu Museum of Art, the Hood Museum of Art (Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire), the Museum of Art at Brigham Young University (Provo, Utah), the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art (Kansas City, Missouri), the New York Historical Society (New York City), the Parrish Art Museum (Southampton, New York), the Smith College Museum of Art (Northampton, Massachusetts), the United States Capitol Art Collection (Washington, D. C.), the Walters Art Museum (Baltimore, Maryland), the Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery at Skidmore College (Saratoga Springs, New York), and the Watson Gallery ( Wheaton College, Norton, Massachusetts) are among the public collections holding work by Régis François Gignoux.
"A dramatic, newly restored 1843 painting of the interior of Mammoth Cave by Marie-Francois-Regis Gignoux has been restored as part of the conservation program for the Henry Luce III Center for the Study of American Culture at the New-York Historical Society opening in November [2000]. ...In his dramatically lit interior view of Mammoth Cave, Gignoux looks from deep in the cave across the so-called "Rotunda" toward the entrance, which is illuminated by an almost mystical light from the outside. From the War of 1812 onward nitre (lime nitrate) used in making saltpeter, one of the essential elements for gunpowder, was mined and prepared from bat guano in the Rotunda. ..." Currently, Mammoth Cave is touring as part of The Hudson River School: Nature and the American Vision organized by the New-York Historical Society.
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14329065
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Martin%20%28speaker%29
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Joseph Martin (speaker)
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Joseph Charles Martin, SS (October 12, 1924 – March 9, 2009) was an American Catholic priest, recovered alcoholic and renowned speaker and educator on the issues of alcoholism and drug addiction. He was a member of the Sulpicians.
Background
Martin attended St. Thomas Aquinas elementary school from 1930 to 1938, then completed four years of secondary education at Loyola high school. He then went on to Loyola College and graduated in 1944.
Martin entered St. Mary's Seminary in Baltimore, Maryland in 1944, where he studied philosophy and theology. On May 22, 1948, at the age of 24, Joseph C. Martin was ordained as a priest for the Archdiocese of Baltimore.
Martin's first assignment was to St. Joseph's College, a preparatory seminary serving the Archdiocese of San Francisco. In 1951, Martin completed the rigorous training required to become a Sulpician. His next assignment was at the Sulpician Seminary St. Charles College in Catonsville, Maryland.
During this time, Martin began drinking excessively and his behaviour became more and more erratic. Despite repeated warnings, he was unable to get his drinking under control. Finally, the Archdiocese was forced to take action and sent Martin for intervention and treatment.
Treatment at Guest House
On June 15, 1958, Martin entered Guest House in Lake Orion, Michigan, a treatment facility for the clergy that was founded and operated by Austin Ripley, a syndicated columnist.
While drinking Austin Ripley came across a copy of the Saturday Evening Post, and he discovered an article featuring Alcoholics Anonymous. The article described how this young organization helped alcoholics achieve and maintain sobriety. It also talked about their “Big Book” which had been in print for some time. As a result of this article, Austin Ripley began his journey of recovery through Alcoholics Anonymous, devoting a good deal of the ensuing year in conversations with Bill W. and Dr. Bob, the founders of AA.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Martin%20%28speaker%29
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Joseph Martin (speaker)
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Career after treatment
After Martin achieved sobriety and learned all he could from Austin Ripley and Dr. Green, he embarked on a campaign of spreading his message of experience and hope. He attended and completed the Rutgers Summer School of Alcohol Studies during the summer of 1971. He then worked as a lecturer and educator in the Division of Alcoholism Control for the State of Maryland and as a freelance consultant on alcoholism, a position he held from the fall of 1973 until his death. In 1972, Martin first put his lecture Chalk Talk on Alcohol on film for the US Navy. He and Mrs. Mae Abraham started Kelly Productions, Inc. to produce and distribute this and other lectures on various media. "Chalk Talk" would eventually become his signature lecture and would be widely utilized in most branches of the US Federal Government (especially the armed services), business and industry presentations, hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and many state alcohol programs. He has made many other films, tapes, CDs and DVDs on various aspects of the disease of addiction and recovery from it. He is the author of several publications including “No Laughing Matter,” published by Harper & Row in 1982. In 1983 Martin and Mrs. Mae Abraham founded Father Martin’s Ashley, a non-profit center dedicated to the treatment of the chemically addicted, located in Havre de Grace, Maryland.
Martin also continued to work within the church and participated in the International Conference on Drugs and Alcohol sponsored by the Vatican in 1991.
Martin died of heart failure at his home in Havre de Grace, Maryland, on March 9, 2009. His burial Mass took place at the Baltimore Basilica on Friday, March 13, 2009, at 10:00am.
Selected works
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14329068
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie%20York%20Erskine
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Laurie York Erskine
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Laurie York Erskine (23 June 1894 – 30 November 1976) was a popular boys adventure author, educator, and co-founder of the Solebury School in New Hope, Pennsylvania, United States.
Biography
Erskine was born in Kirkcudbright, Scotland, to actors Wallace Erskine and Ada Margery Bonney Erskine. The family travelled to the United States in 1901, where both parents appeared in silent films.
In 1916 Laurie Erskine was commissioned in the Royal Flying Corps, where he served in France. Following his demobilisation, Erskine was an editorial writer with the Detroit News from 1921 to 1922, until he began writing stories for boys in 1921. His most famous work was a series of books featuring Renfrew of the Royal Mounted that later became a radio, film, and television series with Erskine himself narrating the radio show. Erskine also created and narrated the radio program "Adventure Stories".
Erskine was a staff writer with the Battle Creek, Michigan Enquirer newspaper. In 1925 he was one of the four organisers of the Solebury School for Boys in New Hope, Pennsylvania.
At the start of World War II, Erskine was commissioned in the Army of the United States Coast Artillery, eventually becoming a major in the 38th Anti-Aircraft Brigade from 1944 to 1945. He was awarded the Bronze Star and was discharged in 1946. During his Army service, Erskine wrote the texts for the United States Armed Forces Institute course for American citizenship.
Erskine's writing subsided as he channeled his energy into developing the Solebury Method for Teaching Composition. His name lives on as a literary prize for students at Solebury School.
Bibliography
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14329097
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian-tsui
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Tian-tsui
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Tian-tsui (Chinese traditional: 點翠, Chinese simplified: 点翠, pinyin: diǎncuì, "dotting with kingfishers") is a style of Chinese art featuring kingfisher feathers. For 2,000 years, the Chinese have been using the iridescent blue feathers of kingfisher birds as an inlay for fine art objects and adornment, from hairpins, headdresses, and fans to panels and screens. While Western art collectors have focused on other areas of Chinese art including porcelain, lacquer ware, sculpture, cloisonné, silk and paintings, kingfisher art is relatively unknown outside of China.
Kingfisher feathers are painstakingly cut and glued onto gilt silver. The effect is like cloisonné, but no enamel was able to rival the electric blue color. Blue is the traditional favorite color in China.
As with most iridescent, electrifying colors in animals such as morpho butterfly wings, the intense color in bird feathers comes not from pigments in the feather itself, but from the way light is bent and reflected back out, much like a prism breaks white light into its spectrum of rainbow colors. These microscopic structures in feathers are called photonic crystals.
The most expensive, commissioned pieces used a species of kingfisher from Cambodia. So great was the export to sate Chinese demand, the trade of feathers may have been a major contributor to the wealth of the Khmer Empire, and used to help fund the construction of the magnificent temples near Siem Reap, Cambodia including Angkor Wat. The finest pieces of kingfisher art were reserved for royalty or high-ranking Chinese government official (called a "mandarin (bureaucrat)"). The usage of kingfisher feathers resulted in the mass slaughter of many kingfisher species.
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14329123
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masako%20Mori%20%28politician%29
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Masako Mori (politician)
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is a Japanese politician and lawyer who has served in the House of Councillors since 2007, and as Minister of Justice from October 2019 to September 2020. She is a member of the Liberal Democratic Party.
Early life
Masako Mori was born on August 22, 1964, to an impoverished family in Fukushima Prefecture. She decided to pursue a career as a lawyer after her father, who had lost his entire fortune, was saved by a lawyer. She graduated from Tohoku University in 1988. After working in a legal cram school, she passed the Japanese bar examination on her fifth attempt, and qualified as an attorney at law in 1995.
After three years practicing consumer rights law, she was selected for a Japan Federation of Bar Associations scholarship to study in the United States. She was a visiting fellow at the New York University School of Law starting in 1999. Following the birth of her second child in 2002, and her husband being transferred to a position in the United States for two years, she left law practice to become a housewife.
In 2005, she joined the Financial Services Agency, where she served as a deputy director and financial inspector.
Political career
Mori resigned from the Financial Services Agency in 2006 to run for governor of Fukushima Prefecture following the resignation of Eisaku Sato. She lost this election to Yuhei Sato.
She won a seat in the 2007 House of Councillors election, and served as vice chairwoman of the LDP's judicial committee and chairwoman of the Upper House Committee on Oversight of Administration. Following the March 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, she put great effort in trying to restore the damaged territories of her native Tohoku region.
Following the LDP's victory in the 2012 general election, Mori was named to the second Cabinet of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as Minister of State for the Declining Birthrate and consumer affairs.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20Fawkes%20River
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Guy Fawkes River
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Guy Fawkes River, a perennial stream that is part of the Clarence River catchment, is in the New England and Northern Tablelands districts of New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Guy Fawkes River rises below Majors Point, on the northern slopes of the Snowy Range, an eastern spur of the Great Dividing Range, east of the village of Ebor. The river spills over the columned basalt rock Ebor Falls, and enters a deep valley, joined by four tributaries, including Aberfoyle River, flowing generally northward and eventually forming its confluence with the Sara River to form the Boyd River. The river descends over its course; and passes below Round Mountain, the highest peak of the Northern Tablelands.
The river's course generally runs from the south to north along the valley of the Demon Fault Line, within the Guy Fawkes River National Park. Adjoining the national park are the Guy Fawkes River Nature Reserve and Guy Fawkes River State Conservation Area.
The Bicentennial National Trail runs along the western side of Guy Fawkes River on what is a travelling stock route.
The largest of the Grevillea genus, Southern Silky Oak, or Grevillea robusta, is distributed in the Guy Fawkes River area, which is the southern limit of its natural environment. It has attractive orange-yellow flowers and may reach up to with a trunk diameter in excess of .
Name
The river is named after Guy Fawkes Day. Major Edward Parke named the Guy Fawkes River after camping nearby on Guy Fawkes Day, 5 November 1845.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsuo%20Yamaguchi
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Natsuo Yamaguchi
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is a Japanese politician who served as the chief representative of Komeito from 2009 to 2024. He is a member of the House of Councillors since 2001 and previously served in the House of Representatives from 1990 to 1996.
Early life
A native of Nakaminato (now Hitachinaka), Ibaraki and he was raised in Hitachi until his graduation from public senior high school. His mother was a teacher of the elementary school. After graduating from the University of Tokyo with a B.L. degree in 1978, he became a lawyer in 1982.
Political career
Yamaguchi was elected to the House of Representatives for the first time in 1990. After losing his seat in 1996, he ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives in 2000. In 2001, he was elected to the House of Councillors for the first time. He was appointed chairman of the policy research council in August 2008. Komeito suffered a major defeat in the 2009 general election, losing ten seats, including party president Akihiro Ota and secretary general Kazuo Kitagawa. On September 8, Yamaguchi replaced Ota as president. He had been chosen through a process centered on party heavyweights Takenori Kanzaki and Chikara Sakaguchi.
Yamaguchi's first term as party leader expired in September 2012, and he was re-appointed unopposed for another two years on 22 September 2012. No vote was required, as he was the only candidate. He has continually been reelected since then.
After fifteen years leading Komeito, Yamaguchi stepped down in September 2024 and was succeeded by Keiichi Ishii.
Yamaguchi has come out in support of the Selective Surname System for married couples and same-sex marriage, as well as voting rights for permanent foreign residents.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Thellusson%2C%205th%20Baron%20Rendlesham
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Frederick Thellusson, 5th Baron Rendlesham
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Frederick William Brook Thellusson, 5th Baron Rendlesham JP DL (9 February 1840 – 9 November 1911), was a British Conservative politician.
Early life
Frederick was born in Florence, Italy on 9 February 1840. He was the only son of Frederick Thellusson, 4th Baron Rendlesham, and his wife Elizabeth Charlotte ( Prescott) Duff, a daughter of Sir George Prescott, 2nd Baronet, and former wife of General Sir James Duff. His mother died when he was less than one year old.
His great-grandfather, the British merchant and banker Peter Thellusson, was perhaps best known for his "extraordinary will" which "gave rise to an act of Parliament known as the Thellusson act."
Thellusson was educated in England at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. In 1852, aged twelve, he succeeded in the barony on the death of his father. However, as this was an Irish peerage it did not entitle him to a seat in the House of Lords.
Career
Lord Rendlesham was appointed Sheriff of Suffolk in 1870 and elected to the House of Commons as member of parliament (MP) for Suffolk East at a by-election in March 1874, a seat he held until the constituency was abolished at the 1885 general election.
Reportedly a fine footballer at Eton and Oxford, he maintained a keen interest in other sports in later life, being on the National Hunt Committee as well as a member of the Jockey Club and the Royal Yacht Squadron.
On 12 February 1887 he was appointed Honorary Colonel of the Suffolk Artillery Militia, and retained the position until the unit was disbanded in 1909.
Failing eyesight in 1911 caused him to resign from long-held positions as chairman of the East Suffolk County Council and the Suffolk Quarter Sessions. He subsequently contracted blood-poisoning, leading to the amputation of his left hand in July 1911.
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14329253
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presque%20Isle%20Bay
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Presque Isle Bay
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Presque Isle Bay is a natural bay located off the coast of Erie, Pennsylvania. Its embayment is about in length, about across at its widest point, and an average depth of about .
The bay is at an elevation of 571 ft (174 m) above sea level. It is bounded on the north and west by a recurved peninsula that makes up Presque Isle State Park. On the south, the bay is edged by the urban Erie shoreline, which hosts the Port of Erie Marine Terminal, as well as an assortment of parks, tourist attractions and marinas such as the Erie Yacht Club. Fishing, water skiing, swimming, and boating, are a few examples of common activities among visitors who come to appreciate this natural bay for its sheltered waters and captivating views of Erie’s historic neighborhoods and landmarks.
A small channel on the east provides a shipping lane into and out of Lake Erie. Cascade Creek, Garrison Run, Mill Creek, and surface runoff drain the lands of the Presque Isle Bay Watershed into the bay.
History
Commander Oliver Hazard Perry took command of America's Lake Erie naval fleet at Presque Isle in March 1813. By the end of July 1813, Perry had assembled the necessary crews and escaped a blockade of the channel exit by Commander Robert Heriot Barclay, Perry's British counterpart. With access to the lake, Perry led his fleet west to Put-in-Bay, Ohio, where the Battle of Lake Erie was fought in September 1813.
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14329282
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrew%20of%20the%20Royal%20Mounted
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Renfrew of the Royal Mounted
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With limited funding and the enthusiasm that young idealists possess, Laurie York Erskine, along with three good friends, founded the Solebury School for Boys in October 1925. The private boys school was financially established as a result of Erskine's sale of a magazine serial for $20,000, titled The Confidence Man. This inspired Erskine to write a number of adventure novels, in the hopes of making another sale to Hollywood, including The River Trail (1923), The Laughing Rider (1924), Valor of the Range (1925), The Coming of Cosgrove (1926), and Power of the Hills (1928). When it became clear that Hollywood sought no interest in Erskine's novels, the author agreed to provide the publishing house additional Renfrew novels. Historically, the only novels that sold well for D. Appleton & Company were those with Inspector Douglas Renfrew and a letter from the company assured him continued publication of Renfrew novels.
Erskine also wrote over 100 Renfrew short stories for The American Boy magazine, most of them recycled for use in the Renfrew novels listed above. Erskine wrote a total of ten Renfrew novels. The hero of The Laughing Rider was a Texas Ranger, William O'Brien Argent. The hero of The River Trail was a Canadian Mountie named William Goeffrain. Magazine articles and reference guides incorrectly claim these two novels among the Renfrew canon. The ten Renfrew novels listed above were written and published partly out of necessity. Erskine donated the profits from his handiwork to the funding of the private boys' school. Erskine doubled as teacher by day and author by night.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrew%20of%20the%20Royal%20Mounted
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Renfrew of the Royal Mounted
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Renfrew of the Mounted returned to the air on the evening of January 7, 1939, on NBC-Blue, as a weekly half-hour program. House Jameson reprised his role of Inspector Douglas Renfrew. Unlike the prior incarnation over CBS, the weekly rendition was self-contained stories not told in serial format. This rendition lasted 89 broadcasts, concluding on the evening of October 12, 1940.
The third and final radio incarnation was on Passport to Adventure, broadcast over NBC-Blue, five days a week in 15-minute installments. Unlike the first two renditions, Erskine now served as narrator and told brief stories of adventure ranging from American historical events to cowboys and Indians, much like a storyteller by the campfire. On average, once every two weeks Erskine would recount a story involving Inspector Douglas Renfrew of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. This program aired from August 18, 1941, to March 27, 1942. The program would have continued beyond March 1942 if it was not for Laurie York Erskine being drafted.
In the film Broadway Limited, ZaSu Pitts' character insists on listening to Renfrew on the radio in the train's lounge car.
Having flown combat aerial during World War I, Erskine served his country again from 1942 to 1944, stationed in Hawaii to train young cadets in combat flying. When Erskine returned to the States following the war, he discovered that radio stations and networks had no further interest in Renfrew of the Mounted. If anything, there was only room for one Canadian Mountie program and George W. Trendle's Sergeant Preston of the Yukon program was by then widely syndicated. Erskine succeeded in auditioning Renfrew for radio multiple times but no sponsor agreed to foot the bill.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia
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Climate change in Australia
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Climate change has been a critical issue in Australia since the beginning of the 21st century. Australia is becoming hotter and more prone to extreme heat, bushfires, droughts, floods, and longer fire seasons because of climate change. Climate issues include wildfires, heatwaves, cyclones, rising sea levels, and erosion.
Since the beginning of the 20th century, Australia has experienced an increase of over 1.5 °C in average annual temperatures, with warming occurring at twice the rate over the past 50 years compared with the previous 50 years. Recent climate events such as extremely high temperatures and widespread drought have focused government and public attention on the effects of climate change in Australia. Rainfall in southwestern Australia has decreased by 10–20% since the 1970s, while southeastern Australia has also experienced a moderate decline since the 1990s. Rainfall is expected to become heavier and more infrequent, as well as more common in summer rather than in winter. Australia's annual average temperatures are projected to increase 0.4–2.0 °C above 1990 levels by the year 2030, and 1–6 °C by 2070. Average precipitation in the southwest and southeast Australia is projected to decline during this time, while regions such as the northwest may experience increases in rainfall.
Climate change is affecting the continent's environment and ecosystems. Australia is vulnerable to the effects of global warming projected for the next 50 to 100 years because of its extensive arid and semi-arid areas, and already warm climate, high annual rainfall variability. The continent's high fire risk increases this susceptibility to changes in temperature and climate. Meanwhile, Australia's coastlines will experience erosion and inundation from an estimated increase in global sea level. Australia's unique ecosystems such as the Great Barrier Reef and many animal species are also at risk.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia
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Climate change in Australia
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Climate change also has diverse implications for Australia's economy, it's agriculture and public health. Projected impacts include more severe floods, droughts, and cyclones. Furthermore, Australia's population is highly concentrated in coastal areas at risk from rising sea levels, and existing pressures on water supply will be exacerbated. The exposure of Indigenous Australians to climate change impacts is exacerbated by existing socio-economic disadvantages which are linked to colonial and post-colonial marginalisation. The communities most affected by climate changes are those in the North where Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people make up 30% of the population. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities located in the coastal north are the most disadvantaged due to social and economic issues and their reliance on traditional land for food, culture, and health. This has raised the question for many community members in these areas, "Should we stay or move away?"
Australia is also a contributor to climate change, with its greenhouse gas emissions per capita above the world average. The country is highly reliant on coal and other fossil fuels, although renewable energy coverage is increasing. National climate change mitigation efforts include a commitment to achieving net zero emissions by 2050 under the Paris Agreement, although Australia has repeatedly ranked poorly in the Climate Change Performance Index and other international rankings for its climate targets and implementation. Climate change adaptation can be performed at national and local levels and was identified as a priority for Australia in the 2007 Garnaut Review.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Australia
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Climate change in Australia
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The period from 1922 to 1938 was exceptionally dry, with only 1930 having Australia-wide rainfall above the long-term mean and the Australia-wide average rainfall for these seventeen years being 15 to 20 per cent below that for other periods since 1885. This dry period is attributed in some sources to a weakening of the Southern Oscillation and in others to reduced sea surface temperatures. Temperatures in these three periods were generally cooler than they are currently, with 1925 having the coolest minima of any year since 1910. However, the dry years of the 1920s and 1930s were also often quite warm, with 1928 and 1938 having particularly high maxima.
The period from 1939 to 1967 began with an increase in rainfall: 1939, 1941 and 1942 were the first close-together group of relatively wet years since 1921. From 1943 to 1946, generally dry conditions returned, and the two decades from 1947 saw fluctuating rainfall. 1950, 1955 and 1956 were exceptionally wet except 1950 and 1956 over arid and wheatbelt regions of Western Australia. 1950 saw extraordinary rains in central New South Wales and most of Queensland: Dubbo's 1950 rainfall of can be estimated to have a return period of between 350 and 400 years, whilst Lake Eyre filled for the first time in thirty years. In contrast, 1951, 1961 and 1965 were very dry, with complete monsoon failure in 1951/1952 and extreme drought in the interior during 1961 and 1965. Temperatures over this period initially fell to their lowest levels of the 20th century, with 1949 and 1956 being particularly cool, but then began a rising trend that has continued with few interruptions to the present.
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Climate change in Australia
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Since 1968, Australia's rainfall has been 15 per cent higher than between 1885 and 1967. The wettest periods have been from 1973 to 1975 and 1998 to 2001, which comprise seven of the thirteen wettest years over the continent since 1885. Overnight minimum temperatures, especially in winter, have been markedly higher than before the 1960s, with 1973, 1980, 1988, 1991, 1998 and 2005 outstanding in this respect. There has been a marked decrease in the frequency of frost across Australia.
According to the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia's annual mean temperature for 2009 was 0.9 °C above the 1961–90 average, making it the nation's second-warmest year since high-quality records began in 1910.
According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at above the long-term average". Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.
Sea level rise
The Australian Government released a report saying that up to 247,600 houses are at risk from flooding from a sea level rise of 1.1 metres. There were 39,000 buildings located within 110 metres of 'soft' erodible shorelines, at risk from a faster erosion due to sea level rise. Adaptive responses to this specific climate change threat are often incorporated in the coastal planning policies and recommendations at the state level. For instance, the Western Australia State Coastal Planning Policy established a sea level rise benchmark for initiatives that address the problem over a 100-year period. Lower projections indicate that sea levels will rise by 40 to 90 cm upon the end of the century
Water (droughts and floods)
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Climate change in Australia
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Bureau of Meteorology records since the 1860s show that a 'severe' drought has occurred in Australia, on average, once every 18 years. Australia is already the driest populated continent in the world.
Rainfall in southwestern Australia has decreased by 10–20% since the 1970s, while southeastern Australia has also experienced a moderate decline since the 1990s. Rainfall is expected to become heavier and more infrequent, as well as more common in summer rather than in winter.
In June 2008 it became known that an expert panel had warned of long-term, maybe irreversible, severe ecological damage for the whole Murray-Darling basin if it did not receive sufficient water by October of that year. Water restrictions were in place in many regions and cities of Australia in response to chronic shortages resulting from the 2008 drought. In 2004 paleontologist Tim Flannery predicted that unless it made drastic changes the city of Perth, Western Australia, could become the world's first ghost metropolis—an abandoned city with no more water to sustain its population.
In 2019 the Drought and Water Resources Minister of Australia David Littleproud, said, that he "totally accepts" the link between climate change and drought in Australia because he "lives it". He called for a reduction in greenhouse gas emission and massive installation of renewable energy. Former leader of the Nationals Barnaby Joyce said that if the drought became more fierce and dams were not built, the Coalition risks "political annihilation".
According to the 2022 IPCC report, there has been an increase in flooding episodes and other catastrophic weather events because of global warming. These unusual weather changes in include rainfall in the north and severe droughts in the south. Less rainfall means less streamflow of water for major cities. The IPCC recommends a step up to our adaptation and finance policies in our systems to keep up with the drastic impacts of climate change for a sustainable development.
Water resources
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Healthy and diverse vegetation is essential to river health and quality, and many of Australia's most important catchments are covered by native forest, maintaining a healthy ecosystem. Climate change will affect growth, species composition and pest incursion of native species and in turn, will profoundly affect water supply from these catchments. Increased re-afforestation in cleared catchments also has the prospect for water losses.
Between 1970 and 2024, 28% of Australia's Hydrological Reference Stations showed a significant decrease in streamflow while 4% showed a significant increase. The stations with increases were all in northern Australia while those with decreases were largely in southern Australia.
The CSIRO predicted that the additional effects in Australia of a temperature rise of between only 1 and 2 °C will be:
12–25% reduction inflow in the Murray River and Darling River basin.
7–35% reduction in Melbourne's water supply.
Bushfires
There is an increase in fire activity in Australia since 1950. The causes include "more dangerous fire weather conditions, increased risk factors associated with pyroconvection, including fire-generated thunderstorms, and increased ignitions from dry lightning, all associated to varying degrees with anthropogenic climate change".
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Firefighting officials are concerned that the effects of climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of bushfires under even a "low global warming" scenario. A 2006 report, prepared by CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Bushfire CRC, and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, identified South Eastern Australia as one of the three most fire-prone areas in the world, and concluded that an increase in fire-weather risk is likely at most sites over the next several decades, including the average number of days when the McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index rating is very high or extreme. It also found that the combined frequencies of days with very high and extreme FFDI ratings are likely to increase 4–25% by 2020 and 15–70% by 2050, and that the increase in fire-weather risk is generally largest inland.
Former Australian Greens leader, Bob Brown said that the fires were "a sobering reminder of the need for this nation and the whole world to act and put at a priority the need to tackle climate change". The Black Saturday Royal Commission recommended that "the amount of fuel-reduction burning done on public land each year should be more than doubled".
In 2018, the fire season in Australia began in the winter. August 2018 was hotter and windier than the average. Those meteorological conditions led to a drought in New South Wales. The Government of the state already gave more than $1 billion to help the farmers. The hotter and drier climate led to more fires. The fire seasons in Australia are lengthening and fire events became more frequent in the latest 30 years. These trends are probably linked to climate change.
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The 2019–20 Australian bushfire season was by some measures Australia's "worst bushfire season on record". In New South Wales, the fires burnt through more land than any other blazes in the past 25 years, in addition to being the state's worst bushfire season on record. NSW also experienced the longest continuously burning bushfire complex in Australia's history, having burnt more than , with flames being reported. Approximately 3 billion animals were killed or displaced by the bushfires and this made them one of the worst natural disasters in recorded history. The chance of reaching the climatic conditions that fuels the fires became more than four times bigger since the year 1900 and will become eight times more likely to occur if the temperature will rise by 2 degrees from the preindustrial level. In December 2019 the New South Wales Government declared a state of emergency after record-breaking temperatures and prolonged drought exacerbated the bushfires.
In 2019 bushfires linked to climate change created air pollution 11 times higher that the hazardous level in many areas of New South Wales. Many medical groups called to protect people from "public health emergency" and moving on from fossil fuels.
According to the United Nations Environment Programme the megafires in Australia in 2019–2020 are probably linked to climate change that created the unusually dry and hot weather conditions. This is part of a global trend. Brazil, the United States, the Russian Federation, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo all face similar problems. By the second week of January the fires burned a territory of approximately 100,000 square kilometres close to the territory of England, killed one billion animals and caused large economic damage.
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