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10678097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq%20Khairabadi	Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi	He had chosen to be his own counsel and defended himself utilizing arguments and a manner in which he defended his case that was so convincing that the presiding magistrate was writing a judgement to exonerate him, when he confessed to giving the fatwa, declaring that he could not lie. He was sentenced to life in prison in Kalapani (Cellular Jail) on Andaman Island, and his property was confiscated by the judicial commissioner of Awadh court. He reached Andaman Island on October 8th, 1859, aboard the steam frigate Fire Queen. He would remain imprisoned there until his death in 1861. One of the major reasons for the outbreak of war was the fear among the people that the Christian British government was going to destroy their religions and convert Indians to Christianity. Literary works Khairabadi wrote Tahqeeq al-Fatwa Fi Abtal al-Taghwa refuting Ismail Dehlvi's Taqwiyat al-Iman. His other works include: al-Hidayah al-Sayyidiyya al-Raudh al-Majud : Maslahi Wahdat al-Wujud Ki Buland Payah Takhliq al-Ḥashiyya lil-Mawlawi Fazl e Haq Khairabadi ʻala Sharh al-Salam lil-Qadi Mubarak al-Thawra al-Hindiyya Personal life He was Farooqui. His father was Imam Fazl-e-Iman. One of his sons, Abdul Haq, was also a leading and respected scholar and was given the title of Shams al-Ulama. His grandson was Muztar Khairabadi. Renowned poet and lyricist Jan Nisar Akhtar was his great-grandson and Javed Akhtar, Farhan Akhtar and Zoya Akhtar all are his descendants. Among his sons, Abdul Haq Khairabadi was a rational scholar and a teacher of Majid Ali Jaunpuri. Death He stayed for 22 months in captivity at Andaman, Allama wrote a number of eyewitness accounts in the form of verses in Arabic (Qaseeda), apart from a book al-Thawra al-Hindiyya which is an analysis of the war and events of 1857. This is also the first ever book on the events of 1857. Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi died on August 19, 1861, in exile on the Andaman Islands.	2.578125
10678149	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery%20Alekseyev%20%28anthropologist%29	Valery Alekseyev (anthropologist)	Valery Pavlovich Alekseyev, sometimes Alexeev (; 22 August 1929 – 7 November 1991) was a Soviet anthropologist, director of the Institute of Archaeology in Moscow (1987–1991) and member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, exceptionally without having been a member of the Communist Party. The Moscow-born Alekseyev proposed Homo rudolfensis in 1986. In 2006, the Russian Academy of Sciences established the Valery Alekseyev Award for Outstanding Achievements in Anthropology and Archaeology. Alekseyev died suddenly from thromboses in Moscow on 7 November 1991, aged 62. The award-winning popular science book on human evolution Who Asked the First Question? Origins of Human Choral Singing, Intelligence, Language and Speech (2006) is dedicated to the memory of Alekseyev and his lifelong friend, Georgian anthropologist Malkhaz Abdushelishvili. Scientific activity Alekseev (together with A.I. Pershits) authored such university textbooks as The History of primitive society, which has already passed six editions (the last in 2007). In the division of humans into races, he distinguished Caucasians, Negroids and Mongoloids. Moreover, he connected Caucasians with Negroids. In the characteristic of the first, V.P. Alekseev has seen the Neanderthal addition. The peculiarity of the Mongoloids was the influence by synanthropes. He divided the Caucasians into northern (Baltic) and southern (Mediterranean, Armenoid and Indo-Afghan). Alekseev also singled out "mixed" or "transitional" races, for example, the Ural race. Bibliography Alekseyev published 20 books and some 500 articles, including:	2.140625
10678162	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20of%20Huntingfield	William of Huntingfield	William of Huntingfield (died 1225) was a medieval English baron, Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk and one of the sureties of Magna Carta. He held Dover Castle for King John from September 1203 (as a Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports) and in exchange, the king took his son and daughter hostage. He was granted the lands seized from his disgraced brother and appointed Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk for 1210 and 1211. In the First Barons' War he was an active rebel against King John and one of the twenty-five chosen to oversee the observance of the resulting Magna Carta. He subsequently supported the French invasion of England, and took part in the Fifth Crusade, during which he died. Family William was son of Roger de Huntingfield and Alice de St Liz. He married Isabel, the daughter of William Fitz Roger of Gressinghall, Norfolk. Isabel had been twice widowed: her first husband was Berenger de Cressi (Cressy), and her third Osmund de Stuteville. son of Robert de Stuteville and Erenburg. They had two sons and four daughters. William was succeeded by his elder son Roger. Roger de Huntingfield married Joan de Hobrugg Margaret de Huntingfield married Thomas de Pinchbeck Alice de Huntingfield, she married Hugh le Rus Sheriff of Norfolk married Richard de Solers Sarah de Huntingfield, she married Richard de Keyne married William Biset Saher de Huntingfield Isabel de Huntingfield married Richard de Dagworth	1.945313
10678170	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Rally	Windows Rally	WCN-NET is Microsoft's implementation of the Wi-Fi Simple Config standard. It provides for configuration of devices using out-of-band Ethernet and in-band wireless networks. In Windows Vista, WCN-NET can discover an unconfigured router, access point, base station or a device such as a Media Center Extender by using UPnP, authenticate with the device by using a personal identification number (PIN), provide wireless settings that are based on user selection and set up a wireless network over a wired Ethernet connection. Windows XP and earlier Windows versions do not support WCN-NET. WCN-UFD uses an API and an XML format that works with a wizard to write configuration files to a USB Flash Drive for more secure wireless networks. Windows XP Service Pack 2 and later Windows operating systems supports WCN-UFD. WCN-MTP includes a Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) extension that enables an MTP initiator to provide an MTP responder with configuration parameters for joining a wireless network and supports more secure configuration of MTP-capable devices on wireless networks. In Windows Vista, a temporary USB cable connection can be used for MTP-class devices such as portable media, digital cameras etc. Devices Profile for Web Services The Devices Profile for Web Services (DPWS) standard defines a minimal set of implementation constraints to enable secure web service messaging, discovery, description, and eventing on resource-constrained devices. DPWS describes a set of requirements that enable a device to be discovered by clients and describe available services to those clients. DPWS is similar Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) but, it is fully aligned with Web Services technology, supports standards for device connectivity such as WS-Discovery and WS-Eventing and includes numerous extension points allowing for integration of device-provided services in enterprise-wide application scenarios and roaming devices that work across the Internet.	2.046875
10678170	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Rally	Windows Rally	In Windows Vista, Web Services for Devices (WSDAPI) is an unmanaged code implementation of the Devices Profile for Web Services (DPWS) standard. The Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) executes managed code and offers enterprise-level services for Web Services solutions on Windows XP and Windows Vista. Function Discovery To support Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP) and WS-Discovery, and for extensible discovery to support other protocols, Windows Vista includes the Function Discovery API. Function Discovery serves as an abstraction layer between applications and devices, allowing applications to discover devices by referencing the device's function, rather than by its bus type or the nature of its connection. The Function Discovery API aims to create applications that enumerate system resources, use devices of a specific type and discover and manage lists of devices or objects, which are sorted by functionality or class, whether local or network connected. Function Discovery supports an extensible discovery provider model. Vendors can also create a custom provider to expose resources through Function Discovery. Plug and Play Extensions (PnP-X) PnP-X uses SSDP and WS-Discovery network communication protocols to make network-connected devices as discoverable as those that are connected directly to a computer over a bus such as Universal Serial Bus (USB). The device manufacturer implements PnP-X capabilities to supplement either UPnP or Web Services for Devices (WSD) enabled devices. As a result, for end users, the device is relatively as easy to install as traditional Plug and Play devices. An association database service using this protocol was introduced in Windows 8 under the name Device Association Framework. Universal Plug and Play	1.976563
10678260	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah%20Hise	Elijah Hise	Elijah Hise (July 4, 1802 – May 8, 1867) was a United States diplomat and U.S. Representative from the of Kentucky. Hise was born July 4, 1802, in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, before moving with his parents, Frederick and Nancy (Eckstein) Hise, to Russellville, Kentucky, when young. He completed preparatory studies and then attended Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky. He studied law and was admitted to the bar and commenced practice. Hise was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1829. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 1836. He served as the Chargé d'Affaires to Guatemala, January 31, 1849 – June 23, 1849. In addition, he was the chief justice of the Court of Appeals of Kentucky. Hise was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Henry Grider, and he was reelected to the Fortieth Congress. In all he served from December 3, 1866, until his death by suicide on May 8, 1867, in Russellville, Kentucky. He left behind a suicide note in which he rued "the impending disaster and ruin [of the country] in which despotic and unconstitutional rule has involved her." He was buried in Maple Grove Cemetery. The town of Hiseville, Kentucky, was named in honor of the congressman.	1.960938
10678266	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjika	Panjika	Madala Panji (Odia: ମାଦଳ ପାଞ୍ଜି) is a chronicle of the Jagannath Temple, Puri in Odisha. It describes the historical events of Odisha related to Jagannath and the Jagannath Temple.[1] The Madala Panji dates from the 12th century. The Madala Panji was traditionally written on a year-to-year basis. On Vijayadashami Day, the Karanas (official history writers of Puri, a caste of Odisha, involved in keeping the chronicle. The tradition of keeping this chronicle began with Odia king Anantavarman Chodaganga Dev (1078–1150). Madala Panji is the first panjika in Indian regional language, starting from the 12th century. It is the main source and evidence of Odisha history. The modern Odia calendar begins with the scientific reforms initiated by the astronomer Pathani Samanta. His findings which included astronomical observations with the help of traditional instruments were recorded in his treatise Siddhanta Darpana written on palm-leaf manuscript in 1869 and eventually published in 1899 by Radharaman Pustaklaya Panjika, which still continues to print the Panjika. These observations were instrumental in the preparation of almanacs in Odisha especially by the astrologers of the Jagannath temple at Puri. The other notable prominent panjis published in Odia include Radharaman Pustakalaya Khadiratna Panjika, Radharaman Pustakalaya Biraja Panjika, Radharaman Pustakalaya, Samanta Panjika, Radharaman Panji, Bhagyadeepa Panji, Bhagyajyoti Panji, Bhagyachakra Panji.	2.609375
10678393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Tagliaferri	Peter Tagliaferri	Peter Tagliaferri (born 2 November 1960) is an Australian politician. He is a former mayor of the City of Fremantle, a position he held for eight and a half years. Background Tagliaferri's grandfather migrated to Australia in 1932 and, after working in the mines for seven years, his father Osvaldo also migrated. Osvaldo died of leukemia in 1983 when Tagliaferri was a 23-year-old, leaving him with the responsibility of family, mortgage and the family business (Interfoods). He was born in East Fremantle, and educated at Lady of Fatima in Palmyra, St Brendan's in Beaconsfield and in 1977 graduated from Christian Brothers College, Fremantle. His background is retailing, manufacturing and farming in York. Career Tagliaferri first involvement with local government came that same year, in an effort to speak up for the concerns of southern suburbs residents, oppose a highway through Beaconsfield and address parking and retail issues. He was first elected to council in 1983; representing the East Ward, at the time becoming the youngest person ever elected to local government in Western Australia. He was elected mayor in 2001 and re-elected in 2005 — the first mayor to be re-elected since John Cattalini, who served from 1984-1994. Tagliaferri's principal platform in the 2001 mayoral election was reclaiming Fremantle for its residents, strong financial management and an open-door policy. He was elected in by 1000 votes and was successfully re-elected as mayor in 2005, winning 62% of the 8711 votes. In 2003, he was awarded the Centenary Medal and in 2004 was awarded the Champion for the Year of the Built Environment. He received the Heart Foundation President's Award in 2007 in recognition of work to ensure a smoke-free environment in Fremantle and is patron of The One World Project, as well as being a Mayor for Peace.	2.078125
10678430	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy%20Shuker	Lucy Shuker	In 2016, Shuker won her first Doubles Masters title, partnering Diede de Groot to the title. In 2018, she made a return to a Grand Slam final when she partnered Sabine Ellerbrock to reach the Wimbledon doubles final, and in 2021 she also reached the Australian Open doubles final with South African partner Kgothatso Montjane. In January 2019, Shuker and Montjane reached the semi-finals of the women's wheelchair doubles at the Australian Open, but were defeated by second seeds Marjolein Buis and Sabine Ellerbrock. In June 2021, she and Jordanne Whiley were among six tennis players named to represent the UK at the postponed 2020 Paralympics in Tokyo. Shuker was awarded the British Empire Medal (BEM) in the 2023 Birthday Honours for services to sport. On 19 July 2024, Shuker was selected for her fifth Paralympics when she was named in the Great Britain team for the Paris edition later that year. Shuker was selected to be the flag bearer for Great Britain for the Parade of Nations at the opening ceremony. Personal life Shuker graduated with a BSc Hons in the science and management of exercise and health from the University of Surrey in 2001. In 2011, she was named the Vitalise Woman of Achievement, and collected the award from disability charity Vitalise in recognition of her achievements in the world of disabled sport. On 8 November 2017, Shuker was awarded an honorary doctorate of arts from Bournemouth University. Shuker is a part of the LGBTQ+ community.	1.90625
10678472	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Louis%20%C3%89mile%20Boudier	Jean Louis Émile Boudier	Jean Louis Émile Boudier (6 January 1828, in Garnay – 4 February 1920, in Blois) was a pharmacist who lived in Montmorency, France. He published a fair amount about the Discomycetes and other areas of mycology. He often used Émile as his first name. He received his education at the École de Pharmacie de Paris, and in 1853, established a pharmacy in Enghien-les-Bains. He then became manager of his father's pharmacy, where he worked for many years. In 1878, he retired as a pharmacist in order to devote his time to scientific research. He was a founding member of the Société mycologique de France (vice-president 1884; president 1887–90) and an honorary member of the British Mycological Society. He named several species including Amanita franchetii, Disciotis venosa, Ptychoverpa bohemica, and Trichoglossum hirsutum. In 1897, botanist Pier Andrea Saccardo Sacc. published Boudierella which is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae and named in Jean Louis Émile Boudier's honor. Selected publications 1897: Révision analytique des morilles de France (Taxonomic revision of the morels of France). 1901: Influence de la nature du sol et les vegetaux qui y croissant sur le développement des champignons (The influence of the nature of the soil and the plants growing in the area on the development of fungi). 1904-1909: Icones mycologicae ou iconographie des champignons de France, principalement Discomycètes (Mycological pictures or iconography of the mushrooms of France, especially the Discomycetes); Boudier's magnum opus. 1907: Histoire et classification des Discomycètes d'Europe. 1911: La fresque de Plaincourault (Indre) (The fresco of Plaincourault (Indre).	2.40625
10678503	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah%20Phister	Elijah Phister	Elijah Conner Phister (October 8, 1822 – May 16, 1887) was a United States representative from Kentucky. He was born in Maysville, Kentucky. He attended the Seminary of Rand and Richardson in Maysville and graduated from Augusta College in Augusta, Kentucky, in August 1840. He then studied law in Philadelphia under John Sergeant and at Payne & Waller in Maysville. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in 1844. Political career Phister served two terms as mayor of Maysville in 1847 and 1848. He was a circuit judge 1856–1862 and a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives 1867–1871. He was appointed one of the commissioners to revise the Kentucky statutes in 1872 but declined. Phister was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh Congresses (March 4, 1879 – March 3, 1883). After leaving Congress, he resumed the practice of law. Personal life Phister married Jane A. Paddock (1830–1923) in 1847 and they had five children. He was a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Phister died in Maysville, Kentucky in 1887 and was buried in the City Cemetery.	1.929688
10678523	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chords%20Bridge	Chords Bridge	The Chords Bridge (, Gesher HaMeitarim), also called the Bridge of Strings or Jerusalem Light Rail Bridge, is a side-spar cable-stayed bridge in Jerusalem. The structure was designed by the Spanish architect and engineer Santiago Calatrava and is used by Jerusalem Light Rail's Red Line, which began service on August 19, 2011. Incorporated in the bridge is a glass-sided pedestrian bridge enabling pedestrians to cross from Kiryat Moshe to the Jerusalem Central Bus Station. The bridge, which cost about $70 million (NIS 246 million), was inaugurated on June 25, 2008. History Calatrava first visited Israel for the opening of an exhibition of his works in Haifa in 1997. During that visit, he was invited to design a pedestrian bridge in Petah Tikva, which was opened in 2005. He was invited to Jerusalem by city engineer Uri Shetrit and former mayor Ehud Olmert, who, according to Calatrava, challenged him to "do the most beautiful contemporary bridge". Construction of the Chords Bridge began in 2005, with an estimated cost of NIS 129 million, far higher than the initial forecast of NIS 80 million. Design and symbolism The bridge was designed to add a defining visual element to the Jerusalem "skyline" at the entrance to the city, and to carry a light rail system, expected to solve some of the city's traffic problems. For Calatrava the bridge is "also the excuse to create a major plaza, to give character and unity to this delicate place". Similar to Calatrava's Puente del Alamillo in Seville, Spain, the bridge makes use of an angled cantilever tower to absorb some of the load and reduce the number of cable stays needed. The bridge consists of a single pylon counterbalancing a span with lengths of cables, making a dramatic architectural statement. While this is Calatrava's 40th bridge, it is the first he has designed to carry both train and pedestrian traffic.	2.046875
10678523	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chords%20Bridge	Chords Bridge	A striking feature of the bridge is a single high mast supporting the roadway via 66 steel cables arranged in a parabolic shape which develops three-dimensionally in space, making it the tallest structure in Jerusalem at the time of its completion. The exterior of the bridge is mostly clad in Jerusalem stone, with steel, glass and concrete detailing. Dubbed "Jerusalem's first shrine of modern design" by Time magazine, the bridge has become a tourist attraction. The form of the bridge resembles a tent in the desert or a harp, with the cables as the strings, symbolising King David's harp, according to some observers, others interpret the looming pylon as the bust of a long-necked bird, a human arm or an arrow caught in a bow. Acceptance and criticism The project had many people concerned, but was welcomed with great controversy. Supporters, such as architectural historian David Kroyanker, said that the bridge helps developing western Jerusalem and its modern requirements. Overall, however, the project has been criticized as an extravagant and costly solution to a problem that could have been solved by cheaper means. The final cost of over $70 million exceeding the original budget more than twofold. The aesthetics of the bridge and its impact on Jerusalem have also sparked controversy. Some say the bridge, situated at the city's crowded entrance, does not have enough space around it for people to appreciate its artistic merit, while others feel that the bridge is simply out of its element and question whether it fits visually in the city. The bridge's dedication ceremony, a $500,000 extravaganza, also drew criticism, particularly as young female dancers, subsequently dubbed the "Taliban troupe", were compelled to wear long skirts and cover their hair after ultra-Orthodox Jews threatened to disrupt the ceremony.	2.21875
10678543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic%20nomenclature	Phylogenetic nomenclature	Phylogenetic nomenclature is a method of nomenclature for taxa in biology that uses phylogenetic definitions for taxon names as explained below. This contrasts with the traditional method, by which taxon names are defined by a type, which can be a specimen or a taxon of lower rank, and a description in words. Phylogenetic nomenclature is regulated currently by the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode). Definitions Phylogenetic nomenclature associates names with clades, groups consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants. Such groups are said to be monophyletic. There are slightly different methods of specifying the ancestor, which are discussed below. Once the ancestor is specified, the meaning of the name is fixed: the ancestor and all organisms which are its descendants are included in the taxon named. Listing all these organisms (i.e. providing a full circumscription) requires the complete phylogenetic tree to be known. In practice, there are almost always one or more hypotheses as to the correct relationship. Different hypotheses result in different organisms being thought to be included in the named taxon, but application to the name in the context of various phylogenies generally remains unambiguous. Possible exceptions occur for apomorphy-based definitions, when optimization of the defining apomorphy is ambiguous. Phylogenetic definitions of clade names Phylogenetic nomenclature assigns names to clades, groups consisting solely of an ancestor and all its descendants. All that is needed to specify a clade, therefore, is to designate the ancestor. There are a number of methods of doing this. Commonly, the ancestor is indicated by its relation to two or more specifiers (species, specimens, or traits) that are mentioned explicitly. The diagram shows three common ways of doing this. For previously defined clades A, B, and C, the clade X can be defined as:	2.609375
10678543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic%20nomenclature	Phylogenetic nomenclature	A node-based definition could read: "the last common ancestor of A and B, and all descendants of that ancestor". Thus, the entire line below the junction of A and B does not belong to the clade to which the name with this definition refers. A crown group is a type of node-based group where A and B are extant (living) taxa. Example: The sauropod dinosaurs consist of the last common ancestor of Vulcanodon (A) and Apatosaurus (B) and all of that ancestor's descendants. This ancestor was the first sauropod. C could include other dinosaurs like Stegosaurus. A branch-based definition, often termed a stem-based definition, could read: "the first ancestor of A which is not also an ancestor of C, and all descendants of that ancestor". Thus, the entire line below the junction of A and B (other than the bottommost point) does belong to the clade to which the name with this definition refers. A pan-group or total group is a type of branch-based group where A and C are extant (living) taxa. Example (also a total group): The rodents consist of the first ancestor of the house mouse (A) that is not also an ancestor of the eastern cottontail rabbit (C) together with all descendants of that ancestor. Here, the ancestor of A (but not C) is the very first rodent. B is some other descendant of that first rodent, perhaps the red squirrel. An apomorphy-based definition could read: "the first ancestor of A to possess trait M that is inherited by A, and all descendants of that ancestor". In the diagram, M evolves at the intersection of the horizontal line with the tree. Thus, the clade to which the name with this definition refers contains that part of the line below the last common ancestor of A and B which corresponds to ancestors possessing the apomorphy M. The lower part of the line is excluded. It is not required that B have trait M; it may have disappeared in the lineage leading to B.	2.828125
10678543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic%20nomenclature	Phylogenetic nomenclature	Ranks Using the traditional nomenclature codes, such as the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, taxa that are not associated explicitly with a rank cannot be named formally, because the application of a name to a taxon is based on both a type and a rank. Thus for example the "family" Hominidae uses the genus Homo as its type; its rank (family) is indicated by the suffix -idae (see discussion below). The requirement for a rank is a major difference between traditional and phylogenetic nomenclature. It has several consequences: it limits the number of nested levels at which names can be applied; it causes the endings of names to change if a group has its rank changed, even if it has precisely the same members (i.e. the same circumscription); and it is logically inconsistent with all taxa being monophyletic. The current codes have rules stating that names must have certain endings depending on the rank of the taxa to which they are applied. When a group has a different rank in different classifications, its name must have a different suffix. Ereshefsky (1997:512) gave an example. He noted that Simpson in 1963 and Wiley in 1981 agreed that the same group of genera, which included the genus Homo, should be placed together in a taxon. Simpson treated this taxon as a family, and so gave it the name "Hominidae": "Homin-" from "Homo" and "-idae" as the suffix for family using the zoological code. Wiley considered it to be at the rank of "tribe", and so gave it the name "Hominini", "-ini" being the suffix for tribe. Wiley's tribe Hominini formed only part of a family which he termed "Hominidae". Thus, using the zoological code, two groups with precisely the same circumscription were given different names (Simpson's Hominidae and Wiley's Hominini), and two groups with the same name had different circumscriptions (Simpson's Hominidae and Wiley's Hominidae).	2.453125
10678543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic%20nomenclature	Phylogenetic nomenclature	Especially in recent decades (due to advances in phylogenetics), taxonomists have named many "nested" taxa (i.e. taxa which are contained inside other taxa). No system of nomenclature attempts to name every clade; this would be particularly difficult with traditional nomenclature since every named taxon must be given a lower rank than any named taxon in which it is nested, so the number of names that can be assigned in a nested set of taxa can be no greater than the number of generally recognized ranks. Gauthier et al. (1988) suggested that, if Reptilia is assigned its traditional rank of "class", then a phylogenetic classification has to assign the rank of genus to Aves. In such a classification, all ~12,000 known species of extant and extinct birds would then have to be incorporated into this genus. Various solutions have been proposed while keeping the rank-based nomenclature codes. Patterson and Rosen (1977) suggested nine new ranks between family and superfamily in order to be able to classify a clade of herrings, and McKenna and Bell (1997) introduced a large array of new ranks in order to cope with the diversity of Mammalia; these have not been adopted widely. For botany, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, responsible for the currently most widely used classification of flowering plants, chose a different method. They retained the traditional ranks of family and order, considering them to be of value for teaching and studying relationships between taxa, but also introduced named clades without formal ranks. For phylogenetic nomenclature, ranks have no bearing on the spelling of taxon names (see e.g. Gauthier (1994) and the PhyloCode). Ranks are, however, not altogether forbidden for phylogenetic nomenclature. They are merely decoupled from nomenclature: they do not influence which names can be used, which taxa are associated with which names, and which names can refer to nested taxa.	2.34375
10678543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic%20nomenclature	Phylogenetic nomenclature	The principles of traditional rank-based nomenclature are incompatible logically with all taxa being strictly monophyletic. Every organism must belong to a genus, for example, so there would have to be a genus for every common ancestor of the mammals and the birds. For such a genus to be monophyletic, it would have to include both the class Mammalia and the class Aves. For rank-based nomenclature, however, classes must include genera, not the other way around. Philosophy The conflict between phylogenetic and traditional nomenclature represents differing opinions of the metaphysics and epistemology of taxa. For the advocates of phylogenetic nomenclature, a taxon is an individual entity, an entity that may gain and lose attributes as time passes. Just as a person does not become somebody else when his or her properties change through maturation, senility, or more radical changes like amnesia, the loss of a limb, or a change of sex, so a taxon remains the same entity whatever characteristics are gained or lost. Given the metaphysical claims regarding unobservable entities made by advocates of phylogenetic nomenclature, critics have referred to their method as origin essentialism.	2.265625
10678543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic%20nomenclature	Phylogenetic nomenclature	If ancestry is sufficient for the continuity of a taxon, then all descendants of a taxon member will also be included in the taxon, so all bona fide taxa are monophyletic; the names of paraphyletic groups do not merit formal recognition. As "Pelycosauria" refers to a paraphyletic group that includes some Permian tetrapods but not their extant descendants, it cannot be admitted as a valid taxon name. Again, while not disagreeing with the notion that only monophyletic groups should be named, empiricist systematists counter this ancestry essentialism by pointing out that pelycosaurs are recognized as paraphyletic precisely because they exhibit a combination of synapomorphies and symplesiomorphies indicating that some of them are more closely related to mammals than they are to other pelycosaurs. The material existence of an assemblage of fossils and its status as a clade are not the same issue. Monophyletic groups are worthy of attention and naming because they share properties of interest -- synapomorphies -- that are the evidence that allows inference of common ancestry. History Phylogenetic nomenclature is a semantic extension of the general acceptance of the idea of branching during the course of evolution, represented in the diagrams of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and later writers like Charles Darwin and Ernst Haeckel. In 1866, Haeckel for the first time constructed a single relational diagram of all life based on the existing classification of life accepted at the time. This classification was rank-based, but did not contain taxa that Haeckel considered polyphyletic. In it, Haeckel introduced the rank of phylum which carries a connotation of monophyly in its name (literally meaning "stem").	2.078125
10678543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic%20nomenclature	Phylogenetic nomenclature	Ever since, it has been debated in which ways and to what extent the understanding of the phylogeny of life should be used as a basis for its classification, with opinions including "numerical taxonomy" (phenetics), "evolutionary taxonomy" (gradistics), and "phylogenetic systematics". From the 1960s onwards, rankless classifications were occasionally proposed, but in general the principles and common language of traditional nomenclature have been used by all three schools of thought. Most of the basic tenets of phylogenetic nomenclature (lack of obligatory ranks, and something close to phylogenetic definitions) can, however, be traced to 1916, when Edwin Goodrich interpreted the name Sauropsida, defined 40 years earlier by Thomas Henry Huxley, to include the birds (Aves) as well as part of Reptilia, and invented the new name Theropsida to include the mammals as well as another part of Reptilia. As these taxa were separate from traditional zoological nomenclature, Goodrich did not emphasize ranks, but he clearly discussed the diagnostic features necessary to recognize and classify fossils belonging to the various groups. For example, in regard to the fifth metatarsal of the hind leg, he said "the facts support our view, for these early reptiles have normal metatarsals like their Amphibian ancestors. It is clear, then, that we have here a valuable corroborative character to help us to decide whether a given species belongs to the Theropsidan or the Sauropsidan line of evolution." Goodrich concluded his paper: "The possession of these characters shows that all living Reptilia belong to the Sauropsidan group, while the structure of the foot enables us to determine the affinities of many incompletely known fossil genera, and to conclude that only certain extinct orders can belong to the Theropsidan branch." Goodrich opined that the name Reptilia should be abandoned once the phylogeny of the reptiles was better known.	2.21875
10678543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic%20nomenclature	Phylogenetic nomenclature	The principle that only clades should be named formally became popular among some researchers during the second half of the 20th century. It spread together with the methods for discovering clades (cladistics) and is an integral part of phylogenetic systematics (see above). At the same time, it became apparent that the obligatory ranks that are part of the traditional systems of nomenclature produced problems. Some authors suggested abandoning them altogether, starting with Willi Hennig's abandonment of his earlier proposal to define ranks as geological age classes. The first use of phylogenetic nomenclature in a publication can be dated to 1986. Theoretical papers outlining the principles of phylogenetic nomenclature, as well as further publications containing applications of phylogenetic nomenclature (mostly to vertebrates), soon followed (see Literature section). In an attempt to avoid a schism among the systematics community, "Gauthier suggested to two members of the ICZN to apply formal taxonomic names ruled by the zoological code only to clades (at least for supraspecific taxa) and to abandon Linnean ranks, but these two members promptly rejected these ideas". The premise of names in traditional nomenclature is based, ultimately, on type specimens, and the circumscription of groups is considered a taxonomic choice made by the systematists working on particular groups, rather than a nomenclatural decision made based on a priori rules of the Codes on Nomenclature. The desire to subsume taxonomic circumscriptions within nomenclatural definitions caused Kevin de Queiroz and the botanist Philip Cantino to start drafting their own code of nomenclature, the PhyloCode, to regulate phylogenetic nomenclature.	2.328125
10678543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic%20nomenclature	Phylogenetic nomenclature	Controversy Willi Hennig's pioneering work provoked a controversy about the relative merits of phylogenetic nomenclature versus Linnaean taxonomy, or the related method of evolutionary taxonomy, which has continued to the present. Some of the controversies with which the cladists were engaged had been happening since the 19th century. While Hennig insisted that different classification schemes were useful for different purposes, he gave primacy to his own, claiming that the categories of his system had "individuality and reality" in contrast to the "timeless abstractions" of classifications based on overall similarity. Formal classifications based on cladistic reasoning are said to emphasize ancestry at the expense of descriptive characteristics. Nonetheless, most taxonomists presently avoid paraphyletic groups whenever they think it is possible within Linnaean taxonomy; polyphyletic taxa have long been unfashionable. Many cladists claim that the traditional Codes of Zoological and Botanical Nomenclature are fully compatible with cladistic methods, and that there is no need to reinvent a system of names that has functioned well for 250 years, but others argue that this system is not as effective as it should be and that it is time to adopt nomenclatural principles that represent divergent evolution as a mechanism that explains much of the known biodiversity. In fact, calls to reform biological nomenclature were made even before phylogenetic nomenclature was developed. The International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature	2.203125
10678572	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Dillon%2C%208th%20Viscount%20Dillon	Henry Dillon, 8th Viscount Dillon	Henry Dillon, 8th Viscount Dillon (died 1714) was an Irish soldier and politician. In 1689 he sat in the Patriot Parliament. He fought for the Jacobites during the Williamite War, defending Galway against Ginkel and surrendering it in 1691 after a short siege. He obtained the reversal of his father's attainder in 1696 recovering his father's lands. Birth and origins Henry was born about 1665, probably at his parents' house at Kilmore, County Roscommon, Ireland. He was the second but eldest surviving of the three sons of Theobald Dillon and his wife Mary Talbot. At that time his father was heir apparent of Lucas Dillon, 6th Viscount Dillon of Costello-Gallen, a remote cousin. His father's family was Old English and descended from Sir Henry Dillon who had come to Ireland with Prince John in 1185. Henry's mother was a daughter of Sir Henry Talbot of Templeogue and his wife Margaret Talbot, who was a sister of Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell. The Talbots also were an Old English family. Both his parents were Catholic. He had two brothers, who are listed in his father's article. His younger brother, Arthur, later became a general in French service. Early life In 1683 his father succeeded as the 7th Viscount Dillon. In 1688, at the Glorious Revolution, his father raised two regiments of foot for James II, Dillon commanded one of them, the other was commanded by his younger brother, Arthur. Marriage and children In July 1687 Dillon married Frances Hamilton, second of the three daughters of comte George Hamilton and his wife Frances Jennings and step-daughter of Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, lord deputy of Ireland. These three sisters were known in Ireland as the three viscountesses as they all three married Irish viscounts. Henry and Frances had at least two children: Bridget Richard (died 1737), who succeeded as the 9th Viscount	2.484375
10678572	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Dillon%2C%208th%20Viscount%20Dillon	Henry Dillon, 8th Viscount Dillon	Later life In 1689 Dillon was one of the two members of parliament for County Westmeath in the House of Commons of the Patriot Parliament. In that same year he served as Lord Lieutenant of County Roscommon. His father, the 7th Viscount, fell in the Battle of Aughrim on 12 July 1691 fighting under Saint-Ruhe against the Williamites under Ginkel. Henry succeeded as the 8th Viscount in the eyes of his Jacobite comrades, but his father had been attainted on 11 May 1691 and in the eyes of the victorious Williamites there was no title or estate for him to succeed to. Lord Dillon, as he was now, was governor of Galway for the Jacobites. Ginkel quickly marched down upon him from Aughrim and invested the town on 18 July. Dillon surrendered on the 26th on terms and marched out with his troops to Limerick. The Williamites laid siege to Limerick in August 1690. During a shelling of the town Dillon's mother Mary lost her life. The siege was lifted at the end of the month but a second siege followed in 1691 and lasted until the Williamite war in Ireland ended with the Treaty of Limerick signed on 8 October 1691. While many of the Jacobites went into exile at the end of the war, an event called the Flight of the Wild Geese, Dillon stayed in Ireland and applied for the reversal of his attainder, which he obtained in 1694 by a judgement of the Court of the King's Bench and was confirmed by the Irish House of Lords in 1697. He, therefore, got back his title and lands. Death, succession, and timeline Dillon died on 13 January 1714 in Dublin and was buried at Ballyhaunis in County Mayo. He was succeeded by his son, Richard, the 9th Viscount, who died in 1737, without male issue, and the title passed to his nephew Charles, his brother Arthur's son.	2.453125
10678604	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace%20de%20Vesci	Eustace de Vesci	Eustace de Vesci (1169–1216) was an English lord of Alnwick Castle, and a Magna Carta surety. He also held lands in Sprouston, Roxburghshire, Scotland as brother in-law to King Alexander II of Scotland. Eustace was a leader during the Barons' War in 1215 and was killed while undertaking a siege of Barnard Castle in 1216. Early life His parents were William de Vesci and Burga de Stuteville, daughter of Robert III de Stuteville. He paid his relief on coming of age in 1190. Claims by The Baronial Order of Magna Charta & The Military Order of The Crusades that he was with King Richard I of England in Palestine in 1191 are seemingly unsupported by primary sources. On 13 August 1199 he appeared as one of the guarantors of the treaty between the new king John of England and Renaud I, Count of Dammartin, and in the same year, probably later, he was sent to William the Lion of Scotland to promise him satisfaction of his rights in England, and witnessed his homage on 22 November 1200. He witnessed charters frequently in the early years of John's reign, in 1209 was one of the guardians of the bishopric of Durham, and on 10 April of the same year he was sent to meet William The Lion on his visit to England. He was serving the king in Ireland from June to August 1210. Accused of conspiring against John in 1212, he fled to Scotland. A tale of John's attempted seduction of his wife, and the trick played on him, first appears in Walter of Hemingburgh and bears a close resemblance to a classical model. His lands were seized, but after John's submission to the pope he was forced to invite Vescy back (27 May 1213), though orders were sent on the same day to Philip of Oldcoates to cripple him by destroying his castle of Alnwick. On 18 July 1213 he was one of the recipients of John's pledge to abide by the decision of the pope concerning the things about which he had been excommunicated. On 5 November 1214 Pope Innocent III warned him not to trouble the king.	2.109375
10678604	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace%20de%20Vesci	Eustace de Vesci	The Barons' Revolt He was a leader in the First Barons' War, in 1215 marching south against King John I with Robert Fitzwalter. He was prominent among the barons who wrung Magna Carta from John, and was one of the twenty-five appointed to see it carried out. He was excommunicated by name with others of the barons in 1216. In the ensuing confusion, he supported Louis, the French prince, who was claiming the English throne. He was killed at a siege of Barnard Castle; while he accompanied Alexander II of Scotland on his way to do homage to Louis of France, on the way they laid siege to Barnard Castle, belonging to Hugh de Balliol, and, approaching too near, Vescy was shot through the head by an arrow. His lands were confiscated and given to Simon de Champ Rémy, Philip de Ulecot, and William de Harcourt. Family He married Margaret, half-sister of King Alexander II of Scotland, an illegitimate daughter of William the Lion by a daughter of Adam de Hythus. They had: William de Vesci, who was father of John de Vesci and of William de Vescy. The latter was one of the Competitors for the Crown of Scotland in 1291.	2.65625
10678620	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20Graphics%20Access	Direct Graphics Access	Direct Graphics Access is a plug-in for the X display servers that allows client programs direct access to the frame buffer. Graphics hardware communicates via a chunk of memory called a frame buffer. This is an array of values that represent pixel color values on the screen. Writing the appropriate values into the frame buffer therefore allows a program to paint areas of the screen. However, as with any shared resource, problems occur when multiple programs attempt to access the same resource, as they tend to write over each other's work. In the X Window System, this is solved by having a central display server that mediates between programs that want to draw on the screen. The display server also used to perform a lot of the drawing work, allowing programs to say Draw me a circle of this radius filled with this pattern or draw this text in this font. The X server does all this work, freeing programmers from having to write their own drawing code. Another advantage of the X architecture is that it works over a network, allowing programs on one machine to display output on the screen of another. Direct Graphics Access allows direct access to the frame buffer and the X-server hands over control of the frame buffer to the client program and waits for the client to hand it back. This means that the client program has control of the whole screen, and so it is mostly used for full-screen video/games.	2.4375
10678645	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Kimball	Ted Kimball	Edward Beatie "Ted" Kimball (February 17, 1910 – August 5, 1985), was a professional radio host in the Salt Lake City region. He was the first announcer of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir broadcast "Music and the Spoken Word". Kimball was born in Salt Lake City in 1910, the son of Edward Partridge Kimball. In 1929, when "Music and the Spoken Word" began radio broadcasting, Kimball was the 19-year-old son of the choir's organist. For the first broadcast a long microphone cable stretched over a block from radio station KDYL to the Salt Lake Tabernacle. With the station's only microphone suspended from the Tabernacle ceiling, Ted Kimball announced each song while standing on a ladder during the whole show. After only eleven months, Kimball was replaced by Richard L. Evans, who is considered the first regular narrator and voice of the show. Evans expanded the narrations to include inspirational thoughts, called "sermonettes", and stayed with the show for 41 years. In the early 1980s, Kimball worked as a part-time radio host for KWHO-AM in Salt Lake City, a commercial fine arts radio station.	1.945313
10678651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Kilimnik	Karen Kilimnik	Karen Kilimnik (born 1955) is an American painter and installation artist. Life and work Karen traveled through much of the United States and Canada as a young child. She often spoke of Russell, Manitoba as being an inspiration for her later works. Karen Kilimnik studied at Temple University, Philadelphia. Her installations reflected a young viewpoint of pop culture. An example of this work is her 1989 breakout The Hellfire Club Episode of the Avengers, which is composed of photocopied images, clothing, drawings, and other objects that reverentially embody the glamour, risk, and mod kitsch of the 1960s television show. The work exemplified the “scatter” style of her installations. Kilimnik's paintings, characterised by loose brushwork, bold colors and "thrift shop paint-by-numbers awkwardness", are pastiches of the Old Masters and often incorporate portraits of celebrities. In contrast to the celebrity portraits of Elizabeth Peyton, Kilimnik, "blends together Conceptual and performance art and 1980's appropriation with the current interest in female psychology and identity." Jonathan Jones described her portrait of Hugh Grant (1997) as "a nice example of a relatively new genre of painting, which we might call the iconic portrait, not commissioned by its sitter but based on photographs, magazine cuttings, film clips." Her work is variously described as "sharp and witty...an interesting exercise in conceptual control" and as "wan and whimsical..." Collections Kilimnik's has work in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art, the Carnegie Museum of Art and the Whitney Museum of American Art. Bibliography Karen Kilimnik (ed. Lionel Bovier), Zurich: JRP/Ringier (2006).	1.96875
10678740	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Dillon%2C%2014th%20Viscount%20Dillon	Charles Dillon, 14th Viscount Dillon	Charles Henry Dillon-Lee, 14th Viscount Dillon (1810–1865), was an Irish and English landowner. He lived in Ditchley, Oxfordshire, England, and was represented in Ireland by his agent Charles Strickland. Birth and origins Charles was born on 20 April 1810 in Ely Place (a street near St Stephen's Green) in Dublin. He was the eldest son of Henry Augustus Dillon-Lee and his wife Henrietta Browne. His father was the 13th Viscount Dillon of Costello-Gallen. The Dillons were a widespread Old English family that had settled in Connacht and Leinster and descended from Sir Henry Dillon who had come to Ireland with Prince John in 1185. Charles's mother was the eldest daughter of Colonel Dominick Geoffrey Browne, MP for Mayo and sister of Lord Oranmore and Browne. His parents had married in 1807. He was one of ten siblings, who are listed in his father's article. Viscount On 26 July 1832 Charles succeeded his father as the 14th Viscount Dillon. He inherited land in Ireland and in England. The Irish lands were the ancestral lands owned by the family since Theobald Dillon, 1st Viscount Dillon in the 17th century. They lay in north-eastern Connacht (counties Mayo and Roscommon) and in western Leinster (Westmeath). The land in England was in Oxfordshire and had been acquired more recently by the marriage of the 11th Viscount to Charlotte Lee, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Lichfield in 1744 and the inheritance that followed in 1776 at the death of the 4th Earl of Lichfield. Marriage and children On 1 February 1833 Lord Dillon, as he was now, married Lydia Sophia Story, daughter of Philip Laycock Story and his wife Lydia Baring. She was a granddaughter of Sir Francis Baring, founder of the London merchant house of Barings. They married in Tusmore House, Oxfordshire, England, at that time the home of his father-in-law. Charles and Lydia had two daughters: Ethelred Florence (died 1910), never married Geraldine Lee Frances (died 1920), married Captain Charles Augustus Drake Halford in 1859	1.9375
10678752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Surety%20Building	American Surety Building	The American Surety Building (also known as the Bank of Tokyo Building or 100 Broadway) is an office building and early skyscraper at Pine Street and Broadway in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City, across from Trinity Church. The building was designed in a Neo-Renaissance style by Bruce Price with a later expansion by Herman Lee Meader. It is tall, with either 23 or 26 stories. It was one of Manhattan's first buildings with steel framing and curtain wall construction. The American Surety Building contains a facade of Maine granite. Its articulation consists of three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column, namely a base, shaft, and capital, making the American Surety Building one of the earliest New York City skyscrapers to feature such a layout. The facade contains several ornamental features, including sculptural elements designed by J. Massey Rhind. In addition, the American Surety Building uses an interior skeleton of structural steel, as well as a cantilevered steel structure for its foundations. The building was erected between 1894 and 1896 as a 21-story structure, which was the second tallest building in New York City when completed. Between 1920 and 1922, an annex was built to designs by Meader, increasing the floor area and adding two stories to the building. A later tenant, the Bank of Tokyo, hired Kajima International to restore the lower 13 stories between 1973 and 1975. The American Surety Building was made a New York City designated landmark in 1995.	2.09375
10678752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Surety%20Building	American Surety Building	Site The American Surety Building is located in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, adjacent to Broadway to the west and Pine Street to the north, with Wall Street less than a block to the south. The building is adjacent to Trinity Church, Trinity's churchyard, and the Trinity and United States Realty Buildings to the west; the Equitable Building to the north; 14 Wall Street to the east; and 1 Wall Street to the south. Entrances to the New York City Subway's Wall Street station, served by the , are adjacent to the building. The lot covers about , and measures on Pine Street and on Broadway. None of the sides are parallel. The original lot, prior to the building's 1920–1922 expansion, measured . Architecture The American Surety Building is either 23 or 26 stories tall, with a height of . and was designed by Bruce Price in the Neo-Renaissance style. Upon completion, the American Surety Building was 21 stories tall with a height of either . This made it New York City's second tallest building, behind the now-demolished Manhattan Life Insurance Building one block south, which stood at . At the time of the American Surety Building's development in the 1890s, new buildings in New York City were starting to use steel frames, and caisson foundation technology was still relatively new. The American Surety Building was the first New York City skyscraper to use a full steel skeleton. The American Surety Building was also one of the earliest buildings on street corners whose articulation consisted of three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column (namely a base, shaft, and capital). The design inspired those of other "tower" skyscrapers in the United States during the early 20th century.	2.046875
10678752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Surety%20Building	American Surety Building	Facade The facade consists of Maine granite with a 3-story base, a 12-story shaft, and a 6-story capital, with two transitional stories at the 4th and 15th floors. A two-story penthouse is set back above the 21st floor. The Broadway and Pine Street elevations were both seven bays wide before an expansion in 1920–1922 brought the building to 11 bays on both sides. Price said that he wanted to "design a monumental structure", and as such he intended the facade to resemble "a campanile with four pilaster faces, the seven flutes represented by seven rows of windows". The windows on upper stories were originally progressively recessed by per story, so that the 20th floor windows were recessed by ; this allowed sunlight to illuminate the upper stories while utilizing entasis for architectural effect. These windows were subsequently replaced with sash windows. Unlike previous buildings such as the Park Row Building, which typically only had one decorated facade, the American Surety Building had all of its facades decorated. The main entrance is located on Broadway and consists of a two-story Ionic-style colonnade supporting a seven-bay-wide portico; this portico was five bays wide prior to the expansion. The third-story windows above the portico are flanked by six classical figures designed by J. Massey Rhind. Two more figures, in the same style as Rhind's originals, were added in the expansion. At the top of the colonnade is an elaborate frieze. The Broadway facade also has an entrance to the upper floors at its southern end. On Pine Street, the lowest two stories are supported by two-story piers above a granite water table, supporting an entablature that wraps around from Broadway. There is a service entrance on the east end of the Pine Street facade, and the third-story windows on this facade have projecting window surrounds with connecting spandrel panels. An entablature runs above the third story on Pine Street and Broadway.	1.984375
10678752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Surety%20Building	American Surety Building	The facades of the intermediate stories contain slightly projecting horizontal bands. A band course runs above the fourth story on the Broadway and Pine Street facades. There are sculptures extending across the 14th and 15th stories, connecting the intermediate floors to the transitional 15th story. The top six stories were treated as a "cap" with Corinthian style pilasters forming a colonnade; a parapet between the 20th and 21st stories with gilded metal; and a large projecting stone cornice atop the 21st floor. The original gilded parapet and the sculptures were removed in the 1920–1922 expansion, and a cornice with anthemia was installed atop the two-story penthouse. The southern elevation of the 20th and 21st floors, from Price's original design, remains partially visible from the street. Foundation Contractor Charles Sooysmith designed the foundation, which was a mix of grillage and caissons. Sooysmith was among the first builders to use pneumatic caissons for foundations, having used them in other projects such as the Manhattan Life Insurance Building. The caissons were sunken to stone beds between deep, where the layer of bedrock was situated. Each caisson was tall and made of steel plates. A steel shaft with a cross section of rose from each of the caissons, and was topped by a cylinder of in diameter by tall. The underlying ground was drawn out from the caissons, and then filled with concrete. Thirteen brick piers were subsequently built around the caisson shafts.	2.53125
10678752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Surety%20Building	American Surety Building	The lobby has a black-and-gold coffered ceiling with a baby-centaur frieze. The ground level contains a large open arcade with ceilings. There was previously a banking room at street level, which contained a gold-leaf ceiling supported by four marble pillars. This banking room was removed in a 1970s renovation and replaced with the open arcade. History During the late 19th century, life insurance firms were some of the first companies to build high-profile skyscrapers. At the time of the American Surety Building's construction, life insurance companies generally had their own buildings for their offices and branch locations. According to architectural writer Kenneth Gibbs, these buildings allowed each individual company to instill "not only its name but also a favorable impression of its operations" in the general public. This had been a trend since 1870, with the completion of the former Equitable Life Building just north of the American Surety site. In the second half of the century, many firms in the Financial District were developing structures north of the neighborhood's traditional center of commerce at Wall Street. By 1865, the three-block of stretch of Broadway between Liberty and Wall Streets had seven buildings for banks or insurance companies, including the Continental Insurance Company Building at 100-102 Broadway, on the American Surety Building's future site. Fire insurance companies established buildings on Pine Street as well. The American Surety Company was one of the insurance firms located within the Financial District, having been established in 1881 at 160 Broadway.	2.125
10678752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Surety%20Building	American Surety Building	In February 1894, the company announced that Price had been selected to build American Surety's 20-story headquarters. Price's design called for a relatively simple building with a flat roof, and took inspiration from his previous commission for 280 Broadway. This appealed to the American Surety Company, because the site had supposedly cost $1.435 million and the company planned to spend another $1.25 million on construction. The cost was still relatively high; Price had convinced the American Surety Company that all four facades needed to be decorated because of its high visibility. Price had conceived the building as a tower, which he saw as "the only artistic solution to the problem of high design". Although the American Surety Building was not entirely freestanding, being abutted by other structures, it had decorated facades on all four sides. Sometime during construction, the building's plans were modified so that it would have a 21st story. Price subsequently stated that he had planned to add a five-story pyramidal roof to his plans, similar to St Mark's Campanile in Venice. The campanile, as well as the progressively recessed windows, had been inspired by a failed plan for a structure opposite City Hall, which would have housed the New York Sun.	2.359375
10678752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Surety%20Building	American Surety Building	Later modifications During the mid-20th century, one of the larger tenants was the Bank of Tokyo, which first took space in the American Surety Building in 1952 and expanded to the building's banking room and several floors over the next decade. Real estate investor Irving Brodsky bought the building in 1962, just after the American Surety Company merged with Transamerica Corporation. The Thomson Realty Company took ownership of the building in 1973. When the bank's lease expired that year, it decided to sign a long-term lease and concurrently renovate the building. After the Bank of Tokyo signed its lease, the bank hired Kajima International to refurbish 100 Broadway's lowest thirteen stories, used by the Bank of Tokyo, for $11 million. Kajima installed new elevators, mechanical systems, and bronze windows. In addition, the ground-floor banking and commercial spaces were reconfigured into an open arcade, with the colonnade shielding a glass wall behind it. A sculpture by Isamu Noguchi, a aluminum rhomboid weighing , was also placed in the lobby. This renovation was completed by 1975. The Bank of Tokyo removed the Noguchi sculpture in 1980 without telling Noguchi. The same year, the New York Stock Exchange rented about of offices at 100 Broadway, one block away from the New York Stock Exchange Building, where there was a shortage of space. During the early 1990s, the Bank of Tokyo vacated of space it occupied at 100 Broadway, moving to 1251 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan.	1.914063
10678752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Surety%20Building	American Surety Building	The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as a city landmark in 1995. After the September 11 attacks in 2001 led to the collapse of the World Trade Center nearby, the Borders replaced its destroyed World Trade Center branch with a bookstore in the American Surety Building's base, which opened in 2003. The project was praised as one of several commercial projects that contributed to economic growth in Lower Manhattan after the September 11 attacks. Madison Capital bought 100 Broadway in late 2010, and shortly afterward, the Borders branch closed after Borders Group filed for bankruptcy. Most of the vacant retail space was ultimately occupied in 2012 by Duane Reade, a pharmacy and convenience store. TD Ameritrade occupied the remaining retail space in 2013, and Northwood Investors bought the building the same year for $150 million. Critical reception The American Surety Building was erected at a time when buildings usually did not rise higher than 10 or 11 stories, and when skyscrapers were generally criticized. Architecture critic Russell Sturgis praised the ground-floor colonnade in 1899 as "a masterly adaptation of the loveliest forms of antiquity" reinforced by the pilasters on Pine Street and Broadway. When Price died in 1903, The Brickbuilder described the American Surety Building as "certainly the most interesting tall building in the country". Architecture critic Montgomery Schuyler said in 1913 that the building design was one of the first to use "the column analogy" that became popular at the beginning of the 20th century. After the 1975 modernization project, critic Ada Louise Huxtable called 100 Broadway "one of those sleeper landmarks (undesignated) of which New York has so many more than anyone realizes—an outstandingly fine early skyscraper".	2.046875
10678763	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Alfred%20Townsend	George Alfred Townsend	George Alfred Townsend (January 30, 1841 – April 15, 1914) was an American journalist and novelist who worked under the pen name Gath. He was one of the youngest war correspondents during the American Civil War. Over the course of his career he worked for multiple newspapers including the Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia Press, New York Herald, New York World and Chicago Tribune. He became well known as Washington D.C. correspondent for the New York World and his coverage of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. He turned his daily reports into a book, The Life, Crime, and Capture of John Wilkes Booth, published in 1865. In 1871, he established and edited the Washington D.C. newspaper the Capital along with Donn Piatt, but left the venture soon after its creation. He built an estate on South Mountain near Burkittsville, Maryland, and named it Gapland. He built the National War Correspondents Memorial on his estate to recognize journalists who died in war. After his death, his estate was purchased by the State of Maryland and became Gathland State Park. Early life and education Townsend was born in Georgetown, Delaware, on January 30, 1841, to Stephen Townsend and Mary Milbourne. His father was a circuit preacher and the family moved often. He lived in various towns in Delaware and Maryland's Eastern Shore including, Snow Hill, Cambridge and Princess Anne. In Chestertown, Maryland, he attended a school sponsored by Washington College. In Newark, Delaware, at the age of 10, he attended Newark Academy which became the University of Delaware. The family moved to Philadelphia around 1854 and established a more permanent residence. He attended Central High School and graduated with a Masters in Arts degree in 1860. Career	2.15625
10678763	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Alfred%20Townsend	George Alfred Townsend	In 1860, after graduating from Central High School, he joined The Philadelphia Inquirer and worked as news editor, editorial writer and reporter. In 1861 he moved to the Philadelphia Press and worked as city editor and drama critic. Aside from newspaper work, he wrote poetry and a play, The Bohemians. In 1862, the New York Herald hired him to work as a war correspondent. He was one of the youngest war correspondents to cover the American Civil War. He travelled with the Army of the Potomac under the command of George McClellan during the Peninsula Campaign. He was with the Army of the Potomac during the failed attack on Richmond, Virginia. He was reassigned to John Pope but fell ill before the Second Battle of Bull Run with malaria. He left covering the war to recover his health and traveled throughout Europe. In England he held a successful lecture tour titled "The Civil War in America" where he told tales of his experiences reporting on the Civil War and some of the political and social causes of the war. He traveled in Italy and became interested in Giuseppe Garibaldi, the leader of the Italian unification movement. Townsend published a pamphlet on Girabaldi to be sold back in the United States. In 1865, Townsend returned to working as a war correspondent and reported from the Union Army headquarters in City Point, Virginia, and camps near Petersburg, Virginia. His interview of Philip Sheridan just after the victory at the Battle of Five Forks helped launch his career. He was Washington correspondent for the New York World, covering the assassination of Abraham Lincoln and its aftermath. His daily reports filed between April 17 – May 17 were published later in 1865 as a book, The Life, Crime, and Capture of John Wilkes Booth.	2.734375
10678763	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Alfred%20Townsend	George Alfred Townsend	In December 1865, he married Elizabeth Evans Rhodes of Philadelphia. They traveled throughout Europe after the wedding and their first child, Genevieve Madeleine was born in October 1866, in Paris. In 1867, he moved to Washington D.C. and began writing under the pen name "Gath", which was derived by adding an "H" to his initials, and inspired by the biblical passage II Samuel 1:20, "Tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of Askalon, lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice." He wrote under other pen names including Johnny Bouquet, Finn, Laertes, and Swede. By 1868, he had become one of the most quotable Washington correspondents, working for the "Chicago Tribune," and, after 1874, for the "New York Graphic." His letters, published several times a week, were several columns long, and included lively word-portraits of politicians and opinion. He established and edited, with Ohio journalist and politician, Donn Piatt, the Capital in Washington, D.C., in 1871, but parted company with Piatt soon after. In 1884 Townsend traveled to Western Maryland to research locations for a romance novel based during the Civil War. He purchased 100 acres of land and built a baronial estate in the Catoctin Mountains called "Gapland," near Burkittsville, Maryland. Gapland was built on the site of the Battle of Crampton's Gap, and is in close proximity to the battlefields of South Mountain and Antietam. The estate was composed of several buildings, including Gapland Hall, Gapland Lodge, the Den and Library Building, and a mausoleum inscribed with "Good Night, Gath" that was never used. In 1896, Townsend built the War Correspondents' Memorial Arch, the first such monument tribute to war journalists. His novels included The Entailed Hat (1884), which fictionalized a true story of a woman named Patty Cannon who kidnapped free blacks and sold them into slavery. Townsend's other works include the short story collection Tales of the Chesapeake (1880) and the novel Katy of Catoctin (1887).	2.15625
10678792	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avialae	Avialae	Avialae ("bird wings") is a clade containing the only living dinosaurs, the birds, and their closest relatives. It is usually defined as all theropod dinosaurs more closely related to birds (Aves) than to deinonychosaurs, though alternative definitions are occasionally used (see below). Archaeopteryx lithographica, from the late Jurassic Period Solnhofen Formation of Germany, is usually considered the earliest known avialan which may have had the capability of powered flight; a minority of studies have suggested that it might have been a deinonychosaur instead. Several older (but non flight-capable) possible avialans are known from the late Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of China, dated to about 160 million years ago. Definition Most researchers define Avialae as branch-based clade, though definitions vary. Many authors have used a definition similar to "all theropods closer to birds than to Deinonychus." A nearly identical definition, "the theropod group that includes all taxa closer to Passer than to Dromaeosaurus", was used by Agnolín and Novas (2013) for their clade Averaptora, operating under the assumption that troodontids and birds were more closely related to each other than to dromaeosaurs. They also redefine Avialae as the smallest clade containing Archaeopteryx and modern birds. Additionally, beginning in the late 2000s and early 2010s, several groups of researchers began adding the genus Troodon as an additional specifier in the definition of Avialae. Troodon had long been considered a close relative of the dromaeosaurids in the larger group Deinonychosauria, though some contemporary studies found it and other troodontids more closely related to modern birds, and so it has been specifically excluded from Avialae in more recent studies.	2.640625
10678792	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avialae	Avialae	The earliest known avialans come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period (Oxfordian stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include Anchiornis huxleyi and Aurornis xui. Xiaotingia zhengi used to be considered a member, but was later classified within the clade Dromaeosauridae. The well-known Archaeopteryx dates from slightly later Jurassic rocks (about 155 million years old) from Germany. Many of these early avialans shared unusual anatomical features that may be ancestral to modern birds, but were later lost during bird evolution. These features include enlarged claws on the second toe which may have been held clear of the ground in life, and long feathers or "hind wings" covering the hind limbs and feet, which may have been used in aerial maneuvering. It is also thought that early avialans were either cranially akinetic or had otherwise limited cranial kinesis. Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period. Many groups retained primitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopteryx and Shenzhouraptor, retained the long bony tails of their ancestors, the tails of more advanced avialans were shortened with the advent of the pygostyle bone in the group Pygostylia. In the late Cretaceous, around 95 million years ago, the ancestor of all modern birds also evolved a better sense of smell. The following cladogram is based on the analysis by Hartman et al. (2019), which found flight likely evolved five separate times among paravian dinosaurs, two of those among Avialae (in Scansoriopterygids and other avialans). Archaeopteryx and "anchiornithids" were placed in Deinonychosauria, Avialae's sister group. In a study conducted in 2020, Archaeopteryx was recovered as an avialan.	3.015625
10678927	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mineola%20Twins	The Mineola Twins	The Mineola Twins is a play by Paula Vogel with music by David Van Tieghem, which premiered Off-Broadway in 1999. Overview The story satirically examines women's experience and the women's movement over more than three decades in post-World War II America, as seen through the life of identical twins, Myra and Myrna, from Mineola, New York, who are played by one actress. The twins' contrasting personalities are presented in often extreme and comic ways. For example, one is a rebellious radical, while the other is an uptight conservative. The play takes place during the Eisenhower Administration; then at the start of the Nixon Administration; and finally during the Bush Administration. In an author's note, Vogel suggests that female singers of the time, such as Teresa Brewer and Vicki Carr be used. Characters Myrna, the "good" twin Myra, the "bad" twin Jim, Myrna's fiancé Kenny, Myrna's son Ben, Myra's son Sarah, played by the actress who also plays Jim Two psychiatric aides/Federal agents Productions The play was first produced by the Perseverance Theatre in Juneau, Alaska, in November 1996. It was then produced at the Trinity Repertory Company in Providence, Rhode Island in February to March 1997, again directed by Molly Smith (former artistic director of Perseverance) and starring Anne Scurria.	2.09375
10678966	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arion%20distinctus	Arion distinctus	Arion distinctus is a species of air-breathing land slug in the family Arionidae, sometimes known as the roundback slugs. It is a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc. Several vernacular names exist, but it is unclear if they are much in use: brown soil slug, common garden slug, darkface arion, Mabille's orange-soled slug, April slug. Taxonomic background Arion hortensis was described by Férussac in 1819. Only in the 1970s did the amateur malacologist Stella Davies discover that in Britain that name had been applied to three distinct species. Later the name Arion distinctus was used for the one of these species that Davies had provisionally called "form A". Mabille's original 1868 description of A. distinctus included details (coloration, date of collection) that tended to indicate this species rather than Arion hortensis s.s. No type survived, so a neotype has been designated, collected from the same rough locality (near Sèvres, Paris). Identification As in other members of the genus Arion, the pneumostome is in the anterior half of the mantle. Arion distinctus never gets bigger than about 4 cm extended. In contrast with members of the subgenus Carinarion (e.g. Arion circumscriptus), there is no dorsal line of pale tubercles suggesting a keel and the shape of the body in cross-section is a segment of a circle rather than a bell shape. Arion distinctus lacks the prickly tubercles of A. intermedius, and is larger and darker with prominent lateral bands. Arion subfuscus and A. fuscus can look similar to A. distinctus when preserved, but these species in life have bright orange mucus on the body and a pale sole, whereas in A. distinctus the sole appears yellow or orange from the sole mucus, but the body mucus is not coloured.	2.25
10678966	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arion%20distinctus	Arion distinctus	However, reliable discrimination from other members of the subgenus Kobeltia is not always straightforward on external characters. In much of Western Europe the Kobeltia species most likely to be confused is A. hortensis; mixed populations often occur. Authorities differ in their advice on how reliably the two species can be separated using external characters when alive. Useful indications are that A. distinctus has dark tentacles without the red or violet tinge typical of A. hortensis, the general appearance of its back is yellower or browner than in A. hortensis, the row of tubercles directly above the sole is not as white as is typical of A. hortensis, and (least reliably) the lateral bands tend to be lower, running through the pneumostome rather than above. If dissection reveals a two-partite oviduct, one can be sure of A. distinctus, but in most regions a sizeable proportion of individuals have a three-partite oviduct like that of A. hortensis. The definitive character, distinguishing A. distinctus from all other Kobeltia species, is a conical structure inside the atrium that covers the entrance to the epiphallus, but it is not developed in juveniles. The structure is involved in receiving the partner's spermatophore. Habitat Arion distinctus occurs in a variety of moist habitats, including gardens, waste ground and woodland, but may be absent in harsh upland habitats. In Switzerland it occurs up to 2000 m. It is typically found amongst ground litter or sheltering under wood, stones and soil clods. Studies in agriculture and horticulture have often not distinguished A. distinctus and A. hortensis, but both species are considered to be economically significant pests. Distribution This species is believed native to Western, Northern and Central Europe, but has spread eastwards, particularly in synanthropic habitats. The Andorran occurrences are the only confirmed records from the Iberian Peninsula.	2.40625
10679052	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography%20of%20Piedmont	Geography of Piedmont	The Geography of Piedmont is that of a territory predominantly mountainous, 43.3%, but with extensive areas of hills which represent 30.3% of the territory, and of plains (26.4%). To the north and to the west Piedmont is surrounded by the Alps, to the south by the Apennines, and to the east by the Po plain. To the west Piedmont borders with France, to the north with Valle d'Aosta and Switzerland, to the east with Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, and to the south with Liguria. Piedmont is the second largest of the 20 administrative regions of Italy, after Sicily. It is broadly contiguous with the upper part of the drainage basin of the Po which rises from the slopes of Monviso in the west of the region and is Italy’s largest river. The Po collects all the waters provided within the semicircle of mountains (Alps and Apennines) which surround the region on three sides. From the highest peaks the land slopes down to hilly areas (not always, though, sometimes there is a brusque transition from the mountains to the plains), and then to the upper, and then the lower Pianura Padana. The boundary between the first and the second is characterised by risorgive, springs typical of the pianura padana which supply fresh water both to the rivers and to a dense network of irrigation canals. Lago Maggiore and the line of the rivers Ticino and Sesia separate Piedmont from Lombardy. The countryside, then, is very varied: one passes from the rugged peaks of the massifs of Monte Rosa and of Gran Paradiso (national park), to the damp rice paddies of the Vercellese and Novarese; from the gentle hillsides of the Langhe and of Monferrato to the plains, often polluted and studded with a mixture of farms and industrial concerns. Orography Mountains Principal mountains:	2.796875
10679146	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Vaughan%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Carbery	Richard Vaughan, 2nd Earl of Carbery	Richard Vaughan, 2nd Earl of Carbery KB, PC (c. 1600 – 1686), styled The Honourable from 1621 to 1628 and then Lord Vaughan until 1634, was a Welsh soldier, peer and politician. Born the son of a Welsh nobleman with an Irish peerage, Vaughan initially entered the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for the Welsh constituency of Carmarthenshire in 1624. He held the seat until 1629, when King Charles I decided to rule without parliament until 1640. Knighted in 1626, he appears to have had little interest in politics, and after inheriting the estates and titles of his father in 1634, he retired to the life of a country gentleman in South Wales. The outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 disturbed his peace, and after being courted by both King and Parliament, he declared as a Royalist. He raised troops for the king and took control of the Southern Welsh counties on behalf of the Crown, for which he was rewarded with titles and responsibilities. Carbery's successes were short-lived however. Never a natural soldier, within a year he was fighting Parliamentarian risings in his counties, and shortly after resigned his command. He saw out the wars in retirement, narrowly escaping a heavy fine from Parliament, and refusing to become involved in any further escapades. Restored to favour after the Restoration in 1660, Carbery received a number of important local positions. He became a literary patron later in his career, hosting the Anglican theologian Jeremy Taylor at his seat, Golden Grove (Gelli Aur), and the poet Samuel Butler, during his time as constable of Ludlow Castle. A scandal involving his treatment of servants forced him to relinquish many of his administrative posts, and he spent his last years in quiet retirement.	2.421875
10679146	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Vaughan%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Carbery	Richard Vaughan, 2nd Earl of Carbery	English Civil War Vaughan succeeded his father as earl of Carbery in 1634 and joined the Irish House of Lords. Carbery was called to the bar by Gray's Inn in 1637 and did not sit in either the Short or Long Parliaments summoned in 1640. He maintained a low profile in politics, and at the outset of the Civil War, his loyalties were sufficiently ambiguous for him to be courted as a supporter by both King and Parliament. Parliament appointed him lord lieutenant of Carmarthenshire and Cardiganshire in February 1642 and assigned to him the task of executing the militia ordinance in those counties. Carbery instead declared for the king, and he and his uncle, Henry Vaughan, raised a regiment and marched to the support of the king at Oxford in January 1643. As a reward for his loyalty, on 4 April Charles appointed Carbery lieutenant-general of Carmarthenshire, Cardiganshire and Pembrokeshire and sent him to secure the counties for the king. This presented little difficulty in Carmarthenshire and Cardiganshire, as both were royalist leaning, but in Pembrokeshire the seaports of Tenby and Pembroke had active Parliamentarian sympathies. Carbery showed little appetite for a direct confrontation, and after securing an informal truce with the towns, settled down to await developments elsewhere.	2.71875
10679146	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Vaughan%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Carbery	Richard Vaughan, 2nd Earl of Carbery	By October 1643 Charles had negotiated a peace to end the Irish Rebellion of 1641, and was seeking to transfer his army in Ireland back to England to support his campaigns there. There was also the potential for Irish regiments to also cross to his aid. The Pembrokeshire seaports became of vital strategic importance, and Carbery was instructed to secure them for the king. This he did by rallying the Pembrokeshire gentry for the king and threatening attacks on the towns. Faced with this challenge, Tenby submitted on 30 August, and by 24 October Pembroke had done likewise. Charles rewarded Carbery for his success by creating him Baron Vaughan of Emlyn on 24 October, raising him to the English peerage and entitling him to sit in the English House of Lords. An appointment as governor of Milford Haven followed on 17 November, giving him control over Pembroke and its approaches. Carbery's moment of victory was short-lived. The Parliamentarian forces in Pembroke rose up under John Poyer, and Carbery was forced to formulate a military response. Lacking any experience or natural aptitude as a soldier, he was limited to calling out his militia and laying siege to Pembroke, hoping to blockade the town into surrender. The Parliamentarian force resisted, at first being relieved by sea, and then launching attacks on the encircling Royalist strongholds, their forces led by Rowland Laugharne. Lacking a mobile reserve force, Carbery could do little to stop them, and soon had lost Tenby, followed by the entirety of Pembrokeshire by March 1644. Carbery was recalled to answer for the disaster, which worsened after his departure as Parliamentarian forces secured Carmarthenshire and Cardiganshire. Although he was exonerated from blame he was required to resign his commission, which was passed to Sir Charles Gerard. Carbery was assigned as Gerard's adviser, and returned to Wales in May 1644, but seems to have retired from any active role in military operations for the rest of the war.	2.609375
10679146	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Vaughan%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Carbery	Richard Vaughan, 2nd Earl of Carbery	Later career Carbery faced a heavy fine from Parliament after the war, amounting to £4,500. His former enemy Laugharne was one of those arguing against it on his behalf, stating that he could be a useful supporter of Parliament in the region, if he was conciliated. Carbery went up to Parliament to likewise plead against it and rally support. Sir John Meyrick and the Earl of Essex argued on his behalf, and on 16 February 1646 the House of Commons decided to cancel the fine, a decision formalised and completed by 9 April 1647. Carbery largely retired into private life, refusing to support the revolt against Parliament in South Wales in April and May 1648, led by his former enemies Laugharne and Poyer, in conjunction with many of the region's Royalists. The rising was crushed and Carbery's decision spared him further molestation from the government. He and his second wife settled quietly in comfortable retirement at the family seat of Golden Grove (Gelli Aur). During this period they played host to the Anglican writer and theologian Jeremy Taylor, who wrote many of his most notable works, including The Great Exemplar and Golden Grove while staying with Carbery. Post-restoration	2.234375
10679146	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Vaughan%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Carbery	Richard Vaughan, 2nd Earl of Carbery	With the Restoration in 1660, Carbery resumed his first post as custos rotulorum. He was nominated Lord President of Wales and additionally was given several Welsh lord lieutenantcies. In 1661, Carbery was sworn onto the Privy Council of England and in 1670, he became again Custos Rotulorum of Cardiganshire. Carbery was lord president and Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan until 1672, when after charges of abuse against his servants, Henry Somerset, 1st Duke of Beaufort assumed both offices. A year later the duke succeeded Carbery also as Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey as well as Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire. During Carbery's tenure as president, he held the constableship of Ludlow Castle, and appointed his secretary Samuel Butler as the castle's steward. There Butler wrote the first part of Hudibras. Despite the loss of his Lieutenancies, Carbery retained both positions as custos rotulorum until his death in 1686. He was buried at Llanfihangel Aberbythych 12 days later. Family Lord Carbery married three times, firstly to Bridget Lloyd, daughter of Thomas Lloyd. After Bridget's death, he married Frances Altham, daughter of Sir James Altham, and granddaughter of the judge Sir James Altham, in Acton, London, on 8 August 1637, and they had three sons (Francis, John and Altham) and a daughter. Frances died in 1650 and Carbery married thirdly Lady Alice Egerton, daughter of John Egerton, 1st Earl of Bridgewater, two years later. The earl died in 1686 and was succeeded in his titles by his second son John. His eldest son Francis was the Member of Parliament for Carmarthen when he predeceased his father in 1667. Carbery's last wife, Alice, survived her husband by three years.	2.203125
10679308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20rapid%20transit	Ion rapid transit	Ion, stylized as ION, is an integrated public transportation network in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. It is operated by Keolis and is part of the Grand River Transit (GRT) system, partially replacing GRT's Route 200 iXpress bus service. The section of the bus route serving Cambridge has been renamed "Ion Bus", and renumbered as 302. The first phase commenced operations on June 21, 2019, between the north end of Waterloo and the south end of Kitchener. A future extension of light rail to the downtown Galt area of Cambridge (Phase 2) is planned but construction may not begin on that line until 2028. In 2023, Ion LRT had an annual ridership of 4.3 million, and a daily ridership of 11,780. In 2009, an Environmental Assessment (EA) began to create a proposal of electrically powered light rail transit through Kitchener and Waterloo, and adapted bus rapid transit from Kitchener to Cambridge. On June 24, 2009, Regional Council voted to approve the project, subject to funding from higher levels of government, which was in turn approved by council on June 15, 2011. This was followed by a community building strategy to guide development, identify key destinations, and strengthen regional connections. The strategy, led by Urban Strategies Inc. of Toronto, consulted hundreds of individuals and stakeholders from Cambridge, Kitchener, and Waterloo. Construction began in August 2014 and service was expected to begin in late 2017; however, because of delays in the manufacture and delivery of rolling stock, the introduction of the light rail service was significantly delayed. The total cost of the system was estimated at $818 million, but in December 2017, the overruns were estimated to total approximately $50 million. The Province was expected to provide $25 million of that amount. Etymology According to the Region of Waterloo, the Ion network is named after the atom, which it describes as being “always in motion”.	1.960938
10679308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20rapid%20transit	Ion rapid transit	History In 2004, the Regional Municipality began an Individual Environmental Assessment to study the feasibility of constructing a rapid transit line to provide higher-order public transit service to the Region and to encourage more compact urban growth along the corridor. The EA took a broader approach to studying possible routes and stations for the rapid transit line, examining several options such as utilizing existing tracks/roads and constructing new facilities. In keeping with legislation, the Environmental Assessment also examined ten possible transport technologies, including monorails and subways. The EA as planned consisted of three phases: Phase 1: Determine a preferred transportation strategy from options such as road expansion, improved conventional transit, and rapid transit. Phase 1 was completed in July 2006. Phase 2: Step 1: Determine a preferred route design (grade separated, dedicated on-road, dedicated off-road, etc.) and technology. The EA examined ten different technologies including light rail, bus rapid transit, monorail, and subway. Step 1, completed in February 2007, determined that light rail transit and bus rapid transit were best suited to meet the needs of the Regional Growth Management Strategy. Step 2: Determined a short list of preferred routes and technologies for seven segments of a rapid transit system (completed in 2008). Step 3: Proposed an overall preferred rapid transit system (completed June 2009) Phase 3: Design an implementation plan for the rapid transit system. In June 2008, the Province of Ontario announced a new expedited Transit Project Assessment Process (Ontario Regulation 231/08). In August 2008, the Region notified the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) to advise that it would transition from the Individual Environmental Assessment to the expedited process. For that reason, Phase 3 of the Individual EA would not be completed.	2.671875
10679308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20rapid%20transit	Ion rapid transit	Ion light rail vehicles are in service between 5am and midnight daily with a frequency of every 10 minutes from 6am to 10pm on weekdays and 15 minutes at other times. The route is properly known as 301 ION Light Rail. The maximum operating speed of Ion light rail vehicles is along city streets and along railway rights of way. However, in areas where there is high pedestrian traffic, the operating speed will be as low as . The trip from Conestoga Mall to Fairview Park Mall is scheduled take about 46 minutes for an average speed of about . As a comparison, the average speed of Toronto's light rail Line 5 Eglinton will be and the average speed of subway Line 2 Bloor–Danforth is . Note that while Ion operates completely on the surface, Line 5 is half underground, and Line 2 is completely road-separated. At street intersections, Ion light rail vehicles do not use the traditional automotive green-yellow-red traffic signals for road traffic, but rather the traditional two-aspect transit signals that show a vertical white bar for "go" and a horizontal white bar for "stop". Ion light rail vehicles have transit signal priority at intersections. Where a street crosses the Ion tracks located either along a railway right of way or along the side of a cross road, the crossing is protected by traditional railway crossing signals: drop gates, flashing red lights and a bell. Crossings so protected are (from north to south) at Northfield Drive, Bearinger Road, Columbia Street, University Avenue, Seagram Drive and Erb Street in Waterloo, and at Ottawa Street, Mill Street, Hayward Avenue, Block Line Road, Courtland Avenue and Wilson Avenue in Kitchener. Freight trains	1.953125
10679308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20rapid%20transit	Ion rapid transit	Because Stage 2 was still years away in March 2017, Grand River Transit was providing rapid transit between Fairview Park Mall and the Ainslie Street Transit Terminal (in the "downtown Galt" area) using iXpress buses. Adapted versions would become available in the near future for the Ion bus. Other stops are at Hespeler Road at the Delta, Can-Amera, Cambridge Centre, Pinebush, and Sportsworld. The rapid transit vehicles use bus-only lanes at Pinebush, Munch and Coronation to minimize slowdowns at times of heavy traffic. Following the launch of light rail stage 1, the Ion bus provides a direct link to that system. This bus route is properly known as 302 Ion Bus. That service, termed "adapted bus rapid transit" runs in shared traffic lanes for most of the route, and fares are collected on board. It therefore does not meet the BRT Standard definition of bus rapid transit. No firm estimates had been published as to the possible start of (Stage 2) light rail service to Cambridge but a report in early July 2017 suggested that construction would not begin until 2025. Design The stations have been built to be the length of two LRVs; however, as only single vehicles are anticipated to be required initially, the major station facilities were only built for a single vehicle length at start. This consists of a cantilevered glass canopy over a mostly open waiting area; enclosures were built at most stations to provide some shelter. Each station is also recognizable by a 'feature wall', a square installation near the end of the platform that carries a distinct colour scheme and pattern. The wall face is a series of large tiles in glass, ceramic or stone; at some stations, all tiles are the same, while others feature a unique pattern. Each wall features illuminated Ion and GRT logos, as well as the station's name set in Clearview. A second wall and canopy can be installed at the opposite end of each platform, and are planned to be erected when two light rail vehicle cars become the norm.	2.109375
10679321	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocong	Pocong	( ; from ) is a ghost that looks like a person wrapped in a funeral cloth. In Islamic funeral, a shroud called a "" (in Indonesian and Malay) is used to wrap the body of the dead person. The dead body is covered in white fabric tied over the head, under the feet, and on the neck, and the shroud is firmly tied at multiple junctures to maintain its position during the journey to the grave site. Upon placement into the grave, it is believed that the knots must be undone or the corpse will animate and be known as a Pocong. Pocong is also known in Malaysia as (wrapped-up ghost). Physical appearance Pocongs come in all shapes and sizes, depending not only on the physical appearance of the deceased at the time of death, but also on the state of the corpse's decomposition as well. The pocong of a person who has been dead for years would be more skeletal in appearance, whereas the pocong of a recently deceased person would retain a fair resemblance to his or her former self, save for some minor decomposition. Typically, a 'fresh' pocong is described as having a pale face and wide open eyes. Multiple sources mention a pocong with dark face and glowing red eyes, a decayed pocong with white featureless eye, and a flat-faced pocong with empty eye sockets. Pocong also hop like rabbits due to the knot under their feet rendering the ghosts unable to walk. This is often how fake Pocong are distinguished from real ones in Indonesian fiction: if the creature is hopping around, it is not a real ghost, but a living person disguised as one. They are said to move around by floating above the ground. This is the distinction that people tend to look out for when they encounter a 'pocong' in the wild. Behavior	2.25
10679321	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocong	Pocong	Since not all pocongs are the same, it is difficult to pinpoint a specific trait of all pocongs. Some pocongs may show themselves in front of people to relay messages or ask for prayers with no intention to cause harm whatsoever. At the same time, others may not be so docile, actively taking pleasure in frightening people with their grotesque looks. Still, in the main, their behaviors are mostly unpredictable, and people are encouraged not think of them as allies, but rather as supernatural dangers to be treated with caution. Pocongs may form colonies, which could number from a few dozens to a few thousands ghosts for each colony. Despite this, judging from anecdotal records, most sightings of pocong indicate a "lone wolf" style attack, meaning they tend to act independently. It is rare for pocongs to work in pairs or in groups to harass humans. As pocongs are not bound to the physical world like humans are, they can move freely through solid objects. They have also been observed to teleport almost instantly from one place to another. They are found practically anywhere, from their final resting places to their former homes. However, banana trees seem to be their preferred spot, it is not uncommon for someone to find a small colony of pocongs happily gathering near or around banana trees.	2.140625
10679366	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue%20of%20the%20Renown	Rescue of the Renown	Renown was a barque used as a sailing cargo ship built in 1842 by R. & H. Green in Blackwall, London. She survived a cyclone at Calcutta in 1864, and was sold to German owners in 1882. In 1887 or 1888 she foundered off Den Helder on the Dutch coast. The storm and sinking In December 1887, the Renown sank during a storm in the North Sea off Den Helder in the Netherlands. The survivors climbed up the mizzen-mast and were eventually rescued by a small lifeboat that approached the sinking ship. The lifeboat, captained by Dorus Rijkers, approached Renown, and Rijkers jumped out of the boat and climbed the mast. He and his crew helped the endangered men from the mast to the lifeboat, and brought them to dry land. Of the ship's total crew of 30, approximately five died in the shipwreck and the remainder were rescued between 9 and 11 December. Aftermath The heroic rescue ended successfully, and Dorus Rijkers was later awarded with a gold medal for valour. All of the surviving crew members received a small stipend from the court of The Hague after it was decided that they earned it because Renown was in bad condition when she left the harbor at Hamburg, Germany, one week before the accident.	2.5625
10679410	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha%20Standiford	Elisha Standiford	Elisha David Standiford (December 28, 1831 – July 26, 1887) was a United States representative from Kentucky. He was born near Louisville, Kentucky. He attended the common schools and St. Mary's College, near Lebanon, Kentucky. He graduated from the Kentucky School of Medicine and commenced practice in Louisville, Kentucky. Later, he abandoned the practice of medicine and engaged in agricultural pursuits and other enterprises. Standiford was a member of the Kentucky Senate in 1868 and 1871. He was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-third Congress (March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1875) but declined a renomination in 1874 to the Forty-fourth Congress. After leaving Congress, he was president of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company from 1875 to 1879. In addition, he engaged in banking and agricultural pursuits. In July 1887, recently married and a candidate for the U.S. Senate, he died in Louisville, Kentucky and was buried in Cave Hill Cemetery. Louisville's largest airport was originally named Standiford Field before being changed to Louisville International Airport in 1995. On January 16, 2019, the Regional Airport Authority voted to change the name of the airport to Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport in honor of the boxer and Louisville native Muhammad Ali. The airport today still retains the airport code of SDF.	2.0625
10679425	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Smith%20%28American%20soccer%29	Bobby Smith (American soccer)	Robert "Bobby" Smith (born March 29, 1951) is a retired U.S. soccer defender who spent nine years in the North American Soccer League and one in the League of Ireland and the Major Indoor Soccer League. He also earned eighteen caps with the United States men's national soccer team and is a member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame. Youth Smith grew up in Trenton, New Jersey and attended Steinert High School in Hamilton Township, New Jersey. After high school, he attended Rider University in Lawrenceville, New Jersey from 1969 through 1972. While at Rider, he played four seasons on the men's soccer team. He holds the college record for most goals in a season (18) and career (46). In 1997, Rider University inducted Smith into its Hall of Fame. Professional The Philadelphia Atoms, a North American Soccer League (NASL) expansion franchise, drafted Smith in the second round of the 1973 College Draft. That year, Smith took home second team All Star honors as the Atoms ran to the NASL championship title. They set a record that season for allowing only 14 goals. Smith returned each of the next two seasons, but the Atoms were unable to replicate their first-year success. Smith, on the other hand, continued to be recognized as one of the league's top defenders. In 1974, he was an All Star honorable mention (third team) and in 1975, he became the first native-born U.S. player in the NASL to earn first team All Star recognition. Part of the reason for his success in 1975 came from a loan spell with League of Ireland First Division club, Dundalk during the 1974-1975 NASL off-season.	2
10679554	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Crawford%20%28historian%29	Robert Crawford (historian)	Sir Robert William Kenneth Crawford, (born 3 July 1945) is a former director general of the Imperial War Museum. Educated at Culford School in Suffolk and Pembroke College, Oxford (MA, modern history, 1967), he joined the Imperial War Museum as a research assistant in 1968 and progressed to head of research and information, keeper of the department of photographs, and assistant director. Then in 1982 he became deputy director-general before becoming director-general in 1995, which he served as until his retirement in October 2008. He was chairman of the National Museum Directors' Conference from 2001 to 2006. He was also the deputy chairman of the Museums Documentation Association from 1998 to 2006 and a member of the National Historic Ships Committee until 2006. Crawford is chairman of the Greenwich Foundation for the Old Royal Naval College and a trustee of the Horniman Museum and Gardens, Royal Logistic Corps Museum Trust, National Maritime Museum, National Museums Liverpool, National Museum of the Royal Navy and Chatham Historic Dockyard. He is a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Glovers and was made a Freeman of the City of London in 1998. Crawford was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2002 for services to museums and a Knight Bachelor in the 2007 New Year Honours.	1.9375
10679583	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukkeh%C3%A5m%C3%A5rtj%C3%B8nne	Bukkehåmårtjønne	Bukkehåmmårtjørna or Bukkehåmårtjønne is a small lake in Vågå Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The lake is located in the eastern part of the Jotunheimen mountains, just inside the boundaries of the Jotunheimen National Park. At an elevation of above sea level, this is the highest lake that has been investigated as a climate archive in southern Norway. A small glacier, Bukkehåmmårbreen, is draining meltwater into the lake at present. This glacier reformed just short of 6,000 years ago following the Holocene climate optimum and has existed continuously since. After growing gradually towards 4,000 years before present (BP) the glacier has been of near present size over the last 4,000 years, growing slightly larger over the last 2,000-2,500 years. Prior to the climate optimum and following the deglaciation the glacier melted some 10,000 years before present. The flat valley-shoulder that the lake is eroded into is locally known as a "fly". This particular level at about above sea level and is believed to have been formed between 100 and 85 million years ago during the Cretaceous period. Standing on the shore-line of Bukkehåmmårtjørna thus means that you are standing on the remnants of a landscape that the Dinosaurs ruled. The small lake existed prior to the Last Glacial Maximum since it contains organic material older than 30,000 years old. Currently being reassessed, growing evidence now indicates that much of the landscape that can be seen from this site is practically unchanged since the age of the Mammoth who lived on the wide plateaus more than 40,000 years ago.	2.296875
10679719	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20Are%20Climbing%20Jacob%27s%20Ladder	We Are Climbing Jacob's Ladder	We Are Climbing Jacob's Ladder (also known as Jacob's Ladder) is an African American slave spiritual based in part on the Biblical story of Jacob's Ladder. It was developed some time before 1825, and became one of the first slave spirituals to be widely sung by white Christians. A number of artists have recorded notable versions of it, and it was used as one of the main themes in the critically praised documentary The Civil War. About the song African American slaves in the United States created a vibrant culture of resistance and dissent, despite attempts by white slaveowners to indoctrinate them into passivity using a variant of Christianity. Slaves were not permitted to speak while working in the fields, but were permitted to sing and chant in order to alleviate tedium and to impose a rhythm on repetitive motions. This generated two distinctive African American slave musical forms, the spiritual (sung music usually telling a story) and the field holler (sung or chanted music usually involving repetition of the leader's line).	2.4375
10679719	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20Are%20Climbing%20Jacob%27s%20Ladder	We Are Climbing Jacob's Ladder	Important recordings Paul Robeson sang and later recorded an a cappella version, and the American labor movement used the song in the 1930s (sometimes altering the lyrics to reflect the industry being organized). Noted American folk singer Pete Seeger began singing the song some time in the 1930s or 1940s, and in the mid to late 1960s added a new verse ("We are dancing Sarah's circle") to reflect, as he saw it, a more feminist, less hierarchical, less restrictive, and more joyful meaning. These lyrics were publicly sung at least as early as 1969. Completely revised feminist lyrics were copyrighted in 1975 by Carole Etzler. Folk singer Arlo Guthrie recorded Seeger's version in 1996, with Seeger assisting with music and vocals, for Guthrie's two-record set, More Together Again. In 2006, rock musician Bruce Springsteen recorded Seeger's version of Jacob's Ladder for his album We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions. Dr. Bernice Johnson Reagon recorded an a cappella version of the song for her 1987 album River of Life: Harmony One (Flying Fish Records). It was later included on the soundtrack of the 1990 PBS miniseries The Civil War, which was directed by Ken Burns. Stephen Holden of The New York Times called it a "powerful rendition", while Jimmy Wolfe, host on WGTB radio in Washington, D.C., called Reagon's recording "a gem". Scott Alarik of The Boston Globe said Reagon's version is a "...passionate understanding of the pain the courage that fueled American spirituals. If there are still listeners who perceive this tune as a campfire singalong, or who have until now failed to feel the misery, longing and pride that pulses through such songs of slavery, they can't miss the point here."	2.4375
10679820	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yativ%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3abha	Yativṛṣabha	Yativṛṣabha (Yativrishabha), also known as Jadivasaha, was a mathematician and Jain monk. He is believed to have lived during the 6th century, probably during 500–570. He studied under Arya Manksu and Nagahastin. He lived and worked between the periods of two great Indian mathematicians, Aryabhata (476 – 550) and Brahmagupta (598-668). Works He compiled many works in Prakrit expounding Jain traditions. One of these, the Tiloyapannatti — a description of the universe and its parts, is of some importance to historians of Indian science because it incorporates formulas representative of developments in Jain mathematics between the older canonical works and the later texts of the ninth and following centuries. He wrote the book named Tiloyapannatti which describes cosmology from the point of view of Jain religion and philosophy. "The work also gives various units for measuring distances and time." Tiloya Panatti postulated different concepts about infinity. His work also describes the construction of the Universe expressed in specific numbers; for example, the diameter of the circular Jambu continent, upon which India is located, is 100,000 yojanas and its circumference is 316,227 yojanas, 3 krośas, 128 daṇḍas, 13 aṅgulas, 5 yavas, 1 yūkā, 1 ṛikṣā, 6 karmabhūmivālagras, 7 madhyabhogabhūmivālagras, 5 uttamabhogabhūmivālagras, 1 rathareṇu, 3 trasareṇus, 2 sannāsannas, and 3 avasannāsannas, plus a remainder of 23213/105409.	2.4375
10679875	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corroboree%20Park	Corroboree Park	Corroboree Park is in Ainslie, ACT, Canberra, Australia. It is shaped like a semicircle, and is associated with the Aboriginal use of the area prior to European settlement in Canberra. The park was created around 1925 around the 'Corroboree Tree' located in the park. It is in a heritage registered area, and is also a registered heritage park. Park facilities Ainslie Community Hall, which is located in Corroboree Park, is socially significant as one of the early meeting places in Canberra. The wooden hall was erected in 1927 and the adjoining 1920s school building was relocated to its current location from Russell. A fire-damaged part of the hall in 2000 and the school hall has had many internal upgrades including a commercial kitchen. The hall is often used for social gatherings, meetings and classes such as martial arts, yoga and dance. The three courts for the Ainslie Tennis Club (established in 1927) were built using voluntary labour. The tennis club planted many of the trees in the park. One asphalt-surfaced basketball court is located in the park, as are a small cricket pitch, and a children's playground. The Corroboree Community Hall is managed by Northside Community Service on behalf of the ACT Government. The ACT Government has more information on the park on its website. Around the park Corroboree Park Housing Precinct heritage area Ainslie Shops Ainslie Football Club Mercure Canberra	2.4375
10679886	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20D4	HMS D4	HMS D4 was a British D-class submarine built by Vickers, Barrow. D4 was laid down on 24 February 1910, launched 27 May 1911 and was commissioned on 29 November 1911. She was the first submarine to be fitted with a gun for offensive use. During World War I, on 22 June 1915, D4 found the stranded German minesweeper Bielefeld in the Heligoland Bight off Juist, Germany, guarded by a German destroyer. D4′s commanding officer decided to attack the destroyer first, but the torpedo D4 fired missed. The alerted destroyer made several runs over D4, which was submerged in water only deep, in an attempt to ram her, but did not succeed and eventually left the scene. D4 then surfaced and sank Bielefeld. Although the Germans salvaged Bielefeld, she did not go back into naval service and instead was returned to her pre-war civilian owners. Later in her career, D4 torpedoed UB-72 on 12 May 1918. At 04:30 that day, whilst on patrol approximately midway between Guernsey and Portland Bill, D4 observed UB-72 on the surface travelling in a southerly direction some two miles distant. Five minutes later Lt Claud Barry, in command of D4, saw UB-72, obviously unaware of the British boat's presence, alter course so that the U-boat appeared to be approaching D4. In order that his presence should not be detected Lt Barry lowered his periscope for a few minutes but at 0443 D4′s periscope was raised to reveal UB-72 steering an easterly course. A few minutes later UB-72 was on the British boat's port side and Barry waited until the U-boat came on to his sights. At 0450 Lt Barry fired a torpedo from the target and after lowering the periscope for a few moments he released a second one. Ten seconds later the crew of D4 heard an explosion and felt a violent concussion. Barry brought his boat to the surface and headed towards three men swimming in a patch of oil. He succeeded in picking up these men, who were the only survivors of UB-72′s crew of three officers and thirty-one men.	2.25
10679910	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerella%20graminicola	Glomerella graminicola	Disease management Since C. graminicola is found to survive on corn residue, specifically on the soil surface, one of the most effective methods of control is a one-year minimum of crop rotation to reduce anthracnose leaf blight. A study in 2009 showed more severe symptoms of leaf blight due to C. graminicola when grown on fields previously used for corn in comparison to fields previously used for soybean. There are cultural practices that can be taken to disrupt the primary inoculum phase and conidial spore infection of the host plant, and these include using hybrid cultivars resistant to the pathogen and keeping the host plants healthy and controlling other pests to keep them resilient to infection. While there are hybrids resistant to the leaf blight, these same hybrids are often not resistant to the stalk rot that occurs later in the growing season. There is also a cultural practice that disrupts the saprophytic stage of the pathogen, and this involves plowing the leftover corn residue deep into the soil and then using a one-year crop rotation away from the same host plant that was just used in that field. These methods move the saprophytic stage into the soil, where it is out-competed by other organisms, and does not survive. Biological control may also be possible, though the large-scale implementation of this method has not been studied. This is done by applying yeasts to the leaf surfaces that are showing symptoms of the leaf blight. Importance Corn anthracnose caused by C. graminicola is a disease present worldwide. This disease can affect all parts of the plant and can develop at any time during the growing season. This disease is typically seen in leaf blight or stalk rot form. Before the 1970s, Anthracnose was not an issue in North America. In the early 1970s, north-central and eastern U.S was hit with severe epidemics. Within 2 years of C. graminicolas appearance in Western-Indiana, sweet corn production for canning companies were nearly wiped out and production no longer exists there today.	2.890625
10679910	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerella%20graminicola	Glomerella graminicola	Anthracnose stalk rot was seen in many U.S corn fields in the 1980s and 1990s. A survey conducted in Illinois in 1982 and 1983 found that 34 to 46% of rotted corn stalks contained C. graminicola. Estimates on yield grain losses from anthracnose leaf blight and stalk rot range from zero to over 40%. This is dependent on hybrid, environment, timing of infection, and other stresses. Pathogenesis Once conidia germinate on corn leaves, a germ tube differentiates and develops into an appresoria and allows C. graminicola to penetrate epidermal cells. Germination and appressorium formation occur best in the temperature range ) Penetration occurs in a much narrower temperature range . In order to penetrate the cell wall, the fungus first pumps melanin into the walls of the appressorium to create turgor pressure in the appressorium. The melanin allows water into the appressorium cell but nothing out. This builds up an incredible amount of turgor pressure which the fungus then uses to push a hyphae through the corn cell wall. This is called the penetration peg. The penetration peg then grows, extends through the cell extracting nutrients and the host cell wall dies. Hyphae migrate from epidermal cells to mesophyll cells. As a defense response, the cells produce papillae to prevent cell entry but is typically not seen successful. It is believed C. graminicola has a biotrophic phase because the plasma membrane of the epidermal cells is not immediately penetrated after invasion into the epidermal cell wall. Between 48–72 hours after infection, C. graminicola shifted from biotrophic growth to nectrotrophy (lesions appear). This is when secondary hyphae invade cell walls and intercellular spaces.	2.609375
10679964	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout%20interchange	Roundabout interchange	A roundabout interchange is a type of interchange between a controlled access highway, such as a motorway or freeway, and a minor road. The slip roads to and from the motorway carriageways converge at a single roundabout, which is grade-separated from the motorway lanes with bridges. Design A roundabout interchange is similar to a rotary interchange, which uses a rotary rather than a roundabout. Roundabouts may also be used in conjunction with other interchange types such as a standard or folded diamond interchange, but such use should not be confused with a roundabout interchange. Roundabout interchanges are extremely common in the United Kingdom and Ireland with hundreds on the motorway network alone. However, recent cost cutting has meant that dumbbell interchanges are increasingly used instead. These are essentially diamond interchanges with roundabouts instead of signals or stop signs where the slip roads meet the minor road. They are cheaper than roundabout interchanges as only one bridge is required instead of two. Roundabout interchanges are much less common in North America but have been built more frequently since 1995, to improve safety, and to reduce traffic delays and bridge widening costs. However, many of the older and more dangerous rotary-style overpass interchanges have been signalized to improve throughput and safety, such as the former Drum Hill Rotary (now Drum Hill Square) in Chelmsford, Massachusetts, in New England, where such interchanges are unusually common. A divided diamond, in which the minor road is separated into four intersections, rather than two, also acts like a roundabout interchange, but it is more square in shape and, typically, has traffic light control. Examples	2.828125
10679980	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22%C2%B0%20halo	22° halo	A 22° halo is an atmospheric optical phenomenon that consists of a halo with an apparent diameter of approximately 22° around the Sun or Moon. Around the Sun, it may also be called a sun halo. Around the Moon, it is also known as a moon ring, storm ring, or winter halo. It forms as sunlight or moonlight is refracted by millions of hexagonal ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. Its radius, as viewed from Earth, is roughly the length of an outstretched hand at arm's length. Formation Even though it is one of the most common types of halo, the shape and orientation of the ice crystals responsible for the 22° halo are the topic of debate. Hexagonal, randomly oriented columns are usually put forward as the most likely candidate, but this explanation presents problems, such as the fact that the aerodynamic properties of such crystals leads them to be oriented horizontally rather than randomly. Alternative explanations include the involvement of clusters of bullet-shaped ice columns. As light passes through the 60° apex angle of the hexagonal ice prisms, it is deflected twice, resulting in deviation angles ranging from 22° to 50°. Given the angle of incidence onto the hexagonal ice prism and the refractive index inside the prism , then the angle of deviation can be derived from Snell's law: For = 1.309, the angle of minimum deviation is almost 22° (21.76°, when = 40.88°). More specifically, the angle of minimum deviation is 21.84° on average ( = 1.31); 21.54° for red light ( = 1.306) and 22.37° for blue light ( = 1.317). This wavelength-dependent variation in refraction causes the inner edge of the circle to be reddish while the outer edge is bluish. The ice crystals in the clouds all deviate the light similarly, but only the ones from the specific ring at 22 degrees contribute to the effect for an observer at a set distance. As no light is refracted at angles smaller than 22°, the sky is darker inside the halo.	2.90625
10679980	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22%C2%B0%20halo	22° halo	Another way to intuitively understand the formation of the 22° halo is to consider the following logic: All rays from the Sun/Moon are incoming in a parallel manner towards the observer. We can consider a specific case when the source is right on top of the sky. Hexagonal water crystals can take on any orientation. But any rotation beyond 30° would be redundant when analyzing the angles subtended by the emerging rays. This means that for all the incoming vertical rays, we only need to consider incident angles in the range 30° to 60° that are incumbent on one edge of the hexagonal crystal; these are the ones that will reach the observer. For the above range of incident angles, we can find the angle of the outgoing ray with respect to the vertical—which in fact is the angle subtended at the eye of the observer. Outgoing ray angles (in the graphs on the right in the figure below) were obtained from the equation at the bottom. For a majority of rotation angles, the average of outgoing ray angles for red hovers around 22° and is slightly higher for blue. Angle of rotation = Another phenomenon resulting in a ring around the Sun or Moon—and therefore sometimes confused with the 22° halo—is the corona. Unlike the 22° halo, however, it is produced by water droplets instead of ice crystals and is much smaller and more colorful. Weather relation In folklore, moon rings are said to warn of approaching storms. Like other ice halos, 22° halos appear when the sky is covered by thin cirrus or cirrostratus clouds that often come a few days before a large storm front. However, the same clouds can also occur without any associated weather change, making a 22° halo unreliable as a sign of bad weather.	2.953125
10679995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20D5	HMS D5	HMS D5 was one of eight D-class submarines built for the Royal Navy during the first decade of the 20th century. Description The D-class submarines were designed as improved and enlarged versions of the preceding C class, with diesel engines replacing the dangerous petrol engines used earlier. D3 and subsequent boats were slightly larger than the earlier boats. They had a length of overall, a beam of and a mean draught of . They displaced on the surface and submerged. The D-class submarines had a crew of 25 officers and ratings and were the first to adopt saddle tanks. For surface running, the boats were powered by two diesels, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a electric motor. They could reach on the surface and underwater. On the surface, the D class had a range of at . The boats were armed with three 18-inch (45 cm) torpedo tubes, two in the bow and one in the stern. They carried one reload for each tube, a total of six torpedoes. Construction and career D5 was one of six D-class submarines ordered from Vickers Armstrong under the 1909–1910 Naval Estimates and was laid down at Vickers' Barrow-in-Furness shipyard on 23 February 1910. She was launched on 28 August 1911 and completed on 19 January 1912. On the outbreak of the First World War, D5, along with the rest of her class, was assigned to the 8th Submarine Flotilla. The Flotilla, including D5 was assigned to patrol in the east end of the English Channel during the passage of the British Expeditionary Force to France in early August. On 21 August 1914, D5 was on patrol west of Heligoland when she spotted a force of German warships that were carrying out a sortie into the North Sea against British fishing vessels. D5 fired two torpedoes at the German light cruiser , both of which missed.	2.5
10680059	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity%20in%20Saudi%20Arabia	Christianity in Saudi Arabia	Although textbooks in Saudi Arabia have moderated their extremist content since 2001, they still contain some content classified as "egregious" such as characterizing Christians and other non-Muslims as liars and are considered to promote religious hatred and intolerance towards non-Muslims, while the NGO Human Rights Watch has also reported rising hate speech against Christians by Saudi leaders. The Saudi Arabian Mutaween (), or Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (i.e., the religious police) prohibits the public practice of any religion other than Islam. Conversion of a Muslim to another religion is considered apostasy, a crime punishable by death if the accused does not recant. There have been no confirmed reports of executions for either crime in modern times. The government permits non-Muslim clergy to enter the country for the purpose of conducting religious services. In spite of this, a 2015 study estimates that there are some 60,000 Christians with a Muslim background living in the country, though that does not mean that all of those are citizens of the country. There are also Christian communities on expatriate compounds, including Catholic services in the Aramco compound in Dhahran. Currently there are no official churches in Saudi Arabia. According to the Society of Architectural Heritage Protection Jeddah and the Municipality of Jeddah, a long-abandoned house in Al-Baghdadiyya district has never been an Anglican church, contrary to the "'myth' that had spread on the Internet". However, in 1930 there was a non-Muslim cemetery in Jeddah.	2.296875
10680063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainslie%20Tennis%20Club	Ainslie Tennis Club	The Ainslie Tennis Club was one of the first tennis clubs established in Canberra. At 3pm on Saturday 21 April 1928 the club's patron, John Goodwin, officially opened the club and served the first ball. Initial work was done using picks, shovels, horse and dray. The original clubhouse was built in 1930 on the south side of the courts. The current clubhouse was opened in 1955. The club and facilities are located in Corroboree Park. Ainslie Tennis Club is an incorporated organisation managed by a Committee. Maintenance of the club and Committee management is carried out by volunteer members. The club is also an affiliate of Tennis ACT, which in term is affiliated with Tennis Australia. The club was awarded ACT 'Tennis Club of the Year' in 1996. In 2000, two courts were converted to synthetic grass, and in 2002 the third court was converted to synthetic grass. The club, while proud of its rich tradition, has a modern and competitive outlook. On 22 August 1927 fifteen people met at the Social Services Cottage in Lister Crescent, Ainslie to discuss the formation of a local tennis and social club. The Ainslie district was growing rapidly and there developed a need for a social outlet for new residents. A provisional committee was appointed to draft a constitution, consult with the Federal Capital Commission on the selection of a site and organise the voluntary labour to be used in construction. Thomas Boag, the Supervisor for Roads and bridges, was placed in charge of the laying of the courts. The committee agreed to devote seventeen Saturday afternoons to the formation of the club. Initial work was done using picks, shovels, horse and dray. Potential female members supplied billy tea (made in the park) for those men working on construction. Various fundraising events were held including a number of successful euchre parties. In 1955 it was suggested a new clubhouse be built. Construction was performed by the Department of Works and the present clubhouse was completed in 1957.	2.0625
10680123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anson%20Engine%20Museum	Anson Engine Museum	The Anson Engine Museum is situated on the site of the old Anson colliery in Poynton, Cheshire, England. It is the work of Les Cawley and Geoff Challinor who began collecting and showing stationary engines for a hobby. The museum now has one of the largest collections of engines in Europe. The museum site also includes a working blacksmith's smithy and carpentry shop and a café. Location The Anson Engine Museum is situated on the site of the old Anson colliery in Poynton, Cheshire, England. History Coal Coal is found outcropping to the east of Towers Road, Poynton which corresponds to the line of the Red Rock Fault; that is at the surface. It has been worked from early times. The earliest record to be found is a lease dated 28 February 1589, which talks of the "Coal pit at Wourthe lately occupied by George Finche". This was originally worked on the surface then by shallow shafts, and later by deeper shafts with waterwheels or steam engines operating pumps and winding gear. In the later 18th century, the Warrens of Poynton co-operated with the Leghs of Lyme to work the Cannel and Sheepwash seams at Norbury Hollow. Output in 1789 was over 23,586 tonnes (26,000 tons) rising to a peak production of 221,056 tonnes (243,673 tons) in 1859. The Poynton Colleries were substantial, and the coal rights were held by the Warren family who leased them the Wrights and the Claytons. In 1826 the estate passed to George John Venables Vernon, 4th Lord Vernon who decided in 1832 to manage the mines himself. In 1856 it was estimated that there was a reserve of 15,163,027 tons which would supply 245,000 tons for 61 years. This was to be supplied by the Park Round Pit, and the Park Oval Pit both working the Four Foot and Five Foot Seam and the Anson Pit and the Nelson Pit which were working the Accommodation Seam. The closure of the Norbury Pits resulted in a constant ingress of water. In 1926 production was down to 80,146 tons. The collieries closed on 30 August 1935; 250 men were made redundant.	2.3125
10680147	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Scheff	Otto Scheff	Otto Scheff, born Otto Sochaczewsky (December 12, 1889 – October 26, 1956) was an Austrian freestyle swimmer, water polo player, lawyer, politician, and sports official who competed in the 1906 Intercalated Games, in the 1908 Summer Olympics, and in the 1912 Summer Olympics. Biography Scheff was born in Berlin, he was still at school in 1906 and it was only for the intervention of the Austrian Olympic Committee he was allowed three weeks leave to compete in the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens. At those Games he competed in three events, first up was the 1 mile freestyle race, it was a straight final with Scheff coming in third for the bronze medal behind winner Henry Taylor and second place John Arthur Jarvis both from Great Britain, three days later Scheff got revenge on the two British swimmers by winning the gold medal by two seconds in the 400 metre freestyle, he was also part of the 4×250 metre freestyle relay team, but they didn't finish the race. Two years later he was in London for the 1908 Summer Olympics, again he entered three events, in the 400 metre freestyle he won another bronze medal and again losing to Henry Taylor, he also reached the final of the 1500 metre freestyle but didn't finish the race, he also managed to reach the semi-finals of the 100 metre freestyle. At the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm he participated in the water polo tournament as part of the Austrian team finishing in fourth place. From 1945 to 1953 he was elected to the National Council of Austria as a member of the Austrian People's Party. He was vice president of the Austrian Olympic Committee. He died at Maria Enzersdorf in 1956. His daughter Gertraud Scheff was already qualified for the 1940 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, when the games were cancelled. Mödling named a street "Dr. Otto Scheff-Weg".	2.015625
10680265	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Walsh%20%28American%20football%29	Adam Walsh (American football)	Adam Walsh (December 4, 1901 – January 13, 1985) was an American football player and coach. He played college football as a center at the University of Notre Dame where he was an All-American and captain of the 1924 team under Knute Rockne. Walsh then served as the head football coach at Santa Clara University from 1925 to 1928 and at Bowdoin College from 1935 to 1942 and again from 1947 to 1958, compiling a career college football record of 80–85–11. He also coached the Cleveland / Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL) in 1945 and 1946, tallying a mark of 15–5–1. Walsh was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1968. Playing career Walsh was an outstanding athlete at Hollywood High School in Los Angeles, and earned varsity letters in basketball, track, and football at the University of Notre Dame. Walsh was an All-American center and captain of the 1924 Notre Dame football team under head coach Knute Rockne. Walsh anchored the team's offensive line, dubbed the "Seven Mules," who blocked for the famed "Four Horsemen" backfield. The 1924 team completed an undefeated season with a win over Stanford in the Rose Bowl. Walsh played every minute of the game against Army in 1924 with two broken hands, never missed a single snap of the ball, was involved in 75 percent of the tackles on defense, and intercepted a pass in the final minutes of the game to preserve a Notre Dame victory. He remains the offensive center on the All-time Notre Dame Team.	2.328125
10680289	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Martin%20Lindsay%2C%201st%20Baronet	Sir Martin Lindsay, 1st Baronet	Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Martin Alexander Lindsay, 1st Baronet, (22 August 1905 – 5 May 1981) was a British Army officer, polar explorer, politician and author. He first came to national attention in the 1930s, as a Polar explorer in Greenland. His front-line service during the Second World War, during which he commanded a battalion and was decorated for bravery, further added to his reputation. Immediately after the war he went into politics and served as a Member of Parliament for nearly two decades. In 1962, he was awarded a Baronetage of the United Kingdom, being created Baronet of Dowhill in the County of Kinross. Early life Lindsay was born to a long-established Scottish noble family and could trace direct descent, as 22nd in line, to the Sir William Lindsay who was ennobled as Lord Lindsay of Crawford in 1398. Martin Lindsay was himself the son of an officer in Britain's Indian Army who became a lieutenant colonel in the 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles. Lindsay was educated at Wellington College and at the Royal Military College Sandhurst. Army officer In 1925, Lindsay passed out from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Scots Fusiliers. Two years later, he was posted to Nigeria and seconded to the 4th Battalion, the Nigeria Regiment. During this period, Lindsay won Nigeria's Grand National horse race. After his 13-month stint with the Arctic expedition he was posted with the 2nd Bat. of the Royal Scots Fusiliers to Shanghai. First expeditions At the end of his two years in Nigeria in 1929, Lindsay undertook his first expedition, travelling from West to East Africa through the Ituri Rainforest in what was then called the Belgian Congo.	2.625
10680289	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Martin%20Lindsay%2C%201st%20Baronet	Sir Martin Lindsay, 1st Baronet	In 1930 he was appointed Surveyor to the British Arctic Air Route Expedition to Greenland, led by Gino Watkins. Expedition members included John Rymill and Freddie Spencer Chapman but, as a seasoned Army officer, Lindsay brought a disciplined organisational and administrative experience to the team. Lindsay later wrote up his experiences in a book Those Greenland Days (1932), paying tribute to Watkins' team building. The success of this expedition resulted in Lindsay and the other key expedition members being awarded the Polar Medal, with the clasp Arctic 1930–1931. Lindsay enjoyed writing about explorers and, in 1933, followed up his success with The Epic of Captain Scott, his tribute to the famous explorer. British Trans-Greenland Expedition In 1934 Lindsay was the Leader of the British Trans-Greenland Expedition under the patronage of the Prince of Wales. The expedition was sponsored by several British government ministries and aimed to explore and map a 350-mile long stretch of Greenland which had not previously been visited but contained the highest mountains in the Arctic Circle. Andrew Croft was the photographer for the expedition; Lt. Daniel Godfrey was in charge of survey and navigation. The expedition crossed Greenland from west to east, and succeeded in fixing the positions of many important features including Gunnbjørnsfjeld. On the return journey the team headed south-west to Amassalik (now Tasiilaq) and on their journey discovered the extent of the Crown Prince Frederick Range (Kronprins Frederik Bjerge). Lindsay's expedition set a new world record after sledging for 1,050 miles (700 of which were through unexplored territory).	2.8125
10680289	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Martin%20Lindsay%2C%201st%20Baronet	Sir Martin Lindsay, 1st Baronet	However he became deeply critical of the poorly organised and ill-prepared operation in Norway to the extent that he feared that Britain would lose the war unless important lessons were learned following the debacle. Lindsay was one of the first soldiers to reach London following the evacuation from Norway, and presented his candid account of the operation to members of His Majesty's Opposition such as Clement Attlee and Herbert Morrison. This report became known as the "Lindsay Memorandum" in which Lindsay recalled an operation riven with the utmost incompetence, which he contended went to the very top of the government. The evidence presented by Lindsay was used by Attlee in order to bring about a vote of censure against the leadership of the then Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, which ultimately led to Chamberlain's resignation, the appointment of Winston Churchill and the creation of a coalition government. Lindsay's contribution to the Norwegian Campaign resulted in him being Mentioned in Despatches. Subsequent operations In July 1944 Lindsay was appointed second-in-command of the 1st Battalion The Gordon Highlanders, in the 51st Highland Division. He commanded the battalion in sixteen operations between July 1944 and May 1945, being again Mentioned in Despatches, wounded in action, and receiving the Distinguished Service Order. He ended the war as a lieutenant colonel. As was already his pattern, he wrote up his experiences in So Few Got Through: The Diary of an Infantry Officer in 1946; this was followed by a recap of his Arctic exploits, Three Got Through: Memoirs of an Arctic Explorer the following year.	2.109375
10680293	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne%20building	Charlemagne building	The Charlemagne building is a high-rise in the European Quarter of Brussels, Belgium, which houses the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, the Directorate-General for Trade, and since 2015, the Internal Audit Service of the Commission. It is named after Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne. The building has 3 wings and 15 floors. It is located at 170, rue de la Loi/Wetstraat, in the City of Brussels, one of the 19 municipalities forming the Brussels-Capital Region. The postal code for the municipality is 1000, but the postal code for the European Commission is 1049. History The building was designed by Jacques Cuisinier and constructed in 1967 at the same time as the Berlaymont building to group together more scattered departments of the European Commission. However, with the Commission refusing to share the Berlaymont with the Council of the European Union, Charlemagne was given to the Council's Secretariat in 1971. This had previously been located in the city centre. The Council moved out to the Justus Lipsius building in 1995 allowing it to be renovated. The renovation was completed in 1998 by the German-American architect Helmut Jahn, replacing the largely concrete exterior with a glass one. After the restoration, it was occupied by the Commission, further grouping the Union's offices around the Robert Schuman Roundabout. The building was briefly considered as the future headquarters of the European External Action Service, established in 2010, but was discounted on image grounds; as it houses RELEX, people would see the EEAS as a RELEX-plus rather than a unique body outside of the Commission.	1.914063
10680320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20superoxide	Lithium superoxide	Lithium superoxide is an unstable inorganic salt with formula . A radical compound, it can be produced at low temperature in matrix isolation experiments, or in certain nonpolar, non-protic solvents. Lithium superoxide is also a transient species during the reduction of oxygen in a lithium–air galvanic cell, and serves as a main constraint on possible solvents for such a battery. For this reason, it has been investigated thoroughly using a variety of methods, both theoretical and spectroscopic. Structure The molecule is a misnomer: the bonds between lithium and oxygen are highly ionic, with almost complete electron-transfer. The force constant between the two oxygen atoms matches the constants measured for the superoxide anion () in other contexts. The bond length for the O-O bond was determined to be 1.34 Å. Using a simple crystal structure optimization, the Li-O bond was calculated to be approximately 2.10 Å. There have been quite a few studies regarding the clusters formed by molecules. The most common dimer has been found to be the cage isomer. Second to it is the singlet bypyramidal structure. Studies have also been done on the chair complex and the planar ring, but these two are less favorable, though not necessarily impossible. Production and reactions Lithium superoxide is extremely reactive because of the odd number of electrons present in the π* molecular orbital of the superoxide anion. Matrix isolation techniques can produce pure samples of the compound, but they are only stable at 15-40 K. At higher (but still cryogenic) temperatures, lithium superoxide can be produced by ozonating lithium peroxide () in freon 12: The resulting product is only stable up to −35 °C. Alternatively, lithium electride dissolved in anhydrous ammonia will reduce oxygen gas to yield the same product: Lithium superoxide is, however, only metastable in ammonia, gradually oxidizing the solvent to water and nitrogen gas: Unlike other known decompositions of , this reaction bypasses lithium peroxide.	2.328125
10680320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20superoxide	Lithium superoxide	Occurrence Like other superoxides, lithium superoxide is the product of a one-electron reduction of an oxygen molecule. It thus appears whenever oxygen is mixed with single-electron redox catalysts, such as p-benzoquinone. In batteries Lithium superoxide also appears at the cathode of a lithium-air galvanic cell during discharge, as in the following reaction: This product typically then reacts and proceed to form lithium peroxide, The mechanism for this last reaction has not been confirmed and developing a complete theory of the oxygen reduction process remains a theoretical challenge . Indeed, recent work suggests that can be stabilized via a suitable cathode made of graphene with iridium nanoparticles. A significant challenge when investigating these batteries is finding an ideal solvent in which to perform these reactions; current candidates are ether- and amide-based, but these compounds readily react with the superoxide and decompose. Nevertheless, lithium-air cells remain the focus of intense research, because of their large energy density—comparable to the internal combustion engine. In the atmosphere Lithium superoxide can also form for extended periods of time in low-density, high-energy environments, such as the upper atmosphere. The mesosphere contains a persistent layer of alkali metal cations ablated from meteors. For sodium and potassium, many of the ions bond to form particles of the corresponding superoxide. It is currently unclear whether lithium should react analogously.	2.34375
10680339	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20Lady%20Volunteers%20basketball	Tennessee Lady Volunteers basketball	The Lady Vols were coached by Pat Summitt for over four decades. Under Summitt, the Lady Vols won numerous SEC titles, appeared in 18 NCAA Final Fours and 4 AIAW Final Fours, and won 8 NCAA titles including an undefeated season. Additionally, Tennessee is the only team to have appeared in all 36 NCAA Tournaments, including 34 Sweet 16s (23 of which were consecutive). Summitt's teams were known for participating in a grueling regular season schedule, often toughest in the nation, in order to prepare the team for the NCAA tournament. This tough schedule has caused Tennessee to build up rivalries with many prominent teams, including Texas, Stanford, Louisiana Tech, Old Dominion, and, most notably, Connecticut. Like other Tennessee teams, the Lady Vols compete in the SEC, which is historically a competitive conference producing several NCAA Championship teams this century. Within the conference, Tennessee's main rivals are LSU, Vanderbilt, Kentucky and Georgia, with the series vs. South Carolina and Mississippi State gaining importance due to the emergence of those schools as national powers. Summitt led Tennessee to 1098 victories, with an 84.2% win rate. The numbers at home are even stronger, as Tennessee has won 91% of home games and 93.1% of in-conference home games. Roster History Early years Lady Vols basketball began at the beginning of the 20th century. However, most "seasons" consisted of three or four games. The sport was dropped in 1926 and was not picked up again until 1960. Coach Joan Cronan went 8–10 over two seasons before being replaced by Margaret Hutson, who coached for four years with a 60–18 record. In 1974, Pat Head was named the new coach. Head had previously played women's basketball for the UT-Martin Pacers (now known as the Skyhawks), and had just graduated.	2.546875
10680339	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20Lady%20Volunteers%20basketball	Tennessee Lady Volunteers basketball	Late 1970s In the 1974–1975 season, Pat Head took over a 25–2 Lady Vols team. In her opening season, the Lady Vols won the TCWSF Eastern District Championship for the third straight year. However, the team finished only 4th overall in the TCWSF (they had been 2nd the previous two years), and were not invited to the AIAW women's basketball tournament. After finishing 16–11 her second season, Head directed two 20-win teams, winning back-to-back AIAW Region-II championships. 1978 included the Lady Vols defeating 3-time AIAW champion Delta State by 20, and Tennessee's first number one ranking. 1978 saw the Lady Vols participate in their first AIAW Final Four, where they finished 3rd. Head also recorded her 100th win during this season, a 79–66 victory over NC State. Tennessee finished up the 1970s by winning the first ever SEC tournament, and returning to the Final Four, where they finished runner-up to Old Dominion, 68–53. 1980s During the 1980–1981 season, the Lady Vols went 25–6, and avenged their championship game loss to Old Dominion by defeating them three times. The team made it to the AIAW Final Four for the third straight year, but wound up as runner-up for the second consecutive year, losing to Louisiana Tech, 79–59. The coach was now known as Pat Summitt, having married Ross Barnes Summitt II in 1980. The 1981–1982 season featured the first ever NCAA Women's basketball tournament. The Lady Vols were one of 32 teams invited and named a 2 seed in their region. In the region championship, the Lady Vols upset first seeded USC 91–90 in overtime to advance to the Final Four. They would lose their Final Four match-up with Louisiana Tech who ended up winning the tournament.	2.03125
10680339	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20Lady%20Volunteers%20basketball	Tennessee Lady Volunteers basketball	Despite winning neither the SEC regular season championship nor the tournament championship, Tennessee was given a 1 seed in the 1991 NCAA tournament. After a close win in the regional semifinals against Western Kentucky, Tennessee dispatched Auburn for the second time in three years. In the national semifinals, the Lady Vols beat Stanford, 68–60, to earn the opportunity to avenge the previous year's tournament loss against Virginia. Just as the prior year's game had gone into overtime, so did this one. Down one at the half, the Lady Vols managed to tie the game at 60 by the end of regulation. Tennessee escaped in overtime with a 70–67 win, and their third national title in five years. However, the next year the Lady Vols did not even make it to the regional championship, falling to the same Western Kentucky team they had beaten in the same round the previous tournament, 75–70. The 1992–93 season was better, as Tennessee defeated the defending champions Stanford twice, and swept the SEC season for the first time ever. However, the Lady Vols were unable to win the tournament title, and also fell in the NCAA tournament to Iowa, a 72–56 loss in the regional finals. Early in the 1993–1994 season, Summitt grabbed her 500th win, an 80–45 beating of Ohio State on November 21. Tennessee also won both the regular season and tournament conference titles. However, the streak of years without a Final Four appearance extended to three with a 71–68 loss in the regional semifinals to Louisiana Tech. The next season would be Tennessee's return to the Final Four. Tennessee ran the table in the SEC regular season for the third straight year, but also failed to win the tournament title for the third straight year. The top-seed Lady Vols breezed their way to their fifth national championship game, with no game being closer than 21. However, in the National Championship, the Lady Vols fell to the undefeated UConn Huskies, 70–64. During the off-season, Pat Summitt signed high school standout Chamique Holdsclaw.	1.992188
10680395	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benimarfull	Benimarfull	Benimarfull (, ) is a municipality in the comarca of Comtat in the Valencian Community, Spain, just 14.5 kilometers (9 miles) from the town of Alcoy. Benimarfull is one of 14 municipalities in the Association of Municipalities of Alcoy, which supports the area through economic, cultural and educational initiatives. Geography It is located on the CV-700 roadway that runs between Alfafara, Pego, and Vergel, crossing the entire Gallinera Valley, the valley of cherries. The town is crossed by the Sofre, Benimarfull, and Albacar ravines, and all tributaries of the Serpis river. Its municipal area borders with those of Alcocer de Planes, Almudaina, Benillup, Cocentaina, Muro de Alcoy and Planes. History The name Benimarfull, of Arabic origin, means "son of the bitter fountain." In the mid-13th century, the place was conquered from the Muslims by James I of Aragon and incorporated into the Kingdom of Valencia. From the mid-15th century, it became part of the lordship of Guadalest. In 1574, the Patriarch Juan de Ribera ordered the creation of the Morisco restoration of Benimarfull-Benillup, the document of creation in which contains the first appearance of the name "Benimarfull." Demographics The population has decreased since the beginning of the 20th century , with 414 inhabitants in the INE 2010 census . Economy The economy, mainly agricultural, is based on dry farming and is known for being the origins of the cherry for the "Montaña de Alicante," and olives for the "Aceite virgen de oliva Mariola.". It is also a notable producer of aromatic plants, spices, infusions, and teas from organic farming called Herbes del Molí, which is marketed under the Artemís brand. It is also the municipality in Alicante with the highest per capita income, with an average net income per person of 23,205 euros in 2020 according to data from the INE. Monuments Church of Santa Ana . White and earthy construction, with a slender bell tower with three bodies and built in the 16th century .	1.984375
10680408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20J%20Rose	Frederick J Rose	Frederick John Rose (21 September 1831 – 1 December 1920) was the Headmaster-Superintendent of Victorian School for Deaf Children (formerly the Victorian Deaf and Dumb Institution) from 1860 to 1891. Biography Born in England in 1831, Rose was profoundly deaf. He travelled to Victoria, Australia, with his brother during the 1850s gold rush, but after no initial success, the brothers worked in construction. After reading a letter written by the widowed mother of a deaf child that published in Melbourne's The Argus in 1859, Rose took an interest in educational services for disabled children in the colony. At the time, children requiring specialist education were expected to travel to England. In 1860, Rose began teaching pupils in a small house in Windsor, a suburb of Melbourne, however the number of students continued to grow, causing the location to change several times. By 1866, Rose had collected enough funds to construct a purpose-built facility. The large bluestone was completed in 1867 and still stands on St Kilda Road, Melbourne, currently operated by Deaf Children Australia	2.4375
10680458	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20George%20Fairfax	William George Fairfax	Sir William George Fairfax (8 March 1739 – 7 November 1813) was a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy and the progenitor of the Fairfax Baronets. His most notable service was as Admiral Adam Duncan's flag captain on board HMS Venerable during the Battle of Camperdown on 11 October 1797. Life William was born in Bagshot, the eldest son of Joseph Fairfax of the Horse Guards and Mary Anne. He married firstly Hannah Spears (d.1770) in 1767, and secondly in 1772, Janet Margaret Charters. William was the father of eight children. His daughter, Mary Somerville was a noted science writer and polymath. Career He joined the Royal Navy in 1750 aboard HMS Centurion, under Admiral First Lord Augustus Keppel, later moving to HMS Mars, HMS Garland and HMS Duke. He was commissioned a lieutenant on 20 December 1757, and later served on HMS Eurus off North America. He was in reserve between 1760 and 1766 and again between 1769 and 1776 with a brief break aboard HMS Greyhound and at the start of the American Revolutionary War he returned to service but was captured by the French in August 1778 and spent the rest of the war (1775-1783) as a prisoner of war. In 1782 Fairfax was released as a post captain and briefly commanded HMS Tartar. In 1790 he took command of HMS Sheerness and in 1796 became flag captain of HMS Venerable under Admiral Adam Duncan and was heavily engaged at the Battle of Camperdown the following year. For his service in the battle, Fairfax was knighted and in 1797. He was subsequently made a rear-admiral but had made an enemy of Lord Spencer and was permanently placed in reserve. In 1810 he was promoted to Vice-Admiral of the Red and died in Edinburgh in 1813. His fourth son Henry Fairfax was made a baronet in 1836 in recognition of his father's service. Family In 1767 he married Hannah Spears (1740-1770) daughter of Rev Robert Spears minister of Burntisland in Fife.	2.09375
10680485	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Douglas%20McComas	James Douglas McComas	James Douglas McComas (December 23, 1928 – February 10, 1994) was 14th President of Mississippi State University from 1975-1985, the 12th President of the University of Toledo from 1985 to 1988, and the 13th President of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, from 1988 to 1993. McComas taught Vocational Agriculture in the 1950s and later served as head of the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education at New Mexico State University from 1966 to 1967; dean of the College of Education, at Kansas State University, from 1967 to 1969; and dean of the College of Education at University of Tennessee from 1969 to 1975 when he was named president of Mississippi State. President of Virginia Tech McComas was hired to guide Virginia Tech back into smooth waters after the fallout from a controversial land deal and an athletic scandal led to the resignation of William Edward Lavery. He assumed his new duties on September 1, 1988. From the beginning of his administration, McComas placed major emphasis on undergraduate education. He kept an open-door policy for students, personally visited over 4,500 of them in the residence halls, and advised 16. He established the Center for Excellence in Teaching and the Academic Advising Center; bolstered the honors program; saw that food in the dining halls was improved; created an Office of the Dean of Students; began planning a student recreation and fitness center; established commencement ceremonies at the end of fall semester; and developed EXPO, a “road show” of information about Virginia Tech for high school students throughout the commonwealth. He also established incentives to draw more National Merit Scholars to Virginia Tech, moving the university into the nation’s top 20 in the number of merit scholars it attracted.	2.34375
10680485	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Douglas%20McComas	James Douglas McComas	McComas had been in office only a year when the state learned that its projected revenues had been vastly overestimated, and Gov. L. Douglas Wilder ordered severe funding cuts to higher education to balance the budget. Cuts to Virginia Tech alone in the 1990-92 biennium totaled $37 million (general fund reductions 1990-96 totaled $46.7 million, but the university was able to offset $16 million, principally by raising tuition). As Virginia dropped to 43rd in the country in state funding for higher education, McComas publicly decried the assault on higher education, resulting in strained relations with Wilder. The cuts forced the university to hold numerous faculty positions vacant for a period of time; 49 classified staff members lost their jobs, but the university was able to reassign 25 of them to other positions. On the positive side, the Norfolk Southern Corporation gave Hotel Roanoke to the university in 1989. McComas, who had played a leading role in forging stronger ties with the City of Roanoke, directed Virginia Tech as it worked with Roanoke leaders to raise approximately $50 million to renovate the century-old hotel, build an adjacent conference center, and make road and pedestrian-access improvements in the adjacent area. The president placed special emphasis on Tech’s traditional land-grant role of outreach and service, established a Public Service Division, and appointed an acting vice president for public service. Later, he created the position of vice provost for outreach and international programs and hired the university’s first black vice provost. He led the effort to make the university a force in economic development, helped form the New Century Council to create a strategic vision for the region, and initiated a series of public service forums throughout the state. He worked with town officials to bring a national Family Motor Coach Association convention and the Tour DuPont to Blacksburg to boost regional economic development.	2.0625
10680488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjodalen	Sjodalen	Sjodalen is a wide, gently sloping valley in Southern Norway, draining the eastern parts of Jotunheimen. The river Sjoa gives its name to the valley. Sjodalen is generally accepted to start at the outlet from the deep mountain-lake Gjende. The valley's lower end-point is, however less defined as the valley is named Heidal east of Randsverk. Perhaps the most easy definition is to state that the valley draining Sjoa is named Sjodalen in Vågå and Heidal in Sel municipalities. History The valley was traditionally used for summer farming. What is particular for the valley is the size and state of these summer farms (sæter in Norwegian). This is partly caused by the very rare tradition of winter-farming in this region. Rather than bringing the summer harvest down into the village and main farm, the farmers took the animals back up into the mountains during winter. This could be done due to the limited snow-fall in this continental climate regime. The perhaps best-known tourist site in Sjodalen itself is Ridderspranget. This canyon's name means Knight's Leap and originated with the legend of Sigvat Kvie from Valdres, one of the King Haakon Magnusson's knights (riddar). Sigvat jumped across the river Sjoa at this narrow point in the canyon, with a beautiful girl from Vågå. He had freed her from Ivar Gjesling successfully taking his love to Valdres. Geography In the valley-floor and low valley sides the landscape is dominated by pine, the highest pine-forest of Norway. Above the pine-forest and 150 m wide birch-zone before the alpine bush-vegetations leads into the higher mountains. The western side of Sjodalen is defined by the Jotun nappe, the escarpment that define the Jotunheimen National Park and these mountains reach above 2000 m above sea level.	2.609375
10680512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime%20Directive%20%28novel%29	Prime Directive (novel)	Prime Directive is a 1990 novel written by Judith and Garfield Reeves Stevens. Plot summary On a local moon of Talin IV, a Federation first contact observation post is monitoring the events on the planet below with growing confusion and concern. Talin IV, a world inhabited by a reptilian society with a culture equivalent to late-20th century Earth, and possible first contact prospect for the Federation in the near future, is now a world divided. The two principal nation states of the planet have become increasingly paranoid and in danger of instigating a nuclear war. Provocations seem to be coming from each side, although both sides deny any intrusions into enemy space. Each nation's heightened security has made the UFP First Contact Office's work much harder, as detection has become more likely. Further complicating matters, Talin scientists have been researching naturally occurring dilithium crystals that may be capable of sensing the advanced subspace signals used by the galactic community. While the discovery of an interplanetary culture would allow for contact with the Federation, it is also possible the Talin will destroy themselves before they make that historic leap. To avoid accidentally revealing their presence and possibly affecting the delicate political situation, the Talin system is locked down by the First Contact Office, so no use of subspace or warp drive is permitted near the planet.	2.046875
10680512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime%20Directive%20%28novel%29	Prime Directive (novel)	While preparing for their mission, James T. Kirk, Mr. Spock and Dr. McCoy discuss the similar situation that faced Earth. To determine whether or not the First Contact Office has been discovered, Kirk and a joint USS Enterprise/First Contact Office team beam down to the planet at one point, narrowly escaping detection. Soon after, Kirk prevents an accidental nuclear detonation from erupting into full-scale nuclear war. Afterward, Kirk convenes a board of inquiry on his own actions, and it is determined that he acted to prevent what was most likely a computer error from destroying a world. However, shortly after the inquiry, all the planet's nuclear arsenals are fired at their targets at once. The Enterprise is crippled when an intercontinental ballistic missile warhead explodes nearby. The fact that the missile targets the Enterprise is seemingly conclusive proof that Kirk's actions have not only revealed the existence of his ship, but that his prior intervention has also prevented the Talin culture from learning the lessons needed to prevent nuclear self-destruction.	1.984375
10680530	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%20men%27s%20national%20water%20polo%20team	Australia men's national water polo team	The Australian national water polo team represents Australia in men's international water polo competitions and is controlled by Water Polo Australia. The national men's team has the nickname of "The Sharks". It is organised into the Asia/Oceania regional group. History Australia has competed internationally since the 1948 London Olympic Games, and has qualified for all subsequent Olympic tournaments except Atlanta in 1996, and although not achieving the success of European teams, has remained relatively competitive at international level since. In 1968, the team qualified to compete at the Mexico Olympic Games, but was denied entry by the Australian Olympic Federation. Australia scored their first point in Olympic competition when they drew with Bulgaria in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. The Australian team placed 5th in the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, and in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, the highest Olympic placing so far, and finished 4th in the World Championships at home in Perth in 1998. Australia's best international water polo success came in 1996, when the Sharks won the six-nation Control Cup in Hungary, and followed it up with a bronze medal at an eight nation tournament in Italy in the same year. However, they failed to qualify for that year's Olympics for the first time since 1948. A reinvigorated youthful team managed to finish second to Canada in an international tournament in England in 2002, and in 2003, they beat then world champions Serbia 12–11 in a FINA Water Polo World League match in Hungary, and followed it up by beating Croatia 10–6 at the 2003 Water polo world championship in Barcelona, Spain. Australia finished 2nd at the 2018 World Cup in Berlin, Germany. At the 2020 Summer Olympics, Australia surprisingly beat former champion Croatia. Yet, the Australians were not to able progress through to the quarter finals, but still managed to clinch two wins out of their five games.	2.234375
10680536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo%20Island%20SeaLink	Kangaroo Island SeaLink	Kangaroo Island SeaLink is a South Australian ferry company and tour operator owned by Kelsian Group, which has plied the crossing from mainland South Australia to Kangaroo Island since 1989. From 1989 to 1994, Kangaroo Island Sealink was owned by the Malaysian company MBF. In 1994 the company was sold to a consortium of staff members and Kangaroo Island residents. SeaLink's two currently operating ferries, Sealion 2000 and Spirit of Kangaroo Island, cross Backstairs Passage from Cape Jervis to Penneshaw in about 45 minutes, up to 10 times daily. SeaLink had acquired the previous ferry service founded by Peter March. Its first vessel was Philanderer 3, the first of March's vessels to carry vehicles. In later years, the company operated the Island Navigator (purchased 1990), also a car carrying ferry, as the designated freight and fuel carrier. SeaLink has outlasted several competing companies since it began operations. Boat Torque, a Western Australian company, operated Superflyte from 1994 until 1997, whilst Kangaroo Island Ferries had a short-lived venture with SeaWay, from September 2004 until February 2005. Under different ownership, SeaWay recommenced services in August 2007, before its operations were suspended in May 2008 and an administrator appointed shortly thereafter. SeaLink holds a virtual monopoly on oversea transport, primarily due to its long term lease of the Cape Jervis berth. In 2021 Sealink announced they had been awarded a contract for the operation of the Kangaroo Island ferry service for the next 25 years, starting at the expiration of their former contract in 2024. Kangaroo Island residents have expressed displeasure with the exclusive arrangement granted to SeaLink. SeaLink had state government subsidies with respect to its freight charges, which ended in 2003. New vessels	1.976563
10680541	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Edward%20Lavery	William Edward Lavery	During his tenure as president, Lavery emphasized research, and expenditures in support of research totaled more than $70.2 million by fiscal year 1987, moving the university into the top 50 research institutions in the nation. He enhanced research opportunities by initiating the Corporate Research Center (CRC) and Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties (VTIP). During his 12-year term, the first two buildings were begun at the center and two more were planned. The CRC received an antenna to link Virginia Tech to the world via satellite, and the Extension division developed a series of 26 downlink sites throughout the state. Installation began on a new communication system for the campus, the university purchased a supercomputer, and the first proposal was developed for what later became the Blacksburg Electronic Village. Lavery placed a high priority on alleviating shortages of classroom, laboratory, and office space, and during his term the total inventory of available space increased by 50.1 percent. A $108 million construction program during his presidency included additions to Newman Library and the War Memorial Gymnasium and construction of Litton Reaves Hall, Johnston Student Center and a new dormitory to house 333 students with an attached dining facility, Cochrane Hall. Another $17.5 million funded a complex to house the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, which was established during his presidency and opened to students in 1980.	2.125
10680541	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Edward%20Lavery	William Edward Lavery	Desperate for additional farmland for the support of teaching, research, and extension programs in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech acquired Kentland Farm on December 31, 1986. Virginia Tech secretly traded about 250 acres of research orchards adjacent to a commercial area that would soon become Christiansburg's main shopping district to a group of developers for the historic 1,785-acre Kentland property. The developers on the other end of the swap, one of whom was a former Tech athletics official, quickly sold 40 acres of the former university farmland for $2.7 million. News of the land swap, and especially the fact that it was done behind closed doors, sparked outrage. Lavery developed a reorganization plan for the troubled Athletic Department that had been rocked by a scandal involving alleged recruiting violations, mismanagement of funds and the bitter departure of two athletic directors in less than a year that resulted in a rebuke from Governor of Virginia, Gerald Baliles. Frank Beamer was hired to replace Bill Dooley as head football coach, but with negative publicity continuing to swirl within and around the university, he announced his resignation on October 16, 1987, effective December 31, 1987, to prevent polarization of the campus. After stepping down as president on December 31, 1987, Lavery continued to serve the university, first as honorary chancellor, then as the William B. Preston Professor of International Affairs. After his retirement on Aug. 1, 1991, he was named president emeritus. The university recognized his contributions by presenting him with the Ruffner Medal in 1993 and in 1995 he was named an honorary alumnus of Virginia Tech. Additionally, the Class of 1997 named its class ring in his honor. Family Lavery married the former Peggy Johnson of Pawnee City, Nebraska in 1956; the couple had four children. Legacy and Honors	2.140625

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