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10683420	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s%20Cricket%20Association	Women's Cricket Association	The Women's Cricket Association (WCA) was responsible for the running of women's cricket in England between 1926 and 1998. It was formed by a group of enthusiasts following a cricket holiday in Malvern. Forty-nine games were arranged in that first season, and the popular cricket festival at Stowe Lane, Colwall, which is still held today, was launched. By the following season there were ten affiliated clubs, by 1934 there were eighty, and by 1938 the number had reached 123. At its peak there were 208 affiliated clubs and 94 school and junior teams. By 1931 the first county associations had been formed, and Durham played a combined Cheshire and Lancashire XI. Four years later the country was divided into five regional associations: East, Midlands, North, South and West. The WCA administered the Women's Area Championship (1980–1996), the Women's Territorial Tournament (1988–1994) and the first Women's County Championship season, in 1997. In 1998, the WCA handed over the running of women's cricket in England to the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) and disbanded.	2.953125
10683481	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily%20Goddard	Lily Goddard	Lily Goddard (1916 – 2002) was an Austrian textile designer. She attended the Vienna School of Art where she was taught by, among others, Professor Ernst Gombrich, Professor Joseph Hoffmann and Professor Czisek. She joined the Chartered Society of Designers (then the Society of Industrial Artists and Designers) in 1950, being very active in the 1960s and 1970s in the Fashion and Textiles Group. She specialised in printed textiles, paper products and carpets and her clients included Liberty textiles, Deeko paperware, Crossley carpets and Sanderson wallpapers. Several examples are available online at VADS - the online resource for visual arts (link below), Goddard was granted Fellowship of the CSD in 1976. Part of her huge collection of designs, manufactured samples and her cuttings books are housed in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London (see link below). She was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in 1978. She taught art at primary, secondary and further education levels and lectured extensively in England and Ireland. She wrote and published four books, one on coal hole covers and other street furniture and three volumes of poetry. She married Sidney in 1950 who died in 1976. She died in March 2002 leaving a son, Larry and a granddaughter, Stephanie. Publications	2.109375
10683575	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewing%20sarcoma	Ewing sarcoma	Ewing sarcoma is a type of pediatric cancer that forms in bone or soft tissue. Symptoms may include swelling and pain at the site of the tumor, fever, and a bone fracture. The most common areas where it begins are the legs, pelvis, and chest wall. In about 25% of cases, the cancer has already spread to other parts of the body at the time of diagnosis. Complications may include a pleural effusion or paraplegia. It is a type of small round cell sarcoma. The cause of Ewing sarcoma is unknown, most cases appearing to occur randomly. Though not strongly associated with known hereditary cancer syndromes, accumulating evidence suggests a strong inherited risk factor, identifying a genetic component having multiple chromosome loci associated with Ewing sarcoma susceptibility. Sometimes Ewing sarcoma is associated with a germline mutation. The underlying mechanism often involves a genetic change known as a reciprocal translocation. Diagnosis is based on biopsy of the tumor. Treatment often includes chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, and stem cell transplant. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy are being studied. Five-year survival is about 70%. A number of factors, however, affect this estimate. In 1920, James Ewing discerned that these tumors are a distinct type of cancer. It affects approximately one in a million people per year in the United States. Ewing sarcoma occurs most often in teenagers and young adults and represents 2% of childhood cancers. Caucasians are affected more often than African Americans or Asians, while males are affected more often than females. Signs and symptoms	3.28125
10683575	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewing%20sarcoma	Ewing sarcoma	Ewing sarcoma is more common in males (1.6 male:1 female) and usually presents in childhood or early adulthood, with a peak between 10 and 20 years of age. It can occur anywhere in the body but most commonly in the pelvis and proximal long tubular bones, especially around the growth plates. The diaphyses of the femur are the most common sites, followed by the tibia and the humerus. Thirty percent are overtly metastatic at presentation, while 10–15% of people present with a pathologic fracture at the time of diagnosis. People usually experience extreme bone pain. Rarely, the tumor presents as extraskeletal, or outside the bone, such as in the vagina, pleura, or otherwise. Signs and symptoms include intermittent fevers, anemia, leukocytosis, increased sedimentation rate, and other symptoms of inflammatory systemic illness. According to the Bone Cancer Research Trust (BCRT), the most common symptoms are localized pain, swelling, and sporadic bone pain with variable intensity. The swelling is most likely to be visible if the sarcoma is located on a bone near the surface of the body, but when it occurs in other places deeper in the body, like on the pelvis, it may not be visible.	2.703125
10683575	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewing%20sarcoma	Ewing sarcoma	Genetics Genetic exchange between chromosomes can cause cells to become cancerous. Most cases of Ewing sarcoma (about 85%) are the result of a defining genetic event; a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22, t(11,22), which fuses the Ewing Sarcoma Breakpoint Region 1 (EWSR1) gene of chromosome 22 (which encodes the EWS protein) to the Friend Leukemia Virus Integration 1 (FLI1) gene (which encodes Friend Leukemia Integration 1 transcription factor (FLI1), a member of the ETS transcription factor family) of chromosome 11. The resultant chromosomal translocation causes the EWS trans-activation domain (which is usually silent in the wild type) to become very active, this leads to the translation of a new EWS-FLI1 fusion protein. EWS proteins are involved in meiosis, B-lymphocyte maturation, hematopoietic stem cell renewal, DNA repair and cell senescence. ETS transcription factors are involved in cell differentiation and cell cycle control. The EWS-FLI1 fusion protein has phase transition properties allowing it to transition into a liquid-like phase, separated by compartments consisting of membrane-less organelles. This phase transition property allows the fusion protein to access and activate micro-satellite regions of the genome that would otherwise be inaccessible. This fusion protein can convert usually silent chromatin regions into fully active enhancers leading to oncogenesis of the cells.	2.65625
10683575	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewing%20sarcoma	Ewing sarcoma	Ewing sarcoma is a small-blue-round-cell tumor that typically has a clear cytoplasm on H&E staining, due to glycogen. The presence of the glycogen can be demonstrated with positive PAS staining and negative PAS diastase staining. The characteristic immunostain is CD99, which diffusely marks the cell membrane. However, as CD99 is not specific for Ewing sarcoma, several auxiliary immunohistochemical markers can be employed to support the histological diagnosis. Morphologic and immunohistochemical findings are corroborated with an associated chromosomal translocation, of which several occur. The most common translocation, present in about 90% of Ewing sarcoma cases, is t(11;22)(q24;q12), which generates an aberrant transcription factor through fusion of the EWSR1 gene with the FLI1 gene. The pathologic differential diagnosis is the grouping of small-blue-round-cell tumors, which includes lymphoma, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, and desmoplastic small round cell tumor, among others. Medical imaging On conventional radiographs, typical findings of Ewing sarcoma consist of multiple confluent lytic bone lesions that have a "moth eaten" pattern due to permeative destruction of bone. There will also be a displaced periosteum as the new sub-periosteal layer of bone begins to grow on top of the tumor. This raised or displaced periosteum is consistent with the classic radiographic finding of the Codman triangle. The proliferative reaction of bone can also create delicate laminations constituting the periosteal layers and giving the radiographic appearance of an onion peel. Plain films add valuable information in the initial evaluation or screening. The wide zone of transition (e.g. permeative) is the most useful plain film characteristic in differentiation of benign versus aggressive or malignant lytic lesions.	2.171875
10683575	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewing%20sarcoma	Ewing sarcoma	Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be routinely used in the work-up of malignant tumors. It will show the full bony and soft tissue extent and relate the tumor to other nearby anatomic structures (e.g. vessels). Gadolinium contrast is not necessary as it does not give additional information over noncontrast studies, though some current researchers argue that dynamic, contrast-enhanced MRI may help determine the amount of necrosis within the tumor, thus help in determining response to treatment prior to surgery. Computed axial tomography (CT) can also be used to define the extraosseous extent of the tumor, especially in the skull, spine, ribs, and pelvis. Both CT and MRI can be used to follow response to radiation and/or chemotherapy. Bone scintigraphy can also be used to follow tumor response to therapy. In the group of malignant small round cell tumors that includes Ewing sarcoma, bone lymphoma, and small cell osteosarcoma, the cortex may appear almost normal radiographically, while permeative growth occurs throughout the Haversian channels. These tumors may be accompanied by a large soft-tissue mass while almost no bone destruction is visible. The radiographs frequently do not show any signs of cortical destruction. Radiographically, Ewing sarcoma presents as "moth-eaten" destructive radiolucencies of the medulla and erosion of the cortex with expansion.	2.28125
10683575	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewing%20sarcoma	Ewing sarcoma	Differential diagnosis Other entities with similar clinical presentations include osteomyelitis, osteosarcoma (especially telangiectatic osteosarcoma), and eosinophilic granuloma. Soft-tissue neoplasms such as pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma (malignant fibrous histiocytoma) that erode into adjacent bone may also have a similar appearance. Accumulating evidence suggests that EWSR1-NFATc2 positive sarcomas, which were previously considered to possibly belong to the Ewing family of tumors, differ from Ewing sarcoma in their genetics, transcriptomes, and epigenetic and epidemiological profiles, indicating that they might represent a distinct tumor entity. Treatment Almost all people receive multidrug chemotherapy (most often vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and etoposide), as well as local disease control with surgery and/or radiation. An aggressive approach is necessary because almost all people with apparently localized disease at the time of diagnosis actually have asymptomatic metastatic disease. The surgical resection may involve limb salvage or amputation. Complete excision at the time of biopsy may be performed if malignancy is confirmed at the time it is examined. Treatment lengths vary depending on location and stage of the disease at diagnosis. Radical chemotherapy may be as short as six treatments at three-week cycles, but most people undergo chemotherapy for 6–12 months and radiation therapy for 5–8 weeks. Radiotherapy has been used for localized disease. The tumor has a unique property of being highly sensitive to radiation, sometimes acknowledged by the phrase "melting like snow", but the main drawback is that it recurs dramatically after some time.	2.046875
10683575	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewing%20sarcoma	Ewing sarcoma	Retrospective research showed that two chemokine receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR7, can be used as molecular prognosis factors. People who express low levels of both chemokine receptors have the highest odds of long-term survival with >90% survival at five years post-diagnosis versus <30% survival at five years for patients with very high expression levels of both receptors. A recent study also suggested a role for SOX2 as an independent prognostic biomarker that can be used to identify patients at high risk for tumor relapse. Epidemiology Ewing sarcomas represent 16% of primary bone sarcomas. In the United States, they are most common in the second decade of life, with a rate of 0.3 cases per million in children under 3 years of age, and as high as 4.6 cases per million in adolescents aged 15–19 years. Nearly 80% of patients are aged less than 20 years of age. It is uncommon in patients younger than 5 years and older than 30 years. Internationally, the annual incidence rate averages less than 2 cases per million children. In the United Kingdom, an average of six children per year are diagnosed; mainly males in early stages of puberty. With occurrences primarily arising in older children and teenagers, one causal theory is puberty, e.g. its rapid growth spurts making bone tissue more cancer susceptible during development years. A grouping of three unrelated teenagers in Wake Forest, North Carolina, have been diagnosed with Ewing sarcoma. All three children were diagnosed in 2011 and all attended the same temporary classroom together while the school underwent renovation. A fourth teenager living nearby was diagnosed in 2009. The odds of this grouping are considered significant. Ewing sarcoma occurs about 10- to 20-fold more commonly in people of European descent compared to people of African descent. Ewing sarcoma is the second most common bone cancer in children and adolescents, with poor prognosis and outcome in ~70% of initial diagnoses and 10–15% of relapses.	2.40625
10683646	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekabrist-class%20submarine	Dekabrist-class submarine	Many parallels to the Italian design tradition can be identified in the new Dekabrist design, particularly in the hull structure and ballast arrangements: the heavy gauge of the pressure hull, designed to withstand depths of (and constructed using high-quality armour plate from scrapped battlecruisers), the double-hull design, which enclosed the pressure hull in a separate "light hull" and housed the main ballast tanks in the space in between, the division of the interior of the submarine into multiple watertight compartments (though as the design evolved, the original Italian-style spherical bulkheads, designed to maximize the integrity of key compartments, were replaced with flat circular ones), the use of Italian-style ballast tanks, which was expected to speed up diving time, and the addition of a crash dive tank amidships, which as Bazilevsky recounts was misinterpreted as being designed to dive quickly from periscope depth rather than directly from the surface, and reduced in relative size compared with the one in the Italian blueprints, though it proved possible to scale it up again when its intended purpose was discovered. At in length, and with a surfaced displacement of around 1,000 tons, they were significantly larger than any earlier submarines in the Soviet fleet (or any built in Imperial Russia), though not as large as the new Italian Balilla class. Their quoted range of over was also a dramatic improvement, although not quite as impressive as that of the larger Balilla.	2.1875
10683646	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekabrist-class%20submarine	Dekabrist-class submarine	That said, it is clear that Dekabrist was not simply a copy of an Italian design, but a synthesis of Italian concepts and existing Soviet knowledge, although the most easily recognizable native features are ones that were not strictly necessary in the new design. The pressure hull was scaled up from the proven Bars class, which was regarded as something of a benchmark for reliability, though its streamlining seems unnecessary in a double-hulled boat; while the presence of extra ballast tanks beneath the deck casing (apparently intended for quick diving from periscope depth) was also clearly based on this type, and they are described as being equally unnecessary in conjunction with the Italian-inspired diving system. Other features which resemble older Russian designs include the relatively large ballast tanks at the bow and stern, now employed as trim tanks, and the placing of the batteries in sealed compartments in the forward hull. In general, individual components were either based directly on those used in existing Russian boats, or else newly designed. Armament consisted of a heavy forward salvo of six torpedo launchers in the bow, and two more at the stern, designed for the 21-inch torpedoes which had become the standard international calibre, though until a suitable weapon entered production, older 18-inch torpedoes had to be carried, using special inserts to hold them in place. As originally designed, each submarine was to have two 4-inch guns in streamlined gun shields which formed fairings at the front and back of the conning tower, but the configuration was subsequently modified in imitation of the British L-class submarine, with a single forward-facing gun on a raised platform protected by a high bulwark, designed to make it easier to fight the gun in heavy seas. A of the gun was also adopted.	1.929688
10683727	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kealia%20Pond%20National%20Wildlife%20Refuge	Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge	Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge is a coastal salt marsh along the south-central coast of Maui, Hawaii. The refuge is located between the towns of Kihei and Maalaea, on both sides of North Kihei Road, Route 31. The wetland is also a bird sanctuary, home to 30 species of waterfowl, shorebirds, and migratory ducks, including the aukuu (black-crowned night heron, Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli) and the endangered āeo (Hawaiian stilt, Himantopus mexicanus knudseni) and alae keokeo (Hawaiian coot, Fulica alai). Kealia Pond was selected as a wildlife refuge in 1953, protecting an initial of land. The refuge joined the National Wildlife Refuge System in 1992. Description In the rainy winter season, high water levels enlarge the freshwater pond to more than . By spring, water levels begin dropping and by summer, the pond shrinks to half its winter size, leaving a salty residue behind: this accounts for its name, "Kealia", meaning "salt encrusted place"; Coastal salt pans once produced the mineral from seawater. The low water levels cause a 98% dieback in the tilapia population, which can produce a foul stench in the area. Kealia was once an ancient fishpond supplied with water from the Waikapu Stream in the West Maui Mountains and Kolaloa Gulch originating from Haleakalā. Native Hawaiians may have raised awa (milkfish, Chanos chanos) and amaama (flathead mullet, Mugil cephalus) using a system of ditches and sluice gates to let nearby fish from Māalaea Beach into the pond. Towards the west, the area between Kealia and the town of Māalaea contains another shallow pond and mudflats that are also used by the birds during the winter and spring flooding. When the mudflats dry out during the summer, the birds move to Kealia Pond. This area was once a runway serving one of Maui's first airports, Māalaea Airport. During World War II, Kealia Pond was used for training the 2nd and 4th Marine Divisions.	2.84375
10683733	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter%20van%20Bloemen	Pieter van Bloemen	Pieter van Bloemen, also known as Standaart (bapt. 17 January 1657 – 6 March 1720), first name also spelled Peter or Peeter, was a Flemish painter, draughtsman and printmaker. He was a gifted landscape and animal artist and was very successful with his compositions depicting Italian landscapes with figures, equestrian battles, animals and genre and market scenes. Life Van Bloemen was born in Antwerp. He was a pupil of Simon Johannes van Douw, according to some historians already from the age of 10. He became a master of the local Guild of Saint Luke in 1674 at the age of 17. He had two younger brothers who were also painters: Jan Frans and Norbert. At some point he travelled to Rome. This possibly happened in the year 1674 or later in the year 1689. He was in 1684 in Lyon in the company of the Dutch painters Adriaen van der Cabel and of Gillis Weenix. His brother Jan Frans joined him in Lyon. Via Turin, Pieter and Jan Frans travelled on to Rome where in 1688 they were registered in the parish of Sant’Andrea delle Fratte. In 1690 their third painting brother Norbert joined them in Rome as well. Pieter and Jan Frans made a few trips to Naples, Sicily and Malta. Pieter and Jan Frans also collaborated on works, with Pieter taking on the role of figure painter and Jan Frans painting the landscape (vedute). Pieter became a member of the Bentvueghels, an association of mainly Dutch and Flemish artists active in Rome. It was common practice in the Bentvueghels to give each member a nickname, the so-called "bent name". Pieter's bent name was "Standaart" or in Italian "Standardo". It is believed he was given this nickname in reference to the standards and banners that he regularly painted in his military subjects. Pieter returned to Antwerp in 1694 and Norbert left for Amsterdam before 1724, while Jan Frans remained in Rome for the rest of his life. Pieter became dean of the Guild of Saint Luke of Antwerp in 1699.	2.203125
10683733	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter%20van%20Bloemen	Pieter van Bloemen	He was the teacher of his younger brothers Jan Frans and Norbert as well as of Peeter van Aken and Frans van Alter. He died in Antwerp. Work A prolific painter, van Bloemen was at his best painting animals, although he also produced a wide range of landscape, genre, animal, battle, military camp and history scenes. He carried on the tradition of Italianizing landscape paintings of the Roman Campagna representing inns, ruins and animals. A portion of his output paintings also stand in the tradition of the 'bamboccianti', a group of mainly Dutch and Flemish artists active in Rome whose small works depicted trivial or base subjects. He was particularly known for his representations of groups of animals, which he typically placed in the foreground of his compositions and therefore appear as his main centre of interest. Particular features of his style were his depiction of groups of animals as ‘still-lifes’ in open, Italianate landscapes containing some ancient monuments to convey the ‘Roman’ atmosphere and the use of lively colouring in the figures’ costumes so as to contrast with the more sombre greys and browns of the herds and ruins. Because of his particular skill in the painting of horses, he was frequently invited to collaborate on the compositions of other local artists. An example is his cooperation with Balthasar van den Bossche on a portrait including a battle scene made for the Duke of Marlborough when he visited Antwerp after the Battle of Ramillies in 1706. Van den Bossche painted the portrait while Pieter van Bloemen painted the horses. The work is now only known through the copy painted by Pieter van Bloemen on his own. He collaborated with figure or landscape painters such as the Italian vedute painter Niccolò Codazzi. He made many drawings of landscapes and figure and animal studies from life. He further created a number of prints on the same themes.	2.515625
10683822	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleury-devant-Douaumont	Fleury-devant-Douaumont	Fleury-devant-Douaumont (, literally Fleury before Douaumont) is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. During the Battle of Verdun in 1916 it was captured and recaptured by the Germans and French 16 times, with all structures being completely destroyed. Since then, it has been declared to have "died for France", and this remains unoccupied (official population: 0), as have the communes of Bezonvaux, Beaumont-en-Verdunois, Haumont-près-Samogneux, Louvemont-Côte-du-Poivre and Cumières-le-Mort-Homme. History During the war, the town was completely destroyed and the land rendered so uninhabitable that officials decided not to rebuild it. As the land around the municipality was polluted with corpses, ammunition, explosives and poisonous gas, it was deemed too contaminated for farming to resume. The site is maintained as a testimony to war and is officially designated as a "village that died for France." It is managed by a municipal council of three members appointed by the prefect of the Meuse department. Before the war Fleury was a village of 422 engaged in agriculture and woodworking. Today, it is a wooded area next to the Verdun Memorial. Arrows guide visitors to where the streets and houses used to be.	2.125
10683847	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Mayr-Harting	Henry Mayr-Harting	Henry Maria Robert Egmont Mayr-Harting (born 6 April 1936) is a British medieval ecclesiastical historian. From 1997 to 2003, he was Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History at the University of Oxford and a lay canon of Christ Church, Oxford. Early life and education Mayr-Harting was born on 6 April 1936 in Prague. He is the son of Herbert Mayr-Harting, a lawyer who was the Czechoslovak representative at the United Nations War Crimes Commission, and of Anna Mayr-Harting, née Münzer, who had a distinguished career as a bacteriologist in Bristol, England. His brother, Thomas Mayr-Harting, is an Austrian and EU diplomat. He was educated at Douai School and Merton College, Oxford (BA 1957, MA 1961, DPhil 1961, DD 2004). Career Mayr-Harting was lecturer in medieval history at the University of Liverpool 1960–68. He then returned to Oxford to become Fellow and Tutor in Medieval History at St Peter's College from 1968 until 1997, when he was appointed Fellow Emeritus. From 1976 until 1997 he was also lecturer in medieval history at Merton College. In the 1970s Mayr-Harting served as Admissions Tutor for St Peter's College and in the early 1980s as Chair of the Faculty Board for the Faculty of History. Mayr-Harting was Slade Professor of Fine Art for the academic year 1987–88 and in 1993 he was named university reader in medieval history. In 1997 he became the first Roman Catholic and the first layperson to be appointed Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Oxford and consequently he became the first lay canon of Christ Church Cathedral. He retired from these positions in 2003.	2.25
10683847	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Mayr-Harting	Henry Mayr-Harting	He was elected Visiting Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge, in 1983 and Brown Foundation Fellow at Sewanee: The University of the South in 1992. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in the same year and he is a corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He was the president of the Ecclesiastical History Society (2001–02). In 2003 he took part in the Spring Lecture Series, Barbarian Europe: The Creation of a Civilization, at the Institute for Medieval Studies, University of New Mexico. Hon. D.Litt., University of East Anglia, 2009. Personal life In 1968 Mayr-Harting married Caroline Mary Humphries. Together they have a son, Felix (born 1969), and a daughter, Ursula (born 1972). Mayr-Harting's daughter, now called Ursula Weekes, is an art historian and has written several books, including Techniques of Drawing (exh. cat., Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 1996), Early Netherlandish Engraving circa 1440–1540 (Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 1997), Techniques of Drawing: from the 15th to the 19th Centuries (Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 1999), and Early Engravers and their Public: the Master of the Berlin Passion and Manuscripts from Convents in the Rhine-Maas Region (London: Harvey Miller, 2004).	1.984375
10683902	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushun	Dushun	Dushun () (557–640) was the First Patriarch of the Huayan School of Chinese Buddhism, which has the Indian Avatamsaka Sutra as its central scripture. Biography Dushun was born in present-day Shaanxi province. He ordained at the age of seventeen and became a student of a monk named Weichen, from whom he learned meditation at Yinsheng temple. Dushun later retired to Zhixiang temple, a monastery in the Zhongnan mountains in the south of Shaanxi. There, Dushun began an in-depth study of the Avataṃsaka Sūtra. The second patriarch, Zhiyan (602-668 CE), studied under Dushun at Zhixiang temple and became recognized as his formal successor. Works Around fourteen works have been ascribed to Dushun throughout history; however, only two works can be definitively attributed to him. The first is The Ten Mysterious Gates of the Unitary Vehicle of the Huayan (zh: Huayan yisheng shixuan men). This text was composed by Zhiyan (602-668 CE), the second patriarch, but is supposedly a record of the oral teachings of Dushun. The second is Discernments of the Dharmadhātu of the Huayan (zh: Huayan fajie guanmen), which does not survive as a stand-alone text but can be found in its entirety in several later commentaries. This text has been translated by Thomas Cleary embedded with the commentary by Chengguan in his Entry Into the Inconceivable. One highly influential text attributed to Dushun is Cessation and Contemplation in the Five Teachings of the Huayan (zh: Huayan wujiao zhiguan); however, the authorship of this text is disputed. This has been translated by Cleary in his Entry Into the Inconceivable.	2.015625
10683927	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Family%20%281987%20film%29	The Family (1987 film)	Against the background of World War I, Carlo, at the age of ten, along with his three-years-younger brother Giulio and their cousin Enrico, engage in lively play and decide to steal half a lira from Giordani's overcoat, as he rushes to attend to their gravely ill grandfather. Their game is abruptly halted by Susanna, who delivers the news of the grandfather's passing to the children. Subsequently, it is revealed that Giordani was arrested because, lacking that half lira, he couldn't afford tram fare. Aristide becomes incensed and pressures Giulio to confess, while Carlo admits his wrongdoing voluntarily, thus marking the first contrast between the brothers—Carlo being composed and contemplative, Giulio impulsive and restless. A subtle mutual sympathy is hinted at between Millina and Giordani, though it remains undeveloped. Third part (1926) Carlo is attending university and giving private lessons to a high school student named Beatrice, who openly harbors affection for him. However, Carlo finds himself drawn to Beatrice's sister Adriana, a conservatory student who coincidentally visits their home. Enrico, a staunch anti-fascist, departs Rome for Paris. Suddenly, Aristide dies. Adriana confides in Carlo her intention to pursue an advanced course in Milan, despite his wishes to the contrary, valuing her independence above all else. Fourth part (1936)	2.453125
10683990	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert%20%26%20Ernie%20Sing-Along	Bert & Ernie Sing-Along	Bert and Ernie Sing Along is a Sesame Street album released in 1975 that involved the entire cast of humans and Muppets doing a sing-along in Bert and Ernie's bathroom. The songs and dialog were recorded exclusively for this album. A year later, however, elements of this album were re-imaged into a television storyline for the Sesame Street TV program (episode #900). The album was scripted by Joseph A. Bailey and originally conceived as a radio program. Bailey worked on the televised version of the story as well. The album cover is a little misleading as it shows a happy Bert with Ernie at a piano with sheets of music, while Bert, throughout the album, is mostly anything but happy with the situation. The entire album was released on CD for the first time on the 3-disc set Old School: Volume 1, with other Sesame Street albums The Sesame Street Book & Record, and Big Bird Sings! Album's storyline The album starts out with one of the rare times we hear Bert taking a bath. As he does so, he is heard singing "Yankee Doodle." Eventually, Ernie comes in and pushes their piano into the bathroom and decides to join in, much to Bert's dismay. He starts playing music, which accompanies Bert singing in protest of the whole thing ("I Refuse To Sing Along"), with Ernie, in counterpoint, trying to persuade him to sing along.	1.929688
10684135	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brougham%20Hall	Brougham Hall	The rise to power of Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, led to the Hall being extended and enlarged between 1830 and 1847, to designs by the architect Lewis Nockalls Cottingham. The building works were largely overseen by Henry's brother, William Brougham, 2nd Baron Brougham and Vaux. From this point on, Brougham Hall received visits from London " society" and other notable people, including royalty. This culminated in the visit, in 1905, of the King, Edward VII. However, after World War I, Brougham Hall, in common with many other country houses, faced a severe financial crisis. This was compounded by the spendthrift nature of Victor Brougham, 4th Baron Brougham and Vaux, and his failed attempts to shore up income by becoming a professional gambler. The hall was sold by Victor, 4th Baron Brougham, attempting to pay his many debts, in 1934, and was thereafter sold again for demolition. From 1941 to 1945, there was a secret tank development facility at Brougham Hall. The project was known as Canal Defence Light (CDL). A plaque at the Hall remembers the men who worked there during the war. There is also a bunker which was used during World War II. After World War II, the Hall languished in a derelict state until it was purchased by Christopher Terry in 1967. Mr. Terry and his wife, Alison, determined to arrest the further decline of the Hall. Today, the hall is the subject of a renovation project by volunteers and is open to visitors throughout the year.	2.203125
10684223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika%20%28song%29	Erika (song)	"Erika" is a German marching song. It is primarily associated with the German Army, especially that of Nazi Germany, although its text has no political content. It was created by Herms Niel and published in 1930, and soon came into usage by the Wehrmacht. It was frequently played during Nazi Party public events. According to British soldier, historian, and author Major General Michael Tillotson, it was the single most popular marching song of any country during the Second World War. Origins "Erika" is both a common German female name and the German word for heather. The lyrics and melody of the song were written by Herms Niel, a German composer of marches. The exact year of the song's origin is not known; often the date is given as "about 1930", but this has never been substantiated. The song was originally published in 1938 by the publishing firm in Großburgwedel, but it had been popular prior to that. Music The song begins with the line "Auf der Heide blüht ein kleines Blümelein" (On the heath a little flower blooms), the theme of a flower (Erika) bearing the name of a soldier's sweetheart. After each line, and after each time the name "Erika" is sung, there is a three beat pause, which is filled by the kettledrum or stamping feet (e.g. of marching soldiers), shown as (xxx) in the text below. Lyrics	2.65625
10684275	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox%20Hill	Lenox Hill	History The neighborhood is named for the hill that "stood at what became 70th Street and Park Avenue." The name "Lenox" is that of the immigrant Scottish merchant Robert Lenox (1759-1839), who owned about of land "at the five-mile (8 km) stone", reaching from Fifth to Fourth (now Park) Avenues and from East 74th to 68th Streets. For the sum of $6,420 ($ in current dollar terms) or $6,920 ($) he had purchased a first set of three parcels in 1818, at an auction held at the Tontine Coffee House of mortgaged premises of Archibald Gracie, in order to protect Gracie's heirs from foreclosure, as he was executor of Gracie's estate. Several months later he purchased three further parcels, extending his property north to 74th Street. According to one source, "Thereafter these two tracts were known as the 'Lenox Farm.'" The tenant farmhouse stood on the rise of ground between Fifth and Madison avenues and 70th and 71st Streets, which would have been the hill, if the property had ever been called "Lenox Hill." The railroad right-of-way of the New York & Harlem Railroad passed along the east boundary of the property. Robert Lenox's son James Lenox divided most of the farm into blocks of building lots and sold them during the 1860s and 1870s; he also donated land for the Union Theological Seminary along the railroad right-of-way, between 69th and 70th Streets, and just north of it a full square block between Madison and Fourth Avenue, 70th and 71st streets, for the Presbyterian Hospital, which occupied seven somewhat austere structures on the plot; He built the Lenox Library on a full block-front of Fifth Avenue, now the site of the Frick Collection. Structures Lenox Hill Hospital, the former German Hospital, is located in this area, on East 77th Street. Luxury residences built in the 1910s and 1920s are now very expensive. Park Avenue and Lexington Avenue both pass through Lenox Hill, and along these avenues, there are many boutiques, art galleries and five-star hotels. Museums in the area include the Frick Collection.	2.09375
10684275	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox%20Hill	Lenox Hill	Demographics Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Lenox Hill and Roosevelt Island, which are combined into one census tabulation area, was 80,771, an increase of 4,140 (5.4%) from the 76,631 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of . The median income for a household living in Lenox Hill was $92,219. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 75.3% (60,831) White, 4.4% (3,571) African American, 0.1% (57) Native American, 10.6% (8,569) Asian, 0.1% (61) Pacific Islander, 0.3% (262) from other races, and 1.9% (1,558) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 7.3% (5,862) of the population. The racial composition of Lenox Hill / Roosevelt Island changed moderately from 2000 to 2010. The most significant changes were the increase in the Asian population by 38% (2,346) and the increase in the Hispanic / Latino population by 22% (1,064). The White population remained the majority with a slight increase of 1% (360), while the small Black population increased by 2% (61); the even smaller population of all other races increased by 19% (309). Notable people Residents of Lenox Hill have included: James Lenox (1800–1880), philanthropist, founder of Lenox Library Robert Lenox (1759–1839), merchant, namesake of Lenox Hill Andy Warhol (1930–2018), artist Transportation Lenox Hill is serviced by three New York City Subway stations. These are the 68th Street–Hunter College station on the ; the 72nd Street station on the ; and the Lexington Avenue–63rd Street station on the Q, . Bus routes include .	2.515625
10684305	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir%20Balaban	Meir Balaban	Biography and initial studies on Jewish history He studied law, philosophy and history at Lviv University. He accidentally encountered materials on the history of Jews in Kraków, and on the request of the Kraków Jewish kahal, he wrote the first volume of "The History of Jews in Cracow and Kazimiria 1304-1655" (Kraków, 1912). It gave him some reputation in Lviv University. Balaban then won a high ministry scholarship, and departed for a long scientific trip to Poznań, Berlin and Gdańsk. He stayed for several months in Kraków collecting materials for the second volume of the history of Kraków Jews. Simultaneously he started the publication "The history of Jewish system in Poland" in "Evreiskaia Starina" ("Jewish Old Times", as translated from Russian) magazine. He taught in different schools in the Lviv region and Lviv combining studying with teaching and research. He spent the first year of World War I in Vienna teaching at the gymnasium for Galician refugees. The next three years, he spent in Lublin as a referent (reporter) on Jewish matters by the Austrian General Government. At these posts, he organised many Jewish kahals and gymnasiums. Together with Ozjasz Thon and Dr. Moses Schorr, Balaban was one of the founders of the Institute of Jewish Sciences in Warsaw. Here Balaban taught Jewish history and led the historical seminar which issued many works on the history of Jews in Poland and in particular in the Polish kingdom. Balaban had also published "The history of Jews in Galicia" in 1916. Since 1903 Balaban led the review of the bibliography of the history of Jews in Poland in the Polish historical magazine "Kwartalnik historyczny" ("History Quarterly"). During nine years Balaban had been administering the Tachkemoni Rabbinical Seminary (1920–1929) and for 1920-1921 he had been also the rector of the gymnasium "Askola". The fate of Balaban was also tragic like Schorr's one. He died in the Warsaw Ghetto on 26 December 1942. Works on the history of Polish Jews	2.59375
10684305	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir%20Balaban	Meir Balaban	He was the first outstanding historian of Polish Jewry and he is fairly considered as the founder of the historiography of Polish Jews. Among his works the most important ones are: Jews of Lvov (Lemberg) on the eve of 17th century (1916); History of Jews of Cracow (2 vols, 1931) Jewry of Lublin (1919). He wrote also a detailed article about the Vaad of four lands for the 11th volume of "History of Jewish people". He published hundreds of articles which are devoted to the researches of rabbis', scholars', community leaders' activities as well as the history of bloody pogroms, about the Karaims in Poland and other topics. All they were published mostly in German, Polish or in Yiddish. Balaban's researches written in Hebrew on the history of movements of Shabatai Zwi and Jakob Frank are especially important to note. They are resumed in his book "Le toldot ha-tnua ha-frankit" (The history of the Frank movement, 2 vols., 1934–1935). It was published in Tel Aviv. Balaban had written also "The history of the progressive synagogue in Lvov" (in polish original "Historia postępowej synagogi we Lwowie") as well as "The Bibliography of the history of Jews in Poland during 1900-1930" which encompasses more than 10.000 entries. Since 1906 he published many scientific articles in the newspaper "Kurjer Lwowski". The first more essential essays appeared in the almanac "Rocznik Żydowske" in 1902-1906: "Izak Nachmanovicz, Żyd Lwowski XVI wieku" (Izak Nachmanowicz - a Polish Jew of the 16th Century); "Josefus Flavius, Charakterystyka czlowieka i historyka na tle wspolczesnych wypadkow" (Josephus Flavius. A Characterization of a Person and a Historian on the Background of the Contemporary Events, 1904); "Makabeusze" (Maccabees, 1905); "Lewko Balaban, burmistrz kahalny Lwowski z konca XVIII wieku" (Lewko Balaban (Leo Balaban), the Kahal Burgmeister of Lviv of the End of the 17th Century).	2.234375
10684358	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame%20tetra	Flame tetra	The flame tetra (Hyphessobrycon flammeus), also known as the red tetra or Rio tetra, is a small freshwater fish of the characin family Characidae. This tetra was first introduced as aquarium fish in 1920 by C. Bruening, Hamburg, Germany, and formally described in 1924 by Dr. George S. Myers. Today large numbers are bred in captivity and it is common in the aquarium trade, but the remaining wild population in Southeast Brazil is highly threatened. Cuba produced a postal stamp with an image of H. flammeus in 1978. Description The flame tetra reaches about in standard length. The rear half of the body is flame red while the area in front of the dorsal fin is silver crossed by two dark vertical bars. All the fins are red except for the pectoral fins, which are colourless. The tip of the anal fin on the male is black, while on the female the fins have less red colouration but darker tips of the pectoral fins. Distribution, habitat and status The flame tetra is native to Southeast Brazil, where it occurs in coastal parts of Rio de Janeiro (Guanabara bay region, and Paraíba do Sul and Guandu River basins) and São Paulo (upper Tietê River basin). It lives in rivers and streams, generally preferring shallow (less than deep), slow-flowing sections with vegetation and a water temperature from . The species has declined drastically, mainly because of habitat loss, pollution and introduced species (especially tilapia and black bass). Although sometimes reported as extinct in the wild, wild populations survive. In its small remaining distribution, it is common in the Tietê River basin (which possibly is not natural, but introduced) and rare elsewhere. The last confirmed record from Rio de Janeiro is from 1992. The species is listed as endangered in the Brazilian national red list. Today large numbers are bred in captivity and it is common in the aquarium trade. This includes some selectively-bred forms (such as golden, orange and albino) that differ from the original wild form.	2.6875
10684372	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby%20and%20Elizabeth%20Cohen%20Woodlands	Ruby and Elizabeth Cohen Woodlands	The Ruby and Elizabeth Cohen Woodlands is a park located on McDonald Road in Colchester, Connecticut. This park consists of of natural space and includes such facilities as a gazebo, picnic tables, and hiking trails. There are two ponds on the property in addition to marshland. History Ruby Cohen was a prominent member of Colchester's society who lived from 1911 to 1999. His significance began when he purchased "Harry's Place" in 1925. To this day, Harry's Place is still a successful roadside burger stand. Harry's Place is on the National Register of Historic Places and is the remnant of seven hotels created by Baron Maurice de Hirsch, financier of the Orient Express. Maurice de Hirsch recognized Colchester's potential as a settlement for Jewish immigrants, which is the reason he opened the hotels. Ruby Cohen retired in 1973. Ruby Cohen's former house is visible from the woodlands and is located across from the gazebo on the opposite side of the pond in the picture below. Ruby Cohen served in the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1943 and would often serve as a political advisor to the people within his town of Colchester. He would hold court sessions in his barn and open up his woodland preserve to a variety of occasions such as fishing derbies, weddings, and Boy Scout campouts. This preserve has now become the Ruby and Elizabeth Cohen Woodlands under direction of the Colchester Parks and Recreation Department. Description and usage The majority of the Ruben and Elizabeth Cohen Woodlands (also called the Ruby Cohen Property) is heavily covered by trees. However many acres consist as grassy open space but are divided by McDonald Road. Two ponds exist on the property, one on either side of the road.	1.992188
10684384	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20purification%20methods%20in%20chemistry	List of purification methods in chemistry	Affinity purification purifies proteins by retaining them on a column through their affinity to antibodies, enzymes, or receptors that have been immobilised on the column. Filtration is a mechanical method to separate solids from liquids or gases by passing the feed stream through a porous sheet such as a cloth or membrane, which retains the solids and allows the liquid to pass through. Centrifugation is a process that uses an electric motor to spin a vessel of fluid at high speed to make heavier components settle to the bottom of the vessel. Evaporation removes volatile liquids from non-volatile solutes, which cannot be done through filtration due to the small size of the substances. Liquid–liquid extraction removes an impurity or recovers a desired product by dissolving the crude material in a solvent in which other components of the feed material are soluble. Crystallization separates a product from a liquid feed stream, often in extremely pure form, by cooling the feed stream or adding precipitants that lower the solubility of the desired product so that it forms crystals. The pure solid crystals are then separated from the remaining liquor by filtration or centrifugation. Recrystallization: In analytical and synthetic chemistry work, purchased reagents of doubtful purity may be recrystallised, e.g. dissolved in a very pure solvent, and then crystallized, and the crystals recovered, in order to improve and/or verify their purity. Trituration removes highly soluble impurities from usually solid insoluble material by rinsing it with an appropriate solvent. Adsorption removes a soluble impurity from a feed stream by trapping it on the surface of a solid material, such as activated carbon, that forms strong non-covalent chemical bonds with the impurity.	2.125
10684384	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20purification%20methods%20in%20chemistry	List of purification methods in chemistry	Chromatography employs continuous adsorption and desorption on a packed bed of a solid to purify multiple components of a single feed stream. In a laboratory setting, mixture of dissolved materials are typically fed using a solvent into a column packed with an appropriate adsorbent, and due to different affinities for solvent (moving phase) versus adsorbent (stationary phase) the components in the original mixture pass through the column in the moving phase at different rates, which thus allows to selectively collect desired materials out of the initial mixture. Smelting produces metals from raw ore, and involves adding chemicals to the ore and heating it up to the melting point of the metal. Refining is used primarily in the petroleum industry, whereby crude oil is heated and separated into stages according to the condensation points of the various elements. Distillation, widely used in petroleum refining and in purification of ethanol separates volatile liquids on the basis of their relative volatilities. There are several type of distillation: simple distillation, steam distillation etc. Water purification combines a number of methods to produce potable or drinking water. Downstream processing refers to purification of chemicals, pharmaceuticals and food ingredients produced by fermentation or synthesized by plant and animal tissues, for example antibiotics, citric acid, vitamin E, and insulin. Fractionation refers to a purification strategy in which some relatively inefficient purification method is repeatedly applied to isolate the desired substance in progressively greater purity. Electrolysis refers to the breakdown of substances using an electric current. This removes impurities in a substance that an electric current is run through	2.671875
10684424	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertown%20Arsenal	Watertown Arsenal	The Watertown Arsenal was a major American arsenal located on the northern shore of the Charles River in Watertown, Massachusetts. The site is now registered on the ASCE's List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks and on the US National Register of Historic Places, and it is home to a park, restaurants, mixed use office space, and formerly served as the national headquarters for athenahealth. History The arsenal was established in 1816, on of land, by the United States Army for the receipt, storage, and issuance of ordnance. In this role, it replaced the earlier Charlestown Arsenal. The arsenal's earliest plan incorporated 12 buildings aligned along a north–south axis overlooking the river. Alexander Parris, later designer of Quincy Market, was architect. Buildings included a military store and arsenal, as well as shops and housing for officers and men. All were made of brick with slate roofs in the Federal style, and a high wall enclosed the compound. By 1819 all buildings were completed and occupied. The arsenal's site, duties, and buildings grew gradually until the American Civil War, enlarging beyond the original quadrangle. During the war it greatly expanded to produce field and coastal gun carriages, and the war's impetus led to the quick construction of a large machine shop and smith shop built as contemporary factories, as well as a number of smaller buildings. During the Civil War, a new commander's quarters was commissioned by then-Capt. Thomas J. Rodman, inventor of the Rodman gun. The lavish, , quarters would ultimately become one of the largest commander's quarters on any US military installation. This mansion is now on the National Register of Historic Places. The expense ($63,478.65) was considered wasteful and excessive and drew a stern rebuke from Congress, which then promoted Rodman to brigadier general and sent him to command Rock Island Arsenal on the frontier in Illinois, where he built an even larger commander's quarters.	2.5625
10684424	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertown%20Arsenal	Watertown Arsenal	Activities and new construction at the Watertown Arsenal continued to gradually expand until the early 1890s. Activities changed decisively in 1892 when Congress authorized modernization to gun carriage manufacturing. At this point the arsenal became a manufacturing complex rather than storage depot. A number of major buildings were constructed, which over time began to reflect typical industrial facilities rather than the earlier arsenal styles. In 1897 an additional were purchased, and a hospital built. Scientific management as designed by arsenal commander Charles Brewster Wheeler was implemented between 1908 and 1915. It was considered by the War Department as successful in saving money over the alternatives; but it was so hated by the work force that the Congress eventually overturned its use. During World War I the arsenal nearly tripled in size. Building #311 was then reported to be one of the largest steel-frame structures in the United States, sized to accommodate both very large gun carriages and the equipment used to construct them. Railroad tracks ran throughout the arsenal complex. World War II brought an additional with existing industrial buildings, as the arsenal produced steel artillery pieces. In 1959–1960, a research nuclear reactor (Horace Hardy Lester Reactor) was constructed on site, for material research programs, and operated there until 1970. In 1968 the Army ceased operations at the arsenal; were sold to the Watertown Redevelopment Authority, while the remaining were converted to the United States Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, renamed the United States Materials Technology Laboratory in 1985. In 1995 all Army activity ceased and the remainder of the site was converted to civilian use. The Armory site was formerly included on US EPA's National Priorities List of highly contaminated sites, more widely known as Superfund. The site was removed from the NPL in 2006.	2.671875
10684431	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpeduncular%20cistern	Interpeduncular cistern	The interpeduncular cistern (or basal cistern) is the subarachnoid cistern situated between the dorsum sellae (anteriorly) and the two cerebral peduncles at the front of the midbrain. Its roof is represented by the floor of the third ventricle (i.e. posterior perforated substance, and the two mammillary bodies). Its floor is formed by the arachnoid membrane extending between the temporal lobes of either side. Anteriorly, it extends to the optic chiasm. The cistern communicates superiorly with the chiasmatic cistern, and inferiorly with the pontine cistern. The chiasmatic cistern, cistern of lamina terminalis, and supracallosal cistern are all extensions of the interpeduncular cistern. Anatomy Contents The cistern contains: the posterior portion of the circle of Willis: basilar artery (including its bifurcation), (origins of the) posterior cerebral arteries, posterior communicating arteries, (the origin of the) posterior thalamo-perforating arteries, (part of the) superior cerebellar artery, basal vein, (proximal portion of the) anterior ponto-mesencephalic vein, (proximal portion of the) oculomotor nerves (CN III), trochlear nerves (CN IV).	2.71875
10684462	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Current%20Pictorial	Journal of Current Pictorial	The Journal of Current Pictorial () was a manhua magazine published in 1905. It was authored and drawn by members of the Tongmenghui. The magazine was banned by the Qing dynasty in 1909. Subsequently, few years after the censorship, the Qing was overthrown in 1911 under the Xinhai Revolution. History The purpose of the publication was aimed at informing the general public of events and politics in China. It was released three times a month. The artists Pan Da-wei (), Gao Jian-Fu (), Xie Ying-bo (), He Jian-shi () and Zheng Nu-quan () belonged to the revolutionary Tongmenghui. The work criticized Chinese feudal society along with exposing the corruption and weaknesses of the Qing government. The magazine was banned in 1909 in China, when it was believed to be spreading anti-Qing propaganda. After the ban, the publication resumed temporarily in Hong Kong for a few months the following year. The Qing government later successfully pressured the British Colonial government to also ban the magazine in Hong Kong. In 1912, a few months after Republic of China established, the pictorial was resumed publication in Guangzhou. However, it was ended by a turmoil a year later.	2.25
10684565	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt%20Fork%20State%20Park	Salt Fork State Park	Salt Fork State Park is a public recreation area located north of Lore City in Guernsey County, Ohio. It is the largest state park in Ohio, encompassing of land and of water. The grounds include the Kennedy Stone House, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The park is managed by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Parks and Watercraft. History Salt Fork was named for a mineral lick along the creek's course. Plans to dam the creek for use as a water source began in 1956, then switched to planning for use as a recreational area in 1960. An earthen dam was completed in 1967, with the construction of recreational facilities initiated in 1968. Salt Fork Lodge opened in 1972 Activities and amenities The park features an 18-hole golf course, 2,500-foot swimming beach, two marinas and seven boat launching ramps, fishing for largemouth bass, crappie, bluegill, walleye and muskellunge, hunting, picnicking facilities, trails for hiking, snowmobiling, and equestrian use, miniature golf, nature center, and an archery range.	2.140625
10684594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20submarine%20Krab%20%281912%29	Russian submarine Krab (1912)	Krab () was a submarine minelayer built for the Imperial Russian Navy. She was designed by Mikhail Petrovich Nalyotov as the world's first submarine minelayer, although due to construction delays the German UC submarines entered service earlier. The mines were stowed in two horizontal galleries exiting through the stern. Diving depth was 45 metres. This ship was built by the Naval yard in Nikolayev by the Black Sea (now Mykolaiv, Ukraine). She was ordered in 1908, launched in September 1912 (or early 1913, sources differ) and entered service in 1915. Service This submarine fought during World War I in the Black Sea Fleet. She laid several minefields which accounted for the sinking of the Turkish gunboat Isa Reis and the Bulgarian torpedo boat Shumni as well as several merchant ships. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 the boat was captured by the Germans and transferred to the British intervention force who scuttled the boat near Sevastopol to prevent capture by the Bolsheviks. The wreck was raised in 1935 and scrapped.	2.15625
10684676	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Patrick%27s%20Day%20Parade%20Scranton	St. Patrick's Day Parade Scranton	The St. Patrick's Parade Day in Scranton or Parade Day is one of the largest Saint Patrick's Day parades in the United States. It is held in Scranton, Pennsylvania every year on the Saturday of the weekend before St. Patrick's Day - even if St Patrick's day falls on a Saturday or Sunday. For Example, in 2013, St. Patrick's Day was on a Sunday, and the Parade was held on the Saturday of the previous weekend - March 9. The date of the parade is commonly referred to as "Parade Day". Festivities begin with a mass at 10:00 am at St Peter's Cathedral. The mass is followed by a 2-mile footrace of the parade route at 11:00, an hour later the parade begins. Each year, thousands of people line the streets of downtown Scranton on Parade Day to take part in one of the city's greatest traditions. The city has hosted a St. Patrick's Day Parade since early in its history, with the current iteration being held annually since 1862. The Parade is sponsored and organized by the St. Patrick's Day Parade Association of Lackawanna County. Attendance for the 2008 parade, which featured appearances by Bertie Ahern, Hillary Clinton, and Andy Buckley of The Office, was estimated to be as high as 150,000 people. The parade usually involves about 12,000 participants, including bagpipers, Irish stepdancers, high school bands, local organizations and other Irish groups. The 2020 parade was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. And 2021 was rescheduled to mid-September. Other cancellations were in 1917–18 & 1942–45.	1.984375
10684716	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Hermano%20Saraiva	José Hermano Saraiva	José Hermano Saraiva GCIH • GCIP (3 October 1919 – 20 July 2012) was a Portuguese professor, historian and jurist. He was most known as a television personality in Portugal, having been the author and presenter of several documentary series of historical divulgation from 1971 to 2003 on the Portuguese television. Biography Hermano Saraiva was a professor of law and business management. He was Minister of Education of Portugal between 1968 and 1970 and ambassador to Brazil between 1972 and 1974, during the Estado Novo dictatorship. He lectured in the Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Política Ultramarina at the Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, and in private teaching institutes. Saraiva is most famous in Portugal, but also among Portuguese communities around the world, on account of his television programs on the History of Portugal, broadcast by RTP. He was a member of the Sciences Academy of Lisbon, Portuguese Academy of History and São Paulo Historical Institute in Brazil. Hermano Saraiva was distinguished with the Grã-Cruz of the Order of Public Instruction, Grã-Cruz of the Order of Prince Henry, the Grã-Cruz of the Order of Barão do Rio Branco of Brazil, the Grã-Cruz of the Ordem do Mérito do Trabalho and the Comendador da Real Ordem de Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Vila Viçosa. He enjoyed wide popularity and success as a television communicator whose television programs devoted to the History of Portugal, namely O Tempo e a Alma (1971), Gente de Paz (1978) and Horizontes da Memória (1996-2003) on RTP state-run television channels, reached a large audience among the Portuguese population and the Portuguese expat communities outside Portugal.	2.203125
10684739	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5%20motorway%20%28Greece%29	A5 motorway (Greece)	The A5 motorway, also known as the Ionia Odos (), is a controlled-access highway in western Greece, which starts at Ioannina and it follows the western coastline of mainland Greece down to the Gulf of Corinth. At Rio, it crosses the gulf via the Rio–Antirrio bridge and is connected with the A8 at an interchange near Patras. The future, currently under construction, Patras - Pyrgos motorway is typically part of the A5 motorway and will eventually extend to Tsakona near Kalamata. Another extension north to Kakavia at the border with Albania, is in the planning stage. In August 2017, the last section under construction (Perdika-Ioannina) was completed and delivered to traffic by the Greek Minister of Infrastructure, Transport and Network, making Ionia Odos a fully operational motorway. It is the second major north–south road connection after the A1 motorway and is also part of the trans-balkanic Adriatic–Ionian motorway and the European routes E55 and E951. The Ionia Odos motorway was one of the most challenging construction projects in Greece, as it spans a big part of Western Greece and because of its location on the foothills of the Pindus mountain range. After its completion in August 2017, it reduced travel times between Antirrio and Ioannina to 1 hour and 40 minutes, down from 3 hours and 30 minutes and will provide a boost to the economy of the regions it spans (Western Greece and Epirus). Ionia Odos Brief presentation The motorway consists of: 196 kilometres of motorway, with 2 lanes in each direction, emergency lane and Jersey barrier separation 19 interchanges 133 overpasses and underpasses 4 twin-tube tunnels 24 bridges 4 main and 5 lateral toll stations 5 rest areas (4 in both directions)	2.1875
10684739	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5%20motorway%20%28Greece%29	A5 motorway (Greece)	Rest of the motorway - construction progress As of December 2016, the 25 km Kouvaras interchange - Amfilochia interchange (Amfilochia bypass) segment has been completed. It should have been opened by July 2016, but because of landslides just before the Amfilochia interchange, it was opened on 27 December 2016 by the minister Christos Spirtzis. Also, the 37 km long section Kampi (Filippiada interchange) - Avgo was opened to traffic on 22 February 2017 by the minister of infrastructure Christos Spirtzis, however without the connection with the A2 motorway (Egnatia Odos), which was completed in August 2017. The latter was one of the most difficult motorway segments under construction in Greece because of the rugged mountainous terrain along its route. The most important tunnel of the motorway, the Klokova Tunnel, has been excavated and other works are undergoing. The 37 km section Klokova-Kefalovryso was opened to traffic on 12 April 2017 (without some of the interchanges, which are ready by August 2017). In early September 2016, It was announced that the rest of the expropriation works were successfully settled with the house owners receiving compensations for their respective areas, thus allowing full construction of the road.	2.015625
10684752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart%20Rhythm%20Meditation	Heart Rhythm Meditation	Heart Rhythm Meditation (commonly known as HRM) is a type of meditation that involves the synchronization of breath and heartbeat in which the conscious control of breathing is meant to influence a person’s mental, emotional, or physical state, with a claimed therapeutic effect. The core practice in Heart Rhythm Meditation is attention on the heart and coordination of the breath and heartbeat. Background Heart Rhythm Meditation is a method of meditation that has been expanded and developed by Puran Bair and Susanna Bair founders of the Institute for Applied Meditation on the Heart, iamHeart. The method was described in the books Living from the Heart and Energize Your Heart in 4 Dimensions. The application of Heart Rhythm Meditation to the development of spiritual maturity is described in the book, Follow Your Heart. The practice originates from the Jesus Prayer and the teachings of Inayat Khan, who founded the Sufi order and is credited with bringing Sufism to the Western world. Puran and Susanna Bair were disciples of Inayat Khan’s eldest son and successor Vilayat Inayat Khan. The HRM founders claim that their approach is non-religious, practical, and scientific.	2.171875
10684763	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny%20Walker%20%28American%20football%29	Kenny Walker (American football)	Kenny Wayne Walker (born April 6, 1967) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive lineman for the Denver Broncos and the first deaf player to have played in the Canadian Football League (CFL) and one of only five to have played in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers Biography Walker became profoundly deaf from meningitis at the age of two, and was the third of only five players in the history of the National Football League to have some form of deafness. Walker followed Larry Brown, who played with the Washington Redskins from 1969 to 1976 and Bonnie Sloan, who was a member of the St. Louis Cardinals in 1973. Walker was subsequently followed by Flozell Adams, who played with the Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers from 1998 to 2010 and Derrick Coleman, a member of the Seattle Seahawks, Atlanta Falcons and Arizona Cardinals from 2012 to 2018. Walker starred at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. At his final home game for the Cornhuskers, the capacity crowd showed their appreciation for Walker by signing "applause" to him in unison. After playing in the Senior Bowl, the Broncos selected him in the eighth round (200th overall) of the 1991 NFL draft. Walker emerged as a regular for the Broncos in 1991, playing in all 16 games. The following year, he started in all but one of the team's games, but his career ended after that. Following his time in the NFL, Walker played a short, three-season stint in the Canadian Football League with the Calgary Stampeders (1994-1995) and Winnipeg Blue Bombers (1995-1996), becoming the first deaf player in the history of the CFL. Additionally, Walker sued the Denver Broncos in 1995 for violating the Americans with Disabilities Act by misrepresenting his disability to other NFL teams. The outcome of the suit was not reported. Walker published an autobiography Roar of Silence: The Kenny Walker Story in 1998, and also has a chapter dedicated to him in the book Great Deaf Americans.	2.25
10684764	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPACe%20Centre	SPACe Centre	The Hackney SPACe Sports Centre ("Sport and Performing Arts Centre") is a leisure centre in Hoxton in London Borough of Hackney, England. It is part of Hackney Community College and was opened in February 2001 following grants from Sport England with the intention that it would become the venue for Centres of Excellence in basketball, netball and cricket. The centre's main hall (dedicated to Malcolm Williams, whose work and vision were instrumental in getting SPACe built) can accommodate a range of indoor sports, and was the home venue in 2006/07 for the professional basketball team London United, who moved there from Brunel University in 2006. SPACe is also home to Hackney Community College Basketball Academy and Cricket Academy programmes. It is also home to many basketball teams that play in the London Metropolitan Basketball League (LMBL), the largest regional basketball league in the UK. SPACe has a gym and weights facility housing Olympic free weights and CV equipment as well as three dance studios. One of these has been named after Margaret Shepherd, who taught performing arts at the nearby Hoxton Hall. The main hall has tiered seating for around 600 people. SPACe is managed by Lee Perkins who was instrumental in the sporting development of the centre.	2.234375
10684768	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellison%20Capers	Ellison Capers	Ellison Capers (October 14, 1837 – April 22, 1908) was a Confederate general in the American Civil War, theologian, college professor and administrator from South Carolina. Early life Capers was the son of a Methodist bishop. He was born in Charleston, South Carolina, and educated in local schools. He graduated from the South Carolina Military Academy (now The Citadel) in 1857; he studied law for a time and then was appointed as a Professor of Mathematics and Rhetoric at SCMA. He spent a year teaching mathematics at Mt. Zion College in Winnsboro, South Carolina, then returned to his position at SCMA in 1860. Civil War At the outbreak of the Civil War, Capers joined the Confederate Army with the rank of major. He was present at the bombardment of Fort Sumter then saw action at James Island and the Battle of Secessionville; he next served on coastal defense duties until 1863, having been promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 24th South Carolina. In May 1863 the regiment joined the army of General Joseph E. Johnston for the Vicksburg Campaign. Capers was wounded in the leg at Jackson, Mississippi, but promoted to colonel. Capers returned to field service in time for the Chickamauga Campaign with the Army of Tennessee. He fought in the disastrous Battle of Franklin where he was severely wounded. After the campaign he commanded a brigade, replacing States Rights Gist, who had been killed in action. Capers was promoted to brigadier general on March 1, 1865, shortly before the end of hostilities. He was captured at Bentonville, North Carolina, but there is no record of parole. Postbellum career	2.328125
10684981	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustad%20Daman	Ustad Daman	Chiragh Deen (; 3 September 1911 – 3 December 1984), known by his pen name Ustad Daman () or Daman, was a Pakistani Punjabi-language poet, writer, mystic and a politician. He was active in politics after the establishment of Pakistan but continued his poetic career and till this day is revered as the "people's poet". He was introduced into politics by Mian Iftikharuddin, a left-leaning politician, member of the Pakistan Movement and owner of Pakistan Times, a major newspaper in Lahore, Pakistan. Early life Chiragh Deen was born in Lahore, British Punjab to a Punjabi Muslim family on 3 September 1911. Life Ustad Daman's birth name was Chiragh Deen son of Mian Mir Baksh. He was born on 3 September 1911. Ustad Daman was introduced originally as part of the struggle for independence from British rule. A tailor by profession, in 1930, he stitched a suit for Mian Iftikharuddin, who got impressed by his inspiring poetry verse, when the two met each other at his shop. He invited Ustad Daman to recite his poem at a public meeting organized by the Indian National Congress, where Ustad Daman became an instant hit. Pandit Nehru, who was present at that public meeting, dubbed him the ‘Poet of Freedom’ after listening to his revolutionary anti-imperialist poetry. After this meeting. he became a regular participant in these meetings. At the time of the 1947 Partition of British India, his shop and house were burned down by rioting mobs and his wife and young daughter were killed. However, Ustad Daman decided to stay in Lahore and the newly created country of Pakistan. He then never remarried and lived the rest of his life in a small room in the 'Old Lahore'. He remained, throughout his life, a fierce opponent of dictatorship, civilian or military, and all corruption and hypocrisy. His work and poetry were published as 'Daman De Moti' after his death by his devoted followers and admirers. The poems he wrote are still widely quoted in the Punjab as well as in other regions of Pakistan.	2.125
10684991	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrotactin	Astrotactin	Astrotactin-1, abbreviated ASTN1, is a glycoprotein expressed primarily in the central nervous system. ASTN1 and its counterpart ASTN2 are involved in regulation of adhesion during the radial migration of neurons in the developing CNS. Astrotactin is a neuronal adhesion molecule required for glial-guided migration of young postmitotic neuroblasts with expression is primarily located in the cells of cortical regions of the developing brain including; cerebrum, hippocampus, cerebellum, and olfactory bulb. Biochemical properties ASTN-1 is created via developmental pathways via mRNA, the astrotactin-1 protein is generated from Chromosome 1: 176,861,067-177,164,712 and the Gencode Gene: ENSG00000152092.16 with a base pair size of 303,646 and total Exon count of 23. Composed of 1294 amino acids on average with some variations of 1302, 1228, and 1216 depending on an individual's genetic composition. Astrotactin-1 appears highly conserved as mutations are quite rare with 2 deletions and a single duplication recorded within a sample of 64,114 subjects. ASTN1 features a relatively short amino terminus coupled with a longer carboxyl terminus within the extracellular matrix of their environment that may aid in the protein function of movement. Considered a Multi-pass membrane protein responsible for the neuronal migrations in cortical regions of the brain are guided by a system of radial glial fibers. This process begins via gene signaling during fetal development and lasts until brain maturation around the age of 26. Neural action Gord Fishell and Mary E. Hatten in 1991 used in vitro assays to determine the role Astrotactin-1 plays in the neuronal migration of granule neurons. This mechanism of action appears to be ASTN1 providing the neural receptor for migration in astro-gial membranes via its transmembrane regions to intersect glial membranes.	2.1875
10684991	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrotactin	Astrotactin	Using phase-contrast microscopy the average speed and frequency of migration of individual cells could be used to quantify the movement of large populations of neurons along the glial fibers. One experiment showed that over a three hour observation period, approximately eighty percent of the cells moved more than 15 pm along a single glial fiber. Additionally, migrating cells expressed regular and characteristic form, creating a tight apposition with the astro-glial fiber matrix and extending a leading process of cells in the direction of movement. During migration, saltatory contraction and extension of the neural soma along the glial fiber appeared to provide forward motion. The total distance moved by the individual cells over a 5h period were as much as 210 μm, with rapidly migrating cells generally moving those longer distances. It must be noted that distance is not a total measurement but only the positive value given for forward mobility. Neurons would often briefly reverse their migrating direction, reaching the end of a glial fiber before reversing, along with some pauses between start and end of glia fibers. Further, via the addition of anti-astrotactin antibodies caused migrating neurons to detach from the glial fibers within three hours of the antibody addition to said cultures. Conversely, while anti-astrotactin antibodies blocked glial guided neuronal migration, neurons stayed bound to the radial astrotactin-1 supported glial fibers for the entire three hour assay period. Unlike other mechanisms of CNS neuron movement which use the formation of an interstitial junction. The neural protein astrotactin contributes to the establishment of adhesion sites along the leading process, the formation of brand new interstitial junctions and neural cytoskeletal organization as the neuron moves along the astrotactin glial guide.	2.296875
10684991	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrotactin	Astrotactin	Wnt signal transduction may play a part in alleviating the effect of ASTN1 on migration and invasion of neural cells. ASTN1-silenced cells were treated to inhibit the Wnt signal transduction pathway; significantly increased migration and invasion of cells, whereas control treatment suppressed these effects. These results further verify the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in the effects of ASTN1 on migration and invasion. Connection to diseases Down regulation of ASTN1 is linked to both central nervous system diseases as well as other tissue disorders such as various cancers. Further connections have been made to the possible connection of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases to ASTN1. While ASTN2 has a high correlation to various neurodevelopmental disorders such as: ASDs, ADHD, speech delays, general anxiety, and obsessive compulsive disorder ASTN1 appears to be less mutated and impactful to these disorders. Hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC, has some connection to decreased ASTN1 levels. Within HCC tissues ASTN1 is downregulated compared to controls, with lower levels of ASTN1 mRNA expression in tumor tissues. Further, lower levels of ASTN1 are associated with more advanced clinical stages of hepatocellular carcinoma. More generally decreased levels of ASTN1 in tissues are associated with cancer along with; presence of microscopic satellite nodules, vascular invasion, tumor size, encapsulation, and Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage. ASTN1 downregulates several downstream genes of the Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction pathway, which is excessively activated in human liver cancer tissues. The results suggest that ASTN1 may function via the Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction pathway and could potentially serve as a tumor-suppressor gene in liver cancer.	2.15625
10684991	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrotactin	Astrotactin	Interestingly, as many of the genes are mutated in both early and late stage tumors, ASTN1 mutations are present in stages II–IV tumors but not in stage I tumors. This suggests that ASTN1 plays a role in tumor progression rather than tumor initiation in small cell lung cancers. ASTN1 mutations seemingly play a role across tumor stages II to IV and not in stage I possibly indicating ASTN1 role as a tumor progressor in some cancer such as lung. Potential connections between ASTN1 and Ritscher-Schinzel Syndrome 1, an autosomal recessive disease featuring developmental malformations characterized by craniofacial abnormalities, heart defects, and brain malformations within the cerebellum are some of the more current avenues of study. ASTN2 expression has been linked to higher survival rates for female lung cancer patients. Intramembrane cleavage potential Familial proteins Astn1 and Astn2 found in mouse cells were observed to feature intramembrane cleavage. Confirmed by the joining of one or more disulfide bonds within the second transmembrane region via cysteine-to-serine mutagenesis. Cleavage for the ASTN1 protein is undetermined as a determinant cleavage site is yet to be reported.	1.96875
10685039	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses%20of%20Bulgaria	Moses of Bulgaria	Moses ( ; died ) was a Bulgarian noble, brother of Emperor Samuel of Bulgaria and second son of komes Nicholas. After the fall of the eastern parts of the Empire under Byzantine occupation in 971, he and his brothers David, Aron and Samuel continued the fight to the west. They ruled together and divided the realm into four parts. His lands were centred on Strumitsa, from where he had to launch attacks against the Aegean regions of the Byzantine Empire. In 976 the Bulgarian armies undertook a major assault from all borders and Moses lead his troops to Serres. During the siege of the town, he was mortally hit by a stone and then slain by an enemy sword. David and Aron also perished in the same year and the whole power fell in the hands of Samuel, who became Emperor in 997 after the death of last ruler from the previous dynasty, Roman. Family tree Another theory However, there is also another version about Moses's origin. According to this version, Simeon I of Bulgaria had several children. One of them was Ivan who married to an Armenian in Caesarea. Moses and his brother Aaron were Ivan’s sons. According to this version, Moses survived and remained in action next to Samuel against the enemy at least until 986.	2.453125
10685069	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume%20Faugues	Guillaume Faugues	Guillaume Faugues (fl. c. 1460–1475) was a French composer of Renaissance music. Life and career Very little is known of his life, however, a significant representation of his work survives in the form of five mass settings (a large surviving repertoire for a composer of the time). Faugues holds an important place in the history of the Parody mass because of his use of the technique, particularly in Missa Le serviteur. Faugues was a chaplain at Ste Chapelle in Bourges in 1462–1463, and was also master of the choirboys during that year, when he almost certainly met Johannes Ockeghem, who was visiting Bourges that year, and also taught Philippe Basiron who was then a choirboy. Faugues is mentioned by two contemporaries: Loyset Compère includes him in his motet Omnium bonorum plena (before 1474), a piece which mentions the composers Compère respected, many of them from Cambrai Cathedral. Faugues was also praised by Johannes Tinctoris for his varietas, particularly as demonstrated in his Missa "Vinus vina vinum". Faugues' works were widely admired during his most active period, and he may have had a strong influence on the works of Johannes Martini. Works Missa L'homme armé (based on L'homme armé) Missa La basse danse (based on a basse danse) Missa Vinus vina vinum Missa Le serviteur Missa Je suis en la mer	2.421875
10685155	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Davis%20%28mariner%29	James Davis (mariner)	Virginia become a safe refuge when Indian hostilities erupted. She was also used to go inland to relieve Fort Algernon and attempt trade with the Powhatan confederacy. During this trip, Davis decapitated two Indians and left their mutilated bodies near the fort. On yet another inland foray, he destroyed a Powhatan village, burnt their corn and killed all men, women and children. Davis was soon in command of three forts. Subsequent career Mention of Davis continued. He is noted as commanding colonists at Henrico, Virginia in 1616. Most writers concur that Davis left his post in charge of the forts at Coxendale, near the present fort site of Henricus, and sailed for England aboard the ship "Treasurer", commanded by Samuel Argall in 1616. It is noteworthy that John Rolfe and Pocahontas were also aboard. And it is likely that he returned to Virginia in 1617 aboard the "George"; this is suggested by the fact that his son Thomas was deeded land in Virginia some years later for head rights accrued for two indentured servants whose passage he paid for on the 'George' that year. Death The date of Davis' death is uncertain. Some sources believe Davis was among those killed (or wounded) in the Indian massacre of 1622 along the James River when 350 people (or one-third of the population) were killed. However, his name is not listed on official lists of the victims of the Virginia Company. Other records indicate that he died on February 16, 1623, at his plantation in Virginia. However, there are also others who believe that he may have lived as much as 10 years longer.	2.625
10685198	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93%20Creachmhaoil	Ó Creachmhaoil	Ó Creachmhaoil is an Irish surname, often anglicised as Craughwell, Croughwell, Crockwell, and Croghwell. Several sources, including Edward MacLysaght's Surnames of Ireland, associate the surname with the village of Craughwell () in County Galway. Etymology Ó, in Irish surnames, indicates a descendant of the person whose given name it precedes (as in Ó Briain: [descendant] of Brian). Creachmhaoil is not used as a given name in Ireland, and is instead a toponym - composed of two Irish (Gaelic) words. Creach, which is related to craig, and creag, and the English word crag, referring to a rock. Together with the word maoil (a hill). An alternate etymology of creach is plunder, presumably in reference to herds of cattle, which were often targets of thefts and cattle raids amongst the Gaels. The usual Gaelic word for cattle is crodh, often Anglicised in place-names as crow, although the words cro, crocharsach, and crò are all connected with sheep, sheep enclosures or meadows. A maol is a round-shaped hill or mountain, bare of trees. It is anglicised as mull, and is common in Irish and Scottish place names such as the Mull of Kintyre. The complete toponym is used, today, to connote the village in Galway, but may have been adopted from a nearby hill. The village is too small to have been known far afield, and the surname is largely restricted in Ireland to County Galway. Ó Creachmhaoil, therefore, is presumably a toponymic surname adopted by villagers from Creachmhaoil (meaning "of Creachmhaoil") upon their moving to other areas. History	2.421875
10685209	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creoda%20of%20Wessex	Creoda of Wessex	Creoda (493? – 534?) is a shadowy figure from early Wessex history whose existence is disputed. Introduction The name Creoda appears in the Anglian king-list and the (possibly derived) West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List, where he is stated to have been the son of Cerdic and father to Cynric. However, the main annalistic section of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle omits any mention of Creoda, and describes Cynric as the son of Cerdic. Similar contradiction occurs in surviving copies of the now-lost The Life of King Alfred, which Asser commenced with a paternal ancestry of Alfred the Great that includes the name Creoda between Cerdic and Cynric, but the following section relating Alfred's maternal ancestry calls Cynric the son of Cerdic. If he existed, Creoda may have ruled Wessex for a short period of time immediately after Cerdic's death. Conflicting theories If the historical existence of Creoda is admitted, there are a number of theories as to his identity and why he appears in some primary sources, but not others: His inclusion in the genealogies was original, and his name was removed from some lists at a late date for dynastic and political reasons. He was a contemporary of Cerdic and Cynric, but ruled the Thames Valley Saxons, while they ruled the Hampshire Saxons. He is seen as the ancestor of the later kings: Ceawlin, Cædwalla and Ine. At some late date, Creoda was inserted into the Cerdicing line as the son of Cerdic, when descent from Cerdic became necessary for any king of Wessex. Creoda has been confused with Cerdic and some of Cerdic's later activities have been misassigned in the texts, and were originally those of Creoda and Cynric.	2.296875
10685218	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon%20College%20of%20Oriental%20Medicine	Oregon College of Oriental Medicine	Oregon College of Oriental Medicine (OCOM) was a private university in Portland, Oregon focused on graduate degrees in acupuncture and Oriental medicine. OCOM's programs were accredited by the Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine and authorized by the Oregon Student Assistance Commission's Office of Degree Authorization to award Master of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine and Doctor of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine degrees. The institution's trustees voted in spring 2024 to close the institution because of declining enrollments and financial challenges. History Oregon College of Oriental Medicine was founded in Portland, Oregon in 1983, and is one of the oldest Chinese medicine colleges in the United States. OCOM trains master's and doctoral students, conducts research and treats patients at its Old Town Chinatown campus (OCOM Clinic). In July 2005, OCOM became the first college to graduate a cohort of Doctors of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine. The institution announced plans in July 2009, to move from Portland's eastside to a historic building in downtown's Old Town Chinatown district. The new LEED Gold certified facility was renovated at a cost of $15.2 million. In September 2012, the school moved into its new home in Portland's historic Old Town Chinatown neighborhood. In 2024, the institution's trustees voted to close the institution. They cited declining enrollments and financial challenges, including decreasing property values for their real estate, as the primary reasons for the closure. Teach out plans were established with other institutions, subject to approval by relevant regulatory bodies. Clinics	2.15625
10685220	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria%20Cordage%20Company	Peoria Cordage Company	Peoria Cordage Company was a major manufacturer of twine and cords, It operated in Peoria, Illinois for almost a century. History Peoria Cordage Company was founded in 1888 by Martin Kingman of Peoria and Edward C. Heidrich of Miamisburg, Ohio. It made baling twine and other materials used in agriculture in the Midwestern United States. As the years passed, company ownership was kept within the Heidrich family. By 1937, Peoria Cordage produced of product. After World War II, although still an industry leader, Peoria Cordage's output had dropped to . Through most of its existence the company relied on natural fibers imported from around the world. In 1965 it introduced synthetic fibers, but by 1975 the company had succumbed to economic pressures. Historic building site The Peoria Cordage Company buildings are located in an area of one and two story industrial and commercial buildings in the city of Peoria, Illinois, United States. Most of the buildings in the area were constructed between 1890 and 1920. The site consisted of ten buildings when the property was nominated and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, three of the buildings carried more historical significance than the others. These included the Rope Mill, the New Mill and the Old Mill. The company was founded in 1888 by Edward C. Heidrich and Martin Kingman in response to the growing demand for binding twine. The site includes work by architects Hewitt & Emerson.	2.25
10685275	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santos%20Guti%C3%A9rrez	Santos Gutiérrez	José Santos Gutiérrez Prieto (October 24, 1820 - February 6, 1872), was a Colombian statesman and soldier, who became president of the Sovereign State of Boyacá, and later elected as president of the United States of Colombia for the term of 1868-1870. Biographic data Gutiérrez was born in the town of El Cocuy, Boyacá, on October 24, 1820. He died in Bogotá, Cundinamarca, on February 6, 1872. Early life Gutiérrez’ family moved to Bogotá in order to provide him with adequate and high education. Gutiérrez completed his high school education in the Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé, where he later studied jurisprudence and obtained his lawyer degree. Military career In 1851, Gutiérrez entered the military academy and demonstrated an amazing talent and ability. His first action in combat was during the war against the administration of General José María Melo in 1854, in which he saved the life of General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera. After his heroic performance in the battlefield he was ascended to the rank of General. Later, in 1859, Gutiérrez leads the troops of General Mosquera in the province of Santander (today Department of Santander), during the civil war against the administration of President Mariano Ospina Rodríguez. In the battle of “La Concepción”, on August 29, 1860, he is wounded in action while, once again, saving the life of General Mosquera. Political career After the civil war of 1859-1860, Gutiérrez is appointed, first, Governor of the province of Boyacá (1861-1862) and later, Governor of the province of Cundinamarca (1864-1865). The revolutionary army of General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera defeated the Constitutional Army of Colombia and after the presidential term of Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, on April 1, 1861, proclaimed himself as president. General Mosquera permits the Constitutional Congress or "Constitución de Rionegro" to assemble, and General Gutiérrez participated in it as delegate on his own recognizance.	2.296875
10685375	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruonto	Peruonto	Peruonto is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the Pentamerone. Despite its origins as a literary tale, variants are recorded from oral tradition across Europe, in the Americas, and even in Asia. Synopsis A widow named Ceccarella had a stupid son named Peruonto, as ugly as an ogre. One day, she sent him to gather wood. He saw three men sleeping in the sunlight and made them a shelter of branches. They woke, and being the sons of a fairy, gave him a charm that whatever he asked for would be done. As he was carrying the wood back, he wished that it would carry him, and he rode it back like a horse. The king's daughter Vastolla, who never laughed, saw it and burst out laughing. Peruonto wished she would marry him and he would cure her of her laughing. A marriage was arranged for Vastolla with a prince, but Vastolla refused, because she would marry only the man who rode the wood. The king proposed putting her to death. His councilors advised him to go after the man instead. The king had a banquet with all the nobles and lords, thinking Vastolla would betray which man it was, but she did not recognize any of them. The king would have put her to death at once, but the councillors advised a banquet for those still lower in birth. Peruonto's mother urged him to go, he went, and Vastolla recognized him at once and exclaimed. The king had her and Peruonto shut up in a cask and thrown into the sea. Vastolla wormed the story out of Peruonto, and told him to turn the cask to a ship. Then she had him turn it to a castle, and then she had him turn himself into a handsome and well-mannered man. They married and lived happily for years.	2.421875
10685383	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure%20of%20Pouan	Treasure of Pouan	The "Treasure of Pouan" consists of a number of gold and garnet cloisonné jewels and ornaments, buried with a skeleton uncovered in 1842 at Pouan-les-Vallées and identified as the burial of a 5th-century Germanic warrior. Although the warrior had in the past been identified as that of Theodoric I, modern historians generally believe that this is unlikely. The find is now housed in the Musée Saint-Loup (Musée d'Art d'Archéologie et de Sciences Naturelles), Troyes. Discovery and contents The grave was accidentally uncovered in 1842 by a labourer at Pouan-les-Vallées (Aube), a French village in the canton of Arcis-sur-Aube on the south bank of the Aube. It consisted of a skeleton buried with a number of gold and garnet cloisonné jewels and ornaments, including a gold ring inscribed , and accompanied by two swords with hilts encased in gold. The nature of the grave goods identified the burial as that of a Germanic warrior who lived in the 5th century. Linked to Theodoric I The antiquarian who first described this find, Achille Peigné-Delacourt (1797–1881), optimistically claimed that the elite burial could be that of Theodoric I, the Visigoth king, who had undisputedly been slain in the nearby Battle of Châlons. According to Peigné-Delacourt's theory, the corpse had been hastily interred by his followers, who meant to recover it, and that the body recovered and buried with ceremony at Tolosa (present-day Toulouse), the body described by Jordanes as found beneath a mound of corpses and borne away with heroic songs in sight of the enemy, was not actually that of Theodoric. Aëtius convinced Theodoric's son Thorismund to return home swiftly and secure the throne for himself before his brothers could begin a civil war. Thorismund quickly returned to Tolosa, buried the anonymously-recovered corpse with honours and became king without resistance. John Man describes the motivation imagined by Peigné-Delacourt,	2.84375
10685390	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department%20of%20Health%20and%20Social%20Security%20%28Isle%20of%20Man%29	Department of Health and Social Security (Isle of Man)	The Department of Health and Social Security () or DHSS provided healthcare (hospitals, doctors, dentistry, ambulance service), social services (mental health, social workers, and residential care), and social security (state pensions, child benefit, sickness benefit, and Jobseeker's Allowance). Prior to the separation of its component parts on 1 April 2010, the DHSS was the largest employer on the Isle of Man, with over 3,000 members of staff. The DHSS was largely replaced by two new Departments, the Department of Health and the Department of Social Care, with some Social Security functions transferring to the Isle of Man Treasury. History The original Department of Health and Social Security was formed by the merger of the Health Services Board and the Board of Social Security in 1986. Its first CEO was Ken Tomlinson who was replaced on 2 June 2003 by David Killip, who was formerly the CEO of the Department of Home Affairs. From 1 April 2010, along with most other Isle of Man Government departments, the former DHSS was subject to major restructuring which saw the Department cease to exist, being replaced entirely by the separate Departments of Health and Social Care. Ministerial and political membership changes saw David Anderson MHK become Minister for Health, aided by Dudley Butt MLC as political member for Health. David Killip, former DHSS CEO, remained with the Department of Health. Martyn Quayle MHK became Minister for Social Care and Chris Corlett, previously CEO of the Department of Trade and Industry, became CEO of the Department of Social Care. Former Ministers for Health and Social Security (16 December 1968 - 31 March 2010) Hon Eddie Teare MHK, 15 December 2006 - 31 March 2010. Hon Steve Rodan MHK, 30 June 2004 - 15 December 2006. Hon Clare Christian MLC, 6 December 1996 - 30 June 2004. Hon Bernie May MHK, 18 December 1991 - 6 December 1996. Hon Jim Cain MHK, 19 December 1989 - 18 December 1991. Hon Tony Brown MHK, 16 December 1986 - 19 December 1989.	2.0625
10685411	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca%20Hintz%20House	Cluj-Napoca Hintz House	The Mauksch–Hintz House is a historic building on the Main Square of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, which houses the first pharmacy in the city. The classicist façade dates back to the 1820s; the ground-floor and the basement however were built in the Renaissance era. A fresco from 1752 in the former office tells about the history of the pharmacy in the Hungarian language. Cluj's first pharmacy was opened in the building in the house on the Main Square (today Piaţa Unirii) in 1573 and was operated by the government. In 1727 it was sold to its first private owner, Alexander Schwartz, than to Tobias Mauksch in 1752. In 1851 it was inherited by the (Transylvanian Saxon) Hintz family and was renamed "Saint George's Pharmacy" (La Sfântul Gheorghe). After the establishment of Communist Romania, the whole building was nationalized, and the pharmacy was closed. The descendants of the once wealthy Hintz family migrated to West Germany in the 1970s. Today the building houses the city's Pharmaceutical Museum. The collection of the history of pharmacy was developed by Professor Gyula Orient in the last century and is on exhibit in four ground rooms and in the basement. The initial use of the different rooms of the ancient shop was preserved as it was in the old times: the office, the storeroom and the laboratory. The original features from the second half of the 18th century pharmacy are emphasized in the ceiling of the office, which preserves the original frescos with pharmaceutical symbols. In the exhibition cases of Empire furniture one can see pharmaceutical implements of wood, ceramic, faience, porcelain and glass dating from the 17th–19th centuries. The reception desk features drugs, old receipts and seals of medieval pharmacies. The storeroom holds some of the furniture of the old drugstore with a rich collection of pharmaceutical wares of wood, collected from all over Transylvania.	1.914063
10685439	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%20Icelandic%20parliamentary%20election	1987 Icelandic parliamentary election	Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland on 25 April 1987. The Independence Party remained the largest party in the Lower House of the Althing, winning 12 of the 42 seats. The Independence Party and the People's Alliance experienced their worst election results to date. Two new parties, the Citizens' Party (which had split from the Independence Party) and the Women's Alliance, received more than 10 percent of the vote each. Commentators remarked that the election results suggested a further fracturing of the traditional four-party system in Iceland. Electoral reform Prior to the election three extra seats were added to the Althing for Reykjavík (increasing representation from 11 to 14), one in the Upper House and two in the Lower House. The Hare quota replaced the D'Hondt method in the multi-member constituencies, although D'Hondt was still used for the compensatory seats. Four constituencies elected five members each, two elected six members each, and one elected eight members, while Reykjavík elected 14. At least eight of the remaining nine seats were to be allocated to the constituencies before the election in order to reflect population. One seat could be allocated after the election, in order to help ensure proportionality across parties. A party threshold was introduced at the constituency level at two-thirds of a Hare quota; seats were eliminated one at a time and the threshold was then recalculated. Results	2.359375
10685502	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgetown%20Vocational%20College	Bridgetown Vocational College	Bridgetown College is a secondary school in Bridgetown, County Wexford, Ireland. It is a co-educational school managed by the Waterford and Wexford Education and Training Board. History After the enactment of the Vocational Education Act in 1930, an experimental vocational school was established in rented accommodation in Bridgetown village. Enrolment slowly increased and it was not until the 1960s that the need for a proper post-primary school in the area was accepted, and in October 1965, 44 students and five teachers moved from the rented accommodation into a new purpose-built school. The numbers continued to increase and by 1976, when students sat for the Leaving Certificate for the first time, enrolment stood at 329. To cope with the increasing numbers, a new building was officially opened by the Minister for Education Mary O'Rourke on 12 October 1984. By 2024, the school had 604 students. In December 2003, Bridgetown College celebrated its 50th anniversary. A building extension, completed in Summer 2007, had a floor area of and provided eight classrooms, a new art room, a science laboratory, a tiered demonstration room, a technology room, a senior engineering room, a general purpose and dining area, a new staff room, a new administration area and extra toilet and cloakroom facilities. An extension to the gymnasium was also completed in 2007. Courses The school offers the Junior Certificate, Transition Year, Leaving Certificate, Leaving Certificate Applied, and the Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme. Alumni Greg McGrath (b. 1997) - rugby union player	2.09375
10685549	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20Belgian%20forces	Free Belgian forces	In Britain, the concept of foreign enlistment into the British army, or the creation of foreign armed forces on British soil, had been approved in the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939 and Allied Forces Act 1940. The first components of a Belgian military in Britain was created after the French surrender when the (CMBR; "Belgian Military Camp for Regrouping") was created in Tenby (Wales) in order to reform a military force from Belgian soldiers rescued from Dunkirk during Operation Dynamo, refugees, and expatriates living in the United Kingdom. By July 1940, the camp numbered 462 Belgians, and nearly 700 by August and 900 by November. These soldiers were organized into the 1st Fusilier Battalion in August, and the government appointed Lieutenant-Generals Raoul Daufresne de la Chevalerie as commander, and Victor van Strydonck de Burkel as inspector-general of the new force. In July 1940, a British Mass Observation report remarked that Belgian refugees in civilian employment in the United Kingdom were causing friction with British workers because they were considered to be pushing British workers out of jobs. The same report noted the "possible need for a Belgian Legion". In February 1941, a Belgian artillery battalion was formed. Belgian volunteers continued to join the Free Belgian forces throughout the war, most crossing through occupied and Vichy France, as well as Francoist Spain. Because the French refused to provide any form of visa to Belgians of military age, many of those arriving in England tended to be old and to have already had long military careers. This created a problem for the Free Belgian forces, which was therefore generally "top heavy", with a greater ratio of (older) officers to other ranks. Despite the formation of all-Belgian ground units from late 1940, many Belgian volunteers – especially those in the Royal Air Force – served in majority British units, particularly in the early years after the formation of the Free Belgian forces. Belgian Army in the United Kingdom Brigade Piron	2.875
10685549	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20Belgian%20forces	Free Belgian forces	In 1940, the Belgian government-in-exile decided to raise a military unit from pre-war Belgian émigrés and soldiers rescued from Dunkirk. The original forces were known as the 1st Fusilier Battalion. A 2nd Fusilier Battalion was formed in Canada from Belgian émigrés in the Americas. In 1942, the various Belgian ground forces units in the United Kingdom were amalgamated into the 1st Belgian Infantry Brigade, more often known as the Brigade Piron after its commanding officer, Colonel Jean-Baptiste Piron. The unit not only included motorized infantry, armoured cars and artillery but also various logistics and medical support units. In March 1944, an artillery battery of four 25-pounder guns operated by troops from Luxembourg was added to the brigade's artillery unit. 80 Luxembourgers were serving with the Brigade Piron by August 1944 when the Brigade landed in Normandy. The brigade arrived in Normandy on 8 August 1944 and was involved in the fighting in Northern France alongside British and Canadian units. The brigade was one of the first Allied units to enter Belgium, crossing the border on 3 September. The following day, the brigade was the second Allied unit to enter Brussels (after the Welsh Guards). After the liberation of Belgium, the brigade was involved in fighting in the Netherlands until November 1944 when it returned to Belgium and reorganized, expanding on account of the new manpower. The reorganized brigade had three infantry battalions, an artillery regiment of six batteries, and an armored car regiment. Returning to combat in the Netherlands in April 1945, the brigade's units fought at Nijmegen and Walcheren. No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando	2.734375
10685549	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20Belgian%20forces	Free Belgian forces	Unlike the Free French, whose army retained their national rank structure and much of its own equipment and uniforms, the Free Belgians were fully organized and equipped along British lines. Belgian troops adopted the British rank structure along with British Battle Dress uniforms and helmets. They were distinguished from other units by a rampant lion cap badge and a curved cloth badge inscribed "BELGIUM" worn on one shoulder, and a Belgian tricolor badge on the other. The Belgian army had traditionally used French-style uniforms, along with the characteristic Adrian helmet, meaning that from the First World War both armies had a very similar appearance. After the war, influenced by the Free Belgians and by British military advisors, the Belgian military instead adopted British-style uniforms and British-produced equipment. Legacy The Free Belgian forces formed the core of the post-war Belgian army. The Brigade Piron, expanded and renamed "Liberation" Regiment, formed the core of the Belgian army of occupation in Germany. The Free Belgian special forces formed the basis for the creation of the 1st Commando Regiment, and the 1st Parachute Regiment which even kept the "Who Dares Wins" motto of the SAS. The history of the Free Belgian forces continues to be celebrated within Belgium. The Belgian Marine Component, for example, still operates a ship named Godetia. There are numerous memorials to the participation of the Free Belgians forces in the liberation across the country and in areas liberated by the Free Belgians. The participation of soldiers from the Belgian Congo was, however, largely forgotten following Congolese independence in 1960 and decades of subsequent war, though in recent years the profile of the veterans has been raised by exhibitions creating greater public awareness.	2.59375
10685576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Azores	History of the Azores	According to Bartolomé de las Casas, two dead bodies that looked like those of Amerindians were found on Flores. He said he found that fact in Christopher Columbus's notes, and that it was one reason why Columbus presumed that India was on the other side of the ocean. In A History of the Azores (1813), by Thomas Ashe, the author talks of the discovery of the islands by Joshua Vander Berg of Bruges, who landed there during a storm on his way to Lisbon. This claim is generally discredited among academics today. So were local stories of a mysterious equestrian statue and coins with Carthaginian writing that were purportedly discovered on the island of Corvo, or the strange inscriptions found along the coast of Quatro Ribeiras (on Terceira): all unsubstantiated stories that supported the claims of human visitation to the islands before the official record. But there was some basis in fact, since the Medici maps of 1351 contained seven islands off the Portuguese coast, which were arranged in groups of three; there were the southern group, or the Goat Islands (Cabreras), the middle group, or the Wind or Dove Islands (De Ventura Sive de Columbis), and the western islands, or the Brazil Island (De Brazil). The Catalan Atlas (1375) also identifies three islands with the names of Corvo, Flores, and São Jorge, and it was thought that maybe the Genovese had discovered the Azores, and given them those names. But, generally, these stories highlighted that sightings were being made at the end of the 14th century, or, at least, that the peoples of Europe had a passing knowledge of islands in the Atlantic.	2.59375
10685576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Azores	History of the Azores	Hypogea There have been recent discoveries (2010–2011) of hypogea (structures carved into embankments, that may have been used for burials) on the islands of Corvo, Santa Maria and Terceira, that might allude to a human presence on the islands before the Portuguese. Until recently there was no clear evidence that there were, in fact, other inhabitants on the islands, and archaeological investigations are only now commencing as to the age and relevance of these structures. Megalithic structures New findings were registered at Grota do Medo site, in 2015, regarding large stones that have been used to construct structures or monuments similar to ancient megalithic constructions in Europe. In the same year, a radiocarbon dating was made at Grota do Medo, in a stone carved basin that also had a petroglyph. The authors dated organic matter that deposited in the basin through time. The obtained results by accelerator mass spectrometry was 910 ± 30 years before the present (BP) and the conventional radiocarbon age was 950 ± 30 years BP. Vikings Although it was traditionally believed that Portuguese explorers were the first humans to arrive on the Azores, there is evidence to suggest otherwise. In particular, researchers have discovered that 5-beta-stigmasterol is present in sediment samples from between 700 and 850 CE. This compound is found in the feces of livestock, such as sheep and cattle, neither of which are native to the islands. The researchers also found evidence of fires from this period being used to clear land for livestock. They also discovered non-native ryegrass in the Azores. Additionally, mice on the Azores were discovered to have mitochondrial DNA suggesting they first arrived from Northern Europe, suggesting that they were brought to the islands by Norwegian Vikings.	2.984375
10685576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Azores	History of the Azores	However, geographer Simon Connor comments that a Viking settlement is not certain: "Thanks to widespread trade routes, a mouse from Scandinavia could easily have boarded a ship in what today is Portugal and sailed over to the Azores." Exploration Early appearance on charts The Azores archipelago began to appear on portolan charts during the 14th century, well before its official discovery date. The first map to depict the Azores was the Medici Atlas (1351). Its depiction was subsequently replicated in the Pizzigani brothers' map of 1367, the Catalan Atlas (1375), the Pinelli–Walckenaer Atlas (1384), the Corbitis Atlas (c. 1385–1410), the charts of Guillem Soler (1380, 1385), Mecia de Viladestes (1413) and others. They are also listed in the Libro del Conoscimiento (c. 1380). In these maps, the Azores are usually depicted vertically aligned, on a north–south axis, nine islands in three clusters. The island names, in order (from south to north) are usually (with their tentative translation): bottom cluster: lovo or lobo ("island of wolves" (seals?), Santa Maria) caprara or cabrera ("island of goats", São Miguel), middle cluster: y de brazil ("island of embers/fire", Terceira) li columbi ("island of pigeons", Pico) y de la ventura ("island of venture/winds", Faial) san zorzo ("island of St. George", São Jorge) top cluster: li conigi ("island of rabbits", Flores) y de corvis marinis ("island of sea crows", Corvo) It is notable that two of the names – San Zorzo and Corvis Marinis – would be transferred to the modern Azorean islands. Only Graciosa seems to be routinely missing on these maps. The Madeira archipelago also appears on most of these same maps, with their modern names: legname (Ligurian for "wood", Madeira), porto sancto (Porto Santo), desertas (Desertas) and salvazes (Savage Island).	2.84375
10685576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Azores	History of the Azores	The source of this information is a mystery. It could simply be derived from pure legend, possibly of Andalusian Arab origin e.g. al-Idrisi speaks of an Atlantic island of wild goats (the Caprera?) and another of "cormorants", a scavenger bird (the "sea crows" of Corvis Marinis?) But outside their erroneous axial tilt, the Azores do seem clustered with reasonable accuracy. From this cartographic record, there seems little doubt that both Madeira and the Azores were discovered, or at least sighted, during the 14th century, well before their official discovery dates. One hypothesis is that the Azores were discovered in the course of a mapping expedition in 1341 to the Canary Islands, sponsored by King Afonso IV of Portugal, and commanded by the Florentine Angiolino del Tegghia de Corbizzi and the Genoese Nicoloso da Recco. Although not quite described in the 1341 report, Madeira and the Azores might nonetheless have been seen from a distance on the expedition's return via a long sailing arc (volta do mar) from the Canary islands. Even if they were not discovered by the mapping expedition of 1341 itself, the islands may have been found by any of the numerous Majorcan expeditions that were launched into the Atlantic Ocean in the aftermath, destined for slaving runs on the newly mapped Canary islands. Regardless of whether they were sighted during the 14th century, there seems to have been no follow-ons until the 15th century. Portuguese exploration In the late 14th century, many maps appeared showing fictitious islands in the Atlantic. In this period, expanding commercial contacts linked the Mediterranean with communities along the Atlantic coast. In particular, Genoese, Florentine, and Venetian traders were active, and also religious groups seeking converts to Christianity. This expansion placed the Kingdom of Portugal in a strategic position. The seafaring Portuguese were eager to expand their realm and their influence.	2.75
10685576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Azores	History of the Azores	In this context, Prince Henry the Navigator (1394–1460) had an important role. He added his own financial support to the efforts of the Portuguese crown and financed the construction of new ships, establishing naval schools to harness seafaring knowledge and promoting new technologies and their use. Prince Henry is generally credited with motivating modern navigation and directing discoveries during the age of exploration. Prince Henry hoped to establish communication by sea with India and the legendary realm of Prester John, thereby outflanking the hostile Muslim states in northern Africa and the Holy Land. He was Grand Master of the Military Order of Christ, whose program of exploration, discovery, and settlement was tailored for this dual purpose. Prince Henry experimented with ships, navigational instruments, and maps, developing techniques that made oceanic travel possible. The Portuguese Atlantic islands were not unknown; a growing body of documents had shown that sailors were aware of the islands. But most important, in the words of Prince Henry's personal chronicler, is that the Prince "ordered [Portuguese navigators and captains] to find the islands", rather than just sending his fleets into the unknown to discover what they could. The re-discovery The exact date of this re-discovery of the Atlantic islands is not clear, though historical accounts indicate that the islands of Santa Maria and São Miguel were the first to be discovered by navigator Diogo de Silves around 1427.	2.828125
10685576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Azores	History of the Azores	The classical theory attributes the naming to the presence of diurnal birds of prey (some say goshawks, while others species of eagles), identified by Portuguese sailors at the time of discovery. But this theory has been discredited. The only bird of prey that nests in the archipelago is the common buzzard (Buteo buteo rothschildi), which was introduced during the period of colonization and settlement. Sailors may have confused existing migratory birds for such birds of prey, or used colloquial names and attributed them to these species, or some bird of prey species was present that became extinct since colonization; The naming of the islands may have been an homage by the discoverer Gonçalo Velho Cabral to Santa Maria of Açores, patron saint of the parish of Açores, in the municipality of Celorico da Beira, District of Guarda. "Açores" may have been a Portuguese variant of the Genovese or Florentine word azzurre or azzorre ("blue") and may refer to sailors' stories of the mythical "Ilhas Azuis". In fact, the blue-green vegetation on the islands of the Azores appears blue, even at a short distance. The Portuguese word for "blue" is similarly azul.	2.859375
10685576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Azores	History of the Azores	It is clear that after 1420, regular expeditions captained by Gonçalo Velho Cabral, Diogo de Silves, and other mariners began exploring to the west and south of continental Portugal. On 15 August 1432, men from a small sailing vessel with a dozen crew landed on the island that would bear the name Santa Maria (owing to its supposed day of its "rediscovery", the Assumption Day of the Virgin Mary). With their beginnings in the eastern group of islands, the explorers advanced quickly into the rest of the archipelago, finally reaching the more westerly islands (Flores and Corvo) by about 1450 at a time when populations were already relatively large. The first expeditions, apart from coastal observations and an occasional landing were limited, and in most cases involved the deliberate disembarking of herd animals (sheep, goats and/or cattle), pigs and chickens on the discovered islands, as a way of providing future settlers with some means of subsistence. There is also a reference to the purposeful settling of a group of slaves at the end of the 1430s, in the area of Povoação on the island of São Miguel. Settlement The "official" settlement of the archipelago began in Santa Maria, where the first settlement was constructed in the area of Baía dos Anjos (in the north of the island), and quickly moved to the southern coast (to the area that is now the modern town of Vila do Porto). Settlers quickly arrived from the provinces of Algarve and Alentejo as Gonçalo Velho's nephew and heir, João Soares de Albergaria, advertised and promoted settlement on the island. In the following centuries settlers from other European countries would arrive, most notably from Northern France and Flanders.	2.921875
10685576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Azores	History of the Azores	By 1440, other settlements had developed along the river-valleys and coastal inlets of São Miguel, Terceira, Faial, and Pico, supported by game animals and fishing. An abundance of potable water sources, along with fertile volcanic soils, made the islands attractive and easy to colonize, and the growing wheat market supported an export economy (along with various plant species that allowed the development of the dye industry in the colonies). Christopher Columbus made an unplanned stop on Santa Maria while returning to Spain after his first voyage to America. His ship Niña was forced there by a storm. During the storm, all hands had vowed, if they were spared, to make a pilgrimage to the nearest church of Our Lady wherever they first made land. Anchoring at Santa Maria, the travelers were told by people onshore that a small shrine dedicated to Our Lady was nearby. Columbus sent half the crew ashore to fulfill their vow; he and the rest would go when the first group returned. But while the first crew members were saying their prayers at the shrine, they were taken prisoner by the island's captain, João de Castanheira, ostensibly out of fear that they were pirates. Castanheira commandeered their boat and rowed to Niña with several armed men, in an attempt to arrest Columbus. Columbus did not allow Castanheira to come aboard, and Castanheira announced that he did not believe or care who Columbus said he was, especially if he was indeed from Spain. After two days, Castanheira released the prisoners, having been unable to get confessions from them, and having been unable to capture his real target, Columbus. There are later claims that Columbus was also captured, but this is not backed up by Columbus's log book.	2.890625
10685576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Azores	History of the Azores	The island of São Miguel was apparently populated by 1444. The population came mostly from the regions of Estremadura, Alentejo, and Algarve. The colonists spread themselves along the coastline in areas where conditions of accessibility and farming were best. The fertility of the Azores contributed to its population expansion, as the islands were soon exporting wheat to the Portuguese garrison in North Africa and of sugar cane and dyes to Flanders. Later oranges were grown and exported to the British Isles. The area was also frequently subjected to pirate attacks. During these times Ponta Delgada became the capital. The first capital was Vila Franca do Campo, but when it was destroyed in a massive landslide caused by a powerful earthquake in 1522, Ponta Delgada assumed the position. It became the first city on the island in 1546. Terceira Island was the third island to be discovered, its name literally meaning "Third Island". It was originally called the Island of Jesus Christ and was first settled in 1450. Graciosa Island was settled shortly afterward from settlers from Terceira. Flores Island was discovered in the late summer of 1452 by the navigator Diogo de Teive and his son João de Teive. The island's charter passed to Fernão Telles de Meneses, who only populated the island with sheep in 1475. His widow, Dona Maria Vilhena, contracted the Flemish Willem van der Haegen to settle Flores. After some negotiation, D. Maria would cede the rights to the exploration of the islands to Van der Haegen, in exchange for monthly payments. Around 1478, Willem van der Haegen settled in Ribeira da Cruz, where he built homes, developed agriculture (primarily wheat), collected more woad species for export, and explored for tin, silver or other minerals (under the assumption that the islands were part of the mythic Ilhas Cassterides, the islands of silver and tin). Owing to the island's isolation and difficulties in communication his crops became difficult to export and van der Haegen left Flores in the late 1480s.	3.140625
10685576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Azores	History of the Azores	By 1504 the island's charter had passed to João Fonseca and settlers streamed through the port of Armoeira to the small hamlets. The island became permanently populated during the reign of King Manuel I, in 1510, by people from various regions of continental Portugal, but mainly from the northern provinces. The island became arable, and grain and vegetables were cultivated. According to the 2003 maternal DNA study of the Azores by Santos et al., people from Flores exhibit high genetic ancestry (~90%) with the Portuguese mainland. The 2006 paternal DNA study by Pacheco et al. confirms that around 60% of all Azorean paternal lines are correlated to those common in mainland Portugal. Iberian Union The residents of Terceira, who mostly settled in Porto Judeu and Praia da Vitória and along the coastline, took a brave stand against King Philip II of Spain upon his ascension to the Portuguese throne in 1580. They, along with most of the rest of the Azores, believed that António, Prior of Crato was the rightful successor, and defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Salga in 1581. In 1583, Philip tried again at defeating the Azoreans. He sent his combined Iberian fleet to clear the French traders from the Azores, decisively hanging his prisoners-of-war from the yardarms and contributing to the "Black Legend". The Azores were the second-to-last part of the Portuguese empire to resist Philip's reign over Portugal (Macau being the last). The Azores were returned to Portuguese control with the end of the Iberian Union, not by the military efforts, as these were already in Restoration War efforts in the mainland, but by the people attacking the well-fortified Castilian garrison of Fortaleza de São João Baptista. The Azores served as a port of call for the Spanish galleons during their occupation. In December 1640 the Portuguese monarchy was restored and the islands again became a Portuguese possession. Liberal wars	2.984375
10685576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Azores	History of the Azores	The 1820 civil war in Portugal had strong repercussions in the Azores. In 1829, in Vila da Praia, the liberals won over the absolutists, making Terceira the main headquarters of the new Portuguese regime and also where the Council of Regency (Conselho de Regência) of Mary II of Portugal was established. In the second half of the 19th century, Azores played an important role in the rebirth of Portuguese cod fisheries in Terra Nova (Newfoundland). In fact, it was Azorean emigrants from the East coast returned to their homeland that taught the North American dory fishing technique to Portuguese that started to catch again cod in the Grand Bank after the middle of the 19th century. Beginning in 1868, Portugal issued its stamps overprinted with "AÇORES" for use in the islands. Between 1892 and 1906, it also issued separate stamps for the three administrative districts of the time. From 1750 to 1911, coins and banknotes of the Azorean real were issued for the Azores. From 1836 to 1976, the archipelago was divided into three districts, equivalent (except in area) to those on the Portuguese mainland. The division was arbitrary, and did not follow the natural island groups, rather reflecting the location of each district capital on the three main cities (neither of each on the western group). Angra consisted of Terceira, São Jorge, and Graciosa, with the capital at Angra do Heroísmo on Terceira. Horta consisted of Pico, Faial, Flores, and Corvo, with the capital at Horta on Faial. Ponta Delgada consisted of São Miguel and Santa Maria, with the capital at Ponta Delgada on São Miguel.	2.90625
10685601	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20Caetano%20Dias	Miguel Caetano Dias	Miguel Caetano Dias ComA (9 July 1854 – 26 July 1936) was a Goan medical doctor best known for his roles as chief of health services in Portuguese Goa and director of the Escola Médica Cirúrgica de Goa. In these roles, he was widely recognised for waging successful vaccination and sanitation campaigns, and was also instrumental in advocating against the closure of the medical school. Early life Dias was one of five children born to Manuel Francisco Dias and Escolastica Fernandes e Dias in St Estevam, an island in Goa, India. The humble circumstances of his childhood are often mentioned in later accounts of his achievements. His brother João Vicente Santana Dias, a Major in the Portuguese Army, is credited with helping him enrol at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon where he graduated with distinction in 1882. Upon graduation, he joined the Portuguese Army as part of the military medical cadre in Mozambique. Career After spending five years in Mozambique, Dias was transferred to Goa in 1888. Around this time, the Portuguese authorities were seriously considering closing the Medical School of Goa with an inspection conducted by the Portuguese doctor Cesar Gomes Barbosa in 1897 recommending shutting the school down permanently. However, in 1902 the Portuguese government finally voted to keep the school open with arguments put forth by the prominent physician and politician Miguel Bombarda that the school would be the ideal place to train doctors for the colonies. While Bombarda did not acknowledge it, his arguments were previously put forth by native born Goan doctors including Dias himself who wrote in 1902.	2.5
10685602	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Witch%20Saga	The Witch Saga	Books In Witch's Sister (1975), 11-year-old Lynn Morley suspects her older sister, Judith, of witchcraft after a series of odd and unexplainable happenings, such as conjuring up a boy from the local creek. Lynn and her friend, Marjorie "Mouse" Beasley, soon realize that Judith is under the influence of an eccentric old woman, who is developing a plan to murder the girls' five-year-old brother, Stevie. In Witch Water (1977), Lynn Morley's best friend, Marjorie "Mouse" Beasley, becomes prey to her eccentric, elderly, neighbor, the morbid Mrs. Tuggle, after the separation of her parents. Lynn must stop the old woman from luring her friend into her coven of witches. In The Witch Herself (1979), Lynn Morley's mother, Sylvia, becomes vulnerable to Mrs. Tuggle's witchcraft after renting a writing studio from her. Lynn confronts the old woman in a last-ditch effort to save her family. In The Witch's Eye (1990), Lynn Morley's life seems to be returning to normal after Mrs. Tuggle's death, that is until her younger brother discovers the witch's glass eye among the ashes of her house. The eye controls anyone who has it in their possession, including Lynn herself. In Witch Weed (1991), an odd crop of weeds begin growing in the field behind Lynn Morley's house, right around the area where Mouse threw Mrs. Tuggle's glass eye. In The Witch Returns (1992), an old woman moves into Mrs. Tuggle's newly re-constructed house, and she bears a striking resemblance to the former inhabitant. Lynn Morley fears that the witch may have returned to haunt their sleepy, Indiana town. Lynn's entire family must come together in order to combat the evil.	2.25
10685654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20sound	Second sound	In condensed matter physics, second sound is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which heat transfer occurs by wave-like motion, rather than by the more usual mechanism of diffusion. Its presence leads to a very high thermal conductivity. It is known as "second sound" because the wave motion of entropy and temperature is similar to the propagation of pressure waves in air (sound). The phenomenon of second sound was first described by Lev Landau in 1941. Description Normal sound waves are fluctuations in the displacement and density of molecules in a substance; second sound waves are fluctuations in the density of quasiparticle thermal excitations (rotons and phonons). Second sound can be observed in any system in which most phonon-phonon collisions conserve momentum, like superfluids and in some dielectric crystals when Umklapp scattering is small. Contrary to molecules in a gas, quasiparticles are not necessarily conserved. Also gas molecules in a box conserve momentum (except at the boundaries of box), while quasiparticles can sometimes not conserve momentum in the presence of impurities or Umklapp scattering. Umklapp phonon-phonon scattering exchanges momentum with the crystal lattice, so phonon momentum is not conserved, but Umklapp processes can be reduced at low temperatures. Normal sound in gases is a consequence of the collision rate between molecules being large compared to the frequency of the sound wave . For second sound, the Umklapp rate has to be small compared to the oscillation frequency for energy and momentum conservation. However analogous to gasses, the relaxation time describing the collisions has to be large with respect to the frequency , leaving a window:	2.78125
10685654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20sound	Second sound	In graphite In 2019 it was reported that ordinary graphite exhibits second sound at 120 K. This feature was both predicted theoretically and observed experimentally, and was by far the highest temperature at which second sound has been observed. However, this second sound is observed only at the microscale, because the wave dies out exponentially with characteristic length 1-10 microns. Therefore, presumably graphite in the right temperature regime has extraordinarily high thermal conductivity but only for the purpose of transferring heat pulses distances of order 10 microns, and for pulses of duration on the order of 10 nanoseconds. For more "normal" heat-transfer, graphite's observed thermal conductivity is less than that of, e.g., copper. The theoretical models, however, predict longer absorption lengths would be seen in isotopically pure graphite, and perhaps over a wider temperature range, e.g. even at room temperature. (As of March 2019, that experiment has not yet been tried.) Applications Measuring the speed of second sound in 3He-4He mixtures can be used as a thermometer in the range 0.01-0.7 K. Oscillating superleak transducers (OST) use second sound to locate defects in superconducting accelerator cavities.	2.1875
10685660	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton%20Guildhall	Northampton Guildhall	Northampton Guildhall is a municipal building in St Giles' Square in Northampton, England. It is a Grade II* listed building. History The first guildhall in Northampton was a 12th-century building at the junction of Gold Street and Horsemarket. The second guildhall was an early 14th-century battlemented structure at the corner of Abington Street and Wood Hill; it was sold in 1864 and subsequently demolished. The current building, the third guildhall, designed by Edward William Godwin in the Gothic Revival style, was officially opened on 17 May 1864. The original part of the building was symmetrical with three first-floor windows either side of the main entrance, above which rose a clock tower with a steeply pitched roof. The clock, by J. Moore & Sons of Clerkenwell, was installed in 1867, along with a hemispherical bell to strike the hours. The building was extended to the west to the designs of A W Jeffrey and Matthew Holding in 1892, creating a frontage of 14 bays with arcading on the ground floor and windows above on the first floor. The sculptor R.L. Bolton was commissioned to design 14 statues of monarchs and other famous people which were erected on the front elevation between the windows on the first floor. A modern extension to the east, built to accommodate the expanding office needs of Northampton Borough Council, was completed in 1992. Inside, the great hall displays murals of famous local men, painted by Colin Gill in 1925. It also contains murals of The Muses Contemplating Northampton, painted by Henry Bird in 1949. A statue by Sir Francis Chantrey of Spencer Perceval, Member of Parliament for Northampton and the only British Prime Minister to have been assassinated, was originally unveiled in 1817 and is also on display inside.	2.515625
10685699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Environmental%20Assessment%20Act%2C%202012	Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012	The Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012 (, CEAA 2012) and its regulations established the legislative basis for the federal practice of environmental assessment in most regions of Canada from 2012 to 2019. It was repealed with the coming into force of the Impact Assessment Act on August 28, 2019. History The Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, S.C. 1992, c. 37 (CEAA) is an Act of Parliament that was passed by the Government of Canada in 1992. The Act requires federal departments, including Environment Canada, agencies, and Crown corporations to conduct environmental assessments for proposed projects where the federal government is the proponent or where the project involves federal funding, permits, or licensing. The purposes of the Act were set out as follows: (1) to achieve sustainable development that conserves environmental quality by integrating environmental factors into planning and decision-making process, (2) exercise leadership within Canada and internationally, and (3) to provide access to information and to facilitating public participation. The original version of the Act was repealed in 2012 and re-written by the Harper government. The new law came into effect on July 6, 2012. There are marked differences between the new act, the Environmental Assessment Act, 2012 (sc2012 c-19) and the previous act, the Environmental Assessment Act (sc 1992 c-37). The new Act omits the preamble and statement of purpose. Section 4 of each Act is a clause that lists purposes. The new Act is more restrictive in purpose. It applies to "designated projects" instead of "projects". Public participation is "during" an environmental assessment instead of "throughout". The new Act also adds as a purpose that assessment be completed in a timely manner. The Regulations Designating Physical Activities document (RDPA) describes the projects covered by the new Act. The new Act limits assessment just to the type of projects listed in this regulation (and its amendments).	2.53125
10685699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Environmental%20Assessment%20Act%2C%202012	Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012	The previous Act applied to all projects that altered the environment. The Inclusion List Regulations (SOR/94-637) described projects for which a screening report was always required. The Inclusion List regulation was twice the size of the current list of designated physical activities. The previous Act also required a screening report for any project for which a federal department was required to issue a license or permit under the specific sections of other acts listed in the Federal Authorities Regulation (SOR/96-280). The previous Act also required a modified screening report for projects where the proponent was a Crown Corporation or for projects outside of Canada or where the Government of Canada funded the project. Under the previous Act, other federal departments were not allowed to issue licenses and permits until any required environmental assessment was complete. Under the new Act, certain other departments, specifically the National Energy Board, may issue licenses and permits without an environmental assessment, may conduct their own assessment, and may cancel existing assessments currently in process. The Prescribed Information for the Description of a Designated Project Regulations (SOR/2012-148) gives the information required under the new Act. A lawyer with no knowledge of biology could supply the information. Only section 17(a) question, the requirement to describe changes the project may cause to fish habitat requires knowledge of ecology. Information on environmental effects is limited to effects on fish, aquatic species, and migratory birds. The regulations under the previous Act required essentially the same information in the basic project description, except that it also required information on terrain, air, vegetation, all wildlife, and all habitats.	2.078125
10685699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Environmental%20Assessment%20Act%2C%202012	Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012	Central to the previous Act was a comprehensive study. What was to be included in the study was determined for each project. The agency issued a project-specific comprehensive study guideline within 90 days of receipt of the project application. The comprehensive study specified baseline data that needed to be collected, identified specific groups that needed to be consulted, and identified specific concerns for the proponent to address. The new act does not require a comprehensive study. The new Act decreases initial input from biologists and accelerates the movement of the project to the legal hearing stage. Upon receipt of the project description, the agency has ten days to request additional information and post the project description on the internet. Following 20 days in which the public may post comments, the agency has 25 days to decide if the project requires a formal environmental assessment. Different bodies may conduct the assessment, but all assessments now follow judicial procedures of argument and counter-argument. The previous Act used a "biologist to biologist" approach. The agency had 90 days to determine if a project required a comprehensive study and to prepare project-specific impact assessment guidelines for the comprehensive study. Following completion of the comprehensive study, the agency could determine that no further review was necessary. If further review was necessary, the project could be sent to mediation or to a formal review panel. The new Act limits public input. The general public is allowed to comment on a new project during the 20 days the project is open for comment on the internet. During the formal review, only those who are "directly affected" by the project may participate. The legal meaning of "directly affected" in this context refers generally to persons who own property within one kilometer of the project.	2.15625
10685699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Environmental%20Assessment%20Act%2C%202012	Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012	The Minister of the Environment may designate a project when carrying out of the project may cause adverse environmental effects, or that public concerns related to those effects warrant the designation. An environmental assessment under CEAA 2012 is required for each project designated by the Minister of the Environment. Administration Responsible authority A responsible authority ensures that an environmental assessment of a designated project is conducted in accordance with CEAA 2012, including ensuring the public is provided with an opportunity to participate in the environmental assessment. Under CEAA 2012, responsible authorities can be the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, the National Energy Board or the Agency. Other federal authorities Federal departments and agencies with specific expertise are required to provide information and advice that support the conduct of environmental assessments by responsible authorities. For projects on federal lands that are not designated projects, before a federal authority or an airport authority may carry out the project or exercise any power or perform any duty or function that will permit the project to be carried out, the authority will have to be satisfied that carrying out the project is not likely to cause significant adverse environmental effects. This also applies if the Governor in Council has decided the project's significant adverse environmental effects are justified in the circumstances. This responsibility also applies to projects outside of Canada that are federally funded or for which the Government of Canada is the proponent. What is examined during a federal environmental assessment?	2.25
10685716	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laborist%20Party%20%28Mexico%29	Laborist Party (Mexico)	The Mexican Laborist Party (, PLM), also translated as the Mexican Labor Party, was a social democratic political party in Mexico that existed from 1919 until the early 1940s. The PLM was founded by Luis Napoleón Morones, one of Mexico's main union leaders. The PLM functioned as the political branch of the Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM), the country's most powerful union. The party gave a platform to a particular portion of Mexico's social base and was in opposition to the Constitutionalist Party. In the 1920s the PLM was the most powerful party in Mexico. Presidents Álvaro Obregón (1920–1924) and Plutarco Elías Calles (1924–1928) were elected on a PL ticket and in 1922 the PL managed to defeat the Liberal Constitutionalist Party in congressional elections, becoming largest party in the Congress of Mexico. Competition with rival parties, including the PLC, the National Cooperativist Party (PNC), the Mexican Communist Party (PCM), the National Agrarian Party (PNA), and the National Anti-Reelectionist Party (PNA) was often violent, with the government usually supporting the PL. After the assassination of Obregón, who was recently elected, in 1928 the party's power started to decline. Morones was suspected to benefit from Obregón's death and lost support. In 1929, Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party (PNR), which became the new "official party" and absorbed much of the cadres and leadership of the PL. No longer endorsed by the Mexican political elite, the Laborist Party fell into irrelevance. It last participated in the election in 1940, when it supported the centre-right candidate Juan Andreu, and disappeared entirely soon after.	2.359375
10685778	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumada%20coupling	Kumada coupling	In organic chemistry, the Kumada coupling is a type of cross coupling reaction, useful for generating carbon–carbon bonds by the reaction of a Grignard reagent and an organic halide. The procedure uses transition metal catalysts, typically nickel or palladium, to couple a combination of two alkyl, aryl or vinyl groups. The groups of Robert Corriu and Makoto Kumada reported the reaction independently in 1972. The reaction is notable for being among the first reported catalytic cross-coupling methods. Despite the subsequent development of alternative reactions (Suzuki, Sonogashira, Stille, Hiyama, Negishi), the Kumada coupling continues to be employed in many synthetic applications, including the industrial-scale production of aliskiren, a hypertension medication, and polythiophenes, useful in organic electronic devices. History The first investigations into the catalytic coupling of Grignard reagents with organic halides date back to the 1941 study of cobalt catalysts by Morris S. Kharasch and E. K. Fields. In 1971, Tamura and Kochi elaborated on this work in a series of publications demonstrating the viability of catalysts based on silver, copper and iron. However, these early approaches produced poor yields due to substantial formation of homocoupling products, where two identical species are coupled. These efforts culminated in 1972, when the Corriu and Kumada groups concurrently reported the use of nickel-containing catalysts. With the introduction of palladium catalysts in 1975 by the Murahashi group, the scope of the reaction was further broadened. Subsequently, many additional coupling techniques have been developed, culminating in the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry recognized Ei-ichi Negishi, Akira Suzuki and Richard F. Heck for their contributions to the field. Mechanism	2.078125
10685836	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology%20of%20Bedford%20County%2C%20Pennsylvania	Geology of Bedford County, Pennsylvania	Bedford County, Pennsylvania is situated along the western border of the Ridge and Valley physiographic province, which is characterized by folded and faulted sedimentary rocks of early to middle Paleozoic age. The northwestern border of the county is approximately at the Allegheny Front, a geological boundary between the Ridge and Valley Province and the Allegheny Plateau (characterized by relatively flat-lying sedimentary rocks of late Paleozoic age). (PA Geological Survey Map 13) The stratigraphic record of sedimentary rocks within the county spans from the Cambrian Warrior Formation to the Pennsylvanian Conemaugh Group (in the Broad Top area). No igneous or metamorphic rocks of any kind exist within the county. The primary mountains within the county (From west to east: Wills, Evitts, Dunning, and Tussey mountains) extend from the southern border with Maryland to the northeast into Blair County, and are held up by the Silurian Tuscarora Formation, made of quartz sandstone and conglomerate. Chestnut Ridge is a broad anticline held up by the Devonian Ridgeley Member of the Old Port Formation, also made of sandstone and conglomerate. Broad Top, located north of Breezewood, is a plateau of relatively flat-lying rocks that are stratigraphically higher, and thus younger (Mississippian and Pennsylvanian), than most of the other rocks within the county (Cambrian through Devonian). Broad Top extends into Huntingdon County to the north and Fulton County to the east. The Raystown Branch of the Juniata River is the main drainage in the northern two-thirds of the county. The river flows to the east through the mountains within the county through several water gaps caused by a group of faults trending east–west through the central part of the county. The river then turns north and flows into Raystown Lake in Huntingdon County. The southern third of the county is drained by several tributaries of the Potomac River. Both the Potomac and Juniata rivers are part of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.	2.59375
10685836	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology%20of%20Bedford%20County%2C%20Pennsylvania	Geology of Bedford County, Pennsylvania	All of Bedford County lies far to the south of the terminal moraine, and thus it was never glaciated (PA Geological Survey Map 59). However, during the Pleistocene epoch, or "Ice Age," periglacial (meaning "around glacier" or simply "cold") processes dominated. Most of the county was most likely a tundra at that time. The many boulder fields obvious as rocky and often treeless areas on mountainsides within the county formed as a result of seasonal freeze-thaw cycles during the Pleistocene. Several limestone quarries exist in Bedford County, most of which are owned and operated by New Enterprise Stone & Lime Company. Quarry locations include Ashcom, New Paris (inactive), Kilcoin (closed), and Sproul (inactive). Two coal fields exist within Bedford County. One is the Broad Top Field in the northeastern corner of the county, and the other is the Georges Creek Field along the southwestern border (PA Geological Survey Map 11). Both fields contain bituminous coal. There are abandoned mines in both areas and acid mine drainage is an environmental problem in the Broad Top area, where several fishless streams exist as a result of the discharge from the abandoned mines. Natural gas fields and storage areas exist in southeastern Bedford County, primarily within folded Devonian rocks south of Breezewood. Another deep gas field exists in the vicinity of Blue Knob on the border with Blair County to the north. (PA Geological Survey Map 10)	2.546875
10685856	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutus%20Liber	Mutus Liber	Rev. Arcère, a noted historian of La Rochelle, claims that Jacob Tollé is the author though his very existence was even put in doubt. Tollé was in fact a Rochelais doctor reputed for using chemistry and mastering perspective. These two qualities account for the fact that he was acknowledged as the author for a long time. However, ever since the article by Jean Flouret, it has been established that the author of Mutus Liber is in fact Isaac Baulot. Using clues in Mutus Liber and contemporary documents, Patrick Sembel suggests three people were involved with Isaac Baulot. Abrahaim Thévenin probably worked on the plates, as the presence of his monetary symbol on the first illustrated page of Mutus Liber indicates. Elie Bouhéreau and Elie Richard must have contributed to the conception of the book. As doctors and scholars who used chemistry, they would have had many contacts who would facilitate publishing the book. Elie Richard studied at Groningen with Des Maretz, a philosopher whose name is used to designate the person who discovered Mutus Liber. Elie Bouhéreau knew Valentin Conrard, a secretary of the Académie française, as well as many major authors and philosophers of the time. It is he who attributed authorship of Mutus Liber to Isaac Baulot. Interpretations The form of Mutus Liber means that is open to various interpretations. Four ways of reading the book may be distinguished. The most widespread reading is that of 'initiated alchemists', started off by Pierre Dujols, under the pseudonym of Magophon. It is carried on by Eugène Canseliet and Serge Hutin. These authors say that Mutus Liber shows how to proceed to achieve the magnum opus, whose ultimate purpose is to obtain the philosopher's stone.	2.125
10685883	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%20Webster%20House	Noah Webster House	The Noah Webster House is a historic house museum located at 227 South Main Street, West Hartford, Connecticut. It was the boyhood home of American lexicographer Noah Webster (Junior, 1758–1853), and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962. Description and history The main portion of the Webster House is a -story wood-frame structure, three bays wide, with a large central chimney and center entrance. The most recent architectural survey (2020) demonstrates evidence inside the main fireplace of the hand of Daniel Webster (either the father of Noah Webster Sr, or the grandfather) as the person who built the house, and who lived across the road. His name is evident, signed with a finger in the yet-to-harden masonry. This would place the construction of the house earlier than previously believed, in the period of 1715–1720. As part of a farm, and is a typical frame residence of that era. A single-story brick addition was added to the house at an early date, probably to house a kitchen, and a wood-frame ell was also eventually added to the rear. A modern museum addition, roughly in the shape of a barn, was added in the 1970s after the property was rehabilitated and prepared for use as a museum. In 1758 the house was the birthplace of Noah Webster. His father mortgaged the farm, including this farmhouse, for Noah to attend Yale College. Webster returned to the house after graduation, and was engaged as a teacher at local schools. His interest in lexicography prompted a series of publications, beginning with a spelling book in 1783 and culminating in the publication in 1828 of his Dictionary of the American Language, which sold millions of copies during his lifetime, and laid down basic principles for dictionaries and spelling books that are still used today.	2.375
10685925	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Way%20Jr.	Frederick Way Jr.	Fredrick Way Jr. (February 17, 1901 – October 3, 1992) was the youngest steamboat captain on the Ohio River and Mississippi River. He was the author of books on the boats that ply the inland waterways. He supervised the flat-bottom, stern paddlewheeler, the Delta Queen, from San Francisco, down the Pacific coast, through the Panama Canal, across the Gulf of Mexico and up the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to Pittsburgh in 1946. Biography He was born on February 17, 1901. Little is known of his youth. He apparently gravitated to a life on the river early, as he obtained his pilot’s license in 1923 at the age of 22 and purchased his first steamboat, the Betsy Ann, in 1925, at the age of 24. He married Grace Morrison and they resided in Sewickley, Pennsylvania. Using the iron-hulled Betsy Ann, Way ran a packet ship between Cincinnati and Pittsburgh for a number of years. Prior to Way’s purchase of the Betsy Ann, she had held the packet ship speed record on the Mississippi River since the 1900s, winning and retaining a set of gold-tipped elk horns. In August 1928, Way and the Betsy Ann lost the elk horns to Captain Christopher Becker Greene of the steamboat Chris Greene, in a race from Cincinnati to New Richmond. In 1933 Way wrote a book of his experiences as a river packet ship captain called The Log of the Betsy Ann. The book was moderately successful, allowing Way to form the Steamboat Photo Company (SPC) in 1939. SPC gathered the largest collection of steamboat photos then known, and became the impetus for the publication of Way’s Steamboat Directory in 1944 and the formation of the Sons and Daughters of Pioneer Rivermen (SDPR), of which Way was a founding member and later a president. SDPR became the driving force behind the formation of the Ohio River Museum in Marietta, Ohio.	2.65625
10685975	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Merchant%20%28fairy%20tale%29	The Merchant (fairy tale)	The Merchant is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the Pentamerone. Synopsis A merchant's son, Cienzo, was throwing stones with the son of the king of Naples, and cracked the prince's head. His father, fearing the consequences, threw him out with some money, an enchanted horse, and an enchanted dog. In the evening, Cienzo found a tower by a ruined house; the master of the tower would not let him in, for fear of robbers. Cienzo went to the house. In the night, he found it was haunted by three ghosts, lamenting their treasure. He lamented with them. In the morning, they gave it to him and warned him to keep care of it. He could not see a ladder up and called for help; the owner of the house came with a ladder and they found a treasure, which Cienzo refused to take part of and went on. Another time, he crossed a river to find a fairy being attacked by robbers; he helped her, but refused to come to her palace to be rewarded. He came to a town where a seven-headed dragon devoured a maiden every day, and now the lot had fallen the princess, Menechella. He went to fight the dragon, found its heads reattached themselves, but cut them all off with one blow, cut off their tongues, and threw them about the countryside, where they were too far apart. The king declared that whoever had killed the dragon would marry his daughter. A countryman gathered all the heads and claimed the prize. Cienzo wrote a letter to the princess and had his dog deliver it. The king had the dog followed back to Cienzo, who revealed that the heads that the man had brought as proof were missing the tongues, which he had. The king married his daughter to Cienzo and sent for Cienzo's father.	2.15625
10686110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2A36%20Giatsint-B	2A36 Giatsint-B	The 2A36 Giatsint-B (; "Hyacinth") is a Soviet towed field gun which entered service in 1976, replacing the M-46 field gun. The 2A36 has the longest range of any Soviet or Russian 152 mm caliber artillery fielded since the mid-20th century, with a range of with rocket-assisted projectiles (RAP), while its only outranged by the 2S7 Pion with RAP rounds. While some guns were exported to Iraq, Finland, and Lebanon, most are in service with the former Soviet republics, including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, and Ukraine and used in local conflicts. Development Development of the 2A36 started in December 1968 at the Perm Machine Works following a requirement from the Soviet Army for a weapon to replace the aging M-46 field gun. A towed and a self-propelled version (2S5 Giatsint-S) were developed. In early 1971 two prototypes of the 2A36 were built, with mass production starting in 1976, and in that same year Western intelligence designated the towed gun as the 152 mm gun M1976 until its correct Russian designation became known. It was first seen in public during a parade held in Moscow in May 1985. Design According to Janes, the Giatsint-B primary role is counter-battery fire, while a Ukrainian source states that the gun is also designed to suppress and destroy enemy troops and equipment concentrated or on the move, as well demolishing strongholds. The 2A36 152 mm 49 caliber barrel is fitted with a multislotted muzzle brake weighing , while the recoil system features a buffer and a recuperator. The breech is a semi-automatic horizontal sliding-block, and a hydropneumatic loading assist system is also provided (which uses the energy from the recoil) with a chain-driven rammer for the projectile and the cased propellant charge. The 2A36 can be manually loaded in case of failure of the hydraulic rammer, but at the expense of a lower firing rate. According to Russia, the Giatsint-B can fire 6 shells per minute and that a battery can deliver almost one tonne of ammunition against a target in one minute.	2.078125
10686210	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter%20mass	Jupiter mass	The Jupiter mass, also called Jovian mass, is the unit of mass equal to the total mass of the planet Jupiter. This value may refer to the mass of the planet alone, or the mass of the entire Jovian system to include the moons of Jupiter. Jupiter is by far the most massive planet in the Solar System. It is approximately 2.5 times as massive as all of the other planets in the Solar System combined. Jupiter mass is a common unit of mass in astronomy that is used to indicate the masses of other similarly-sized objects, including the outer planets, extrasolar planets, and brown dwarfs, as this unit provides a convenient scale for comparison. Current best estimates The current best known value for the mass of Jupiter can be expressed as : which is about as massive as the Sun (is about ): Jupiter is 318 times as massive as Earth: Context and implications Jupiter's mass is 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined—this is so massive that its barycenter with the Sun lies beyond the Sun's surface at 1.068 solar radii from the Sun's center. Because the mass of Jupiter is so large compared to the other objects in the Solar System, the effects of its gravity must be included when calculating satellite trajectories and the precise orbits of other bodies in the Solar System, including the Moon and even Pluto.	2.953125
10686210	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter%20mass	Jupiter mass	Theoretical models indicate that if Jupiter had much more mass than it does at present, its atmosphere would collapse, and the planet would shrink. For small changes in mass, the radius would not change appreciably, but above about (1.6 Jupiter masses) the interior would become so much more compressed under the increased pressure that its volume would decrease despite the increasing amount of matter. As a result, Jupiter is thought to have about as large a diameter as a planet of its composition and evolutionary history can achieve. The process of further shrinkage with increasing mass would continue until appreciable stellar ignition was achieved, as in high-mass brown dwarfs having around 50 Jupiter masses. Jupiter would need to be about 80 times as massive to fuse hydrogen and become a star. Gravitational constant The mass of Jupiter is derived from the measured value called the Jovian mass parameter, which is denoted with GMJ. The mass of Jupiter is calculated by dividing GMJ by the constant G. For celestial bodies such as Jupiter, Earth and the Sun, the value of the GM product is known to many orders of magnitude more precisely than either factor independently. The limited precision available for G limits the uncertainty of the derived mass. For this reason, astronomers often prefer to refer to the gravitational parameter, rather than the explicit mass. The GM products are used when computing the ratio of Jupiter mass relative to other objects. In 2015, the International Astronomical Union defined the nominal Jovian mass parameter to remain constant regardless of subsequent improvements in measurement precision of . This constant is defined as exactly If the explicit mass of Jupiter is needed in SI units, it can be calculated by dividing GM by G, where G is the gravitational constant.	2.609375
10686222	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamont%20Pass%20wind%20farm	Altamont Pass wind farm	The Altamont Pass wind farm is located in the Altamont Pass of the Diablo Range in Northern California. It is one of the earliest wind farms in the United States. The first wind turbines were placed on the Altamont in the early 1980s by Fayette Manufacturing Corporation, on land owned by cattle rancher Joe Jess. The wind farm is composed of 4,930 relatively small wind turbines of various types, making it at one time the largest wind farm in the world in terms of capacity. Altamont Pass is still one of the largest concentration of wind turbines in the world, with a capacity of 576 megawatts (MW), producing about 125 MW on average and 1.1 terawatt-hours (TWh) yearly. They were installed after the 1970s energy crisis in response to favorable tax policies for investors. In the media When the first windfarms appeared in 1981, on the Altamont hills alongside the Altamont Pass portion of the I-580 freeway, the appearance of the modern windmill generated media excitement and public interest. This portion of the freeway was an increasingly used corridor for growing the bedroom communities of Tracy, Lodi and Modesto serving the Bay Area of California (Oakland, San Francisco and Pleasanton). Daily commuters crowded past the otherwise barren cattle ranches for several hours each day. By 1985, the Altamont Pass was crowded with over 26 different windfarms. The increased visibility from the nearby I-580 freeway, which had once sparked the media and community's interest, was now widely regarded as a growing eyesore. Successful windfarms at the Altamont Pass encouraged the development of further industrial wind areas in southern California. These windfarms, in the Tehachapi Pass, led to wider recognition, after windmills played a role as a prominent backdrop in several feature films of the mid- and late 1980s, including the 1985 film based on the Bret Easton Ellis novel Less than Zero, featuring Andrew McCarthy and Robert Downey, Jr. Environmental effects	2.421875
10686222	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamont%20Pass%20wind%20farm	Altamont Pass wind farm	Modern wind turbines and nuclear power plans kill about 0.3 to 0.4 birds per GWh generated, without climate change effects, in comparison with 5.18 birds per GWh with fossil fuels power plants. However, the small turbines used at Altamont in 2007 were dangerous to various raptors that hunt California ground squirrels in the area. In that year, 1,300 raptors were killed annually, among them 70 federally protected golden eagles. In total, 4,700 birds were killed annually. The effects of the Altamont Pass wind farm on wildlife were exacerbated by its proximity to bird migration routes, its craggy landscape ideal for birds of prey, and its predominant outdated turbine designs (as of 2013). As of 2013 it takes 15-34 Altamont Pass turbines to produce the same amount of electricity as one modern turbine. These outdated turbines are set 60-80 feet tall, the same height as bird flight paths. Considered largely obsolete, these numerous small turbines are as of 2009 being gradually replaced with much larger and more cost-effective units. The larger units rotate at a much lower angular frequency to the previous turbines, and, being elevated higher, are less hazardous to the local wildlife, according to a report done for the Bonneville Power Administration. As of 2010, a settlement has been reached between the Audubon Society, Californians for Renewable Energy and NextEra Energy Resources, who operate some 5,000 turbines in the area. Nearly half of the smaller turbines will be replaced by newer, more bird-friendly models. The project was expected to be complete by 2015 and included $2.5 million for raptor habitat restoration. Wind farms The Altamont Pass Wind Farm is now composed of five constituent wind farms. The Golden Hills Wind Farm is the largest constituent wind farm, as well as being the only one located south of Altamont Pass.	2.640625
13168943	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US%20Sailing	US Sailing	The United States Sailing Association (US Sailing) is the national governing body for sailing in the United States. Founded in 1897 and headquartered in Bristol, Rhode Island, US Sailing is a 501(c) (3) non-profit organization. US Sailing offers training and education programs for instructors and race officials, supports a wide range of sailing organizations and communities, issues offshore rating certificates, and provides administration and oversight of competitive sailing across the country, including National Championships and the US Sailing Team. US Sailing is responsible for selection and training of the US Sailing Team representing the United States in the Olympic Games. Sailors who eventually compete in the Olympics are coming from a well developed racing community in the U.S. Sailboat racing can be found in colleges and universities, yacht clubs, sailing clubs and sailing schools. This support produces sailors with solid sailing experience to compete in the Olympics. U.S. sailors also compete in the America's Cup and other races around the world. Paul Cayard, who previously (2021–2023) served as the executive director of the US Olympic Sailing Team is an example of someone who sailed (unsuccessfully) both in the Olympics and the America's Cup. US Sailing is an organization that is not only a governing body for the Olympics, but has a formal process to engage professional schools in establishing national standards for education and accreditation. It is making an effort to engage its 44,000+ sailing and boating members and has recognized publicly that there is more effort needed in outreach for inclusion and diversity. Its Siebel Sailors Program and other partnerships at the local level are seeking to improve the representation in the sport and recreational community so that it reflects the diversity in the US population.	2.484375

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