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14330995
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Mercia%20Search%20and%20Rescue
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West Mercia Search and Rescue
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West Mercia Search and Rescue, (formerly: West Midlands Search and Rescue) commonly abbreviated WMSAR, is a voluntary search and rescue organisation which operates in the counties of Shropshire, Herefordshire and Worcestershire. The organisation responds to calls for assistance from any of the emergency services and operates both by day and night.
WMSAR was formed from former members of Mercia Inshore Search and Rescue (MISAR). It is principally based in Shropshire and Worcestershire with plans to expand in Herefordshire.
The organisation is a registered charity and its purpose is to provide back-up personnel to the official Emergency Services in a range of situations, including in particular searches for missing persons, and support at public events and during times of adverse weather conditions, natural disaster or civil emergency. WMSAR is a member of the Association of Lowland Search and Rescue (ALSAR), an organisation with more than 900 members nationwide providing assistance to Police authorities in searches for missing persons. WMSAR is a member of the West Mercia Local Resilience Forum County Volunteer Emergency Committee (CVEC).
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14331012
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Teise
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River Teise
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The River Teise ( , ) is a tributary of the River Medway in Kent, England.
Course
The source of the Teise is in Dunorlan Park in Tunbridge Wells. From there the river flows eastwards past Bayham Abbey and then through Lamberhurst. downstream of Lamberhurst the small River Bewl, on which is the reservoir Bewl Water, joins the Teise.
The Teise bifurcates south west of the village of Marden, passing either side of a low ridge. The Lesser Teise flows for about before joining the River Beult at Hunton. The Greater Teise, now carrying only minor quantities, flows for about to the River Medway at Twyford Bridge, upstream of Yalding, formerly the site of a double ford over both the Medway and Teise rivers. The Beult flows through Yalding, then also joins the Medway about below Twyford Bridge.
Like many other rivers in southern England the River Teise was subject to a Land Drainage Improvement Scheme during the 1950s. The River Lesser Teise was widened, straightened and deepened from Horsmonden to the River Beult confluence. Hence it now carries much of the flow.
The Greater Teise upstream of where the Lesser Teise bifurcates, and the section downstream of Marden to its confluence with the River Medway was also "improved". A number of weirs were built at the time of this work, and still exist today. They split the flows between channels and some are also gauging stations.
Some of the former meanders of the Lesser Teise can still be seen within retained woodland areas. These provide a record of the natural character of the River Teise, as does the bifurcated section of the Greater Teise, which was left largely untouched.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Teise
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River Teise
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The site of the Furnace floor is adjacent to the main farm Buildings at Furnace Farm. The Furnace lies just inside Cranbrook Parish. The only Furnace in the Parish, it was owned by Sir Alexander Culpeper in 1574 and let to Sir Richard Baker in the second half of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. It was let to John Dunnednoll in 1610 and in 1637 John Browne was working the forge - there was a dispute about the felling of wood for use at the iron works. George Browne was working the forge in 1657. The forge was disused by 1664, when it was then repaired, but unoccupied again in 1680.
The furnace was recommissioned during the Peninsular War due to the high demand for iron for military and naval purposes, however by 1815 the furnace had all but died again, turning its work from smelt to casting; however its production was limited, as its location made transport costs high compared to furnaces in the Midlands and north-west Kent.
A modified furnace continued in use at Bedgebury for some time for the firing of clay and bricks, produced by the various workshops at Cranbrook Pottery; however the advent of production in the Midlands with better availability of power, transport, labour and materials all but ended hopes of retaining industry in the area.
Bedgebury furnace built new oast kilns in 1880 and again in 1912, for hops from the surrounding hop gardens. The oast kilns remain to this day.
The original bloomery or hammer pond has now silted up but remains as a distinct flat flood plain which clearly defines the approximately that originally held the water reservoir. A very substantial long pond bay/dam runs north–south and can be seen clearly, nearly long, high and wide. The sluice has long been dismantled, however the race is clearly visible to walkers using the bridleway that crosses the river Teise on a stone bridge.
The mill pool is also largely silted up, however immediately north of the pool lies the hammer floor displaying the clear relief of the original working layout.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth%20Airport%20%28Hampshire%29
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Portsmouth Airport (Hampshire)
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Portsmouth Airport, also known as Portsmouth City Airport, PWA (Portsmouth Worldwide Airport) and Hilsea Airport, was situated at the northeast Hilsea corner of Portsea Island on the south coast of England and was one of the last remaining commercial grass runway airports in the United Kingdom.
Location
Sandwiched between Hilsea railway station and the waters of Langstone Harbour, the airport offered little scope for expansion and, following some accidents with larger aircraft in the 1960s, the airport's last official flight took place on 31 December 1973 and was closed.
Construction and opening
The airport was constructed during 1931 and early 1932 as Portsmouth's municipal airport. The airfield's name "Portsmouth" was marked in stone next to a large circle in the centre of the landing area. An opening display was held for the public on 2 July 1932 with an Armstrong Whitworth Argosy airliner and other civil and military aircraft being present.
The airport had three grass runways, arranged in a triangular formation; with runways orientated at 36/18 (0°, 180°), 07/25 (70°, 250°) and 12/30 (120°, 300°).
Portsmouth, Southsea and Isle of Wight Aviation
P.S.I.O.W.A. moved to the airport in 1932 (having previously been based on the Isle of Wight under the name Inland Flying Services) and operated the first air ferry service in the South of England, flying passengers from Portsmouth Airport to Ryde on the Isle of Wight. The popularity of air travel grew rapidly and soon P.S.I.O.W.A. were offering high-frequency services between airfields around the South and the Isle of Wight, even joining forces with coach and train services to provide connections from London and Cardiff. The company continued to expand and were using a range of small aircraft including an eight-seat three-engined Westland Wessex G-ABVB by 1936. This aircraft was damaged beyond repair at Ryde on 30 May 1936.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth%20Airport%20%28Hampshire%29
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Portsmouth Airport (Hampshire)
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Portsmouth Aviation
PSIOWA began to expand rapidly before the war and began to undertake aircraft maintenance and modification in their hangars at the airport, in addition to the successful ferry services. At the start of the Second World War PSIOWA were ordered to stop their flying services in order to concentrate on the manufacture and repair side of the business. PSIOWA planes and pilots (including famous aviator Amy Johnson) were sent to serve as part of the National Air Communications Scheme while the site and skills at the Portsmouth Airport site were used to repair and modify several thousand military aircraft for return to service.
The company changed its name to Portsmouth Aviation in 1946, with a view to expanding both the aviation and manufacturing sides of the business and, the following year, their newly designed Portsmouth Aerocar made its first flight. This five-seat aircraft had an unusual twin-engined, twin-boom, high-wing layout. It was exhibited at the Farnborough Air Show1948 and 1949 but due to the nationalisation of the rail and air services the company were unable to manufacture orders received for the craft. Around 1950, the company built a modest number of bus bodies. The company continued to run a smaller air-ferry service to overseas destinations, but development occurred on the manufacturing, repair, design and development sides of the business. The company continues to operate at this site, now offering a range of services beyond aviation.
Airspeed Limited
Airspeed Ltd moved to a new factory at Portsmouth Airport in 1933. Their prewar designs built at the airport included the Courier and the Envoy light transport aircraft. Aeronautical engineer and novelist Nevil Shute Norway was employed by Airspeed, he has two roads in Portsmouth near to the airport site named in his honour, Norway Road (formerly Rat Lane) and Nevil Shute Way.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Vengeance%20%281824%29
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HMS Vengeance (1824)
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HMS Vengeance was an 84-gun second rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 27 July 1824 at Pembroke Dockyard. The Canopus-class ships were all modelled on a captured French ship, the Franklin, which was renamed HMS Canopus in British service. Some of the copies were faster than others, though it was reported that none could beat the original. HMS Vengeance was nicknamed 'the wind's-eye liner' and was faster than all the other ships except .
In 1849, while under the command of Captain Charles Philip Yorke, 4th Earl of Hardwicke, HMS Vengeance took part in the repression of the republican-inspired Revolt of Genoa in support of the forces of the Kingdom of Sardinia. A landing detachment from the ship occupied unopposed the main coastal defence battery in the harbour, but during the following bombardment of the town HMS Vengeance caused heavy and random damage, including the Hospital of Pammatone where it caused 107 civilian casualties. For these actions, Hardwicke was decorated by the Sardinian King Victor Emmanuel II with a Gold Medal of Military Valour, which he was authorized to accept by Queen Victoria only in 1855.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20H.%20Vaughn
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Jack H. Vaughn
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Jack Hood Vaughn (August 18, 1920 – October 29, 2012) was the second director of the United States Peace Corps, succeeding Sargent Shriver. Vaughn was appointed Peace Corps director in 1966 by President Lyndon Johnson and was the first Republican to head the agency.
Early life and education
Vaughn was born in Columbus, Montana, in 1920, the son of Elijah H. Vaughn and Blair (Cox) Vaughn. Vaughn grew up in Montana where his father managed a retail store and eventually owned the Vaughn and Ragsdale stores. Vaughn moved with his family to Albion, Michigan, in 1931 where his father managed a chain of clothing stores in Michigan and Montana. Vaughn attended Albion Public Schools and graduated from Albion High School in 1939. Vaughn earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Michigan in 1943.
Boxing career
Vaughn became interested in boxing as a youth and would spar with local boxers on the third floor of his father's building in Albion, Michigan where a makeshift gymnasium was located. By age 14 Vaughn was boxing publicly in "smokers." "Everyone was smoking Roi-Tan cigars," says Vaughn. "We were fighting in a purple haze. It was $5 if you won, $3 if you didn't. The events featured three or four semi-pro boxing matches and one fairly professional striptease. If there was no striptease, they brought in the wrestlers." Vaughn was a Golden Gloves boxer and won three Golden Gloves championships. Vaughn would sometimes box in Detroit where he worked occasionally as a sparring partner for notable prizefighters, including Sugar Ray Robinson, Jake LaMotta, Willie Pep and Sandy Saddler.
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Jack H. Vaughn
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Vaughn began fighting professionally in 1942 under the name of "Johnny Hood." "I was bumming around Mexico one summer when I ran out of money," Vaughn said. "I decided I would take my boxing and turn pro, but I didn't know enough Spanish at the time to tell whether the agent said I would get 60 pesos for four rounds or four pesos for 60 rounds. You can guess which figure was correct." Vaughn fought 26 featherweight bouts as a professional. Vaughn tells the story that the first time he fought professionally in Mexico, the fans cheered enthusiastically but he couldn't make out what they were saying and he thought they were cheering him on. It was only later that he learned that what the fans were shouting was "Kill the Gringo!" "My first fight was down in Juarez," said Vaughn. "I was in the first of a four-round preliminary match. My second was a high school kid from El Paso. The crowd began to shout, 'Mata al Gringo!' I asked my second what they were saying. He said, 'I think they're saying, 'Welcome to Juarez.' A week later I found out what that meant." Mata al Gringo! later became the title for Vaughn's Memoir. Vaughn was the head boxing coach at University of Michigan from 1942 to 1943 and also taught Spanish, French and Latin American affairs while he was at the University of Michigan.
Marine officer in World War II
During World War II, Vaughn served as an officer in the United States Marine Corps as a rifle company commander and a combat intelligence officer from 1942 to 1946. Vaughn saw combat in Eniwetok, Guam, and Okinawa. Vaughn left the Marines with the rank of captain. Vaughn earned the Purple Heart during his service. "I was wounded three times, all in the rear end," says Vaughn.
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Jack H. Vaughn
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After returning from World War II, Vaughn earned a Master of Arts in 1947 in Romance Languages from the University of Michigan and a master's in economics.
Vaughn taught Spanish, French and Latin American affairs while he was at the University of Michigan and was also the head boxing coach. "I wanted to be a professor of French literature," says Vaughn. Vaughn continued fighting to earn extra money while he worked at the University of Michigan. "I ended up losing the sight in my right eye in 1948," says Vaughn. "So in 1949, I went to the State Department."
State Department career
USIA and USAID
Vaughn joined the US Information Agency (USIA) in 1949 as director of the bi-national center in La Paz, Bolivia and later moved to Costa Rica with the USIA. Vaughn joined the State Department in 1951 and spent 1951 to 1956 in Panama with the State Department. While working for the State Department in the 1950s Vaughn met several times with Che Guevara. "I met him seven or eight times. Each time I liked him less," says Vaughn. "My final meeting, I gave him a University of Michigan T-shirt. He wore it backwards." From 1959 to 1961 Vaughn was the USAID Mission director for Senegal, Mali, and Mauritania. Vaughn's background growing up on a ranch in Montana helped him in his work with USAID where he worked in "mainly agricultural reform. I had a lot of training," says Vaughn.
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Jack H. Vaughn
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Peace Corps staff
Vaughn's connection with the Peace Corps began in 1961 when Peace Corps founding director Sargent Shriver came to Senegal where Vaughn was serving with USAID. "There were 4,000 volunteers signing up a day for the Peace Corps, and countries weren't asking for them. So Shriver came over to meet the Senegalese," says Vaughn. "I was the only one who spoke French.
I went up to meet Shriver and his lawyer in their hotel room. They did not have on a stitch of clothing. We all sat down and had a conversation. They said they had never seen heat like that. It was 120 degrees and no air conditioning." Vaughn's boxing prowess and prior experience as a prize fighter paid off when Sargent Shriver decided to recruit Vaughn. "I was recruited by Sargent Shriver because I had been in the ring with Sugar Ray Robinson," Vaughn said. "He loves jocks." Coates Redmond described Vaughn as "barely medium height, slight of build, with ginger-colored hair and a 1940s moustache to match, quietly spoken and careful of gesture" in her history of the early years of the Peace Corps, Come As You Are. Before his appointment to the Peace Corps, Vaughn met with President Kennedy who didn't like Vaughn's mustache and told him he would have to shave it off if he wanted to work in the Peace Corps. Vaughn refused to shave the mustache but got the appointment anyway.
Vaughn joined the Peace Corps staff because "the Peace Corps idea had a great appeal to me. And the people I knew who were putting this idea into effect appealed to me even more." Shriver admired Vaughn's courage and felt anyone who would brave the ring with Sugar Ray Robinson would have the grit to fight for the Peace Corps in Latin America so when the Peace Corps decided to send volunteers to teach in Venezuela in 1963 despite the presence of Castro communists, Shriver made Vaughn his point man. "Shriver said, 'Show them your teeth, not your tail,'" Vaughn said. "Those teachers did great there. I'm sure it was his finest moment in the Peace Corps."
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Jack H. Vaughn
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In the book The Negotiations Regarding the Panama Canal by Omar Jaen Suarez, Vaughn is given great credit for defusing the tensions between the two countries and starting the United States and Panama on the road to successfully negotiating the Panama Canal Treaty. "I lived here in a successful and comfortable way, dedicated to agricultural activities and as I was not a member of the U.S. military, I understood that now was the moment to change the relation, the cut of the pie, that Panama was receiving for the Canal" Vaughn said speaking of his time in Panama in the early 1950s. After Vaughn became ambassador to Panama, it was difficult for Vaughn to convince the US government to offer concessions because the Vietnam War was going on at the time. "It was a time of total war when the Pentagon was thinking of nothing else, like revising agreements or other annoyances like these, because they needed the military bases for training the troops," Vaughn said.
Vaughn's efforts were fruitful. On December 19, 1964, President Johnson made an address to the Panamanian people proposing the negotiation of an entirely new treaty on the Panama Canal. "In these new proposals we will take every possible step to deal fairly and to deal helpfully with the citizens of both Panama and of the United States who have served so faithfully through the years in operating and maintaining the Panama Canal," said Johnson. Although Vaughn takes no credit for President Carter's efforts beginning in 1977 to complete negotiations for a new Panama Canal treaty, Vaughn's early initiatives to reach an understanding with Panama paved the way for Carter's negotiations later.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20H.%20Vaughn
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Jack H. Vaughn
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Assistant Secretary of State
On February 12, 1965, President Johnson named Vaughn Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs and the United States coordinator of the Alliance for Progress. The bureau was the single largest unit in the State Department with more than 600 employees in Washington and 2,000 more abroad. Vaughn was in charge of relations with the twenty Latin-American republics as well as Jamaica, Trinidad, and British Guinea. Vaughn's responsibilities included managing the Alliance for Progress and the office dealing with the Organization of American States. Vaughn also carried the title of United States Coordinator for the Alliance for Progress.
Vaughn promoted a Peace Corps-style approach to diplomacy. "If I had my way, every young foreign service officer who now spends his early career stamping visas would be forced to put in two years with the Peace Corps or two years in private business as a salesman or an assistant assembly line foreman," said Vaughn. "Anything that would teach them how to deal with people and get along with them."
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Jack H. Vaughn
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On September 4, 1965, the New York Times reported that Vaughn had just completed a two-week trip to Latin America and returned with an enthusiastic report for President Johnson on the Alliance for Progress. Vaughn expressed his conviction that a "new and bright chapter" was starting in the partnership between Latin America and the United States. "Not long ago the people of Latin America were still doubtful about the goals of the alliance," Vaughn said. Today it is a reality that is marching better than I thought and it is a reality because our partnership is solid, enduring and expanding." During his trip, Vaughn talked with hundreds of workers and peasants and with the leaders of Mexico, El Salvador, Panama, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. Vaughn was warmly received during his trip and was praised by Chilean President Eduardo Frei Montalva who expressed gratitude for US economic assistance that he said was "decisive" for the solution of Chile's economic problems.
Peace Corps director
When Johnson picked Sargent Shriver to head up his "War on Poverty" in 1966, Vaughn was named Peace Corps director. "It was so good, so positive," Vaughn said of his appointment. "As a former bureaucrat, to join the Peace Corps was pure joy. All the stuff I knew we shouldn't do, we didn't do. All the things we should do, we did efficiently, effectively and cheaply."
Vaughn was appointed Peace Corps director on February 16, 1966. Vaughn was in a bar at 12:30 on M Street in Georgetown when the bar telephone rang and the bartender asked, "Is there a Mr. Jack Vaughn here?" Vaughn answered yes the bartender says, "it's someone who says he's the president of the United States." "Let me finish this drink," replied Vaughn taking his time before picking up the phone and saying hello. On the line was President Lyndon Baines Johnson himself. "Vaughn," said LBJ. "How would you like to be the director of the Peace Corps?" "Mr. President," Vaughn replied calmly, "I thought you'd never ask."
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Jack H. Vaughn
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Senate approval and swearing-in
The Senate Foreign Relations Committee approved Vaughn's appointment as Peace Corps director 12 to 1 with Wayne Morse, Democrat of Oregon opposing Vaughn. In the same committee meeting Morse was also the sole vote against Lincoln Gordon to succeed Vaughn as Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs. During the hearings Senator Laushe of Ohio asked Vaughn about reports that some Peace Corps volunteers did not dress properly. "Don't you have many of what you call the 'mustache people' around?" asked the Senator. The Senate hearing room burst into laughter as did Laushe when he realized what he had said to the mustached Vaughn. "That's the meanest thing you ever said to me, Senator," replied Vaughn.
"The Peace Corps is the point of the lance," said Vaughn on February 28, 1966, in his first interview after his Senate confirmation as Director. "In Latin America, it is the human cutting edge of the Alliance for Progress, the focus of ideas and people in action. In other countries also we are finally beginning to deal with the real problems of the day - peace and poverty and war and changing attitudes and hatred."
Vaughn was sworn in as Peace Corps director at a White House ceremony by President Lyndon Johnson on March 1, 1966, the fifth anniversary of the founding of the Peace Corps. "Jack Vaughn I first met out in a little fishing village in Africa, but he, like Sargent Shriver, I observed on that first meeting, is a disciple of peace," said President Johnson. "His life has been spent in the service of the cause of peace. This is the third job that I have asked Jack Vaughn to take since I met him in that fishing village in 1961. Each of these jobs he has served with great distinction."
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Jack H. Vaughn
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Vaughn said that his first task as Director would be to visit Peace Corps programs around the world, meet staff members and volunteers and explain his plans. Vaughn meant that literally and started at the top of the 12-story Peace Corps Headquarters building to personally meet and shake hands with every employee. "I want to help build on this image and bask in your collected glory," said Vaughn. "I'm pleased to be with you." During his first month as director, Vaughn gave an estimated 60 speeches, visited 15 college campuses to recruit volunteers and traveled overseas with visits to Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, India, and Thailand.
Environmental focus
One of Vaughn's most lasting contributions to the Peace Corps was to redirect the Peace Corps' focus to environmental issues. Vaughn first became interested in 1963 when he met a volunteer in Chile named Duty Green. "Duty Green was a forester, and he went to Chile with a commitment to plant a million trees," Vaughn said. "When his tour was almost over, he sent me a message saying, 'I'm very sorry. I've only been able to plant 900,000 trees in my time here. Can you extend my stay?' Here was a guy who would never say, 'What am I doing here?' He could look at a forest and know it was there because of his efforts. This is what we should have been doing - have them plant a tree, clean up a stream," Vaughn said. "That was the explosion of awareness that changed the Peace Corps, because I wised up and still had time to do something about it. Those generalists, with no prior technical training, could be trained to do a beautiful job in just 10 weeks to turn wasteland into forest, to run nurseries, to do earth dam construction and supervision. It's a wonderful and satisfying job for a volunteer," Vaughn said.
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Jack H. Vaughn
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Problems in Nigeria
The New York Times reported on October 6, 1966, that Vaughn had left for Africa to investigate an unusually large number of complaints by Peace Corps Volunteers regarding their living allowances and working conditions in Nigeria. Vaughn's itinerary included stops in Senegal, Nigeria, and Liberia to inspect Peace Corps operations in the three countries. Complaints in Nigeria included closing the Peace Corps hostels intended for use by Peace Corps Volunteers on vacations or free weekends, a $19 cut in volunteers' $147 monthly living allowance to reflect the monthly pay of local Nigerians for work comparable to that done by volunteers, and a reduction in the number of motorbikes allocated for volunteers for official travel "in the Nigerian bush country." Vaughn traveled to Nigeria and spent three weeks traveling the country to meet in small groups with about 600 of the 699 volunteers in country to re-establish "a missing dialogue" between Volunteers and Washington Staff.
Vaughn cut to the crux of the matter when he met with Peace Corps Staff in Nigeria. "I never get letters of complaint from Volunteers who are busy doing something," Vaughn said, "who are teaching thirty hours a week." Vaughn thought that too many volunteers were more concerned with proposed reductions in the living allowances, vehicle restrictions, and the closing of hostels than with the work they had come to do. "Stay where the Nigerians stay," said Vaughn. "The Peace Corps is not in the hotel business. Forget the motorbikes the Peace Corps gave you in a period of misguided generosity. Travel with the Africans or better yet stay in your town and get to know the people rather than escaping on weekends to visit other volunteers." Vaughn traveled with two reporters from the "Peace Corps Volunteer" magazine, a monthly magazine that went out to Peace Corps Volunteers worldwide. The December, 1966 issue of "Peace Corps Volunteer" contained a report on Vaughn's trip and the issues in Nigeria.
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Jack H. Vaughn
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Program improvements
The weaknesses in the Nigeria program confirmed Vaughn's worst suspicions about the need to improve the quality of Peace Corps programs. "We've got to do better on recruitment, in administration, orchestration, and approach," said Vaughn. Vaughn's biggest contribution to the Peace Corps was the effort he put into making program development in the field and program review and evaluation at Washington Headquarters into a professional process. One of Vaughn's first actions, taken in March, 1966, was to create the Peace Corps' Office of Planning and Program Review. Vaughn spent two years reappraising overseas operations, administration, training, and selection and created a more efficient programming mechanism. Vaughn made sure that the emphasis was shifted in the Peace Corps from how many volunteers were working to what the volunteers were doing and how well were they doing it.
Peace Corps and the Vietnam War
When Vaughn appeared at the University of Wisconsin–Madison on March 11, 1966, about 150 protesters interrupted his speech three times. The protesters included members of the local chapters of the "Committee to End the War in Vietnam" and the Students for a Democratic Society. Many volunteers also disagreed with United States policy during the Vietnam war, and some members of Congress thought that volunteers should be required to support United States policy while they were serving overseas. Vaughn defended the rights of Peace Corps volunteers. "[Secretary of State] Dean Rusk has said repeatedly that Peace Corps volunteers are not a part of United States foreign policy," said Vaughn in testimony before Congress. Representative Otto Passman said that Vaughn should either resign or be dismissed because he would not require volunteers to support foreign policy, especially Vietnam.
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However, dissent had its limits for Peace Corps volunteers. In 1967 Bruce Murray, a Peace Corps Volunteer serving in Chile, helped draw up a petition that called for a cessation of the bombing of North Vietnam and immediate negotiations for peace. Murray said his petition was for publication in the New York Times. The petition was never published in the Times. Murray allegedly translated the petition to Spanish and gave it to "El Sur," a Chilean newspaper. Ralph Dungan, the US ambassador to Chile at the time, said the petition was a "clear violation" of standard State Department procedures and that volunteers had been cautioned about limiting their modes of expressing their opinion. Dungan told volunteers to voice their views to their Congressmen or to the President. Murray was dismissed from the Peace Corps for violating State Department regulations governing political conduct overseas. On July 19, 1967, Vaughn clarified Peace Corps policy on writing letters to newspapers on political issues and said that volunteers could now identify themselves as Peace Corps volunteers in letters to newspapers. The old policy permitted identification by name only. The new policy would not have made any difference in the discharge of Murray because his activities involved the use of a newspaper in a host country.
One of the fallouts of the anti-government stance of many young people was a decline in applications to join the Peace Corps. A Harris poll conducted with college students in 1968 found that "One-quarter of the seniors agree that 'a lot of people who might have joined the Peace Corps a few years ago are staying away because of their opposition to United States policy in Vietnam." "An increasing number of people are saying, 'since we do not or have not been able to solve our own problems, perhaps we had better focus more attention and resources on our own problems at home before we continue our effort to save the world,'" said Vaughn.
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Jack H. Vaughn
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Peace Corps and the draft
Former US Marine Officer Vaughn took an active role in seeking deferments for Peace Corps Volunteers subject to the draft. "We have a serious situation," said Vaughn. "The problem of induction notices to overseas volunteers in becoming a major concern for us. Pulling a volunteer off a productive job at midtour is unfair to the nation, to the host country, the Peace Corps, and the individual." Even though service in the Peace Corps did not relieve a male volunteer of his military obligation, some Selective Service Boards had granted deferments for the two years of voluntary service as being in the national interest. After 25 volunteers were called home for induction Vaughn said he would take an active role in seeking deferments before the Presidential Appeal Board - the court of last resort for draft reclassification.
Nonpartisan support for the Peace Corps
As a lifelong Republican appointed to head the Peace Corps by a Democratic president, Vaughn exemplified the non-partisan basis of the Peace Corps and the support the agency had from both political parties. Vaughn recounted how he had met with Republican Senator Barry Goldwater, the conservative candidate for president in 1964, at a senior staff meeting. "After serious questioning on what Kennedy's new agency was all about, Arizona's Goldwater swore that the Peace Corps embodied virtually every one of the most noble aspects and values of the Republican Party," wrote Vaughn.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20H.%20Vaughn
|
Jack H. Vaughn
|
Ambassador to Colombia
When Richard Nixon became president in 1969, Vaughn found himself out of a job. One report says that Vaughn was asked by Nixon's Secretary of State William P. Rogers to stay on as Peace Corps director to emphasize the nonpolitical nature of the Peace Corps. Instead, Vaughn was informed in March, 1969, that he would be replaced after all and reports that Vaughn had been asked to stay on as Peace Corps director in the Nixon administration were reported in the media to be untrue. "I was the first bureaucrat Nixon fired when he took office," Vaughn said. "But when he found out I was a Republican, he asked me if I'd be his ambassador to Colombia."
On May 2, 1969, President Nixon announced the appointment of Vaughn as Ambassador to Colombia. No major diplomatic initiatives took place with Colombia during Vaughn's ambassadorship there. Vaughn saw his role more as a "good will ambassador" and made many efforts to help the United States be seen in a positive light. For example, while Ambassador to Colombia, Vaughn, a former boxer, refereed boxing matches for the flyweight, lightweight, and middleweight finals in the Colombian National amateur championships held in Cartagena. Vaughn held a license to referee professional fights in the United States and so as a courtesy, Colombia granted Vaughn a reciprocal license to referee in Colombia. Vaughn noted that one difference from the United States is that the referee in Colombia is not allowed to touch the fighters when calling on them to break a clinch. Vaughn stopped the lightweight match with only 41 seconds to go in the final round to have a doctor examine a cut over one fighter's eye and the fight was stopped. Vaughn is said to be the only US diplomat to referee a fight while serving as Ambassador and declared that he was much impressed with the caliber of the fighters in Colombia.
| 2.4375
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14331249
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Powerful%20%281826%29
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HMS Powerful (1826)
|
HMS Powerful was an 84-gun second rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 19 May 1825 at Chatham Dockyard.
From 1 January 1839 to the end of 1840 Powerful was commanded by Captain Charles Napier, mainly in the Mediterranean and for much of the time as lead ship of a detached squadron under Napier's orders. On the evening of 29 May 1839 she was anchored in the Cove of Cork, Ireland when Napier received urgent orders from the Admiralty to proceed at once to Malta in view of the imminent probability of war with Egypt. He was also informed that the ships-of-the-line HMS Ganges and HMS Implacable had already started from England. Wishing to overtake them, Napier set sail at 2 a.m. on the 30th for Gibraltar. Powerful arrived at Gibraltar on 12 June to hear the other two ships were three days ahead of her, but by superior seamanship Napier overtook them in the Mediterranean and Powerful entered the harbour of La Valletta, Malta on the evening of 24 June, with band playing and under every stitch of canvas, twelve hours ahead of her rivals.
After a year in the Mediterranean while the political situation changed, the ship took a prominent part in the Syrian War against the expansionist designs of Mehmet Ali, notably at the bombardment of Acre, 3 November 1840, where she sustained damage but no casualties. Powerful was then flagship of the squadron that blockaded Alexandria from 25 November. In 1841 Napier was succeeded as her captain by George Mansel, and then Sir Michael Seymour, who commanded her from 1841 until she paid off at Portsmouth in 1843. She was recommissioned in 1848 under the command of Sir Richard Saunders Dundas under whom she again served in the Mediterranean.
Powerful was used as a target in 1860, and was broken up in 1864.
| 2.015625
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14331272
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital%20punishment%20for%20juveniles%20in%20the%20United%20States
|
Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States
|
In the United States, capital punishment for juveniles existed until March 2, 2005, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional in Roper v. Simmons. Prior to Roper, there were 71 people on death row in the United States for crimes committed as juveniles.
The death penalty for juveniles in the United States was first applied in 1642. Before the 1972 Furman v. Georgia ruling that instituted a death penalty moratorium nationwide, there were approximately 342 executions of juveniles in the United States. In the years following the 1976 Gregg v. Georgia ruling that overturned Furman and upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty, there were 22 executions of juvenile offenders before the practice was outlawed.
Prior to Roper, states had varying minimum ages for defendants to qualify for the death penalty; 19 states did not permit the execution of juveniles, while the remaining 19 retentionist states allowed juveniles as young as 16 or 17 at the time of their crime to be executed, although due to lengthy appeals processes, none of them were still juveniles by the time of their executions.
History
Pre-Furman
Since 1642, in the Thirteen Colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the United States under the Constitution, an estimated 364 juveniles have been put to death by the individual states (colonies, before 1776) and the federal government. The first confirmed juvenile to be executed in the United States was Thomas Granger, executed for buggery involving several animals, including "a mare, a cow, two goats, divers sheep, two calves, and a turkey." The execution took place on September 8, when Granger was 16 or 17 years old; prior to the execution, the animals involved in Granger's case were slaughtered in front of him.
| 2.46875
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14331272
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital%20punishment%20for%20juveniles%20in%20the%20United%20States
|
Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States
|
The youngest person to have been executed in the 20th century was likely Joe Persons, a boy executed by hanging in Georgia on September 24, 1915 for the rape of an 8-year-old girl that he committed in June 1915. Persons reportedly confessed to the crime while he was on the gallows. Persons' age has not been confirmed; while he was reportedly 13 at the time of the crime's commission, he was variously reported to have been 12, 13, 14, 15, or "not older than 14" at the time of his execution. He weighed only 65 pounds, leading contemporary death penalty researcher M. Watt Espy to posit that Persons was likely closer to 12 than he was to 15.
The second youngest person to be executed, and the youngest to have a confirmed birth date (of October 21, 1929), was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944, after the bodies of two children (ages 7 and 11) were found close to his home. George Stinney maintained his innocence throughout his trial and subsequent execution. The verdict of this case was overturned posthumously.
The third youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was Fortune Ferguson in 1927 for rape in Florida; he allegedly committed the crime when he was 13 years old.
James Arcene, a Native American, was 10 years old when he was involved in a robbery and murder in Arkansas. He was, however, 23 years old when he was actually executed on June 18, 1885.
The last judicially-approved execution of a juvenile was convicted murderer Leonard Shockley, who died in a Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. Nobody has been under the age of 19 at the time of execution since at least 1964.
The peak decade for juvenile executions was the 1940s, when 53 people who were under 18 at the times of their crimes were put to death.
Post-Furman
| 2.203125
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14331272
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital%20punishment%20for%20juveniles%20in%20the%20United%20States
|
Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States
|
Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976 when the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty did not violate the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed while they were under the age of 18. All of the 22 executed individuals were males, and all were in states located in the South. Twenty-one of them were age 17 when the crime occurred; one, Sean Sellers (executed on February 4, 1999, in Oklahoma), was 16 years old when he murdered his mother, stepfather, and a store clerk. Due to the slow process of appeals since 1976, none were actually under the age of 18 at the time of execution. The youngest at the time of execution was Steve Edward Roach, who was 23 at the time of execution.
In Thompson v. Oklahoma (1988), the Supreme Court first held unconstitutional imposition of the death penalty for crime committed aged 15 or younger. But in the 1989 case Stanford v. Kentucky, it upheld capital punishment for crimes committed aged 16 or 17. Justice Scalia's plurality part of his opinion famously criticized Justice Brennan's dissent by accusing it of "replac[ing] judges of the law with a committee of philosopher-kings". Justice O'Connor was the key vote in both cases, being the lone justice to concur in the two.
Sixteen years later, Roper v. Simmons overruled Stanford. Justice Kennedy, who concurred with Scalia's opinion in Stanford, instead wrote the opinion of the court in Roper and became the key vote. Justice O'Connor dissented.
Before 2005, of the 38 U.S. states that allowed capital punishment:
19 states and the federal government had set a minimum age of 18,
5 states had set a minimum age of 17, and
14 states had explicitly set a minimum age of 16, or were subject to the Supreme Court's imposition of that minimum.
| 2.3125
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14331278
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildebrand%20solubility%20parameter
|
Hildebrand solubility parameter
|
The Hildebrand solubility parameter (δ) provides a numerical estimate of the degree of interaction between materials and can be a good indication of solubility, particularly for nonpolar materials such as many polymers. Materials with similar values of δ are likely to be miscible.
Definition
The Hildebrand solubility parameter is the square root of the cohesive energy density:
The cohesive energy density is the amount of energy needed to completely remove a unit volume of molecules from their neighbours to infinite separation (an ideal gas). This is equal to the heat of vaporization of the compound divided by its molar volume in the condensed phase. In order for a material to dissolve, these same interactions need to be overcome, as the molecules are separated from each other and surrounded by the solvent. In 1936 Joel Henry Hildebrand suggested the square root of the cohesive energy density as a numerical value indicating solvency behavior. This later became known as the "Hildebrand solubility parameter". Materials with similar solubility parameters will be able to interact with each other, resulting in solvation, miscibility or swelling.
Uses and limitations
Its principal utility is that it provides simple predictions of phase equilibrium based on a single parameter that is readily obtained for most materials. These predictions are often useful for nonpolar and slightly polar (dipole moment < 2 debyes) systems without hydrogen bonding. It has found particular use in predicting solubility and swelling of polymers by solvents. More complicated three-dimensional solubility parameters, such as Hansen solubility parameters, have been proposed for polar molecules.
| 1.96875
| 0
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14331334
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Bombay%20%281828%29
|
HMS Bombay (1828)
|
HMS Bombay was an 84-gun second rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 17 February 1828 at Bombay Dockyard.
She was fitted with screw propulsion in 1861 at Chatham Dockyard. This was a significant modification and involved cutting the ship in half and inserting a section to lengthen her, as well as fitting a Humphrys, Tennant and Dykes steam engine that gave a speed of 10 knots. Under the command of Captain Colin Andrew Campbell, she was sent to South America as the flagship of Rear-Admiral Charles Elliot.
On 8 December 1864, members of the crew fielded a cricket side to play against the Buenos Aires Cricket Club in the opening of the BACC's new game field in Parque Tres de Febrero in Palermo, Buenos Aires, located where the Galileo Galilei planetarium is today. That day the BACC defeated the Bombay team by 85 runs to 31.
Loss
The ship would be destroyed in a fire on the River Plate, in a freak target practice accident. Her efficient ventilation system spread the fire of unknown origin during the target practice off Uruguay near Isla de Flores near Montevideo in the River Plate on 14 December 1864. destroying her and costing the lives of 93 of her crew of 619.
At the time the ship was under sail, and the engines were not in use. The fire was reported at 3.35pm, having started in the area of the aft-hold. It spread quickly; by 4pm flames were coming out of the hatchways and setting the sails on fire. The ships boats were launched, but many men went into the water; some were killed by the ship's anchors when the cables holding them burnt through and they dropped into the sea. At 8:25pm, the ship's after gunpowder magazine exploded and she quickly sank in shallow water.
Bombay's bowsprit remained visible above the water for some years afterwards, though it had disappeared by 1885.
| 2.59375
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14331359
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anangula%20Archeological%20District
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Anangula Archeological District
|
The Anangula Site (also Anangula Archeological District and Ananiuliak Island Archeological District) is an archaeological site in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. Located on a long island off the western coast of Umnak Island, it lies north-northwest of Nikolski Bay. The site documents one of the earliest known human settlements in the Aleutian Islands, dating to c. 6400 BCE. It was in the 1970s believed to be a remnant of people thought to have migrated here across the land bridge from Asia.
The site is believed to have been along the southern fringe of the hypothesized Bering land bridge, by which (according to that theory) the Americas were first settled. At the time of its settlement, sea level was believed to be lower (by about ), and the area consisted of a strandflat surrounded by nutrient-rich waters and abundant wildlife. The immediate area of the settlement is also surrounded by evidence of volcanic ashfalls, which are theorized to contribute to the eventual abandonment of the site, leading to the settlement of other parts of Beringia.
The Anangula site was first discovered by William S. Laughlin in 1938, when surface surveys identified the area as of potential interest. In the 1950s additional research was done in the area, but its great age was not understood until its major features were found, buried beneath of volcanic deposits. Excavations in the late 1960s uncovered all or part of eight house remains, and recovered more than 30,000 artifacts, some of which bore little resemblance to other North American finds at the time. These structures were partially subterranean, measuring about by , and were apparently designed to house single families.
The site was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Ananiuliak Island Archeological District in 1972, and was declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1978.
| 2.890625
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14331380
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beshbarmak
|
Beshbarmak
|
Beshbarmak (; ; ) is a dish in Central Asian cuisine. It is also known as naryn in Xinjiang, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, as turama in Karakalpakstan and North Caucasus, as dograma in Turkmenistan, as kullama in Bashkortostan and Tatarstan. It is one of the main national dishes of both Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.
The term beshbarmak means "five fingers" because nomads traditionally eat this dish with their hands. Another name for beshbarmak in Kyrgyz is tuuralgan et, which means crumbled/chopped meat. Beshbarmak is usually made from finely chopped boiled meat, mixed with dough (typically egg noodles) and chyk, an onion sauce. It is typically served on large communal platters, shared between several people, after shorpo, which is a first course of mutton broth served in bowls called kese. It is also followed by a broth called ak-serke (shorpo mixed with kymyz or ayran), which is thought to help with settling the stomach. Festive beshbarmak can be cooked together with Qazı and chuchuk.
Historical background
The cuisine of Central Asia developed within the constraints of a nomadic life, when people were completely reliant on their animals. This is reflected in Central Asian dishes, which are rich in meat and dairy products.
The construction of beshbarmak as a national dish dates to the Soviet literature having inherited the nomadic and "settler" dichotomy from the Russian Empire. Two books were foundational in the formation of the national cuisines of Central Asian peoples: Kniga o vkusnoi i zdorovoi pishche (The Book of Tasty and Healthy Food) and Natsional’nyie kukhni nashikh narodov (National cuisines of our peoples).
The serving ritual
The serving of beshbarmak is steeped in ritual. If an animal, such as a sheep, was slaughtered in a guest's honor, then the host serves ustukan, different cuts of meat, to different people, depending on their gender, age, and rank in the social structure. As a sign of respect, the oldest people and honored guests are always presented the prime cuts of the meat.
| 2.375
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14331441
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birnirk%20site
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Birnirk site
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The Birnirk site (Iñupiaq: Piġniq) is an archaeological site near Utqiagvik, Alaska. It includes sixteen prehistoric mounds which have yielded evidence of very early Birnirk and Thule culture. It is the type site of the Birnirk culture, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962 for its archaeological importance in understanding prehistoric Arctic cultures.
Description
Birnirk is located on the Alaska North Slope, near the settlement of Utqiagvik, on land owned by the Ukpeaġvik Iñupiat Corporation since 1988. The site consists of sixteen mounds, which represent dwelling sites across a fairly wide span of time. Major scientific excavations were made at this site in 1936, and in 1951-53, when three mounds were excavated, and in 1959, when seven mounds were partially excavated. The major period of occupation at this site was during what is now designated the Birnirk culture, between 500 and 900 CE. Evidence was also found at one mound of occupation during the later Thule culture, which was generally active 1100-1400 CE. Finds at the site include harpoon heads made of antler and stone, including at least one from the older Punuk culture. Also uncovered were fragments of wood making up elements of traditional seal-hunting umiaks.
The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. The major collections of materials from the site made in the 1950s were located at Harvard University's Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology for many years, but were moved to the University of Alaska Museum of the North in Fairbanks in 2011.
| 2.421875
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14331485
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-counter%20counseling
|
Over-the-counter counseling
|
Over-the-counter counseling (or OTC counseling) refers to the counseling that a pharmacist may provide on the subject of initiating, modifying, or stopping an over-the-counter (OTC) drug product. OTC counseling requires an assessment of the patient's self-care concerns and drug-related needs. The types of drugs that are involved in OTC counseling are, for example, used to treat self-diagnosable conditions like heartburn, cough, and rashes, though prescription drugs and professional diagnoses are also relevant to the recommendation process.
Purpose
The aim of OTC counseling is to empower patients to take control of their healthcare-related needs for conditions that do not require an appointment with a medical doctor. This benefits the healthcare system by reducing unnecessary physician visits. The pharmacist can also use OTC counseling to ensure the highest likelihood of success for the patient's self-care attempt and minimize the risk of any drug-related problems.
Although OTC drugs are generally regarded as safe for use without a prescription (by definition), medication errors still occur. For example, patients sometimes misuse OTC products by taking larger than recommended doses, in order to bring about symptomatic relief more quickly, or even intentionally abuse them for unlabeled indications. Even when a patient is instructed not to use OTC products without speaking with their primary care physician, patients can still fail to identify products as OTC medications worth avoiding.
Technique
A pharmacist can use both open-ended questions (that start with the word who, what, how, why or where) as well as close-ended questions (that start with the word will, can, do or did) which are to be used only if the former do not get the appropriate response in order to obtain relevant information about a patient's potential needs for treatment or potential drug-therapy problems.
Pharmacists ask patients about comorbidities to avoid any drug-disease state contraindications.
| 2.84375
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14331485
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-counter%20counseling
|
Over-the-counter counseling
|
Dietary supplements
Whether or not pharmacists should be involved with selling dietary supplements, which are not approved for the treatment or prevention of any disease or disorder, is the subject of much ethical debate. However, a 2009 review of the literature found that the common perception was that pharmacists should be involved in the OTC counseling process for dietary supplements where dietary supplements are sold. As experts in drug therapies that cause vitamin depletion, there are several recommendations that pharmacists commonly make. For example, pharmacists sometimes advise patients on long-term metformin therapy to supplement with vitamin B12 to treat or prevent diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Cancer
While there are currently no OTC medications available for the treatment of cancer in the United States, there are specific OTC recommendations that apply to cancer patients that do not apply to the general population. Even a common OTC medication like acetaminophen may pose a risk to cancer patients by masking the presence of fever, which is an important sign of a serious side effect of some chemotherapy regimens called febrile neutropenia.
Upper respiratory tract infections
During OTC counseling, pharmacists differentiate between self-care appropriate upper respiratory tract infections, like the common cold, and potentially devastating infections like the flu.
| 2.28125
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14331485
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-counter%20counseling
|
Over-the-counter counseling
|
Urinary incontinence
Pharmacists can offer non-pharmacological, behavioral counseling for patients with urinary incontinence. This includes teaching patients about the important behavioral interventions that can reduce their symptoms and improve quality of life. This can include recommending daily Kegel exercises, and instructing patients on the proper technique. In addition, pharmacists can provide resources for patients to learn more about how to control their symptoms. In terms of medications, pharmacists can help patients identify medications that may be worsening or causing their urinary incontinence, or offer recommendations for prescription medications for patients to take to their physicians.
Comparison to prescription drug counseling
OTC counseling patients about self-care and non-prescription drugs does not follow the same format as counseling for prescription drugs. A pharmacist who counsels for a prescription drug can view a patient's profile, which includes their current list of concurrent medications and allergies to medications. However, an OTC counseling session may occur in the aisle of the store, forcing pharmacists to elicit the necessary information from patients directly.
| 2.25
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14331523
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Mahon
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Barry Mahon
|
Barry Mahon, born Jackson Barrett Mahon (February 5, 1921 – December 4, 1999) was an American film director, cinematographer and producer.
Early years
Mahon was born in Bakersfield, California and attended the Page Military Academy (now Page Private School) in Los Angeles and graduated from Laguna Blanca Boys School in Santa Barbara, California. He learned to fly while in high school.
World War II
In 1941 he joined the Royal Air Force, and by the winter was flying combat with No. 121 (Eagle) Squadron, composed of American volunteers. Pilot Officer Mahon damaged three German fighters and two Focke-Wulf Fw 190s in April and a Messerschmitt Bf 109 in May, before scoring his first confirmed victories of two Fw 190s, downed in the Saint-Omer area, on June 8, 1942. On July 31 he destroyed two more Fw 190s over the Berck-Sur-Mer area and became an ace while covering the commando raid on Dieppe, August 19, 1942, his 98th fighter pilot mission. At 08:30, flying his Spitfire Vb, nicknamed "Barry", Mahon shot down an Fw 190 and another Fw 190 before his plane was hit and he was forced to bail out of the burning aircraft. Landing in the sea, he was taken prisoner. Although Mahon filed a claim for shooting down two Germans that day, he was only given credit for one after the war. Thus, for a tally-record of five confirmed, two probables and three damaged Mahon received the British Distinguished Flying Cross in 1985.
Mahon was imprisoned at Stalag Luft III and managed to escape, but was captured on the Czechoslovakian border. He escaped later, only to be recaptured again, and was finally liberated by Patton's 3rd Army in 1945.
| 2.109375
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14331533
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cern%C4%83u%C8%9Bi%20County
|
Cernăuți County
|
Cernăuți County was a county (județ) of Romania, in Bukovina, with the capital city at Cernăuți. The area was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940 (after the Soviet occupation of Northern Bukovina) and again in 1944 (after the Soviet occupation of Romania), and has been part of Ukraine since 1991.
History
Following the Union of Bukovina with Romania decided by the General Congress of Bukovina on 15/28 November 1918, the Cernăuți County was created on 18 December 1918 by the Decree No. 3715 for the administration of Bukovina.
In 1925, according to the Law of Administrative Unification of 14 June 1925, the territory of the county was enlarged in the north with the former Zastavna and Cozmeni counties.
In 1938, the county was abolished and incorporated into the newly formed Ținutul Suceava, together with the counties of Hotin, Suceava, Storojineț, Dorohoi, Rădăuți and Câmpulung.
In 1940, following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and the Soviet ultimatum on 26 June 1940, Northern Bukovina (including the whole Cernăuți County) was occupied by the Soviet Union and incorporated into the USSR (Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukrainian SSR). Cernăuți County was re-established (as part of the Bukovina Governorate) after Northern Bukovina was recovered by Romania in July 1941, following the invasion of the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, in August 1944 the Northern Bukovina was taken over again by the Soviet Army, and the borders as of 1 January 1941 were confirmed by the 1947 Paris Peace Treaties.
Geography
Neighbours of the county were Stanisławów Voivodeship of Poland to the north and west, and counties of Storojineţ and Dorohoi to the south and Hotin to the east.
Administration
The county consisted of four plăși (districts):
Plasa Cosmin, headquartered at Cernăuți
Plasa Nistru, headquartered at Zastavna
Plasa Prut, headquartered at Sadagura
Plasa Șipeniț, headquartered at Cozmeni
Coat of arms
The coat of arms featured three trees, one of which was white, under two crossed swords.
Demographics
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14331624
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstreet%20Theater
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Mainstreet Theater
|
The Mainstreet Theater's name changed to the RKO Missouri Theater in April 1941. The RKO Missouri ran Cinerama three strip film.
The AMC era
AMC Theatres, then known as Durwood Theatres, bought the theater in the late 1950s and reopened it in December 1960 as the Empire. The first film shown at the theater under the new name was Exodus. The new Empire's seating configuration was reduced to 1260 to accommodate modern amenities and technology.
Durwood replaced the Empire's three strip Cinerama with the seamless 70 mm film version. The 70 by Walker Hi Gain motion picture screen was designed to collapse, fold, and store on stage within two and a half hours to allow for quick conversion for live stage events. The stage curtain measured more than and claimed to be the world's largest. In keeping with Kansas City's reputation as the "City of Fountains", the Empire included decorative fountains in the box office area and at the main staircase. The prominent signage suspended from scaffolding attached to the building's roof during the "Mainstreet" and "RKO Missouri" eras was removed when Durwood converted the theater to the Empire. The Empire kept an organist until 1961 when there was a dispute with the musicians' union.
In 1967, the theater was split in two when a second theater was constructed in the former balcony of the original theater. In 1980 AMC converted the Empire into four theaters and it was known as Empire 4 Theaters. Two of the additional theaters were in the upper level where the original balcony once existed. The Empire stopped screening films and closed in 1985.
In 1972, as a protest against what it called "cultural prejudices", the Italian American Unification Council in Kansas City spent $2,500 to purchase all the seats of the premier showing of Francis Ford Coppola’s film The Godfather at the Empire. While the film played to an empty house, the Council sponsored a benefit dance down the street.
An uncertain future
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14331624
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstreet%20Theater
|
Mainstreet Theater
|
Prominent downtown landowner Larry Bridges purchased the Empire Theater in 1986 from Stan Durwood, then CEO of AMC Theatres. Between 1985 and 2005, the Empire was often at risk for demolition. Numerous efforts took place to prevent each demolition attempt. In 1986, actor and comedian George Burns joined the effort and wrote a letter to have the theater declared a historic landmark. Since the theater was not listed as a local landmark or listed on the National Register of Historic Places, there was not much legal protection to prevent the deteriorating structure's demolition.
Owner Larry Bridges expressed desire to raze the Empire several times and even obtained a pre-demolition inspection permit from the city in August 2003. Bridges planned to team with DST Realty to build a new headquarters for Kansas City Power & Light on the site. The City of Kansas City blocked the plan, which had called for saving the facade but demolishing the core structure of the Empire.
In 2004, the Kansas City Chapter of the American Institute of Architects compiled a list of 25 buildings in the central business district believed to be significant downtown landmarks "worthy of attention and reuse". The Empire Theater was listed as the most endangered building at the time: The building had fallen into such disrepair that bricks fell from the building and trees sprouted from the roof.
| 2.125
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14331644
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Beult
|
River Beult
|
The River Beult ( ) is a tributary of the River Medway in South East England.
Course
The Beult has several sources west of Ashford, including one at Woodchurch. It then flows through Headcorn. At Hunton, above Yalding, it is joined by the major stream of the River Teise. Town bridge lies from Allington, it is the longest mediaeval bridge in Kent. The river enters the Medway at Yalding. The River Beult is crossed by the railway between Headcorn and Staplehurst. The bridge was the scene of the Staplehurst rail crash in 1865 in which Charles Dickens was involved.
The Beult was subject to a Land Drainage Improvement Scheme in the 1930s. This led to the river being widened, deepened and straightened from Smarden to Yalding. Despite this action the river is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest. It is one of the few clay rivers in England and Wales to retain much of its characteristic flora. It hasn't been heavily embanked like most clay rivers found in the midlands, although the majority of trees were removed. The lack of shade coupled with retained areas of grazing means there are many wildlife-rich margins to the river, with nearly 100 different species of aquatic and marginal plants recorded.
The river is subject to significant agricultural run off and flows from wastewater treatment works. Hence despite recent improvements, it still suffers water quality problems. At one time, the river had been noteworthy for its cleanliness, with waters being "crystal clear" as one account put it. However, due to the aforementioned industries, the water quality had taken a heavy toll on the previous pristine description.
Upstream of Smarden, the river retains its natural meandering morphology, although it is still subject to water level management (raising water levels in the summer, and dropping them in the winter). The vegetation communities are not so interesting here as the river is smaller, heavily tree lined and a greater proportion of riverside land is in arable cultivation.
| 2.59375
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14331659
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed%20radiofrequency
|
Pulsed radiofrequency
|
While thermal radiofrequency ablation for tumors and cardiac arrhythmia has been used for over 25 years, non-thermal pulsed radio frequency is currently being developed for the ablation of cardiac arrhythmias and tumors. The technique uses pulsed radio frequency energy delivered via catheter at frequencies of 300–750 kHz for 30 to 60 seconds. Thermal pulsed radio frequency takes advantage of high current delivered focally by an electrode to ablate the tissue of interest. Generally the tissue/electrode temperature reached is 60–75 °C resulting in focal tissue destruction. Thermal pulse radio frequency ablation has also been used for lesioning of peripheral nerves to reduce chronic pain.
Non thermal therapeutic uses of pulsed radio frequency are currently being used to treat pain and edema, chronic wounds, and bone repair. Pulsed radiofrequency therapy technologies are described by the acronyms EMF (electromagnetic field), PEMF (pulsed electromagnetic fields), PRF (pulsed radiofrequency fields), and PRFE (pulsed radiofrequency energy).
These technologies have been varied in terms of their electric and magnetic field energies as well as in the pulse length, duty cycle, treatment time and mode of delivery. Although pulsed radiofrequency has been used for medical treatment purposes for decades, peer reviewed publications assessing the efficacy and physiological mechanism(s) are now starting to appear addressing this technology.
Potential effects of non-thermal PEMFs are seen on some human cell types with different sensitivities, while the evidence suggests that frequencies higher than 100 Hz, magnetic flux densities between 1 and 10 mT, and chronic exposure more than 10 days would be more effective in establishing some cellular response.
| 2.171875
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14331724
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%20surfer
|
Soul surfer
|
A soul surfer (term invented during the 1960s) is a surfer who surfs for the sheer pleasure of surfing. Although they may still enter competitions, winning is not the soul surfer's main motive, since they scorn the commercialization of surfing. The term denotes a spirituality of surfing. As Brad Melekian stated in a 2005 article in Surfer magazine:
to pursue surfing not just as an athletic endeavor or as a sunny day diversion, but to try to glean whatever lessons you can from the practice. It means being aware of your surroundings, and respectful of the people and places that you interact with. It means being patient, mindful, kind, compassionate, understanding, active, thoughtful, faithful, hopeful, gracious, disciplined and...good.
The term originates from a 1963 surf instrumental of the same name.
History
The first published mention of the term was in the 1963 surf guitar instrumental "Soul Surfer", by the Southern California surf guitarist Johnny Fortune. The song was intended to reference the then-current soul music genre. The term "soul surfing" gained popularity in the late '60s, with the phrase most used in the mid- and late-'70s. In 1969 theologian Tom Blake penned an article entitled "Voice of the Wave", which examined the religious elements of surfing. By the early 70s, curious surfers began to experiment with various Eastern philosophies, such as yoga and meditation.
| 2.5
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14331751
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosta%20Kumanudi
|
Kosta Kumanudi
|
Still, the Arts Commission, formed by the city, decided in September 1927 to relocate the monument and place it "on the ridge of the Belgrade Town, at the mouth of the Sava and the Danube". As Kumanudi had other duties in the state government, this decision was confirmed by his deputy Kosta Jovanović, and Kumanudi was neither aware or notified about it. Marking 10 years from the Salonica front, the monument was dedicated on 7 October 1928. In time, the "Pobednik" became a symbol of the city.
World War II
Germany attacked Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941, occupied it and partitioned it. A collaborationist government, headed by Milan Aćimović, was installed in occupied Serbia. Though retired for several years, Kumanudi signed the Appeal to the Serbian Nation. The Appeal, published on 13 August 1941, though appeared to be gathering the population against the Bolshevism and Communism, actually was calling not to oppose the German occupation and to collaborate with the quisling governments of Aćimović and his successor Milan Nedić (Government of National Salvation).
Kumanudi, however, restrained from any further participation. During the war he took no part in political or public life in Serbia, nor he participated in the formation of Nedić's government or in the government itself. He was detained three times by the Gestapo and spent some time in the Banjica concentration camp in Belgrade. However, he was often asked for an advice by the administration.
Post-war
After the war, he was apprehended by the new Communist authorities. He was tried as part of the Belgrade Process and declared a "member of the pro-Fascist Yugoslav Radical Union, an extreme fascist and signer of the Nedić's Appeal". Because of his "open Fascism and betrayal of his people and country" he was sentenced to 18 months in jail. However, he was never a member of the Yugoslav Radical Union, nor the historiography confirms that he was an "extreme fascist". His entire estate was confiscated in 1946.
| 2.359375
| 0
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14331751
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosta%20Kumanudi
|
Kosta Kumanudi
|
Kumanudi was imprisoned in the Sremska Mitrovica Prison, from 2 March 1946 to 3 November 1947. A year later, he was arrested again and accused of "joining the foundation of an illegal board in August 1948 in Belgrade, with the goal of rounding up of the elements hostile to the state and social organization". Military court sentenced him on 3 February 1951 to 10 years of hard labor with compulsory work and stripped him of his citizen rights for the next 2 years, except from the parental rights. He was sent back to Sremska Mitrovica on 24 June 1950, but due to the age and bad health, the sentence was reduced by 3 years in November 1953 and he was released on 6 November 1956.
Kumanudi was tortured in prison, but with "the smartness of an old politician", he managed to survive the imprisonment, despite his old age. He was even taken by the UDBA, the secret police, to their special section which dealt with the comments of the daily press, communiques, estimate of the political situation in the world, etc. His reports were noted for their "archaic style", especially his translations from the French language. His supervisors noted his "diligence", but historians define it as a "mimicry for survival".
He died on 27 November 1962 in Belgrade.
Personal life
Kumanudi was known for having a "tactile and extremely nice" approach. He was described as having a "personality of aristocratic habitus". Kumanudi was a Freemason.
He married Milica, née Jovanović. They had three children, two sons and a daughter. Their older son, Stanislav Kumanudi, nicknamed Saško, was born in 1903, and worked as a lawyer. Their younger son, Ivan Kumanudi, was a clerk in the finance ministry, but was better known as an athlete. He was a footballer in the SK Jugoslavija football club.
| 1.992188
| 0
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14331782
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facility%20Registry%20System
|
Facility Registry System
|
The Facility Registry System (FRS) is a centrally managed Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) database that identifies facilities, sites or places of environmental interest in the United States.
Overview
FRS creates facility identification records through verification and management procedures that incorporate information from EPA's program-specific national data systems, state master facility records, data collected from the agency's Central Data Exchange registrations and data management personnel. The FRS provides Internet access to a single integrated source of comprehensive environmental regulatory and compliance information about facilities, sites or places. This includes the national air and water pollution programs, solid and hazardous waste handling, and enforcement activities.
The FRS responds to the increasing demand for access to information and the public need for one source of comprehensive environmental information about a given place. Under the major U.S. environmental statutes—the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, etc.--there was no mandate for the individual EPA programs to pool their data to create complete pictures of a facility's environmental footprint. FRS accomplishes this by matching the various program system records according to address matches into a single master record.
In 1995, the Risk Management Plans were compiled with the Toxics Release Inventory Data to create the first version of the Facility Registry System. Since that time, 45 states and 25 programs have been integrated into the FRS.
A new Organizational Query is offered that brings together all facilities under that Organization in one simple query result.
FRS data files can also be accessed at the data.gov website.
| 2.453125
| 0
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14331782
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facility%20Registry%20System
|
Facility Registry System
|
Criticisms of the FRS
The role the FRS plays in EPA is to provide an accurate, authoritative facility record. The European model of environmental regulation is for facilities to be assigned a number when the plant created, and all permits are linked to that number. The U.S. environmental regulatory system is based on multiple environmental laws, with somewhat varying scope and definitions. The separate regulatory system established under each law contributes its separate set of permit information to a central data system, which has to match the facility records based on the business rules outlined above. Further complicating the issue, many programs use self-reported information, which encourages gaming the system to reduce the apparent environmental impact of a production facility. One other structural problem is that many environmental programs are delegated to the states, which further complicates facility interaction at the federal level. These structural problems prevent EPA from having as complete a picture of American pollution as its European counterparts.
Another criticism of the FRS is the limited accuracy of the latitude and longitude data. While FRS has taken many new actions to improve locational values, with 2.1 million facilities which now have a latitude and longitude, it is hard to place them accurately on web maps which are not totally compatible either, such as MS-Bing and Google's Google Earth.
| 2.0625
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14331789
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Market%20System
|
National Market System
|
The National Market System (NMS) is a regulatory mechanism that governs the operations of securities trading in the United States. Its primary focus is ensuring transparency and full disclosure regarding stock price quotations and trade executions. It was initiated in 1975, when, in the Securities Acts Amendments of 1975, Congress directed the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to use its authority to facilitate the establishment of a national market system. The system has been updated periodically, for example with the Regulation NMS in 2005 which took into account technological innovations and other market changes.
History
In 1972, before the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) began its pursuit of a national market system, the market for securities was quite fragmented. The same stock sometimes traded at different prices at different trading venues, and the NYSE ticker tape did not report transactions of NYSE-listed stocks that took place on regional exchanges or on other over-the-counter securities markets. This fragmentation made it difficult for traders to comparison shop.
In 1975, in the Securities Acts Amendments of 1975, Congress directed the SEC to facilitate the establishment of a national market system for securities. The SEC was also directed to work with self-regulatory organizations in planning, developing, operating, or regulating a national market system. The responsibility of the National Market System is to ensure fair market competition, efficient order execution, transparency in price quotations, best-price execution, and direct matching of buy and sell orders.
In 2005, the rules promoting the National Market System were updated and consolidated into Regulation NMS.
| 2.375
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14331811
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20Transportation%20Specialist
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Air Transportation Specialist
|
Air transportation specialists are members of the United States Air Force and responsible for inspecting, documenting, packaging, loading and unloading cargo on aircraft.
Job description
The duties of an Air transportation specialist include:
inspecting cargo and mail offered for airlift to verify eligibility and proper documentation, packaging, and marking,
determining quantity and type of cargo to be loaded according to allowable aircraft cabin load,
selecting and palletizing loads,
coordinating with air transportation clearance authority on diversion of cargo,
loading and unloading aircraft using materials handling and loading equipment,
checking cargo against manifests,
annotating overage, shortage, or damage,
preparing and maintaining forms for passenger travel,
preparing weight and balance records,
requisitioning, storing, and issuing expendable and nonexpendable items for use on aircraft,
reviewing travel authorizations for validity and accuracy and checking in passengers and baggage.
| 2.046875
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14331824
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot
|
Elliot
|
Elliot (also spelled Eliot, Elliotte, Elliott, Eliott and Elyot) is a personal name which can serve as either a surname or a given name. Although the given name has historically been given to males, females have increasingly been given the name as well in the United States.
The main difference is the surname, which has two roots: The Borderlands of Scotland, where the Clan Eliott was located, and Brittany, from where Bretons emigrated to southern England, initially during the invasion of England by William the Conqueror in 1066.
Surname origin
Scotland
The origin of the Scottish surname is obscure, due to much of the genealogy of the Eliott clan being burnt in the destruction of the castle at Stobs in 1712. The clan society usually accepts that the name originated from the town and river Elliot in Angus, Scotland. More likely sources claim that the Scottish surnames (Eliott, Elliot) originate from the Ellot Scottish border-clan, from a transformation of the name Elwold. It is known that Ellot of Redheugh was living in the early 1400s. In 1426 John Elwalde of Teviotdale is recorded. In 1476 Robert Ellot of Redheugh appears as the tenth chief of the clan. Whatever their true origin, the Scottish Elliotts became notorious border reivers – cattle thieves – in the Scottish-English border area and a thorn in the side of both governments.
| 2.65625
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14331851
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundedly%20generated%20group
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Boundedly generated group
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In mathematics, a group is called boundedly generated if it can be expressed as a finite product of cyclic subgroups. The property of bounded generation is also closely related with the congruence subgroup problem (see ).
Definitions
A group G is called boundedly generated if there exists a finite subset S of G and a positive integer m such that every element g of G can be represented as a product of at most m powers of the elements of S:
where and are integers.
The finite set S generates G, so a boundedly generated group is finitely generated.
An equivalent definition can be given in terms of cyclic subgroups. A group G is called boundedly generated if there is a finite family C1, …, CM of not necessarily distinct cyclic subgroups such that G = C1…CM as a set.
Properties
Bounded generation is unaffected by passing to a subgroup of finite index: if H is a finite index subgroup of G then G is boundedly generated if and only if H is boundedly generated.
Bounded generation goes to extension: if a group G has a normal subgroup N such that both N and G/N are boundedly generated, then so is G itself.
Any quotient group of a boundedly generated group is also boundedly generated.
A finitely generated torsion group must be finite if it is boundedly generated; equivalently, an infinite finitely generated torsion group is not boundedly generated.
A pseudocharacter on a discrete group G is defined to be a real-valued function f on a G such that
f(gh) − f(g) − f(h) is uniformly bounded and f(gn) = n·f(g).
The vector space of pseudocharacters of a boundedly generated group G is finite-dimensional.
| 2.515625
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14331921
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Eyre
|
Ivan Eyre
|
Ivan Kenneth Eyre (15 April 1935 – 5 November 2022) was a Canadian artist best known for his prairie landscapes and compositionally abstract, figurative paintings. In addition, Eyre was a Professor Emeritus of painting and drawing at the University of Manitoba where he taught for 33 years, from 1959 until his retirement in 1992. He has been described as a "visual philosopher" and "a true outsider and visionary".
Ivan Eyre's paintings and drawings have been exhibited internationally and are featured in numerous galleries across Canada. His sculptures are prominently displayed at Assiniboine Park and the McMichael sculpture garden in Kleinburg, Ontario.
Biography
Ivan Eyre was born to Thomas and Katie Eyre in Tullymet, Saskatchewan, in 1935. Eyre began school at the age of five, during which time his family relocated twice: first to Southey in 1940, then again to Ituna in 1941. Shortly thereafter, Katie and her three children left their rural environment and moved to urban Saskatoon while Thomas Eyre worked abroad as an Air Force electrician.
Eyre developed an artistic interest at an early age. At the age of 15, while still a high school student, he began taking after-school art lessons at the Saskatoon Technical Collegiate where he studied under Ernest Lindner for the duration of 1950–1953. According to Eyre: "Knowing that there was somebody seriously committed to art, somebody who had made it his life's work, was encouraging. [Lindner's] influence in this regard was important."
Eyre went on to attend evening classes at the University of Saskatchewan which were taught by Eli Bornstein in his final year of high school.
| 2.1875
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14331921
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Eyre
|
Ivan Eyre
|
In 1953, Eyre moved to Winnipeg where he attended the University of Manitoba School of Art, graduating in 1957 with a BA in fine arts. In his autobiography, Eyre reminisces about the tutelage of his professors and class trips to the Chicago Art Institute. He was a pupil of artists Wynona Mulcaster and George Swinton. During his schooling as an undergraduate, Eyre exhibited several works at the Winnipeg Art Gallery, winning the attention and support of then gallery director, Ferdinand Eckhardt. Eyre received the Winnipeg Art Gallery Scholarship for his achievements in 1956. Around the time of his graduation, he married Brenda Yvonne Fenske, a peer student at the university.
Eyre continued on to the University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, in 1958–59 as a master's candidate where he both studied and taught as a graduate assistant. He completed several sculptural projects, among them his "first wooden head" which is currently stored in a private collection in Ottawa. The American art scene was in full swing and Eyre's paintings became open to influences from such artists like Willem de Kooning, Arshile Gorky, Joan Miró, and Max Beckmann.
Professorship
Due to financial difficulties, Eyre and his wife returned to Winnipeg in 1959 where he was hired on a part-time basis by the University of Manitoba's School of Art. For one year, Eyre taught painting and drawing to students in Brandon and Neepawa as part of the university's extension course program. In 1960, Eyre became a full-time instructor, a position he would hold until his retirement in 1992.
Eyre began developing his individualistic style during this period. Eyre remembers that around 1960–1962, "I began to reevaluate my work and decided to begin afresh....I worked at ridding myself of all influences."
| 2.0625
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14331921
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Eyre
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Ivan Eyre
|
In 1966, the Canada Council provided Eyre with a Canada Council Senior Arts Grant which allowed him and his family to spend a year and four months in Europe. Upon his return, Eyre wrote a report for the Canada Council of his experiences, criticizing "what was, for the most part, being hailed in the major centres as 'breakthroughs' in paintings."
At Eckhardt's recommendation, Eyre's work was selected for an exhibition at the Frankfurter Kunstkabinett in 1973 and entered the German art world with great success.
Work
Working primarily in oil and acrylic mediums, Eyre's figurative paintings and still lifes tend to be spatially complex, his landscapes large and panoramic. Canadian art historian Joan Murray commented on the expressiveness of Eyre's work, noting that Eyre's corpus reflects the artist's imagination, memories, and perceptions of the world. Eyre's subjects and approaches are versatile and prone to mutability. Murray also claimed that Eyre's art "has, to a degree unusual in Canadian art: a pervading sense of stillness and calm." James D. Campbell remarked on Eyre's "existential sensibility" by pointing to the dark and violent undercurrents in Eyre's thematic reinterpretations of the world. About the paintings emanating an unsettling quality, Eyre said: "...underneath the surface ...there is still that mood underground...I'm trying to make a better painting, and by that I mean a painting that will satisfy as many levels of experience as possible".
Eyre rejects the notion of "schools" or "movements", whether coined as such by art historians or artists. Prioritizing the concept of artist-as-individual-creator above all else, Eyre has criticized movements such as the avant garde for restricting the creative capabilities of artists who fall under their umbrella and binding their adherents to a specific style or direction.
| 2.21875
| 0
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14331958
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan%20A%C4%87imovi%C4%87
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Milan Aćimović
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In April 1941, Reinhard Heydrich came to Belgrade and gave instructions to find loyal collaborators among Serbs and to rely on high police officers Milan Aćimović and Dragi Jovanović, with whom Heydrich already worked with. Besides Aćimović and Jovanović, German politics was supported by Dimitrije Ljotić, leader of the organisation Zbor. The Germans preferred Aćimović over Ljotić, as he was a security expert and was not ideologically burdened like Ljotić. The Commissioner Government was formed by the end of April by the decision of Harald Turner and Helmuth Förster with Aćimović as President of Government and Commissioner of Interior. The government did not even have the status of Quisling government, but rather of an auxiliary organisation to the German military administration of the Military Commander in Serbia. Aćimović tried to maintain the existing state apparatus, but he had to replace officials who were not Serbs or who had left the country, as well as firing those suspected of being anti-German. On 13 July 1941, he ordered a decree to arrest family members of communists on the run, specifically wives and sons over 16, or if they did not have children, fathers and brothers younger than 60 only if they live together. Aćimović stayed in this position until August of 1941, when the government was taken over by Milan Nedić. The Germans who were unhappy with unrest in Serbia realised that the Commissioner Government was unpopular with the people and without any authority. The government was also divided between supporters of Ljotić and former allies of Milan Stojadinović, led by Aćimović himself. The Commissioner Government collapsed after Ljotić withdrew two of his ministers from the government. However, Aćimović entered Nedić's government as minister of interior.
| 2.484375
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14331958
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan%20A%C4%87imovi%C4%87
|
Milan Aćimović
|
As both head of Commissioner Government and as Minister of Interior in Nedić's government, Aćimović maintained relations with Draža Mihailović's movement. Even though he knew about the Belgrade branch of Mihailović's movement, he did not take any actions against them. In December of 1941 he warned Mihailović about the upcoming operation against him. The Germans found out about this contact, which put Nedić in a difficult position. Nedić succeeded in convincing the Germans that he knew nothing and banned Aćimović from meddling in the Mihailović issue. Aćimović was replaced by Tanasije Dinić as Interior Minister on 10 November 1942 because of his connections to the Chetniks, whom the Germans did not yet consider necessary or reliable allies in the fight against the Yugoslav Partisans.
After the expulsion of Germans from Serbia in October 1944, Aćimović became a connection between the German envoy for the Balkans Hermann Neubacher and Mihailović. For that purpose he came to Mihailović's headquarters while he was in Bosnia. He died in the Battle of Zelengora while he was retreating from the partisans with the Chetniks.
| 1.96875
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14332147
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20A.%20Weaver
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Henry A. Weaver
|
Henry Augustus Weaver (April 1, 1820 – September 26, 1890) was the Mayor of Pittsburgh from 1857 to 1860. He was a member of the Republican Party, and was the first Republican mayor of Pittsburgh.
Formative years
Born in Freeport, Pennsylvania on April 1, 1820, Henry A. Weaver was one of the ten children of Benjamin Weaver. Educated in their community's public schools, Henry and his siblings relocated with their parents to Pittsburgh sometime around 1830, where his father launched a new business venture, the opening of the Mansion House at Fifth Avenue and Wood Street (later the site of the First National Bank). His father, who was politically active throughout Henry Weaver's youth, was a member of the Whig Party who was elected as sheriff of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania in 1840.
At the age of eighteen, Henry and his brother began their own careers by opening a canal and river supply business on Tenth Street. In 1842, Henry wed Elizabeth A. Arthurs (1820-1891), who was a daughter of fellow Pittsburgh resident Colonel William Arthurs.
Business and political career
From 1852 to 1857, Weaver functioned as the sole proprietor of the canal supply store he had formed with his brother.
In 1856, he served as a delegate to the first Republican National Convention, during which John C. Frémont was chosen as the party's candidate for the upcoming election for the office of president of the United States. He also served as secretary of the Republican committee that same year. In 1857, he was elected as mayor of Pittsburgh, a post he held for three consecutive terms.
In 1860, President Abraham Lincoln appointed him as an assessor of internal revenue for Western Pennsylvania, a post he held until 1869.
Following the end of his public service career, Weaver pursued a career in the banking industry, becoming president of the Monongahela Savings Bank and a member of the board of directors of the Odd Fellows Savings Bank. He was also appointed to the board of directors of the Monongahela Incline Plane Company.
| 2.046875
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14332155
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Shattuck
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Roger Shattuck
|
Roger Whitney Shattuck (August 20, 1923 in Manhattan, New York – December 8, 2005 in Lincoln, Vermont) was an American writer best known for his books on French literature, art, and music of the twentieth century.
Background and education
Born in New York City to parents Howard Francis Shattuck, a physician, and Elizabeth (Colt) Shattuck, he studied at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire before entering Yale College.
Military service in Second World War
He left Yale to join the Army Air Corps, serving as a cargo pilot in the Pacific theater during the Second World War. He spoke little about his experience in the war, but tried writing about it his entire life. He tried capturing the moment he flew over Nagasaki with his copilot, seeing the aftermath and rubble on the ground. After the war, he returned to school, graduating from Yale in 1947. Shattuck then moved to Paris where he worked for UNESCO's film service. In this capacity he came into contact with luminaries of European culture such as Jean Cocteau, Alice B. Toklas and Georges Braque, and met his future wife Nora White, a dancer with the Ballets Russes.
Academic career
Returned to New York, Shattuck worked in publishing, and later taught at Harvard University, the University of Texas at Austin, the University of Virginia, and Boston University, despite his lack of a graduate degree. He retired as a professor emeritus from Boston University in 1997.
Organizations
Shattuck was among the founding members of the Association of Literary Scholars and Critics. He later served as president of the organization.
Works
Shattuck's essays frequently appeared in The New York Review of Books and other publications. He was the author of several highly regarded works of literary criticism—Proust's Way, The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France - 1885 to World War I, Forbidden Knowledge: From Prometheus to Pornography—and served as editor of the restored edition of Helen Keller's memoir The Story of My Life.
| 2.125
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14332155
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Shattuck
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Roger Shattuck
|
In 1975, Shattuck received the National Book Award in category Arts and Letters for Marcel Proust (a split award).
Academic philosophy
Routinely described as "one of America's leading literary scholars," Shattuck was considered something of a traditionalist. He became well known for his 1994 speech "Nineteen Theses on Literature," delivered to the Association of Literary Scholars and Critics. In it he argued (as point XIV), "Everything has been said. But nobody listens. Therefore it has to be said all over again—only better. In order to say it better, we have to know how it was said before."
Jacques Derrida's 'Declarations of Independence', an early turn to address questions in legal and political philosophy, was written at Shattuck's suggestion on the bicentenary. It was first given as a lecture at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville in 1976 (Derrida, Negotiations, 46).
Upon Shattuck's death, the Yale critic Harold Bloom said of his colleague, "He was an old-fashioned, in a good sense, man of letters. He incarnated his love for literature."
Bibliography
The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France, 1885 to World War I (1958)
Proust's Binoculars (1963)
Half Tame (1964)
Proust (Fontana Modern Masters, 1974)
Marcel Proust (1975) [won National Book Award Arts & Letters prize in 1975]
The Forbidden Experiment: The Story of the Wild Boy of Aveyron (1980)
The Innocent Eye: On Modern Literature & the Arts (1984)
Forbidden Knowledge: From Prometheus to Pornography (1994)
Candor and Perversion: Literature, Education, and the Arts (1998)
Proust's Way: A Field Guide to 'In Search of Lost Time' (2000)
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14332179
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20E.%20Wilson
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Ian E. Wilson
|
Ian E. Wilson (born April 1943) is a former chief Librarian and Archivist of Canada. Appointed in 2004, he had previously (as of July 1999) been National Archivist of Canada. With Roch Carrier, the then National Librarian, he developed and led the process to link the National Archive and National Library as a unified institution. His distinguished career has included archival and information management, university teaching and government service. In addition, he has published extensively on history, archives, heritage, and information management and has lectured both nationally and abroad. Wilson retired as head of LAC in April 2009.
Life and work
Born in Montreal, Quebec, he attended the Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean and obtained a master's degree from Queen's University in 1974. He began his career at Queen's University Archives (1967), later becoming Saskatchewan's Provincial Archivist (1976–86) and Chairman of the Saskatchewan Heritage Advisory Board. He was appointed Archivist of Ontario in 1986, a position he held until 1999. For several years he was also responsible for the Ontario Public Library system.
Wilson chaired the Consultative Group on Canadian Archives on behalf of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. The Group's report, Canadian Archives - generally known as the "Wilson Report" - was published in 1980 and has been described as "a milestone in the history of archival development in Canada."
As a librarian and archivist, he serves on the Service Transformation Advisory Committee of the Treasury Board of Canada and was appointed their Information Management co-Champion for the Government of Canada in 2002. He is also a member of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada. He has taught as an adjunct professor in the Faculties of Information Studies and Graduate Studies of the University of Toronto.
He was responsible for repatriating the Winkworth Collection to Canada in 2008.
| 2.09375
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14332209
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi%20folklore
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Punjabi folklore
|
Punjabi folklore (more particularly its folksongs) are a core part of the Punjabi culture. Other important components of Punjabi folklore are farces, anecdotes, idioms, folktales, and sayings.
Research
Origin
Richard Carnac Temple argued in his 1884 work, The Legends of the Punjab, that the plot structure of Punjabi folktales and bardic poetry was indistinguishable from one another, albeit with the bardic poems being more textually conservative (as they had been governed by metre and rhyme due to being in verse form). This led him to believe that the folktales originated from the bardic literature, existing as degraded derivatives.
Themes
Punjabi folktales commonly incorporate stories involving animals which teach a moral lesson. This is a theme which originated in ancient India, with a surviving example being the Panchatantra of the third century BCE. Other prevalent themes found within Punjabi folklore is a suspcision of those in positions of power, and folly & pretense used for derision.
History of study
Academic folkloristic research into and the collecting of the large corpus of Punjabi folktales began during the colonial-era by Britishers, such as Flora Annie Steel's three papers on her studies of local Punjabi folktales (1880), with a translation of three fables into English, Richard Carnac Temple's The Legends of the Punjab (1884), Flora Annie Steel's Tales of the Punjab (1894), and Charles Frederick Usborne's Panjabi Lyrics and Proverbs (1905). Native Punjabis have also contributed to this field, with some names being Devendra Satyarthi, Mohinder Singh Randhawa, Amrita Pritam, Sohinder Singh Wanjara Bedi, Giani Gurdit Singh, and Sukhdev Madpuri, whom have contributed published collections, encyclopedias, anthologies, and renditions in this field of study.
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14332258
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/108th%20Cavalry%20Regiment
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108th Cavalry Regiment
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The 108th Cavalry Regiment is a cavalry regiment of the Georgia and Louisiana Army National Guards of the United States Army.
Lineage
The 108th Cavalry Regiment was constituted in the National Guard on 1 June 1921, allotted to the states of Georgia and Louisiana, and assigned to the 22nd Cavalry Division. It was organized from new and existing units. The 1st Squadron was organized on 6 March 1922 at Atlanta, Georgia, the 2nd Squadron was organized on 21 June 1922 at Jennings, Louisiana. The regimental headquarters was organized on 10 November 1923 and federally recognized at New Orleans, Louisiana. The regiment was relieved from the 22nd Cavalry Division on 19 February 1927 and assigned to the 23rd Cavalry Division. The regiment was reorganized on 15 March 1929 as a three-squadron regiment, with a new 3rd Squadron organized at New Orleans. The Headquarters was withdrawn from the state of Louisiana on 29 June 1936, allotted to the state of Georgia, and organized at Hinesville, Georgia. The regiment, less the Georgia elements, was called up to perform relief and guard duties associated with the flooding of the Mississippi River from 26 April to 19 June 1927. It conducted summer training most years at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, from 1921 to 1939, and at Camp McClellan, Alabama, in 1924, 1926–28, and 1933. The designated mobilization training station was Fort Oglethorpe. The 108th Cavalry Regiment was relieved from the 23rd Cavalry Division on 1 October 1940 and disbanded. Regimental elements used to form the 101st and 105th Separate Battalions, Coast Artillery (Antiaircraft).
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14332366
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-computer%20tactics
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Anti-computer tactics
|
Anti-computer tactics are methods used by humans to try to beat computer opponents at various games, most typically board games such as chess and Arimaa. They are most associated with competitions against computer AIs that are playing to their utmost to win, rather than AIs merely programmed to be an interesting challenge that can be given intentional weaknesses and quirks by the programmer (as in many video game AIs). Such tactics are most associated with the era when AIs searched a game tree with an evaluation function looking for promising moves, often with Alpha–beta pruning or other minimax algorithms used to narrow the search. Against such algorithms, a common tactic is to play conservatively aiming for a long-term advantage. The theory is that this advantage will manifest slowly enough that the computer is unable to notice in its search, and the computer won't play around the threat correctly. This may result in, for example, a subtle advantage that eventually turns into a winning chess endgame with a passed pawn. (Conversely, attempting to lure an AI into a short-term "trap", inviting the play of a reasonable-seeming to humans but actually disastrous move, will essentially never work against a computer in games of perfect information.)
The field is most associated with the 1990s and early 2000s, when computers were very strong at games such as chess, yet beatable. Even then, the efficacy of such tactics was questionable, with several tactics such as making unusual or suboptimal moves to quickly get the computer out of its opening book proving ineffective in human-computer tournaments. The rise of machine learning has also dented the applicability of anti-computer tactics, as machine learning algorithms tend to play the long game equally as well if not better than human players.
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14332366
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-computer%20tactics
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Anti-computer tactics
|
Common aspects
One aspect of designing a classic AI for games of perfect information is the horizon effect. Computer AIs examine a game tree of possible moves and counter-moves, but unless a forced win is in the tree, it needs to stop exploring new possibilities eventually. When it does, an evaluation function is called on the board state, which often uses rough heuristics to determine which side the board favors. In chess, this might be things like material advantage (extra pieces), control of the center, king safety, and pawn structure. Exploiting the horizon effect can be done by human players by using a strategy whose fruits are apparent only beyond the plies examined by the AI. For example, if the AI is examining 10 plies ahead, and a strategy will "pay off" in 12-20 plies (6-10 turns), the AI won't play around the looming threat that it can't "see", similar to a person being unable to see "over the horizon" where a ship might be hid by the natural curvature of the earth. Similarly, to keep the horizon short, human players may want to keep as complicated a board state as possible. Simplifying the board by trading pieces lets the AI look "farther" into the future, as there are fewer options to consider, and thus is avoided when trying to exploit the horizon effect.
A tactic that works best on AIs that are very "deterministic" and known to play in one specific way in response to a threat is to force a situation where the human knows exactly how the AI will respond. If the human picks a situation that they believe the AI handles poorly, this can lead to reliably luring the AI into such situations. Even if the AI can handle that particular play style well, if the human is confident that the AI will always pick it, it simplifies preparation for the human player - they can just learn this one situation very closely, knowing that the AI will always accept an invitation to play into that kind of board.
Monte-Carlo tree search
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14332375
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Amilakhvari
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Alexander Amilakhvari
|
Prince Alexander Amilakhvari (, Alek'sandre Amilakhvari; , Aleksandr Dmitrievich Amilakhorov) (20 October 1750 – 1802) was a Georgian nobleman and author who was a supporter of enlightened absolutism and also openly opposed King Erekle II’s rule.
A member of the Amilakhvari, one of the leading noble families of Georgia, he was involved in, along with his father, a 1765 coup plot aimed at deposing Erekle II in favour of Prince Paata, a pretender to the Georgian throne. After the plot collapsed, he was arrested and mutilated (his nose was cut). In 1771, however, he escaped from prison and fled to the Russian Empire where he joined Prince Alexander, another Georgian pretender-in-exile. With the Russo-Georgian rapprochement, Amilakhvari was arrested in 1783 by the Russian Government at Erekle’s request and held in the Vyborg prison. The 1801 amnesty resulted in Amilakhvari being granted his freedom and he was allowed to return to Georgia. However, he died while making his way back to Astrakhan.
Amilakhvari’s political pamphlet – A Georgian History – published in St. Petersburg in 1779, related his own story and described Georgia’s political and social life during the latter half of the 18th century. At the same time, the author overtly attacked the Georgian autocracy and criticised Erekle II along with every aspect of his rule. Another of his works The Sage of the Orient (ბრძენი აღმოსავლეთისა) was influenced by some of the ideas coming out of the contemporaneous French Enlightenment and was essentially a project to reform the Kingdom of Georgia based around the decentralisation of royal authority.
| 2.21875
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14332377
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Greville%2C%205th%20Earl%20of%20Warwick
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Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick
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Francis Richard Charles Guy Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick (9 February 1853 – 15 January 1924), styled Lord Brooke until 1893, was a British Conservative politician.
Early life
Greville was the son of George Greville, 4th Earl of Warwick, and his wife, Lady Anne, daughter of Francis Wemyss-Charteris, 9th Earl of Wemyss, and was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford.
On 28 February 1874, he was appointed a supernumerary sub-lieutenant in the Warwickshire Yeomanry. Brooke was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Warwickshire on 3 March 1875 and promoted to captain in the Yeomanry on 26 August 1876.
Career
He entered Parliament for Somerset East in an 1879 by-election, a seat he held until 1885, and later represented Colchester from 1888 to 1892. The following year, Greville succeeded his father in the earldom and entered the House of Lords.
In August 1901, he was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Essex, serving as such until 1919. He was appointed deputy lieutenant of the county on 8 July 1919. In November 1901 he was appointed Honorary Colonel of the new Essex Imperial Yeomanry Regiment, and in late 1901 he was elected Mayor of Warwick for the following year.
He was a senior Freemason under the United Grand Lodge of England, and rose to the office of Deputy Grand Master under the Grand Mastership of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII. He was also a member of the Ancient Order of Druids (AOD); in August 1905 he was one of the British aristocrat members of the Order who participated in the first ceremony organized by the AOD at Stonehenge.
Personal life
Lord Warwick married Frances Evelyn Maynard (10 December 1861 – 26 July 1938), daughter of Charles Henry Maynard, in 1881. They had five children:
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14332426
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica%20of%20St.%20John%20%28Des%20Moines%2C%20Iowa%29
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Basilica of St. John (Des Moines, Iowa)
|
In August 1913 the basement of the present church was completed and the parish used it for its church until the upper church was completed. It was part of the designs for a new church by the Des Moines architectural firm of Proudfoot, Bird & Rawson. The rest of that church design was not built. The architects who designed the present church were from Maginnis & Walsh of Boston. They were also responsible for the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C. The parish priest at St. John's, the Rev. Martin S. McNamara, was also influential in the design especially in having it based on Maginnis & Walsh's design for St. Catherine's Church in Somerville, Massachusetts (c. 1915) as well as the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome (rebuilt 1823). McNamara had previously been responsible for the design and construction of All Saints Church in Stuart, Iowa, another Maginnis & Walsh project. The local architect chosen to supervise the project was John Normile. Charles W. Wietz' Sons was the contractor who built the church building.
The cornerstone for the present church was laid on September 19, 1926. The footprint of the present church extends several feet beyond that of the 1913 basement. Initially, the exterior of the church was designed to be brick because Maginnis & Walsh thought limestone was too expensive, but Father McNamara insisted he could raise the necessary funds and he did. The church was built for $480,000. The finished church was dedicated by Bishop Thomas W. Drumm on December 4, 1927. Two other Catholic bishops and over one hundred priests from the Des Moines diocese and elsewhere attended the dedication. The baldachin and high altar, designed by Maginnis & Walsh, were added in 1929. The building was also designed to have a 500-seat chapel built off to the east of the altar area, but it has never been built.
| 2.046875
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14332426
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica%20of%20St.%20John%20%28Des%20Moines%2C%20Iowa%29
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Basilica of St. John (Des Moines, Iowa)
|
The first of the church's stained glass windows was installed in 1947, and the rest were installed by 1953. The widows were delayed because of the financial constraints related to the Great Depression and World War II. Conrad Pickel Studio of Waukesha, Wisconsin designed the church's 10 nave windows and the 36 clerestory windows. The church suffered water damage in fires on February 18, 1961 and February 6, 1970, but they did not cause any serious damage. A new convent was built across the street to the west of the church.
A temporary free-standing altar was set up for the priest to face the people in 1964. The first vernacular Mass in Des Moines was celebrated at St. John's by Msgr. Edward Pfeffer, the chancellor of the diocese. The present altar used for liturgy was consecrated on June 5, 1983. That same year an addition designed by Higgins, Shirk & Colvig of Des Moines was added on the east side of the church and connects it to the rectory. It reflects the basilica's original design and provides a handicap entrance into the church. The Conrad Pickel Studio also designed the stained glass windows for the east addition.
The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1987. Pope John Paul II elevated St. John's Church to a Minor Basilica on October 4, 1989. Bishop William H. Bullock presided at the dedication liturgy on December 31, 1989.
| 2.0625
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14332426
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica%20of%20St.%20John%20%28Des%20Moines%2C%20Iowa%29
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Basilica of St. John (Des Moines, Iowa)
|
Architecture
St. John's was designed in the basilica form of the Romanesque Revival style found in Northern Italy known as Lombardy Romanesque. The church is built of Indiana limestone that was probably acquired from Tri-Cities' Stone Company of Davenport, Iowa. The stone veneer is applied to the exterior in a random ashlar pattern. The cut stone trim was provided by Rowat Cut Stone Company of Des Moines. The church measures and has a campanile on the west rear of the building that contains a bell that was cast in 1961. The bell was installed by the I.T. Verdin Company of Cincinnati. Over the main entrance is a sculptural frame that includes a figure of Christ and angels. It is supported by columns in the Corinthian order with acanthus designs. The building is covered by a red tile roof, and the tower is capped by a bronze cross.
The interior of the basilica is finished in plaster cast and travertine marble. The barrel vaulted coffered ceiling covered in gold leaf rises above the floor. The main nave is flanked by side aisles. Des Moines artist Dominic Damiani painted a mural of Christ the King surrounded by symbols of the Four Evangelists on the gilded upper section of the apse. The columns of the baldachin are Bescia marble and the high altar is Botticino marble. The clerestory windows depict the sacraments, cardinal virtues of the church, and offices and teachings of humankind. Below the windows are Scripture quotes relating to the institution of the sacraments and another set of quotes from the popular devotional prayer the Hail Mary. Below the quotes are a set of marble disks that symbolize the universality of the church. The church has a seating capacity of 900 people.
| 2.203125
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14332614
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Archdiocese%20of%20Ko%C5%A1ice
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Košice
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The Archdiocese of Košice (, ) is a Latin archdiocese of the Catholic Church in eastern Slovakia, with its seat in Košice. It covers the central and eastern parts of the Prešov and Košice regions, with an area of 10,403 km2. The diocese's area has a total population of 1,153,505 people, of which around 61% were of Catholic faith as of 2012. The Cathedral of St. Elizabeth serves as the seat of the diocese.
The current Archbishop, Bernard Bober was appointed on June 4, 2010, and canonically took power of the archdiocese on July 10, 2010. He had formerly served as auxiliary bishop under Alojz Tkáč. On June 11, 2016, priest Marek Forgáč was appointed as the new auxiliary bishop by Pope Francis.
History
It was first created in 1804 under name Diocese of Košice as a suffragan to the Archdiocese of Eger. In 1977, the metropolitan was changed to the newly established ecclesiastical province of Trnava. On 31 March 1995, a new ecclesiastical province was created, changing the status of the diocese into archdiocese with the suffragans of Spiš and Rožňava.
St Charles Borromeo Seminary, the diocese's main seminary, was founded in 1994.
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14332620
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandhkot
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Kandhkot
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Kandhkot (; ) is a city and tehsil in Kashmore District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is the 98th largest city of Pakistan with a population of 100,698 according to the 2017 census.
In the last quarter of 2022, Kandhkot along with other many cities in Sindh, was struck by major flooding. Many people died in the city due to heavy rainfall resulting in urban flooding.
The Sindh government, under the Public Private Partnership initiative, planned to construct a bridge on the River Indus to provide better connectivity between Khairpur, Nathanshah, and Kandiaro. The Chief Minister, Syed Murad Ali Shah, presided over the meeting where the decision was made. The construction of the Ghotki-Kandhkot bridge on the Indus River is expected to be completed by July 2023. Additionally, a link road to the M-9 motorway will also be constructed. Kandhkot Tehsil comprises the following union councils:
History
The current city of Kandhkot is about 200 years old. Kalhora Dynasty established the fort here within their ending days. After Kalhora's, this area remained under the territory of Talpur's known as Mir till 1841, Khangarh now Jacobabad, handed over to East India through Treaty. Kandhkot was a small village during that time with a population of about 100 souls.
As per Ardo Urtradi, the famous sindhi writer and historian, the name "Kandhkot" is often thought to mean "the city on the bank of a river." However, this interpretation is a fabrication. While it's true that many forts were constructed along the banks of the mighty Indus River, none of these forts bear the name "Kandhkot." Instead, the real story behind the city's name and its historical significance lies elsewhere, shrouded in the rich tapestry of its past.
| 2.375
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14332653
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football%20refereeing%20in%20England
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Football refereeing in England
|
For levels 4 and 3, there are active retention criteria resulting in promotion and demotion each season. The primary method for ranking referees at levels 4 and 3 is through the use of club marks and assessor marks (minimum 5 matches), with referees ranked in both from A (best) to E (lowest). Referees who achieve "AA" are therefore considered the best by both assessors and clubs and are generally considered for promotion, likewise referees at "EE" are at risk of demotion. There are further criteria which include a referee who appears in the bottom levels of either club or assessor marks over two continuous seasons being considered for demotion, and referees are also judged on availability, fitness and administration (although these are not marked). Referees receive their bandings midway through the season so that they are aware of where they are, and the final bandings are collated at the end of the marking season (last day of February). Level 4 referees are exempt from demotion in their first season, except in exceptional circumstances (e.g. availability). Ultimately, the number of referees promoted and demoted between from level 4 and above depends on the number of retirements, vacancies and regional requirements.
Above level 3, referees and assistants are assessed in every game and are not subject to the same retention criteria, although demotion is possible
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14332721
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratohyalin
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Keratohyalin
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Keratohyalin is a protein structure found in cytoplasmic granules of the keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum of the epidermis. Keratohyalin granules (KHG) mainly consist of keratin, profilaggrin, loricrin and trichohyalin proteins which contribute to cornification or keratinization, the process of the formation of epidermal cornified cell envelope. During the keratinocyte differentiation, these granules maturate and expand in size, which leads to the conversion of keratin tonofilaments into a homogenous keratin matrix, an important step in cornification.
Keratohyalin granules can be divided in three classes: globular KHG (found in quickly dividing epithelia, such as the oral mucose), stellate KHG (found in the slowly dividing normal epidermis) and KHG of Hassall's corpuscles or type VI epithelioreticular cells of the thymus gland. The exact purpose of the keratinization of Hassall's corpuscles remains unknown.
During skin differentiation process, keratohyaline granules discharge their contents in the junction between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum cell layers and form the barrier. At the same time, the inner side of the cell membrane thickens forming the cornified cell envelope. After the release of the granules, nuclei, ribosomes and mitochondria disappear, the cells become densely packaged with filaggrin and cover more surface. After final dehydration, the cell desquamates.
| 2.359375
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14332785
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef%20Wagner%20%28born%201938%29
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Josef Wagner (born 1938)
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Josef Wagner Jr. (born 24 May 1938, in Prague) painter, graphic artist, architect, pedagogue, a representative of contemporary Czech painting. At least four of his works are housed at the National Library of the Czech Republic.
Life
Born in Prague on 24 May 1938, he comes from an old artistic family. His father, Josef Wagner (1901–1957), was an outstanding sculptor of the interwar and post-war eras; his mother, Marie Wagnerová–Kulhánková (1906–1983), as well as his brother, Jan Wagner (1941–2005), were also sculptors.
Josef Wagner studied architecture at the Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague. After graduation he devoted himself to the designing of housing and garden architecture, photography, and scenography. For almost 30 years he had been occupied with exhibition installations as head of the Exhibition Centre of the Union of Czechoslovak Visual Artists and as a collaborator of the National Gallery in Prague. On his study travels he visited a number of European countries, particularly France, Italy, Switzerland, and Greece. He has been living and working in Prague.
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14332785
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef%20Wagner%20%28born%201938%29
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Josef Wagner (born 1938)
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Work
J. Wagner started painting in 1957 and permanently since 1963. In his works he was gradually concerned with the themes of Prague, particularly of Holešovice and its port. In the latter half of the sixties, the themes of World War Two often appeared. After the occupation in 1968 he turned his attention also to general themes of still lifes and landscapes; dominating towers and cranes keep appearing. He created broadly conceived cycles of “Heads” (The Head of a Teacher, of Interrogator K., of Interrogator L., of a Deserter, or of an Executor of Police Orders), “Skulls”, “Honours”, or “Bestiary” (Predatory Fish, Protected Hedgehog, Cocooned Scarab Beetle, Dragon). After 1989 J. Wagner has been creating also pictures and graphics inspired by study travels to Greece, Italy, and France, as well as works reflecting contemporary world in mythical motifs or symbols of power. His works are represented in a number of both state-owned and private collections, both in the Czech Republic and abroad.
Apart from some 800 oil paintings, he is the author of a number of drawings and graphics (Grand Diploma for Graphic International Biennial Exhibition of Tuzla, 2004). He is the holder of the Award of the Czech-Bavarian Artistic Society (1994), the Award of the Masaryk Academy of Art (1997), and the Rudolph II Prize for Artistic and Cultural Activities (1997). Out of a number of exhibitions in the Czech Rep. and abroad (France, Greece, Netherlands, Switzerland, USA, Germany), the following may be pointed out: 172 Pictures and Drawings by Josef Wagner, Art Centre of Athens, Athens, Greece (1988), and Joseph Wagner rétrospective de 1958–1997, Palais Bénédicte, Fécamp, France (1999).
Literature
Jan M. Tomeš: Josef Wagner. Athens Wagner Club, Athens, Greece. 1988.
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14332792
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20F.%20Earle
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Jonathan F. Earle
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Jonathan F.K. Earle completed his Ph.D. at the University of Florida in 1985, and joined the faculty in the Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering in 1987. He was appointed Assistant Dean for Student Affairs at the University of Florida College of Engineering in 1992. This position was later upgraded to Associate Dean. He remained in this position until his retirement in December, 2007. He now holds the title "Associate Dean Emeritus".
In this position, he created the Engineering Student Services Center to provide advising, resources and academic support to engineering students. He is perhaps best known, though, for his dedication to increasing the retention and graduation rates of minority students in engineering disciplines. In 1993 he implemented the STEPUP program (Successful Transition through Enhanced Preparation for Undergraduate Programs), based on the Meyerhoff model. STEPUP provides an intensive 6-week residential program for selected students and includes peer mentoring, academic preparation in calculus and chemistry, as well as industry networking opportunities. In 2000 - 2001, he was responsible for the implementation of EFTP (Engineering Freshman Transition Program), which provided a nonresidential experience open to all engineering freshman, as well as the Engineering GatorTrax Math Excellence Program, which was designed to provide hands-on applications of classroom mathematics concepts to middle and high school students in the state of Florida. He also implemented the Gator Engineering Outreach Program.
In 2007 he received the National Science Foundation Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring.
Earle was elected to the National Executive Council of Tau Beta Pi engineering honor society in 2006, where he is currently expanding the GatorTrax model to a national level under the name MindSET.
Education
Earle received both his Masters and Doctorate (1985) from the University of Florida.
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14332822
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant%20protein%20A1
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Surfactant protein A1
|
Surfactant protein A1 (SP-A1), also known as Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A1 (PSP-A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SFTPA1 gene.
Summary
SP-A1 is primarily synthesised in type II alveolar cells in the lung, as part of a complex of lipids and proteins known as pulmonary surfactant. The function of this complex is to reduce surface tension in the alveoli and prevent their collapse during expiration. The protein component of surfactant helps in the modulation of the innate immune response, and inflammatory processes.
SP-A1 is a member of a subfamily of C-type lectins called collectins. Together with SP-A2, they are the most abundant proteins of pulmonary surfactant. SP-A1 binds to the carbohydrates found in the surface of several microorganisms and helps in the defense against respiratory pathogens.
Surfactant homeostasis is critical for breathing (and thus survival) in the prematurely born infant, but also for maintaining lung health, and normal lung function throughout life. Changes in the amount or composition of surfactant can alter its function and are associated with respiratory diseases.
SFTPA1 expression
The lung is the main site of SFTPA1 synthesis, but SFTPA1 mRNA expression has also been detected in the trachea, prostate, pancreas, thymus, colon, eye, salivary gland and other tissues. Using specific monoclonal antibodies for Surfactant protein A, the protein can be detected in lung alveolar type II pneumocytes, club cells, and alveolar macrophages, but no extrapulmonary SP-A immunoreactivity was observed.
| 2.234375
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14332822
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant%20protein%20A1
|
Surfactant protein A1
|
Gene
SFTPA1 is located in the long arm q of chromosome 10, close to SFTPA2. The SFTPA1 gene is 4505 base pairs in length, and 94% similar to SFTPA2. The structure of SFTPA1 consists of four coding exons (I-IV), and several 5'UTR untranslated exons (A, B, B', C, C', D, D'). The expression of SFTPA1 is regulated by cellular factors including proteins, small RNAs (microRNAs), glucocorticoids, etc. Its expression is also regulated by epigenetic and environmental factors.
Differences in the SFTPA1 gene sequence at the coding region determine SP-A genetic variants or haplotypes among individuals. More than 30 variants have been identified and characterized for SFTPA1 (and SFTPA2) in the population. SFTPA1 variants result from nucleotide changes in the codons of amino acids 19, 50, 62, 133, and 219. Two of these do not modify the SP-A1 protein sequence (amino acids 62 and 133), whereas the rest result in amino acid substitutions (amino acid 19, 50, 133, and 219). Four SP-A1 variants (6A, 6A2, 6A3, 6A4) are in higher frequency in the general population. The most frequently found variant is 6A2.
Structure
Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a protein of 248 amino acids usually found in large oligomeric structures. The mature SP-A1 monomer is a 35kDa protein that differs from SP-A2 in four amino acids at the coding region. The structure of SP-A1 monomers consists of four domains: an N-terminal, a collagen-like domain, a neck region, and a carbohydrate recognition domain. The C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) allows binding to various types of microorganisms and molecules.
The amino acid differences that distinguish between SP-A1 and SP-A2 genes and between their corresponding variants are located at the collagen-like domain. The amino acid differences that distinguish among SFTPA1 variants are located both at the carbohydrate recognition and the collagen-like domains.
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14332822
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant%20protein%20A1
|
Surfactant protein A1
|
SP-A1 monomers group with other SP-A1 or SP-A2 monomers in trimeric structural subunits of 105kDa. Six of these structures group in 630 kDa structures that resemble flower bouquets. These oligomers contain a total of eighteen SP-A1 and/or SP-A2 monomers.
Functions
Binding of pathogens, allergens, and other molecules
Increasing phagocytosis and chemotaxis of alveolar macrophages
Induction of proliferation of immune cells
Stimulation of proinflammatory cytokine production
Modulation of the generation of reactive oxygen species
Serving as a hormone in parturition
Maintaining the structure of tubular myelin (an extracellular form of surfactant)
Innate immunity
The role of SFTPA1 in innate immunity has been extensively studied. SP-A has the ability to bind and agglutinate bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other non-biological antigens. Some of the functions by which both SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 contribute to innate immunity include:
opsonization of bacteria for phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages
recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils to the site of inflammation/infection
enhancement of pathogen-killing mechanisms: phagocytosis, release of reactive oxygen species, release of nitric oxide
control of cytokine production by immune cells
transition of innate immunity to adaptive immunity (by interaction with cell surface receptors of dendritic cells to allow antigen presentation)
Environmental insults such as air pollution, and exposure to high concentrations of ozone and particulate matter can affect SP-A expression and function, via mechanisms that involve epigenetic regulation of SFTPA1 expression.
Clinical significance
Deficiency in SP-A levels is associated with infant respiratory distress syndrome in prematurely born infants with developmental insufficiency of surfactant production and structural immaturity in the lungs.
| 1.921875
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14332822
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant%20protein%20A1
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Surfactant protein A1
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Gene regulation
Gene expression of SFTPA1 is regulated at different levels including gene transcription, post-transcriptional processing, stability and translation of mature mRNA. One of the important features of human surfactant protein A mRNAs is that they have a variable five prime untranslated region (5'UTR) generated from splicing variation of exons A, B, C, and D. At least 10 forms of human SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 5'UTRs have been identified that differ in nucleotide sequence, length, and relative amount. Specific SFTPA1 or SFTPA2 5'UTRs have also been characterized. Some SFTPA1 specific 5'UTRs include exons B' or C. These two exons contain upstream AUGs (uAUGs) that can potentially act as sites for translation initiation (see eukaryotic translation), affecting protein translation and SFTPA1 relative content. The majority of SFTPA1 transcripts lack exon B, a sequence implicated in transcription and translation enhancement, indicating a differential regulation of SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 expression. The AD' form is the most represented among SFTPA1 transcripts (81%), and experimental work has shown that this sequence can stabilize mRNA and enhance translation, but the mechanisms implicated in this regulation are still under investigation. While differences at the 5'UTR are shown to regulate both transcription and translation, polymorphisms at the 3'UTR of SP-A1 variants are shown to primarily, differentially affect translation efficiency via mechanisms that involve binding of proteins and/or [microRNAs]. The impact of this regulation on SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 protein levels may contribute to individual differences in susceptibility to lung disease.
Environmental insults and pollutants also affect SFTPA1 expression. Exposure of lung cells to particulate matter affects splicing of 5'UTR exons of SFTPA1 transcripts. Pollutants and viral infections also affect SFTPA1 translation mechanisms (see eukaryotic translation, translation (biology)).
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14332899
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taw%20Phaya%20Galay
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Taw Phaya Galay
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Prince Taw Phaya Galay Aung Zay ( ; 30 July 1926 – 18 June 2006) was a Burmese prince, businessman and politician. He was one of the senior members of the Royal House of Konbaung and the grandson of King Thibaw and Queen Supayalat.
Taw Phaya Glay was also known as a historian for writing books about the descendants of King Thibaw and writing a manifesto demanding that the British return the royal gems and jewellery taken on the annexation of the country.
Early life and education
Taw Phaya Galay was born on 30 July 1926 in Rangoon, British Burma to parent Ko Ko Naing, a former monk and Princess Myat Phaya Galay who was the fourth daughter of King Thibaw and Chief Queen Supayalat. He attended St Patrick School in Moulmein and later moved to St Paul School in Yangon. Later, he left St Paul to attend the famous national school Myoma Kyaung. He failed his 1946 matriculation examination. He later took as his name U Thant Zin although royal family members did not use the U and Daw prefixes. He and his siblings were under the supervision of the British government and could not travel freely. Taw Paya Galay's three brothers were well known and much admired for their efforts to foster sports and culture through youth clubs during the Japanese occupation during World War II.
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14332899
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taw%20Phaya%20Galay
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Taw Phaya Galay
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Business career
In 1948, he established and served as a director of the Thibaw Commercial Syndicate, one of the few at the time that were truly owned by the Myanmar, for most companies were owned by Indian entrepreneurs with Myanmar citizens as a front. By the late 1950s the Thibaw Commercial Syndicate Ltd was exporting lacquer sap to Japan and imperial Jade to Hong Kong, with branch offices in each of those places. He often flew to Tokyo and Hong Kong to oversee sales, and by the early 1960s his business was booming, with export contracts in rice worth K30 million. In 1950s, he established the Union of Burma Exporters Oriental Corporation also becoming its director. Between 1955 and 1957, he served as an organizer at the Headquarters, Trade Union Congress (Burma) (TUCB). However, General Ne Win took power in Burma in a coup d’état, and Taw Paya Galay's company, along with all others, was nationalised.
Political movement
Taw Paya Galay and his brothers actively supported Thakin Kodaw Hmaing, the revered "father of nationalism". He became an active member of the underground resistance before and during WWII, first against the British and then the Japanese. Between 1957 and 1960, he served as Central Executive Committee Member of the Internal Peace League, the World Peace Congress (Burma), and the Asia-Africa Consolidation Organization as treasurer, and for the National Committee against Kuomintang Invasion and Imperialism. In 1961, he worked for the China-Myanmar Friendship Association, and the Korea-Myanmar Friendship Association.
In 1964, he was the administration manager at MIEc headquarters but resigned the following year by force because of his moral character. The president of the Chinese-Myanmar Friendship Association was arrested in 1966, just before riots broke out against the Chinese community in Burma. Taw Paya Galay went underground for nearly two years until he was caught and sent to Insein Prison, where he remained until 1970.
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14332904
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka%20Classis
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Eureka Classis
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The Eureka Classis was part of the Reformed Church in the United States (RCUS). It existed from 1910 to 1985. From 1940 until in 1985 the Eureka Classis served as the continuing RCUS as the rest of the denomination had merged into the new denomination, the Evangelical and Reformed Church. On May 6, 1986, the Eureka Classis was called to order and immediately dissolved to form the Synod of the Reformed Church in the United States.
Origins
From 1870 until about 1902, America had a wave of German immigrants. These Germans came from the South of Russia where their ancestors had moved at the invitation of Catherine the Great. Many of these immigrants ended up in the Dakotas. At this time, the Reformed Church in the United States was also known as the German Reformed Church, so it was a logical denomination for the Reformed German-Russians to join. The RCUS at this time was in great turmoil on account of Mercersburg theology and the liturgical controversy that arose out of that. The German-Russians were against the innovations of Mercersburg. Since these immigrants still spoke German as their primary language, they used a clause in the Constitution of the RCUS to organize based on language rather than the tradition geography, yet, the real reason was to organize doctrinally.
On June 7, 1911, seven ministers and sixteen congregations organized to form the Eureka Classis. The name of the Classis came from the Greek word ‘eureka’ which means ‘I found it’ and not on the town Eureka, South Dakota, where the second meeting of the Classis would be held. The name was designed to mean that they had found a solution to their doctrinal problems with the rest of the denomination.
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14332987
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th%20Virginia%20Cavalry%20Battalion
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35th Virginia Cavalry Battalion
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The 35th Virginia Cavalry Battalion, also known as White's Battalion, White's Rebels and the Comanches, was a Confederate cavalry unit during the American Civil War raised by Elijah V. White in Loudoun County, Virginia in the winter of 1861-62. The battalion was initially raised as border guards along the Potomac River below Harpers Ferry but were ultimately mustered into regular service as part of the Laurel Brigade. Despite this, they continued to play a conspicuous role in the ongoing partisan warfare in Loudoun throughout the war. The battalion was particularly notable during the 1863 Gettysburg Campaign, when it played a prominent role in the Battle of Brandy Station and subsequently conducted a series of raids on Union-held railroads and defensive positions in Maryland and Pennsylvania. The 35th was the first Confederate unit to enter Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
Organization and service history
Formed in December 1861 by Elijah V. White in Loudoun County, Virginia, the 35th consisted of six companies of cavalry, five of which were from Virginia and one from neighboring Maryland.
A - White's Rebels
B - Chiswell's Maryland Exiles (Montgomery County, Maryland)
C - Grubb's Company
D - Trayhern's Company
E - Grabill's Company (Page and Shenandoah counties)
F - Ferneyhough's Co.
The battalion never reached enough strength to become of full regiment. It was initially assigned to border service in Loudoun County, aiding the commands of Maj. Gen. D.H. Hill in Leesburg and Lt. Gen. Stonewall Jackson in Winchester. When Hill's command was evacuated from Leesburg to Richmond during the Peninsula Campaign, the 35th briefly joined the 2nd Virginia Cavalry based in Fauquier County, frequently raiding the Union garrisons in Loudoun, before being assigned to Jackson, where it took part in his famous Valley Campaign. In late 1862 the 35th was briefly put under the control of Maj. Gen. Jeb Stuart.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th%20Virginia%20Cavalry%20Battalion
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35th Virginia Cavalry Battalion
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When not serving with the main army, the 35th was highly involved in the bitter partisan warfare that divided the loyalty of the residents of the Loudoun County. When mustered into the regular army, the 35th were frequently granted extended leave to return to Loudoun to seek forage and new mounts, and while at home often engaged the Federals in the area, including their western county nemesis, the Loudoun Rangers such as at the Fight at Waterford. In addition, one of White's men, John Mobberly, broke off from the unit and formed an independent guerrilla command that terrorized northwest Loudoun County during the later years of the war.
Gettysburg campaign
As J.E.B. Stuart began concentrating widely scattered Confederate cavalry and mounted infantry units in late May 1863 in preparation for the upcoming summer campaign, the 35th Battalion was assigned to the brigade of William E. "Grumble" Jones in the Army of Northern Virginia. The 35th took part in the Battle of Brandy Station on June 9. It formed a key part of the defensive position near St. James Church early in the battle, helping to fend off a series of charges by Union cavalry. Later, the battalion made a key counterattack on Federal troops on Fleetwood Hill, helping stabilize the Confederate line.
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14332987
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th%20Virginia%20Cavalry%20Battalion
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35th Virginia Cavalry Battalion
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Within a few days after Brandy Station, the 35th was attached to the Second Corps of Lt. Gen. Richard Ewell to screen the advance into Maryland and Pennsylvania, and to conduct a series of raids against Federal supply lines. White led a daring attack on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad depot at Point-of-Rocks, Maryland, in which he routed his old nemesis, the Loudoun Rangers, seized and burned supply wagons, and captured a trainload of supplies intended for the Union garrison at nearby Harpers Ferry. After entering Pennsylvania on June 23, Ewell assigned the 35th to the division of Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early, which reached Gettysburg on June 26. White's men routed Union militia and home guard cavalry near Marsh Creek and became the first Confederate troops to enter the borough.
The 35th was assigned by Early to accompany a separate expeditionary force of infantry, artillery, and cavalry under the command of Brig. Gen. John B. Gordon that departed Gettysburg for York County, Pennsylvania, with a goal of capturing the town of York and seizing important Susquehanna River crossings. White's battalion destroyed scores of railroad bridges and conducted a successful raid that seized the important railroad and telegraphic center at Hanover Junction, Pennsylvania. Elements of the battalion were among the first Confederate troops to reach the Susquehanna at Wrightsville, Pennsylvania, on June 28, skirmishing with the First Troop, Philadelphia City Cavalry before turning westward, where the 35th performed scouting and flank protection duty during the Battle of Gettysburg.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th%20Virginia%20Cavalry%20Battalion
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35th Virginia Cavalry Battalion
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Later campaigns and actions
Later in 1863, the 35th was re-attached to the famed "Laurel Brigade", serving again directly under General Jones in the Mine Run and Bristoe campaigns. In 1864, the 35th was again active in the Loudoun Valley, as well as supporting the Army of Northern Virginia during the Overland Campaign and subsequent actions. In September 1864, the 35th accompanied Lt. Gen. Wade Hampton on his famous Cattle raid, where they played a key role in driving off the Federal cattle guards and securing the cattle.
In April 1865, the battalion was the rearguard as the Army of Northern Virginia retreated up the Appomattox River. Just prior to Gen. Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House, members of the 35th served as couriers delivering General Ulysses S. Grant's surrender terms. Lt. Colonel White and the 35th did not surrender with the rest of the army, but instead rode around enemy lines and returned to Loudoun County, where they disbanded.
In popular media
In his 1987 novel, Spangle, author Gary Jennings gives a semi-fictionalized account of the battalion's break-up, via the fictional Col. Zachary Edge, CSA.
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14333078
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir%20Imran
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Mir Imran
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Mir A. Imran (born 1956, Hyderabad, India), is an Indian medical inventor, entrepreneur and venture capitalist. Imran has formed over 20 medical device companies since the early 1980s and holds over 400 patents. He is known for his role in developing the world's first implantable cardiac defibrillator.
In 2017, Imran was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for his role in creating the first implantable cardiac defibrillator, and for developing multiple other technologies as inventor and entrepreneur.
Early life and education
Born and raised in Hyderabad, India, the son of a doctor, Imran was a problem-solver from a young age. As a child, he enjoyed taking toys apart to see how they worked, and as a teenager learned how to repair and build AM radios.
After attending All Saints High School in Hyderabad, Imran moved to New Jersey in 1973 to attend Rutgers University. At Rutgers he received a BS in electrical engineering in 1976, followed by an MS in biomedical engineering. He then spent three years At Rutgers Medical School before deciding to leave and work on the first implantable cardioverter-defibrillator with Intec Systems.
Imran attributes his pursuit of innovation to being inspired by an experience he had as a college student: “I had a summer job working at The Matheney School for Cerebral Palsy Children. They needed engineers to develop communication devices for quadriplegic cerebral palsy children, so I built a machine for one severely afflicted girl. The unit translated her facial expressions using pre-recorded phrases, allowing her to communicate.”
Innovation and entrepreneurship
Imran says that he is motivated by "understanding and trying to solve big problems in medicine." His interest is to develop medical devices that blur the distinction between organic and synthetic and advance patient treatment.
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14333272
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance-based%20rough%20set%20approach
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Dominance-based rough set approach
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The dominance-based rough set approach (DRSA) is an extension of rough set theory for multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), introduced by Greco, Matarazzo and Słowiński. The main change compared to the classical rough sets is the substitution for the indiscernibility relation by a dominance relation, which permits one to deal with inconsistencies typical to consideration of criteria and preference-ordered decision classes.
Multicriteria classification (sorting)
Multicriteria classification (sorting) is one of the problems considered within MCDA and can be stated as follows: given a set of objects evaluated by a set of criteria (attributes with preference-order domains), assign these objects to some pre-defined and preference-ordered decision classes, such that each object is assigned to exactly one class. Due to the preference ordering, improvement of evaluations of an object on the criteria should not worsen its class assignment. The sorting problem is very similar to the problem of classification, however, in the latter, the objects are evaluated by regular attributes and the decision classes are not necessarily preference ordered. The problem of multicriteria classification is also referred to as ordinal classification problem with monotonicity constraints and often appears in real-life application when ordinal and monotone properties follow from the domain knowledge about the problem.
As an illustrative example, consider the problem of evaluation in a high school. The director of the school wants to assign students (objects) to three classes: bad, medium and good (notice that class good is preferred to medium and medium is preferred to bad). Each student is described by three criteria: level in Physics, Mathematics and Literature, each taking one of three possible values bad, medium and good. Criteria are preference-ordered and improving the level from one of the subjects should not result in worse global evaluation (class).
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14333470
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise%20Marie%20de%20Bourbon
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Françoise Marie de Bourbon
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Françoise Marie de Bourbon (Légitimée de France; 4 May 1677 1 February 1749) was the youngest illegitimate daughter of King Louis XIV of France and his maîtresse-en-titre, Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart, Marquise de Montespan. At the age of 14, she married her first cousin Philippe d'Orléans, the future regent of France during the minority of Louis XV. Through two of her eight children, she became the ancestress of several of Europe's Roman Catholic monarchs of the 19th and 20th centuries—notably those of Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and France.
Françoise Marie wielded little political influence. In 1718, she participated in the botched Cellamare Conspiracy, during which the conspirators orchestrated to oust her husband as regent in favour of her brother Louis-Auguste, Duke of Maine.
Early life (1677–1692)
Françoise Marie was born in 1677 at the Château de Maintenon, owned since 1674 by Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon, the governess of Madame de Montespan's illegitimate children by King Louis XIV. She and her younger brother, Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, Count of Toulouse were cared for by Mmes de Monchevreuil, de Colbert, and de Jussac under Mme. de Maintenon's supervision, as their mother was ostracised from court eventually. As a child, she also went to Versailles to visit her parents occasionally.
Mademoiselle de Blois
On 22 November 1681, when she was four and a half years old, Louis XIV legitimised Françoise Marie and gave her the courtesy title of Mademoiselle de Blois, a style once held by her older half-sister Marie Anne de Bourbon, a legitimised daughter of the king by Louise de La Vallière. Louis XIV did not mention his daughter's mother in the act of legitimisation because Madame de Montespan was still married to the Marquis de Montespan, who might have counter-claimed paternity and custody of his wife's children. By the time of her birth, her parents' relationship was coming to an end because of Madame de Montespan's possible involvement in the Affaire des poisons.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise%20Marie%20de%20Bourbon
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Françoise Marie de Bourbon
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Her older siblings Louis Auguste and Louise Françoise had been legitimised on 19 December 1673 by letters patent registered at the Parlement of Paris. Her younger brother, Louis Alexandre, was legitimised at the same time as she and received the title of comte de Toulouse. She remained close to him and their older brother, Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, Duc du Maine, for her entire life. However, she never had closeness to her legitimate half-brother, Louis, Dauphin of France.
She inherited her mother's beauty, such that Madame de Caylus commented that Françoise was “naturally timid and glorious and was a little beauty with a beautiful face and beautiful hands; completely in proportion.” She took pride in her royal ancestry and the royal blood of the House of Bourbon that she inherited from her father. Later, it was joked that she would “remember she was a daughter of France, even while on her chaise percée.” The Marquis d'Argenson said she was very like her mother, but had also Louis XIV's orderly mind, failing of injustice, and that of his harshness.
Marriage
Madame de Maintenon was a childless widow who, as the king's morganatic wife from the mid-1680s, promoted her charges' interests, scandalising the court by securing the marriage of Mlle de Blois to the king's only legitimate nephew, Philippe d'Orléans in 1692. Then known by his father's subsidiary title, Duke of Chartres, he was the son of Philippe de France, Duc d'Orléans, known, as the king's only brother, as Monsieur. The mésalliance between bastard and legitimate blood royal disgusted Philippe's mother, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, who harbored well-known prejudice against her brother-in-law's bastards. Upon learning of her son's acquiescence to the betrothal, she slapped him in front of the court, then turned her back on the king who had bowed in salutation to her. She remained an enemy to her daughter-in-law and indifferent to her grandchildren by her.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise%20Marie%20de%20Bourbon
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Françoise Marie de Bourbon
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On the occasion of the marriage between their respective children, Louis XIV gave to his brother the Palais-Royal in which the Orléans had resided, but had not owned. It was the Palais Cardinal previously, but Cardinal Richelieu, its builder, bequeathed it to the crown upon his death in 1642. Louis XIV also promised an important military post to the Duke of Chartres and gave 100,000 livres to the Duke of Orléans' favourite, the Chevalier de Lorraine. Upon being informed of the identity of her future husband, Françoise remarked:
Je ne me soucie pas qu'il m'aime, je me soucie qu'il m'épouse. ("I care not that he love me, but that he marries me")
Françoise and Philippe d'Orléans married on 18 February 1692 in the chapel of the Palace of Versailles. Cardinal de Bouillon - a member of the House of La Tour d'Auvergne - conducted the service. In 1685, the Cardinal de Bouillon had refused to take part in the marriage of the Duke of Bourbon and Françoise's sister, Mademoiselle de Nantes, and, as a result, had been sent into exile, but he was recalled to marry Françoise and the Duke of Chartres. After the ceremony, a banquet was given in the Hall of Mirrors with all the princes and princesses of the blood in attendance. Other guests included the exiled James II of England and his consort, Mary of Modena. At the newlyweds' bedding ceremony later that evening, Queen Mary handed the new Duchess of Chartres her night shirt. Madame de Montespan had not been invited to the wedding of her daughter.
As her new husband was a legitimate grandson of a king, Françoise assumed the rank of petite-fille de France ("Grand-Daughter of France"), and was addressed as Royal Highness. Furthermore, the newlyweds traveled and lodged wherever the king did, dined with him, and were entitled to armchairs in his presence. As the new duchesse de Chartres, Françoise Marie was next in precedence behind only the Duchess of Burgundy and her own mother-in-law, the Duchess of Orléans.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise%20Marie%20de%20Bourbon
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Françoise Marie de Bourbon
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While her husband led the debauched life of a womaniser, Françoise lived a quiet life without scandal, unlike her sisters, the Princess of Conti and the Duchess of Bourbon, and their older brother, the Duke of Maine. Though witty and charming, she preferred the company of Louise-Elvide, Duchess of Sforza, daughter of Françoise's aunt, Gabrièlle de Rochechouart de Mortemart. Her intimate circle included her other cousins, Marie Élisabeth de Rochechouart, Countess of Castries, who was also her lady-in-waiting, and the Duchess of Sforza's sister Diane-Gabrielle Damas de Thianges, Duchess of Nevers.
Two days after her birthday in 1707, Françoise Marie lost her mother who had lived in seclusion since being banished from court in 1691. Her father forbade his legitimised children to wear mourning clothes for their mother, but they chose to decline attending court gatherings during the mourning period, with the exception of their eldest brother, the Duke of Maine, who inherited the entirety of his mother's vast fortune.
In 1710 Louis XIV's youngest legitimate grandson, Charles, Duke of Berry, was still unmarried. It was suggested that he marry Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon, the daughter of Louise, Duchess of Bourbon. However, on 6 July 1710, Françoise secured the marriage of her eldest daughter, Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, to the duke, much to the annoyance of the Duchess of Bourbon. This marriage elevated Marie Louise Élisabeth to the rank of fille de France, above princesses of the blood.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise%20Marie%20de%20Bourbon
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Françoise Marie de Bourbon
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On the death of his great-grandfather Louis XIV, in 1715, the five-year-old Dauphin became the new king of France as Louis XV. Consequently, Françoise's older brother, the Duke of Maine, and her husband, the Duke of Orléans, experienced tension over who would be the regent during the minority of the new king. The Parlement of Paris ruled in favour of her husband. As the wife of the de facto ruler of France, Françoise became the most important lady of the kingdom. During the Regency, her husband increased her annual allowance to 400,000 livres. In March 1719, she acquired the château de Bagnolet near Paris and the estate passed to her son, Louis d'Orléans, Louis le Pieux, on her death. Françoise Marie extended the small château under the direction of Claude Desgots who also worked at the duc du Maine's château de Sceaux.
Family life
Her many daughters were rumoured to be promiscuous. Having become a widow, the Duchess of Berry accumulated lovers and hid several pregnancies. She almost died in labor early in 1719, having been denied the sacraments by the church and when she died on 21 July 1719, she was again pregnant. After the liaison of her favourite daughter, Charlotte Aglaé, with the libertine Louis François Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu was discovered, Françoise and her husband married her abroad swiftly. At the same time, the Cellamare Conspiracy was uncovered. Government authorities arrested and imprisoned The Duke and Duchess of Maine and the Cardinal de Richelieu for their involvement in the plot temporarily.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise%20Marie%20de%20Bourbon
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Françoise Marie de Bourbon
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In 1725, Françoise Marie saw the marriage of her cousin, the young King Louis XV, to the Polish princess Marie Leszczyńska, diminishing her precedence at court, as did the births of their daughters. Unlike the other princesses of the blood, The Dowager Duchess of Orleans respected and got along well with Queen Marie and even organized parties in her honor at Francoise's Chateaus de Chaillon, Bagnolet and St.Cloud in 1736, 1740, 1743, 1744, and 1745, continuing until her death in 1749, which the Queen herself attended. In return, Marie Leczinska visited her palaces, talked to her in private, and followed her advice on etiquette regularly. As it turned out, the second of the king's eight daughters, Madame Henriette, fell in love with Françoise Marie's grandson, Louis Philippe, then the duc de Chartres. Louis XV would not, however, allow the marriage because he did not want the House of Orléans to come too close to the throne of France. Afterwards, it fell upon the dowager duchess to find her unwed grandson a suitable bride. At the direction of her son, Françoise Marie negotiated with her niece, Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon, for her grandson to marry Louise Élisabeth's attractive daughter, Louise Henriette de Bourbon. This marriage united a grandchild of Françoise Marie with a grandchild of her sister and enemy, the Duchess of Bourbon. Françoise Marie lived to see, in 1747, the birth of their great-grandson, the future Philippe Égalité.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Francesco%20Commendone
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Giovanni Francesco Commendone
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Giovanni Francesco Commendone (17 March 1523 – 26 December 1584) was an Italian cardinal and papal nuncio.
Life
Commendone was born at Venice. After an education in the humanities and in jurisprudence at the University of Padua, he came to Rome in 1550. The ambassador of Venice presented him to Pope Julius III, who appointed him one of his secretaries.
After successfully performing various papal missions of minor importance, he accompanied Cardinal Legate Girolamo Dandino to the Netherlands, whence Pope Julius III sent him in 1553 on an important mission to Queen Mary Tudor, who had just succeeded Edward VI on the English throne. He was to treat with the new queen concerning the restoration of the Catholic faith in England.
Accompanied by Penning, a servant and confidant of Cardinal Reginald Pole, Commendone arrived in London on 8 August 1553. Though Mary Tudor was a loyal Catholic, she was surrounded at court by numerous opponents of papal authority, who made it difficult for Commendone to obtain a secret interview with her. By chance he met John Lee, a relation of the Duke of Norfolk and an attendant at court, with whom he had become acquainted in Italy, and Lee succeeded in arranging the interview. Mary received Commendone kindly, and expressed her desire to restore the Catholic Faith and to acknowledge the spiritual authority of the pope, but considered it prudent to act slowly on account of her powerful opponents, Commendone hastened to Rome, arriving there on 11 September, and informed the pope of the news, at the same time handing him a personal letter from the queen.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Francesco%20Commendone
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Giovanni Francesco Commendone
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In 1560, when Pope Pius IV determined to reopen the Council of Trent, Commendone was sent as legate to Germany to invite the Catholic and Protestant Estates to the council. He arrived in Vienna on 3 January 1561, and after consulting with Emperor Ferdinand, set out on 14 January for Naumburg, where the Protestant Estates were holding a religious convention, He was accompanied by Delfino, Bishop of Lesina, who had been sent as papal nuncio to Ferdinand four months previously and was still at the imperial court. Having arrived at Naumburg on 28 January, they were admitted to the convention on 5 February and urged upon the assembled Protestant Estates the necessity of a Protestant representation at the Council of Trent in order to restore religious union, but all their efforts were of no avail. From Naumburg, Commendone traveled northward to invite the Estates of Northern Germany. He went by way of Leipzig and Magdeburg to Berlin, where he arrived on 19 February and was well received by Joachim of Münsterberg, the Elector of Brandenburg. Joachim spoke respectfully of the pope and the Catholic Church and expressed his desire for a religious reconciliation, but did not promise to appear at the council. Here Commendone met also the son of Joachim, the young Archbishop Sigismund of Magdeburg, who promised to appear at the council but did not keep his word.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Francesco%20Commendone
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Giovanni Francesco Commendone
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Leaving Berlin, Commendone visited Beeskow, Wolfenbüttel, Hanover, Hildesheim, Iburg, Paderborn, Cologne, Cleves, the Netherlands, and Aachen, inviting all the Estates he met in these places. From Aachen he turned to Lübeck with the intention of crossing the sea to invite Kings Frederick II of Denmark and Eric XIV of Sweden. The King of Denmark, however, refused to receive the legate, while the King of Sweden invited him to England, whither he had planned to go in the near future. Queen Elizabeth I of England had forbidden the papal nuncio Hieronimo Martinengo to cross the English Channel when he was sent to invite the queen to the council, hence it was very improbable that she would allow Commendone to come to England. He therefore repaired to Antwerp, awaiting further instructions from Rome. Being recalled by the pope, he returned to Italy in December, 1561, by way of Lorraine and Western Germany. The numerous letters which Commendone wrote during this mission to Charles Borromeo present a picture of the ecclesiastical conditions in Germany during those times. These and others were published in "Miscellanea di Storia Italiana" (Turin, 1869, VI, 1-240).
In January 1563, the legates of the Council of Trent sent Commendone to Emperor Ferdinand at Innsbruck, to treat with him regarding some demands which he had made upon the council in his "Libel (="little book, tract," not modern English "libel") of Reformation." In October of the same year Pius IV sent him as legate to King Sigismund II of Poland with instruction to induce this ruler to give political recognition to the Tridentine decrees. Yielding to the requests of Commendone and of Hosius, Bishop of Ermland, Sigismund not only enforced the Tridentine reforms, but also allowed the Jesuits, the most hated enemies of the Reformers, to enter Poland. While still in Poland, on the recommendation of Charles Borromeo, Commendone was created cardinal on 12 March 1565.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Francesco%20Commendone
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Giovanni Francesco Commendone
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He remained in Poland until the death of Pius IV (9 December 1565), and before returning to Italy he went as legate of the new pope, Pope Pius V, to the Diet of Augsburg, which was opened by Emperor Maximilian II on 23 March 1566. He had previously warned the emperor under pain of excommunication not to discuss religion at the diet. He also seized the opportunity to exhort the assembled Estates to carry into execution the Tridentine decrees. In September 1568, Pius V sent him a second time as legate to Maximilian II. With Biglia, the resident nuncio at Vienna, he was to induce the emperor to make no new religious concessions to the Protestant Estates of Lower Austria and to recall several concessions which he had already made. While engaged in this mission, Commendone was also empowered by a papal Brief dated 10 October 1568, to make an apostolic visitation of the churches and monasteries of Germany and the adjacent provinces. An account of this visitation in the diocese of Passau and diocese of Salzburg in the year 1569 is published in "Studien und Mittheilungen aus dem Benedictiner und Cistercienser Orden" (Brünn, 1893, XIV, 385-398 and 567-589).
In November 1571, Pius V sent him as legate to the emperor and to King Sigismund of Poland in the interest of a crusade. After the death of King Sigismund, in 1572, he promoted the election of Henry, Duke of Anjou, as King of Poland, thereby incurring the displeasure of the emperor. Upon his return to Italy in 1573, Pope Gregory XIII appointed him a member of the newly founded Congregatio Germanica, the purpose of which was to safeguard Catholic interests in Germany. When Gregory XIII fell dangerously ill, it was generally believed that Commendone would be elected pope, but he was outlived by Gregory. He died at Padua.
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14333530
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Edwin%20Elwell
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Francis Edwin Elwell
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Francis Edwin Elwell (also cited as Frank Edwin Elwell; June 15, 1858, in Concord, Massachusetts – January 23, 1922, in Darien, Massachusetts) was an American sculptor, teacher, and author.
He lectured on art at Harvard University, and taught modeling at the National Academy of Design and the Art Students League of New York. He served as Curator of Sculpture at the Metropolitan Museum of Art until he was ousted in 1905, and wrote one of the first, though unpublished, histories of American sculpture.
Elwell established an early reputation as a sculptor of portrait busts, but also became known for major works, funereal and military monuments, and architectural sculptures. His most famous work is probably Dickens and Little Nell (1890).
Biography
Early life
Elwell was the son and only child of John Wesley Elwell and Clara Farrar, of Concord, Massachusetts. He was orphaned at age 4, and raised by his maternal grandparents, Elisha Jones Farrar and Elizabeth Chase Barnay. His grandfather was a blacksmith, whom Elwell assisted at the forge. The Farrars were friendly with several illustrious neighbors: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and the Alcott family.
He attended Concord public schools, and received his first art instruction privately from Abigail May Alcott, who had also been an early teacher of sculptor Daniel Chester French. Her sister, writer Louisa May Alcott, took an interest in both students.
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14333662
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corumb%C3%A1%20International%20Airport
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Corumbá International Airport
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Corumbá International Airport is the airport serving Corumbá, in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. It is the second most important airport in the state, after Campo Grande International Airport. The airport is operated by AENA.
History
Corumbá International Airport is the second most important airport of Mato Grosso do Sul, just behind Campo Grande International Airport. Built on a site of 290 ha, it has capacity for medium size planes like a Boeing 737 or Fokker 100.
The airport was one of the first to be built outside Brazilian main centers. On September 8, 1933, Syndicato Condor established services between Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Corumbá and Cuiabá with wheeled tri-engine Junkers 52. This service was a major break-through because previously an overland journey to Mato Grosso took several days. In 1936, Condor made an interline agreement with Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano – LAB and established an international connection to the main cities of Bolivia, via Puerto Suárez and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, using Corumbá as a connecting point. The aircraft of Condor and LAB met in Corumbá during the overnight stop and exchanged passengers. Furthermore, the services between Corumbá and Cuiabá were operated with single-engine flying boat Junkers. The connection between São Paulo and Corumbá was completed in 6 to 7 hours, and on the next day, the hydroplane would make the Corumbá/Cuiabá route, returning on the following day. This wait plus the connecting services with LAB forced the tri-engine Junkers 52 to wait for more than two days in Corumbá to return to São Paulo. For this reason, in 1937 the federal government built by the air-strip a hangar with a width of 35 meters to shelter the repair work of the Junkers that had nearly 30 meters of wingspan. The hangar built with concrete and wood planks had small workshops and a passenger lobby.
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14333666
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Erased
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The Erased
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The Erased () is the name used in the media for a group of people in Slovenia that remained without a legal status after the declaration of the country's independence in 1991.
Identity
The “erased” were mainly people from other former Yugoslav republics, who had been living in Slovenia. They are mostly of non-Slovene or mixed ethnicity, and they include a significant number of members of Romani communities.
Some of those affected by the “erasure” included former Yugoslav People's Army officers who did not apply for or were refused Slovenian citizenship, often on the grounds that they participated in the war against Slovenia or were otherwise deemed disloyal to Slovenia.
Some of the “erased” were born in Slovenia but, on the basis of the republican citizenship and birthplace of their parents, had remained SFRY citizens of other Yugoslav republics. Others had moved to Slovenia from other parts of Yugoslavia before the country’s dissolution, and remained there after 1991.
History
In 1991, immediately after the declaration of independence by Slovenia, the approximately 200,000 residents of Slovenia who had citizenship of other republics of former Yugoslavia were granted the possibility to obtain, through an application, the citizenship of the new independent state. For those who would have chosen not to avail themselves of this possibility, the law required to register as "foreign" (a term denoting legal permanent residents without citizenship). Approximately 170,000 individuals presented the application, obtaining citizenship before the national elections in 1992. Some thousands chose the second option.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Erased
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The Erased
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The majority of those who, contrary to legal provisions, did not register themselves as "foreigners" were removed from the registry of Permanent Residence in February 1992, losing all social, civil, and political rights. This action was of purely administrative nature (and thus excluded any possibility of appeal) and struck, according to unofficial estimates, over 18,000 people, including some who had actually left the country, while others were simply unaware of the existence of the law that required them to confirm their status through a new application. When they came into contact with the police, they were treated like illegal immigrants and sometimes deported.
In 1999 the Constitutional Court declared the act of "erasing" illegal and unconstitutional, and annulled its legal consequences. In the same year the Slovenian Parliament promulgated a law that offered the "erased" the opportunity to regain residence, but only to those who lived permanently in Slovenian territory. The Constitutional Court abrogated this law as another attempt in the same direction.
In 2003 the Court declared unconstitutional the 1992 Law that required residents with Slovenian citizenship of other Yugoslav republics to explicitly ask to obtain the status of "alien", and ordered the return of the status of residents at all "erased" with retroactive function (regardless of whether they actually did not live in Slovenia after 1992). Many lawyers (among others some former members of the Constitutional Court and several authors of the Constitution) harshly criticized this decision, since it annulled a legal provision included in the country's constitutional laws and thus, according to them, beyond the Court's jurisdiction.
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14333672
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20of%20Damascus
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Joseph of Damascus
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Joseph of Damascus (May 15, 1793 – July 10, 1860), born Joseph George Haddad Firzli (), was an Orthodox priest and educator who was glorified as a saint in 1993.
He is also known as "Father Joseph" in the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch.
Life
Joseph was born in Beirut on May 15, 1793. He was the son of George MeHanna Haddad Firzli, a Lebanese craftsman of Syrian descent. He was ordained a priest in 1817 for the Diocese of Damascus and served as director of the Patriarchal School in Damascus 1836–1860: under his leadership, the Patriarchal School became the leading Orthodox institution of higher learning in the Middle-East. He was martyred during the 1860 Damascus massacre when Druze and Muslim marauders led by Druze feudal lords destroyed part of the old city of Damascus and killed more than 11,000 Greek Orthodox and Melkite Greek Catholic Christians who had taken refuge in the churches and monasteries of Bab Tuma ("Saint Thomas’s Gate").
Legacy
Many alumni of Joseph's Patriarchal School of Theology became bishops and archpriests in Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, the United States and Brazil, most notably Raphael Hawaweeny, known as Raphael of Brooklyn, the first Orthodox Christian bishop consecrated on American soil, and Dom Ignatios Firzli, Greek Orthodox archbishop of São Paulo
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