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The term of metabolic syndrome (mets) was first described in 1988 by reaven and is characterized by dyslipidemia, high blood pressure (bp), glucose intolerance (or diabetes), and visceral obesity . According to the national cholesterol education program - adult treatment panel iii (ncep - atp iii), untreated mets incre... |
In anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union (apbdu), the common channel is abnormally long and the connection between the choledochus and pancreatic duct is outside of the duodenal wall . This congenital disorder is frequently associated with choledochal cysts, another congenital condition consisting of localized or d... |
Consciously and unconsciously, the idea of death can be experienced as a psychological threat . The intensity and frequency of these experiences vary as a function of personal experience, individual characteristics, and contextual / cultural factors . Just as the meaning of life for individuals derives from social inte... |
Transrectal ultrasound - guided prostate biopsy is routinely done to diagnose the absence or presence of malignancy . However, with 10 to 12 prostatic cores now being the standard, the procedure can be painful unless adequate analgesia is provided . Although a wide variety of anesthetic techniques are available for tra... |
The gastrointestinal (gi) cancers are the most frequent cancer among iranians (1, 2) and the burden of these cancers were increased recently (35). Oral cavity cancer is the eighth most frequent cancer among men in the world (6). It is estimated that 34,360 new cases of pharyngeal and oral cavity cancer would be diagnos... |
Studies of transgender men and women have often focused on their gender identities and how societies differ in their acceptance of gender ambiguity (besnier & alexeyeff, 2013; graham - davies, 2010; johnson, 1997; koon, 2002; nanda, 1990, 2000; sinnott, 2004). These studies, which often focus on how transgender individ... |
Resulting from its considerable role in the absorption of nutrients, mainly of short chain fatty acids (scfas) and of electrolytes [13], the rumen epithelium ranks among the tissues with high metabolic rates [4, 5]. A main proportion of the rumen atp utilization is related to activity of a na / k - atpase that has been... |
First reported by earle and hart in 1973, these tumors are derived from the common neuroepithelial cells capable of differentiating into glial cells, neurons, or melanocytes . Two variants are recognized, namely central pnet (cpnet) and peripheral pnet (ppnet) (although, this demarcation is pathological and lacks clini... |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is one of the world s leading causes of death.1 a majority of copd patients experience exacerbations that require hospitalization and drive up the cost and morbidity of copd . Normally, priority is given to interventions that seek to delay the progression of the disease . Re... |
Perampanel (per) is the first - in - class orally active antagonist of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (ampa) receptors, . Perampanel was licensed in europe and the us for the add - on treatment of patients with epilepsy with partial - onset seizures after three phase iii trials that assessed the cl... |
All photosynthetic systems in living organisms contain light - harvesting pigment protein complexes (lhcs) that enhance photosynthetic efficiency by capturing and concentrating light energy for the reaction center complexes (rcs), where the primary conversion of light energy into electrochemical potential takes place .... |
Warfarin skin necrosis (wsn) is a nonhemorrhagic complication of warfarin treatment, and its prevalence is reported to be only 0.010.1% among patients taking warfarin . Calciphylaxis is a rare, challenging complication of end - stage renal disease (esrd) with a high mortality rate . Wsn and calciphylaxis have common cl... |
The volumetric contraction that accompanies resin - based composite (rbc) polymerization, typically to the order of 1.5 - 5%13, generates stress at the tooth - restoration interface and may lead to marginal gap formation, marginal discoloration, postoperative sensitivity and secondary caries15 . These clinical conseque... |
Every year, nephrologists around the world have to face their socio - medical duties towards their muslim chronic kidney disease (ckd) patients who wish to fulfill their religious obligation of fasting during the month of ramadan . Muslims form almost 20% of the world population and inhabit all corners of the globe, th... |
The biological heterogeneity of breast cancer (bc) has been defined by various efforts in recent years, taking into account the distinct molecular and histopathological features of these tumours . Luminal - type and basal - like bcs have been shown to be completely different diseases at the molecular level, as well as ... |
Centrosomes serve as microtubule - organizing centers in interphase and mitotic cells and play a role in cytokinesis and cell cycle progression (doxsey, 2001). They are also the precursors of primary cilia, nonmotile sensory organelles found on most vertebrate cells . Ciliary dysfunctions are associated with several hu... |
The world of public biological databases is constantly evolving, as attested by the ever - growing size of the nucleic acids research (nar) annual database issue and online molecular biology database collection, as well as by the creation of a new journal dedicated to databases and biocuration, database (1,2). A wealth... |
The central stimulants methylphenidate (mph) and atomoxetine (atx) are the most commonly used drugs in the treatment of attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (adhd) in western countries.1,2 the number of children diagnosed with adhd has risen dramatically over the past two decades, and some remain on treatment int... |
Like many great political alliances, symbiotic relationships in biology may have started with antagonism, even parasitism, before two parties reached mutual understanding at least according to some evolutionary biologists . The example that is most often quoted is the mitochondria, the eukaryotic cell's energy - supply... |
Medical errors have become an important topic in current discussions of health care policy in the usa . A well - publicized november 1999 report from the iom summarized the existing data on mortality from medical errors, discussed potential sources of error, and proposed strategies to reduce these errors . While the re... |
Propofol is an intravenously administered hypnotic agent initially used for the induction and maintenance of appropriate sedative conditions . This drug offers some potential advantages as a sedative agent which include faster onset of sedation, faster patient recovery, better post procedure patient functioning and bet... |
Although hiv reduces fertility, an increase in pregnancy incidence has been documented in hiv - infected women using antiretroviral therapy (art) [13]. Combination first - line regimens in sub - saharan africa typically are comprised of two nucleoside / nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nrtis) and one nonnuc... |
There are reports of de novo production or exacerbation of obsessive - compulsive symptoms (ocs) in patients with schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotics. [13] this issue has been debated owing to the lack of clarity about the causality of ocs . Since ocs occurs in a proportion of schizophrenia patients with... |
Production of a novel, motivated, or useful material defines creativity, which is one of the higher, specific, human brain functions . Although creativity can be expressed in virtually any domain, art, in particular, illustrates how creativity may be modulated by normal or pathological brain functions . The effects of ... |
Sixty students (34 females) from utrecht university with a mean age of 21.9 (sd=3.5) participated for course credit or a financial reward . Exclusion criteria were prior knowledge about emdr, current psychiatric disorder, hearing impairment, uncorrected visual impairment, and use of medication that might influence atte... |
Over the last two decades, it has become widely appreciated that genes expressed in reproductive tissues, particularly in males, are among the most rapidly evolving genes in the genomes of many organisms . The phenomenon of rapid reproductive tract gene evolution is phylogenetically widespread, having been documented i... |
Cefpirome is a cephalosporin that was recently introduced, and is frequently used for empirical therapy in severely ill patients in the intensive care, oncology, and transplantation units . It has potent bactericidal activity against a broad range of gram - negative and gram - positive organisms, including pseudomonas ... |
The increasing quantity of available biomedical data pose a challenge to life scientist wishing to explore a particular research problem . Although emerging bioinformatics services enable structured access to increasingly complex datasets, it is often the case that the primary data is only available in the published li... |
Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynaecologic malignancy of postmenopausal women, usually revealed by vaginal bleeding . Most patients are diagnosed at an early stage, the disease being limited to the uterus . For patients with stage iii and iv disease, it decreases markedly and ranges from 30% to 90% and 0% to... |
Let us remind ourselves of the unique range of properties this phenomenon possesses: 1 . The pattern of ball lightning movement proves that it is a self - contained object with a density approximate to the density of the air (about 1.54.0 an ability to restore a ball shape after a smoke - like penetration through narro... |
Ventricular tachyarrhythmias (vts) are life - threatening events that result in hemodynamic compromise; therefore, patients often require immediate treatment such as electrical cardioversion . Despite appropriate management of ventricular arrhythmias, the american heart association (aha) guideline on cardiopulmonary re... |
The international organization for standardization (iso) defines engineered nanomaterials (enms) as materials with any external dimension in the nanoscale or having an internal surface structure at those dimensions (between 1 and 100 nm) and that are designed for a specific purpose or function . Within the broader cate... |
This study is part of the school achievement study conducted by the university of agder and srlandet resource centre . In 2010, 625 ninth- and tenth - grade students, from four different secondary schools in three different municipalities in vest - agder county, were invited to participate by filling in a questionnaire... |
Heart diseases, including myocardial infarction (mi), are one of the leading causes of death in the world . They are responsible for approximately 30% of all cases of death around the world (gaziano, 2008). According to data, around 10% of all patients with (mi) are under 45 years of age (doughty et al ., 2002). Almost... |
Systemic sclerosis (ssc) is a connective tissue disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs and widespread vasculopathy . Raynaud's phenomenon (rp) is often the first manifestation of ssc, frequently preceding the onset of cutaneous sclerosis by several years particularly in patients with limited ... |
Pusa caspica is one of the smallest members of the earless seal family (phocidae) and unique in that it is found exclusively in the brackish caspian sea and endemic to it . It is distributed throughout the caspian sea from avant - deltas of the volga and ural rivers to the iranian coasts . Although there are reports of... |
No congenital anomaly causes more deaths than heart defects.12 in the united states, for example, heart defects have recently surpassed anencephaly and spina bifida as the leading cause of infant death.1 because of the impact of heart defects, even in the face of improved diagnostic methods and treatment opportunities,... |
Jefferson fractures of c1 constitutes 25% of all craniocervical injuries, 2 - 13% of all cervical spine injuries, and approximately 1.3% of all spinal fractures.12 there is a high prevalence of concomitant fractures of the axis, especially odontoid fractures.34 the unstable jefferson fracture of c1 is characterized by ... |
Vitreoretinal surgery is commonly done under peribulbar anaesthesia supplemented with intravenous (iv) sedation . Current drugs include benzodiazepines (most commonly midazolam) with an opioid (often fentanyl), with or without propofol . Common adverse effects of midazolam include prolonged recovery after long term or ... |
Cardiac myxomas can present in various ways,1)2) and in rare cases they are infected . Infected cardiac myxoma with concomitant infective endocarditis is very rare, and not previously reported in korea . Here, we report a case of 49-year - old male patient who was initially diagnosed with infected left atrial myxoma wi... |
The adult prevalence is approximately 1%, but schizophrenics constitute close to 10% of the permanently disabled population . The dopamine hypothesis has tried to explain positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of the schizophrenia suggesting different alterations of the dopamine activity in different brain regions ... |
Protein - protein interaction (ppi) networks play important roles in many cellular activities, including complex formation and metabolic pathways, and identification of ppi pairs may provide important insights into the molecular basis of cellular processes . Several high - throughput experimental approaches have been d... |
In a previous issue of critical care, molina and colleagues provide the results of a large multicenter spanish observational cohort study of hematology patients with acute respiratory failure (arf). Their main findings are that non - invasive mechanical ventilation (niv) failure is an independent risk factor for icu mo... |
Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qrt pcr) is a technique by which expression levels of individual genes can be quantified by measuring the abundance of their mrna products relative to a standard (such as 18s rrna). It represents a robust means of gene expression quantification on its own, a... |
Vitamin b12 had been usually treated as sport nutrition, and used to keep old people from getting anemic in past years . Recently studies have shown that vitamin b12 played a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system and the formation of blood . Vitamin b12 is normally involved in several metab... |
The model eukaryote saccharomyces cerevisiae, whose genome sequence is available since 1996 (1), plays an essential role in our efforts to understand complex biological networks that control cellular processes . Since the release of the complete yeast genome sequence, a number of computational methods and tools have be... |
While it has been appreciated that oxidative folding is dependent on electron acceptors and likely to be catalyzed in vivo, the physiological mechanism governing this process was not known until recently . Genetic screens in yeast identified a conserved, er membrane associated protein ero1p (er oxidoreductin 1) as an e... |
A previously healthy 35-year - old man visited our hospital with a 1-month history of short - term memory difficulties and disorientation . The patient had a history of alcohol abuse for one year and tobacco abuse for ten years . A general physical examination identified whitish patches and a fissured ulcer on the left... |
Hepatitis b virus (hbv) is the most common virus with the potential to cause human liver disease, including self - limiting acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, fulminant hepatic failure, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc). Worldwide, hbv causes an estimated 250,000 deaths per year and is a significant p... |
Nitric oxide synthases (noss) are responsible for the biological production of nitric oxide (no), an important second messenger that regulates many biological processes such as neurotransmission, vasodilation, and immune response . Noss catalyze two sequential reactions that convert l - arginine to l - citrulline and t... |
Acute pyelonephritis is one of the most common medical complications of pregnancy, occurring in 1 - 2% of pregnant women and may result in significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality . Iliopsoas abscess was first described by mynter in 1881 and is a well - recognized complication of tuberculosis (tb) of the ... |
Dental traumatology is a multidisciplinary branch of dentistry that requires a number of specific skills where, in cases of emergency, decisions have to be made within a limited timeframe and with effects that are only possible to be evaluated at a later date . The technique of tooth fragment reattachment should be ada... |
In this issue of critical care, seely and macklem present a clear and concise overview of several methodologies used to characterize variability . Why is this report important? First, not only does it provide an opportunity to appreciate the principles of the analytical techniques, but it also gives clues for interpret... |
Hydrogen sulfide (h2s) is a colorless, watersoluble gas with a smell of rotten eggs and is an endogenously produced labile diffusible mediator with multiple roles in the cardiovascular system in health and disease . H2s is endogenously generated, and cystathionine--synthase (cbs), cystathionine--lyase (cse), and 3-merc... |
The cohesin complex is a 4 subunit ring structure that holds sister chromatids together from the time of dna replication until the chromosomes divide upon cell division (fig . 1). The complex binds to chromosomes in hundreds of locations along chromosome arms as well as centromeres where it is important for chromosome ... |
The population of cambodia is estimated to be more than 14 million with at least 75% engaged in agriculture . Pesticides are not produced in cambodia but the value of pesticides imported into the country has increased considerably since 1996 . In addition, there is a widespread illegal pesticide trade across the border... |
Study participants were prospectively enrolled in the (1) cryptococcal optimal antiretroviral timing (coat) trial (clinicaltrials.gov: nct01075152), a randomized strategy trial assessing the optimal timing of art initiation in cm, or in the (2) neurological outcomes on art (noat) study, a prospective observational coho... |
A 27-year - old man (height, 181 cm; weight, 76 kg) visited the outpatient orthopedic department with a chief complaint of low back pain . He had received medication treatment 8 years previously due to the same symptoms . Since then, he had experienced pain rated as 3 - 4 on an 0 - 10 numeric rating scale (nrs) when be... |
Age - related macular degeneration (amd) is the leading cause of blindness in elder people in the western population [14]. A pooled analysis from north america, europe, and australia showed that the prevalence of amd was 4.6% in people aged less than 85 years and 13.1% in people aged 85 years or older . In the united s... |
There is long - standing dichotomy between mind and brain . And this dates back to the time of ren descartes . Ever since he introduced the concept of mind - body duality, the exact link between mind and body or the causal relation between the mental and physical remained an unsolved problem . And this debate has more ... |
Invasive fungal infections due to candida species constitute an increasing clinical problem . In recent years, those fungal species have become the fourth most common etiological cause of systemic infections in children . Data from the literature suggest that surgical procedures may constitute a significant risk factor... |
Dna and rna are anionic polyelectrolytes that bear one negative charge per nucleotide and the resulting high charge density generates strong repulsive forces that must be reduced for nucleic acids to perform their biological function . This reduction is achieved through electrostatic screening by water and counterions ... |
Even though many types of resins have been brought out into dental treatments for the construction of complete and partial dentures pmma is the most preferred material in spite of its low strength.1,2 dentures' physical and mechanical properties could be affected by the type of denture base material and its polymerizat... |
A left - sided gallbladder can either occur as part of situs inversus, or as a true gallbladder malposition . Malposition can be either medioposition, or sinistroposition (true left - sided gallbladder). In medioposition, the gallbladder is displaced medially to lie on the undersurface of segment iv but is still on the... |
A 52-year - old male was admitted to medical ward for the management of a severe headache and raised blood pressure . Subsequently, he suffered a seizure and developed an irrelevant speech for which a psychiatric consultation was sought . History revealed alcohol consumption from the age of 22 years . By the age of 45 ... |
Ectopic pregnancy is a condition of immense gynecological importance, particularly in the developing world, because of the high morbidity and mortality associated with it and the enormous threat to life . When ruptured, ectopic pregnancy is a true medical emergency . It is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the... |
In traditional chinese medicine, atractylodis rhizoma is the dried root and stems from atractylodes lancea (thunb .) The medicinal herb is widely known as cangzhu in china . And it is widely used for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, digestive disorders, mild diarrhea, and influenza . In clinic, atractylodis rhizoma... |
Even stalwarts like hugh hampton young or charles huggins would have had difficulty foreseeing the mind - boggling developments in the specialty . Technological advancements are occurring on a day - to - day basis, and it would be worthwhile to look at some that have the potential to alter urological practice . The use... |
The technological advancement in communication network has facilitated healthcare professionals across the world in accessing electronic medical records, such as medical images, and obtaining second opinions for high - quality diagnosis . As a consequence, medical images are exposed to security threat such as tampering... |
Mer tyrosine kinase (mertk) is an integral membrane protein that is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic lineages such as monocytes / macrophages, dendritic cells (dcs), and natural killer (nk) cells [1, 2], which is one of the three members of tam (tyro3, axl, mer) family receptor tyrosine kinases [3, 4]. The pro... |
The location of tumor in the rectum is an important factor that affects the choice of treatment modality . Finally, the lower third of the rectum is entirely extraperitoneal for the descriptive anatomy . Surgically important marks of the rectum have been emphasized on the proximal limits of the rectum and the edges of ... |
The incidence of breast cancer increases with age but is not infrequent in women younger than age 40 years; approximately 2% of women are younger than 35 years when breast cancer is diagnosed . Breast cancer has been reported to be more aggressive and to be associated with a more unfavorable prognosis in younger patien... |
Carbon monoxide (co) is known as a silent killer, because it is an odorless, colorless, and non - irritating gas . Myocardial infarction related to co poisoning has been frequently reported in the literature; however, an st elevation myocardial infarction (stemi) due to coronary occlusion is a very rare presentation.1)... |
In the relationship between healthcare professionals and patients, there is an imbalance in knowledge regarding disease, prognosis, and treatment . The knowledge, competence, and expertise of healthcare professionals have been assumed to be strong and with the capacity to define patients' best interests . Based on thei... |
Serum samples collected in may 2001 from 938 healthy chinese adults in hong kong and 48 confirmed sars patients diagnosed in february and march 2003 in guangdong were studied . The healthy adults were totally asymptomatic persons randomly recruited after a telephone interview concerning hepatitis b virus . The signs an... |
The measurement of dah is complex, and methods are continually evolving (1317). We therefore present here a detailed description of our methods in order to support those conducting such work in the future, and to allow for comparison with other studies . We used internal financial reporting systems to estimate the amou... |
Ten years ago, we had a pretty good idea of how mechanotransduction in inner - ear hair cells worked: from the top of each hair cell emanates a bundle of actin - cored stereocilia (figure 1a), and deflection of the bundle toward the taller stereocilia opens ion channels to depolarize the cell . Tip links extending betw... |
Metastases are responsible for more than 90% of all cancer deaths . In most carcinomas, the lymph node status (n+/n) is amongst the strongest prognostic factors for overall survival and disease - free survival for patients with early cervical neoplasms [1, 2]. The exact mechanism by which tumor cells can metastasize aw... |
We analyzed 82 type and other culture collection strains encompassing all validly described staphylococcal species (n = 38) and subspecies (n = 21; according to the current list of bacterial names with standing in nomenclature, updated may 14, 2005) (7). Two strains of the recently proposed candidate species s. pettenk... |
Post - endoscopy infections rki robert koch institute, germany sgna society of gastroenterology nurses and associates, usa shea society for healthcare epidemiology of america the authors have no financial or other conflict of interest to declare in relation to this manuscript and declare no financial or other relations... |
It is the most common chronic respiratory disease in the world and one of the most common chronic diseases among children . This disease is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm . Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced ... |
In order to make use of silicon nanowires (si nws) in nano - devices, selective doping to form pn junctions or p and n wells is a necessity . Till date, a host of devices with selectively doped si nws have been demonstrated . Out of them, axial pn and pni junction in si nws have shown the potential to be used as solar ... |
The treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer has progressed significantly over the past 20 years, and currently the folfiri or folfox regimen 1 - 4, with or without a targeted monoclonal antibody, is the standard treatment 5 - 8, consisting of the injection of a bolus of 5-fluorouracil (5-fu), irinotecan or oxaliplati... |
A 37-year - old female visited with a complaint of gradually decreased visual acuity . At the first ophthalmological examination, the corrected best visual acuities in the right eye and the left eye were 1.0 and 0.4 respectively . Slit lamp examination revealed that there was no specific finding in the anterior segment... |
Scientists following load reduction of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection are still in a controversial dilemma, although many researchers have been implemented . Hbv infection commonly occurs in either subclinical or self - limited form; nevertheless, about 5% of the infections results in liver cirrhosis or hepatocellul... |
It is generally accepted that gonadal sex hormones contribute to greater clinical and experimental pain experiences in women as compared to men [15]. Research thus far has demonstrated mixed findings on how the stage of menstrual cycle (and accompanying changes in steroids such as estradiol and progesterone) covaries w... |
Currently, an estimation of around 3% of people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis c virus (hcv), which is a global health problem caused cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) (1). Throughout the past two decades, hcv was recognized and the subsequent interferon - based therapies were used to trea... |
Conformational diseases are caused by changes in protein tertiary structures and the associated loss of existing functions or the appearing of the new properties such as oligomerization ability . The most common conformational diseases are amyloidoses which arise when proteins, having lost their native tertiary structu... |
Xyloglucan (xyg) is a hemicellulosic polysaccharide found in all land plants (popper and fry, 2003, 2004; popper, 2008; sarkar et al . 2009) in varying amounts; for example, xyg is a major hemicellulosic component of the primary cell wall of flowering plants (up to 25%), but a minor, sometimes barely detectable, consti... |
Dna microarray platforms for gene expression profiling were invented relatively recently, and breast cancer has been among the earliest and most intensely studied disease using this technology . The new molecular profiling has enriched our understanding of breast cancer heterogeneity and yielded new prognostic and pred... |
Cytogenetic and loss of heterozygocity (loh) studies document frequent genetic alterations on chromosome 6 in many types of human cancers including breast cancer and malignant melanoma . In human breast cancer, 18 - 57% deletion frequencies in primary breast tumor tissue (n=72) were reported on the short arm of chromos... |
It has a wide spectrum of activity, excellent tissue penetration and is rapidly bactericidal at low concentrations . Norfloxacin has a minimum inhibitory concentration (mic90) of 0.06, 0.12, 0.25 and 0.5 mg / ml for haemophilus influenzae, escherichia coli, enterobacter spp . And klebsiella spp . This antibiotic shows ... |
Vitamin d (or 25-hydroxyvitamin d, 25(oh)d) is a multifunctional prohormone.1 scientific understanding of its role has developed from regarding it as a simple vitamin to recognizing its qualities as a steroid prohormone.2 vitamin d has a key part to play in human calcium and phosphorus metabolism and consequently in ma... |
As a simple example, let us think about how to obtain a protein of interest ., they may be obtained from a patient's cells or tissues, whereas for experimental use on the bench, the proteins may originate from microorganisms or from cell lines derived from insects, vertebrate animals, or plants . In any case, endogenou... |
These discomforts are of the most common health problems leading to the pain and unfavorable feeling among workers in the workplaces . According to the previous studies, unlike increasingly expansion of mechanical and automatic processes, the work - related musculoskeletal disorders (wmsds) are still the main reason of... |
Postoperative ileus (poi) is perceived as an unavoidable outcome of major abdominal surgery, primarily due to poorly understood multifactorial pathophysiology.1 poi is multifactorial in origin and causative factors include neurogenic, inflammatory, hormonal and pharmacologic influences.1 the neurogenic component relate... |
Urban health systems of many developing countries including india are characterized by under - funded public services and large - scale proliferation of private sector health services . In most instances, the private sector services develop without appropriate regulation or stewardship from the public sector. (12) as s... |
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00251 - 010 - 0478 - 4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users . Natural killer (nk) cells are key components of the innate immune response . According to the missing - self model, nk cells integrate activating and inhibitory signals and ... |
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