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Intestinal parasitic infections still constitute one of the major causes of public health problems in the world, particularly in developing countries . Helminths or worm infestations refer to worms that live as parasites in the human body and are a fundamental cause of disease associated with health and nutrition probl...
Proteases are important targets in drug design, as they are part of numerous fundamental cellular processes . There are seven distinct classes of proteases, which are classified according to the catalytic residue: serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartate, and glutamate proteases, metalloproteases, and asparagine peptide ...
Intracellular ca signaling controls a diverse range of highly regulated cellular processes, from gene transcription and muscle contraction to fertilization, cell proliferation and apoptosis . Cyclic adenosine 5-diphosphate ribose (cadpr, 1, figure 1) is an emerging principal second messenger, like the well characterize...
Temporomandibular disorders (tmd) is a collective term that includes a large spectrum of clinical problems of the joint and the muscles on the orofacial area; these dysfunctions are characterized mainly by pain, sounds in the temporomandibular joint (tmj) and irregular or limited function of the jaw . It is comprised i...
The liver response to a drug is critical in determining the ultimate effect the drug will have on the body . It is well - known that the first - pass effect of the cytochrome p450s, metabolizing enzymes, and transporters can greatly reduce the bioavailability of a drug or transform a prodrug into its active form . Subs...
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is a ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that exists in two isoforms, and . Originally identified based on its role in glycogen biosynthesis based on its inactivating phosphorylation of glycogen synthase, it has since been found to regulate a myriad of functions through wnt and other signal...
Biodegraded oils resulting from the action of microorganisms that destroy hydrocarbons and other oil components have been a problem for the petroleum industry . Biodegradation is responsible for the increase in viscosity and acidity of the oil and the reduction of its api (american petroleum institute) grade . Differen...
In this prospective study 106 consecutive phalangeal fractures were managed in a single orthopaedic unit . A total of 70 (67%) of these fractures affected proximal phalanges, and out of these the indications for inclusion included one or more of the following: functionally unstable fractures . For functional stability ...
Flies of forensic importance are the subject of interest, since their specimens collected from human cadavers can be used in forensic investigations for estimating a minimum postmortem interval (pmimin). As insect communities differ across seasons, the records of entomofauna collected from various death scenes in thail...
Suicide attempt is a non - fatal act when a person deliberately puts himself or herself at risk of death (1). Research results show that the rate of committed suicides among adolescents in the world is higher than other age groups (2, 3). Suicide is the second leading cause of death in adolescents after accidents (4). ...
Standard definitions of overweight and obesity, based on body mass index (bmi), do not differ by age . However, many studies of older adults have found a u - shaped relationship between bmi and mortality, with the lowest mortality in the group labeled as overweight (bmi from 25 to 29.9). The work in identifies several ...
The subjects in the hong kong case - control study were of southern han chinese ancestry residing in hong kong . Participants for the case cohort consisting of 1,481 subjects with type 2 diabetes were selected from two sources . From the hong kong diabetes registry (18), we selected 556 patients (age 40.4 8.3 years [me...
African animal trypanosomiasis (aat) is caused by trypanosoma congolense, trypanosoma vivax, and trypanosoma brucei . Trypanosomiasis is a debilitating disease of man and domestic and wild animals which is often characterized by anemia, reduced productivity, and high mortality [13]. It is a major constraint to the deve...
Our study included 13 patients (6 men and 7 women, age range: 18 - 69 years, mean age: 45.9) with a previously untreated brain tumor . The postoperative diagnosis of brain tumors included three glioblastomas, two anaplastic astrocytomas, two anaplastic oligodendrogliomas, one oligodendroglioma, one metastasis, one lymp...
Emergency department overcrowding is a common international concern.1 2 nationally there is a mixed opinion on whether this has a positive or negative effect on the rates of admission . One opinion is that if the emergency department is overcrowded then disproportionately more referrals are made in order to divert some...
Coronary computed tomography angiography (ccta) is increasingly used for the non - invasive assessment of coronary artery disease in stable symptomatic patients . Several multicenter clinical trials comparing 64-slice ccta with invasive catheter - based coronary angiography have shown remarkable diagnostic accuracy for...
Cell - based assays are a powerful tool in modern medicine and drug discovery, through which functional information on physiology, pathology, pharmacology as well as toxicity can be obtained in both high - throughput and high - content formats.14 a great challenge in improving the performance of cell - based assays is ...
Prasugrel is an anti - platelet thienopyridine agent.1) in vivo, the metabolites of prasugrel irreversibly bind to the p2y class of adenosine diphosphate receptors on platelets and inhibit platelet activation and aggregation . Prasugrel was approved by the food and drug administration in july 2009 after it was shown to...
Samples of manufacturing plasma pools submitted to the national institute for biological standards and control for testing for hepatitis c virus rna were stored at 70c until analysis, in compliance with european regulatory requirements . Manufacturing pools were sourced from donations collected in europe and north amer...
Oral cancer is the sixth most common malignancy in the world . Along with major risk factors, like tobacco and alcohol, some studies have suggested that high - risk hpv is a risk factor for scc and the prevalence of high - risk hpv in head and neck cancers has been reported from 38% to 100% in different studies (1). Am...
Tuberculosis of the nose is so infrequent that it has virtually become a forgotten disease entity among young clinicians . However, it still remains an important clinical entity which should be kept in mind especially in developing countries . Usually, sinonasal tuberculosis (tb) occurs secondary to pulmonary tb by inh...
It includes 185 articles that provide (i) descriptions of the database resources at the ncbi, european bioinformatics institute (ebi) and the us department of energy joint genome institute (jgi); (ii) 58 new molecular biology databases (table 1); (iii) updates on 100 databases previously featured in nar; and (iv) updat...
The study was conducted in 118 caucasian type 2 diabetic patients (63 women; mean sd age 57.2 9.7 years and a1c 7.3 2%). According to the values obtained with isotopic gfr, patients were divided into three study subgroups: hyperfiltration (gfr> 140 ml / min per 1.73 m, 26 patients); normal renal function (gfr 90140 ml ...
Although pork remains the predominant source of trichinellosis throughout the world, other meats occasionally have been implicated as well . In recent years, the trichinella spp . A wider host spectrum is especially evident in non - encapsulated species, such as trichinella pseudospiralis, infecting birds . Furthermore...
Synapses are specialized subcellular organelles connecting nerve cells in the central nervous system or nerve cells and muscle cells in the peripheral nervous system . Synapses act by pre - synaptic release of synaptic transmitters and the post - synaptic reception of the signal . Their outstanding significance for lea...
Elevation in cardiac troponin (i or t) reflects myocardial necrosis.1) if there are no other etiologies of myocardial necrosis, such as myocarditis, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, congestive heart failure and renal failure, cardiac troponin elevation is indicative of myocardial infarction due to acute myocardia...
It has been proposed that the innate immune system might discriminate living and virulent pathogens from dead or harmless microbes, but the molecular mechanisms by which this discrimination could occur remain unclear . Although studies of model antigens and adjuvants have illuminated important principles underlying imm...
Mucoid degeneration (md) is a rare pathological affection of the anterior cruciate ligament (acl). Mucinous material within the substance of acl produces pain and limited motion in the knee . This series describes the clinicoradiological presentation of patients with mucoid acl, partial arthroscopic debridement of acl ...
Arabidopsis thaliana, belonging to the brassicaceae family, is widely exploited as a reference in plant biology thanks to its short generation time, small size, that limited the requirement for growth facilities, prolific seed production through self - pollination, and its small diploid genome.1,2 this is also the reas...
Aging is a slow and gradual biological process, associated with various morphological and biochemical changes in biological system . Aging diminishes homeostasis and increases vulnerability to cognitive dysfunctions in addition to physical, mental, or social activities in human beings . Aging also accompanied by change...
A 80-year - old man presented with a recent onset of constipation, anal discomfort, and anal incontinence . Several months ago, he experienced a sensation of something passing through the anus at defecation, that he manually reinserted, accompanied by tenesmus and rectal bleeding, for which he had a diagnosis of hemorr...
Thus, responsibility of maintaining high quality and standard in providing health care also rests with the doctors themselves . A procedure or set of procedures, intended to insure that a manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set of quality criteria or meets the requirements of the client or cu...
Arginine deiminase (adi) plays important role in cell signaling pathways, including apoptosis, differentiation, and transcriptional regulation [1, 2]. Adi is an arginine - degrading enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptidylarginine to form peptidylcitrulline . Adi activity is dysregulated in multiple human disea...
The loss or absence of eyeball may result from several factors such as congenital defects, irreparable trauma, or oncological problems . Depending on the gravity of the situation, evisceration and enucleation surgeries are extremely traumatic and result in eyeball removal with consequent serious corporal image alterati...
The study followed the tenets of the declaration of helsinki and was approved by the institutional review board at korea university medical center . All patients were selected through a brief questionnaire including assessment for any symptoms of eyestrain or visual perceptual distortion and other symptoms to determine...
Lasa is an ongoing study on predictors and consequences of changes in physical, emotional, cognitive, and social functioning in older people in the netherlands . A random sample stratified by age and sex according to expected mortality after 5 years was drawn from the population registries of 11 municipalities in three...
A multidisciplinary group of 69 cerebrovascular specialists consisting of 43 neurosurgeons (11 of whom were trained in both neurosurgical and endovascular aneurysm repair), 14 interventional neuroradiologists, 11 neurologists, and 1 clinical epidemiologist was convened to participate in a delphi consensus on contempora...
Cumulative life damage is an old concept of considerable face validity, which has attracted more scientific interest in the fields of sociology and psychology than in medicine over the years . In a philosophical context the analysis of factors which convey either advantages or disadvantages to the development of an ind...
Cystic hydatid disease (chd), also known as hydatidosis, is a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by echinococcus granulosus or dog tapeworm . Humans are accidently infected by oral ingestion of food or water contaminated with dog feces containing echinococcus eggs (1). Chd is a helminthic disease with global distribut...
Skeletal dysplasias are a large heterogeneous group of disorders consisting of abnormalities of bone or cartilage growth or their structure . Recently, 436 different entities have been described, despite the fact that the total number has gone down compared with the previous revision (by grouping of phenotypically indi...
We recruited 100 completely asymptomatic patients of both genders (50 each) to obtain unilateral standard lower extremity rotational ct scans for evaluation of hip joint pain and anteversion angle of the affected acetabulum . Patients with no clinical signs or symptoms in the knee joint for 1 year prior were included i...
Urinary tract infections (utis) are common bacterial infections in infants and children and have high prevalence and morbidity rates . Urinary tract infections are simply classified as acute pyelonephritis / upper urinary tract infection and cystitis / lower urinary tract infection . In a community with low antimicrobi...
Semiconductor quantum dots (qds) is attracting tremendous research interests due to the benefits promised by the three - dimensional (3d) carrier confinement of the qd system . For example, the 3d carrier confinement provides qd lasers the possibilities to achieve low threshold current density and high differential gai...
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (ppgls) are neuroendocrine tumors arising from adrenomedullary chromaffin cells and extra - adrenal chromaffin cells of the sympathetic or parasympathetic ganglia . The tumors are associated with life - threatening complications due to their ability to release catecholamines most pp...
Photoconversion is a procedure by which a fluorescent dye is transformed into a stably stained product, thus enabling a long - lasting analysis of fluorescently - labelled cellular structures at both bright field light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy . It exploits the property of fluorescent dyes to gen...
The majority of myocardial infarctions and ischemic strokes are caused by intravascular clotting that, when unopposed, rapidly can progress into an occluding arterial thrombus . To protect against this, the vascular endothelium of healthy individuals has the ability to acutely release the fibrinolytic enzyme tissue - t...
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph) is a urologic disease that affects males 50 years of age and older . It is a common disease of the elderly that has rapidly increased in incidence with the growing elderly population, economic growth, and the ubiquity of the western diet . A traditional surgical approach to bph is tra...
The appropriate use of human resources is one of the major problems of organizations and one of the most serious challenges facing the current management of medical centers . Nurses, as the largest human resource of healthcare and medical organizations, are of special importance, as these organizations cannot be succes...
Esthesioneuroblastoma (enb), also known as olfactory neuroblastoma, is a rare malignant tumor of neuroectodermal origin arising from the olfactory epithelium . These tumors are often unilateral slow - growing masses presenting in the orbital rim or ethmoid sinuses . Enb comprises 1 to 5% of intranasal tumors1 2 3 4 and...
Precision medicine promises to deliver medical care that is tailored to individual patients based on personal pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, genetic makeup, lifestyle, and environment . One size fits all therapies represents a dramatic paradigm shift in patient data collection, utilization of this information b...
The enteromix model of the human large intestine has been previously used in several different studies that have investigated the fermentation and function of prebiotic and probiotic ingredients in the colon (1719). The simulator consists of four different units, each of which contains four semi - continuously connecte...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) affects various structural and functional domains in the lungs . It also has significant extrapulmonary effects, the so - called systemic effects of copd . Nutritional abnormalities, weight loss, and skeletal muscle dysfunction are well - recognized systemic effects of copd ...
The n - terminal domain of human symplekin and full - length human ssu72 were over - expressed separately in e. coli and purified . The symplekin - ssu72 complex was purified by gel filtration of a mixture of the two proteins . Crystals were obtained by the sitting - drop vapor diffusion method, and the structures were...
The structural similarity of plant - derived isoflavones to human 17 estradiol has stimulated significant interest in their importance to women's health (balk et al . 2006), with some evidence that dietary isoflavones can influence hormonal levels in pre- and post - menopausal women (hooper et al ., 2009). However, the...
According to the newly released version of the global burden of disease study of 2010, migraine is responsible for almost 3% of disability attributable to a specific disease worldwide . Indeed, it is considered the most disabling neurological disorder, and the eighth most burdensome disease . Obesity can be linked to h...
The hepatitis b virus (hbv) is one of the most significant major health issues, with an estimated 350 million people as carriers throughout the world (1). Based on individual immune responses, hbv manifests itself in different ranges of development, presenting in some persons with self - limited infection and in others...
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is an important component of combination treatment strategies for locally advanced breast cancer . Randomized trials have confirmed that neoadjuvant chemotherapy can achieve the same effects as adjuvant chemotherapy, and that tumor response to chemotherapy can be predicted and the breast conser...
Until recently, the diagnostics of peripheral nerve pathologies was based on a clinical examination, neurophysiological examinations (electromyography, emg) as well as on magnetic resonance imaging (mri). At present, however, more and more clinicians refer their patients to ultrasound examination (us) for the purposes ...
Nuclear factor-b (nf-b) belongs to a family of transcription factors that play a crucial role in inflammatory and immune reactions . The malfunctioning of nf-b contributes to the inhibition of apoptosis, cell replication, and angiogenesis, all of which are occur in cancer cells . Several pieces of evidence have demonst...
Over the last three decades, the refinements in the techniques of exstrophy repair have resulted in tremendous improvement in functional and esthetic outcome in cases of exstrophy epispadias complex (eec). [14] today, we see more and more adolescent and adult patients who not only have good urinary continence but also ...
Good oral health is an essential component which determines the overall general health of children . Despite improvement in oral health, the prevalence of dental caries remains high in young children as reported by the united states national health and nutrition examination survey . Previous studies conducted on the pr...
Scoliosis is a deformity of the spine resulting in a lateral curvature of the spine, which is associated with rotation of the vertebrae and deformity of the rib cage . Its prevalence in the general population varies from 0.3% to 15.3% with a female preponderance of 3:1 . Scoliosis is associated with restrictive lung di...
Informed written consent was obtained from all participants in accordance with the declaration of helsinki, and the protocol received approval from the human ethics committee of the centre hospitalier universit de sherbrooke . Seven healthy men without glucose intolerance (controls subjects [con]), based on a 75-g oral...
Tumor necrosis factor- (tnf-) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is expressed by a variety of cell types, such as immune or neuronal cells . Tnf is involved in the development and maintenance of inflammatory and neuropathic pain [1, 2]. The effects of tnf are mediated by two distinct receptor subtypes, tnfr-1 and tnfr-...
Injectable hydrogels (in situ formed hydrogels) are promising substrates for tissue - engineering applications because of their ability to provide biodegradable scaffolds with physical properties that match those of living tissues and to control drug delivery with minimally invasive operations . Thermo- and ph - respon...
Perhaps most notably, folate is required during pregnancy for normal development of the neural tube closure . Once the connection between reduced dietary folate consumption and neural tube defects (ntds) was well established, the fda mandated fortification of grain - based foods with folic acid . This mandate resulted ...
Since 1960, the idea of adhesion to dental hard tissues resulted in the invention of many dental cements including glass ionomer cements (gics). Gic is basically a product of acid base reaction between ion leachable glass and aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid . This cement exhibits several desirable properties inclu...
Cardiovascular disease (cvd) remains the major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality despite currently available therapy . Full appreciation of all risk factors and the pathogenesis of this disease are inevitably required to identify additional targets for therapy . Atherosclerosis, the major underlying cause of c...
The gestational trophoblastic disease consists of two types of molar pregnancies: complete hydatidiform mole and partial hydatidiform mole . Although most cases of gtn came from molar pregnancy, there are a few cases of choriocarcinoma arising from non - molar pregnancies . The incidence of hydatidiform mole in asia is...
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) remains a substantial public health as well as a socioeconomic problem worldwide . Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) effectively halts hiv replication and profoundly increases survival of patients, it has not been possible yet to achieve...
Colorectal cancer (crc) is one of the most common cancers in developed countries, and its incidence continues to rise . In 2008, 12000 new patients were diagnosed with crc in the netherlands as compared to 7000 cases in 1998 . On the other hand, mortality has decreased and survivorship has improved, leading to an incre...
Patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency (vpi) present a unique challenge to the pediatric otolaryngologist . Otherwise straightforward problems such as sleep apnea and chronic tonsillitis become far more complicated in the cleft population due to the risk of vpi, and yet, sleep disordered breathing is increasingly b...
The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders iv diagnostic criteria for delirium are disturbances of consciousness and change in cognition that develops over a short period of time and fluctuates during the course of the day . There also must be evidence from the history, physical examination, or laborator...
A woman in her 50s presented to the emergency department after receiving multiple shocks from her intracardiac defibrillator (icd). She had frequent admissions at another center because of unstable ventricular tachycardia (vt), which resulted in icd implantation 13 years prior to presentation . Nine years after initial...
Diet and physical activity are major modifiable factors that help prevent or delay lifestyle - related chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (cvd), hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer . The prevalence of chronic lifestyle disease rapidly increases as a population ages, yet it is calculated that ...
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (pnets) were first described in the literature by hart and earle in 1973 . They are now classified by the world health organization as embryonal tumors comprising of undifferentiated or poorly differentiated neuroepithelial cells which appear to or which have the capacity to differentia...
A 15-year - old female slipped down during gymnastics practice and had a right knee pain localizing to the lateral side . She went to a hospital 5 days after the injury and was diagnosed with ocd of the lfc and anterior defect with posterocentral shift of the discoid lateral meniscus . The patient underwent arthroscopi...
But, the results have often been disappointing . Recently, with further advancements in laparoscopic surgery, laparoscopic repair of parastomal hernias have been described with good results . Many investigations have been reported that laparoscopic repair of parastomal hernias with the proper technique can be safe, fea...
The use of computers to help radiologists in the acquisition (e.g. Ct, mri, us, computed radiography), management and storage (pacs), and reporting (ris) of medical images is well established . More recently, computer programs have been developed and approved for use in clinical practice that aid radiologists in detect...
Prostasin (also known as channel activating protease 1) is a novel extracellular serine protease with trypsin - like activity which cleaves synthetic substrates in vitro, preferentially at carboxy - terminal side of arginine residue . The serine proteases constitute one of the largest classes of proteolytic enzymes and...
Pituitary apoplexy is a well - known clinical syndrome characterized by headache, meningeal irritation, visual loss, ophthalmoplegia, and alterations in consciousness (1)., we report a rare case of a 43-yr - old man with pituitary apoplexy presenting with hemiplegia . A 43-yr - old man presented with a sudden onset of ...
Sirtuins (sirts) belong to class iii histone deacetylases (hdacs) and function as deacetylating enzymes on lysine residues of various histones and nonhistone substrates with the special requirement for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nad) as cosubstrate for their activity . The mammalian sirtuin family consists of s...
His major contribution was the description of the law of effect . Since then, over course of a century, our understanding of pdds has radically changed . With the recognition that these conditions might have a biological basis, an intellectual context subsequently, investigations on the role of learning in behaviors in...
The disease is endemic in mexico, central and south america, and parts of africa and asia, particularly indian subcontinent, and is responsible for more than 50,000 deaths annually in these regions of the world . Cysticercal involvement of the spinal cord is rare even in endemic areas and accounts for 0.7 to 5.85% of a...
Liver fibrosis, characterized by enhanced extracellular matrix (ecm), represents the common responses of the liver to various chronic injuries . It is well known that hepatic stellate cells (hscs) are crucial mediators of liver fibrosis [1, 2]. In normal liver tissue, once activated, they will lose their vitamin a stor...
Approval of the ethics committee of the institutional review board of kyungpook national university hospital was obtained for this retrospective study (irb number: 2013 - 06 - 016). From january 2007 to june 2011, 25 patients (26 cases) underwent a two - stage revision arthroplasty using mobile cement prosthesis at our...
Due to new techniques, improved instruments and microscopic magnification, sophisticated surgical procedures can be performed and these have improved plastic surgery beyond the filling of tissue defects without regard for function and aesthetics . Although soft tissue reconstruction using local or pedicled flaps provid...
Mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) are multipotent fibroblast - like cells that reside in many adult tissues such as bone marrow adipose tissue [1, 2], liver, muscle connective tissue, amniotic fluid, placenta [6, 7], umbilical cord blood, and dental pulp [8, 9]. Although their differentiation potentials are primarily osteo...
The model of gender norms lacks an unequivocal conceptualisation . Questions regarding this concept are addressed differently in various surveys, such as the population policy acceptance study (ppas), the world value survey (wvs) and the international social survey programme (issp). Thus, the concept is operationalised...
Dental ceramics are considered chemically inert restorative materials . However, many factors such as the composition, microstructure, chemical properties of the ceramic materials, erosive or acidic agents, exposure time, and the temperature, may influence the durability of dental ceramics.1 hence, previous studies hav...
The plasmid pcb is a full length cdna infectious clone of bamv s (genbank accession number af018156) in a pcass2 vector as described previously . Nd35 was derived from pcb by deletion of the n terminal 35 amino acid sequence of cp . The plasmids (12 g) were used to inoculate chenopodium quinoa . The inoculated leaves w...
Polymeric particles have sparked major interest as nanosized delivery systems that increase drug's retention effects and efficacy at single - cell level through a temporal or spatial control (targeted therapy) [13]. From a biological and therapeutic perspective, the intrinsic advantage of these supramolecular assemblie...
Clathrin - coated pits represent the major port of entry into higher eukaryotic cells (conner and schmid, 2003a). Within the clathrin lattice, the ap2 adaptor complex interprets signals in the cytoplasmic domains of transmembrane cargo, thus allowing its inclusion into coated pits . The ap2 complex is composed of two 1...
There are various ligaments around the vertebral column, such as the anterior longitudinal ligament (all), posterior longitudinal ligament (pll), ligamentum flavum, and ligamentum nuchae of the cervical spine . These ligaments may become ossified, paravertebral ligamentous ossification is defined by ossified ligaments ...
Celiac artery stenosis is a relatively common condition with an incidence estimated to be between 10 and 25% of the adult population . However, many patients remain asymptomatic until the arterial blood flow is reduced by 6070%, due to the development of extensive collateral pathways . During pancreaticoduodenectomy, t...
The term preleukemia' has undergone a major evolution since it was first used in 1953 by block et al . At that time, the term referred to the heterogeneous group of hematopoietic disorders associated with a block in myeloid differentiation and chronic cytopenias . We now call these disorders, myelodysplastic syndromes ...
Humans have an incredible capacity to reflect upon their own or others' emotional states . The default mode network (dmn) is a large - scale brain network involved in processing one's own or others' emotional state (buckner et al ., 2008). Impairments in this type of mental reflection are part of the social - cognitive...