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Reversible protein phosphorylation is a major mechanism in the regulation of fundamental signaling events in all living organisms . In bacteria, four types of phosphorylation systems were described: (i) the two - component system (1), (ii) the phosphoenolpyruvate (pep) transferase system (pts) (2), (iii) the eukaryotic... |
The quest for newer materials is never ending in the field of restorative dentistry and endodontics . Ideal characteristics lead to the introduction of mineral trioxide aggregate (mta) by torabinejad et al ., in 1993 . Mta was recommended initially as a root - end filling material; however, its use has been subsequentl... |
The open access publication charges for this paper has been waived by oxford university press. |
Atrial fibrillation (af) represents the most common sustained supraventricular arrhythmia, which is also noteworthy for its growing incidence in the elderly population . It is associated with increased mortality, risk of stroke, and exacerbation of heart failure . Since pharmacological treatment of arrhythmias have bee... |
Olfaction contributes to the finding of food, hosts, reproductive partners, in the making of developmental decisions, and to the evasion from predators . Studies into the olfactory system of the model nematode caenorhabditis elegans have yielded detailed descriptions of the molecular and cellular pathways that subserve... |
Next - generation whole - genome and exome - sequenced cancer samples were previously sequenced by members of the international cancer genome consortium, the cancer genome atlas and other centres . High - confidence somatic substitutions were obtained from these consortia or other peer - reviewed publications not relat... |
Japanese immigration occurred mainly from 1908 to 1935, and the large ethnic group living in brazil has prevented crossbreeding . As a result, japanese physical characteristics can be easily noted in japanese descendants residing in brazil . Oriental eyelids have distinctive folds and contours that differentiate them f... |
Mosquitoes transmit some of the most deadly infectious diseases of humans . Although malaria is the best known arthropod - transmitted viruses (arboviruses) include the causative agents of dengue, yellow fever, west nile virus, chikungunya, and many others . The life cycle of these viruses typically depends on transmis... |
Pneumatosis intestinalis (pi) and portal venous gas (pvg) are individually worrying radiological signs . Both are associated with severe mesenteric ischaemia and when present with symptoms of abdominal pain have a mortality rate in excess of 75% . However, both can exist either individually or concurrently without any ... |
Although cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (chs) is well documented after carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting, only a few cases have been described after intracranial stenting . After the stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis and vitesse stent ischemic therapy trial... |
Moxifloxacin is a new 8-methoxy - quinolone with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against organisms gram - positive and gram - negative bacteria, anaerobes, and atypical organism such as mycoplasma and chlamydia spp . It has some characteristics such as a wide spectrum of bactericidal activity, a large volume... |
Information about the predictive value of prism score is very limited outside america and europe, especially in developing countries . Especially in centers with limited pediatric intensive care unit (picu) beds, by helping physicians predict the mortality risk, prism score may help the medical group decide which patie... |
Osteoid osteoma is an osteoblastic benign bone lesion that may be easily diagnosed when the typical clinical and radiological features are present . However, diagnosis may occasionally be difficult if the lesion is in an area not clearly seen on plain radiographs, or if it presents with atypical clinical findings.1, 2 ... |
Influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality in the united states (us), with associated costs of 1077 billion dollars [13]. Current us influenza surveillance activities include the reporting of the percentage of outpatient visits due to influenza - like illness (ili), reports of laboratory - confirmed influenza... |
Chiral gas chromatography (gc) analyses were performed by using a heptakis(2,3dioacetyl6otbutyldimethylsilyl)cyclodextrincolumn (machereynagel, dren, germany) on a gc14a gas chromatograph (shimadzu, tokyo, japan) and by using a heptakis(2,6odiomethyl3opentyl)cyclodextrincolumn (machereynagel, dren, germany) on a gc2010... |
Menopause is associated with an increase in intra - abdominal fat, which is considered a major risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (cvd). However, whether an increased risk of cvd in postmenopausal women is due to altered body composition, changes in reproductive hormones, or some other physiological ... |
Cage: cap analysis of gene expression, a method based on selection of rnas containing the 5 cap modification and obtaining short sequences or tags near the 5 end of these rnas . Encode: encyclopedia of dna elements, an nhgri - sponsored project aimed at empirically identifying functionally important element in the huma... |
Fine needle aspiration cytology (fnac) has been applied routinely as a useful and indispensable method to diagnose thyroid lesions . However, it is still quite difficult to establish a precise diagnosis of follicular lesions of the thyroid preoperatively by cytology . The present study was undertaken to analyse the use... |
Maculopathy associated with hypotony was first described by dellaporta in 1954,1 but the term hypotony maculopathy was coined by gass in 1977.2 chorioretinal folds can be identified with a number of conditions, but they are most frequently associated with hypotony.3 when folds extend to the macula, vision loss often re... |
The median age of the sample was 60 years (range: 3587 years). All were in - patients in a coronary intensive care unit (getafe hospital, madrid) and were evaluated, in the first instance, within the first 4872 hours after the mi . A number of exclusion criteria were used: having suffered a similar episode on other occ... |
. Interactions of connective tissue cells chiefly fibroblasts with numerous inflammatory mediators and cytokines present at the site of injury initiate an inflammatory response that destroys the collagenous and non - collagenous proteins in the extracellular matrix of the periodontium . Cementum of the root becomes exp... |
Today, many middle - aged women suffer from urinary incontinence, because of the decrease in the strength of their pelvic floor and urethral sphincter muscles due to pregnancy, delivery and aging1,2,3,4 . Urologic diseases, particularly urinary incontinence, tend to decrease people s self - esteem and cause them to fee... |
Serous cystic neoplasm (scn) of the pancreas is a very rare benign lesion, accounting for only 1% to 2% of all pancreatic tumors . In 2010, several new types of scn were added to the world health organization criteria for pancreatic tumor classification; this includes the mixed scns and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors... |
The childbearing years pose potential obesity risk for women because of excessive gestational weight gain (gwg) and postpartum weight retention [24]. Excess gwg and postpartum weight retention result in suboptimal pre- and perinatal health and predispose both mothers and their infants to long - term chronic diseases . ... |
A cross - legged position is that in which the lower legs are folded towards the body, crossing each other at the ankle or calf, with both ankles on the floor . This posture has various names originating from different cultural backgrounds: in english, it is referred to as indian style; in many european languages, as t... |
Hospitals, as the most important healthcare organizations, have a leading role in health promotion in society, and their coordinated action with a set of political, social, and cultural factors leads to people s health . Since this sector is the main consumer of a large part of the healthcare budget in a country, full ... |
Echinococcus multilocularis is one of the rare types of parasitic infestations in the northern hemisphere which can involve several organs, especially the liver . However, there is not enough information about liver involvement related to this parasite in human beings (hepatic alveolar echinococcosis) (1). Liver involv... |
While novel nonoperative treatments for acute appendicitis are emerging, the mainstay of treatment for nonperforated appendicitis remains laparoscopic removal of the appendix . In the current healthcare environment, methods to maximize the value of care delivered are being explored . Identifying methods to achieve the ... |
A 57-year - old man was referred to samsung medical center with abrupt confusion, fever, and loss of vision in both eyes . The patient was in his usual state of health until two weeks prior, when he began to develop sudden loss of vision in his right eye . In another hospital, he was diagnosed with retinal vasculitis i... |
Anterior choroidal artery (achoa) aneurysms (achoaa) are rare and count for less than 5% of all intracranial aneurysms . Most of the time, achoaa arise from the posterior wall of the internal carotid artery (ica) and are located at the proximal segment near the origin10). Distal achoaas (daa) are even more exceptional ... |
Cyanotic congenital heart disease is still a common occurrence and many patients with uncorrected cardiac lesions present for various non - cardiac surgery . This case report is aimed at presenting a case of labor epidural analgesia and subsequently epidural anaesthesia in a patient with uncorrected pentalogy of fallot... |
The second - order evolution equation (1)l[u]ut+uux+uxx=0 was proposed by burgers as a one - dimensional turbulence model . (1) is also applied to model other phenomena in physics, chemistry, mathematical biology, etc . A fairly complete review of properties of the burgers equation can be found in [3, chapter 4]. (1) i... |
The threats of terrorism and criminal bombing are becoming ever more serious problems for all countries . To find hidden explosives, various types of detectors for explosives bulk detection includes x - ray imaging, nuclear quadrupole resonance (nqr), and neutron techniques that are used to determine the shape and size... |
Animals: all experiments were performed using female wistar imamichi rats, 910 weeks of age, 218.45 2.09 g (mean se) in weight, and obtained from the institute of animal reproduction (kasumigaura, japan). The animals were reared in a room with the temperature controlled at 22 2c, humidity at 50 5%, with ventilation 11 ... |
The dpp design and methods have been described (1). In brief, eligible participants had impaired glucose tolerance and elevated fasting glucose levels, bmi 24 kg / m (> 22 kg / m for asian americans), and were at least age 25 years (1). The lifestyle intervention (12) had two specific goals: to lose at least 7% of body... |
Kidney epithelium in collecting duct contacts with hypotonic fluid which osmolality varies significantly and the cells continually expose to osmotic stress . Alterations in luminal osmolality would influence cell volume . To avoid damage and perform their functions, these processes, termed regulatory volume decrease (r... |
Extraosseous soft - tissue uptake of technetium-99 m methylene diphosphonate (tc-99 m mdp) can occur in number of occasions . Cancer patients those undergoing bone scintigraphy will have abnormal uptake, which should be differentiated from benign and metastasis in a planar bone scan . Single - photon emission tomograph... |
Congenital pouch colon (cpc) is a relatively rare form of ano - rectal malformation (arm) in which part or whole of colon is converted into a pouch - like dilatation that ends blindly and communicates with the urogenital tract by means of a fistula[1, 2]. Pathogenesis and embryology of cpc are not well understood, but ... |
As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors . Such materials are peer reviewed and may be reorganized for online delivery, but are not copyedited or typeset . Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should ... |
Type 2 diabetes (t2d) is a chronic disease with an increasing incidence worldwide . It remains the leading cause of nontraumatic lower - extremity amputation [1, 2]. The annual incidence of diabetic foot ulcers varies between 1.9% and 2.2%, with a prevalence of 7.5% to 12% . The risk of amputation is associated with th... |
When robert merton wrote about the sociology of science in the 1970s, the central task at hand was explaining how a set of social norms and practices yielded knowledge what was different about science compared to the humanities and the professions (merton, 1973). This paper addresses a related, but somewhat different a... |
A 67-year - old post - menopausal woman visited the clinic due to vaginal bleeding . Levels of serum tumor markers, including carbohydrate antigen 125 and carbohydrate antigen 19 - 9, were normal . Curettage of the endometrial lesion showed endometrioid adenocarcinoma, the international federation of gynecology and obs... |
Crouzon syndrome is a genetic disorder showing autosomal dominant trait . Originating from the mutation of fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (fgfr2), this syndrome affects the first branchial arch, which is the precursor of the maxilla and mandible . The most notable characteristic of crouzon syndrome is cranial syno... |
Data were obtained from a sample of children residing in a ukrainian region where mn mining operations were active (near the cities ordzhonikidze and marhanets of dnipropetrovsk [dnk] oblast). These data were compared with records of children living in the territory of novotroitskoye in the dnk region, an environmental... |
(r. tomentosa), also named as rose myrtle, is an evergreen shrub in the family myrtaceae and mainly grown in southeast asian countries, especially southern china, japan, and thailand . The edible berries of r. tomentosa are dark violet and bell - shaped and have been historically used as a folk medicine to treat diarrh... |
During a 16-year period (1995 - 2010), a total of 21 patients with primary thymic neuroendocrine tumors had been surgically treated at the department of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery of samsung medical center in seoul, korea . Note that these 21 cases included no cases of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors and tumor... |
Intake data from adults 19 + years of age (y) participating in the nhanes 20032006 who self - identified as nhw (n=4,811), nhb (n=2,062), or ma (1,950) (26, 27) were obtained from a single in - person 24-h dietary recall interview using an automated multiple - pass method (28, 29). Data from pregnant or lactating women... |
Mycosis fungoides (mf) is the commonest variant of primary cutaneous t cell lymphoma, accounting for almost 50% of all primary cutaneous lymphomas [1, 2]. Typically, neoplastic t cells localize to the skin and produce patches, plaques, tumors or erythroderma . It is characterized by a relatively consistent constellatio... |
The masectomized tissue of an 11-year - old female yorkshire terrier with large intestinal and abdominal tissues were obtained from a hwanggum animal medical center (daegu, korea) for evaluation of tumors . A laparatomy revealed masses that were black to reddish colored and 2 - 3 mm in diameter; they were multifocally ... |
We provide some background on the main task at hand and relevant motivation, before the control methodology is elaborated . This procedure is successfully performed in human oocytes as well as other species such as mouse and bovine . First, a holding pipette is used to immobilize an individual oocyte with a slight suct... |
According to the world health organization (who), diabetes is likely to be one of the most substantial threats to human health in the 21 century; 346 million people worldwide have diabetes . Type 2 diabetes typically develops in older people . Among people aged 65 years and older, type 2 diabetes is diagnosed 10 times ... |
Many clinical cases of genital self - mutilation (gsm) were reported in the literature . However, the voluntary cutting of the genital organ remains extremely rare . In this paper, we report a case of genital self - mutilation committed in a jail while associating a depression episode ., we will discuss the epidemiolog... |
Chickenpox (varicella) is a highly contagious disease recognized by a characteristic and often pathognomonic maculopapular vesicular rash . Varicella may lead to serious complications, including secondary bacterial skin and soft - tissue infections, cerebellitis, encephalitis, pneumonia, and coagulopathy . More than 95... |
Deep vein thrombosis (dvt) and pulmonary embolism (pe) are expressions of venous thromboembolism (vte). Cancer patients with active disease are at higher than average risk compared to a non - cancer population.1 in one study, cancer patients with solid tumors had a vte prevalence of 7.8% (95% confidence interval [ci]: ... |
Dental caries is one of the causes of tooth loss for all human beings across age and gender . Numerous studies have been carried out, which have helped to increase our knowledge of dental caries and reduce the prevalence of dental caries . However, according to the world oral health report, dental caries still remains ... |
It initially presents with difficulty swallowing and is a chronic progressive condition that usually does not resolve . Although the specific cause is unknown, the primary pathology involves the inability of the lower esophagus to relax, resulting in delayed passage of food and liquid into the stomach . Clinical sympto... |
The syndrome of severe, acute, intensive care unit (icu)-acquired neuromuscular weakness poses a common and serious diagnostic, prognostic, and therefore management issue . It goes by various names, some of which presuppose a mechanism: acute necrotizing myopathy of intensive care, acute quadriplegic myopathy, critical... |
Case 1 involved a male neonate delivered by cesarean section in obstetric hospital a in taiwan in april 2013, after an uneventful pregnancy of 38 weeks . He was fed infant formula in the hospital s nursery . On postpartum day 7, he had a fever of 39c and tachypnea and was taken to a tertiary hospital . Chest radiograph... |
The spine creates a closed kinematic chain through segmental configuration of the upper and lower extremities and the pelvic girdle, influencing static and dynamic balance during sports activities and the activities of daily life1, 2, while also having a direct effect on postural alignment through musculoskeletal conne... |
With explosive increase in knowledge, new technologies, and rapid changes in pattern of diseases, there is concern that nursing students are not provided with enough opportunities to learn required clinical skills . To meet this concern, finding effective strategies to improve students learning, especially clinical lea... |
The prognosis for oesophageal cancer is poor with a median survival of 35 months and recurrences are frequent . The best chance of cure is successful surgery and pre - operative chemo - radiotherapy is used to try and improve outcomes with the aim of eradicating lymphatic and haematogenous metastases, not only to impro... |
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (imt) is rare and characterized by spindle cell proliferation with inflammatory cell infiltration . Because of its cytological features and infiltrative nature, it may be difficult to distinguish histologically from malignant sarcomatous lesions . A 36-year - old male was referred to ... |
The myelodysplastic syndromes (mds) are characterized by proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells with abnormalities of differentiation leading to peripheral blood cytopenia and a preleukemic state . The mechanism of transformation of mds to acute myeloid leukemia (aml) includes many factors, and prediction of the tra... |
Though corticosteroids are the most potent anti - inflammatory agents, yet they do not suppress inflammatory mediators like leukotrienes which have an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma . Moreover, pharmacokinetic studies have shown the effects of systemic corticosteroids to be apparent only after 46 h of adm... |
The term epigenetics was coined some 70 years ago by sir conrad waddington, who theorized the existence of a necessary layer of molecular complexity beyond the genome that must be responsible for producing distinct and variable cellular phenotypes from a singular genome . Instincts and genetic programs as useful concep... |
Collagen cross - linking (cxl) has been employed for many years as a means of stabilizing cornea ectasia [1, 2]. Among the multitude of treatments and technique variations applied, cxl has been well documented to almost invariably result in some central anterior corneal flattening [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Disease regression. W... |
At least two overlapping signaling pathways are regulated by the family of secreted glycoproteins known as wnts . The highly conserved canonical wnt/-catenin signaling pathway is activated by the binding of wnt ligand to the receptors frizzled (fzd) and low - density lipoprotein receptor related protein 5/6 (lrp5/6), t... |
The development of comprehensive stroke centers within hub - and - spoke stroke networks has been recommended to improve stroke care and to increase the utilization of approved therapies.1 within these networks, eligible patients from community or primary stroke centers could be transferred to comprehensive stroke cent... |
Malaria remains an important public health concern in countries where transmission occurs regularly as well as in areas where transmission has been largely controlled or eliminated . It was estimated that there are 39 million children under 5 years of age who experience 33.7 million malaria episodes and 152,000 childho... |
Mycosis fungoides (mf) is a cutaneous t cell lymphoma (ctcl) characterized by infiltration of skin with patches, plaques and nodules composed of t - lymphocytes . It has various stages, premycotic, patch, plaques, nodules, tumours and erythroderma . Tumour demblee is a variant of tumour stage, which develops from norma... |
Cullin proteins are molecular scaffolds that have crucial roles in the post - translational modification of cellular proteins involving ubiquitin . The mammalian cullin protein family comprises eight members (cul1 to cul7 and parc), which are characterized by a cullin homology domain . Cul1 to cul7 assemble multi - sub... |
Echo - endoscopes are much stiffer and thicker than regular endoscopes . During the procedure of endoscopic ultrasound (eus) procedure, water irrigation is a very useful for imaging but very dangerous if the patient receive the procedure under anesthesia without intubation . In this study, we evaluated the safety and e... |
Injury to superficial nerves in the foot and ankle can lead to painful sequelae that have a profound impact on patient quality of life . These nerve injuries are often the consequence of trauma or iatrogenic injury during operative interventions . In a recent report, deng et al found neurologic injury to be the most co... |
Peroxisome proliferator - activated receptors (ppars) are involved in the regulatory response processes of lipid and glucose metabolisms, adipocyte differentiation, and inflammatory response . The three peroxisome proliferator - activated receptors (ppars), (), and constitute a distinct subfamily in the superfamily of ... |
Timed - pregnant (second parity) female sprague - dawley rats (charles river, kingston, ny) were received on gestation day 2 . Animals were individually housed in conventional tub cages with ad libitum access to food and water in an environmentally controlled room maintained on a 12-h light / dark cycle with light onse... |
Spontaneous isolated abdominal aortic dissection (iaad) (not associated with trauma or with descending thoracic aortic dissection) is rare and accounts for less than 2% of all aortic dissections . Spontaneous suprarenal iaads are even more rarely encountered as most appear from infrarenal intimal defects . This subgrou... |
As a therapy for hypercholesterolaemia, statins have been used clinically for over two decades . However, over the last decade, immunosuppressive effects have also been demonstrated which are independent of their cholesterol - lowering properties . Statins in vitro modulate cell adhesion through effects on endothelial ... |
Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms is rapidly becoming the preferred method of aneurysm treatment over open neurosurgical clipping.1 2 this is in large part due to advances in coil and stent technology that have improved safety and outcomes of the procedure . However, complex and broad - necked aneurysms ... |
Studies related to anti - aging are currently being conducted actively around the world, and the related markets are growing fast . In particular, many studies are being conducted on delaying the skin aging process, as people have an increasing interest in changing their external form as well as the functional aspects ... |
Inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is a group of inflammatory intestinal disorders mainly comprising 2 types of disease: crohn's disease (cd) and ulcerative colitis (uc). Traditionally, the incidence of this disease is relatively stable in western countries; however, the ibd incidence has been increasing in asian countri... |
We describe one patient who was affected by an and presented high level increase of serum liver enzymes, along with sever thrombocytopenia . A 14-year - old boy with an was admitted in the pediatric psychiatric emergency department of alzahra hospital with impaired electrolyte levels, bradycardia, hypotension, liver dy... |
Aggressive angiomyxoma was first reported as a distinct variant of myxoid neoplasms in the female vagina and pelvis by steeper and rosai . These tumors mostly occurs in 3 to 5 decade of life and 95% in females . These lesions have a predilection for female pelvic soft parts, slow growth, frequent recurrences, and are c... |
The electron phonon interaction in semiconductor heterostructures is of greater interest in comparison to bulk materials . This is due to the fact that the quasi - particle space localization leads to the modifications of the energy spectrum . The all - important factor is the rise of new vibration branches of optical ... |
Type 2 diabetes, while being initially characterized by decreased insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues, ultimately results in the loss of -cell mass . Islet transplantation has the potential to rescue the -cell deficiency observed in both forms of diabetes . A major obstacle to greater use of islet transplantation... |
These tumors tend to occur in characteristic locations like interhemispheric (approximately 50%), quadrigeminal or superior cerebellar cistern (10 - 25%), suprasellar or interpeduncular cistern, cerebellopontine angle, and sylvian fissure . Almost half of the intracranial lipomas are asymptomatic, and frequently manife... |
Calcitonin is a 32-residue peptide hormone produced by specialized c - parafollicular cells of the thyroid glands in mammals or by cells of the ultimobranchial glands in reptiles and fish . The nucleotide sequence and translation of human calcitonin are shown in figure 1 [1, 2]. Calcitonin plays an important role in re... |
Atrial septal defects (asd) are congenital deficiencies of the atrial septum, most commonly occurring in the fossa ovalis and referred to as secundum defects as they result from failure of development of the septum secundum.1 failure of the development of the septum primum results in partial atrio - ventricular septal ... |
Solution nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy is a powerful technique for studying the structures of macromolecules under a variety of conditions and their internal dynamics on a wide range of time scales . Sample preparation is often a key factor in being able to obtain high - quality nmr data on complex macr... |
It is frequently asymptomatic but when being symptomatic the most presenting problems are flank pain and urinary tract infection with an atrophic upper pole which may also cause hypertension . The standard treatment for a duplex kidney with a poorly functioning upper pole moiety is an upper pole heminephrectomy . This ... |
Diverticula of the female urethra are rare lesions occurring predominantly in the distal two thirds of the urethra . They are thought to be derived from the periurethral glands as a result of recurrent infections . Urethral diverticula (ud) have historically been described with the classic triad of three d's e.g. Dysur... |
Sephacryl s-300 hr and [-p]gtp (400 ci / mmol) were obtained from ge healthcare europe gmbh (vienna, austria). Co., hohenlockstedt, germany) containing 4.4 mm gtn in 250 mm glucose were obtained from a local pharmacy; dilutions were made in 50 mm triethanolamine hcl buffer . Dea / no and odq (alexis corp ., lausen, swi... |
The high dose rate (hdr) brachytherapy is a technique where small iridium-192 source (active length 3.5 mm and diameter 0.6 mm) can be programmed to dwell for a given time at any point in the treatment catheters . The success of this treatment is strongly dependent on accurate knowledge of the source strength, dwell po... |
Global estimates for 2008 indicate that colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world . Reports in several countries have described diverging incidence rates in colorectal cancer by subsite, including, in relative terms, an increasing proportion of proximal tumors [215], and thus a shift in absolute in... |
During the a / h1n1 2009 global pandemic, adjuvanted influenza vaccines were widely used for the first time . Along with many other countries, all canadians older than 6 mo were eligible to receive this vaccine, which accounted for over 96% of pandemic vaccine doses administered . This vaccine was used in a dose - spar... |
Gestational diabetes mellitus (gdm) is defined as impaired glucose tolerance appearing specifically during pregnancy (1). Gdm develops by excessive insulin resistance, inadequate -cell compensation, reduced -cell function, or any combination of these (2). A large number of epidemiological studies demonstrated that diab... |
Pyridines and diazines are among the most prevalent heterocycles in biologically active compounds . They are found in 2 of the 5 top - selling pharmaceuticals and 6 of the 23 small molecules approved by the fda in 2013 . Of course, the groups appended to the heteroarene and the heteroarene core together affect the acti... |
Generalized lipodystrophy (gl) is categorized as a rare congenital generalized lipodystrophy (cgl) or acquired generalized lipodystrophy (agl) disease characterized by widespread loss of adipocytes, leading to leptin deficiency, ectopic fat deposition, and severe metabolic abnormalities (insulin resistance, diabetes, a... |
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