text
stringlengths
0
868k
Propofol is an intravenous (iv) anaesthetic drug used for induction and maintenance during anaesthesia . In addition, the hyperdynamic cardiovascular response to the pain can precipitate adverse events in high - risk patients with a history of coronary artery disease and/or abnormal heart rhythm . Many factors appear t...
Traditionally, the fields of ageing and disability have been addressed separately both in terms of research and service structures and systems of care . However, in recent years, public awareness into topics involving ageing and disability twin - track approach has been growing and research linking both fields enjoys r...
Migration is a process of social change during which people move from one cultural setting to another in order to settle for a longer period of time or permanently . Though migration has been occurring since the beginning of time, the advent of the era of globalization has resulted in the increased movement of people a...
Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (ihh) is comprised of absent puberty, infertility and low serum gonadotrophins in the absence of a pituitary tumor . Ihh is due to impaired gonadotrophin releasing hormone (gnrh) release / action or gonadotrophin secretion . Ks appears to be the result of impairment of gnrh and ...
At the time of cataract surgery, many patients select intraocular lenses (iols) to reduce or eliminate their dependency on spectacle correction . To satisfactorily achieve both distance and near uncorrected visual acuity (ucva), several options are currently available . Multifocal iols may provide excellent distance an...
Although the first report on circulating tumors was published by ashworth in 1869, the lack of technology precluded further investigations on their clinical use until recently . Developments in immunological and quantitative real - time pcr - based analysis have enabled the detection, enumeration and characterization o...
Endoscopic mucosal resection (emr) is an endoscopic alternative to surgical resection of mucosal and submucosal neoplastic lesions and intramucosal cancers . Lesions limited to the mucosa and the superficial layers of the submucosa appear to be the most amenable to endoscopic cure . The techniques for emr can be broadl...
Ulcers are an open sore of the skin or mucus membrane characterized by sloughing of inflamed dead tissue . Ulcers are lesions on the surface of the skin or a mucous membrane characterized by a superficial loss of tissue . Ulcers are most common on the skin of the lower extremities and in the gastrointestinal tract, alt...
We report here a case of prolonged fever post infected pacemaker (pm) and lead extraction, with late diagnosis of a retained lead in the right subclavian vein and superior vena cava, whose removal resulted in clinical resolution . A 49-year - old man underwent removal of a pm due to infective endocarditis . In this pro...
Medicinal applications of metal complexes as therapeutic drugs have a more than 5000-year history . Since the discovery of the anticancer activity of cisplatin by shimizu and rosenberg 35 years ago, there has been a rapid expansion in research to find new, more effective metal - based anticancer drugs . The major class...
Avian influenza virus type a, subtype h5n1, is becoming the world s largest pandemic threat due to its high virulence and lethality in birds, quickly expanding host reservoir, and high rate of mutations. (1) antigenic drift has given rise to new strains that are resistant to existing drugs, and antigenic shift is resul...
The patient is a 46-year - old african american male with a history of stroke, diabetes, and hiv, who presented with a sudden onset shortness of breath, palpitations, and chest discomfort . Physical examination was unremarkable except for tachycardia and right - sided weakness associated with an episode of stroke 10 ye...
Muscle regeneration is a multistep process that includes myofiber degradation, regeneration, and remodeling (ten broek et al ., the repair process is characterized by the activation of a primary myogenic stem cell population referred to as satellite cells, which give rise to activated proliferating myoblasts or myoblas...
Gastrojejunocolic fistula (gjf) is a rare and late complication of the surgical technique of gastrectomy and gastrojejunostomy applied for recurrent peptic ulcer disease . Generally gjf is considered to be induced by a stomal ulcer due to inadequate gastric resection, incompleteness of vagotomy and long afferent loop ....
My first real exposure to natural products chemistry came in my third and final year as an undergraduate at cambridge university, when i attended a course of lectures on the chemistry of natural products by the nobel prize - winning chemist sir alexander todd (later to become lord todd). The lectures included many refe...
Sleep disturbances increase with aging and it is estimated that nearly 67% of the elderly people have at least one sleep - related complaint . Various sleep - related problems identified in elderly people include long time to fall asleep, disturbed sleep at night, and decreased daytime alertness etc . Researchers have ...
Producing high - quality images in computerised tomography (ct) is important for image interpretation to ensure that the maximum diagnostic information is available to facilitate the visualisation of discrete changes in anatomy indicating early pathological processes [13]. Higher quality ct images, however, normally im...
Understanding the developmental patterns of vegetative and reproductive organs and factors that influence those patterns is of critical importance for conserving rare plants . We recently determined that leaf and leaflet expansion of the endangered cycas micronesica were influenced by spatial and temporal factors, but ...
Untreated, mortality is 50% when the central nervous system (cns) is involved and 85% for disseminated infection, with up to 50% of survivors demonstrating developmental abnormalities [1, 2]. Administration of high - dose acyclovir decreases mortality to 4% for cns and 29% for disseminated disease . Diagnosis of neonat...
S. aureus isolates can be divided into independently evolving clonal complex (cc) lineages . Each cc lineage has a unique and stable combination of surface protein variants and a unique restriction - modification (rm) system combination that controls horizontal gene transfer (hgt) between lineages . While there are ten...
Thirteen f. tularensis isolates collected over the past 10 years in switzerland (figure 1) were subjected to extensive genetic characterization . The species and subspecies designations of all strains were confirmed by real - time pcr that targeted the fopa gene and by amplification of the rd1 region (8), which showed ...
Human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is a deadly infectious disease and has been declared as a serious concern worldwide.13 the world health organization confirms> 35 million hiv - infected people . Among them, 28 million people are eligible for antiretroviral therapy (art). However, only 11.7 million could afford antire...
Elderly patients presenting with st - segment elevation myocardial infarction (stemi) are less likely to receive reperfusion therapies, both fibrynolysis and primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pci) [13]. Common reasons for excluding older patients from reperfusion therapy are their delayed presentation and aty...
Laparotomy with cornual wedge resection or hysterectomy has been the traditional treatment for the rare cases of cornual pregnancy . In the last 2 decades, several reports have been published of minimally - invasive surgical techniques used to successfully treat cornual ectopic pregnancies . Consistent with the goals o...
Since the parenteral administration is the only route of insulin delivery, alternative routes of administration (oral, nasal, rectal, pulmonary, and ocular) have been extensively investigated . Insulin is a protein composed of two polypeptide chains which are covalently bound by disulfide bonds between cysteine residue...
Aspirin - exacerbated respiratory disease (aerd) is a syndrome in which chronic asthma is accompanied by nonallergic hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs (nsaids), leading to acute bronchoconstriction and exacerbation of other lower and upper airway symptoms [1, 2]. The ability of classical nsaids...
Noninvasive brain stimulation (nibs) finds increasingly more applications in clinical neuroscience . Under the term nibs, different techniques are summarized that allow a noninvasive stimulation of the brain but that are characterized by different modes of action . Recent studies in the field have made clear that the r...
. Different types of human cells express cl channels in the cell membrane for various physiological purposes . In the last several decades, ion channels that conduct cations, such as sodium (na), potassium (k) or calcium (ca) channels, nonetheless, cl channels are as abundant as cation channels, and they also participa...
Decompressive craniectomy, which is performed worldwide for the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury (tbi), is a surgical procedure in which part of the skull is removed to allow the brain to swell without being squeezed.1 although there is still controversy about the efficacy of the procedure in improving patien...
Marathon running became a mass fitness phenomenon in the 1980s.1 recent studies reported that master runners increased participation and improved performance in flat city marathon running, such as in the new york city marathon.2,3 master runners were defined as athletes typically older than 35 years of age and systemat...
Management of neglected perilunate dislocations is controversial . The various procedures such as open reduction and internal fixation (orif), proximal row carpectomy, lunate excision, and wrist arthrodesis have been advocated . The aim of our study was to evaluate the functional outcome of neglected perilunate disloca...
Limitations of the study include small sample size, and only subjective assessment of the scar has been taken into consideration to assess the outcome . Scar formation is an inevitable result of surgery and trauma that results in full thickness epidermal loss . Acne and other inflammatory, infectious conditions such as...
Although the majority of thyroid nodules are benign, a large number undergo cytology / histology to rule out malignancy . Initially thyroid nodule characteristics were studied individually and their association with malignancy has been reported . Subsequently, characteristics were grouped to determine if by having more...
Recent studies reported the prevalence of diabetes in china soared from 1.9 to 11.6% between 1993 and 2010 [1, 2]. The prevalence of prediabetes is rising which is an important risk factor for the development of overt diabetes and cardiovascular disease . China has to face the major public health problem and economic b...
The hematopoietic system is a complex hierarchical structure that produces several different types of specialized blood cells, most of which are short - lived and thereby require continuous replenishment with hematopoietic stem / progenitor cells (hspcs). Autologous or allogeneic transplantation of hspcs is widely used...
Cold - induced panniculitis, with subsequent atrophy is a well - known phenomenon in both children and adults [13]. Based upon observations of fat susceptibility to cold injury and a case report of popsicle panniculitis, researchers studied and developed controlled cryolipolysis; the controlled application of cooling t...
The size of the environmental legacy of tropical deforestation is dependent on both the magnitude and timing of past land cover changes, rather than the snapshot of forest cover that is directly observable today . We used a validated regional data - constrained spatial model of tropical deforestation to backcast defore...
Hearing loss (hl) is one of the most frequent clinical manifestations of patients with multi - systemic genetic disorders . The syndromic form of hl and hl in association with other physical stigmata accounts for 30% of the cases of hereditary hl . Leopard syndrome (ls) is one of the hereditary disorders that underlie ...
Chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection causing chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma affects more than 350 million people worldwide [1, 2]. Antiviral therapies that contain interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogues are used in patients who are infected with hbv and are at a higher risk of developin...
The increased interest in setting up ion facilities for cancer treatment around the world is the result of the positive clinical experience based on continuous experimental, clinical and fundamental research . The encouraging results from the most experienced ion therapy centres in heidelberg (germany), chiba and hyogo...
Obsessive - compulsive disorder (ocd) is a highly disablitating psychiatric disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions . Obsessions are egodystonic, unwanted thoughts, images, or impulses that repeatedly enter one s mind . Compulsions are repetitive, time - consuming behaviors or mental acts often performed t...
Preparing for the possibility of suicide and having a pre - established sop for postvention ready is critical to helping individuals cope in the aftermath of a suicide . Although every fire department s sop may need to be modified to remain in compliance with existing departmental policy, the following protocol was des...
It is estimated that by 2020, depression will be the second leading cause of morbidity after ischemic heart disease . Lifetime prevalence of depression estimates varied widely, 8.6% in europe, 16.9% in the us, and 3% in japan . Furthermore, about 14% of the global burden of disease has been attributed to neuropsychiatr...
The occurrence of premature ovarian failure (pof)/amenorrhoea / azoospermia leading to sterility with the administration of pulse cyclophosphamide dose led to the search for a safer regimen to circumvent this side effect . One recommendation was to withhold the monthly cyclophosphamide pulse while allowing the daily or...
The genus pluteus, typified by p. cervinus, includes saprobic agaricoid fungi characterized by free lamellae, no universal veil (a partial veil may be present in a few species), pinkish spore - print, inverse hymenophoral trama, and inamyloid, cyanophilic spores (vellinga & schreurs 1985, orton 1986, singer 1986, velli...
Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (mcns) is one of the most important histopathological characteristics in patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (ins), and long - term outcome of most of the patients with this disease is favorable . Some investigations suggested that genetic factors might play a key role in the p...
Postoperative visual loss after general anesthesia for non - ocular surgery is not common, but this devastating complication occurs in about 0.2% to 4.5% of cases depending on the type of surgery (1). To our knowledge, there were a few reports using diffusion weighted image (dwi) for postoperative ischemic optic neurop...
Lesions of the anterior interosseous nerve are rare and comprise less than 1% of all upper extremity nerve palsies . Traumatic causes include blunt trauma, forearm fractures, penetrating injury and local pressure from a plaster cast, but has never before been described in association with crutch use . This is the first...
The purpose of establishing a pediatric intensive care unit (picu) is to upgrade the quality of services and obtaining the best results and better outcomes for the severely ill children . One of the ways to achieve that goal is to predict the mortality risk of the patients admitted to the picu to provide them with the ...
Osteoporosis is a deficiency of bone mineral density that increases fracture risk . Because the number of elderly people in the population is currently increasing the age - specific prevalence of osteoporosis is less than 2% in women younger than 50 years . Between the ages of 20 and 40 years our case provides a perspe...
Morphological imaging using magnetic resonance imaging (mri) is the most commonly used method for obtaining tumor information . Gd - enhanced t1-weighted mri provides anatomical imaging with hyperintense neovascularization enclosed in a hypointense region of central necrosis . In addition, fluid - attenuated ir (flair)...
Quiet standing postural balance is an indispensable factor for performing routine activities of daily living1 . The maintenance of a quiet stance is a complicated task that requires the integration of vestibular, visual and somatosensory inputs from the whole body, for the assessment of the motion and position of the b...
The leukemic cell population in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) and acute myeloblastic leukemia (aml) results from clonal proliferation by successive divisions from a single abnormal stem or progenitor cell . The accumulation of these cells results in the replacement of the normal hematopoietic precursor cells of th...
Ivermectin (mectizan) is a semi - synthetic lactone drug that exhibits broad anti - helminthic specificity . Mectizan has become the drug of choice for mass chemotherapy campaigns to eliminate onchocerciasis as a public health problem . In general, a notable exception occurs in some areas where the agent of onchocercia...
Scientific knowledge has increasingly become important in the development of prevention and health promotion interventions and legitimising the decisions on which interventions are considered relevant for public health policy [13, 26]. And in the last decades, the scientific knowledge used has also become more and more...
The prevalence of obesity has tripled in the united states over the past three decades . As a result, the burden of obesity - related morbidity has increased dramatically, generating an urgent need to understand the mechanisms that promote metabolic disease . Substantial evidence supports the contribution of obesity - ...
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease prevalent all over the world and its causal agent is an intracellular protozoon called toxoplasma gondii . The protozoa was first discovered by nicolle and manceaux (1908) as ctenodactylus gundi and later named as t. gondii (1909) (1). Up to one third of the world s populat...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by chronic inflammation in airway walls and lung tissue, dysfunctional repair and defense mechanisms, excessive mucus production, and changes in the small peripheral airways.1,2 these changes include thickening of small airway walls,...
In the past 15 years, directed evolution has developed into a broadly applicable strategy for generating new biomolecules with desirable properties, for probing protein structure and function, and for addressing fundamental questions in molecular evolution . In this approach, random mutagenesis is used to produce a lar...
Recent studies have shown that food production and consumption are responsible for 1030% of an individual s total environmental impact . A considerable amount of the total food intake by mass (30%) is represented by fruits and vegetables, which constitute the largest food group consumed worldwide . The effects of their...
Binge eating disorder (bed) has been the subject of an increasing number of recent studies; nevertheless, it is still awaiting official diagnostic recognition, and it is classified as a syndrome in need of further study in the most recent edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (dsm - iv - ...
Nmr hyperpolarization can temporarily increase nuclear spin polarization by 48 orders of magnitude, translating into corresponding increases in nmr and mri detection sensitivity . The sensitivity gains improve the detection limit, which enables new imaging methodologies including hyperpolarized mri for molecular imagin...
Osteoid osteoma usually a symptomatic disease in the second or third decades of life, rarely found in patients over 40 years of age, and approximately twice as many men as women are affected (13). Osteoid osteoma is also a relatively uncommon benign osteoblastic tumor, first described by jaffe in 1935 . It consists of ...
Dura closure is a very important last step in the performance of the posterior fossa approach . Primary dural closure is often technically difficult and requires use of substitutes either autologous materials (fat graft, pericranium) or dural sealant augmentation . Various techniques and products are used to ensure wat...
If the purpose is to understand pathogenic mechanisms, the animal model should mimic as closely as possible the symptoms, neuropathology, and mechanisms of the disease . Conversely, if the purpose is to demonstrate the potential efficacy of a drug, the animal model could be less complex, but should be easily available ...
Cadmium chalcogenides (cdx, x = s, se, te) are ii vi semiconductors, which are used to devise solar energy harvesting solutions like thin - film photovoltaics, photoelectrochemistry, and photocatalysis . Over the past decade, the interface of water and the cds nanocrystals is not well understood yet, which could be vit...
The following electronic databases were searched using the scopus abstract and citation database: the cochrane library (issue 1, 2010), medline, embase, science citation index expanded, social sciences citation index, conference proceedings citation index science, and psycinfo . Additional sources were hand searched, i...
Adrenocortical carcinoma (acc) is an extremely rare neoplasm in children and adolescents with an annual incidence of 0.3 cases per million children younger than 15 years old.1) although the molecular pathogenesis of acc is poorly understood, it is strongly associated with inactivating mutation of the tumor suppressor g...
Such molecules are found among screening hit lists, biological reagents, and even marketed drugs . These aggregates have the unusual property of nonspecifically inhibiting enzyme targets, leading to false positive hits in biochemical assays, a problem that is now well - recognized, particularly in high - throughput scr...
Input data - occurrence data were accumulated from diverse sources, including all known triatomine collection records from the literature for all of north america (pubmed using the search words triatominae and mexico and the scientific names of each species known from mexico prior to 2014), publication references from ...
Studies have indicated that with early use of cochlear implants, many children who are deaf have been able to develop language and literacy skills that are within normal limits (i.e., within one standard deviation of the mean) when compared to their peers with normal hearing.1,2,3,4) other studies have indicated that c...
Premenstrual syndrome (pms) is characterized by a number of behavioral, psychological and physical symptoms recurring cyclically during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and they disappearing in the first days of menstruation (1). The most common symptoms of pms are irritability, mood swings, anxiety, depression,...
Esophagopleural fistula (epf) is an uncommon condition despite the anatomical proximity of the trachea and esophagus . Causes of epf include pneumonectomy for suppurative or tubercular disease and carcinoma of the lung and malignancy of the esophagus . Non - malignant epf is due to trauma or infection . The most common...
Human papillomavirus (hpv) infection of the anogenital tract is the most prevalent viral sexually - transmitted infection in males and females, with a broad range of clinical manifestations and consequences varying from subclinical and self - limited to persistent and related with malignant progression (1, 2). Persiste...
However, reports of golf swing - related fractures include stress fracture of the ribs, ulnar diaphysis, vertebral body, sternum, and hook of hamate2,6,9,15,17). To our knowledge, only one case of multiple spinous process fractures of the upper thoracic spine in a beginning golfer has been reported14). We report a case...
Bile leakage is a well - known and dreaded complication of open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy (lc), major liver surgery, and blunt abdominal injury . With the advent of treatment by endoscopic sphincterotomy and drainage using either an endoprosthesis or nasobiliary catheter, surgery is now avoided in the majority of...
A 61-year - old woman visited our hospital for alleged colon polyps found during a colonoscopy examination as part of a routine health examination . Abdominopelvic computed tomography (ct) showed an approximately 4-cm - sized, well - enhancing soft tissue lesion in the right perianal area (fig . 1a) and a well - enhanc...
The purpose of this article is to describe the role of stress, here in the shape of the threat of unemployment, in making stroke (haemorrhagia and apoplexia cerebralis) a cause of death . Based on danish data the actual development in the incidence of strokes in denmark within age groups of five years is discussed with...
Prevention of chronic diseases is a necessity in clinical sport and exercise medicine (1). Avicenna, the great ancient iranian physician, in his masterpiece, the canon of medicine, introduced as an essential medical encyclopedia and divided to five books (2), described subjects about hygiene and health preservation and...
Diffuse optical tomography (dot) is a functional imaging modality for medical applications that has the potential to provide three - dimensional images of the scattering and absorption parameter distributions in vivo, from which clinically relevant physiological parameters such as tissue and blood oxygenation states an...
Atherosclerosis, a progressive inflammatory disorder, may lead to peripheral artery disease, coronary artery disease or stroke . The prevalence of atherosclerosis associated with mortality, and morbidity is very high in developed countries.1,2 in western societies, it is the underlying reason of about approximately 50%...
Microglia are a unique cell population within the central nervous system (cns) as they descend from myeloid origin and are commonly recognized as the resident immune cells in the brain . They constitute about 1020% of glial cell population and are continuously monitoring the surrounding environment, acting as sensors o...
Dc are the professional antigen - presenting cells (apc) of the immune system that instruct and control the activation of b and t lymphocytes, the mediators of specific immunity . Dc are highly mobile cells and by their sequential migration from peripheral tissues to lymphoid organs they serve as sentinels of the immun...
Gastrointestinal bleeding (gib) is a well - described complication of the left ventricular assist device (lvad) placement and has been reported to occur in 1940% of patients with the heartmate ii device . The mechanism of gib in these patients may be secondary to alterations in vascular endothelial physiology, hemodyna...
Acute coronary syndrome (acs) represents one of the most common causes of death worldwide . Several practice guidelines have been developed in europe and north america to improve outcome of acs patients through implementation of the recommendations into clinical practice . It is well know that there is wide gap between...
Historically, anesthesia providers have had substantial difficulty using conventional peripheral nerve stimulators (pns) to achieve a low incidence of residual neuromuscular blockade (nmb). In a meta - analysis which aimed to examine the effect of intraoperative neuromuscular monitoring on the incidence of postoperativ...
The tongue plays a fundamental role in several bodily functions such as swallowing, breathing, speaking, and chewing . The tongue originates from the branchial arches, approximately from the fourth week of pregnancy.1 the connective tissue and the vascular system are derived from the cranial neural crest cell derived m...
The head and neck region is the most frequent site where a burn injury occurs . These percentages vary between 27 to 60%, depending on country, the setting and the definition of what constitutes a facial burn . Children represent 25 to 50% of the total burn population and the prevalence of facial burns in children is b...
The most common etiology of upper gastrointestinal (gi) bleeding is peptic ulcer disease . Various studies have reported the advantages of pump proton inhibitor drugs (ppi) over histamine receptor blockers and placebo for lowering the complications of gi bleeding . The preference of ppi drugs in comparison with h2 rece...
Chronic filarial lymphedema is an uncommon etiology for the development of cutaneous angiosarcoma . To the best of our knowledge lymphedema - associated angiosarcoma also known as lymphangiosarcoma is the commonest type of cutaneous angiosarcoma . Post - mastectomy lymphedema is the most frequent cause, while chronic f...
Interstitial lung disease (ild) is defined as a specific form of chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonitis limited to the lung . It is a rare, chronic, progressive, usually fatal interstitial lung disorder (1 - 3). In children, interstitial pneumonitis (ip) presents with a wide spectrum of histologic abnormalities tha...
The adjacent structures include the spleen, transverse colon, liver, diaphragm, pancreas, abdominal wall, adrenal gland, small intestine, and retroperitoneum . While the treatment strategy for locally advanced gastric cancer remains controversial, patients with proven t4 disease who achieve an r0 resection have a clini...
September 2011, mosquito larvae were collected in irrigated rice fields surrounding tiassal, southern cte divoire (55247n; 44948w) and reared to adults in insectaries on a diet of mikromin (tetra, melle, germany) fish food . Mosquitoes, 35 days of age, were exposed to 1 of 5 insecticides (0.1% bendiocarb, 1.0% fenitrot...
Many studies have shown a significant role for thyroid hormones in the development and maturation of the mammalian central nervous system.1,2 these hormones regulate axonal and dendritic growth and synapse formation.3 growth retardation and severe cognitive impairment are known complications following thyroid hormone d...
A 35-year - old male, who suffered from tinnitus in the right side since childhood, presented in emergency with a history of sudden and severe headache of two hours duration . There was no associated relevant history and he was alert and oriented . There was slight nuchal rigidity and bruit could be heard in the occipi...
Dynamic interactions between proteins and dna underlie many biological processes and, as such, are the subject of intense investigation . Numerous laboratories are now tackling these problems using new optical microscopy - based methods that enable the direct visualization of dna molecules or proteindna complexes at th...
Proteins are the major components of the living cell . They play crucial roles in the maintenance of life and protein dysfunctions may cause development of various pathological conditions . Although for a very long time it has been believed that the specific functionality of a given protein is predetermined by its uniq...